summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/vm.c
blob: 60150d019f6afad6677fffc1ca1af7780db7f915 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
/**********************************************************************

  Vm.c -

  $Author$

  Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada

**********************************************************************/

#define vm_exec rb_vm_exec

#include "eval_intern.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "internal/compile.h"
#include "internal/cont.h"
#include "internal/error.h"
#include "internal/eval.h"
#include "internal/gc.h"
#include "internal/inits.h"
#include "internal/object.h"
#include "internal/parse.h"
#include "internal/proc.h"
#include "internal/re.h"
#include "internal/symbol.h"
#include "internal/thread.h"
#include "internal/vm.h"
#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
#include "internal/variable.h"
#include "iseq.h"
#include "mjit.h"
#include "yjit.h"
#include "ruby/st.h"
#include "ruby/vm.h"
#include "vm_core.h"
#include "vm_callinfo.h"
#include "vm_debug.h"
#include "vm_exec.h"
#include "vm_insnhelper.h"
#include "ractor_core.h"
#include "vm_sync.h"

#include "builtin.h"

#ifndef MJIT_HEADER
#include "probes.h"
#else
#include "probes.dmyh"
#endif
#include "probes_helper.h"

#ifdef RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION
int ruby_assert_critical_section_entered = 0;
#endif

VALUE rb_str_concat_literals(size_t, const VALUE*);

/* :FIXME: This #ifdef is because we build pch in case of mswin and
 * not in case of other situations.  That distinction might change in
 * a future.  We would better make it detectable in something better
 * than just _MSC_VER. */
#ifdef _MSC_VER
RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
#else
MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED
#endif
VALUE vm_exec(rb_execution_context_t *, bool);

extern const char *const rb_debug_counter_names[];

PUREFUNC(static inline const VALUE *VM_EP_LEP(const VALUE *));
static inline const VALUE *
VM_EP_LEP(const VALUE *ep)
{
    while (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
        ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
    }
    return ep;
}

static inline const rb_control_frame_t *
rb_vm_search_cf_from_ep(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, const VALUE * const ep)
{
    if (!ep) {
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        const rb_control_frame_t * const eocfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec); /* end of control frame pointer */

        while (cfp < eocfp) {
            if (cfp->ep == ep) {
                return cfp;
            }
            cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
        }

        return NULL;
    }
}

const VALUE *
rb_vm_ep_local_ep(const VALUE *ep)
{
    return VM_EP_LEP(ep);
}

PUREFUNC(static inline const VALUE *VM_CF_LEP(const rb_control_frame_t * const cfp));
static inline const VALUE *
VM_CF_LEP(const rb_control_frame_t * const cfp)
{
    return VM_EP_LEP(cfp->ep);
}

static inline const VALUE *
VM_CF_PREV_EP(const rb_control_frame_t * const cfp)
{
    return VM_ENV_PREV_EP(cfp->ep);
}

PUREFUNC(static inline VALUE VM_CF_BLOCK_HANDLER(const rb_control_frame_t * const cfp));
static inline VALUE
VM_CF_BLOCK_HANDLER(const rb_control_frame_t * const cfp)
{
    const VALUE *ep = VM_CF_LEP(cfp);
    return VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER(ep);
}

int
rb_vm_cframe_keyword_p(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    return VM_FRAME_CFRAME_KW_P(cfp);
}

VALUE
rb_vm_frame_block_handler(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    return VM_CF_BLOCK_HANDLER(cfp);
}

#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
static int
VM_CFP_IN_HEAP_P(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    const VALUE *start = ec->vm_stack;
    const VALUE *end = (VALUE *)ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size;
    VM_ASSERT(start != NULL);

    if (start <= (VALUE *)cfp && (VALUE *)cfp < end) {
        return FALSE;
    }
    else {
        return TRUE;
    }
}

static int
VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const VALUE *ep)
{
    const VALUE *start = ec->vm_stack;
    const VALUE *end = (VALUE *)ec->cfp;
    VM_ASSERT(start != NULL);

    if (start <= ep && ep < end) {
        return FALSE;
    }
    else {
        return TRUE;
    }
}

static int
vm_ep_in_heap_p_(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const VALUE *ep)
{
    if (VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P(ec, ep)) {
        VALUE envval = ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]; /* VM_ENV_ENVVAL(ep); */

        if (!UNDEF_P(envval)) {
            const rb_env_t *env = (const rb_env_t *)envval;

            VM_ASSERT(vm_assert_env(envval));
            VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED));
            VM_ASSERT(env->ep == ep);
        }
        return TRUE;
    }
    else {
        return FALSE;
    }
}

int
rb_vm_ep_in_heap_p(const VALUE *ep)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    if (ec->vm_stack == NULL) return TRUE;
    return vm_ep_in_heap_p_(ec, ep);
}
#endif

static struct rb_captured_block *
VM_CFP_TO_CAPTURED_BLOCK(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    VM_ASSERT(!VM_CFP_IN_HEAP_P(GET_EC(), cfp));
    return (struct rb_captured_block *)&cfp->self;
}

static rb_control_frame_t *
VM_CAPTURED_BLOCK_TO_CFP(const struct rb_captured_block *captured)
{
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ((rb_control_frame_t *)((VALUE *)(captured) - 3));
    VM_ASSERT(!VM_CFP_IN_HEAP_P(GET_EC(), cfp));
    VM_ASSERT(sizeof(rb_control_frame_t)/sizeof(VALUE) == 8 + VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK ? 1 : 0);
    return cfp;
}

static int
VM_BH_FROM_CFP_P(VALUE block_handler, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    const struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_CFP_TO_CAPTURED_BLOCK(cfp);
    return VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF(block_handler, 0x03) == captured;
}

static VALUE
vm_passed_block_handler(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    VALUE block_handler = ec->passed_block_handler;
    ec->passed_block_handler = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
    vm_block_handler_verify(block_handler);
    return block_handler;
}

static rb_cref_t *
vm_cref_new0(VALUE klass, rb_method_visibility_t visi, int module_func, rb_cref_t *prev_cref, int pushed_by_eval, int use_prev_prev, int singleton)
{
    VALUE refinements = Qnil;
    int omod_shared = FALSE;
    rb_cref_t *cref;

    /* scope */
    union {
        rb_scope_visibility_t visi;
        VALUE value;
    } scope_visi;

    scope_visi.visi.method_visi = visi;
    scope_visi.visi.module_func = module_func;

    /* refinements */
    if (prev_cref != NULL && prev_cref != (void *)1 /* TODO: why CREF_NEXT(cref) is 1? */) {
        refinements = CREF_REFINEMENTS(prev_cref);

        if (!NIL_P(refinements)) {
            omod_shared = TRUE;
            CREF_OMOD_SHARED_SET(prev_cref);
        }
    }

    VM_ASSERT(singleton || klass);

    cref = (rb_cref_t *)rb_imemo_new(imemo_cref, klass, (VALUE)(use_prev_prev ? CREF_NEXT(prev_cref) : prev_cref), scope_visi.value, refinements);

    if (pushed_by_eval) CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL_SET(cref);
    if (omod_shared) CREF_OMOD_SHARED_SET(cref);
    if (singleton) CREF_SINGLETON_SET(cref);

    return cref;
}

static rb_cref_t *
vm_cref_new(VALUE klass, rb_method_visibility_t visi, int module_func, rb_cref_t *prev_cref, int pushed_by_eval, int singleton)
{
    return vm_cref_new0(klass, visi, module_func, prev_cref, pushed_by_eval, FALSE, singleton);
}

static rb_cref_t *
vm_cref_new_use_prev(VALUE klass, rb_method_visibility_t visi, int module_func, rb_cref_t *prev_cref, int pushed_by_eval)
{
    return vm_cref_new0(klass, visi, module_func, prev_cref, pushed_by_eval, TRUE, FALSE);
}

static int
ref_delete_symkey(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE unused)
{
    return SYMBOL_P(key) ? ST_DELETE : ST_CONTINUE;
}

static rb_cref_t *
vm_cref_dup(const rb_cref_t *cref)
{
    const rb_scope_visibility_t *visi = CREF_SCOPE_VISI(cref);
    rb_cref_t *next_cref = CREF_NEXT(cref), *new_cref;
    int pushed_by_eval = CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL(cref);
    int singleton = CREF_SINGLETON(cref);

    new_cref = vm_cref_new(cref->klass_or_self, visi->method_visi, visi->module_func, next_cref, pushed_by_eval, singleton);

    if (!NIL_P(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref))) {
        VALUE ref = rb_hash_dup(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref));
        rb_hash_foreach(ref, ref_delete_symkey, Qnil);
        CREF_REFINEMENTS_SET(new_cref, ref);
        CREF_OMOD_SHARED_UNSET(new_cref);
    }

    return new_cref;
}


rb_cref_t *
rb_vm_cref_dup_without_refinements(const rb_cref_t *cref)
{
    const rb_scope_visibility_t *visi = CREF_SCOPE_VISI(cref);
    rb_cref_t *next_cref = CREF_NEXT(cref), *new_cref;
    int pushed_by_eval = CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL(cref);
    int singleton = CREF_SINGLETON(cref);

    new_cref = vm_cref_new(cref->klass_or_self, visi->method_visi, visi->module_func, next_cref, pushed_by_eval, singleton);

    if (!NIL_P(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref))) {
        CREF_REFINEMENTS_SET(new_cref, Qnil);
        CREF_OMOD_SHARED_UNSET(new_cref);
    }

    return new_cref;
}

static rb_cref_t *
vm_cref_new_toplevel(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    rb_cref_t *cref = vm_cref_new(rb_cObject, METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE /* toplevel visibility is private */, FALSE, NULL, FALSE, FALSE);
    VALUE top_wrapper = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec)->top_wrapper;

    if (top_wrapper) {
        cref = vm_cref_new(top_wrapper, METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE, FALSE, cref, FALSE, FALSE);
    }

    return cref;
}

rb_cref_t *
rb_vm_cref_new_toplevel(void)
{
    return vm_cref_new_toplevel(GET_EC());
}

static void
vm_cref_dump(const char *mesg, const rb_cref_t *cref)
{
    ruby_debug_printf("vm_cref_dump: %s (%p)\n", mesg, (void *)cref);

    while (cref) {
        ruby_debug_printf("= cref| klass: %s\n", RSTRING_PTR(rb_class_path(CREF_CLASS(cref))));
        cref = CREF_NEXT(cref);
    }
}

void
rb_vm_block_ep_update(VALUE obj, const struct rb_block *dst, const VALUE *ep)
{
    *((const VALUE **)&dst->as.captured.ep) = ep;
    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, VM_ENV_ENVVAL(ep));
}

static void
vm_bind_update_env(VALUE bindval, rb_binding_t *bind, VALUE envval)
{
    const rb_env_t *env = (rb_env_t *)envval;
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->block.as.captured.code.iseq, env->iseq);
    rb_vm_block_ep_update(bindval, &bind->block, env->ep);
}

#if VM_COLLECT_USAGE_DETAILS
static void vm_collect_usage_operand(int insn, int n, VALUE op);
static void vm_collect_usage_insn(int insn);
static void vm_collect_usage_register(int reg, int isset);
#endif

static VALUE vm_make_env_object(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
extern VALUE rb_vm_invoke_bmethod(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE self,
                                  int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE block_handler,
                                  const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me);
static VALUE vm_invoke_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE block_handler);

#if USE_MJIT || USE_YJIT
# ifdef MJIT_HEADER
NOINLINE(static COLDFUNC VALUE mjit_check_iseq(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body));
# else
static inline VALUE mjit_check_iseq(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body);
# endif
static VALUE
mjit_check_iseq(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    uintptr_t mjit_state = (uintptr_t)(body->jit_func);
    ASSUME(MJIT_FUNC_STATE_P(mjit_state));
    switch ((enum rb_mjit_func_state)mjit_state) {
      case MJIT_FUNC_NOT_COMPILED:
        if (body->total_calls == mjit_opts.call_threshold) {
            rb_mjit_add_iseq_to_process(iseq);
            if (UNLIKELY(mjit_opts.wait && !MJIT_FUNC_STATE_P(body->jit_func))) {
                return body->jit_func(ec, ec->cfp);
            }
        }
        break;
      case MJIT_FUNC_COMPILING:
      case MJIT_FUNC_FAILED:
        break;
    }
    return Qundef;
}

// Try to execute the current iseq in ec.  Use JIT code if it is ready.
// If it is not, add ISEQ to the compilation queue and return Qundef for MJIT.
// YJIT compiles on the thread running the iseq.
static inline VALUE
jit_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    // Increment the ISEQ's call counter
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = ec->cfp->iseq;
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
    bool yjit_enabled = rb_yjit_enabled_p();
    if (yjit_enabled || mjit_call_p) {
        body->total_calls++;
    }
    else {
        return Qundef;
    }

    // Trigger JIT compilation as needed
    jit_func_t func;
    if (yjit_enabled) {
        if (body->total_calls == rb_yjit_call_threshold())  {
            // If we couldn't generate any code for this iseq, then return
            // Qundef so the interpreter will handle the call.
            if (!rb_yjit_compile_iseq(iseq, ec)) {
                return Qundef;
            }
        }
        // YJIT tried compiling this function once before and couldn't do
        // it, so return Qundef so the interpreter handles it.
        if ((func = body->jit_func) == 0) {
            return Qundef;
        }
    }
    else if (UNLIKELY(MJIT_FUNC_STATE_P(func = body->jit_func))) {
        return mjit_check_iseq(ec, iseq, body);
    }

    // Call the JIT code
    return func(ec, ec->cfp); // SystemV x64 calling convention: ec -> RDI, cfp -> RSI
}
#endif

#include "vm_insnhelper.c"

#ifndef MJIT_HEADER

#include "vm_exec.c"

#include "vm_method.c"
#endif /* #ifndef MJIT_HEADER */
#include "vm_eval.c"
#ifndef MJIT_HEADER

#define PROCDEBUG 0

VALUE rb_cRubyVM;
VALUE rb_cThread;
VALUE rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore;
VALUE rb_block_param_proxy;

VALUE ruby_vm_const_missing_count = 0;
rb_vm_t *ruby_current_vm_ptr = NULL;
rb_ractor_t *ruby_single_main_ractor;
bool ruby_vm_keep_script_lines;

#ifdef RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER
RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER rb_execution_context_t *ruby_current_ec;

#ifdef __APPLE__
  rb_execution_context_t *
  rb_current_ec(void)
  {
      return ruby_current_ec;
  }
  void
  rb_current_ec_set(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
  {
      ruby_current_ec = ec;
  }
#endif

#else
native_tls_key_t ruby_current_ec_key;
#endif

rb_event_flag_t ruby_vm_event_flags;
rb_event_flag_t ruby_vm_event_enabled_global_flags;
unsigned int    ruby_vm_event_local_num;

rb_serial_t ruby_vm_constant_cache_invalidations = 0;
rb_serial_t ruby_vm_constant_cache_misses = 0;
rb_serial_t ruby_vm_global_cvar_state = 1;

static const struct rb_callcache vm_empty_cc = {
    .flags = T_IMEMO | (imemo_callcache << FL_USHIFT) | VM_CALLCACHE_UNMARKABLE,
    .klass = Qfalse,
    .cme_  = NULL,
    .call_ = vm_call_general,
    .aux_  = {
        .v = Qfalse,
    }
};

static const struct rb_callcache vm_empty_cc_for_super = {
    .flags = T_IMEMO | (imemo_callcache << FL_USHIFT) | VM_CALLCACHE_UNMARKABLE,
    .klass = Qfalse,
    .cme_  = NULL,
    .call_ = vm_call_super_method,
    .aux_  = {
        .v = Qfalse,
    }
};

static void thread_free(void *ptr);

void
rb_vm_inc_const_missing_count(void)
{
    ruby_vm_const_missing_count +=1;
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED int
rb_dtrace_setup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, ID id,
                struct ruby_dtrace_method_hook_args *args)
{
    enum ruby_value_type type;
    if (!klass) {
        if (!ec) ec = GET_EC();
        if (!rb_ec_frame_method_id_and_class(ec, &id, 0, &klass) || !klass)
            return FALSE;
    }
    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) {
        klass = RBASIC(klass)->klass;
    }
    else if (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
        klass = rb_attr_get(klass, id__attached__);
        if (NIL_P(klass)) return FALSE;
    }
    type = BUILTIN_TYPE(klass);
    if (type == T_CLASS || type == T_ICLASS || type == T_MODULE) {
        VALUE name = rb_class_path(klass);
        const char *classname, *filename;
        const char *methodname = rb_id2name(id);
        if (methodname && (filename = rb_source_location_cstr(&args->line_no)) != 0) {
            if (NIL_P(name) || !(classname = StringValuePtr(name)))
                classname = "<unknown>";
            args->classname = classname;
            args->methodname = methodname;
            args->filename = filename;
            args->klass = klass;
            args->name = name;
            return TRUE;
        }
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *    RubyVM.stat -> Hash
 *    RubyVM.stat(hsh) -> hsh
 *    RubyVM.stat(Symbol) -> Numeric
 *
 *  Returns a Hash containing implementation-dependent counters inside the VM.
 *
 *  This hash includes information about method/constant caches:
 *
 *    {
 *      :constant_cache_invalidations=>2,
 *      :constant_cache_misses=>14,
 *      :global_cvar_state=>27
 *    }
 *
 *  If <tt>USE_DEBUG_COUNTER</tt> is enabled, debug counters will be included.
 *
 *  The contents of the hash are implementation specific and may be changed in
 *  the future.
 *
 *  This method is only expected to work on C Ruby.
 */
static VALUE
vm_stat(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    static VALUE sym_constant_cache_invalidations, sym_constant_cache_misses, sym_global_cvar_state, sym_next_shape_id;
    VALUE arg = Qnil;
    VALUE hash = Qnil, key = Qnil;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
        arg = argv[0];
        if (SYMBOL_P(arg))
            key = arg;
        else if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_HASH))
            hash = arg;
        else
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
    }
    else {
        hash = rb_hash_new();
    }

#define S(s) sym_##s = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
    S(constant_cache_invalidations);
    S(constant_cache_misses);
        S(global_cvar_state);
    S(next_shape_id);
#undef S

#define SET(name, attr) \
    if (key == sym_##name) \
        return SERIALT2NUM(attr); \
    else if (hash != Qnil) \
        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_##name, SERIALT2NUM(attr));

    SET(constant_cache_invalidations, ruby_vm_constant_cache_invalidations);
    SET(constant_cache_misses, ruby_vm_constant_cache_misses);
    SET(global_cvar_state, ruby_vm_global_cvar_state);
    SET(next_shape_id, (rb_serial_t)GET_VM()->next_shape_id);
#undef SET

#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
    ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(FALSE);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
        const VALUE name = rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(rb_debug_counter_names[i]);
        const VALUE boxed_value = SIZET2NUM(rb_debug_counter[i]);

        if (key == name) {
            return boxed_value;
        }
        else if (hash != Qnil) {
            rb_hash_aset(hash, name, boxed_value);
        }
    }
#endif

    if (!NIL_P(key)) { /* matched key should return above */
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown key: %"PRIsVALUE, rb_sym2str(key));
    }

    return hash;
}

/* control stack frame */

static void
vm_set_top_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type != ISEQ_TYPE_TOP) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Not a toplevel InstructionSequence");
    }

    /* for return */
    vm_push_frame(ec, iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH, rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec)->top_self,
                  VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE,
                  (VALUE)vm_cref_new_toplevel(ec), /* cref or me */
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded, ec->cfp->sp,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size, ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->stack_max);
}

static void
vm_set_eval_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const rb_cref_t *cref, const struct rb_block *base_block)
{
    vm_push_frame(ec, iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH,
                  vm_block_self(base_block), VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(vm_block_ep(base_block)),
                  (VALUE)cref, /* cref or me */
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded,
                  ec->cfp->sp, ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->stack_max);
}

static void
vm_set_main_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    VALUE toplevel_binding = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("TOPLEVEL_BINDING"));
    rb_binding_t *bind;

    GetBindingPtr(toplevel_binding, bind);
    RUBY_ASSERT_MESG(bind, "TOPLEVEL_BINDING is not built");

    vm_set_eval_stack(ec, iseq, 0, &bind->block);

    /* save binding */
    if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size > 0) {
        vm_bind_update_env(toplevel_binding, bind, vm_make_env_object(ec, ec->cfp));
    }
}

rb_control_frame_t *
rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    while (!RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(ec, cfp)) {
        if (cfp->iseq) {
            return (rb_control_frame_t *)cfp;
        }
        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
    }
    return 0;
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED rb_control_frame_t *
rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    while (!RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(ec, cfp)) {
        if (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
            return (rb_control_frame_t *)cfp;
        }
        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
    }
    return 0;
}

#endif /* #ifndef MJIT_HEADER */

static rb_control_frame_t *
vm_get_ruby_level_caller_cfp(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    if (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
        return (rb_control_frame_t *)cfp;
    }

    cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);

    while (!RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(ec, cfp)) {
        if (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
            return (rb_control_frame_t *)cfp;
        }

        if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_PASSED) == FALSE) {
            break;
        }
        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
    }
    return 0;
}

MJIT_STATIC void
rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame(void)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);

    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, cfp->self, me->def->original_id, me->called_id, me->owner, Qnil);
    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(ec, me->owner, me->def->original_id);
    vm_pop_frame(ec, cfp, cfp->ep);
}

#ifndef MJIT_HEADER

void
rb_vm_rewind_cfp(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    /* check skipped frame */
    while (ec->cfp != cfp) {
#if VMDEBUG
        printf("skipped frame: %s\n", vm_frametype_name(ec->cfp));
#endif
        if (VM_FRAME_TYPE(ec->cfp) != VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC) {
            rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
        }
        else { /* unlikely path */
            rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame();
        }
    }
}

/* at exit */

void
ruby_vm_at_exit(void (*func)(rb_vm_t *))
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
    rb_at_exit_list *nl = ALLOC(rb_at_exit_list);
    nl->func = func;
    nl->next = vm->at_exit;
    vm->at_exit = nl;
}

static void
ruby_vm_run_at_exit_hooks(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    rb_at_exit_list *l = vm->at_exit;

    while (l) {
        rb_at_exit_list* t = l->next;
        rb_vm_at_exit_func *func = l->func;
        ruby_xfree(l);
        l = t;
        (*func)(vm);
    }
}

/* Env */

static VALUE check_env_value(const rb_env_t *env);

static int
check_env(const rb_env_t *env)
{
    fputs("---\n", stderr);
    ruby_debug_printf("envptr: %p\n", (void *)&env->ep[0]);
    ruby_debug_printf("envval: %10p ", (void *)env->ep[1]);
    dp(env->ep[1]);
    ruby_debug_printf("ep:    %10p\n", (void *)env->ep);
    if (rb_vm_env_prev_env(env)) {
        fputs(">>\n", stderr);
        check_env_value(rb_vm_env_prev_env(env));
        fputs("<<\n", stderr);
    }
    return 1;
}

static VALUE
check_env_value(const rb_env_t *env)
{
    if (check_env(env)) {
        return (VALUE)env;
    }
    rb_bug("invalid env");
    return Qnil;		/* unreachable */
}

static VALUE
vm_block_handler_escape(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE block_handler)
{
    switch (vm_block_handler_type(block_handler)) {
      case block_handler_type_ifunc:
      case block_handler_type_iseq:
        return  rb_vm_make_proc(ec, VM_BH_TO_CAPT_BLOCK(block_handler), rb_cProc);

      case block_handler_type_symbol:
      case block_handler_type_proc:
        return block_handler;
    }
    VM_UNREACHABLE(vm_block_handler_escape);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
vm_make_env_each(const rb_execution_context_t * const ec, rb_control_frame_t *const cfp)
{
    const VALUE * const ep = cfp->ep;
    const rb_env_t *env;
    const rb_iseq_t *env_iseq;
    VALUE *env_body, *env_ep;
    int local_size, env_size;

    if (VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(ep)) {
        return VM_ENV_ENVVAL(ep);
    }

    if (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
        const VALUE *prev_ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
        if (!VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(prev_ep)) {
            rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);

            while (prev_cfp->ep != prev_ep) {
                prev_cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(prev_cfp);
                VM_ASSERT(prev_cfp->ep != NULL);
            }

            vm_make_env_each(ec, prev_cfp);
            VM_FORCE_WRITE_SPECIAL_CONST(&ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL], VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(prev_cfp->ep));
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE block_handler = VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER(ep);

        if (block_handler != VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
            VALUE blockprocval = vm_block_handler_escape(ec, block_handler);
            VM_STACK_ENV_WRITE(ep, VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL, blockprocval);
        }
    }

    if (!VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
        local_size = VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE;
    }
    else {
        local_size = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->local_table_size + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE;
    }

    /*
     * # local variables on a stack frame (N == local_size)
     * [lvar1, lvar2, ..., lvarN, SPECVAL]
     *                            ^
     *                            ep[0]
     *
     * # moved local variables
     * [lvar1, lvar2, ..., lvarN, SPECVAL, Envval, BlockProcval (if needed)]
     *  ^                         ^
     *  env->env[0]               ep[0]
     */

    env_size = local_size +
               1 /* envval */;
    env_body = ALLOC_N(VALUE, env_size);
    MEMCPY(env_body, ep - (local_size - 1 /* specval */), VALUE, local_size);

#if 0
    for (i = 0; i < local_size; i++) {
        if (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
            /* clear value stack for GC */
            ep[-local_size + i] = 0;
        }
    }
#endif

    env_iseq = VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp) ? cfp->iseq : NULL;
    env_ep = &env_body[local_size - 1 /* specval */];

    env = vm_env_new(env_ep, env_body, env_size, env_iseq);

    cfp->ep = env_ep;
    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(env_ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED | VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED);
    VM_STACK_ENV_WRITE(ep, 0, (VALUE)env);		/* GC mark */
    return (VALUE)env;
}

static VALUE
vm_make_env_object(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    VALUE envval = vm_make_env_each(ec, cfp);

    if (PROCDEBUG) {
        check_env_value((const rb_env_t *)envval);
    }

    return envval;
}

void
rb_vm_stack_to_heap(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
    while ((cfp = rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(ec, cfp)) != 0) {
        vm_make_env_object(ec, cfp);
        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
    }
}

const rb_env_t *
rb_vm_env_prev_env(const rb_env_t *env)
{
    const VALUE *ep = env->ep;

    if (VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        const VALUE *prev_ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
        return VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(prev_ep);
    }
}

static int
collect_local_variables_in_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct local_var_list *vars)
{
    unsigned int i;
    if (!iseq) return 0;
    for (i = 0; i < ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size; i++) {
        local_var_list_add(vars, ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table[i]);
    }
    return 1;
}

static void
collect_local_variables_in_env(const rb_env_t *env, const struct local_var_list *vars)
{
    do {
        if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(env->ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ISOLATED)) break;
        collect_local_variables_in_iseq(env->iseq, vars);
    } while ((env = rb_vm_env_prev_env(env)) != NULL);
}

static int
vm_collect_local_variables_in_heap(const VALUE *ep, const struct local_var_list *vars)
{
    if (VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(ep)) {
        collect_local_variables_in_env(VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(ep), vars);
        return 1;
    }
    else {
        return 0;
    }
}

VALUE
rb_vm_env_local_variables(const rb_env_t *env)
{
    struct local_var_list vars;
    local_var_list_init(&vars);
    collect_local_variables_in_env(env, &vars);
    return local_var_list_finish(&vars);
}

VALUE
rb_iseq_local_variables(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    struct local_var_list vars;
    local_var_list_init(&vars);
    while (collect_local_variables_in_iseq(iseq, &vars)) {
        iseq = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq;
    }
    return local_var_list_finish(&vars);
}

/* Proc */

static VALUE
vm_proc_create_from_captured(VALUE klass,
                             const struct rb_captured_block *captured,
                             enum rb_block_type block_type,
                             int8_t is_from_method, int8_t is_lambda)
{
    VALUE procval = rb_proc_alloc(klass);
    rb_proc_t *proc = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(procval);

    VM_ASSERT(VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P(GET_EC(), captured->ep));

    /* copy block */
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(procval, &proc->block.as.captured.code.val, captured->code.val);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(procval, &proc->block.as.captured.self, captured->self);
    rb_vm_block_ep_update(procval, &proc->block, captured->ep);

    vm_block_type_set(&proc->block, block_type);
    proc->is_from_method = is_from_method;
    proc->is_lambda = is_lambda;

    return procval;
}

void
rb_vm_block_copy(VALUE obj, const struct rb_block *dst, const struct rb_block *src)
{
    /* copy block */
    switch (vm_block_type(src)) {
      case block_type_iseq:
      case block_type_ifunc:
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dst->as.captured.self, src->as.captured.self);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dst->as.captured.code.val, src->as.captured.code.val);
        rb_vm_block_ep_update(obj, dst, src->as.captured.ep);
        break;
      case block_type_symbol:
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dst->as.symbol, src->as.symbol);
        break;
      case block_type_proc:
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dst->as.proc, src->as.proc);
        break;
    }
}

static VALUE
proc_create(VALUE klass, const struct rb_block *block, int8_t is_from_method, int8_t is_lambda)
{
    VALUE procval = rb_proc_alloc(klass);
    rb_proc_t *proc = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(procval);

    VM_ASSERT(VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P(GET_EC(), vm_block_ep(block)));
    rb_vm_block_copy(procval, &proc->block, block);
    vm_block_type_set(&proc->block, block->type);
    proc->is_from_method = is_from_method;
    proc->is_lambda = is_lambda;

    return procval;
}

VALUE
rb_proc_dup(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE procval;
    rb_proc_t *src;

    GetProcPtr(self, src);
    procval = proc_create(rb_obj_class(self), &src->block, src->is_from_method, src->is_lambda);
    if (RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(self)) FL_SET_RAW(procval, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
    RB_GC_GUARD(self); /* for: body = rb_proc_dup(body) */
    return procval;
}

struct collect_outer_variable_name_data {
    VALUE ary;
    VALUE read_only;
    bool yield;
    bool isolate;
};

static VALUE
ID2NUM(ID id)
{
    if (SIZEOF_VOIDP > SIZEOF_LONG)
        return ULL2NUM(id);
    else
        return ULONG2NUM(id);
}

static ID
NUM2ID(VALUE num)
{
    if (SIZEOF_VOIDP > SIZEOF_LONG)
        return (ID)NUM2ULL(num);
    else
        return (ID)NUM2ULONG(num);
}

static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
collect_outer_variable_names(ID id, VALUE val, void *ptr)
{
    struct collect_outer_variable_name_data *data = (struct collect_outer_variable_name_data *)ptr;

    if (id == rb_intern("yield")) {
        data->yield = true;
    }
    else {
        VALUE *store;
        if (data->isolate ||
            val == Qtrue /* write */) {
            store = &data->ary;
        }
        else {
            store = &data->read_only;
        }
        if (*store == Qfalse) *store = rb_ary_new();
        rb_ary_push(*store, ID2NUM(id));
    }
    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
}

static const rb_env_t *
env_copy(const VALUE *src_ep, VALUE read_only_variables)
{
    const rb_env_t *src_env = (rb_env_t *)VM_ENV_ENVVAL(src_ep);
    VM_ASSERT(src_env->ep == src_ep);

    VALUE *env_body = ZALLOC_N(VALUE, src_env->env_size); // fill with Qfalse
    VALUE *ep = &env_body[src_env->env_size - 2];
    volatile VALUE prev_env = Qnil;

    if (read_only_variables) {
        for (int i=RARRAY_LENINT(read_only_variables)-1; i>=0; i--) {
            ID id = NUM2ID(RARRAY_AREF(read_only_variables, i));

            for (unsigned int j=0; j<ISEQ_BODY(src_env->iseq)->local_table_size; j++) {
                if (id ==  ISEQ_BODY(src_env->iseq)->local_table[j]) {
                    VALUE v = src_env->env[j];
                    if (!rb_ractor_shareable_p(v)) {
                        VALUE name = rb_id2str(id);
                        VALUE msg = rb_sprintf("can not make shareable Proc because it can refer"
                                               " unshareable object %+" PRIsVALUE " from ", v);
                        if (name)
                            rb_str_catf(msg, "variable `%" PRIsVALUE "'", name);
                        else
                            rb_str_cat_cstr(msg, "a hidden variable");
                        rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(rb_eRactorIsolationError, msg));
                    }
                    env_body[j] = v;
                    rb_ary_delete_at(read_only_variables, i);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF] = src_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF];
    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS]   = src_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS] | VM_ENV_FLAG_ISOLATED;

    if (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(src_ep)) {
        const VALUE *prev_ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(src_env->ep);
        const rb_env_t *new_prev_env = env_copy(prev_ep, read_only_variables);
        prev_env = (VALUE)new_prev_env;
        ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL] = VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(new_prev_env->ep);
    }
    else {
        ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL] = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
    }

    const rb_env_t *copied_env = vm_env_new(ep, env_body, src_env->env_size, src_env->iseq);
    RB_GC_GUARD(prev_env);
    return copied_env;
}

static void
proc_isolate_env(VALUE self, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE read_only_variables)
{
    const struct rb_captured_block *captured = &proc->block.as.captured;
    const rb_env_t *env = env_copy(captured->ep, read_only_variables);
    *((const VALUE **)&proc->block.as.captured.ep) = env->ep;
    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(self, Qundef, env);
}

static VALUE
proc_shared_outer_variables(struct rb_id_table *outer_variables, bool isolate, const char *message)
{
    struct collect_outer_variable_name_data data = {
        .isolate = isolate,
        .ary = Qfalse,
        .read_only = Qfalse,
        .yield = false,
    };
    rb_id_table_foreach(outer_variables, collect_outer_variable_names, (void *)&data);

    if (data.ary != Qfalse) {
        VALUE str = rb_sprintf("can not %s because it accesses outer variables", message);
        VALUE ary = data.ary;
        const char *sep = " (";
        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            VALUE name = rb_id2str(NUM2ID(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
            if (!name) continue;
            rb_str_cat_cstr(str, sep);
            sep = ", ";
            rb_str_append(str, name);
        }
        if (*sep == ',') rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ")");
        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, data.yield ? " and uses `yield'." : ".");
        rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError, str));
    }
    else if (data.yield) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can not %s because it uses `yield'.", message);
    }

    return data.read_only;
}

VALUE
rb_proc_isolate_bang(VALUE self)
{
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = vm_proc_iseq(self);

    if (iseq) {
        rb_proc_t *proc = (rb_proc_t *)RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self);
        if (proc->block.type != block_type_iseq) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "not supported yet");

        if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->outer_variables) {
            proc_shared_outer_variables(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->outer_variables, true, "isolate a Proc");
        }

        proc_isolate_env(self, proc, Qfalse);
        proc->is_isolated = TRUE;
    }

    FL_SET_RAW(self, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
    return self;
}

VALUE
rb_proc_isolate(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE dst = rb_proc_dup(self);
    rb_proc_isolate_bang(dst);
    return dst;
}

VALUE
rb_proc_ractor_make_shareable(VALUE self)
{
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = vm_proc_iseq(self);

    if (iseq) {
        rb_proc_t *proc = (rb_proc_t *)RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self);
        if (proc->block.type != block_type_iseq) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "not supported yet");

        if (!rb_ractor_shareable_p(vm_block_self(&proc->block))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRactorIsolationError,
                     "Proc's self is not shareable: %" PRIsVALUE,
                     self);
        }

        VALUE read_only_variables = Qfalse;

        if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->outer_variables) {
            read_only_variables =
                proc_shared_outer_variables(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->outer_variables, false, "make a Proc shareable");
        }

        proc_isolate_env(self, proc, read_only_variables);
        proc->is_isolated = TRUE;
    }

    FL_SET_RAW(self, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
    return self;
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct rb_captured_block *captured, VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda)
{
    VALUE procval;

    if (!VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(captured->ep)) {
        rb_control_frame_t *cfp = VM_CAPTURED_BLOCK_TO_CFP(captured);
        vm_make_env_object(ec, cfp);
    }
    VM_ASSERT(VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P(ec, captured->ep));
    VM_ASSERT(imemo_type_p(captured->code.val, imemo_iseq) ||
              imemo_type_p(captured->code.val, imemo_ifunc));

    procval = vm_proc_create_from_captured(klass, captured,
                                           imemo_type(captured->code.val) == imemo_iseq ? block_type_iseq : block_type_ifunc, FALSE, is_lambda);
    return procval;
}

/* Binding */

VALUE
rb_vm_make_binding(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *src_cfp)
{
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(ec, src_cfp);
    rb_control_frame_t *ruby_level_cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, src_cfp);
    VALUE bindval, envval;
    rb_binding_t *bind;

    if (cfp == 0 || ruby_level_cfp == 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Can't create Binding Object on top of Fiber.");
    }
    if (!VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(src_cfp) &&
        !VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(src_cfp))) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot create Binding object for non-Ruby caller");
    }

    envval = vm_make_env_object(ec, cfp);
    bindval = rb_binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
    vm_bind_update_env(bindval, bind, envval);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->block.as.captured.self, cfp->self);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->block.as.captured.code.iseq, cfp->iseq);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->pathobj, ISEQ_BODY(ruby_level_cfp->iseq)->location.pathobj);
    bind->first_lineno = rb_vm_get_sourceline(ruby_level_cfp);

    return bindval;
}

const VALUE *
rb_binding_add_dynavars(VALUE bindval, rb_binding_t *bind, int dyncount, const ID *dynvars)
{
    VALUE envval, pathobj = bind->pathobj;
    VALUE path = pathobj_path(pathobj);
    VALUE realpath = pathobj_realpath(pathobj);
    const struct rb_block *base_block;
    const rb_env_t *env;
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_iseq_t *base_iseq, *iseq;
    rb_ast_body_t ast;
    NODE tmp_node;

    if (dyncount < 0) return 0;

    base_block = &bind->block;
    base_iseq = vm_block_iseq(base_block);

    VALUE idtmp = 0;
    rb_ast_id_table_t *dyns = ALLOCV(idtmp, sizeof(rb_ast_id_table_t) + dyncount * sizeof(ID));
    dyns->size = dyncount;
    MEMCPY(dyns->ids, dynvars, ID, dyncount);

    rb_node_init(&tmp_node, NODE_SCOPE, (VALUE)dyns, 0, 0);
    ast.root = &tmp_node;
    ast.compile_option = 0;
    ast.script_lines = INT2FIX(-1);

    if (base_iseq) {
        iseq = rb_iseq_new(&ast, ISEQ_BODY(base_iseq)->location.label, path, realpath, base_iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL);
    }
    else {
        VALUE tempstr = rb_fstring_lit("<temp>");
        iseq = rb_iseq_new_top(&ast, tempstr, tempstr, tempstr, NULL);
    }
    tmp_node.nd_tbl = 0; /* reset table */
    ALLOCV_END(idtmp);

    vm_set_eval_stack(ec, iseq, 0, base_block);
    vm_bind_update_env(bindval, bind, envval = vm_make_env_object(ec, ec->cfp));
    rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);

    env = (const rb_env_t *)envval;
    return env->env;
}

/* C -> Ruby: block */

static inline VALUE
invoke_block(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE self, const struct rb_captured_block *captured, const rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE type, int opt_pc)
{
    int arg_size = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.size;

    vm_push_frame(ec, iseq, type | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH, self,
                  VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(captured->ep),
                  (VALUE)cref, /* cref or method */
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded + opt_pc,
                  ec->cfp->sp + arg_size,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size - arg_size,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->stack_max);
    return vm_exec(ec, true);
}

static VALUE
invoke_bmethod(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE self, const struct rb_captured_block *captured, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me, VALUE type, int opt_pc)
{
    /* bmethod */
    int arg_size = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.size;
    VALUE ret;

    VM_ASSERT(me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD);

    vm_push_frame(ec, iseq, type | VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD, self,
                  VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(captured->ep),
                  (VALUE)me,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded + opt_pc,
                  ec->cfp->sp + arg_size,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size - arg_size,
                  ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->stack_max);

    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(ec->cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH);
    ret = vm_exec(ec, true);

    return ret;
}

ALWAYS_INLINE(static VALUE
              invoke_iseq_block_from_c(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct rb_captured_block *captured,
                                       VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler,
                                       const rb_cref_t *cref, int is_lambda, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me));

static inline VALUE
invoke_iseq_block_from_c(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct rb_captured_block *captured,
                         VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler,
                         const rb_cref_t *cref, int is_lambda, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me)
{
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_check(captured->code.iseq);
    int i, opt_pc;
    VALUE type = VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK | (is_lambda ? VM_FRAME_FLAG_LAMBDA : 0);
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
    VALUE *sp = cfp->sp;

    stack_check(ec);

    CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW(cfp, argc);
    vm_check_canary(ec, sp);
    cfp->sp = sp + argc;
    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        sp[i] = argv[i];
    }

    opt_pc = vm_yield_setup_args(ec, iseq, argc, sp, kw_splat, passed_block_handler,
                                 (is_lambda ? arg_setup_method : arg_setup_block));
    cfp->sp = sp;

    if (me == NULL) {
        return invoke_block(ec, iseq, self, captured, cref, type, opt_pc);
    }
    else {
        return invoke_bmethod(ec, iseq, self, captured, me, type, opt_pc);
    }
}

static inline VALUE
invoke_block_from_c_bh(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE block_handler,
                       int argc, const VALUE *argv,
                       int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler, const rb_cref_t *cref,
                       int is_lambda, int force_blockarg)
{
  again:
    switch (vm_block_handler_type(block_handler)) {
      case block_handler_type_iseq:
        {
            const struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_BH_TO_ISEQ_BLOCK(block_handler);
            return invoke_iseq_block_from_c(ec, captured, captured->self,
                                            argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler,
                                            cref, is_lambda, NULL);
        }
      case block_handler_type_ifunc:
        return vm_yield_with_cfunc(ec, VM_BH_TO_IFUNC_BLOCK(block_handler),
                                   VM_BH_TO_IFUNC_BLOCK(block_handler)->self,
                                   argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler, NULL);
      case block_handler_type_symbol:
        return vm_yield_with_symbol(ec, VM_BH_TO_SYMBOL(block_handler),
                                    argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler);
      case block_handler_type_proc:
        if (force_blockarg == FALSE) {
            is_lambda = block_proc_is_lambda(VM_BH_TO_PROC(block_handler));
        }
        block_handler = vm_proc_to_block_handler(VM_BH_TO_PROC(block_handler));
        goto again;
    }
    VM_UNREACHABLE(invoke_block_from_c_splattable);
    return Qundef;
}

static inline VALUE
check_block_handler(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    VALUE block_handler = VM_CF_BLOCK_HANDLER(ec->cfp);
    vm_block_handler_verify(block_handler);
    if (UNLIKELY(block_handler == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE)) {
        rb_vm_localjump_error("no block given", Qnil, 0);
    }

    return block_handler;
}

static VALUE
vm_yield_with_cref(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, const rb_cref_t *cref, int is_lambda)
{
    return invoke_block_from_c_bh(ec, check_block_handler(ec),
                                  argc, argv, kw_splat, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE,
                                  cref, is_lambda, FALSE);
}

static VALUE
vm_yield(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
{
    return vm_yield_with_cref(ec, argc, argv, kw_splat, NULL, FALSE);
}

static VALUE
vm_yield_with_block(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE block_handler, int kw_splat)
{
    return invoke_block_from_c_bh(ec, check_block_handler(ec),
                                  argc, argv, kw_splat, block_handler,
                                  NULL, FALSE, FALSE);
}

static VALUE
vm_yield_force_blockarg(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE args)
{
    return invoke_block_from_c_bh(ec, check_block_handler(ec), 1, &args,
                                  RB_NO_KEYWORDS, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE, NULL, FALSE, TRUE);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE(static VALUE
              invoke_block_from_c_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_proc_t *proc,
                                       VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
                                       int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler, int is_lambda,
                                       const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me));

static inline VALUE
invoke_block_from_c_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_proc_t *proc,
                         VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
                         int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler, int is_lambda,
                         const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me)
{
    const struct rb_block *block = &proc->block;

  again:
    switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
      case block_type_iseq:
        return invoke_iseq_block_from_c(ec, &block->as.captured, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler, NULL, is_lambda, me);
      case block_type_ifunc:
        if (kw_splat == 1) {
            VALUE keyword_hash = argv[argc-1];
            if (!RB_TYPE_P(keyword_hash, T_HASH)) {
                keyword_hash = rb_to_hash_type(keyword_hash);
            }
            if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(keyword_hash)) {
                argc--;
            }
            else {
                ((VALUE *)argv)[argc-1] = rb_hash_dup(keyword_hash);
            }
        }
        return vm_yield_with_cfunc(ec, &block->as.captured, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler, me);
      case block_type_symbol:
        return vm_yield_with_symbol(ec, block->as.symbol, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler);
      case block_type_proc:
        is_lambda = block_proc_is_lambda(block->as.proc);
        block = vm_proc_block(block->as.proc);
        goto again;
    }
    VM_UNREACHABLE(invoke_block_from_c_proc);
    return Qundef;
}

static VALUE
vm_invoke_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE self,
               int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler)
{
    return invoke_block_from_c_proc(ec, proc, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler, proc->is_lambda, NULL);
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
rb_vm_invoke_bmethod(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE self,
                     int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE block_handler, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me)
{
    return invoke_block_from_c_proc(ec, proc, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, block_handler, TRUE, me);
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
rb_vm_invoke_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc,
                  int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler)
{
    VALUE self = vm_block_self(&proc->block);
    vm_block_handler_verify(passed_block_handler);

    if (proc->is_from_method) {
        return rb_vm_invoke_bmethod(ec, proc, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler, NULL);
    }
    else {
        return vm_invoke_proc(ec, proc, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler);
    }
}

VALUE
rb_vm_invoke_proc_with_self(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE self,
                            int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler)
{
    vm_block_handler_verify(passed_block_handler);

    if (proc->is_from_method) {
        return rb_vm_invoke_bmethod(ec, proc, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler, NULL);
    }
    else {
        return vm_invoke_proc(ec, proc, self, argc, argv, kw_splat, passed_block_handler);
    }
}

/* special variable */

static rb_control_frame_t *
vm_svar_frame(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    while (cfp->pc == 0) {
        if (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) ==  VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC) {
            struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = (struct vm_ifunc *)cfp->iseq;
            rb_control_frame_t *owner_cfp = ifunc->owner_cfp;
            if (cfp < owner_cfp) {
                cfp = owner_cfp;
            }
            else {
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        else {
            cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
        }

        if (RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(ec, cfp)) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    return cfp;
}

static VALUE
vm_cfp_svar_get(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, VALUE key)
{
    cfp = vm_svar_frame(ec, cfp);
    return lep_svar_get(ec, cfp ? VM_CF_LEP(cfp) : 0, key);
}

static void
vm_cfp_svar_set(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, VALUE key, const VALUE val)
{
    cfp = vm_svar_frame(ec, cfp);
    lep_svar_set(ec, cfp ? VM_CF_LEP(cfp) : 0, key, val);
}

static VALUE
vm_svar_get(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE key)
{
    return vm_cfp_svar_get(ec, ec->cfp, key);
}

static void
vm_svar_set(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE key, VALUE val)
{
    vm_cfp_svar_set(ec, ec->cfp, key, val);
}

VALUE
rb_backref_get(void)
{
    return vm_svar_get(GET_EC(), VM_SVAR_BACKREF);
}

void
rb_backref_set(VALUE val)
{
    vm_svar_set(GET_EC(), VM_SVAR_BACKREF, val);
}

VALUE
rb_lastline_get(void)
{
    return vm_svar_get(GET_EC(), VM_SVAR_LASTLINE);
}

void
rb_lastline_set(VALUE val)
{
    vm_svar_set(GET_EC(), VM_SVAR_LASTLINE, val);
}

/* misc */

const char *
rb_sourcefile(void)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);

    if (cfp) {
        return RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(cfp->iseq));
    }
    else {
        return 0;
    }
}

int
rb_sourceline(void)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);

    if (cfp) {
        return rb_vm_get_sourceline(cfp);
    }
    else {
        return 0;
    }
}

VALUE
rb_source_location(int *pline)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);

    if (cfp && VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
        if (pline) *pline = rb_vm_get_sourceline(cfp);
        return rb_iseq_path(cfp->iseq);
    }
    else {
        if (pline) *pline = 0;
        return Qnil;
    }
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED const char *
rb_source_location_cstr(int *pline)
{
    VALUE path = rb_source_location(pline);
    if (NIL_P(path)) return NULL;
    return RSTRING_PTR(path);
}

rb_cref_t *
rb_vm_cref(void)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    return vm_ec_cref(ec);
}

rb_cref_t *
rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref(void)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);
    rb_cref_t *cref = vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref(cfp->ep);
    ASSUME(cref);
    return cref;
}

const rb_cref_t *
rb_vm_cref_in_context(VALUE self, VALUE cbase)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);
    const rb_cref_t *cref;
    if (!cfp || cfp->self != self) return NULL;
    if (!vm_env_cref_by_cref(cfp->ep)) return NULL;
    cref = vm_get_cref(cfp->ep);
    if (CREF_CLASS(cref) != cbase) return NULL;
    return cref;
}

#if 0
void
debug_cref(rb_cref_t *cref)
{
    while (cref) {
        dp(CREF_CLASS(cref));
        printf("%ld\n", CREF_VISI(cref));
        cref = CREF_NEXT(cref);
    }
}
#endif

VALUE
rb_vm_cbase(void)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);

    if (cfp == 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Can't call on top of Fiber or Thread");
    }
    return vm_get_cbase(cfp->ep);
}

/* jump */

static VALUE
make_localjump_error(const char *mesg, VALUE value, int reason)
{
    extern VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
    VALUE exc = rb_exc_new2(rb_eLocalJumpError, mesg);
    ID id;

    switch (reason) {
      case TAG_BREAK:
        CONST_ID(id, "break");
        break;
      case TAG_REDO:
        CONST_ID(id, "redo");
        break;
      case TAG_RETRY:
        CONST_ID(id, "retry");
        break;
      case TAG_NEXT:
        CONST_ID(id, "next");
        break;
      case TAG_RETURN:
        CONST_ID(id, "return");
        break;
      default:
        CONST_ID(id, "noreason");
        break;
    }
    rb_iv_set(exc, "@exit_value", value);
    rb_iv_set(exc, "@reason", ID2SYM(id));
    return exc;
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED void
rb_vm_localjump_error(const char *mesg, VALUE value, int reason)
{
    VALUE exc = make_localjump_error(mesg, value, reason);
    rb_exc_raise(exc);
}

VALUE
rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(int state, VALUE val)
{
    const char *mesg;

    switch (state) {
      case TAG_RETURN:
        mesg = "unexpected return";
        break;
      case TAG_BREAK:
        mesg = "unexpected break";
        break;
      case TAG_NEXT:
        mesg = "unexpected next";
        break;
      case TAG_REDO:
        mesg = "unexpected redo";
        val = Qnil;
        break;
      case TAG_RETRY:
        mesg = "retry outside of rescue clause";
        val = Qnil;
        break;
      default:
        return Qnil;
    }
    if (UNDEF_P(val)) {
        val = GET_EC()->tag->retval;
    }
    return make_localjump_error(mesg, val, state);
}

void
rb_vm_jump_tag_but_local_jump(int state)
{
    VALUE exc = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, Qundef);
    if (!NIL_P(exc)) rb_exc_raise(exc);
    EC_JUMP_TAG(GET_EC(), state);
}

static rb_control_frame_t *
next_not_local_frame(rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    while (VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(cfp->ep)) {
        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
    }
    return cfp;
}

NORETURN(static void vm_iter_break(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE val));

static void
vm_iter_break(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE val)
{
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = next_not_local_frame(ec->cfp);
    const VALUE *ep = VM_CF_PREV_EP(cfp);
    const rb_control_frame_t *target_cfp = rb_vm_search_cf_from_ep(ec, cfp, ep);

    if (!target_cfp) {
        rb_vm_localjump_error("unexpected break", val, TAG_BREAK);
    }

    ec->errinfo = (VALUE)THROW_DATA_NEW(val, target_cfp, TAG_BREAK);
    EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, TAG_BREAK);
}

void
rb_iter_break(void)
{
    vm_iter_break(GET_EC(), Qnil);
}

void
rb_iter_break_value(VALUE val)
{
    vm_iter_break(GET_EC(), val);
}

/* optimization: redefine management */

short ruby_vm_redefined_flag[BOP_LAST_];
static st_table *vm_opt_method_def_table = 0;
static st_table *vm_opt_mid_table = 0;

static int
vm_redefinition_check_flag(VALUE klass)
{
    if (klass == rb_cInteger) return INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cFloat)  return FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cString) return STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cArray)  return ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cHash)   return HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cSymbol) return SYMBOL_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
#if 0
    if (klass == rb_cTime)   return TIME_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
#endif
    if (klass == rb_cRegexp) return REGEXP_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cNilClass) return NIL_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cTrueClass) return TRUE_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cFalseClass) return FALSE_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    if (klass == rb_cProc) return PROC_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG;
    return 0;
}

int
rb_vm_check_optimizable_mid(VALUE mid)
{
    if (!vm_opt_mid_table) {
      return FALSE;
    }

    return st_lookup(vm_opt_mid_table, mid, NULL);
}

static int
vm_redefinition_check_method_type(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
{
    if (me->called_id != me->def->original_id) {
        return FALSE;
    }

    const rb_method_definition_t *def = me->def;
    switch (def->type) {
      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC:
      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED:
        return TRUE;
      default:
        return FALSE;
    }
}

static void
rb_vm_check_redefinition_opt_method(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE klass)
{
    st_data_t bop;
    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS) && FL_TEST(klass, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN) &&
            RB_TYPE_P(RBASIC_CLASS(klass), T_CLASS)) {
       klass = RBASIC_CLASS(klass);
    }
    if (vm_redefinition_check_method_type(me)) {
        if (st_lookup(vm_opt_method_def_table, (st_data_t)me->def, &bop)) {
            int flag = vm_redefinition_check_flag(klass);
            if (flag != 0) {
                rb_yjit_bop_redefined(flag, (enum ruby_basic_operators)bop);
                rb_mjit_bop_redefined(flag, (enum ruby_basic_operators)bop);
                ruby_vm_redefined_flag[bop] |= flag;
            }
        }
    }
}

static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
check_redefined_method(ID mid, VALUE value, void *data)
{
    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
    const rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *)value;
    const rb_method_entry_t *newme = rb_method_entry(klass, mid);

    if (newme != me) rb_vm_check_redefinition_opt_method(me, me->owner);

    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(VALUE klass)
{
    if (!vm_redefinition_check_flag(klass)) return;
    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass)), check_redefined_method, (void *)klass);
}

static void
add_opt_method(VALUE klass, ID mid, VALUE bop)
{
    const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry_at(klass, mid);

    if (me && vm_redefinition_check_method_type(me)) {
        st_insert(vm_opt_method_def_table, (st_data_t)me->def, (st_data_t)bop);
        st_insert(vm_opt_mid_table, (st_data_t)mid, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
    }
    else {
        rb_bug("undefined optimized method: %s", rb_id2name(mid));
    }
}

static void
vm_init_redefined_flag(void)
{
    ID mid;
    VALUE bop;

    vm_opt_method_def_table = st_init_numtable();
    vm_opt_mid_table = st_init_numtable();

#define OP(mid_, bop_) (mid = id##mid_, bop = BOP_##bop_, ruby_vm_redefined_flag[bop] = 0)
#define C(k) add_opt_method(rb_c##k, mid, bop)
    OP(PLUS, PLUS), (C(Integer), C(Float), C(String), C(Array));
    OP(MINUS, MINUS), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(MULT, MULT), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(DIV, DIV), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(MOD, MOD), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(Eq, EQ), (C(Integer), C(Float), C(String), C(Symbol));
    OP(Eqq, EQQ), (C(Integer), C(Float), C(Symbol), C(String),
                   C(NilClass), C(TrueClass), C(FalseClass));
    OP(LT, LT), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(LE, LE), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(GT, GT), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(GE, GE), (C(Integer), C(Float));
    OP(LTLT, LTLT), (C(String), C(Array));
    OP(AREF, AREF), (C(Array), C(Hash), C(Integer));
    OP(ASET, ASET), (C(Array), C(Hash));
    OP(Length, LENGTH), (C(Array), C(String), C(Hash));
    OP(Size, SIZE), (C(Array), C(String), C(Hash));
    OP(EmptyP, EMPTY_P), (C(Array), C(String), C(Hash));
    OP(Succ, SUCC), (C(Integer), C(String));
    OP(EqTilde, MATCH), (C(Regexp), C(String));
    OP(Freeze, FREEZE), (C(String));
    OP(UMinus, UMINUS), (C(String));
    OP(Max, MAX), (C(Array));
    OP(Min, MIN), (C(Array));
    OP(Call, CALL), (C(Proc));
    OP(And, AND), (C(Integer));
    OP(Or, OR), (C(Integer));
    OP(NilP, NIL_P), (C(NilClass));
    OP(Cmp, CMP), (C(Integer), C(Float), C(String));
    OP(Default, DEFAULT), (C(Hash));
#undef C
#undef OP
}

/* for vm development */

#if VMDEBUG
static const char *
vm_frametype_name(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    switch (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp)) {
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD: return "method";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK:  return "block";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS:  return "class";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP:    return "top";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC:  return "cfunc";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC:  return "ifunc";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL:   return "eval";
      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE: return "rescue";
      default:
        rb_bug("unknown frame");
    }
}
#endif

static VALUE
frame_return_value(const struct vm_throw_data *err)
{
    if (THROW_DATA_P(err) &&
        THROW_DATA_STATE(err) == TAG_BREAK &&
        THROW_DATA_CONSUMED_P(err) == FALSE) {
        return THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
    }
    else {
        return Qnil;
    }
}

#if 0
/* for debug */
static const char *
frame_name(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
{
    unsigned long type = VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp);
#define C(t) if (type == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_##t) return #t
    C(METHOD);
    C(BLOCK);
    C(CLASS);
    C(TOP);
    C(CFUNC);
    C(PROC);
    C(IFUNC);
    C(EVAL);
    C(LAMBDA);
    C(RESCUE);
    C(DUMMY);
#undef C
    return "unknown";
}
#endif

// cfp_returning_with_value:
//     Whether cfp is the last frame in the unwinding process for a non-local return.
static void
hook_before_rewind(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp,
                   bool cfp_returning_with_value, int state, struct vm_throw_data *err)
{
    if (state == TAG_RAISE && RBASIC(err)->klass == rb_eSysStackError) {
        return;
    }
    else {
        const rb_iseq_t *iseq = cfp->iseq;
        rb_hook_list_t *local_hooks = iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks;

        switch (VM_FRAME_TYPE(ec->cfp)) {
          case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD:
            RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(ec, 0, 0);
            EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, frame_return_value(err));

            if (UNLIKELY(local_hooks && local_hooks->events & RUBY_EVENT_RETURN)) {
                rb_exec_event_hook_orig(ec, local_hooks, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN,
                                        ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, frame_return_value(err), TRUE);
            }

            THROW_DATA_CONSUMED_SET(err);
            break;
          case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK:
            if (VM_FRAME_BMETHOD_P(ec->cfp)) {
                VALUE bmethod_return_value = frame_return_value(err);
                if (cfp_returning_with_value) {
                    // Non-local return terminating at a BMETHOD control frame.
                    bmethod_return_value = THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
                }


                EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, bmethod_return_value);
                if (UNLIKELY(local_hooks && local_hooks->events & RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)) {
                    rb_exec_event_hook_orig(ec, local_hooks, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN,
                                            ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, bmethod_return_value, TRUE);
                }

                const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp);

                EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, ec->cfp->self,
                                              rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->def->original_id,
                                              rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->called_id,
                                              rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->owner,
                                              bmethod_return_value);

                VM_ASSERT(me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD);
                local_hooks = me->def->body.bmethod.hooks;

                if (UNLIKELY(local_hooks && local_hooks->events & RUBY_EVENT_RETURN)) {
                    rb_exec_event_hook_orig(ec, local_hooks, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, ec->cfp->self,
                                            rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->def->original_id,
                                            rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->called_id,
                                            rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->owner,
                                            bmethod_return_value, TRUE);
                }
                THROW_DATA_CONSUMED_SET(err);
            }
            else {
                EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, frame_return_value(err));
                if (UNLIKELY(local_hooks && local_hooks->events & RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)) {
                    rb_exec_event_hook_orig(ec, local_hooks, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN,
                                            ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, frame_return_value(err), TRUE);
                }
                THROW_DATA_CONSUMED_SET(err);
            }
            break;
          case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS:
            EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec, RUBY_EVENT_END, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
            break;
        }
    }
}

/* evaluator body */

/*                  finish
  VMe (h1)          finish
    VM              finish F1 F2
      cfunc         finish F1 F2 C1
        rb_funcall  finish F1 F2 C1
          VMe       finish F1 F2 C1
            VM      finish F1 F2 C1 F3

  F1 - F3 : pushed by VM
  C1      : pushed by send insn (CFUNC)

  struct CONTROL_FRAME {
    VALUE *pc;                  // cfp[0], program counter
    VALUE *sp;                  // cfp[1], stack pointer
    rb_iseq_t *iseq;            // cfp[2], iseq
    VALUE self;                 // cfp[3], self
    const VALUE *ep;            // cfp[4], env pointer
    const void *block_code;     // cfp[5], block code
  };

  struct rb_captured_block {
    VALUE self;
    VALUE *ep;
    union code;
  };

  struct METHOD_ENV {
    VALUE param0;
    ...
    VALUE paramN;
    VALUE lvar1;
    ...
    VALUE lvarM;
    VALUE cref;    // ep[-2]
    VALUE special; // ep[-1]
    VALUE flags;   // ep[ 0] == lep[0]
  };

  struct BLOCK_ENV {
    VALUE block_param0;
    ...
    VALUE block_paramN;
    VALUE block_lvar1;
    ...
    VALUE block_lvarM;
    VALUE cref;    // ep[-2]
    VALUE special; // ep[-1]
    VALUE flags;   // ep[ 0]
  };

  struct CLASS_ENV {
    VALUE class_lvar0;
    ...
    VALUE class_lvarN;
    VALUE cref;
    VALUE prev_ep; // for frame jump
    VALUE flags;
  };

  struct C_METHOD_CONTROL_FRAME {
    VALUE *pc;                       // 0
    VALUE *sp;                       // stack pointer
    rb_iseq_t *iseq;                 // cmi
    VALUE self;                      // ?
    VALUE *ep;                       // ep == lep
    void *code;                      //
  };

  struct C_BLOCK_CONTROL_FRAME {
    VALUE *pc;                       // point only "finish" insn
    VALUE *sp;                       // sp
    rb_iseq_t *iseq;                 // ?
    VALUE self;                      //
    VALUE *ep;                       // ep
    void *code;                      //
  };

  If jit_exec is already called before calling vm_exec, `jit_enable_p` should
  be FALSE to avoid calling `jit_exec` twice.
 */

static inline VALUE
vm_exec_handle_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state,
                         VALUE errinfo, VALUE *initial);

// for non-Emscripten Wasm build, use vm_exec with optimized setjmp for runtime performance
#if defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)

struct rb_vm_exec_context {
    rb_execution_context_t *ec;
    struct rb_vm_tag *tag;
    VALUE initial;
    VALUE result;
    enum ruby_tag_type state;
    bool jit_enable_p;
};

static void
vm_exec_enter_vm_loop(rb_execution_context_t *ec, struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx,
                      struct rb_vm_tag *_tag, bool skip_first_ex_handle) {
    if (skip_first_ex_handle) {
        goto vm_loop_start;
    }

    ctx->result = ec->errinfo;
    rb_ec_raised_reset(ec, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW | RAISED_NOMEMORY);
    while (UNDEF_P(ctx->result = vm_exec_handle_exception(ec, ctx->state, ctx->result, &ctx->initial))) {
        /* caught a jump, exec the handler */
        ctx->result = vm_exec_core(ec, ctx->initial);
    vm_loop_start:
        VM_ASSERT(ec->tag == _tag);
        /* when caught `throw`, `tag.state` is set. */
        if ((ctx->state = _tag->state) == TAG_NONE) break;
        _tag->state = TAG_NONE;
    }
}

static void
vm_exec_bottom_main(void *context)
{
    struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx = (struct rb_vm_exec_context *)context;

    ctx->state = TAG_NONE;
    if (!ctx->jit_enable_p || UNDEF_P(ctx->result = jit_exec(ctx->ec))) {
        ctx->result = vm_exec_core(ctx->ec, ctx->initial);
    }
    vm_exec_enter_vm_loop(ctx->ec, ctx, ctx->tag, true);
}

static void
vm_exec_bottom_rescue(void *context)
{
    struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx = (struct rb_vm_exec_context *)context;
    ctx->state = rb_ec_tag_state(ctx->ec);
    vm_exec_enter_vm_loop(ctx->ec, ctx, ctx->tag, false);
}

VALUE
vm_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec, bool jit_enable_p)
{
    struct rb_vm_exec_context ctx = {
        .ec = ec,
        .initial = 0, .result = Qundef,
        .jit_enable_p = jit_enable_p,
    };
    struct rb_wasm_try_catch try_catch;

    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);

    _tag.retval = Qnil;
    ctx.tag = &_tag;

    EC_REPUSH_TAG();

    rb_wasm_try_catch_init(&try_catch, vm_exec_bottom_main, vm_exec_bottom_rescue, &ctx);

    rb_wasm_try_catch_loop_run(&try_catch, &_tag.buf);

    EC_POP_TAG();
    return ctx.result;
}

#else

VALUE
vm_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec, bool jit_enable_p)
{
    enum ruby_tag_type state;
    VALUE result = Qundef;
    VALUE initial = 0;

    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);

    _tag.retval = Qnil;
    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
        if (!jit_enable_p || UNDEF_P(result = jit_exec(ec))) {
            result = vm_exec_core(ec, initial);
        }
        goto vm_loop_start; /* fallback to the VM */
    }
    else {
        result = ec->errinfo;
        rb_ec_raised_reset(ec, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW | RAISED_NOMEMORY);
        while (UNDEF_P(result = vm_exec_handle_exception(ec, state, result, &initial))) {
            /* caught a jump, exec the handler */
            result = vm_exec_core(ec, initial);
          vm_loop_start:
            VM_ASSERT(ec->tag == &_tag);
            /* when caught `throw`, `tag.state` is set. */
            if ((state = _tag.state) == TAG_NONE) break;
            _tag.state = TAG_NONE;
        }
    }
    EC_POP_TAG();
    return result;
}
#endif

static inline VALUE
vm_exec_handle_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state,
                         VALUE errinfo, VALUE *initial)
{
    struct vm_throw_data *err = (struct vm_throw_data *)errinfo;

    for (;;) {
        unsigned int i;
        const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
        const struct iseq_catch_table *ct;
        unsigned long epc, cont_pc, cont_sp;
        const rb_iseq_t *catch_iseq;
        rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
        VALUE type;
        const rb_control_frame_t *escape_cfp;

        cont_pc = cont_sp = 0;
        catch_iseq = NULL;

        while (ec->cfp->pc == 0 || ec->cfp->iseq == 0) {
            if (UNLIKELY(VM_FRAME_TYPE(ec->cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC)) {
                EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, ec->cfp->self,
                                              rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->def->original_id,
                                              rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->called_id,
                                              rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->owner, Qnil);
                RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(ec,
                                                rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->owner,
                                                rb_vm_frame_method_entry(ec->cfp)->def->original_id);
            }
            rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
        }

        cfp = ec->cfp;
        epc = cfp->pc - ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded;

        escape_cfp = NULL;
        if (state == TAG_BREAK || state == TAG_RETURN) {
            escape_cfp = THROW_DATA_CATCH_FRAME(err);

            if (cfp == escape_cfp) {
                if (state == TAG_RETURN) {
                    if (!VM_FRAME_FINISHED_P(cfp)) {
                        THROW_DATA_CATCH_FRAME_SET(err, cfp + 1);
                        THROW_DATA_STATE_SET(err, state = TAG_BREAK);
                    }
                    else {
                        ct = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->catch_table;
                        if (ct) for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
                            entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
                            if (entry->start < epc && entry->end >= epc) {
                                if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE) {
                                    catch_iseq = entry->iseq;
                                    cont_pc = entry->cont;
                                    cont_sp = entry->sp;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if (catch_iseq == NULL) {
                            ec->errinfo = Qnil;
                            THROW_DATA_CATCH_FRAME_SET(err, cfp + 1);
                            // cfp == escape_cfp here so calling with cfp_returning_with_value = true
                            hook_before_rewind(ec, ec->cfp, true, state, err);
                            rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
                            return THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
                        }
                    }
                    /* through */
                }
                else {
                    /* TAG_BREAK */
#if OPT_STACK_CACHING
                    *initial = THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
#else
                    *ec->cfp->sp++ = THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
#endif
                    ec->errinfo = Qnil;
                    return Qundef;
                }
            }
        }

        if (state == TAG_RAISE) {
            ct = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->catch_table;
            if (ct) for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
                entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
                if (entry->start < epc && entry->end >= epc) {

                    if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
                        entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE) {
                        catch_iseq = entry->iseq;
                        cont_pc = entry->cont;
                        cont_sp = entry->sp;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if (state == TAG_RETRY) {
            ct = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->catch_table;
            if (ct) for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
                entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
                if (entry->start < epc && entry->end >= epc) {

                    if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE) {
                        catch_iseq = entry->iseq;
                        cont_pc = entry->cont;
                        cont_sp = entry->sp;
                        break;
                    }
                    else if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_RETRY) {
                        const rb_control_frame_t *escape_cfp;
                        escape_cfp = THROW_DATA_CATCH_FRAME(err);
                        if (cfp == escape_cfp) {
                            cfp->pc = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded + entry->cont;
                            ec->errinfo = Qnil;
                            return Qundef;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if ((state == TAG_BREAK && !escape_cfp) ||
                 (state == TAG_REDO) ||
                 (state == TAG_NEXT)) {
            type = (const enum rb_catch_type[TAG_MASK]) {
                [TAG_BREAK]  = CATCH_TYPE_BREAK,
                [TAG_NEXT]   = CATCH_TYPE_NEXT,
                [TAG_REDO]   = CATCH_TYPE_REDO,
                /* otherwise = dontcare */
            }[state];

            ct = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->catch_table;
            if (ct) for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
                entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);

                if (entry->start < epc && entry->end >= epc) {
                    if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE) {
                        catch_iseq = entry->iseq;
                        cont_pc = entry->cont;
                        cont_sp = entry->sp;
                        break;
                    }
                    else if (entry->type == type) {
                        cfp->pc = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded + entry->cont;
                        cfp->sp = vm_base_ptr(cfp) + entry->sp;

                        if (state != TAG_REDO) {
#if OPT_STACK_CACHING
                            *initial = THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
#else
                            *ec->cfp->sp++ = THROW_DATA_VAL(err);
#endif
                        }
                        ec->errinfo = Qnil;
                        VM_ASSERT(ec->tag->state == TAG_NONE);
                        return Qundef;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            ct = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->catch_table;
            if (ct) for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
                entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
                if (entry->start < epc && entry->end >= epc) {

                    if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE) {
                        catch_iseq = entry->iseq;
                        cont_pc = entry->cont;
                        cont_sp = entry->sp;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (catch_iseq != NULL) { /* found catch table */
            /* enter catch scope */
            const int arg_size = 1;

            rb_iseq_check(catch_iseq);
            cfp->sp = vm_base_ptr(cfp) + cont_sp;
            cfp->pc = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded + cont_pc;

            /* push block frame */
            cfp->sp[0] = (VALUE)err;
            vm_push_frame(ec, catch_iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE,
                          cfp->self,
                          VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(cfp->ep),
                          0, /* cref or me */
                          ISEQ_BODY(catch_iseq)->iseq_encoded,
                          cfp->sp + arg_size /* push value */,
                          ISEQ_BODY(catch_iseq)->local_table_size - arg_size,
                          ISEQ_BODY(catch_iseq)->stack_max);

            state = 0;
            ec->tag->state = TAG_NONE;
            ec->errinfo = Qnil;

            return Qundef;
        }
        else {
            hook_before_rewind(ec, ec->cfp, (cfp == escape_cfp), state, err);

            if (VM_FRAME_FINISHED_P(ec->cfp)) {
                rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
                ec->errinfo = (VALUE)err;
                ec->tag = ec->tag->prev;
                EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
            }
            else {
                rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
            }
        }
    }
}

/* misc */

VALUE
rb_iseq_eval(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    VALUE val;
    vm_set_top_stack(ec, iseq);
    val = vm_exec(ec, true);
    return val;
}

VALUE
rb_iseq_eval_main(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    VALUE val;

    vm_set_main_stack(ec, iseq);
    val = vm_exec(ec, true);
    return val;
}

int
rb_vm_control_frame_id_and_class(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, ID *idp, ID *called_idp, VALUE *klassp)
{
    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);

    if (me) {
        if (idp) *idp = me->def->original_id;
        if (called_idp) *called_idp = me->called_id;
        if (klassp) *klassp = me->owner;
        return TRUE;
    }
    else {
        return FALSE;
    }
}

int
rb_ec_frame_method_id_and_class(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, ID *idp, ID *called_idp, VALUE *klassp)
{
    return rb_vm_control_frame_id_and_class(ec->cfp, idp, called_idp, klassp);
}

int
rb_frame_method_id_and_class(ID *idp, VALUE *klassp)
{
    return rb_ec_frame_method_id_and_class(GET_EC(), idp, 0, klassp);
}

VALUE
rb_vm_call_cfunc(VALUE recv, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg,
                 VALUE block_handler, VALUE filename)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp = ec->cfp;
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_new(0, filename, filename, Qnil, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP);
    VALUE val;

    vm_push_frame(ec, iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH,
                  recv, block_handler,
                  (VALUE)vm_cref_new_toplevel(ec), /* cref or me */
                  0, reg_cfp->sp, 0, 0);

    val = (*func)(arg);

    rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
    return val;
}

/* vm */

void
rb_vm_update_references(void *ptr)
{
    if (ptr) {
        rb_vm_t *vm = ptr;

        rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(vm->frozen_strings);
        vm->mark_object_ary = rb_gc_location(vm->mark_object_ary);
        vm->load_path = rb_gc_location(vm->load_path);
        vm->load_path_snapshot = rb_gc_location(vm->load_path_snapshot);

        if (vm->load_path_check_cache) {
            vm->load_path_check_cache = rb_gc_location(vm->load_path_check_cache);
        }

        vm->expanded_load_path = rb_gc_location(vm->expanded_load_path);
        vm->loaded_features = rb_gc_location(vm->loaded_features);
        vm->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_gc_location(vm->loaded_features_snapshot);
        vm->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_gc_location(vm->loaded_features_realpaths);
        vm->top_self = rb_gc_location(vm->top_self);
        vm->orig_progname = rb_gc_location(vm->orig_progname);

        rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(vm->overloaded_cme_table);

        if (vm->coverages) {
            vm->coverages = rb_gc_location(vm->coverages);
            vm->me2counter = rb_gc_location(vm->me2counter);
        }
    }
}

void
rb_vm_each_stack_value(void *ptr, void (*cb)(VALUE, void*), void *ctx)
{
    if (ptr) {
        rb_vm_t *vm = ptr;
        rb_ractor_t *r = 0;
        ccan_list_for_each(&vm->ractor.set, r, vmlr_node) {
            VM_ASSERT(rb_ractor_status_p(r, ractor_blocking) ||
                      rb_ractor_status_p(r, ractor_running));
            if (r->threads.cnt > 0) {
                rb_thread_t *th = 0;
                ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
                    VM_ASSERT(th != NULL);
                    rb_execution_context_t * ec = th->ec;
                    if (ec->vm_stack) {
                        VALUE *p = ec->vm_stack;
                        VALUE *sp = ec->cfp->sp;
                        while (p < sp) {
                            if (!rb_special_const_p(*p)) {
                                cb(*p, ctx);
                            }
                            p++;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
vm_mark_negative_cme(VALUE val, void *dmy)
{
    rb_gc_mark(val);
    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_vm_mark(void *ptr)
{
    RUBY_MARK_ENTER("vm");
    RUBY_GC_INFO("-------------------------------------------------\n");
    if (ptr) {
        rb_vm_t *vm = ptr;
        rb_ractor_t *r = 0;
        long i, len;
        const VALUE *obj_ary;

        ccan_list_for_each(&vm->ractor.set, r, vmlr_node) {
            // ractor.set only contains blocking or running ractors
            VM_ASSERT(rb_ractor_status_p(r, ractor_blocking) ||
                      rb_ractor_status_p(r, ractor_running));
            rb_gc_mark(rb_ractor_self(r));
        }

        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->mark_object_ary);

        len = RARRAY_LEN(vm->mark_object_ary);
        obj_ary = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(vm->mark_object_ary);
        for (i=0; i < len; i++) {
            const VALUE *ptr;
            long j, jlen;

            rb_gc_mark(*obj_ary);
            jlen = RARRAY_LEN(*obj_ary);
            ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(*obj_ary);
            for (j=0; j < jlen; j++) {
                rb_gc_mark(*ptr++);
            }
            obj_ary++;
        }

        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->load_path);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->load_path_snapshot);
        RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(vm->load_path_check_cache);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->expanded_load_path);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->loaded_features);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->loaded_features_snapshot);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->loaded_features_realpaths);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->top_self);
        rb_gc_mark_movable(vm->orig_progname);
        RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(vm->coverages);
        RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(vm->me2counter);
        /* Prevent classes from moving */
        rb_mark_tbl(vm->defined_module_hash);

        if (vm->loading_table) {
            rb_mark_tbl(vm->loading_table);
        }

        rb_gc_mark_values(RUBY_NSIG, vm->trap_list.cmd);

        rb_id_table_foreach_values(vm->negative_cme_table, vm_mark_negative_cme, NULL);
        rb_mark_tbl_no_pin(vm->overloaded_cme_table);
        for (i=0; i<VM_GLOBAL_CC_CACHE_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
            const struct rb_callcache *cc = vm->global_cc_cache_table[i];

            if (cc != NULL) {
                if (!vm_cc_invalidated_p(cc)) {
                    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)cc);
                }
                else {
                    vm->global_cc_cache_table[i] = NULL;
                }
            }
        }

        mjit_mark();
    }

    RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("vm");
}

#undef rb_vm_register_special_exception
void
rb_vm_register_special_exception_str(enum ruby_special_exceptions sp, VALUE cls, VALUE mesg)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
    VALUE exc = rb_exc_new3(cls, rb_obj_freeze(mesg));
    OBJ_FREEZE(exc);
    ((VALUE *)vm->special_exceptions)[sp] = exc;
    rb_gc_register_mark_object(exc);
}

int
rb_vm_add_root_module(VALUE module)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();

    st_insert(vm->defined_module_hash, (st_data_t)module, (st_data_t)module);

    return TRUE;
}

static int
free_loading_table_entry(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
{
    xfree((char *)key);
    return ST_DELETE;
}

int
ruby_vm_destruct(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    RUBY_FREE_ENTER("vm");

    if (vm) {
        rb_thread_t *th = vm->ractor.main_thread;
        struct rb_objspace *objspace = vm->objspace;
        vm->ractor.main_thread = NULL;

        if (th) {
            rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(th);
            thread_free(th);
        }
        rb_vm_living_threads_init(vm);
        ruby_vm_run_at_exit_hooks(vm);
        if (vm->loading_table) {
            st_foreach(vm->loading_table, free_loading_table_entry, 0);
            st_free_table(vm->loading_table);
            vm->loading_table = 0;
        }
        if (vm->frozen_strings) {
            st_free_table(vm->frozen_strings);
            vm->frozen_strings = 0;
        }
        RB_ALTSTACK_FREE(vm->main_altstack);
        if (objspace) {
            rb_objspace_free(objspace);
        }
        rb_native_mutex_destroy(&vm->waitpid_lock);
        rb_native_mutex_destroy(&vm->workqueue_lock);
        /* after freeing objspace, you *can't* use ruby_xfree() */
        ruby_mimfree(vm);
        ruby_current_vm_ptr = NULL;
    }
    RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("vm");
    return 0;
}

size_t rb_vm_memsize_waiting_list(struct ccan_list_head *waiting_list); // process.c
size_t rb_vm_memsize_waiting_fds(struct ccan_list_head *waiting_fds); // thread.c
size_t rb_vm_memsize_postponed_job_buffer(void); // vm_trace.c
size_t rb_vm_memsize_workqueue(struct ccan_list_head *workqueue); // vm_trace.c

// Used for VM memsize reporting. Returns the size of the at_exit list by
// looping through the linked list and adding up the size of the structs.
static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
vm_memsize_constant_cache_i(ID id, VALUE ics, void *size)
{
    *((size_t *) size) += rb_st_memsize((st_table *) ics);
    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
}

// Returns a size_t representing the memory footprint of the VM's constant
// cache, which is the memsize of the table as well as the memsize of all of the
// nested tables.
static size_t
vm_memsize_constant_cache(void)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
    size_t size = rb_id_table_memsize(vm->constant_cache);

    rb_id_table_foreach(vm->constant_cache, vm_memsize_constant_cache_i, &size);
    return size;
}

static size_t
vm_memsize_at_exit_list(rb_at_exit_list *at_exit)
{
    size_t size = 0;

    while (at_exit) {
        size += sizeof(rb_at_exit_list);
        at_exit = at_exit->next;
    }

    return size;
}

// Used for VM memsize reporting. Returns the size of the builtin function
// table if it has been defined.
static size_t
vm_memsize_builtin_function_table(const struct rb_builtin_function *builtin_function_table)
{
    return builtin_function_table == NULL ? 0 : sizeof(struct rb_builtin_function);
}

// Reports the memsize of the VM struct object and the structs that are
// associated with it.
static size_t
vm_memsize(const void *ptr)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();

    return (
        sizeof(rb_vm_t) +
        rb_vm_memsize_waiting_list(&vm->waiting_pids) +
        rb_vm_memsize_waiting_list(&vm->waiting_grps) +
        rb_vm_memsize_waiting_fds(&vm->waiting_fds) +
        rb_st_memsize(vm->loaded_features_index) +
        rb_st_memsize(vm->loading_table) +
        rb_st_memsize(vm->ensure_rollback_table) +
        rb_vm_memsize_postponed_job_buffer() +
        rb_vm_memsize_workqueue(&vm->workqueue) +
        rb_st_memsize(vm->defined_module_hash) +
        vm_memsize_at_exit_list(vm->at_exit) +
        rb_st_memsize(vm->frozen_strings) +
        vm_memsize_builtin_function_table(vm->builtin_function_table) +
        rb_id_table_memsize(vm->negative_cme_table) +
        rb_st_memsize(vm->overloaded_cme_table) +
        vm_memsize_constant_cache()
    );

    // TODO
    // struct { struct ccan_list_head set; } ractor;
    // void *main_altstack; #ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
    // struct rb_objspace *objspace;
}

static const rb_data_type_t vm_data_type = {
    "VM",
    {0, 0, vm_memsize,},
    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
};


static VALUE
vm_default_params(void)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
    VALUE result = rb_hash_new_with_size(4);
#define SET(name) rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern(#name)), SIZET2NUM(vm->default_params.name));
    SET(thread_vm_stack_size);
    SET(thread_machine_stack_size);
    SET(fiber_vm_stack_size);
    SET(fiber_machine_stack_size);
#undef SET
    rb_obj_freeze(result);
    return result;
}

static size_t
get_param(const char *name, size_t default_value, size_t min_value)
{
    const char *envval;
    size_t result = default_value;
    if ((envval = getenv(name)) != 0) {
        long val = atol(envval);
        if (val < (long)min_value) {
            val = (long)min_value;
        }
        result = (size_t)(((val -1 + RUBY_VM_SIZE_ALIGN) / RUBY_VM_SIZE_ALIGN) * RUBY_VM_SIZE_ALIGN);
    }
    if (0) ruby_debug_printf("%s: %"PRIuSIZE"\n", name, result); /* debug print */

    return result;
}

static void
check_machine_stack_size(size_t *sizep)
{
#ifdef PTHREAD_STACK_MIN
    size_t size = *sizep;
#endif

#ifdef PTHREAD_STACK_MIN
    if (size < (size_t)PTHREAD_STACK_MIN) {
        *sizep = (size_t)PTHREAD_STACK_MIN * 2;
    }
#endif
}

static void
vm_default_params_setup(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    vm->default_params.thread_vm_stack_size =
      get_param("RUBY_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE",
                RUBY_VM_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE,
                RUBY_VM_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE_MIN);

    vm->default_params.thread_machine_stack_size =
      get_param("RUBY_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE",
                RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE,
                RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN);

    vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size =
      get_param("RUBY_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE",
                RUBY_VM_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE,
                RUBY_VM_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE_MIN);

    vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size =
      get_param("RUBY_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE",
                RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE,
                RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN);

    /* environment dependent check */
    check_machine_stack_size(&vm->default_params.thread_machine_stack_size);
    check_machine_stack_size(&vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size);
}

static void
vm_init2(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    MEMZERO(vm, rb_vm_t, 1);
    rb_vm_living_threads_init(vm);
    vm->thread_report_on_exception = 1;
    vm->src_encoding_index = -1;

    vm_default_params_setup(vm);
}

void
rb_execution_context_update(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    /* update VM stack */
    if (ec->vm_stack) {
        long i;
        VM_ASSERT(ec->cfp);
        VALUE *p = ec->vm_stack;
        VALUE *sp = ec->cfp->sp;
        rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
        rb_control_frame_t *limit_cfp = (void *)(ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size);

        for (i = 0; i < (long)(sp - p); i++) {
            VALUE ref = p[i];
            VALUE update = rb_gc_location(ref);
            if (ref != update) {
                p[i] = update;
            }
        }

        while (cfp != limit_cfp) {
            const VALUE *ep = cfp->ep;
            cfp->self = rb_gc_location(cfp->self);
            cfp->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cfp->iseq);
            cfp->block_code = (void *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cfp->block_code);

            if (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
                const VALUE *prev_ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
                if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(prev_ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED)) {
                    VM_FORCE_WRITE(&prev_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV], rb_gc_location(prev_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]));
                }

                if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED)) {
                    VM_FORCE_WRITE(&ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV], rb_gc_location(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]));
                    VM_FORCE_WRITE(&ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF], rb_gc_location(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF]));
                }
            }

            cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
        }
    }

    ec->storage = rb_gc_location(ec->storage);
}

static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
mark_local_storage_i(VALUE local, void *data)
{
    rb_gc_mark(local);
    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_execution_context_mark(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    /* mark VM stack */
    if (ec->vm_stack) {
        VM_ASSERT(ec->cfp);
        VALUE *p = ec->vm_stack;
        VALUE *sp = ec->cfp->sp;
        rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
        rb_control_frame_t *limit_cfp = (void *)(ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size);

        VM_ASSERT(sp == ec->cfp->sp);
        rb_gc_mark_vm_stack_values((long)(sp - p), p);

        while (cfp != limit_cfp) {
            const VALUE *ep = cfp->ep;
            VM_ASSERT(!!VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED) == vm_ep_in_heap_p_(ec, ep));

            if (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) != VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY) {
                rb_gc_mark_movable(cfp->self);
                rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)cfp->iseq);
                rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)cfp->block_code);

                if (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
                    const VALUE *prev_ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
                    if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(prev_ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED)) {
                        rb_gc_mark_movable(prev_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]);
                    }

                    if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED)) {
                        rb_gc_mark_movable(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]);
                        rb_gc_mark(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF]);
                    }
                }
            }

            cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
        }
    }

    /* mark machine stack */
    if (ec->machine.stack_start && ec->machine.stack_end &&
        ec != GET_EC() /* marked for current ec at the first stage of marking */
        ) {
        rb_gc_mark_machine_stack(ec);
        rb_gc_mark_locations((VALUE *)&ec->machine.regs,
                             (VALUE *)(&ec->machine.regs) +
                             sizeof(ec->machine.regs) / (sizeof(VALUE)));
    }

    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(ec->errinfo);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(ec->root_svar);
    if (ec->local_storage) {
        rb_id_table_foreach_values(ec->local_storage, mark_local_storage_i, NULL);
    }
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(ec->local_storage_recursive_hash);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(ec->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(ec->private_const_reference);

    RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(ec->storage);
}

void rb_fiber_mark_self(rb_fiber_t *fib);
void rb_fiber_update_self(rb_fiber_t *fib);
void rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th);
void rb_threadptr_root_fiber_release(rb_thread_t *th);

static void
thread_compact(void *ptr)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ptr;

    th->self = rb_gc_location(th->self);

    if (!th->root_fiber) {
        rb_execution_context_update(th->ec);
    }
}

static void
thread_mark(void *ptr)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ptr;
    RUBY_MARK_ENTER("thread");
    rb_fiber_mark_self(th->ec->fiber_ptr);

    /* mark ruby objects */
    switch (th->invoke_type) {
      case thread_invoke_type_proc:
      case thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc:
        RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->invoke_arg.proc.proc);
        RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->invoke_arg.proc.args);
        break;
      case thread_invoke_type_func:
        rb_gc_mark_maybe((VALUE)th->invoke_arg.func.arg);
        break;
      default:
        break;
    }

    rb_gc_mark(rb_ractor_self(th->ractor));
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->thgroup);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->value);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->pending_interrupt_queue);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->top_self);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->top_wrapper);
    if (th->root_fiber) rb_fiber_mark_self(th->root_fiber);

    RUBY_ASSERT(th->ec == rb_fiberptr_get_ec(th->ec->fiber_ptr));
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->stat_insn_usage);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->last_status);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->locking_mutex);
    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->name);

    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(th->scheduler);

    RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("thread");
}

static void
thread_free(void *ptr)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ptr;
    RUBY_FREE_ENTER("thread");

    if (th->locking_mutex != Qfalse) {
        rb_bug("thread_free: locking_mutex must be NULL (%p:%p)", (void *)th, (void *)th->locking_mutex);
    }
    if (th->keeping_mutexes != NULL) {
        rb_bug("thread_free: keeping_mutexes must be NULL (%p:%p)", (void *)th, (void *)th->keeping_mutexes);
    }

    rb_threadptr_root_fiber_release(th);

    if (th->vm && th->vm->ractor.main_thread == th) {
        RUBY_GC_INFO("MRI main thread\n");
    }
    else {
        ruby_xfree(th->nt); // TODO
        ruby_xfree(th);
    }

    RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("thread");
}

static size_t
thread_memsize(const void *ptr)
{
    const rb_thread_t *th = ptr;
    size_t size = sizeof(rb_thread_t);

    if (!th->root_fiber) {
        size += th->ec->vm_stack_size * sizeof(VALUE);
    }
    if (th->ec->local_storage) {
        size += rb_id_table_memsize(th->ec->local_storage);
    }
    return size;
}

#define thread_data_type ruby_threadptr_data_type
const rb_data_type_t ruby_threadptr_data_type = {
    "VM/thread",
    {
        thread_mark,
        thread_free,
        thread_memsize,
        thread_compact,
    },
    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
};

VALUE
rb_obj_is_thread(VALUE obj)
{
    return RBOOL(rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &thread_data_type));
}

static VALUE
thread_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    return TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_thread_t, &thread_data_type, th);
}

inline void
rb_ec_set_vm_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE *stack, size_t size)
{
    ec->vm_stack = stack;
    ec->vm_stack_size = size;
}

void
rb_ec_initialize_vm_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE *stack, size_t size)
{
    rb_ec_set_vm_stack(ec, stack, size);

    ec->cfp = (void *)(ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size);

    vm_push_frame(ec,
        NULL /* dummy iseq */,
        VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH | VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME /* dummy frame */,
        Qnil /* dummy self */, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE /* dummy block ptr */,
        0 /* dummy cref/me */,
        0 /* dummy pc */, ec->vm_stack, 0, 0
    );
}

void
rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    rb_ec_set_vm_stack(ec, NULL, 0);

    // Avoid dangling pointers:
    ec->cfp = NULL;
}

static void
th_init(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE self, rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    th->self = self;

    rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(th);

    /* All threads are blocking until a non-blocking fiber is scheduled */
    th->blocking = 1;
    th->scheduler = Qnil;

    if (self == 0) {
        size_t size = vm->default_params.thread_vm_stack_size / sizeof(VALUE);
        rb_ec_initialize_vm_stack(th->ec, ALLOC_N(VALUE, size), size);
    }
    else {
        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->cfp == NULL);
        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->vm_stack == NULL);
        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->vm_stack_size == 0);
    }

    th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
    th->last_status = Qnil;
    th->top_wrapper = 0;
    th->top_self = vm->top_self; // 0 while self == 0
    th->value = Qundef;

    th->ec->errinfo = Qnil;
    th->ec->root_svar = Qfalse;
    th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
    th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;

    th->ec->storage = Qnil;

#if OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
    th->retval = Qundef;
#endif
    th->name = Qnil;
    th->report_on_exception = vm->thread_report_on_exception;
    th->ext_config.ractor_safe = true;

#if USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
    static rb_atomic_t thread_serial = 0;
    th->serial = RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(thread_serial, 1);
#endif
}

VALUE
rb_thread_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE self = thread_alloc(klass);
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(self);
    target_th->ractor = GET_RACTOR();
    th_init(target_th, self, target_th->vm = GET_VM());
    return self;
}

#define REWIND_CFP(expr) do { \
    rb_execution_context_t *ec__ = GET_EC(); \
    VALUE *const curr_sp = (ec__->cfp++)->sp; \
    VALUE *const saved_sp = ec__->cfp->sp; \
    ec__->cfp->sp = curr_sp; \
    expr; \
    (ec__->cfp--)->sp = saved_sp; \
} while (0)

static VALUE
m_core_set_method_alias(VALUE self, VALUE cbase, VALUE sym1, VALUE sym2)
{
    REWIND_CFP({
        rb_alias(cbase, SYM2ID(sym1), SYM2ID(sym2));
    });
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
m_core_set_variable_alias(VALUE self, VALUE sym1, VALUE sym2)
{
    REWIND_CFP({
        rb_alias_variable(SYM2ID(sym1), SYM2ID(sym2));
    });
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
m_core_undef_method(VALUE self, VALUE cbase, VALUE sym)
{
    REWIND_CFP({
        ID mid = SYM2ID(sym);
        rb_undef(cbase, mid);
        rb_clear_method_cache(self, mid);
    });
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
m_core_set_postexe(VALUE self)
{
    rb_set_end_proc(rb_call_end_proc, rb_block_proc());
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE core_hash_merge_kwd(VALUE hash, VALUE kw);

static VALUE
core_hash_merge(VALUE hash, long argc, const VALUE *argv)
{
    Check_Type(hash, T_HASH);
    VM_ASSERT(argc % 2 == 0);
    rb_hash_bulk_insert(argc, argv, hash);
    return hash;
}

static VALUE
m_core_hash_merge_ptr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
{
    VALUE hash = argv[0];

    REWIND_CFP(hash = core_hash_merge(hash, argc-1, argv+1));

    return hash;
}

static int
kwmerge_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
{
    rb_hash_aset(hash, key, value);
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

static VALUE
m_core_hash_merge_kwd(VALUE recv, VALUE hash, VALUE kw)
{
    REWIND_CFP(hash = core_hash_merge_kwd(hash, kw));
    return hash;
}

static VALUE
m_core_make_shareable(VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
{
    return rb_ractor_make_shareable(obj);
}

static VALUE
m_core_make_shareable_copy(VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
{
    return rb_ractor_make_shareable_copy(obj);
}

static VALUE
m_core_ensure_shareable(VALUE recv, VALUE obj, VALUE name)
{
    return rb_ractor_ensure_shareable(obj, name);
}

static VALUE
core_hash_merge_kwd(VALUE hash, VALUE kw)
{
    rb_hash_foreach(rb_to_hash_type(kw), kwmerge_i, hash);
    return hash;
}

extern VALUE *rb_gc_stack_start;
extern size_t rb_gc_stack_maxsize;

/* debug functions */

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
sdr(VALUE self)
{
    rb_vm_bugreport(NULL);
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
nsdr(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
#ifdef HAVE_BACKTRACE
#include <execinfo.h>
#define MAX_NATIVE_TRACE 1024
    static void *trace[MAX_NATIVE_TRACE];
    int n = (int)backtrace(trace, MAX_NATIVE_TRACE);
    char **syms = backtrace_symbols(trace, n);
    int i;

    if (syms == 0) {
        rb_memerror();
    }

    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
        rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new2(syms[i]));
    }
    free(syms); /* OK */
#endif
    return ary;
}

#if VM_COLLECT_USAGE_DETAILS
static VALUE usage_analysis_insn_start(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_operand_start(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_register_start(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_insn_stop(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_operand_stop(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_register_stop(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_insn_running(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_operand_running(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_register_running(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_insn_clear(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_operand_clear(VALUE self);
static VALUE usage_analysis_register_clear(VALUE self);
#endif

static VALUE
f_raise(int c, VALUE *v, VALUE _)
{
    return rb_f_raise(c, v);
}

static VALUE
f_proc(VALUE _)
{
    return rb_block_proc();
}

static VALUE
f_lambda(VALUE _)
{
    return rb_block_lambda();
}

static VALUE
f_sprintf(int c, const VALUE *v, VALUE _)
{
    return rb_f_sprintf(c, v);
}

static VALUE
vm_mtbl(VALUE self, VALUE obj, VALUE sym)
{
    vm_mtbl_dump(CLASS_OF(obj), RTEST(sym) ? SYM2ID(sym) : 0);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
vm_mtbl2(VALUE self, VALUE obj, VALUE sym)
{
    vm_mtbl_dump(obj, RTEST(sym) ? SYM2ID(sym) : 0);
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     RubyVM.keep_script_lines -> true or false
 *
 *  Return current +keep_script_lines+ status. Now it only returns
 *  +true+ of +false+, but it can return other objects in future.
 *
 *  Note that this is an API for ruby internal use, debugging,
 *  and research. Do not use this for any other purpose.
 *  The compatibility is not guaranteed.
 */
static VALUE
vm_keep_script_lines(VALUE self)
{
    return RBOOL(ruby_vm_keep_script_lines);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     RubyVM.keep_script_lines = true / false
 *
 *  It set +keep_script_lines+ flag. If the flag is set, all
 *  loaded scripts are recorded in a interpreter process.
 *
 *  Note that this is an API for ruby internal use, debugging,
 *  and research. Do not use this for any other purpose.
 *  The compatibility is not guaranteed.
 */
static VALUE
vm_keep_script_lines_set(VALUE self, VALUE flags)
{
    ruby_vm_keep_script_lines = RTEST(flags);
    return flags;
}

void
Init_VM(void)
{
    VALUE opts;
    VALUE klass;
    VALUE fcore;

    /*
     * Document-class: RubyVM
     *
     * The RubyVM module only exists on MRI. +RubyVM+ is not defined in
     * other Ruby implementations such as JRuby and TruffleRuby.
     *
     * The RubyVM module provides some access to MRI internals.
     * This module is for very limited purposes, such as debugging,
     * prototyping, and research.  Normal users must not use it.
     * This module is not portable between Ruby implementations.
     */
    rb_cRubyVM = rb_define_class("RubyVM", rb_cObject);
    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cRubyVM);
    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRubyVM), "new");
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "stat", vm_stat, -1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "keep_script_lines", vm_keep_script_lines, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "keep_script_lines=", vm_keep_script_lines_set, 1);

#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "reset_debug_counters", rb_debug_counter_reset, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "show_debug_counters", rb_debug_counter_show, 0);
#endif

    /* FrozenCore (hidden) */
    fcore = rb_class_new(rb_cBasicObject);
    rb_set_class_path(fcore, rb_cRubyVM, "FrozenCore");
    RBASIC(fcore)->flags = T_ICLASS;
    klass = rb_singleton_class(fcore);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_set_method_alias, m_core_set_method_alias, 3);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_set_variable_alias, m_core_set_variable_alias, 2);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_undef_method, m_core_undef_method, 2);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_set_postexe, m_core_set_postexe, 0);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, m_core_hash_merge_ptr, -1);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, m_core_hash_merge_kwd, 2);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_raise, f_raise, -1);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, id_core_sprintf, f_sprintf, -1);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, idProc, f_proc, 0);
    rb_define_method_id(klass, idLambda, f_lambda, 0);
    rb_define_method(klass, "make_shareable", m_core_make_shareable, 1);
    rb_define_method(klass, "make_shareable_copy", m_core_make_shareable_copy, 1);
    rb_define_method(klass, "ensure_shareable", m_core_ensure_shareable, 2);
    rb_obj_freeze(fcore);
    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(klass);
    rb_obj_freeze(klass);
    rb_gc_register_mark_object(fcore);
    rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore = fcore;

    /*
     * Document-class: Thread
     *
     *	Threads are the Ruby implementation for a concurrent programming model.
     *
     *	Programs that require multiple threads of execution are a perfect
     *	candidate for Ruby's Thread class.
     *
     *	For example, we can create a new thread separate from the main thread's
     *	execution using ::new.
     *
     *	    thr = Thread.new { puts "What's the big deal" }
     *
     *	Then we are able to pause the execution of the main thread and allow
     *	our new thread to finish, using #join:
     *
     *	    thr.join #=> "What's the big deal"
     *
     *	If we don't call +thr.join+ before the main thread terminates, then all
     *	other threads including +thr+ will be killed.
     *
     *	Alternatively, you can use an array for handling multiple threads at
     *	once, like in the following example:
     *
     *	    threads = []
     *	    threads << Thread.new { puts "What's the big deal" }
     *	    threads << Thread.new { 3.times { puts "Threads are fun!" } }
     *
     *	After creating a few threads we wait for them all to finish
     *	consecutively.
     *
     *	    threads.each { |thr| thr.join }
     *
     *  To retrieve the last value of a thread, use #value
     *
     *      thr = Thread.new { sleep 1; "Useful value" }
     *      thr.value #=> "Useful value"
     *
     *	=== Thread initialization
     *
     *	In order to create new threads, Ruby provides ::new, ::start, and
     *	::fork. A block must be provided with each of these methods, otherwise
     *	a ThreadError will be raised.
     *
     *	When subclassing the Thread class, the +initialize+ method of your
     *	subclass will be ignored by ::start and ::fork. Otherwise, be sure to
     *	call super in your +initialize+ method.
     *
     * 	=== Thread termination
     *
     * 	For terminating threads, Ruby provides a variety of ways to do this.
     *
     *	The class method ::kill, is meant to exit a given thread:
     *
     *	    thr = Thread.new { sleep }
     *	    Thread.kill(thr) # sends exit() to thr
     *
     *	Alternatively, you can use the instance method #exit, or any of its
     *	aliases #kill or #terminate.
     *
     *	    thr.exit
     *
     * 	=== Thread status
     *
     * 	Ruby provides a few instance methods for querying the state of a given
     * 	thread. To get a string with the current thread's state use #status
     *
     *	    thr = Thread.new { sleep }
     *	    thr.status # => "sleep"
     *	    thr.exit
     *	    thr.status # => false
     *
     *	You can also use #alive? to tell if the thread is running or sleeping,
     *	and #stop? if the thread is dead or sleeping.
     *
     * 	=== Thread variables and scope
     *
     * 	Since threads are created with blocks, the same rules apply to other
     * 	Ruby blocks for variable scope. Any local variables created within this
     * 	block are accessible to only this thread.
     *
     * 	==== Fiber-local vs. Thread-local
     *
     *	Each fiber has its own bucket for Thread#[] storage. When you set a
     *	new fiber-local it is only accessible within this Fiber. To illustrate:
     *
     *	    Thread.new {
     *	      Thread.current[:foo] = "bar"
     *	      Fiber.new {
     *	        p Thread.current[:foo] # => nil
     *	      }.resume
     *	    }.join
     *
     * 	This example uses #[] for getting and #[]= for setting fiber-locals,
     * 	you can also use #keys to list the fiber-locals for a given
     * 	thread and #key? to check if a fiber-local exists.
     *
     *	When it comes to thread-locals, they are accessible within the entire
     *	scope of the thread. Given the following example:
     *
     *	    Thread.new{
     *	      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, 1)
     *	      p Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo) # => 1
     *	      Fiber.new{
     *		Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, 2)
     *		p Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo) # => 2
     *	      }.resume
     *	      p Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)   # => 2
     *	    }.join
     *
     *  You can see that the thread-local +:foo+ carried over into the fiber
     *  and was changed to +2+ by the end of the thread.
     *
     *  This example makes use of #thread_variable_set to create new
     *  thread-locals, and #thread_variable_get to reference them.
     *
     *  There is also #thread_variables to list all thread-locals, and
     *  #thread_variable? to check if a given thread-local exists.
     *
     * 	=== Exception handling
     *
     *  When an unhandled exception is raised inside a thread, it will
     *  terminate. By default, this exception will not propagate to other
     *  threads. The exception is stored and when another thread calls #value
     *  or #join, the exception will be re-raised in that thread.
     *
     *      t = Thread.new{ raise 'something went wrong' }
     *      t.value #=> RuntimeError: something went wrong
     *
     *  An exception can be raised from outside the thread using the
     *  Thread#raise instance method, which takes the same parameters as
     *  Kernel#raise.
     *
     *  Setting Thread.abort_on_exception = true, Thread#abort_on_exception =
     *  true, or $DEBUG = true will cause a subsequent unhandled exception
     *  raised in a thread to be automatically re-raised in the main thread.
     *
     *	With the addition of the class method ::handle_interrupt, you can now
     *	handle exceptions asynchronously with threads.
     *
     * 	=== Scheduling
     *
     * 	Ruby provides a few ways to support scheduling threads in your program.
     *
     * 	The first way is by using the class method ::stop, to put the current
     * 	running thread to sleep and schedule the execution of another thread.
     *
     * 	Once a thread is asleep, you can use the instance method #wakeup to
     * 	mark your thread as eligible for scheduling.
     *
     * 	You can also try ::pass, which attempts to pass execution to another
     * 	thread but is dependent on the OS whether a running thread will switch
     * 	or not. The same goes for #priority, which lets you hint to the thread
     * 	scheduler which threads you want to take precedence when passing
     * 	execution. This method is also dependent on the OS and may be ignored
     * 	on some platforms.
     *
     */
    rb_cThread = rb_define_class("Thread", rb_cObject);
    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cThread);

#if VM_COLLECT_USAGE_DETAILS
    /* ::RubyVM::USAGE_ANALYSIS_* */
#define define_usage_analysis_hash(name) /* shut up rdoc -C */ \
    rb_define_const(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_" #name, rb_hash_new())
    define_usage_analysis_hash(INSN);
    define_usage_analysis_hash(REGS);
    define_usage_analysis_hash(INSN_BIGRAM);

    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN_START", usage_analysis_insn_start, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_OPERAND_START", usage_analysis_operand_start, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_REGISTER_START", usage_analysis_register_start, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN_STOP", usage_analysis_insn_stop, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_OPERAND_STOP", usage_analysis_operand_stop, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_REGISTER_STOP", usage_analysis_register_stop, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN_RUNNING", usage_analysis_insn_running, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_OPERAND_RUNNING", usage_analysis_operand_running, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_REGISTER_RUNNING", usage_analysis_register_running, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN_CLEAR", usage_analysis_insn_clear, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_OPERAND_CLEAR", usage_analysis_operand_clear, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_REGISTER_CLEAR", usage_analysis_register_clear, 0);
#endif

    /* ::RubyVM::OPTS
     * An Array of VM build options.
     * This constant is MRI specific.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cRubyVM, "OPTS", opts = rb_ary_new());

#if   OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("direct threaded code"));
#elif OPT_TOKEN_THREADED_CODE
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("token threaded code"));
#elif OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("call threaded code"));
#endif

#if OPT_STACK_CACHING
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("stack caching"));
#endif
#if OPT_OPERANDS_UNIFICATION
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("operands unification"));
#endif
#if OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("instructions unification"));
#endif
#if OPT_INLINE_METHOD_CACHE
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("inline method cache"));
#endif
#if OPT_BLOCKINLINING
    rb_ary_push(opts, rb_str_new2("block inlining"));
#endif

    /* ::RubyVM::INSTRUCTION_NAMES
     * A list of bytecode instruction names in MRI.
     * This constant is MRI specific.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cRubyVM, "INSTRUCTION_NAMES", rb_insns_name_array());

    /* ::RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS
     * This constant exposes the VM's default parameters.
     * Note that changing these values does not affect VM execution.
     * Specification is not stable and you should not depend on this value.
     * Of course, this constant is MRI specific.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cRubyVM, "DEFAULT_PARAMS", vm_default_params());

    /* debug functions ::RubyVM::SDR(), ::RubyVM::NSDR() */
#if VMDEBUG
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "SDR", sdr, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "NSDR", nsdr, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "mtbl", vm_mtbl, 2);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "mtbl2", vm_mtbl2, 2);
#else
    (void)sdr;
    (void)nsdr;
    (void)vm_mtbl;
    (void)vm_mtbl2;
#endif

    /* VM bootstrap: phase 2 */
    {
        rb_vm_t *vm = ruby_current_vm_ptr;
        rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
        VALUE filename = rb_fstring_lit("<main>");
        const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_new(0, filename, filename, Qnil, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP);

        // Ractor setup
        rb_ractor_main_setup(vm, th->ractor, th);

        /* create vm object */
        vm->self = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cRubyVM, &vm_data_type, vm);

        /* create main thread */
        th->self = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cThread, &thread_data_type, th);
        vm->ractor.main_thread = th;
        vm->ractor.main_ractor = th->ractor;
        th->vm = vm;
        th->top_wrapper = 0;
        th->top_self = rb_vm_top_self();

        rb_gc_register_mark_object((VALUE)iseq);
        th->ec->cfp->iseq = iseq;
        th->ec->cfp->pc = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded;
        th->ec->cfp->self = th->top_self;

        VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNSET(th->ec->cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME);
        VM_STACK_ENV_WRITE(th->ec->cfp->ep, VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF, (VALUE)vm_cref_new(rb_cObject, METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE, FALSE, NULL, FALSE, FALSE));

        /*
         * The Binding of the top level scope
         */
        rb_define_global_const("TOPLEVEL_BINDING", rb_binding_new());

        rb_objspace_gc_enable(vm->objspace);
    }
    vm_init_redefined_flag();

    rb_block_param_proxy = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
    rb_add_method_optimized(rb_singleton_class(rb_block_param_proxy), idCall,
                            OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_BLOCK_CALL, 0, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
    rb_obj_freeze(rb_block_param_proxy);
    rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_block_param_proxy);

    /* vm_backtrace.c */
    Init_vm_backtrace();
}

void
rb_vm_set_progname(VALUE filename)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_VM()->ractor.main_thread;
    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = (void *)(th->ec->vm_stack + th->ec->vm_stack_size);
    --cfp;

    rb_iseq_pathobj_set(cfp->iseq, rb_str_dup(filename), rb_iseq_realpath(cfp->iseq));
}

extern const struct st_hash_type rb_fstring_hash_type;

void
Init_BareVM(void)
{
    /* VM bootstrap: phase 1 */
    rb_vm_t * vm = ruby_mimmalloc(sizeof(*vm));
    rb_thread_t * th = ruby_mimmalloc(sizeof(*th));
    if (!vm || !th) {
        fputs("[FATAL] failed to allocate memory\n", stderr);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // setup the VM
    MEMZERO(th, rb_thread_t, 1);
    vm_init2(vm);

    vm->objspace = rb_objspace_alloc();
    ruby_current_vm_ptr = vm;
    vm->negative_cme_table = rb_id_table_create(16);
    vm->overloaded_cme_table = st_init_numtable();
    vm->constant_cache = rb_id_table_create(0);

    // setup main thread
    th->nt = ZALLOC(struct rb_native_thread);
    th->vm = vm;
    th->ractor = vm->ractor.main_ractor = rb_ractor_main_alloc();
    Init_native_thread(th);
    th_init(th, 0, vm);

    rb_ractor_set_current_ec(th->ractor, th->ec);
    ruby_thread_init_stack(th);

    // setup ractor system
    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&vm->ractor.sync.lock);
    rb_native_cond_initialize(&vm->ractor.sync.barrier_cond);
    rb_native_cond_initialize(&vm->ractor.sync.terminate_cond);
}

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#endif

void
Init_vm_objects(void)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();

    vm->defined_module_hash = st_init_numtable();

    /* initialize mark object array, hash */
    vm->mark_object_ary = rb_ary_hidden_new(128);
    vm->loading_table = st_init_strtable();
    vm->frozen_strings = st_init_table_with_size(&rb_fstring_hash_type, 10000);
#if EXTSTATIC
    vm->static_ext_inits = st_init_strtable();
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_MMAP
    vm->shape_list = (rb_shape_t *)mmap(NULL, rb_size_mul_or_raise(SHAPE_BITMAP_SIZE * 32, sizeof(rb_shape_t), rb_eRuntimeError),
                         PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
    if (vm->shape_list == MAP_FAILED) {
        vm->shape_list = 0;
    }
#else
    vm->shape_list = xcalloc(SHAPE_BITMAP_SIZE * 32, sizeof(rb_shape_t));
#endif

    if (!vm->shape_list) {
        rb_memerror();
    }
}

/* Stub for builtin function when not building YJIT units*/
#if !USE_YJIT
void Init_builtin_yjit(void) {}
#endif

/* top self */

static VALUE
main_to_s(VALUE obj)
{
    return rb_str_new2("main");
}

VALUE
rb_vm_top_self(void)
{
    return GET_VM()->top_self;
}

void
Init_top_self(void)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();

    vm->top_self = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_vm_top_self(), "to_s", main_to_s, 0);
    rb_define_alias(rb_singleton_class(rb_vm_top_self()), "inspect", "to_s");
}

VALUE *
rb_ruby_verbose_ptr(void)
{
    rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
    return &cr->verbose;
}

VALUE *
rb_ruby_debug_ptr(void)
{
    rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
    return &cr->debug;
}

/* iseq.c */
VALUE rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
                             VALUE insn, int op_no, VALUE op,
                             int len, size_t pos, VALUE *pnop, VALUE child);

st_table *
rb_vm_fstring_table(void)
{
    return GET_VM()->frozen_strings;
}

#if VM_COLLECT_USAGE_DETAILS

#define HASH_ASET(h, k, v) rb_hash_aset((h), (st_data_t)(k), (st_data_t)(v))

/* uh = {
 *   insn(Fixnum) => ihash(Hash)
 * }
 * ihash = {
 *   -1(Fixnum) => count,      # insn usage
 *    0(Fixnum) => ophash,     # operand usage
 * }
 * ophash = {
 *   val(interned string) => count(Fixnum)
 * }
 */
static void
vm_analysis_insn(int insn)
{
    ID usage_hash;
    ID bigram_hash;
    static int prev_insn = -1;

    VALUE uh;
    VALUE ihash;
    VALUE cv;

    CONST_ID(usage_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN");
    CONST_ID(bigram_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN_BIGRAM");
    uh = rb_const_get(rb_cRubyVM, usage_hash);
    if (NIL_P(ihash = rb_hash_aref(uh, INT2FIX(insn)))) {
        ihash = rb_hash_new();
        HASH_ASET(uh, INT2FIX(insn), ihash);
    }
    if (NIL_P(cv = rb_hash_aref(ihash, INT2FIX(-1)))) {
        cv = INT2FIX(0);
    }
    HASH_ASET(ihash, INT2FIX(-1), INT2FIX(FIX2INT(cv) + 1));

    /* calc bigram */
    if (prev_insn != -1) {
        VALUE bi;
        VALUE ary[2];
        VALUE cv;

        ary[0] = INT2FIX(prev_insn);
        ary[1] = INT2FIX(insn);
        bi = rb_ary_new4(2, &ary[0]);

        uh = rb_const_get(rb_cRubyVM, bigram_hash);
        if (NIL_P(cv = rb_hash_aref(uh, bi))) {
            cv = INT2FIX(0);
        }
        HASH_ASET(uh, bi, INT2FIX(FIX2INT(cv) + 1));
    }
    prev_insn = insn;
}

static void
vm_analysis_operand(int insn, int n, VALUE op)
{
    ID usage_hash;

    VALUE uh;
    VALUE ihash;
    VALUE ophash;
    VALUE valstr;
    VALUE cv;

    CONST_ID(usage_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN");

    uh = rb_const_get(rb_cRubyVM, usage_hash);
    if (NIL_P(ihash = rb_hash_aref(uh, INT2FIX(insn)))) {
        ihash = rb_hash_new();
        HASH_ASET(uh, INT2FIX(insn), ihash);
    }
    if (NIL_P(ophash = rb_hash_aref(ihash, INT2FIX(n)))) {
        ophash = rb_hash_new();
        HASH_ASET(ihash, INT2FIX(n), ophash);
    }
    /* intern */
    valstr = rb_insn_operand_intern(GET_EC()->cfp->iseq, insn, n, op, 0, 0, 0, 0);

    /* set count */
    if (NIL_P(cv = rb_hash_aref(ophash, valstr))) {
        cv = INT2FIX(0);
    }
    HASH_ASET(ophash, valstr, INT2FIX(FIX2INT(cv) + 1));
}

static void
vm_analysis_register(int reg, int isset)
{
    ID usage_hash;
    VALUE uh;
    VALUE valstr;
    static const char regstrs[][5] = {
        "pc",			/* 0 */
        "sp",			/* 1 */
        "ep",                   /* 2 */
        "cfp",			/* 3 */
        "self",			/* 4 */
        "iseq",			/* 5 */
    };
    static const char getsetstr[][4] = {
        "get",
        "set",
    };
    static VALUE syms[sizeof(regstrs) / sizeof(regstrs[0])][2];

    VALUE cv;

    CONST_ID(usage_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_REGS");
    if (syms[0] == 0) {
        char buff[0x10];
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(regstrs) / sizeof(regstrs[0])); i++) {
            int j;
            for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
                snprintf(buff, 0x10, "%d %s %-4s", i, getsetstr[j], regstrs[i]);
                syms[i][j] = ID2SYM(rb_intern(buff));
            }
        }
    }
    valstr = syms[reg][isset];

    uh = rb_const_get(rb_cRubyVM, usage_hash);
    if (NIL_P(cv = rb_hash_aref(uh, valstr))) {
        cv = INT2FIX(0);
    }
    HASH_ASET(uh, valstr, INT2FIX(FIX2INT(cv) + 1));
}

#undef HASH_ASET

static void (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn)(int insn) = NULL;
static void (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand)(int insn, int n, VALUE op) = NULL;
static void (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register)(int reg, int isset) = NULL;

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_insn_start(VALUE self)
{
    ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn = vm_analysis_insn;
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_operand_start(VALUE self)
{
    ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand = vm_analysis_operand;
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_register_start(VALUE self)
{
    ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register = vm_analysis_register;
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_insn_stop(VALUE self)
{
    ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn = 0;
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_operand_stop(VALUE self)
{
    ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand = 0;
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_register_stop(VALUE self)
{
    ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register = 0;
    return Qnil;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_insn_running(VALUE self)
{
  return RBOOL(ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn != 0);
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_operand_running(VALUE self)
{
  return RBOOL(ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand != 0);
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_register_running(VALUE self)
{
  return RBOOL(ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register != 0);
}

static VALUE
usage_analysis_clear(VALUE self, ID usage_hash)
{
    VALUE uh;
    uh = rb_const_get(self, usage_hash);
    rb_hash_clear(uh);

    return Qtrue;
}


/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_insn_clear(VALUE self)
{
    ID usage_hash;
    ID bigram_hash;

    CONST_ID(usage_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN");
    CONST_ID(bigram_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN_BIGRAM");
    usage_analysis_clear(rb_cRubyVM, usage_hash);
    return usage_analysis_clear(rb_cRubyVM, bigram_hash);
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_operand_clear(VALUE self)
{
    ID usage_hash;

    CONST_ID(usage_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_INSN");
    return usage_analysis_clear(self, usage_hash);
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
usage_analysis_register_clear(VALUE self)
{
      ID usage_hash;

    CONST_ID(usage_hash, "USAGE_ANALYSIS_REGS");
    return usage_analysis_clear(self, usage_hash);
}

#else

MAYBE_UNUSED(static void (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn)(int insn)) = 0;
MAYBE_UNUSED(static void (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand)(int insn, int n, VALUE op)) = 0;
MAYBE_UNUSED(static void (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register)(int reg, int isset)) = 0;

#endif

#if VM_COLLECT_USAGE_DETAILS
/* @param insn instruction number */
static void
vm_collect_usage_insn(int insn)
{
    if (RUBY_DTRACE_INSN_ENABLED()) {
        RUBY_DTRACE_INSN(rb_insns_name(insn));
    }
    if (ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn)
        (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_insn)(insn);
}

/* @param insn instruction number
 * @param n    n-th operand
 * @param op   operand value
 */
static void
vm_collect_usage_operand(int insn, int n, VALUE op)
{
    if (RUBY_DTRACE_INSN_OPERAND_ENABLED()) {
        VALUE valstr;

        valstr = rb_insn_operand_intern(GET_EC()->cfp->iseq, insn, n, op, 0, 0, 0, 0);

        RUBY_DTRACE_INSN_OPERAND(RSTRING_PTR(valstr), rb_insns_name(insn));
        RB_GC_GUARD(valstr);
    }
    if (ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand)
        (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_operand)(insn, n, op);
}

/* @param reg register id. see code of vm_analysis_register() */
/* @param isset 0: read, 1: write */
static void
vm_collect_usage_register(int reg, int isset)
{
    if (ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register)
        (*ruby_vm_collect_usage_func_register)(reg, isset);
}
#endif

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED const struct rb_callcache *
rb_vm_empty_cc(void)
{
    return &vm_empty_cc;
}

MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED const struct rb_callcache *
rb_vm_empty_cc_for_super(void)
{
    return &vm_empty_cc_for_super;
}

#endif /* #ifndef MJIT_HEADER */

#include "vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc" /* required from vm_insnhelper.c */