2451 files changed, 196493 insertions, 88836 deletions

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index c8bf89e0d6..05ff204541 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -11,23 +11,24 @@ clone_depth: 10
 platform:
   - x64
 skip_commits:
-  message: /^\[DOC\]/
+  message: /\[DOC\]/
   files:
     - doc/*
     - '**/*.md'
     - '**/*.rdoc'
+    - '**/.document'
+    - '**/*.[1-8]'
+    - '**/*.ronn'
 environment:
   ruby_version: "24-%Platform%"
-  zlib_version: "1.2.12"
   matrix:
+    # Test only the oldest supported version because AppVeyor is unstable, its concurrency
+    # is limited, and compatibility issues that happen only in newer versions are rare.
+    # You may test some other stuff on GitHub Actions instead.
     - build: vs
-      vs: 120
-      ssl: OpenSSL
-      APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
-    - build: vs
-      vs: 140
+      vs: 120 # Visual Studio 2013
       ssl: OpenSSL-v111
+      # The worker image name. This is NOT the Visual Studio version we're using here.
       APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
       GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
   RELINE_TEST_ENCODING: "UTF-8"
@@ -47,8 +48,9 @@ for:
     - cd C:\Tools\vcpkg
     - git pull -q
     - .\bootstrap-vcpkg.bat
+    - ps: Start-FileDownload 'https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg-tool/releases/download/2023-08-09/vcpkg.exe' -FileName 'C:\Tools\vcpkg\vcpkg.exe'
     - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
-    - vcpkg --triplet %Platform%-windows install libffi libyaml readline zlib
+    - vcpkg --triplet %Platform%-windows install --x-use-aria2 libffi libyaml readline zlib
     - CALL SET vcvars=%%^VS%VS%COMNTOOLS^%%..\..\VC\vcvarsall.bat
     - SET vcvars
     - '"%vcvars%" %Platform:x64=amd64%'
@@ -68,9 +70,6 @@ for:
     - mkdir \usr\local\bin
     - mkdir \usr\local\include
     - mkdir \usr\local\lib
-    - SET ZLIB_ZIP=.downloaded-cache\zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
-    - if not exist %ZLIB_ZIP% curl -fsSL -o %ZLIB_ZIP% --retry 10 https://zlib.net/zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
-    - 7z x -aos -o%APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\ext\zlib %ZLIB_ZIP%
     - for %%I in (%OPENSSL_DIR%\*.dll) do mklink /h \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
     - for %%I in (c:\Tools\vcpkg\installed\%Platform%-windows\bin\*.dll) do (
         if not %%~nI == readline mklink \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
@@ -78,6 +77,7 @@ for:
     - attrib +r /s /d
     - mkdir %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
   build_script:
+    - set HAVE_GIT=no
     - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
     - cd %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
     - >-
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ for:
     - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" btest
     - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" test-basic
     - >-
-      nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0
+      nmake -l "TESTOPTS=--timeout-scale=3.0
       --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor -j%JOBS%
       --exclude win32ole
       --exclude test_bignum
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ for:
     # separately execute tests without -j which may crash worker with -j.
     - >-
       nmake -l
-      "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor"
+      "TESTOPTS=--timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor"
       TESTS="
       ../test/win32ole
       ../test/ruby/test_bignum.rb
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ notifications:
       {{^isPullRequest}}
         {
           "ci": "AppVeyor CI",
-          "env": "Visual Studio 2013 / 2015",
+          "env": "Visual Studio 2013",
           "url": "{{buildUrl}}",
           "commit": "{{commitId}}",
           "branch": "{{branch}}"
diff --git a/.cirrus.yml b/.cirrus.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cab0023c2..0000000000
--- a/.cirrus.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-# This CI is used to test Arm cases. We can set the maximum 16 tasks.
-# The entire testing design is inspired from .github/workflows/compilers.yml.
-
-# By default, Cirrus mounts an empty volume to `/tmp`
-# which triggers all sorts of warnings like "system temporary path is world-writable: /tmp".
-# Lets workaround it by specifying a custom volume mount point.
-env:
-  CIRRUS_VOLUME: /cirrus-ci-volume
-  LANG: C.UTF-8
-
-task:
-  name: Arm64 Graviton2 / $CC
-  skip: "changesIncludeOnly('doc/**', '**.{md,rdoc}')"
-  arm_container:
-    # We use the arm64 images at https://github.com/ruby/ruby-ci-image/pkgs/container/ruby-ci-image .
-    image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:$CC
-    # Define the used cpu core in each matrix task. We can use total 16 cpu
-    # cores in entire matrix. [cpu] = [total cpu: 16] / [number of tasks]
-    cpu: 8
-    # We can request maximum 4 GB per cpu.
-    # [memory per task] = [memory per cpu: 4 GB] * [cpu]
-    memory: 32G
-  env:
-    CIRRUS_CLONE_DEPTH: 50
-    optflags: '-O1'
-    debugflags: '-ggdb3'
-    RUBY_PREFIX: /tmp/ruby-prefix
-    RUBY_DEBUG: ci rgengc
-    RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
-      -q
-      --color=always
-      --tty=no
-    matrix:
-      CC: clang-12
-      CC: gcc-11
-  id_script: id
-  set_env_script:
-    # Set `GNUMAKEFLAGS`, because the flags are GNU make specific. Note using
-    # the `make` environment variable used in compilers.yml causes some rubygems
-    # tests to fail.
-    # https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/4921
-    - echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-s -j$((1 + $CIRRUS_CPU))" >> $CIRRUS_ENV
-  print_env_script:
-    - echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=$GNUMAKEFLAGS"
-  # Arm containers are executed in AWS's EKS, and it's not yet supporting IPv6
-  # See https://github.com/aws/containers-roadmap/issues/835
-  disable_ipv6_script: sudo ./tool/disable_ipv6.sh
-  autogen_script: ./autogen.sh
-  configure_script: >-
-    ./configure -C
-    --enable-debug-env
-    --disable-install-doc
-    --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+
-    --prefix="$RUBY_PREFIX"
-  make_extract-extlibs_script: make extract-extlibs
-  make_incs_script: make incs
-  make_script: make
-  make_leaked-globals_script: make leaked-globals
-  make_test_script: make test
-  make_install_script: make install
-  install_gems_for_test_script: $RUBY_PREFIX/bin/gem install --no-doc timezone tzinfo
-  make_test-tool_script: make test-tool
-  make_test-all_script: make test-all
-  make_test-spec_script: make test-spec
diff --git a/.document b/.document
index 5494bcc7fe..3a6b0c238c 100644
--- a/.document
+++ b/.document
@@ -18,14 +18,18 @@ gc.rb
 io.rb
 kernel.rb
 marshal.rb
+mjit.rb
 numeric.rb
 nilclass.rb
 pack.rb
 ractor.rb
 string.rb
+symbol.rb
 timev.rb
+thread_sync.rb
 trace_point.rb
 warning.rb
+yjit.rb
 
 # the lib/ directory (which has its own .document file)
 lib
diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
index 8979e8b47c..34d044caf6 100644
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -544,13 +544,13 @@ end
 
 define rp_class
   printf "(struct RClass *) %p", (void*)$arg0
-  if ((struct RClass *)($arg0))->ptr.origin_ != $arg0
-    printf " -> %p", ((struct RClass *)($arg0))->ptr.origin_
+  if RCLASS_ORIGIN((struct RClass *)($arg0)) != $arg0
+    printf " -> %p", RCLASS_ORIGIN((struct RClass *)($arg0))
   end
   printf "\n"
   rb_classname $arg0
   print/x *(struct RClass *)($arg0)
-  print *((struct RClass *)($arg0))->ptr
+  print *RCLASS_EXT((struct RClass *)($arg0))
 end
 document rp_class
   Print the content of a Class/Module.
@@ -979,8 +979,8 @@ end
 
 define rb_ps_vm
   print $ps_vm = (rb_vm_t*)$arg0
-  set $ps_thread_ln = $ps_vm->living_threads.n.next
-  set $ps_thread_ln_last = $ps_vm->living_threads.n.prev
+  set $ps_thread_ln      = $ps_vm->ractor.main_ractor.threads.set.n.next
+  set $ps_thread_ln_last = $ps_vm->ractor.main_ractor.threads.set.n.prev
   while 1
     set $ps_thread_th = (rb_thread_t *)$ps_thread_ln
     set $ps_thread = (VALUE)($ps_thread_th->self)
diff --git a/.git-blame-ignore-revs b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c5eac5a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# This is a file used by GitHub to ignore the following commits on `git blame`.
+#
+# You can also do the same thing in your local repository with:
+# $ git config --local blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs
+
+# Expand tabs
+5b21e94bebed90180d8ff63dad03b8b948361089
+
+# Enable Style/StringLiterals cop for RubyGems/Bundler
+d7ffd3fea402239b16833cc434404a7af82d44f3
+
+# [ruby/digest] Revert tab-expansion in external files
+48b09aae7ec5632209229dcc294dd0d75a93a17f
+8a65cf3b61c60e4cb886f59a73ff6db44364bfa9
+39dc9f9093901d40d2998653948d5da38b18ee2c
+
+# [ruby/io-nonblock] Revert tab expansion
+f28287d34c03f472ffe90ea262bdde9affd4b965
+0d842fecb4f75ab3b1d4097ebdb8e88f51558041
+4ba2c66761d6a293abdfba409241d31063cefd62
+
+# Make benchmark indentation consistent
+fc4acf8cae82e5196186d3278d831f2438479d91
diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
deleted file mode 100644
index c8d7ec5e0d..0000000000
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Lines starting with '#' are comments.
-# Each line is a file pattern followed by one or more owners.
-# Code owners will be automatically tagged as reviewers when a pull request is opened
-
-# YJIT sources and tests
-yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove
-yjit/* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove
-doc/yjit/* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove
-bootstraptest/test_yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove
-test/ruby/test_yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove
-.github/workflows/yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index b18fd29357..bc63aca35b 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ updates:
   - package-ecosystem: 'github-actions'
     directory: '/'
     schedule:
-      interval: 'weekly'
+      interval: 'monthly'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
index 7385fc4d9e..ebaafe3bf0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
@@ -4,23 +4,37 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   baseruby:
     name: BASERUBY
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         ruby:
@@ -34,12 +48,12 @@ jobs:
           - ruby-3.1
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: .downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
@@ -51,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: make incs
       - run: make all
       - run: make test
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -59,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / BASERUBY @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
index 83f01d5868..070c0fa1dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
@@ -2,18 +2,31 @@ name: bundled_gems
 
 on:
   push:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
     paths:
       - '.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml'
       - 'gems/bundled_gems'
   pull_request:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml'
+      - 'gems/bundled_gems'
+  merge_group:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
     paths:
       - '.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml'
       - 'gems/bundled_gems'
   schedule:
     - cron: '45 6 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:  # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
 
 jobs:
   update:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for Git to git push
     if: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
     name: update ${{ github.workflow }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -28,9 +41,9 @@ jobs:
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
           echo "TODAY=$(date +%F)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: .downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache-${{ github.sha }}
@@ -50,6 +63,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
         run: |
+          #!ruby
           require 'json'
           news = File.read("NEWS.md")
           prev = news[/since the \*+(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\*+/, 1]
@@ -67,14 +81,14 @@ jobs:
               [g, v] unless last[g] == v
             end
             changed, added = changed.partition {|g, _| last[g]}
-            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following #{type} gems? are updated\.\n\K(?: \1\* .*\n)*/) do
-              mark = "#{$1} * "
+            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following #{type} gems? are updated\.\n+\K(?: \1\*( +).*\n)*/) do
+              mark = "#{$1} *#{$2}"
               changed.map {|g, v|"#{mark}#{g} #{v}\n"}.join("")
             end or next
-            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following default gems are now bundled gems\.\n\K(?: \1\* .*\n)*/) do
-              mark = "#{$1} * "
+            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following default gems are now bundled gems\.\n+\K(?: \1\*( +).*\n)*/) do
+              mark = "#{$1} *#{$2}"
               added.map {|g, v|"#{mark}#{g} #{v}\n"}.join("")
-            end or next if added
+            end or next unless added.empty?
             File.write("NEWS.md", news)
           end
         shell: ruby {0}
@@ -100,6 +114,11 @@ jobs:
           make
         if: ${{ steps.diff.outcome == 'failure' }}
 
+      - name: Prepare bundled gems
+        run: |
+          make -s prepare-gems
+        if: ${{ steps.diff.outcome == 'failure' }}
+
       - name: Test bundled gems
         run: |
           make -s test-bundled-gems
@@ -131,3 +150,17 @@ jobs:
           GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
           GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
         if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && steps.show.outcome == 'failure' }}
+
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / update",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
index f606a86b66..79b2916feb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
@@ -3,26 +3,40 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   update-deps:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04]
       fail-fast: true
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - name: Install libraries
         run: |
@@ -32,15 +46,14 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
       - name: Install libraries
         run: |
-          brew upgrade
           brew install gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
       - name: git config
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: .downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -50,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: make all golf
       - run: ruby tool/update-deps --fix
       - run: git diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -58,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / Dependencies need to update",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e35d7f432..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-name: Miscellaneous checks
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
-
-jobs:
-  checks:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - name: Check if C-sources are US-ASCII
-        run: |
-          ! grep -r -n '[^	 -~]' *.[chy] include internal win32/*.[ch]
-      - name: Check for trailing spaces
-        run: |
-          ! git grep -n '[	 ]$' '*.rb' '*.[chy]'
-      - name: Check for header macros
-        run: |
-          ! for header in ruby/*.h; do \
-            git grep -l -F -e $header -e HAVE_`echo $header | tr a-z./ A-Z__` -- . > /dev/null || echo $header
-          done | grep -F .
-        working-directory: include
-
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: .downloaded-cache
-          key: downloaded-cache-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            downloaded-cache
-
-      - name: Download previous gems list
-        run: |
-          data=default_gems.json
-          mkdir -p .downloaded-cache
-          ln -s .downloaded-cache/$data .
-          curl -O -R -z ./$data https://stdgems.org/$data
-
-      - name: Make default gems list
-        run: |
-          require 'rubygems'
-          $:.unshift "lib"
-          rgver = File.foreach("lib/rubygems.rb") do |line|
-            break $1 if /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/ =~ line
-          end
-          gems = Dir.glob("{ext,lib}/**/*.gemspec").map do |f|
-            spec = Gem::Specification.load(f)
-            "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
-          end.sort
-          File.open("gems/default_gems", "w") do |f|
-            f.puts "RubyGems #{rgver}"
-            f.puts gems
-          end
-        shell: ruby --disable=gems {0}
-
-      - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
-        run: |
-          require 'json'
-          news = File.read("NEWS.md")
-          prev = news[/since the \*+(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\*+/, 1]
-          prevs = [prev, prev.sub(/\.\d+\z/, '')]
-          %W[default].each do |type|
-            last = JSON.parse(File.read("#{type}_gems.json"))['gems'].filter_map do |g|
-              v = g['versions'].values_at(*prevs).compact.first
-              g = g['gem']
-              g = 'RubyGems' if g == 'rubygems'
-              [g, v] if v
-            end.to_h
-            changed = File.foreach("gems/#{type}_gems").filter_map do |l|
-              next if l.start_with?("#")
-              g, v = l.split(" ", 3)
-              [g, v] unless last[g] == v
-            end
-            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following #{type} gems? are updated\.\n\K(?: \1\* .*\n)*/) do
-              mark = "#{$1} * "
-              changed.map {|g, v|"#{mark}#{g} #{v}\n"}.join("")
-            end or next
-            File.write("NEWS.md", news)
-          end
-        shell: ruby {0}
-
-      - name: Check diffs
-        id: diff
-        run: |
-          git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code NEWS.md
-        continue-on-error: true
-      - name: Commit
-        run: |
-          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-          git commit --message="Update default gems list at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30} [ci skip]" NEWS.md
-          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-        env:
-          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
-          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
-          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
-        if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && steps.diff.outcome == 'failure' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
index 09d9135fa0..8dba76fbe2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -1,29 +1,42 @@
 name: "Code scanning - action"
 
 on:
-  push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
+  # push:
+  #   paths-ignore:
+  #     - 'doc/**'
+  #     - '**/man'
+  #     - '**.md'
+  #     - '**.rdoc'
+  #     - '**/.document'
+  # pull_request:
+  #   paths-ignore:
+  #     - 'doc/**'
+  #     - '**/man'
+  #     - '**.md'
+  #     - '**.rdoc'
+  #     - '**/.document'
   schedule:
-    - cron: '0 12 * * 4'
+    - cron: '0 12 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:  # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   CodeQL-Build:
 
     # CodeQL runs on ubuntu-latest and windows-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read  # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
+      contents: read  # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      security-events: write  # for github/codeql-action/autobuild to send a status report
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    # CodeQL fails to run pull requests from dependabot due to missing write access to upload results.
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') && github.event.head_commit.pusher.name != 'dependabot[bot]' }}
 
     env:
       enable_install_doc: no
@@ -36,9 +49,9 @@ jobs:
         sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev bison autoconf ruby
 
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
-    - uses: actions/cache@v3
+    - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
       with:
         path: .downloaded-cache
         key: downloaded-cache
@@ -47,15 +60,16 @@ jobs:
       run: sudo rm /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
 
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.37
       with:
         config-file: ./.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
+        trap-caching: false
 
     - name: Set ENV
       run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.37
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.37
diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
index 9aa7d407f4..caf12cc0f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
@@ -4,13 +4,22 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
@@ -20,9 +29,8 @@ concurrency:
 # environment variables (plus the "echo $GITHUB_ENV" hack) is to reroute that
 # restriction.
 env:
-  default_cc: clang-14
+  default_cc: clang-15
   append_cc: ''
-  crosshost: ''
 
   # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests... Majority of time are consumed trying
   # to optimize binaries.  Also GitHub Actions run on relatively modern CPUs
@@ -55,54 +63,58 @@ env:
     --color=always
     --tty=no
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   compile:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
+        env:
+          - {}
         entry:
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-11,    value: gcc-11,    container: gcc-11 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-10,    value: gcc-10,    container: gcc-10 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-9,     value: gcc-9,     container: gcc-9 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-8,     value: gcc-8,     container: gcc-8 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-7,     value: gcc-7,     container: gcc-7 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-6,     value: gcc-6,     container: gcc-6 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-5,     value: gcc-5,     container: gcc-5 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-4.8,   value: gcc-4.8,   container: gcc-4.8 }
-          - key: default_cc
-            name: 'gcc-11 LTO'
-            value: 'gcc-11 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects'
-            container: gcc-11
-            configure_append: '--disable-shared optflags=-O2'
+          - { name: gcc-12,    env: { default_cc: gcc-12 } }
+          - { name: gcc-11,    env: { default_cc: gcc-11 } }
+          - { name: gcc-10,    env: { default_cc: gcc-10 } }
+          - { name: gcc-9,     env: { default_cc: gcc-9 } }
+          - { name: gcc-8,     env: { default_cc: gcc-8 } }
+          - { name: gcc-7,     env: { default_cc: gcc-7 } }
+          - name: 'gcc-13 LTO'
+            container: gcc-13
+            env:
+              default_cc: 'gcc-13 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -Werror=lto-type-mismatch'
+              optflags: '-O2'
+            shared: disable
             # check: true
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-15,  value: clang-15,  container: clang-15 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-14,  value: clang-14,  container: clang-14 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-13,  value: clang-13,  container: clang-13 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-12,  value: clang-12,  container: clang-12 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-11,  value: clang-11,  container: clang-11 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-10,  value: clang-10,  container: clang-10 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-9,   value: clang-9,   container: clang-9 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-8,   value: clang-8,   container: clang-8 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-7,   value: clang-7,   container: clang-7 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-6.0, value: clang-6.0, container: clang-6.0 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-5.0, value: clang-5.0, container: clang-5.0 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-4.0, value: clang-4.0, container: clang-4.0 }
-          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-3.9, value: clang-3.9, container: clang-3.9 }
-          - key: default_cc
-            name: 'clang-14 LTO'
-            value: 'clang-14 -flto=auto'
-            container: clang-14
-            configure_append: '--disable-shared optflags=-O2'
+          - { name: clang-16,  env: { default_cc: clang-16 } }
+          - { name: clang-15,  env: { default_cc: clang-15 } }
+          - { name: clang-14,  env: { default_cc: clang-14 } }
+          - { name: clang-13,  env: { default_cc: clang-13 } }
+          - { name: clang-12,  env: { default_cc: clang-12 } }
+          - { name: clang-11,  env: { default_cc: clang-11 } }
+          - { name: clang-10,  env: { default_cc: clang-10 } }
+          # llvm-objcopy<=9 doesn't have --wildcard. It compiles, but leaves Rust symbols in libyjit.o.
+          - { name: clang-9,   env: { default_cc: clang-9,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - { name: clang-8,   env: { default_cc: clang-8,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - { name: clang-7,   env: { default_cc: clang-7,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - { name: clang-6.0, env: { default_cc: clang-6.0, append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - name: 'clang-16 LTO'
+            container: clang-16
+            env:
+              default_cc: 'clang-16 -flto=auto'
+              optflags: '-O2'
+            shared: disable
             # check: true
 
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: aarch64-linux-gnu,     value: aarch64-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-arm64 }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: arm-linux-gnueabi,     value: arm-linux-gnueabi }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: arm-linux-gnueabihf,   value: arm-linux-gnueabihf }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: i686-w64-mingw32,      value: i686-w64-mingw32 }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: powerpc-linux-gnu,     value: powerpc-linux-gnu }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, value: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-ppc64el }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: s390x-linux-gnu,       value: s390x-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-s390x }
-#         - { key: crosshost, name: x86_64-w64-mingw32,    value: x86_64-w64-mingw32, container: mingw-w64 }
+#         - { name: aarch64-linux-gnu,     crosshost: aarch64-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-arm64 }
+#         - { name: arm-linux-gnueabi,     crosshost: arm-linux-gnueabi }
+#         - { name: arm-linux-gnueabihf,   crosshost: arm-linux-gnueabihf }
+#         - { name: i686-w64-mingw32,      crosshost: i686-w64-mingw32 }
+#         - { name: powerpc-linux-gnu,     crosshost: powerpc-linux-gnu }
+#         - { name: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, crosshost: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-ppc64el }
+#         - { name: s390x-linux-gnu,       crosshost: s390x-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-s390x }
+#         - { name: x86_64-w64-mingw32,    crosshost: x86_64-w64-mingw32, container: mingw-w64 }
 
           # -Wno-strict-prototypes is necessary with current clang-15 since
           # older autoconf generate functions without prototype and -pedantic
@@ -110,95 +122,101 @@ jobs:
           # warning generates a lot of noise from use of ANYARGS in
           # rb_define_method() and friends.
           # See: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/11da1b53d8cd3507959022cd790d5a7ad4573d94
-          - { key: append_cc, name: c99,   value: '-std=c99   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }
-#         - { key: append_cc, name: c11,   value: '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }
-#         - { key: append_cc, name: c17,   value: '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }
-          - { key: append_cc, name: c2x,   value: '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }
-          - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++98, value: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
-#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++11, value: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
-#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++14, value: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
-#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++17, value: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
-          - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++2a, value: '-std=c++2a -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+          - { name: c99,   env: { append_cc: '-std=c99   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
+#         - { name: c11,   env: { append_cc: '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
+#         - { name: c17,   env: { append_cc: '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
+          - { name: c2x,   env: { append_cc: '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
+          - { name: c++98, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
+#         - { name: c++11, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
+#         - { name: c++14, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
+#         - { name: c++17, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
+          - { name: c++2a, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++2a -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
 
-          - { key: optflags, name: '-O0', value: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }
-#         - { key: optflags, name: '-O3', value: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic', check: true }
+          - { name: '-O0', env: { optflags: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' } }
+#         - { name: '-O3', env: { optflags: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }, check: true }
 
-          - { key: append_configure, name: gmp,                  value: '--with-gmp' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: jemalloc,             value: '--with-jemalloc' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: valgrind,             value: '--with-valgrind' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: 'coroutine=ucontext', value: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: 'coroutine=pthread',  value: '--with-coroutine=pthread' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-jit-support,  value: '--disable-jit-support' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-dln,          value: '--disable-dln' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: enable-mkmf-verbose,  value: '--enable-mkmf-verbose' }
-          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-rubygems,     value: '--disable-rubygems' }
+          - { name: gmp,                  env: { append_configure: '--with-gmp' } }
+          - { name: jemalloc,             env: { append_configure: '--with-jemalloc' } }
+          - { name: valgrind,             env: { append_configure: '--with-valgrind' } }
+          - { name: 'coroutine=ucontext', env: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' } }
+          - { name: 'coroutine=pthread',  env: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=pthread' } }
+          - { name: disable-jit-support,  env: { append_configure: '--disable-jit-support' } }
+          - { name: disable-dln,          env: { append_configure: '--disable-dln' } }
+          - { name: enable-mkmf-verbose,  env: { append_configure: '--enable-mkmf-verbose' } }
+          - { name: disable-rubygems,     env: { append_configure: '--disable-rubygems' } }
+          - { name: RUBY_DEVEL,           env: { append_configure: '--enable-devel' } }
 
-          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=1,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=2,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=3,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=3' }
+          - { name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=1,            env: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' } }
+          - { name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=2,            env: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' } }
+          - { name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=3,            env: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=3' } }
 
-          - { key: cppflags, name: NDEBUG,                         value: '-DNDEBUG' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: RUBY_DEBUG,                     value: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: ARRAY_DEBUG,                    value: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: BIGNUM_DEBUG,                   value: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: CCAN_LIST_DEBUG,                value: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: CPDEBUG=-1,                     value: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: ENC_DEBUG,                      value: '-DENC_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_DEBUG,                       value: '-DGC_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: HASH_DEBUG,                     value: '-DHASH_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: ID_TABLE_DEBUG,                 value: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_DEBUG=-1,                value: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: SYMBOL_DEBUG,                   value: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: THREAD_DEBUG=-1,                value: '-DTHREAD_DEBUG=-1' }
+          - { name: NDEBUG,                         env: { cppflags: '-DNDEBUG' } }
+          - { name: RUBY_DEBUG,                     env: { cppflags: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: ARRAY_DEBUG,                    env: { cppflags: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: BIGNUM_DEBUG,                   env: { cppflags: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: CCAN_LIST_DEBUG,                env: { cppflags: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: CPDEBUG=-1,                     env: { cppflags: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' } }
+#         - { name: ENC_DEBUG,                      env: { cppflags: '-DENC_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: GC_DEBUG,                       env: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: HASH_DEBUG,                     env: { cppflags: '-DHASH_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: ID_TABLE_DEBUG,                 env: { cppflags: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' } }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_DEBUG=-1,                env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' } }
+#         - { name: SYMBOL_DEBUG,                   env: { cppflags: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' } }
 
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE,              value: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: TRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE,      value: '-DTRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_CHECK_MODE,                  value: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE,              env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' } }
+#         - { name: TRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE,      env: { cppflags: '-DTRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE' } }
+#         - { name: VM_CHECK_MODE,                  env: { cppflags: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' } }
 
-          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_EMBED_CI=0,                 value: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_FLONUM=0,                   value: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS, value: '-DUSE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_LAZY_LOAD,                  value: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RINCGC=0,                   value: '-DUSE_RINCGC=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_SYMBOL_GC=0,                value: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_THREAD_CACHE=0,             value: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0,           value: '-DUSE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1,           value: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RVARGC=0,                   value: '-DUSE_RVARGC=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RVARGC=1,                   value: '-DUSE_RVARGC=1' }
+          - { name: USE_EMBED_CI=0,                 env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' } }
+          - name: USE_FLONUM=0,
+            env:
+              cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0'
+              # yjit requires FLONUM for the pointer tagging scheme
+              append_configure: '--disable-yjit'
+#         - { name: USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS, env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS' } }
+          - { name: USE_LAZY_LOAD,                  env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' } }
+#         - { name: USE_RINCGC=0,                   env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RINCGC=0' } }
+#         - { name: USE_SYMBOL_GC=0,                env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' } }
+#         - { name: USE_THREAD_CACHE=0,             env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' } }
+#         - { name: USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0,           env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0' } }
+#         - { name: USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1,           env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' } }
+          - { name: USE_RVARGC=0,                   env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RVARGC=0' } }
+#         - { name: USE_RVARGC=1,                   env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RVARGC=1' } }
+#         - { name: USE_DEBUG_COUNTER,              env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_DEBUG_COUNTER=1', RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_DISABLE: '1' } }
 
-          - { key: cppflags, name: DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS,       value: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK,             value: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: ENABLE_PATH_CHECK,              value: '-DENABLE_PATH_CHECK' }
+          - { name: DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS,       env: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' } }
+          - { name: DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK,             env: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' } }
+#         - { name: ENABLE_PATH_CHECK,              env: { cppflags: '-DENABLE_PATH_CHECK' } }
 
-          - { key: cppflags, name: GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS,       value: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0,         value: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY,       value: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL,         value: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' }
+          - { name: GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS,       env: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' } }
+#         - { name: GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0,         env: { cppflags: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' } }
+#         - { name: GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY,       env: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY' } }
+#         - { name: GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL,         env: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' } }
 
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE,         value: '-DCALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK,    value: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' }
+#         - { name: CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE,         env: { cppflags: '-DCALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE' } }
+#         - { name: MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK,    env: { cppflags: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' } }
 
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER,   value: '-DIBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER' }
+#         - { name: IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER,   env: { cppflags: '-DIBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER' } }
 
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC,      value: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC,          value: '-DRGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_OBJ_INFO,                value: '-DRGENGC_OBJ_INFO' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK,        value: '-DRGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_PROFILE,                 value: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC,      env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' } }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC,          env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC' } }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_OBJ_INFO,                env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_OBJ_INFO' } }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK,        env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK' } }
+#         - { name: RGENGC_PROFILE,                 env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' } }
 
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK,              value: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' }
-#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE,   value: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' }
+#         - { name: VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK,              env: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' } }
+#         - { name: VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE,   env: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' } }
 
-          - { key: cppflags, name: MJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              value: '-DMJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' }
-          - { key: cppflags, name: YJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              value: '-DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' }
+          - { name: MJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              env: { cppflags: '-DMJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' } }
+          - { name: YJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              env: { cppflags: '-DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' } }
 
     name: ${{ matrix.entry.name }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     container:
-      image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${{ matrix.entry.container || 'clang-14' }}
+      image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${{ matrix.entry.container || matrix.entry.env.default_cc || 'clang-15' }}
       options: --user root
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    env: ${{ matrix.entry.env || matrix.env }}
     steps:
       - run: id
         working-directory:
@@ -206,12 +224,11 @@ jobs:
         working-directory:
       - name: setenv
         run: |
-          echo "${{ matrix.entry.key }}=${{ matrix.entry.value }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -220,25 +237,32 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run configure
         run: >
           ../src/configure -C ${default_configure} ${append_configure}
-          ${{ matrix.entry.key == 'crosshost' && '--host="${crosshost}"' || '--with-gcc="${default_cc} ${append_cc}"' }}
-          ${{ matrix.entry.configure_append || '--enable-shared' }}
+          --${{
+            matrix.entry.crosshost && 'host' || 'with-gcc'
+          }}=${{
+            matrix.entry.crosshost || '"${default_cc}${append_cc:+ $append_cc}"'
+          }}
+          --${{ matrix.entry.shared || 'enable' }}-shared
       - run: make extract-extlibs
       - run: make incs
+      - run: make showflags
       - run: make
       - run: make leaked-globals
       - run: make test
       - run: make install
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
-      - run: make prepare-gems
-        if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
       - run: make test-tool
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
       - run: make test-all TESTS='-- ruby -ext-'
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
       - run: make test-spec
+        env:
+          CHECK_LEAKS: true
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
+      - run: make test-annocheck
+        if: ${{ matrix.entry.check && endsWith(matrix.entry.name, 'annocheck') }}
 
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -246,7 +270,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.entry.name }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8dc58b119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+name: macOS
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: ["check"] # "test-bundler-parallel", "test-bundled-gems"
+        os:
+          - macos-13
+          - macos-14
+          - macos-15
+      fail-fast: false
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+          git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
+        with:
+          path: src/.downloaded-cache
+          key: downloaded-cache
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          brew install gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline bison
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "MAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "PATH="/usr/local/opt/bison/bin:/opt/homebrew/opt/bison/bin:$PATH"" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1) --with-readline-dir=$(brew --prefix readline)
+      - run: make incs
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
+      - run: make
+      - run: make leaked-globals
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: |
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS=`echo "$TESTS" | sed 's| |$$/ -n!/|g;s|^|-n!/|;s|$|$$/|'`}
+        timeout-minutes: 40
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+          TESTS: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests || '' }}
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ""
+          PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: "no"
+      - name: make skipped tests
+        run: |
+          make -s test-all TESTS=`echo "$TESTS" | sed 's| |$$/ -n/|g;s|^|-n/|;s|$|$$/|'`
+        env:
+          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ""
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-v --tty=no"
+          TESTS: ${{ matrix.skipped_tests }}
+          PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: "no"
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests != '' }}
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
index 8e3aec6e6f..0df917d3d8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
@@ -3,18 +3,32 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 # Notes:
 # Actions console encoding causes issues, see test-all & test-spec steps
 #
@@ -26,23 +40,22 @@ jobs:
       MSYSTEM: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
       MSYS2_ARCH: x86_64
       CHOST: "x86_64-w64-mingw32"
-      CFLAGS:   "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      CFLAGS:   "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe"
       CXXFLAGS: "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe"
       CPPFLAGS: "-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -DFD_SETSIZE=2048"
-      LDFLAGS:  "-pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      LDFLAGS:  "-pipe"
       UPDATE_UNICODE: "UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-          - msystem: "MINGW64"
-            base_ruby: 2.6
-            test_task: "check" # to make job names consistent
+          # To mitigate flakiness of MinGW CI, we test only one runtime that newer MSYS2 uses.
           - msystem: "UCRT64"
             base_ruby: head
-            test_task: "check" # to make job names consistent
+            test_task: "check"
+            test-all-opts: "--name=!/TestObjSpace#test_reachable_objects_during_iteration/"
       fail-fast: false
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
         working-directory:
@@ -52,21 +65,20 @@ jobs:
           git config --global core.eol lf
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
       - name: Set up Ruby & MSYS2
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.base_ruby }}
       - name: set env
         run: |
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((2 * NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "TEST_JOBS=$((15 * NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS / 10))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: where check
         run: |
@@ -112,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
           make update-gems
 
       - name: make all
-        timeout-minutes: 20
+        timeout-minutes: 30
         run: |
           make
 
@@ -126,23 +138,28 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: 5
         run: |
           make test
+        if: ${{matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test'}}
 
       - name: test-all
         timeout-minutes: 45
         run: |
           # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
           chcp.com 437
-          make test-all
+          make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-all' }}
         env:
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: -j${{env.TEST_JOBS}} --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
+            --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5
+            ${{ matrix.test-all-opts }}
           BUNDLER_VERSION:
+        if: ${{matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-all' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/')}}
 
       - name: test-spec
         timeout-minutes: 10
         run: |
-          make test-spec
+          make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-spec' }}
+        if: ${{matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-spec' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/')}}
 
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -150,7 +167,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} ${{ matrix.msystem }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mjit-bindgen.yml b/.github/workflows/mjit-bindgen.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f8a1b2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mjit-bindgen.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+name: MJIT bindgen
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - task: mjit-bindgen
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y \
+          build-essential \
+          libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev \
+          zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev \
+          libclang1-14 \
+          bison autoconf
+          sudo apt-get install -q -y pkg-config || :
+      - name: Set up Ruby
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+          git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
+        with:
+          path: src/.downloaded-cache
+          key: downloaded-cache
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install --enable-yjit=dev_nodebug
+      - run: make incs
+      - run: make
+      - run: make install
+      - run: make ${{ matrix.task }}
+      - run: git diff --exit-code
+        working-directory: src
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mjit.yml b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
index d5d9cecc56..6f7181489a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
@@ -3,30 +3,47 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '**.[1-8]'
+      - '**.ronn'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '**.[1-8]'
+      - '**.ronn'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        test_task: [ "check" ] # to make job names consistent
-        jit_opts: [ "--mjit", "--mjit-wait" ]
+        test_task: [check] # to make job names consistent
+        mjit_opts: [--mjit-wait]
       fail-fast: false
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     env:
       TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-      RUN_OPTS: '--disable-gems ${{ matrix.jit_opts }} --mjit-debug=-ggdb3'
+      RUN_OPTS: '--disable-gems ${{ matrix.mjit_opts }} --mjit-debug=-ggdb3'
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
@@ -40,10 +57,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -62,31 +79,30 @@ jobs:
       - run: make incs
       - run: make
       - run: sudo make -s install
-      - run: sudo apt-get install gdb # used by test / test-all failure
       - name: Run test
         run: |
-          ulimit -c unlimited
+          unset GNUMAKEFLAGS
           make -s test RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
-      - name: Run test-all
-        run: |
-          ulimit -c unlimited
-          make -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 60
+      # - name: Run test-all
+      #   run: |
+      #     ulimit -c unlimited
+      #     make -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+      #   timeout-minutes: 60
       - name: Run test-spec
         run: |
-          ulimit -c unlimited
+          unset GNUMAKEFLAGS
           make -s test-spec RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
               "ci": "GitHub Actions",
-              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.jit_opts }}",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.mjit_opts }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d4474d978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Start release workflow
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - '*'
+
+jobs:
+  notify:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Build release package
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/actions/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "${{ github.ref }}"}'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c12a95362d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# This workflow uses actions that are not certified by GitHub. They are provided
+# by a third-party and are governed by separate terms of service, privacy
+# policy, and support documentation.
+
+name: Scorecards supply-chain security
+on:
+  # For Branch-Protection check. Only the default branch is supported. See
+  # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#branch-protection
+  branch_protection_rule:
+  # To guarantee Maintained check is occasionally updated. See
+  # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#maintained
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '22 4 * * 2'
+  push:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
+
+# Declare default permissions as read only.
+permissions: read-all
+
+jobs:
+  analysis:
+    name: Scorecards analysis
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      # Needed to upload the results to code-scanning dashboard.
+      security-events: write
+      # Needed to publish results and get a badge (see publish_results below).
+      id-token: write
+      # Uncomment the permissions below if installing in a private repository.
+      # contents: read
+      # actions: read
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout code"
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: "Run analysis"
+        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@ea651e62978af7915d09fe2e282747c798bf2dab # v2.4.1
+        with:
+          results_file: results.sarif
+          results_format: sarif
+          # (Optional) Read-only PAT token. Uncomment the `repo_token` line below if:
+          # - you want to enable the Branch-Protection check on a *public* repository, or
+          # - you are installing Scorecards on a *private* repository
+          # To create the PAT, follow the steps in https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action#authentication-with-pat.
+          repo_token: ${{ secrets.SCORECARD_READ_TOKEN }}
+
+          # Public repositories:
+          #   - Publish results to OpenSSF REST API for easy access by consumers
+          #   - Allows the repository to include the Scorecard badge.
+          #   - See https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action#publishing-results.
+          # For private repositories:
+          #   - `publish_results` will always be set to `false`, regardless
+          #     of the value entered here.
+          publish_results: true
+
+      # Upload the results as artifacts (optional). Commenting out will disable uploads of run results in SARIF
+      # format to the repository Actions tab.
+      - name: "Upload artifact"
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        with:
+          name: SARIF file
+          path: results.sarif
+          retention-days: 5
+
+      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
+      - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.27
+        with:
+          sarif_file: results.sarif
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
index 18e2d3c1a8..4521195a2b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
@@ -2,43 +2,61 @@ name: Rubyspec Version Guards Check
 
 on:
   push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
+    paths:
+      - 'spec/**'
+      - '!spec/*.md'
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
+    paths:
+      - 'spec/**'
+      - '!spec/*.md'
+  merge_group:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   rubyspec:
     name: Rubyspec
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
     strategy:
       matrix:
         # Specs from ruby/spec should still run on all supported Ruby versions.
         # This also ensures the needed ruby_version_is guards are there, see spec/README.md.
         ruby:
-          - ruby-2.7
           - ruby-3.1
+          - ruby-3.2
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
+
       - run: gem install webrick
+
       - run: ruby ../mspec/bin/mspec
         working-directory: spec/ruby
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        env:
+          CHECK_LEAKS: true
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -46,8 +64,8 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / rubyspec @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
-        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
index b7097cca53..4fbca1170e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
@@ -3,55 +3,69 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        test_task: ["check", "test-bundler-parallel", "test-bundled-gems"]
-        os:
-          - ubuntu-20.04
-#         - ubuntu-18.04
-        configure: ["", "cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG"]
+        # main variables included in the job name
+        test_task: [check]
+        configure: [cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG] # default to use more assertions
+        arch: ['']
+        # specify all jobs with `include` to avoid testing duplicated things
         include:
-          - test_task: "check"
-            configure: "--host=i686-$OSTYPE"
-          - test_task: "check"
+          - test_task: check
+          - test_task: check
+            arch: i686
+            configure: '' # test without -DRUBY_DEBUG as well
+          - test_task: check
             configure: "--enable-shared --enable-load-relative"
-            skipped_tests: "TestGem#test_.*_from_binstubs.*"
-            continue-on-skipped_tests: true
-          - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
+          - test_task: test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2
+          - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+          - test_task: test-bundled-gems
       fail-fast: false
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-20.04' }}
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+      SETARCH: ${{ matrix.arch && format('setarch {0}', matrix.arch) }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
         working-directory:
       - name: Set ENV
-        env:
-          configure: ${{matrix.configure}}
         run: |
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          arch=`echo " $configure" | sed '/.* --host=/!d;s///;s/[- ].*//'`
-          echo "SETARCH=${arch:+setarch $arch}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Install libraries
+        env:
+          arch: ${{matrix.arch}}
         run: |
           set -x
-          arch="${SETARCH##* }"
           arch=${arch:+:${arch/i[3-6]86/i386}}
           ${arch:+sudo dpkg --add-architecture ${arch#:}}
           sudo apt-get update -q || :
@@ -65,10 +79,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -84,13 +98,13 @@ jobs:
           arch: ${{matrix.arch}}
         run: >-
           $SETARCH ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${{ matrix.configure }}
-          ${arch:+--target=$arch-$OSTYPE}
+          ${arch:+--target=$arch-$OSTYPE --host=$arch-$OSTYPE}
       - run: $SETARCH make incs
+      - run: $SETARCH make prepare-gems
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
       - run: $SETARCH make
       - run: $SETARCH make leaked-globals
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
-      - run: $SETARCH make prepare-gems
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
       - name: Create dummy files in build dir
         run: |
           $SETARCH ./miniruby -e '(("a".."z").to_a+("A".."Z").to_a+("0".."9").to_a+%w[foo bar test zzz]).each{|basename|File.write("#{basename}.rb", "raise %(do not load #{basename}.rb)")}'
@@ -113,15 +127,15 @@ jobs:
           TESTS: ${{ matrix.skipped_tests }}
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests != '' }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
               "ci": "GitHub Actions",
-              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
index db00db9009..27920b5821 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
@@ -3,18 +3,32 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:  # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
@@ -34,11 +48,10 @@ jobs:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       WASI_SDK_VERSION_MAJOR: 14
       WASI_SDK_VERSION_MINOR: 0
-      # Use older version, which uses glibc instead of musl, to avoid https://github.com/WebAssembly/binaryen/issues/4401
-      BINARYEN_VERSION: 91
+      BINARYEN_VERSION: 109
       WASMTIME_VERSION: v0.33.0
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
         working-directory:
@@ -46,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
       - name: Install libraries
@@ -67,10 +80,10 @@ jobs:
           wget -O - "$wasmtime_url" | tar xJf -
           sudo ln -fs "$PWD/wasmtime-${WASMTIME_VERSION}-x86_64-linux/wasmtime" /usr/local/bin/wasmtime
 
-          binaryen_tarball="binaryen-version_${BINARYEN_VERSION}-x86-linux.tar.gz"
+          binaryen_tarball="binaryen-version_${BINARYEN_VERSION}-x86_64-linux.tar.gz"
           binaryen_url="https://github.com/WebAssembly/binaryen/releases/download/version_${BINARYEN_VERSION}/${binaryen_tarball}"
           wget -O - "$binaryen_url" | tar xfz -
-          sudo ln -fs "$PWD/binaryen-version_${BINARYEN_VERSION}/wasm-opt" /usr/local/bin/wasm-opt
+          sudo ln -fs "$PWD/binaryen-version_${BINARYEN_VERSION}/bin/wasm-opt" /usr/local/bin/wasm-opt
         working-directory: src
       - name: Set ENV
         run: |
@@ -78,6 +91,18 @@ jobs:
           echo "WASI_SDK_PATH=/opt/wasi-sdk" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - run: ./autogen.sh
         working-directory: src
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.0'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - name: Download config.guess with wasi version
+        run: |
+          rm tool/config.guess tool/config.sub
+          ruby tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub
+        working-directory: src
+
       - name: Run configure
         run: |
           ../src/configure \
@@ -91,7 +116,8 @@ jobs:
             debugflags="${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}" \
             wasmoptflags="${{ matrix.entry.wasmoptflags }} ${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}"
 
-      - run: make ruby
+      # miniruby may not be built when cross-compling
+      - run: make mini ruby
       - name: Run basictest
         run: wasmtime run ./../build/miniruby --mapdir /::./ -- basictest/test.rb
         working-directory: src
@@ -101,6 +127,20 @@ jobs:
           ruby ./bootstraptest/runner.rb --ruby="$(which wasmtime) run $PWD/../build/ruby --mapdir /::./ -- " --verbose "--sets=$NO_THREAD_TESTS"
         working-directory: src
 
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.name }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
index 9c9d7b9da0..c2bd4881c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -3,108 +3,107 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-          - vs: 2019
           - vs: 2022
+            vcvers: -vcvars_ver=14.2
       fail-fast: false
-    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.vs < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.vs }}
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.vs }}
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     name: VisualStudio ${{ matrix.vs }}
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       PATCH: C:\msys64\usr\bin\patch.exe
-      OS_VER: windows-${{ matrix.vs < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.vs }}
+      OS_VER: windows-${{ matrix.vs }}
     steps:
       - run: md build
         working-directory:
-      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
+      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@61f9e5e925871ba6c9e3e8da24ede83ea27fa91f # v2.27.0
         id: setup-msys2
         with:
           update: true
-          install: >-
-            patch
-        if: ${{ env.OS_VER != 'windows-2019' }}
+          install: bison patch
       - name: patch path
         shell: msys2 {0}
         run: echo PATCH=$(cygpath -wa $(command -v patch)) >> $GITHUB_ENV
         if: ${{ steps.setup-msys2.outcome == 'success' }}
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: C:\vcpkg\downloads
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: C:\vcpkg\installed
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-windows-${{ matrix.vs }}-${{ github.sha }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ matrix.os }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-windows-${{ matrix.vs }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-windows-
       - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
         run: |
+          iex "& {$(irm get.scoop.sh)} -RunAsAdmin"
+          Join-Path (Resolve-Path ~).Path "scoop\shims" >> $Env:GITHUB_PATH
+          scoop install cmake@3.31.6
           vcpkg --triplet x64-windows install libffi libyaml openssl readline zlib
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-
-      - name: Install libraries with chocolatey
-        run: |
-          # Using Choco-Install for retries, but it doesn't detect failures properly
-          # if you pass multiple package names in a single command.
-          Choco-Install -PackageName winflexbison3
-        shell: pwsh
+        shell:
+          pwsh
       - name: git config
         run: |
           git config --global core.autocrlf false
           git config --global core.eol lf
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
       - name: setup env
         # %TEMP% is inconsistent with %TMP% and test-all expects they are consistent.
         # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
+        # msys2/setup-msys2 installs MSYS2 to D:/a/_temp/msys64/usr/bin
         run: |
-          set VS=${{ matrix.vs }}
-          set VCVARS=${{ matrix.vcvars }}
+          set Path=D:/a/_temp/msys64/usr/bin;%Path%
           if not "%VCVARS%" == "" goto :vcset
-            set VCVARS="C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\%VS%\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-            if not exist %VCVARS% set VCVARS="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\%VS%\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+            set VCVARS="C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.vs }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+            if not exist %VCVARS% set VCVARS="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.vs }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
           :vcset
           set | C:\msys64\usr\bin\sort > old.env
-          call %VCVARS%
+          call %VCVARS% ${{ matrix.vcvers || ''}}
           set TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
           set TEMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
           set /a TEST_JOBS=(15 * %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% / 10) > nul
           set | C:\msys64\usr\bin\sort > new.env
           C:\msys64\usr\bin\comm -13 old.env new.env >> %GITHUB_ENV%
           del *.env
+      - name: compiler version
+        run: cl
       - name: link libraries
         run: |
           for %%I in (C:\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\bin\*.dll) do (
@@ -121,18 +120,16 @@ jobs:
       - run: nmake extract-extlibs
       - run: nmake
         env:
-          YACC: win_bison
+          YACC: bison.exe
       - run: nmake test
         timeout-minutes: 5
+      - run: nmake test-spec
+        timeout-minutes: 10
       - run: nmake test-all
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: -j${{env.TEST_JOBS}} --job-status=normal
         timeout-minutes: 60
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error || false }}
-      - run: nmake test-spec
-        timeout-minutes: 10
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error || false }}
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -140,7 +137,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "VS${{ matrix.vs }} / ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
index 5dac4375f2..0b7b9046e9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
@@ -3,25 +3,39 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   cargo:
     name: Rust cargo test
     # GitHub Action's image seems to already contain a Rust 1.58.0.
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       # For now we can't run cargo test --offline because it complains about the
       # capstone dependency, even though the dependency is optional
       #- run: cargo test --offline
@@ -38,30 +52,41 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - test_task: "check-yjit-bindings"
-            configure: "--with-gcc=clang-12 --enable-yjit=dev"
+          - test_task: 'yjit-bindgen'
+            hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
+            configure: '--with-gcc=clang-14 --enable-yjit=dev'
+            libclang_path: '/usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/libclang.so.1'
 
           - test_task: "check"
-            configure: "--enable-yjit" # release build
+            # YJIT should be automatically built in release mode on x86-64 Linux with rustc present
+            #configure: "--enable-yjit RUSTC='rustc +1.58.0'"
+            configure: "RUSTC='rustc +1.58.0'"
+            rust_version: "1.58.0"
 
           - test_task: "check"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
 
           - test_task: "check"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
-            yjit_opts: "--yjit-call-threshold=1"
+            yjit_opts: "--yjit-call-threshold=1 --yjit-verify-ctx"
 
           - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
 
           - test_task: "test-bundled-gems"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
+
+          - test_task: "yjit-bench"
+            configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
+            yjit_bench_opts: "--yjit-stats"
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
+      YJIT_BENCH_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_bench_opts }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+      BUNDLE_JOBS: 8 # for yjit-bench
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
         working-directory:
@@ -70,14 +95,17 @@ jobs:
           set -x
           sudo apt-get update -q || :
           sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev bison autoconf ruby
+      - name: Install Rust
+        if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+        run: rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
       - name: git config
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -92,34 +120,46 @@ jobs:
       - run: ./autogen.sh
         working-directory: src
       - name: Run configure
-        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${{ matrix.configure }}
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install ${{ matrix.configure }}
       - run: make incs
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
       - run: make -j
       - run: make leaked-globals
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
-      - run: make prepare-gems
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
       - name: Create dummy files in build dir
         run: |
           ./miniruby -e '(("a".."z").to_a+("A".."Z").to_a+("0".."9").to_a+%w[foo bar test zzz]).each{|basename|File.write("#{basename}.rb", "raise %(do not load #{basename}.rb)")}'
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
       - name: Enable YJIT through ENV
         run: echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - run: make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+      # Check that the binary was built with YJIT
+      - name: Check YJIT enabled
+        run: ./miniruby --yjit -v | grep "+YJIT"
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: make -s -j ${{ matrix.test_task }} RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" YJIT_BENCH_OPTS="$YJIT_BENCH_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ""
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: "no"
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+          LIBCLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.libclang_path }}
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'yjit-bench' }}
+      - name: Show ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }} GitHub URL for yjit-bench comparison
+        run: echo "https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/commit/${BASE_SHA}"
+        env:
+          BASE_REPO: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.repo.full_name }}
+          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'yjit-bench' && startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
               "ci": "GitHub Actions",
-              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 521f4ec807..99d32a1825 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 *.inc
 *.log
 *.o
+*.o.tmp
 *.obj
 *.old
 *.orig
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 *.sav
 *.sl
 *.so
+*.so.*
 *.swp
 *.yarb
 *~
@@ -145,6 +147,8 @@ lcov*.info
 
 /bin/*.exe
 /bin/*.dll
+/bin/goruby
+/bin/ruby
 
 # /benchmark/
 /benchmark/bm_require.data
@@ -219,6 +223,9 @@ lcov*.info
 /lib/ruby/[1-9]*.*
 /lib/ruby/vendor_ruby
 
+# /misc/
+/misc/**/__pycache__
+
 # /spec/bundler
 /.rspec_status
 
@@ -230,9 +237,14 @@ lcov*.info
 /win32/*.ico
 
 # MJIT
-/rb_mjit_header.h
-/mjit_config.h
 /include/ruby-*/*/rb_mjit_min_header-*.h
+/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb
+/mjit_config.h
+/rb_mjit_header.h
+
+# YJIT
+/yjit-bench
+/yjit_exit_locations.dump
 
 # /wasm/
 /wasm/tests/*.wasm
diff --git a/.indent.pro b/.indent.pro
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d61cbcad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.indent.pro
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+-bap
+-nbbb
+-nbc
+-br
+-brs
+-nbs
+-ncdb
+-nce
+-cdw
+-cli2
+-cbi2
+-ndj
+-ncs
+-nfc1
+-i4
+-l120
+-lp
+-npcs
+-psl
+-sc
+-sob
+-sbi4
+-nut
+-par
+
+-TID
+-TVALUE
+-Tst_data_t
+-Tst_index_t
+-Tst_table
+-Trb_data_type_t
+-TFILE
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index a34d3692af..0000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-# -*- YAML -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2011 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
-# granted,  to either  redistribute  or  modify this  file,  provided that  the
-# conditions  mentioned in  the file  COPYING are  met.  Consult  the  file for
-# details.
-
-# We only manage non-amd64 free pipelines.
-# https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/billing-overview/
-
-language: c
-
-os: linux
-
-if: commit_message !~ /^\[DOC\]/
-
-dist: focal
-
-git:
-  quiet: true
-
-cache:
-  ccache: true
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/config_2nd
-    - $HOME/.downloaded-cache
-
-env:
-  global:
-    # The tests skipped in `make test-all`.
-    - TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS=
-    # The tests executed separately by `make test-all`.
-    - TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS=
-    # Reset timestamps early
-    - _=$(touch NEWS && find . -type f -exec touch -r NEWS {} +)
-    - CONFIGURE_TTY=no
-    - CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK=none
-    - CCACHE_NOCOMPRESS=1
-    - CCACHE_MAXSIZE=512Mi
-    - NPROC="`nproc`"
-    # JOBS and SETARCH are overridden when necessary; see below.
-    - JOBS=-j$((1+${NPROC}))
-    - SETARCH=
-    - RUBY_PREFIX=/tmp/ruby-prefix
-    - GEMS_FOR_TEST='timezone tzinfo'
-    # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/e411371dda21430a60f61b8f3f57943d2fe4d344/lib/travis/build/bash/travis_apt_get_options.bash#L7
-    - travis_apt_get_options='--allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-change-held-packages'
-    - travis_apt_get_options="-yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends $travis_apt_get_options"
-    # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests.
-    - optflags=-O1
-    # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV.  Do not set that.
-    - debugflags=-ggdb3
-
-.org.ruby-lang.ci.matrix-definitions:
-
-  - &gcc-10
-    compiler: gcc-10
-    before_install:
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        ccache
-        gcc-10
-        g++-10
-        libffi-dev
-        libncurses-dev
-        libncursesw5-dev
-        libreadline-dev
-        libssl-dev
-        libyaml-dev
-        openssl
-        zlib1g-dev
-
-  # --------
-
-  - &arm64-linux
-    name: arm64-linux
-    arch: arm64
-    <<: *gcc-10
-
-  - &ppc64le-linux
-    name: ppc64le-linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    <<: *gcc-10
-
-  - &s390x-linux
-    name: s390x-linux
-    arch: s390x
-    <<: *gcc-10
-
-  - &arm32-linux
-    name: arm32-linux
-    arch: arm64
-    # https://packages.ubuntu.com/focal/crossbuild-essential-armhf
-    compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
-    env:
-      - SETARCH='setarch linux32 --verbose --32bit'
-      # The "TestReadline#test_interrupt_in_other_thread" started failing on arm32
-      # from https://www.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/529005145
-      - TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS=test_interrupt_in_other_thread
-    before_install:
-      - sudo dpkg --add-architecture armhf
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        ccache
-        crossbuild-essential-armhf
-        libc6:armhf
-        libstdc++-10-dev:armhf
-        libffi-dev:armhf
-        libncurses-dev:armhf
-        libncursesw5-dev:armhf
-        libreadline-dev:armhf
-        libssl-dev:armhf
-        linux-libc-dev:armhf
-        zlib1g-dev:armhf
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    # Build every commit (Allowed Failures):
-    - <<: *arm32-linux
-    # Comment out as the 2nd arm64 pipeline is unstable.
-    # - <<: *arm64-linux
-    - <<: *ppc64le-linux
-    - <<: *s390x-linux
-  allow_failures:
-    # We see multiple errors indicating errors on the Travis environment itself in a short while:
-    # https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/544382885
-    # https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/544361370
-    # It's not a fault of Ruby's arm32 support but just Travis arm32 seems unsable.
-    - name: arm32-linux
-    # - name: arm64-linux
-    # We see "Some worker was crashed." in about 40% of recent ppc64le-linux jobs
-    # e.g. https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/530959548
-    - name: ppc64le-linux
-    # Tentatively disable, because often hungs up **after** all tests
-    # have finished successfully and saving caches.
-    - name: s390x-linux
-  fast_finish: true
-
-before_script:
-  - . tool/ci_functions.sh
-  - |-
-    if [ -n "${TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS}" ]; then
-      TEST_ALL_OPTS="${TEST_ALL_OPTS} $(ci_to_excluded_test_opts "${TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS}")"
-      if [ -z "${TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS}" ]; then
-        TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS="${TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS}"
-      fi
-    fi
-  - |-
-    if [ -n "${TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS}" ]; then
-      TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED="$(ci_to_included_test_opts "${TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS}")"
-    fi
-  - echo TEST_ALL_OPTS="${TEST_ALL_OPTS}" TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED="${TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED}"
-  - rm -fr .ext autom4te.cache
-  - |-
-    [ -d ~/.downloaded-cache ] ||
-    mkdir ~/.downloaded-cache
-  - ln -s ~/.downloaded-cache
-  - "> config.status"
-  - "> .rbconfig.time"
-  - sed -f tool/prereq.status template/Makefile.in common.mk > Makefile
-  - make -s $JOBS up
-  - make -s $JOBS srcs
-  - rm -f config.status Makefile rbconfig.rb .rbconfig.time
-  - |-
-    if [ -d ~/config_2nd ]; then
-      cp -pr ~/config_2nd build
-    else
-      mkdir build
-    fi
-  - mkdir config_1st config_2nd
-  - chmod -R a-w .
-  - chmod -R u+w build config_1st config_2nd
-  - cd build
-  - |-
-    case "$CC" in
-    gcc*)   CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-diagnostics-color";;
-    clang*) CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-color-diagnostics";;
-    esac
-  - |-
-    [ ! -f config.cache ] ||
-    [ "$CC" = "`sed -n s/^ac_cv_prog_CC=//p config.cache`" ] ||
-    (set -x; exec rm config.cache)
-  - $SETARCH ../configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$RUBY_PREFIX $CONFIG_FLAG
-  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_1st
-  - $SETARCH make reconfig
-  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_2nd
-  - (cd .. && exec diff -ru config_1st config_2nd)
-  - chmod u+w ..
-  - rm -rf ~/config_2nd
-  - mv ../config_2nd ~
-  - chmod u-w ..
-  - $SETARCH make -s $JOBS
-  - make -s install
-  - |-
-    [ -z "${GEMS_FOR_TEST}" ] ||
-    $RUBY_PREFIX/bin/gem install --no-document $GEMS_FOR_TEST
-  - echo "raise 'do not load ~/.irbrc in test'" > ~/.irbrc
-
-script:
-  - $SETARCH make -s test -o showflags TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS=$JOBS -q --tty=no}"
-  - ../tool/travis_wait.sh $SETARCH make -s test-all -o exts TESTOPTS="$JOBS -q --tty=no ${TEST_ALL_OPTS}" RUBYOPT="-w"
-  # Run the failing tests separately returning ok status to check if it works,
-  # visualize them.
-  - |
-    if [ -n "${TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED}" ]; then
-      $SETARCH make -s test-all -o exts TESTOPTS="$JOBS -v --tty=no ${TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED}" RUBYOPT="-w" || :
-    fi
-  - $SETARCH make -s test-spec MSPECOPT=-ff # not using `-j` because sometimes `mspec -j` silently dies
-  - $SETARCH make -s -o showflags leaked-globals
-
-# We enable Travis on the specific branches or forked repositories here.
-if: (repo = ruby/ruby AND (branch = master OR branch =~ /^ruby_\d_\d$/)) OR repo != ruby/ruby
-
-# We want to be notified when something happens.
-notifications:
-  irc:
-    channels:
-      - "chat.freenode.net#ruby-core"
-    on_success: change # [always|never|change] # default: always
-    on_failure: always # [always|never|change] # default: always
-    template:
-      - "%{message} by @%{author}: See %{build_url}"
-
-  webhooks:
-    urls:
-      - secure: mRsoS/UbqDkKkW5p3AEqM27d4SZnV6Gsylo3bm8T/deltQzTsGzZwrm7OIBXZv0UFZdE68XmPlyHfZFLSP2V9QZ7apXMf9/vw0GtcSe1gchtnjpAPF6lYBn7nMCbVPPx9cS0dwL927fjdRM1vj7IKZ2bk4F0lAJ25R25S6teqdk= # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot (travis)
-    on_success: never
-    on_failure: always
-
-  email:
-    - jaruga@ruby-lang.org
diff --git a/LEGAL b/LEGAL
index 9645728efe..0423d57ac9 100644
--- a/LEGAL
+++ b/LEGAL
@@ -979,7 +979,6 @@ mentioned below.
     {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
 
 [lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo]
-[lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo]
 
   molinillo is under the following license.
 
@@ -988,6 +987,15 @@ mentioned below.
 
     {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
 
+[lib/bundler/vendor/pub_grub]
+
+  pub_grub is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2018 John Hawthorn
+
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
+
 [lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool]
 
   connection_pool is under the following license.
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index a4b686789f..f6c3c6fc97 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
 * A proc that accepts a single positional argument and keywords will
   no longer autosplat. [[Bug #18633]]
 
-  ```ruby
-  proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2])
-  # Ruby 3.1 and before
-  # => 1
-  # Ruby 3.2 and after
-  # => [1, 2]
-  ```
+    ```ruby
+    proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2])
+    # Ruby 3.1 and before
+    # => 1
+    # Ruby 3.2 and after
+    # => [1, 2]
+    ```
 
 * Constant assignment evaluation order for constants set on explicit
   objects has been made consistent with single attribute assignment
@@ -39,24 +39,24 @@ Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
     foo::BAR = baz
     ```
 
-  `foo` is now called before `baz`. Similarly, for multiple assignments
-  to constants,  left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this
-  code:
+    `foo` is now called before `baz`. Similarly, for multiple assignments
+    to constants,  left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this
+    code:
 
     ```ruby
-      foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
+    foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
     ```
 
-  The following evaluation order is now used:
+    The following evaluation order is now used:
 
-  1. `foo1`
-  2. `foo2`
-  3. `baz1`
-  4. `baz2`
+    1. `foo1`
+    2. `foo2`
+    3. `baz1`
+    4. `baz2`
 
-  [[Bug #15928]]
+    [[Bug #15928]]
 
-* Find pattern is no longer experimental.
+* "Find pattern" is no longer experimental.
   [[Feature #18585]]
 
 * Methods taking a rest parameter (like `*args`) and wishing to delegate keyword
@@ -90,85 +90,487 @@ Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
     foo(k: 1)
     ```
 
-## Command line options
-
 ## Core classes updates
 
 Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
 
+* Fiber
+
+    * Introduce Fiber.[] and Fiber.[]= for inheritable fiber storage.
+      Introduce Fiber#storage and Fiber#storage= (experimental) for
+      getting and resetting the current storage.  Introduce
+      `Fiber.new(storage:)` for setting the storage when creating a
+      fiber. [[Feature #19078]]
+
+        Existing Thread and Fiber local variables can be tricky to use.
+        Thread-local variables are shared between all fibers, making it
+        hard to isolate, while Fiber-local variables can be hard to
+        share.  It is often desirable to define unit of execution
+        ("execution context") such that some state is shared between all
+        fibers and threads created in that context.  This is what Fiber
+        storage provides.
+
+        ```ruby
+        def log(message)
+          puts "#{Fiber[:request_id]}: #{message}"
+        end
+
+        def handle_requests
+          while request = read_request
+            Fiber.schedule do
+              Fiber[:request_id] = SecureRandom.uuid
+
+              request.messages.each do |message|
+                Fiber.schedule do
+                  log("Handling #{message}") # Log includes inherited request_id.
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        ```
+
+        You should generally consider Fiber storage for any state which
+        you want to be shared implicitly between all fibers and threads
+        created in a given context, e.g. a connection pool, a request
+        id, a logger level, environment variables, configuration, etc.
+
+* Fiber::Scheduler
+
+    * Introduce `Fiber::Scheduler#io_select` for non-blocking IO.select.
+      [[Feature #19060]]
+
+* IO
+
+    * Introduce IO#timeout= and IO#timeout which can cause
+      IO::TimeoutError to be raised if a blocking operation exceeds the
+      specified timeout. [[Feature #18630]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        STDIN.timeout = 1
+        STDIN.read # => Blocking operation timed out! (IO::TimeoutError)
+        ```
+
+    * Introduce `IO.new(..., path:)` and promote `File#path` to `IO#path`.
+      [[Feature #19036]]
+
+* Class
+
+    * Class#attached_object, which returns the object for which
+      the receiver is the singleton class. Raises TypeError if the
+      receiver is not a singleton class.
+      [[Feature #12084]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        class Foo; end
+
+        Foo.singleton_class.attached_object        #=> Foo
+        Foo.new.singleton_class.attached_object    #=> #<Foo:0x000000010491a370>
+        Foo.attached_object                        #=> TypeError: `Foo' is not a singleton class
+        nil.singleton_class.attached_object        #=> TypeError: `NilClass' is not a singleton class
+        ```
+
+* Data
+
+    * New core class to represent simple immutable value object. The class is
+      similar to Struct and partially shares an implementation, but has more
+      lean and strict API. [[Feature #16122]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit)
+        distance = Measure.new(100, 'km')            #=> #<data Measure amount=100, unit="km">
+        weight = Measure.new(amount: 50, unit: 'kg') #=> #<data Measure amount=50, unit="kg">
+        weight.with(amount: 40)                      #=> #<data Measure amount=40, unit="kg">
+        weight.amount                                #=> 50
+        weight.amount = 40                           #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `amount='
+        ```
+
+* Encoding
+
+    * Encoding#replicate has been deprecated and will be removed in 3.3. [[Feature #18949]]
+    * The dummy `Encoding::UTF_16` and `Encoding::UTF_32` encodings no longer
+      try to dynamically guess the endian based on a byte order mark.
+      Use `Encoding::UTF_16BE`/`UTF_16LE` and `Encoding::UTF_32BE`/`UTF_32LE` instead.
+      This change speeds up getting the encoding of a String. [[Feature #18949]]
+    * Limit maximum encoding set size by 256.
+      If exceeding maximum size, `EncodingError` will be raised. [[Feature #18949]]
+
+* Enumerator
+
+    * Enumerator.product has been added.  Enumerator::Product is the implementation. [[Feature #18685]]
+
+* Exception
+
+    * Exception#detailed_message has been added.
+      The default error printer calls this method on the Exception object
+      instead of #message. [[Feature #18564]]
+
 * Hash
+
     * Hash#shift now always returns nil if the hash is
       empty, instead of returning the default value or
       calling the default proc. [[Bug #16908]]
 
+* Integer
+
+    * Integer#ceildiv has been added. [[Feature #18809]]
+
 * Kernel
+
     * Kernel#binding raises RuntimeError if called from a non-Ruby frame
       (such as a method defined in C). [[Bug #18487]]
 
 * MatchData
+
     * MatchData#byteoffset has been added. [[Feature #13110]]
+    * MatchData#deconstruct has been added. [[Feature #18821]]
+    * MatchData#deconstruct_keys has been added. [[Feature #18821]]
 
 * Module
+
     * Module.used_refinements has been added. [[Feature #14332]]
     * Module#refinements has been added. [[Feature #12737]]
     * Module#const_added has been added. [[Feature #17881]]
+    * Module#undefined_instance_methods has been added. [[Feature #12655]]
 
 * Proc
+
     * Proc#dup returns an instance of subclass. [[Bug #17545]]
     * Proc#parameters now accepts lambda keyword. [[Feature #15357]]
 
+* Process
+    * Added `RLIMIT_NPTS` constant to FreeBSD platform
+
+* Regexp
+
+    * The cache-based optimization is introduced.
+      Many (but not all) Regexp matching is now in linear time, which
+      will prevent regular expression denial of service (ReDoS)
+      vulnerability. [[Feature #19104]]
+
+    * Regexp.linear_time? is introduced. [[Feature #19194]]
+
+    * Regexp.new now supports passing the regexp flags not only as an Integer,
+      but also as a String.  Unknown flags raise ArgumentError.
+      Otherwise, anything other than `true`, `false`, `nil` or Integer will be warned.
+      [[Feature #18788]]
+
+    * Regexp.timeout= has been added. Also, Regexp.new new supports timeout keyword.
+      See [[Feature #17837]]
+
 * Refinement
+
     * Refinement#refined_class has been added. [[Feature #12737]]
 
+* RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
+
+    * Add `error_tolerant` option for `parse`, `parse_file` and `of`. [[Feature #19013]]
+      With this option
+
+        1. SyntaxError is suppressed
+        2. AST is returned for invalid input
+        3. `end` is complemented when a parser reaches to the end of input but `end` is insufficient
+        4. `end` is treated as keyword based on indent
+
+        ```ruby
+        # Without error_tolerant option
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY)
+        def m
+          a = 10
+          if
+        end
+        RUBY
+        # => <internal:ast>:33:in `parse': syntax error, unexpected `end' (SyntaxError)
+
+        # With error_tolerant option
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true)
+        def m
+          a = 10
+          if
+        end
+        RUBY
+        p root # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-4:3>
+
+        # `end` is treated as keyword based on indent
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true)
+        module Z
+          class Foo
+            foo.
+          end
+
+          def bar
+          end
+        end
+        RUBY
+        p root.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-2..-1]
+        # => [#<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:CLASS@2:2-4:5>, #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:DEFN@6:2-7:5>]
+        ```
+
+    * Add `keep_tokens` option for `parse`, `parse_file` and `of`. Add `#tokens` and `#all_tokens`
+      for RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node [[Feature #19070]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
+        root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+        root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"
+        ```
+
 * Set
+
     * Set is now available as a built-in class without the need for `require "set"`. [[Feature #16989]]
-      It is currently autoloaded via the `Set` constant or a call to `Enumerable#to_set`.
+      It is currently autoloaded via the Set constant or a call to Enumerable#to_set.
 
 * String
+
     * String#byteindex and String#byterindex have been added. [[Feature #13110]]
-    * Update Unicode to Version 14.0.0 and Emoji Version 14.0. [[Feature #18037]]
+    * Update Unicode to Version 15.0.0 and Emoji Version 15.0. [[Feature #18639]]
       (also applies to Regexp)
     * String#bytesplice has been added.  [[Feature #18598]]
+    * String#dedup has been added as an alias to String#-@.  [[Feature #18595]]
 
 * Struct
+
     * A Struct class can also be initialized with keyword arguments
-      without `keyword_init: true` on `Struct.new` [[Feature #16806]]
+      without `keyword_init: true` on Struct.new [[Feature #16806]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        Post = Struct.new(:id, :name)
+        Post.new(1, "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
+        # From Ruby 3.2, the following code also works without keyword_init: true.
+        Post.new(id: 1, name: "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
+        ```
+
+* Thread
+
+    * Thread.each_caller_location is added. [[Feature #16663]]
+
+* Thread::Queue
+
+    * Thread::Queue#pop(timeout: sec) is added. [[Feature #18774]]
+
+* Thread::SizedQueue
+
+    * Thread::SizedQueue#pop(timeout: sec) is added. [[Feature #18774]]
+    * Thread::SizedQueue#push(timeout: sec) is added. [[Feature #18944]]
+
+* Time
+
+    * Time#deconstruct_keys is added, allowing to use Time instances
+      in pattern-matching expressions [[Feature #19071]]
+
+    * Time.new now can parse a string like generated by Time#inspect
+      and return a Time instance based on the given argument.
+      [[Feature #18033]]
+
+* SyntaxError
+    * SyntaxError#path has been added.  [[Feature #19138]]
 
 * TracePoint
+
     * TracePoint#binding now returns `nil` for `c_call`/`c_return` TracePoints.
       [[Bug #18487]]
     * TracePoint#enable `target_thread` keyword argument now defaults to the
-      current thread if `target` and `target_line` keyword arguments are not
-      passed. [[Bug #16889]]
+      current thread if a block is given and `target` and `target_line` keyword
+      arguments are not passed. [[Bug #16889]]
+
+* UnboundMethod
+
+    * `UnboundMethod#==` returns `true` if the actual method is same. For example,
+      `String.instance_method(:object_id) == Array.instance_method(:object_id)`
+      returns `true`. [[Feature #18798]]
+
+    * `UnboundMethod#inspect` does not show the receiver of `instance_method`.
+      For example `String.instance_method(:object_id).inspect` returns
+      `"#<UnboundMethod: Kernel#object_id()>"`
+      (was `"#<UnboundMethod: String(Kernel)#object_id()>"`).
+
+* GC
+
+    * Expose `need_major_gc` via `GC.latest_gc_info`. [GH-6791]
+
+* ObjectSpace
+
+    * `ObjectSpace.dump_all` dump shapes as well. [GH-6868]
 
 ## Stdlib updates
 
+* Bundler
+
+    * Bundler now uses [PubGrub] resolver instead of [Molinillo] for performance improvement.
+    * Add --ext=rust support to bundle gem for creating simple gems with Rust extensions.
+      [[GH-rubygems-6149]]
+    * Make cloning git repos faster [[GH-rubygems-4475]]
+
+* RubyGems
+
+    * Add mswin support for cargo builder. [[GH-rubygems-6167]]
+
+* CGI
+
+    * `CGI.escapeURIComponent` and `CGI.unescapeURIComponent` are added.
+      [[Feature #18822]]
+
+* Coverage
+
+    * `Coverage.setup` now accepts `eval: true`. By this, `eval` and related methods are
+      able to generate code coverage. [[Feature #19008]]
+
+    * `Coverage.supported?(mode)` enables detection of what coverage modes are
+      supported. [[Feature #19026]]
+
+* Date
+
+    * Added `Date#deconstruct_keys` and `DateTime#deconstruct_keys` same as [[Feature #19071]]
+
+* ERB
+
+    * `ERB::Util.html_escape` is made faster than `CGI.escapeHTML`.
+        * It no longer allocates a String object when no character needs to be escaped.
+        * It skips calling `#to_s` method when an argument is already a String.
+        * `ERB::Escape.html_escape` is added as an alias to `ERB::Util.html_escape`,
+          which has not been monkey-patched by Rails.
+    * `ERB::Util.url_encode` is made faster using `CGI.escapeURIComponent`.
+    * `-S` option is removed from `erb` command.
+
+* FileUtils
+
+    * Add FileUtils.ln_sr method and `relative:` option to FileUtils.ln_s.
+      [[Feature #18925]]
+
+* IRB
+
+    * debug.gem integration commands have been added: `debug`, `break`, `catch`,
+      `next`, `delete`, `step`, `continue`, `finish`, `backtrace`, `info`
+        * They work even if you don't have `gem "debug"` in your Gemfile.
+        * See also: [What's new in Ruby 3.2's IRB?](https://st0012.dev/whats-new-in-ruby-3-2-irb)
+    * More Pry-like commands and features have been added.
+        * `edit` and `show_cmds` (like Pry's `help`) are added.
+        * `ls` takes `-g` or `-G` option to filter out outputs.
+        * `show_source` is aliased from `$` and accepts unquoted inputs.
+        * `whereami` is aliased from `@`.
+
+* Net::Protocol
+
+    * Improve `Net::BufferedIO` performance. [[GH-net-protocol-14]]
+
+* Pathname
+
+    * Added `Pathname#lutime`. [[GH-pathname-20]]
+
+* Socket
+
+    * Added the following constants for supported platforms.
+        * `SO_INCOMING_CPU`
+        * `SO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID`
+        * `SO_RTABLE`
+        * `SO_SETFIB`
+        * `SO_USER_COOKIE`
+        * `TCP_KEEPALIVE`
+        * `TCP_CONNECTION_INFO`
+
+* SyntaxSuggest
+
+    * The feature of `syntax_suggest` formerly `dead_end` is integrated in Ruby.
+      [[Feature #18159]]
+
+* UNIXSocket
+
+    * Add support for UNIXSocket on Windows. Emulate anonymous sockets. Add
+      support for File.socket? and File::Stat#socket? where possible.
+      [[Feature #19135]]
+
 *   The following default gems are updated.
-    * RubyGems 3.4.0.dev
-    * bigdecimal 3.1.2
-    * bundler 2.4.0.dev
-    * cgi 0.3.2
-    * etc 1.4.0
-    * io-console 0.5.11
-    * io-wait 0.2.3
-    * ipaddr 1.2.4
-    * logger 1.5.1
-    * net-http 0.2.2
-    * net-protocol 0.1.3
+
+    * RubyGems 3.4.1
+    * abbrev 0.1.1
+    * benchmark 0.2.1
+    * bigdecimal 3.1.3
+    * bundler 2.4.1
+    * cgi 0.3.6
+    * csv 3.2.6
+    * date 3.3.3
+    * delegate 0.3.0
+    * did_you_mean 1.6.3
+    * digest 3.1.1
+    * drb 2.1.1
+    * english 0.7.2
+    * erb 4.0.2
+    * error_highlight 0.5.1
+    * etc 1.4.2
+    * fcntl 1.0.2
+    * fiddle 1.1.1
+    * fileutils 1.7.0
+    * forwardable 1.3.3
+    * getoptlong 0.2.0
+    * io-console 0.6.0
+    * io-nonblock 0.2.0
+    * io-wait 0.3.0
+    * ipaddr 1.2.5
+    * irb 1.6.2
+    * json 2.6.3
+    * logger 1.5.3
+    * mutex_m 0.1.2
+    * net-http 0.4.0
+    * net-protocol 0.2.1
+    * nkf 0.1.2
+    * open-uri 0.3.0
+    * open3 0.1.2
+    * openssl 3.1.0
+    * optparse 0.3.1
     * ostruct 0.5.5
-    * reline 0.3.1
-    * securerandom 0.2.0
-    * stringio 3.0.3
+    * pathname 0.2.1
+    * pp 0.4.0
+    * pstore 0.1.2
+    * psych 5.0.1
+    * racc 1.6.2
+    * rdoc 6.5.0
+    * readline-ext 0.1.5
+    * reline 0.3.2
+    * resolv 0.2.2
+    * resolv-replace 0.1.1
+    * securerandom 0.2.2
+    * set 1.0.3
+    * stringio 3.0.4
+    * strscan 3.0.5
+    * syntax_suggest 1.0.2
+    * syslog 0.1.1
+    * tempfile 0.1.3
+    * time 0.2.1
+    * timeout 0.3.1
+    * tmpdir 0.1.3
+    * tsort 0.1.1
+    * un 0.2.1
+    * uri 0.12.0
+    * weakref 0.1.2
+    * win32ole 1.8.9
+    * yaml 0.2.1
+    * zlib 3.0.0
+
 *   The following bundled gems are updated.
-    * net-imap 0.2.3
-    * rbs 2.4.0
-    * typeprof 0.21.2
-    * debug 1.5.0
-*   The following default gems are now bundled gems.
+
+    * minitest 5.16.3
+    * power_assert 2.0.3
+    * test-unit 3.5.7
+    * net-ftp 0.2.0
+    * net-imap 0.3.4
+    * net-pop 0.1.2
+    * net-smtp 0.3.3
+    * rbs 2.8.2
+    * typeprof 0.21.3
+    * debug 1.7.1
+
+See GitHub releases like [GitHub Releases of Logger](https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases) or changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
+
+## Supported platforms
+
+* WebAssembly/WASI is added. See [wasm/README.md] and [ruby.wasm] for more details. [[Feature #18462]]
 
 ## Compatibility issues
 
-Note: Excluding feature bug fixes.
+* `String#to_c` currently treat a sequence of underscores as an end of Complex
+  string. [[Bug #19087]]
+
+* Now `ENV.clone` raises `TypeError` as well as `ENV.dup` [[Bug #17767]]
 
 ### Removed constants
 
@@ -190,15 +592,77 @@ The following deprecated methods are removed.
   [[Feature #16131]]
 * `Kernel#trust`, `Kernel#untrust`, `Kernel#untrusted?`
   [[Feature #16131]]
+* `Method#public?`, `Method#private?`, `Method#protected?`,
+  `UnboundMethod#public?`, `UnboundMethod#private?`, `UnboundMethod#protected?`
+  [[Bug #18729]] [[Bug #18751]] [[Bug #18435]]
+
+### Source code incompatibility of extension libraries
+
+* Extension libraries provide PRNG, subclasses of Random, need updates.
+  See [PRNG update] below for more information. [[Bug #19100]]
+
+### Error printer
+
+* Ruby no longer escapes control characters and backslashes in an
+  error message. [[Feature #18367]]
+
+### Constant lookup when defining a class/module
+
+* When defining a class/module directly under the Object class by class/module
+  statement, if there is already a class/module defined by `Module#include`
+  with the same name, the statement was handled as "open class" in Ruby 3.1 or before.
+  Since Ruby 3.2, a new class is defined instead. [[Feature #18832]]
 
 ## Stdlib compatibility issues
 
-* `Psych` no longer bundles libyaml sources.
-  Users need to install the libyaml library themselves via the package
-  system. [[Feature #18571]]
+* Psych no longer bundles libyaml sources.
+  And also Fiddle no longer bundles libffi sources.
+  Users need to install the libyaml/libffi library themselves via the package
+  manager like apt, yum, brew, etc.
+
+    Psych and fiddle supported the static build with specific version of libyaml
+    and libffi sources. You can build psych with libyaml-0.2.5 like this.
+
+    ```bash
+    $ ./configure --with-libyaml-source-dir=/path/to/libyaml-0.2.5
+    ```
+
+    And you can build fiddle with libffi-3.4.4 like this.
+
+    ```bash
+    $ ./configure --with-libffi-source-dir=/path/to/libffi-3.4.4
+    ```
+
+    [[Feature #18571]]
+
+* Check cookie name/path/domain characters in `CGI::Cookie`. [[CVE-2021-33621]]
+
+* `URI.parse` return empty string in host instead of nil. [[sec-156615]]
 
 ## C API updates
 
+### Updated C APIs
+
+The following APIs are updated.
+
+* PRNG update
+
+    `rb_random_interface_t` in ruby/random.h updated and versioned.
+    Extension libraries which use this interface and built for older
+    versions need to rebuild with adding `init_int32` function.
+
+### Added C APIs
+
+* `VALUE rb_hash_new_capa(long capa)` was added to created hashes with the desired capacity.
+* `rb_internal_thread_add_event_hook` and `rb_internal_thread_add_event_hook` were added to instrument threads scheduling.
+  The following events are available:
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_STARTED`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_READY`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_RESUMED`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_SUSPENDED`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_EXITED`
+* `rb_debug_inspector_current_depth` and `rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth` are added for debuggers.
+
 ### Removed C APIs
 
 The following deprecated APIs are removed.
@@ -208,48 +672,149 @@ The following deprecated APIs are removed.
 
 ## Implementation improvements
 
+* Fixed several race conditions in Kernel#autoload. [[Bug #18782]]
+* Cache invalidation for expressions referencing constants is now
+  more fine-grained. `RubyVM.stat(:global_constant_state)` was
+  removed because it was closely tied to the previous caching scheme
+  where setting any constant invalidates all caches in the system.
+  New keys, `:constant_cache_invalidations` and `:constant_cache_misses`,
+  were introduced to help with use cases for `:global_constant_state`.
+  [[Feature #18589]]
+* The cache-based optimization for Regexp matching is introduced.
+  [[Feature #19104]]
+* [Variable Width Allocation](https://shopify.engineering/ruby-variable-width-allocation)
+  is now enabled by default. [[Feature #18239]]
+* Added a new instance variable caching mechanism, called object shapes, which
+  improves inline cache hits for most objects and allows us to generate very
+  efficient JIT code. Objects whose instance variables are defined in a
+  consistent order will see the most performance benefits.
+  [[Feature #18776]]
+* Speed up marking instruction sequences by using a bitmap to find "markable"
+  objects.  This change results in faster major collections.
+  [[Feature #18875]]
+
 ## JIT
 
+### YJIT
+
+* YJIT is no longer experimental
+    * Has been tested on production workloads for over a year and proven to be quite stable.
+* YJIT now supports both x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs on Linux, MacOS, BSD and other UNIX platforms.
+    * This release brings support for Mac M1/M2, AWS Graviton and Raspberry Pi 4.
+* Building YJIT now requires Rust 1.58.0+. [[Feature #18481]]
+    * In order to ensure that CRuby is built with YJIT, please install `rustc` >= 1.58.0
+      before running `./configure`
+    * Please reach out to the YJIT team should you run into any issues.
+* Physical memory for JIT code is lazily allocated. Unlike Ruby 3.1,
+  the RSS of a Ruby process is minimized because virtual memory pages
+  allocated by `--yjit-exec-mem-size` will not be mapped to physical
+  memory pages until actually utilized by JIT code.
+* Introduce Code GC that frees all code pages when the memory consumption
+  by JIT code reaches `--yjit-exec-mem-size`.
+    * `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats` returns Code GC metrics in addition to
+      existing `inline_code_size` and `outlined_code_size` keys:
+      `code_gc_count`, `live_page_count`, `freed_page_count`, and `freed_code_size`.
+* Most of the statistics produced by `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats` are now available in release builds.
+    * Simply run ruby with `--yjit-stats` to compute and dump stats (incurs some run-time overhead).
+* YJIT is now optimized to take advantage of object shapes. [[Feature #18776]]
+* Take advantage of finer-grained constant invalidation to invalidate less code when defining new constants. [[Feature #18589]]
+* The default `--yjit-exec-mem-size` is changed to 64 (MiB).
+* The default `--yjit-call-threshold` is changed to 30.
+
 ### MJIT
 
-### YJIT: New experimental in-process JIT compiler
-
-## Static analysis
-
-### RBS
-
-### TypeProf
-
-## Debugger
-
-## error_highlight
-
-## IRB Autocomplete and Document Display
-
-## Miscellaneous changes
-
-[Feature #12005]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12005
-[Feature #12737]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12737
-[Feature #13110]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13110
-[Feature #14332]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14332
-[Feature #15231]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15231
-[Feature #15357]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15357
-[Bug #15928]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15928
-[Feature #16131]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16131
-[Bug #16466]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16466
-[Feature #16806]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16806
-[Bug #16889]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16889
-[Bug #16908]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16908
-[Feature #16989]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16989
-[Feature #17351]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17351
-[Feature #17391]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17391
-[Bug #17545]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17545
-[Feature #17881]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17881
-[Feature #18037]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18037
-[Feature #18351]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18351
-[Bug #18487]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18487
-[Feature #18571]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18571
-[Feature #18585]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18585
-[Feature #18598]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18598
-[Bug #18625]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18625
-[Bug #18633]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18633
+* The MJIT compiler is re-implemented in Ruby as `ruby_vm/mjit/compiler`.
+* MJIT compiler is executed under a forked Ruby process instead of
+  doing it in a native thread called MJIT worker. [[Feature #18968]]
+    * As a result, Microsoft Visual Studio (MSWIN) is no longer supported.
+* MinGW is no longer supported. [[Feature #18824]]
+* Rename `--mjit-min-calls` to `--mjit-call-threshold`.
+* Change default `--mjit-max-cache` back from 10000 to 100.
+
+[Feature #12005]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12005
+[Feature #12084]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12084
+[Feature #12655]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12655
+[Feature #12737]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12737
+[Feature #13110]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13110
+[Feature #14332]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14332
+[Feature #15231]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15231
+[Feature #15357]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15357
+[Bug #15928]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15928
+[Feature #16122]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16122
+[Feature #16131]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16131
+[Bug #16466]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16466
+[Feature #16663]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16663
+[Feature #16806]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16806
+[Bug #16889]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16889
+[Bug #16908]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16908
+[Feature #16989]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16989
+[Feature #17351]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17351
+[Feature #17391]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17391
+[Bug #17545]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17545
+[Bug #17767]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17767
+[Feature #17837]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17837
+[Feature #17881]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17881
+[Feature #18033]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18033
+[Feature #18159]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18159
+[Feature #18239]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18239#note-17
+[Feature #18351]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18351
+[Feature #18367]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18367
+[Bug #18435]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18435
+[Feature #18462]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18462
+[Feature #18481]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18481
+[Bug #18487]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18487
+[Feature #18564]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18564
+[Feature #18571]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18571
+[Feature #18585]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18585
+[Feature #18589]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18589
+[Feature #18595]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18595
+[Feature #18598]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18598
+[Bug #18625]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18625
+[Feature #18630]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18630
+[Bug #18633]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18633
+[Feature #18639]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18639
+[Feature #18685]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18685
+[Bug #18729]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18729
+[Bug #18751]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18751
+[Feature #18774]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18774
+[Feature #18776]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18776
+[Bug #18782]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18782
+[Feature #18788]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18788
+[Feature #18798]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18798
+[Feature #18809]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18809
+[Feature #18821]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18821
+[Feature #18822]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18822
+[Feature #18824]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18824
+[Feature #18832]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18832
+[Feature #18875]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18875
+[Feature #18925]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18925
+[Feature #18944]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18944
+[Feature #18949]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18949
+[Feature #18968]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18968
+[Feature #19008]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19008
+[Feature #19013]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19013
+[Feature #19026]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19026
+[Feature #19036]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19036
+[Feature #19060]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19060
+[Feature #19070]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19070
+[Feature #19071]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19071
+[Feature #19078]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19078
+[Bug #19087]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19087
+[Bug #19100]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19100
+[Feature #19104]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19104
+[Feature #19135]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19135
+[Feature #19138]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19138
+[Feature #19194]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19194
+[Molinillo]:          https://github.com/CocoaPods/Molinillo
+[PubGrub]:            https://github.com/jhawthorn/pub_grub
+[GH-net-protocol-14]: https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol/pull/14
+[GH-pathname-20]:     https://github.com/ruby/pathname/pull/20
+[GH-6791]:            https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/6791
+[GH-6868]:            https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/6868
+[GH-rubygems-4475]:   https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/4475
+[GH-rubygems-6149]:   https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/6149
+[GH-rubygems-6167]:   https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/6167
+[sec-156615]:         https://hackerone.com/reports/156615
+[CVE-2021-33621]:     https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2022/11/22/http-response-splitting-in-cgi-cve-2021-33621/
+[wasm/README.md]:     https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/wasm/README.md
+[ruby.wasm]:          https://github.com/ruby/ruby.wasm
diff --git a/README.ja.md b/README.ja.md
index bb69c09055..93c0131690 100644
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
-[![Cirrus Status](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby.svg)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/master)
 
 # Rubyとは
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index dbe71ddbd4..c445448c71 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
-[![Cirrus Status](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby.svg)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/master)
 
 # What is Ruby?
 
@@ -27,15 +26,13 @@ It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.
   well as Windows, macOS, etc.) cf.
   https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/doc/maintainers.rdoc#label-Platform+Maintainers
 
-## How to get Ruby
+## How to get Ruby with Git
 
 For a complete list of ways to install Ruby, including using third-party tools
 like rvm, see:
 
 https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/
 
-### Git
-
 The mirror of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following command:
 
     $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
@@ -48,16 +45,9 @@ to see the list of branches:
 You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source)
 if you are a committer.
 
-### Subversion
-
-Stable branches for older Ruby versions can be checked out with also the
-following command:
-
-    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_2_6/ ruby
-
-Try the following command to see the list of branches:
+## How to build
 
-    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
+see [Building Ruby](doc/contributing/building_ruby.md)
 
 ## Ruby home page
 
@@ -88,7 +78,7 @@ See the file [COPYING](rdoc-ref:COPYING).
 Questions about the Ruby language can be asked on the [Ruby-Talk](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/community/mailing-lists) mailing list
 or on websites like https://stackoverflow.com.
 
-Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read ["Reporting Issues"](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/reporting_issues_md.html) for more information.
+Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read ["Reporting Issues"](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/contributing/reporting_issues_md.html) for more information.
 
 ## Contributing
 
diff --git a/addr2line.c b/addr2line.c
index f660be9129..e5f25293e2 100644
--- a/addr2line.c
+++ b/addr2line.c
@@ -159,12 +159,15 @@ typedef struct obj_info {
     struct dwarf_section debug_info;
     struct dwarf_section debug_line;
     struct dwarf_section debug_ranges;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_str_offsets;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_addr;
     struct dwarf_section debug_rnglists;
     struct dwarf_section debug_str;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_line_str;
     struct obj_info *next;
 } obj_info_t;
 
-#define DWARF_SECTION_COUNT 6
+#define DWARF_SECTION_COUNT 9
 
 static struct dwarf_section *
 obj_dwarf_section_at(obj_info_t *obj, int n)
@@ -174,8 +177,11 @@ obj_dwarf_section_at(obj_info_t *obj, int n)
         &obj->debug_info,
         &obj->debug_line,
         &obj->debug_ranges,
+        &obj->debug_str_offsets,
+        &obj->debug_addr,
         &obj->debug_rnglists,
-        &obj->debug_str
+        &obj->debug_str,
+        &obj->debug_line_str
     };
     if (n < 0 || DWARF_SECTION_COUNT <= n) {
         abort();
@@ -248,39 +254,51 @@ get_nth_dirname(unsigned long dir, const char *p)
     return p;
 }
 
+static const char *parse_ver5_debug_line_header(const char *p, int idx, uint8_t format, obj_info_t *obj, const char **out_path, uint64_t *out_directory_index);
+
 static void
-fill_filename(int file, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames, line_info_t *line, obj_info_t *obj)
+fill_filename(int file, uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames, line_info_t *line, obj_info_t *obj)
 {
     int i;
     const char *p = filenames;
     const char *filename;
     unsigned long dir;
-    for (i = 1; i <= file; i++) {
-	filename = p;
-	if (!*p) {
-	    /* Need to output binary file name? */
-	    kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
-		    file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
-	    return;
-	}
-	while (*p) p++;
-	p++;
-	dir = uleb128(&p);
-	/* last modified. */
-	uleb128(&p);
-	/* size of the file. */
-	uleb128(&p);
-
-	if (i == file) {
-	    line->filename = filename;
-	    line->dirname = get_nth_dirname(dir, include_directories);
-	}
+    if (version >= 5) {
+        const char *path;
+        uint64_t directory_index = -1;
+        parse_ver5_debug_line_header(filenames, file, format, obj, &path, &directory_index);
+        line->filename = path;
+        parse_ver5_debug_line_header(include_directories, (int)directory_index, format, obj, &path, NULL);
+        line->dirname = path;
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 1; i <= file; i++) {
+            filename = p;
+            if (!*p) {
+                /* Need to output binary file name? */
+                kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
+                        file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
+                return;
+            }
+            while (*p) p++;
+            p++;
+            dir = uleb128(&p);
+            /* last modified. */
+            uleb128(&p);
+            /* size of the file. */
+            uleb128(&p);
+
+            if (i == file) {
+                line->filename = filename;
+                line->dirname = get_nth_dirname(dir, include_directories);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
 static void
 fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
-	  const char *include_directories, const char *filenames,
+	  uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames,
 	  obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
     int i;
@@ -290,7 +308,7 @@ fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
 	/* We assume one line code doesn't result >100 bytes of native code.
        We may want more reliable way eventually... */
 	if (addr < a && a < addr + 100) {
-	    fill_filename(file, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj);
+	    fill_filename(file, format, version, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj);
 	    lines[i].line = line;
 	}
     }
@@ -315,7 +333,7 @@ struct LineNumberProgramHeader {
 };
 
 static int
-parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
+parse_debug_line_header(obj_info_t *obj, const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
 {
     const char *p = *pp;
     header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
@@ -332,7 +350,13 @@ parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
 
     header->version = *(uint16_t *)p;
     p += sizeof(uint16_t);
-    if (header->version > 4) return -1;
+    if (header->version > 5) return -1;
+
+    if (header->version >= 5) {
+        /* address_size = *(uint8_t *)p++; */
+        /* segment_selector_size = *(uint8_t *)p++; */
+        p += 2;
+    }
 
     header->header_length = header->format == 4 ? *(uint32_t *)p : *(uint64_t *)p;
     p += header->format;
@@ -353,20 +377,27 @@ parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
     /* header->standard_opcode_lengths = (uint8_t *)p - 1; */
     p += header->opcode_base - 1;
 
-    header->include_directories = p;
+    if (header->version >= 5) {
+        header->include_directories = p;
+        p = parse_ver5_debug_line_header(p, -1, header->format, obj, NULL, NULL);
+        header->filenames = p;
+    }
+    else {
+        header->include_directories = p;
 
-    /* temporary measure for compress-debug-sections */
-    if (p >= header->cu_end) return -1;
+        /* temporary measure for compress-debug-sections */
+        if (p >= header->cu_end) return -1;
 
-    /* skip include directories */
-    while (*p) {
-	p = memchr(p, '\0', header->cu_end - p);
-	if (!p) return -1;
-	p++;
-    }
-    p++;
+        /* skip include directories */
+        while (*p) {
+            p = memchr(p, '\0', header->cu_end - p);
+            if (!p) return -1;
+            p++;
+        }
+        p++;
 
-    header->filenames = p;
+        header->filenames = p;
+    }
 
     *pp = header->cu_start;
 
@@ -392,13 +423,15 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, const char **debug_line,
     /* int epilogue_begin = 0; */
     /* unsigned int isa = 0; */
 
-    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(obj, &p, &header))
         return -1;
     is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 
 #define FILL_LINE()						    \
     do {							    \
 	fill_line(num_traces, traces, addr, file, line,		    \
+                  header.format,                                    \
+                  header.version,                                   \
                   header.include_directories,                       \
                   header.filenames,                                 \
 		  obj, lines, offset);				    \
@@ -827,16 +860,23 @@ enum {
     VAL_cstr = 1,
     VAL_data = 2,
     VAL_uint = 3,
-    VAL_int = 4
+    VAL_int = 4,
+    VAL_addr = 5
 };
 
 # define ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE 256
 typedef struct {
     obj_info_t *obj;
     const char *file;
+    uint8_t current_version;
     const char *current_cu;
     uint64_t current_low_pc;
+    uint64_t current_str_offsets_base;
+    uint64_t current_addr_base;
+    uint64_t current_rnglists_base;
     const char *debug_line_cu_end;
+    uint8_t debug_line_format;
+    uint16_t debug_line_version;
     const char *debug_line_files;
     const char *debug_line_directories;
     const char *p;
@@ -861,6 +901,7 @@ typedef struct {
         const char *ptr;
         uint64_t uint64;
         int64_t int64;
+        uint64_t addr_idx;
     } as;
     uint64_t off;
     uint64_t at;
@@ -869,8 +910,11 @@ typedef struct {
     int type;
 } DebugInfoValue;
 
-/* TODO: Big Endian */
+#if defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
+#define MERGE_2INTS(a,b,sz) (((uint64_t)(a)<<sz)|(b))
+#else
 #define MERGE_2INTS(a,b,sz) (((uint64_t)(b)<<sz)|(a))
+#endif
 
 static uint16_t
 get_uint16(const uint8_t *p)
@@ -973,6 +1017,9 @@ debug_info_reader_init(DebugInfoReader *reader, obj_info_t *obj)
     reader->pend = obj->debug_info.ptr + obj->debug_info.size;
     reader->debug_line_cu_end = obj->debug_line.ptr;
     reader->current_low_pc = 0;
+    reader->current_str_offsets_base = 0;
+    reader->current_addr_base = 0;
+    reader->current_rnglists_base = 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1017,10 +1064,12 @@ di_read_debug_line_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
     struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
 
     p = (const char *)reader->debug_line_cu_end;
-    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(reader->obj, &p, &header))
         return -1;
 
     reader->debug_line_cu_end = (char *)header.cu_end;
+    reader->debug_line_format = header.format;
+    reader->debug_line_version = header.version;
     reader->debug_line_directories = (char *)header.include_directories;
     reader->debug_line_files = (char *)header.filenames;
 
@@ -1028,6 +1077,13 @@ di_read_debug_line_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
 }
 
 static void
+set_addr_idx_value(DebugInfoValue *v, uint64_t n)
+{
+    v->as.addr_idx = n;
+    v->type = VAL_addr;
+}
+
+static void
 set_uint_value(DebugInfoValue *v, uint64_t n)
 {
     v->as.uint64 = n;
@@ -1074,19 +1130,39 @@ get_cstr_value(DebugInfoValue *v)
     }
 }
 
+static const char *
+resolve_strx(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t idx)
+{
+    const char *p = reader->obj->debug_str_offsets.ptr + reader->current_str_offsets_base;
+    uint64_t off;
+    if (reader->format == 4) {
+        off = ((uint32_t *)p)[idx];
+    }
+    else {
+        off = ((uint64_t *)p)[idx];
+    }
+    return reader->obj->debug_str.ptr + off;
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_reader_read_addr_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    if (reader->address_size == 4) {
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+    } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+    } else {
+        fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
+        abort();
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoValue *v)
 {
     switch (form) {
       case DW_FORM_addr:
-        if (reader->address_size == 4) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
-        } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
-        } else {
-            fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
-            abort();
-        }
+        debug_info_reader_read_addr_value(reader, v);
         break;
       case DW_FORM_block2:
         v->size = read_uint16(&reader->p);
@@ -1138,13 +1214,19 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref_addr:
-        if (reader->format == 4) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
-        } else if (reader->format == 8) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        if (reader->current_version <= 2) {
+            // DWARF Version 2 specifies that references have
+            // the same size as an address on the target system
+            debug_info_reader_read_addr_value(reader, v);
         } else {
-            fprintf(stderr,"unknown format:%d", reader->format);
-            abort();
+            if (reader->format == 4) {
+                set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+            } else if (reader->format == 8) {
+                set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+            } else {
+                fprintf(stderr,"unknown format:%d", reader->format);
+                abort();
+            }
         }
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref1:
@@ -1186,11 +1268,10 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         set_uint_value(v, 1);
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx:
-        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, uleb128(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx:
-        /* TODO: read .debug_addr */
-        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref_sup4:
         set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
@@ -1205,8 +1286,7 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         reader->p += v->size;
         break;
       case DW_FORM_line_strp:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader));
-        /* *p = reader->file + reader->line->sh_offset + ret; */
+        set_cstrp_value(v, reader->obj->debug_line_str.ptr, read_uint(reader));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref_sig8:
         set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
@@ -1224,28 +1304,28 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx1:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint8(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx2:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint16(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx3:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint24(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx4:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint32(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx1:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx2:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx3:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx4:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
         break;
       case 0:
         goto fail;
@@ -1292,7 +1372,7 @@ hexdump0(const unsigned char *p, size_t n)
     for (i=0; i < n; i++){
         switch (i & 15) {
           case 0:
-            fprintf(stderr, "%02zd: %02X ", i/16, p[i]);
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02" PRIdSIZE ": %02X ", i/16, p[i]);
             break;
           case 15:
             fprintf(stderr, "%02X\n", p[i]);
@@ -1313,16 +1393,16 @@ div_inspect(DebugInfoValue *v)
 {
     switch (v->type) {
       case VAL_uint:
-        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:%"PRIx64"\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.uint64);
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%" PRIxSIZE " v:%"PRIx64"\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.uint64);
         break;
       case VAL_int:
-        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:%"PRId64"\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,(int64_t)v->as.uint64);
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%" PRIxSIZE " v:%"PRId64"\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,(int64_t)v->as.uint64);
         break;
       case VAL_cstr:
-        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:'%s'\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.ptr);
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%" PRIxSIZE " v:'%s'\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.ptr);
         break;
       case VAL_data:
-        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size);
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%" PRIxSIZE " v:\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size);
         hexdump(v->as.ptr, 16);
         break;
     }
@@ -1373,6 +1453,76 @@ di_skip_records(DebugInfoReader *reader)
     }
 }
 
+typedef struct addr_header {
+    const char *ptr;
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint8_t format;
+    uint8_t address_size;
+    /* uint8_t segment_selector_size; */
+} addr_header_t;
+
+static void
+addr_header_init(obj_info_t *obj, addr_header_t *header) {
+    const char *p = obj->debug_addr.ptr;
+
+    header->ptr = p;
+
+    if (!p) return;
+
+    header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+    header->format = 4;
+    if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+        header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+        p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->format = 8;
+    }
+
+    p += 2; /* version */
+    header->address_size = *p++;
+    p++; /* segment_selector_size */
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_addr(addr_header_t *header, uint64_t addr_base, uint64_t idx) {
+    if (header->address_size == 4) {
+        return ((uint32_t*)(header->ptr + addr_base))[idx];
+    }
+    else {
+        return ((uint64_t*)(header->ptr + addr_base))[idx];
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct rnglists_header {
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint8_t format;
+    uint8_t address_size;
+    uint32_t offset_entry_count;
+} rnglists_header_t;
+
+static void
+rnglists_header_init(obj_info_t *obj, rnglists_header_t *header) {
+    const char *p = obj->debug_rnglists.ptr;
+
+    if (!p) return;
+
+    header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+    header->format = 4;
+    if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+        header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+        p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->format = 8;
+    }
+
+    p += 2; /* version */
+    header->address_size = *p++;
+    p++; /* segment_selector_size */
+    header->offset_entry_count = *(uint32_t *)p;
+}
+
 typedef struct {
     uint64_t low_pc;
     uint64_t high_pc;
@@ -1383,24 +1533,31 @@ typedef struct {
 } ranges_t;
 
 static void
-ranges_set(ranges_t *ptr, DebugInfoValue *v)
+ranges_set(ranges_t *ptr, DebugInfoValue *v, addr_header_t *addr_header, uint64_t addr_base)
 {
+    uint64_t n = 0;
+    if (v->type == VAL_uint) {
+        n = v->as.uint64;
+    }
+    else if (v->type == VAL_addr) {
+        n = read_addr(addr_header, addr_base, v->as.addr_idx);
+    }
     switch (v->at) {
       case DW_AT_low_pc:
-        ptr->low_pc = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->low_pc = n;
         ptr->low_pc_set = true;
         break;
       case DW_AT_high_pc:
         if (v->form == DW_FORM_addr) {
-            ptr->high_pc = v->as.uint64;
+            ptr->high_pc = n;
         }
         else {
-            ptr->high_pc = ptr->low_pc + v->as.uint64;
+            ptr->high_pc = ptr->low_pc + n;
         }
         ptr->high_pc_set = true;
         break;
       case DW_AT_ranges:
-        ptr->ranges = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->ranges = n;
         ptr->ranges_set = true;
         break;
     }
@@ -1422,7 +1579,7 @@ read_dw_form_addr(DebugInfoReader *reader, const char **ptr)
 }
 
 static uintptr_t
-ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr)
+ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr, rnglists_header_t *rnglists_header)
 {
     if (ptr->high_pc_set) {
         if (ptr->ranges_set || !ptr->low_pc_set) {
@@ -1437,8 +1594,21 @@ ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr)
         const char *p;
         uint64_t base = ptr->low_pc_set ? ptr->low_pc : reader->current_low_pc;
         bool base_valid = true;
-        if (reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr) {
-            p = reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr + ptr->ranges;
+        if (reader->current_version >= 5) {
+            if (rnglists_header->offset_entry_count == 0) {
+                // DW_FORM_sec_offset
+                p = reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr + ptr->ranges + reader->current_rnglists_base;
+            }
+            else {
+                // DW_FORM_rnglistx
+                const char *offset_array = reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr + reader->current_rnglists_base;
+                if (rnglists_header->format == 4) {
+                    p = offset_array + ((uint32_t *)offset_array)[ptr->ranges];
+                }
+                else {
+                    p = offset_array + ((uint64_t *)offset_array)[ptr->ranges];
+                }
+            }
             for (;;) {
                 uint8_t rle = read_uint8(&p);
                 uintptr_t from = 0, to = 0;
@@ -1548,6 +1718,7 @@ di_read_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
     }
     reader->cu_end = reader->p + unit_length;
     version = read_uint16(&reader->p);
+    reader->current_version = version;
     if (version > 5) {
         return -1;
     }
@@ -1580,16 +1751,45 @@ di_read_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
             break;
         }
 
+        reader->current_str_offsets_base = 0;
+        reader->current_addr_base = 0;
+        reader->current_rnglists_base = 0;
+
+        DebugInfoValue low_pc = {{}};
         /* enumerate abbrev */
         for (;;) {
             DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
             if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
             switch (v.at) {
               case DW_AT_low_pc:
-                reader->current_low_pc = v.as.uint64;
+                // clang may output DW_AT_addr_base after DW_AT_low_pc.
+                // We need to resolve the DW_FORM_addr* after DW_AT_addr_base is parsed.
+                low_pc = v;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_str_offsets_base:
+                reader->current_str_offsets_base = v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_addr_base:
+                reader->current_addr_base = v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_rnglists_base:
+                reader->current_rnglists_base = v.as.uint64;
                 break;
             }
         }
+        // Resolve the DW_FORM_addr of DW_AT_low_pc
+        switch (low_pc.type) {
+            case VAL_uint:
+                reader->current_low_pc = low_pc.as.uint64;
+                break;
+            case VAL_addr:
+                {
+                    addr_header_t header;
+                    addr_header_init(reader->obj, &header);
+                    reader->current_low_pc = read_addr(&header, reader->current_addr_base, low_pc.as.addr_idx);
+                }
+                break;
+        }
     } while (0);
 #endif
     return 0;
@@ -1643,6 +1843,13 @@ read_abstract_origin(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, uint64_t abstract_o
 static void
 debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
          line_info_t *lines, int offset) {
+
+    addr_header_t addr_header = {};
+    addr_header_init(reader->obj, &addr_header);
+
+    rnglists_header_t rnglists_header = {};
+    rnglists_header_init(reader->obj, &rnglists_header);
+
     while (reader->p < reader->cu_end) {
         DIE die;
         ranges_t ranges = {};
@@ -1669,7 +1876,7 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
                 line.sname = get_cstr_value(&v);
                 break;
               case DW_AT_call_file:
-                fill_filename((int)v.as.uint64, reader->debug_line_directories, reader->debug_line_files, &line, reader->obj);
+                fill_filename((int)v.as.uint64, reader->debug_line_format, reader->debug_line_version, reader->debug_line_directories, reader->debug_line_files, &line, reader->obj);
                 break;
               case DW_AT_call_line:
                 line.line = (int)v.as.uint64;
@@ -1677,7 +1884,7 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
               case DW_AT_low_pc:
               case DW_AT_high_pc:
               case DW_AT_ranges:
-                ranges_set(&ranges, &v);
+                ranges_set(&ranges, &v, &addr_header, reader->current_addr_base);
                 break;
               case DW_AT_declaration:
                 goto skip_die;
@@ -1694,9 +1901,9 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
         for (int i=offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
             uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
             uintptr_t offset = addr - reader->obj->base_addr + reader->obj->vmaddr;
-            uintptr_t saddr = ranges_include(reader, &ranges, offset);
+            uintptr_t saddr = ranges_include(reader, &ranges, offset, &rnglists_header);
             if (saddr) {
-                /* fprintf(stderr, "%d:%tx: %d %lx->%lx %x %s: %s/%s %d %s %s %s\n",__LINE__,die.pos, i,addr,offset, die.tag,line.sname,line.dirname,line.filename,line.line,reader->obj->path,line.sname,lines[i].sname); */
+                /* fprintf(stdout, "%d:%tx: %d %lx->%lx %x %s: %s/%s %d %s %s %s\n",__LINE__,die.pos, i,addr,offset, die.tag,line.sname,line.dirname,line.filename,line.line,reader->obj->path,line.sname,lines[i].sname); */
                 if (lines[i].sname) {
                     line_info_t *lp = malloc(sizeof(line_info_t));
                     memcpy(lp, &lines[i], sizeof(line_info_t));
@@ -1715,6 +1922,54 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
     }
 }
 
+// This function parses the following attributes of Line Number Program Header in DWARF 5:
+//
+// * directory_entry_format_count
+// * directory_entry_format
+// * directories_count
+// * directories
+//
+// or
+//
+// * file_name_entry_format_count
+// * file_name_entry_format
+// * file_names_count
+// * file_names
+//
+// It records DW_LNCT_path and DW_LNCT_directory_index at the index "idx".
+static const char *
+parse_ver5_debug_line_header(const char *p, int idx, uint8_t format, obj_info_t *obj, const char **out_path, uint64_t *out_directory_index) {
+    int i, j;
+    int entry_format_count = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    const char *entry_format = p;
+
+    /* skip the part of entry_format */
+    for (i = 0; i < entry_format_count * 2; i++) uleb128(&p);
+
+    int entry_count = (int)uleb128(&p);
+
+    DebugInfoReader reader;
+    debug_info_reader_init(&reader, obj);
+    reader.format = format;
+    reader.p = p;
+    for (j = 0; j < entry_count; j++) {
+        const char *format = entry_format;
+        for (i = 0; i < entry_format_count; i++) {
+            DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+            unsigned long dw_lnct = uleb128(&format);
+            unsigned long dw_form = uleb128(&format);
+            debug_info_reader_read_value(&reader, dw_form, &v);
+            if (dw_lnct == 1 /* DW_LNCT_path */ && v.type == VAL_cstr && out_path)
+                *out_path = v.as.ptr + v.off;
+            if (dw_lnct == 2 /* DW_LNCT_directory_index */ && v.type == VAL_uint && out_directory_index)
+                *out_directory_index = v.as.uint64;
+        }
+        if (j == idx) return 0;
+    }
+
+    return reader.p;
+}
+
 #ifdef USE_ELF
 static unsigned long
 uncompress_debug_section(ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, char *file, char **ptr)
@@ -1843,8 +2098,11 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
                     ".debug_info",
                     ".debug_line",
                     ".debug_ranges",
+                    ".debug_str_offsets",
+                    ".debug_addr",
                     ".debug_rnglists",
-                    ".debug_str"
+                    ".debug_str",
+                    ".debug_line_str"
                 };
 
                 for (j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
@@ -2100,8 +2358,11 @@ found_mach_header:
                     "__debug_info",
                     "__debug_line",
                     "__debug_ranges",
+                    "__debug_str_offsets",
+                    "__debug_addr",
                     "__debug_rnglists",
-                    "__debug_str"
+                    "__debug_str",
+                    "__debug_line_str",
                 };
                 struct LP(segment_command) *scmd = (struct LP(segment_command) *)lcmd;
                 if (strcmp(scmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) {
@@ -2257,9 +2518,12 @@ print_line0(line_info_t *line, void *address)
     else if (!line->path) {
         kprintf("[0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", addr);
     }
-    else if (!line->saddr || !line->sname) {
+    else if (!line->sname) {
         kprintf("%s(0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, addr-line->base_addr, addr);
     }
+    else if (!line->saddr) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s) [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, line->sname, addr);
+    }
     else if (line->line <= 0) {
         kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, line->sname,
                 d, addr);
@@ -2296,6 +2560,7 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
     obj_info_t *obj = NULL;
     /* 2 is NULL + main executable */
     void **dladdr_fbases = (void **)calloc(num_traces+2, sizeof(void *));
+
 #ifdef HAVE_MAIN_EXE_PATH
     char *main_path = NULL; /* used on printing backtrace */
     ssize_t len;
@@ -2326,8 +2591,8 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
 	    /* if the binary is strip-ed, this may effect */
 	    for (p=dladdr_fbases; *p; p++) {
 		if (*p == info.dli_fbase) {
-		    lines[i].path = info.dli_fname;
-		    lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
+		    if (info.dli_fname) lines[i].path = info.dli_fname;
+		    if (info.dli_sname) lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
 		    goto next_line;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -2337,9 +2602,11 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
 	    obj->base_addr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
 	    path = info.dli_fname;
 	    obj->path = path;
-	    lines[i].path = path;
-            lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
-            lines[i].saddr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_saddr;
+	    if (path) lines[i].path = path;
+            if (info.dli_sname) {
+                lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
+                lines[i].saddr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_saddr;
+            }
 	    strlcpy(binary_filename, path, PATH_MAX);
 	    if (fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, i) == (uintptr_t)-1)
 		break;
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index 7b3f5bd0b0..b76e9a64a3 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -39,6 +39,37 @@
 
 VALUE rb_cArray;
 
+/* Flags of RArray
+ *
+ * 1:   RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG
+ *          The array is embedded (its contents follow the header, rather than
+ *          being on a separately allocated buffer).
+ * 2:   RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG (equal to ELTS_SHARED)
+ *          The array is shared. The buffer this array points to is owned by
+ *          another array (the shared root).
+ * if USE_RVARGC
+ * 3-9: RARRAY_EMBED_LEN
+ *          The length of the array when RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG is set.
+ * else
+ * 3-4: RARRAY_EMBED_LEN
+ *          The length of the array when RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG is set.
+ * endif
+ * 12:  RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG
+ *          The array is a shared root that does reference counting. The buffer
+ *          this array points to is owned by this array but may be pointed to
+ *          by other arrays.
+ *          Note: Frozen arrays may be a shared root without this flag being
+ *                set. Frozen arrays do not have reference counting because
+ *                they cannot be modified. Not updating the reference count
+ *                improves copy-on-write performance. Their reference count is
+ *                assumed to be infinity.
+ * 13:  RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG
+ *          The buffer of the array is allocated on the transient heap.
+ * 14:  RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG
+ *          The buffer of the array is in use. This is only used during
+ *          debugging.
+ */
+
 /* for OPTIMIZED_CMP: */
 #define id_cmp idCmp
 
@@ -53,23 +84,6 @@ should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
     return RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY);
 }
 
-RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
-static int
-should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
-{
-    return !FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG);
-}
-
-#define ARY_SHARED_P(ary) \
-  (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
-   assert(should_not_be_shared_and_embedded((VALUE)ary)), \
-   FL_TEST_RAW((ary),ELTS_SHARED)!=0)
-
-#define ARY_EMBED_P(ary) \
-  (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
-   assert(should_not_be_shared_and_embedded((VALUE)ary)), \
-   FL_TEST_RAW((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) != 0)
-
 #define ARY_HEAP_PTR(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.ptr)
 #define ARY_HEAP_LEN(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.len)
 #define ARY_HEAP_CAPA(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(!ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(a)), \
@@ -79,11 +93,11 @@ should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
 #define ARY_EMBED_LEN(a) \
     (assert(ARY_EMBED_P(a)), \
      (long)((RBASIC(a)->flags >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
-	 (RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)))
+         (RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)))
 #define ARY_HEAP_SIZE(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a)), ARY_CAPA(a) * sizeof(VALUE))
 
 #define ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a) (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(a))), \
-                            !FL_TEST_RAW((a), ELTS_SHARED|RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
+                            !FL_TEST_RAW((a), RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG|RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
 
 #define FL_SET_EMBED(a) do { \
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a)); \
@@ -95,9 +109,9 @@ should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
 #define FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG|RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK)
 #define FL_SET_SHARED(ary) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
-    FL_SET((ary), ELTS_SHARED); \
+    FL_SET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG); \
 } while (0)
-#define FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), ELTS_SHARED)
+#define FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG)
 
 #define ARY_SET_PTR(ary, p) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
@@ -107,7 +121,6 @@ should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
 #define ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, n) do { \
     long tmp_n = (n); \
     assert(ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
-    assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
     RBASIC(ary)->flags &= ~RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK; \
     RBASIC(ary)->flags |= (tmp_n) << RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT; \
 } while (0)
@@ -148,27 +161,25 @@ should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
     RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n); \
 } while (0)
 
-#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary) (assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root)
 #define ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, value) do { \
     const VALUE _ary_ = (ary); \
     const VALUE _value_ = (value); \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(_ary_)); \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_P(_ary_)); \
-    assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(_value_)); \
+    assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(_ary_)); \
+    assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(_value_) || OBJ_FROZEN(_value_)); \
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(_ary_, &RARRAY(_ary_)->as.heap.aux.shared_root, _value_); \
 } while (0)
-#define RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG FL_USER12
-#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
-                                FL_TEST_RAW((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG))
-#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) \
-    (assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa)
-#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary) (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) == 1)
+
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary) (!OBJ_FROZEN(ary) && ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) == 1)
 #define ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary, value) do { \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)); \
+    assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
     assert((value) >= 0); \
     RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (value); \
 } while (0)
 #define FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(ary) do { \
+    assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     assert(!RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)); \
     FL_SET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG); \
@@ -212,6 +223,37 @@ ary_embeddable_p(long capa)
 #endif
 }
 
+bool
+rb_ary_embeddable_p(VALUE ary)
+{
+    /* An array cannot be turned embeddable when the array is:
+     *  - Shared root: other objects may point to the buffer of this array
+     *    so we cannot make it embedded.
+     *  - Frozen: this array may also be a shared root without the shared root
+     *    flag.
+     *  - Shared: we don't want to re-embed an array that points to a shared
+     *    root (to save memory).
+     */
+    return !(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) || OBJ_FROZEN(ary) || ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+}
+
+size_t
+rb_ary_size_as_embedded(VALUE ary)
+{
+    size_t real_size;
+
+    if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+        real_size = ary_embed_size(ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary));
+    }
+    else if (rb_ary_embeddable_p(ary)) {
+        real_size = ary_embed_size(ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary));
+    }
+    else {
+        real_size = sizeof(struct RArray);
+    }
+    return real_size;
+}
+
 
 #if ARRAY_DEBUG
 #define ary_verify(ary) ary_verify_(ary, __FILE__, __LINE__)
@@ -221,12 +263,12 @@ ary_verify_(VALUE ary, const char *file, int line)
 {
     assert(RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY));
 
-    if (FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
-        VALUE root = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        VALUE root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
         const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
         const VALUE *root_ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(root);
         long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary), root_len = RARRAY_LEN(root);
-        assert(FL_TEST(root, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG));
+        assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(root) || OBJ_FROZEN(root));
         assert(root_ptr <= ptr && ptr + len <= root_ptr + root_len);
         ary_verify(root);
     }
@@ -289,7 +331,7 @@ void
 rb_mem_clear(VALUE *mem, long size)
 {
     while (size--) {
-	*mem++ = Qnil;
+        *mem++ = Qnil;
     }
 }
 
@@ -297,7 +339,7 @@ static void
 ary_mem_clear(VALUE ary, long beg, long size)
 {
     RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
-	rb_mem_clear(ptr + beg, size);
+        rb_mem_clear(ptr + beg, size);
     });
 }
 
@@ -305,7 +347,7 @@ static inline void
 memfill(register VALUE *mem, register long size, register VALUE val)
 {
     while (size--) {
-	*mem++ = val;
+        *mem++ = val;
     }
 }
 
@@ -313,8 +355,8 @@ static void
 ary_memfill(VALUE ary, long beg, long size, VALUE val)
 {
     RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
-	memfill(ptr + beg, size, val);
-	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ary, Qundef, val);
+        memfill(ptr + beg, size, val);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ary, Qundef, val);
     });
 }
 
@@ -419,14 +461,11 @@ static inline void
 rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(VALUE ary, int transient, int promote)
 {
     if (transient) {
+        assert(!ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary));
+
         VALUE *new_ptr;
         const VALUE *old_ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
         long capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
-        long len  = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
-
-        if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
-            capa = len;
-        }
 
         assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary));
         assert(RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
@@ -468,6 +507,27 @@ rb_ary_detransient(VALUE ary)
 }
 #endif
 
+void
+rb_ary_make_embedded(VALUE ary)
+{
+    assert(rb_ary_embeddable_p(ary));
+    if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+        const VALUE *buf = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+        long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+        bool was_transient = RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary);
+
+        // FL_SET_EMBED also unsets the transient flag
+        FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
+
+        MEMCPY((void *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), (void *)buf, VALUE, len);
+
+        if (!was_transient) {
+            ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, buf, len * sizeof(VALUE));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 ary_resize_capa(VALUE ary, long capacity)
 {
@@ -527,10 +587,10 @@ ary_double_capa(VALUE ary, long min)
     long new_capa = ARY_CAPA(ary) / 2;
 
     if (new_capa < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	new_capa = ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE;
+        new_capa = ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE;
     }
     if (new_capa >= ARY_MAX_SIZE - min) {
-	new_capa = (ARY_MAX_SIZE - min) / 2;
+        new_capa = (ARY_MAX_SIZE - min) / 2;
     }
     new_capa += min;
     ary_resize_capa(ary, new_capa);
@@ -541,14 +601,16 @@ ary_double_capa(VALUE ary, long min)
 static void
 rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root);
-    ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num - 1);
+    if (!OBJ_FROZEN(shared_root)) {
+        long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num - 1);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
 rb_ary_unshare(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE shared_root = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+    VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
     rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
     FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
 }
@@ -570,9 +632,11 @@ rb_ary_reset(VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_increment_share(VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root);
-    assert(num >= 0);
-    ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num + 1);
+    if (!OBJ_FROZEN(shared_root)) {
+        long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root);
+        assert(num >= 0);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num + 1);
+    }
     return shared_root;
 }
 
@@ -648,40 +712,40 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
     long capa;
 
     if (old_len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - add_len) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
     }
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	if (new_len > ary_embed_capa(ary)) {
+        if (new_len > ary_embed_capa(ary)) {
             VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
             if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root)) {
                 if (ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root) + new_len <= RARRAY_LEN(shared_root)) {
-		    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+                    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
 
                     ary_verify(ary);
                     ary_verify(shared_root);
                     return shared_root;
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* if array is shared, then it is likely it participate in push/shift pattern */
-		    rb_ary_modify(ary);
-		    capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
-		    if (new_len > capa - (capa >> 6)) {
-			ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
-		    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* if array is shared, then it is likely it participate in push/shift pattern */
+                    rb_ary_modify(ary);
+                    capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
+                    if (new_len > capa - (capa >> 6)) {
+                        ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
+                    }
                     ary_verify(ary);
-		    return ary;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+                    return ary;
+                }
+            }
+        }
         ary_verify(ary);
         rb_ary_modify(ary);
     }
     else {
-	rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+        rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     }
     capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
     if (new_len > capa) {
-	ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
+        ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
     }
 
     ary_verify(ary);
@@ -719,10 +783,10 @@ VALUE
 rb_ary_shared_with_p(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary1) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary1) &&
-	!ARY_EMBED_P(ary2) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary2) &&
-        RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.aux.shared_root == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.aux.shared_root &&
-	RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.len == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.len) {
-	return Qtrue;
+            !ARY_EMBED_P(ary2) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary2) &&
+            ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary1) == ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary2) &&
+            ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary1) == ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary2)) {
+        return Qtrue;
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -767,10 +831,10 @@ ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
     VALUE ary,*ptr;
 
     if (capa < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
     }
     if (capa > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
     }
 
     RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(ARRAY, capa);
@@ -780,11 +844,11 @@ ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
     }
     else {
         ary = ary_alloc_heap(klass);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
 
         ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
-        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
 
@@ -814,7 +878,7 @@ VALUE
 
     va_start(ar, n);
     for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-	ARY_SET(ary, i, va_arg(ar, VALUE));
+        ARY_SET(ary, i, va_arg(ar, VALUE));
     }
     va_end(ar);
 
@@ -829,8 +893,8 @@ rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(VALUE klass, long n, const VALUE *elts)
 
     ary = ary_new(klass, n);
     if (n > 0 && elts) {
-	ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+        ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -875,10 +939,10 @@ ec_ary_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
     VALUE ary,*ptr;
 
     if (capa < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
     }
     if (capa > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
     }
 
     RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(ARRAY, capa);
@@ -888,11 +952,11 @@ ec_ary_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
     }
     else {
         ary = ec_ary_alloc_heap(ec, klass);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
 
         ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
-        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
 
@@ -906,15 +970,15 @@ rb_ec_ary_new_from_values(rb_execution_context_t *ec, long n, const VALUE *elts)
 
     ary = ec_ary_new(ec, rb_cArray, n);
     if (n > 0 && elts) {
-	ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+        ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
     }
 
     return ary;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_ary_tmp_new(long capa)
+rb_ary_hidden_new(long capa)
 {
     VALUE ary = ary_new(0, capa);
     rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
@@ -922,12 +986,11 @@ rb_ary_tmp_new(long capa)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(long capa)
+rb_ary_hidden_new_fill(long capa)
 {
-    VALUE ary = ary_new(0, capa);
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_hidden_new(capa);
     ary_memfill(ary, 0, capa, Qnil);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, capa);
-    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -965,64 +1028,69 @@ RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED size_t
 rb_ary_memsize(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary)) {
-	return ARY_CAPA(ary) * sizeof(VALUE);
+        return ARY_CAPA(ary) * sizeof(VALUE);
     }
     else {
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
     }
 }
 
-static inline void
-ary_discard(VALUE ary)
-{
-    rb_ary_free(ary);
-    RBASIC(ary)->flags |= RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG;
-    RBASIC(ary)->flags &= ~(RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK | RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
-}
-
 static VALUE
 ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
 {
-    assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
+    assert(USE_RVARGC || !ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
     ary_verify(ary);
 
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
         return ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
     }
     else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
-	return ary;
+        return ary;
     }
     else if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) {
-        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
-	ary_shrink_capa(ary);
-	FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
-        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary, 1);
-	return ary;
+        if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+            rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
+            ary_shrink_capa(ary);
+        }
+        return ary;
     }
     else {
-	long capa = ARY_CAPA(ary), len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-        const VALUE *ptr;
+        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
+
+        long capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
+        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+        /* Shared roots cannot be embedded because the reference count
+         * (refcnt) is stored in as.heap.aux.capa. */
         VALUE shared = ary_alloc_heap(0);
-        VALUE vshared = (VALUE)shared;
+        FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(shared);
 
-        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
-        ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
-
-        FL_UNSET_EMBED(vshared);
-        ARY_SET_LEN(vshared, capa);
-        ARY_SET_PTR(vshared, ptr);
-        ary_mem_clear(vshared, len, capa - len);
-        FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(vshared);
-        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(vshared, 1);
-	FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
+        if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+            /* Cannot use ary_heap_alloc because we don't want to allocate
+             * on the transient heap. */
+            VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+            ARY_SET_PTR(shared, ptr);
+            ary_memcpy(shared, 0, len, RARRAY_PTR(ary));
+
+            FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
+            ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
+            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
+        }
+        else {
+            ARY_SET_PTR(shared, RARRAY_PTR(ary));
+        }
+
+        ARY_SET_LEN(shared, capa);
+        ary_mem_clear(shared, len, capa - len);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared, 1);
+        FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_create);
-        ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, vshared);
-        OBJ_FREEZE(vshared);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, shared);
 
-        ary_verify(vshared);
+        ary_verify(shared);
         ary_verify(ary);
 
-        return vshared;
+        return shared;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1178,45 +1246,45 @@ rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         rb_ary_reset(ary);
         assert(ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
         assert(ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary) == 0);
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	    rb_warning("given block not used");
-	}
-	return ary;
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warning("given block not used");
+        }
+        return ary;
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &size, &val);
     if (argc == 1 && !FIXNUM_P(size)) {
-	val = rb_check_array_type(size);
-	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-	    rb_ary_replace(ary, val);
-	    return ary;
-	}
+        val = rb_check_array_type(size);
+        if (!NIL_P(val)) {
+            rb_ary_replace(ary, val);
+            return ary;
+        }
     }
 
     len = NUM2LONG(size);
     /* NUM2LONG() may call size.to_int, ary can be frozen, modified, etc */
     if (len < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
     }
     if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
     }
     /* recheck after argument conversion */
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     ary_resize_capa(ary, len);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	long i;
+        long i;
 
-	if (argc == 2) {
-	    rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
-	}
-	for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	    rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i)));
-	    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i + 1);
-	}
+        if (argc == 2) {
+            rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
+        }
+        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+            rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i)));
+            ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i + 1);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	ary_memfill(ary, 0, len, val);
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
+        ary_memfill(ary, 0, len, val);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1247,26 +1315,26 @@ rb_ary_store(VALUE ary, long idx, VALUE val)
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
     if (idx < 0) {
-	idx += len;
-	if (idx < 0) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
-		     idx - len, -len);
-	}
+        idx += len;
+        if (idx < 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
+                     idx - len, -len);
+        }
     }
     else if (idx >= ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", idx);
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", idx);
     }
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (idx >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	ary_double_capa(ary, idx);
+        ary_double_capa(ary, idx);
     }
     if (idx > len) {
-	ary_mem_clear(ary, len, idx - len + 1);
+        ary_mem_clear(ary, len, idx - len + 1);
     }
 
     if (idx >= len) {
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
     }
     ARY_SET(ary, idx, val);
 }
@@ -1278,17 +1346,20 @@ ary_make_partial(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len)
     assert(len >= 0);
     assert(offset+len <= RARRAY_LEN(ary));
 
-    if (ary_embeddable_p(len)) {
+    const size_t rarray_embed_capa_max = (sizeof(struct RArray) - offsetof(struct RArray, as.ary)) / sizeof(VALUE);
+
+    if ((size_t)len <= rarray_embed_capa_max && ary_embeddable_p(len)) {
         VALUE result = ary_alloc_embed(klass, len);
         ary_memcpy(result, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + offset);
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, len);
         return result;
     }
     else {
-        VALUE shared, result = ary_alloc_heap(klass);
+        VALUE shared = ary_make_shared(ary);
+
+        VALUE result = ary_alloc_heap(klass);
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(result));
 
-        shared = ary_make_shared(ary);
         ARY_SET_PTR(result, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
         ARY_SET_LEN(result, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
         rb_ary_set_shared(result, shared);
@@ -1313,16 +1384,19 @@ ary_make_partial_step(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len, long step)
     const VALUE *values = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     const long orig_len = len;
 
-    if ((step > 0 && step >= len) || (step < 0 && (step < -len))) {
+    if (step > 0 && step >= len) {
         VALUE result = ary_new(klass, 1);
         VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(result);
         RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr, values[offset]);
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, 1);
         return result;
     }
+    else if (step < 0 && step < -len) {
+        step = -len;
+    }
 
     long ustep = (step < 0) ? -step : step;
-    len = (len + ustep - 1) / ustep;
+    len = roomof(len, ustep);
 
     long i;
     long j = offset + ((step > 0) ? 0 : (orig_len - 1));
@@ -1377,13 +1451,13 @@ ary_take_first_or_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary, enum ary_take_pos
     n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (n > len) {
-	n = len;
+        n = len;
     }
     else if (n < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
     }
     if (last) {
-	offset = len - n;
+        offset = len - n;
     }
     return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_cArray, offset, n);
 }
@@ -1411,7 +1485,7 @@ rb_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
     long idx = RARRAY_LEN((ary_verify(ary), ary));
     VALUE target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, 1);
     RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(target_ary, &ptr[idx], item);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(target_ary, &ptr[idx], item);
     });
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
     ary_verify(ary);
@@ -1464,10 +1538,10 @@ rb_ary_pop(VALUE ary)
     n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (n == 0) return Qnil;
     if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary) &&
-	n * 3 < ARY_CAPA(ary) &&
-	ARY_CAPA(ary) > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE)
+        n * 3 < ARY_CAPA(ary) &&
+        ARY_CAPA(ary) > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE)
     {
-	ary_resize_capa(ary, n * 2);
+        ary_resize_capa(ary, n * 2);
     }
     --n;
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
@@ -1512,7 +1586,7 @@ rb_ary_pop_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     VALUE result;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
-	return rb_ary_pop(ary);
+        return rb_ary_pop(ary);
     }
 
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
@@ -1580,7 +1654,7 @@ rb_ary_shift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long n;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
-	return rb_ary_shift(ary);
+        return rb_ary_shift(ary);
     }
 
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
@@ -1652,7 +1726,7 @@ ary_modify_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
     if (capa - (capa >> 6) <= new_len) {
-	ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
+        ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
     }
 
     /* use shared array for big "queues" */
@@ -1660,20 +1734,20 @@ ary_modify_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
         ary_verify(ary);
 
         /* make a room for unshifted items */
-	capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
-	ary_make_shared(ary);
+        capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
+        ary_make_shared(ary);
 
         head = sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
         return make_room_for_unshift(ary, head, (void *)sharedp, argc, capa, len);
     }
     else {
-	/* sliding items */
+        /* sliding items */
         RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
-	    MEMMOVE(ptr + argc, ptr, VALUE, len);
-	});
+            MEMMOVE(ptr + argc, ptr, VALUE, len);
+        });
 
         ary_verify(ary);
-	return ary;
+        return ary;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1730,8 +1804,8 @@ rb_ary_unshift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     VALUE target_ary;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
-	rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-	return ary;
+        rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+        return ary;
     }
 
     target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(ary, argc);
@@ -1753,7 +1827,7 @@ rb_ary_elt(VALUE ary, long offset)
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (len == 0) return Qnil;
     if (offset < 0 || len <= offset) {
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     return RARRAY_AREF(ary, offset);
 }
@@ -1774,7 +1848,7 @@ rb_ary_subseq_step(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, long step)
     if (beg < 0 || len < 0) return Qnil;
 
     if (alen < len || alen < beg + len) {
-	len = alen - beg;
+        len = alen - beg;
     }
     klass = rb_cArray;
     if (len == 0) return ary_new(klass, 0);
@@ -1904,7 +1978,7 @@ rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     if (argc == 2) {
-	return rb_ary_aref2(ary, argv[0], argv[1]);
+        return rb_ary_aref2(ary, argv[0], argv[1]);
     }
     return rb_ary_aref1(ary, argv[0]);
 }
@@ -1915,7 +1989,7 @@ rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e)
     long beg = NUM2LONG(b);
     long len = NUM2LONG(e);
     if (beg < 0) {
-	beg += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        beg += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
     return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
 }
@@ -1927,7 +2001,7 @@ rb_ary_aref1(VALUE ary, VALUE arg)
 
     /* special case - speeding up */
     if (FIXNUM_P(arg)) {
-	return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(arg));
+        return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(arg));
     }
     /* check if idx is Range or ArithmeticSequence */
     switch (rb_arithmetic_sequence_beg_len_step(arg, &beg, &len, &step, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
@@ -1996,11 +2070,11 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     if (argc == 0) {
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return Qnil;
-	return RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return Qnil;
+        return RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
     }
     else {
-	return ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_FIRST);
+        return ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_FIRST);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2019,7 +2093,7 @@ rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *
  *  If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  When non-negative \Innteger argument +n+ is given,
+ *  When non-negative \Integer argument +n+ is given,
  *  returns the last +n+ elements in a new \Array:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
@@ -2042,12 +2116,12 @@ VALUE
 rb_ary_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     if (argc == 0) {
-	long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	if (len == 0) return Qnil;
-	return RARRAY_AREF(ary, len-1);
+        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        if (len == 0) return Qnil;
+        return RARRAY_AREF(ary, len-1);
     }
     else {
-	return ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_LAST);
+        return ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_LAST);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2098,20 +2172,20 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &pos, &ifnone);
     block_given = rb_block_given_p();
     if (block_given && argc == 2) {
-	rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
+        rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
     }
     idx = NUM2LONG(pos);
 
     if (idx < 0) {
-	idx +=  RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        idx +=  RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
     if (idx < 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= idx) {
-	if (block_given) return rb_yield(pos);
-	if (argc == 1) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld outside of array bounds: %ld...%ld",
-			idx - (idx < 0 ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : 0), -RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-	}
-	return ifnone;
+        if (block_given) return rb_yield(pos);
+        if (argc == 1) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld outside of array bounds: %ld...%ld",
+                        idx - (idx < 0 ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : 0), -RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        }
+        return ifnone;
     }
     return RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
 }
@@ -2161,23 +2235,23 @@ rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long i;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
-	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
-	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
-		return LONG2NUM(i);
-	    }
-	}
-	return Qnil;
+        RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
+                return LONG2NUM(i);
+            }
+        }
+        return Qnil;
     }
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     val = argv[0];
     if (rb_block_given_p())
-	rb_warn("given block not used");
+        rb_warn("given block not used");
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
-	    return LONG2NUM(i);
-	}
+        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
+            return LONG2NUM(i);
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -2222,25 +2296,25 @@ rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long i = RARRAY_LEN(ary), len;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
-	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
-	while (i--) {
-	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))))
-		return LONG2NUM(i);
-	    if (i > (len = RARRAY_LEN(ary))) {
-		i = len;
-	    }
-	}
-	return Qnil;
+        RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+        while (i--) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))))
+                return LONG2NUM(i);
+            if (i > (len = RARRAY_LEN(ary))) {
+                i = len;
+            }
+        }
+        return Qnil;
     }
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     val = argv[0];
     if (rb_block_given_p())
-	rb_warn("given block not used");
+        rb_warn("given block not used");
     while (i--) {
-	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
-	    return LONG2NUM(i);
-	}
+        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
+            return LONG2NUM(i);
+        }
         if (i > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
             break;
         }
@@ -2266,54 +2340,54 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, const VALUE *rptr, long rlen)
     if (len < 0) rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "negative length (%ld)", len);
     olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (beg < 0) {
-	beg += olen;
-	if (beg < 0) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
-		     beg - olen, -olen);
-	}
+        beg += olen;
+        if (beg < 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
+                     beg - olen, -olen);
+        }
     }
     if (olen < len || olen < beg + len) {
-	len = olen - beg;
+        len = olen - beg;
     }
 
     {
         const VALUE *optr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
-	rofs = (rptr >= optr && rptr < optr + olen) ? rptr - optr : -1;
+        rofs = (rptr >= optr && rptr < optr + olen) ? rptr - optr : -1;
     }
 
     if (beg >= olen) {
-	VALUE target_ary;
-	if (beg > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", beg);
-	}
-	target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, rlen-len); /* len is 0 or negative */
-	len = beg + rlen;
-	ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, beg - olen);
-	if (rlen > 0) {
+        VALUE target_ary;
+        if (beg > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", beg);
+        }
+        target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, rlen-len); /* len is 0 or negative */
+        len = beg + rlen;
+        ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, beg - olen);
+        if (rlen > 0) {
             if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + rofs;
-	    ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, rlen, rptr, target_ary);
-	}
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
+            ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, rlen, rptr, target_ary);
+        }
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
     }
     else {
-	long alen;
-
-	if (olen - len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", olen + rlen - len);
-	}
-	rb_ary_modify(ary);
-	alen = olen + rlen - len;
-	if (alen >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	    ary_double_capa(ary, alen);
-	}
-
-	if (len != rlen) {
+        long alen;
+
+        if (olen - len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", olen + rlen - len);
+        }
+        rb_ary_modify(ary);
+        alen = olen + rlen - len;
+        if (alen >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
+            ary_double_capa(ary, alen);
+        }
+
+        if (len != rlen) {
             RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
                                      MEMMOVE(ptr + beg + rlen, ptr + beg + len,
                                              VALUE, olen - (beg + len)));
-	    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, alen);
-	}
-	if (rlen > 0) {
+            ARY_SET_LEN(ary, alen);
+        }
+        if (rlen > 0) {
             if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + rofs;
             /* give up wb-protected ary */
             RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(ARRAY, ary);
@@ -2323,7 +2397,7 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, const VALUE *rptr, long rlen)
              */
             RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
                                      MEMMOVE(ptr + beg, rptr, VALUE, rlen));
-	}
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -2334,10 +2408,10 @@ rb_ary_set_len(VALUE ary, long len)
 
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't set length of shared ");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't set length of shared ");
     }
     if (len > (capa = (long)ARY_CAPA(ary))) {
-	rb_bug("probable buffer overflow: %ld for %ld", len, capa);
+        rb_bug("probable buffer overflow: %ld for %ld", len, capa);
     }
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
 }
@@ -2351,14 +2425,14 @@ rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len)
     olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (len == olen) return ary;
     if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", len);
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", len);
     }
     if (len > olen) {
-	if (len >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	    ary_double_capa(ary, len);
-	}
-	ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, len - olen);
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
+        if (len >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
+            ary_double_capa(ary, len);
+        }
+        ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, len - olen);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
     }
     else if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
@@ -2377,11 +2451,11 @@ rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len)
         if (is_malloc_ptr) ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ptr, ptr_capa);
     }
     else {
-	if (olen > len + ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
+        if (olen > len + ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
             size_t new_capa = ary_heap_realloc(ary, len);
             ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, new_capa);
-	}
-	ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
+        }
+        ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
     }
     ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
@@ -2525,16 +2599,16 @@ rb_ary_aset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (argc == 3) {
-	beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
+        beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+        len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
         return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[2]);
     }
     if (FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
-	offset = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
+        offset = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
         return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
     }
     if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[0], &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
-	/* check if idx is Range */
+        /* check if idx is Range */
         return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[1]);
     }
 
@@ -2588,15 +2662,15 @@ rb_ary_insert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
     if (argc == 1) return ary;
     if (pos == -1) {
-	pos = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        pos = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
     else if (pos < 0) {
-	long minpos = -RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
-	if (pos < minpos) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
-		     pos, minpos);
-	}
-	pos++;
+        long minpos = -RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
+        if (pos < minpos) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
+                     pos, minpos);
+        }
+        pos++;
     }
     rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, 0, argv + 1, argc - 1);
     return ary;
@@ -2663,7 +2737,7 @@ rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
     ary_verify(ary);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -2720,7 +2794,7 @@ rb_ary_each_index(VALUE ary)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
+        rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -2778,12 +2852,12 @@ rb_ary_reverse_each(VALUE ary)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     while (len--) {
-	long nlen;
-	rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, len));
-	nlen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	if (nlen < len) {
-	    len = nlen;
-	}
+        long nlen;
+        rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, len));
+        nlen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        if (nlen < len) {
+            len = nlen;
+        }
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -2849,10 +2923,10 @@ recursive_join(VALUE obj, VALUE argp, int recur)
     int *first = (int *)arg[3];
 
     if (recur) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array join");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array join");
     }
     else {
-	ary_join_1(obj, ary, sep, 0, result, first);
+        ary_join_1(obj, ary, sep, 0, result, first);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -2865,11 +2939,11 @@ ary_join_0(VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long max, VALUE result)
 
     if (max > 0) rb_enc_copy(result, RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0));
     for (i=0; i<max; i++) {
-	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) break;
-	if (i > 0 && !NIL_P(sep))
-	    rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
-	rb_str_buf_append(result, val);
+        if (i > 0 && !NIL_P(sep))
+            rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
+        rb_str_buf_append(result, val);
     }
     return i;
 }
@@ -2908,16 +2982,16 @@ ary_join_1(VALUE obj, VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long i, VALUE result, int *first)
     VALUE val, tmp;
 
     for (; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	if (i > 0 && !NIL_P(sep))
-	    rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
+        if (i > 0 && !NIL_P(sep))
+            rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
 
-	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
+        val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
             ary_join_1_str(result, val, first);
-	}
-	else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_ARRAY)) {
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_ARRAY)) {
             ary_join_1_ary(val, ary, sep, result, val, first);
-	}
+        }
         else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_string_type(val))) {
             ary_join_1_str(result, tmp, first);
         }
@@ -2926,7 +3000,7 @@ ary_join_1(VALUE obj, VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long i, VALUE result, int *first)
         }
         else {
             ary_join_1_str(result, rb_obj_as_string(val), first);
-	}
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -2939,26 +3013,26 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return rb_usascii_str_new(0, 0);
 
     if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
-	StringValue(sep);
-	len += RSTRING_LEN(sep) * (RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1);
+        StringValue(sep);
+        len += RSTRING_LEN(sep) * (RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1);
     }
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
+        val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
 
-	if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
-	    int first;
+        if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
+            int first;
             long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
             if (i > n) i = n;
             result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
-	    rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
+            rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
             i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
-	    first = i == 0;
-	    ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
-	    return result;
-	}
+            first = i == 0;
+            ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
+            return result;
+        }
 
-	len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+        len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     }
 
     result = rb_str_new(0, len);
@@ -3021,10 +3095,10 @@ inspect_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE dummy, int recur)
     if (recur) return rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("[...]");
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("[");
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	s = rb_inspect(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
-	else rb_enc_copy(str, s);
-	rb_str_buf_append(str, s);
+        s = rb_inspect(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
+        else rb_enc_copy(str, s);
+        rb_str_buf_append(str, s);
     }
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "]");
     return str;
@@ -3081,9 +3155,9 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_to_a(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (rb_obj_class(ary) != rb_cArray) {
-	VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-	rb_ary_replace(dup, ary);
-	return dup;
+        VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        rb_ary_replace(dup, ary);
+        return dup;
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -3121,18 +3195,18 @@ rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
     int block_given = rb_block_given_p();
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	const VALUE e = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
-	const VALUE elt = block_given ? rb_yield_force_blockarg(e) : e;
-	const VALUE key_value_pair = rb_check_array_type(elt);
-	if (NIL_P(key_value_pair)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %"PRIsVALUE" at %ld (expected array)",
-		     rb_obj_class(elt), i);
-	}
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair) != 2) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong array length at %ld (expected 2, was %ld)",
-		i, RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair));
-	}
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 0), RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 1));
+        const VALUE e = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+        const VALUE elt = block_given ? rb_yield_force_blockarg(e) : e;
+        const VALUE key_value_pair = rb_check_array_type(elt);
+        if (NIL_P(key_value_pair)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %"PRIsVALUE" at %ld (expected array)",
+                     rb_obj_class(elt), i);
+        }
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair) != 2) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong array length at %ld (expected 2, was %ld)",
+                i, RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair));
+        }
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 0), RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 1));
     }
     return hash;
 }
@@ -3154,9 +3228,9 @@ static void
 ary_reverse(VALUE *p1, VALUE *p2)
 {
     while (p1 < p2) {
-	VALUE tmp = *p1;
-	*p1++ = *p2;
-	*p2-- = tmp;
+        VALUE tmp = *p1;
+        *p1++ = *p2;
+        *p2-- = tmp;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3171,7 +3245,7 @@ rb_ary_reverse(VALUE ary)
         RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, p1, {
             p2 = p1 + len - 1;	/* points last item */
             ary_reverse(p1, p2);
-	}); /* WB: no new reference */
+        }); /* WB: no new reference */
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -3214,7 +3288,7 @@ rb_ary_reverse_m(VALUE ary)
     if (len > 0) {
         const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
         VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(dup) + len - 1;
-	do *p2-- = *p1++; while (--len > 0);
+        do *p2-- = *p1++; while (--len > 0);
     }
     ARY_SET_LEN(dup, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     return dup;
@@ -3376,11 +3450,11 @@ rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     rotated = rb_ary_new2(len);
     if (len > 0) {
-	cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len);
+        cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len);
         ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
-	len -= cnt;
-	ary_memcpy(rotated, 0, len, ptr + cnt);
-	ary_memcpy(rotated, len, cnt, ptr);
+        len -= cnt;
+        ary_memcpy(rotated, 0, len, ptr + cnt);
+        ary_memcpy(rotated, len, cnt, ptr);
     }
     ARY_SET_LEN(rotated, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     return rotated;
@@ -3389,14 +3463,13 @@ rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 struct ary_sort_data {
     VALUE ary;
     VALUE receiver;
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt;
 };
 
 static VALUE
 sort_reentered(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (RBASIC(ary)->klass) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "sort reentered");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "sort reentered");
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -3435,16 +3508,16 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
     int n;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Integer)) {
-	if ((long)a > (long)b) return 1;
-	if ((long)a < (long)b) return -1;
-	return 0;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
+        if ((long)a > (long)b) return 1;
+        if ((long)a < (long)b) return -1;
+        return 0;
     }
-    if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, String)) {
-	return rb_str_cmp(a, b);
+    if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
+        return rb_str_cmp(a, b);
     }
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Float)) {
-	return rb_float_cmp(a, b);
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
+        return rb_float_cmp(a, b);
     }
 
     retval = rb_funcallv(a, id_cmp, 1, &b);
@@ -3501,25 +3574,23 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 1) {
-	VALUE tmp = ary_make_substitution(ary); /* only ary refers tmp */
-	struct ary_sort_data data;
-	long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(tmp);
-	data.ary = tmp;
+        VALUE tmp = ary_make_substitution(ary); /* only ary refers tmp */
+        struct ary_sort_data data;
+        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(tmp);
+        data.ary = tmp;
         data.receiver = ary;
-	data.cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
-	data.cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(tmp, ptr, {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE(tmp, ptr, {
             ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
                        rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
-	}); /* WB: no new reference */
-	rb_ary_modify(ary);
+        }); /* WB: no new reference */
+        rb_ary_modify(ary);
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(tmp)) {
             if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) { /* ary might be destructively operated in the given block */
                 rb_ary_unshare(ary);
-		FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+                FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
             }
-	    ary_memcpy(ary, 0, ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp), ARY_EMBED_PTR(tmp));
+            ary_memcpy(ary, 0, ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp), ARY_EMBED_PTR(tmp));
             ARY_SET_LEN(ary, ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp));
         }
         else {
@@ -3624,7 +3695,7 @@ rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
     VALUE index_result = rb_ary_bsearch_index(ary);
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(index_result)) {
-	return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(index_result));
+        return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(index_result));
     }
     return index_result;
 }
@@ -3647,39 +3718,39 @@ rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary)
 
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     while (low < high) {
-	mid = low + ((high - low) / 2);
-	val = rb_ary_entry(ary, mid);
-	v = rb_yield(val);
-	if (FIXNUM_P(v)) {
-	    if (v == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(mid);
-	    smaller = (SIGNED_VALUE)v < 0; /* Fixnum preserves its sign-bit */
-	}
-	else if (v == Qtrue) {
-	    satisfied = 1;
-	    smaller = 1;
-	}
-	else if (!RTEST(v)) {
-	    smaller = 0;
-	}
-	else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
-	    const VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
-	    switch (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(v, id_cmp, 1, &zero), v, zero)) {
-	      case 0: return INT2FIX(mid);
-	      case 1: smaller = 1; break;
-	      case -1: smaller = 0;
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE
-		     " (must be numeric, true, false or nil)",
-		     rb_obj_class(v));
-	}
-	if (smaller) {
-	    high = mid;
-	}
-	else {
-	    low = mid + 1;
-	}
+        mid = low + ((high - low) / 2);
+        val = rb_ary_entry(ary, mid);
+        v = rb_yield(val);
+        if (FIXNUM_P(v)) {
+            if (v == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(mid);
+            smaller = (SIGNED_VALUE)v < 0; /* Fixnum preserves its sign-bit */
+        }
+        else if (v == Qtrue) {
+            satisfied = 1;
+            smaller = 1;
+        }
+        else if (!RTEST(v)) {
+            smaller = 0;
+        }
+        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
+            const VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
+            switch (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(v, id_cmp, 1, &zero), v, zero)) {
+              case 0: return INT2FIX(mid);
+              case 1: smaller = 0; break;
+              case -1: smaller = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE
+                     " (must be numeric, true, false or nil)",
+                     rb_obj_class(v));
+        }
+        if (smaller) {
+            high = mid;
+        }
+        else {
+            low = mid + 1;
+        }
     }
     if (!satisfied) return Qnil;
     return INT2FIX(low);
@@ -3794,7 +3865,7 @@ rb_ary_collect_bang(VALUE ary)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -3806,21 +3877,21 @@ rb_get_values_at(VALUE obj, long olen, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE (*func
     long beg, len, i, j;
 
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	if (FIXNUM_P(argv[i])) {
-	    rb_ary_push(result, (*func)(obj, FIX2LONG(argv[i])));
-	    continue;
-	}
-	/* check if idx is Range */
-	if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[i], &beg, &len, olen, 1)) {
-	    long end = olen < beg+len ? olen : beg+len;
-	    for (j = beg; j < end; j++) {
-		rb_ary_push(result, (*func)(obj, j));
-	    }
-	    if (beg + len > j)
-		rb_ary_resize(result, RARRAY_LEN(result) + (beg + len) - j);
-	    continue;
-	}
-	rb_ary_push(result, (*func)(obj, NUM2LONG(argv[i])));
+        if (FIXNUM_P(argv[i])) {
+            rb_ary_push(result, (*func)(obj, FIX2LONG(argv[i])));
+            continue;
+        }
+        /* check if idx is Range */
+        if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[i], &beg, &len, olen, 1)) {
+            long end = olen < beg+len ? olen : beg+len;
+            for (j = beg; j < end; j++) {
+                rb_ary_push(result, (*func)(obj, j));
+            }
+            if (beg + len > j)
+                rb_ary_resize(result, RARRAY_LEN(result) + (beg + len) - j);
+            continue;
+        }
+        rb_ary_push(result, (*func)(obj, NUM2LONG(argv[i])));
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -3830,25 +3901,25 @@ append_values_at_single(VALUE result, VALUE ary, long olen, VALUE idx)
 {
     long beg, len;
     if (FIXNUM_P(idx)) {
-	beg = FIX2LONG(idx);
+        beg = FIX2LONG(idx);
     }
     /* check if idx is Range */
     else if (rb_range_beg_len(idx, &beg, &len, olen, 1)) {
-	if (len > 0) {
+        if (len > 0) {
             const VALUE *const src = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
-	    const long end = beg + len;
-	    const long prevlen = RARRAY_LEN(result);
-	    if (beg < olen) {
-		rb_ary_cat(result, src + beg, end > olen ? olen-beg : len);
-	    }
-	    if (end > olen) {
-		rb_ary_store(result, prevlen + len - 1, Qnil);
-	    }
-	}
-	return result;
+            const long end = beg + len;
+            const long prevlen = RARRAY_LEN(result);
+            if (beg < olen) {
+                rb_ary_cat(result, src + beg, end > olen ? olen-beg : len);
+            }
+            if (end > olen) {
+                rb_ary_store(result, prevlen + len - 1, Qnil);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
     }
     else {
-	beg = NUM2LONG(idx);
+        beg = NUM2LONG(idx);
     }
     return rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_entry(ary, beg));
 }
@@ -3902,7 +3973,7 @@ rb_ary_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long i, olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(argc);
     for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-	append_values_at_single(result, ary, olen, argv[i]);
+        append_values_at_single(result, ary, olen, argv[i]);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(ary);
     return result;
@@ -3939,9 +4010,9 @@ rb_ary_select(VALUE ary)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     result = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
-	    rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
-	}
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
+            rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
+        }
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -3959,12 +4030,12 @@ select_bang_i(VALUE a)
     long i1, i2;
 
     for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); arg->len[0] = ++i1) {
-	VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
-	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) continue;
-	if (i1 != i2) {
-	    rb_ary_store(ary, i2, v);
-	}
-	arg->len[1] = ++i2;
+        VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
+        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) continue;
+        if (i1 != i2) {
+            rb_ary_store(ary, i2, v);
+        }
+        arg->len[1] = ++i2;
     }
     return (i1 == i2) ? Qnil : ary;
 }
@@ -3978,15 +4049,15 @@ select_bang_ensure(VALUE a)
     long i1 = arg->len[0], i2 = arg->len[1];
 
     if (i2 < len && i2 < i1) {
-	long tail = 0;
+        long tail = 0;
         rb_ary_modify(ary);
-	if (i1 < len) {
-	    tail = len - i1;
+        if (i1 < len) {
+            tail = len - i1;
             RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
-		    MEMMOVE(ptr + i2, ptr + i1, VALUE, tail);
-		});
-	}
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i2 + tail);
+                    MEMMOVE(ptr + i2, ptr + i1, VALUE, tail);
+                });
+        }
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i2 + tail);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -4058,11 +4129,11 @@ ary_resize_smaller(VALUE ary, long len)
 {
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > len) {
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
-	if (len * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary) &&
-	    ARY_CAPA(ary) > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    ary_resize_capa(ary, len * 2);
-	}
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
+        if (len * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary) &&
+            ARY_CAPA(ary) > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
+            ary_resize_capa(ary, len * 2);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4109,22 +4180,22 @@ rb_ary_delete(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
     long i1, i2;
 
     for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i1++) {
-	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
+        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
 
-	if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
-	    v = e;
-	    continue;
-	}
-	if (i1 != i2) {
-	    rb_ary_store(ary, i2, e);
-	}
-	i2++;
+        if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
+            v = e;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (i1 != i2) {
+            rb_ary_store(ary, i2, e);
+        }
+        i2++;
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == i2) {
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	    return rb_yield(item);
-	}
-	return Qnil;
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            return rb_yield(item);
+        }
+        return Qnil;
     }
 
     ary_resize_smaller(ary, i2);
@@ -4139,18 +4210,18 @@ rb_ary_delete_same(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
     long i1, i2;
 
     for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i1++) {
-	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
+        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
 
-	if (e == item) {
-	    continue;
-	}
-	if (i1 != i2) {
-	    rb_ary_store(ary, i2, e);
-	}
-	i2++;
+        if (e == item) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (i1 != i2) {
+            rb_ary_store(ary, i2, e);
+        }
+        i2++;
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == i2) {
-	return;
+        return;
     }
 
     ary_resize_smaller(ary, i2);
@@ -4164,8 +4235,8 @@ rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE ary, long pos)
 
     if (pos >= len) return Qnil;
     if (pos < 0) {
-	pos += len;
-	if (pos < 0) return Qnil;
+        pos += len;
+        if (pos < 0) return Qnil;
     }
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
@@ -4317,23 +4388,23 @@ rb_ary_slice_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     arg1 = argv[0];
 
     if (argc == 2) {
-	pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
+        pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+        len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
         return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
     }
 
     if (!FIXNUM_P(arg1)) {
-	switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
-	  case Qtrue:
-	    /* valid range */
+        switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
+          case Qtrue:
+            /* valid range */
             return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
-	  case Qnil:
-	    /* invalid range */
-	    return Qnil;
-	  default:
-	    /* not a range */
-	    break;
-	}
+          case Qnil:
+            /* invalid range */
+            return Qnil;
+          default:
+            /* not a range */
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
     return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(arg1));
@@ -4345,11 +4416,11 @@ ary_reject(VALUE orig, VALUE result)
     long i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(orig); i++) {
-	VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(orig, i);
+        VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(orig, i);
 
         if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) {
-	    rb_ary_push(result, v);
-	}
+            rb_ary_push(result, v);
+        }
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -4362,12 +4433,12 @@ reject_bang_i(VALUE a)
     long i1, i2;
 
     for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); arg->len[0] = ++i1) {
-	VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
-	if (RTEST(rb_yield(v))) continue;
-	if (i1 != i2) {
-	    rb_ary_store(ary, i2, v);
-	}
-	arg->len[1] = ++i2;
+        VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield(v))) continue;
+        if (i1 != i2) {
+            rb_ary_store(ary, i2, v);
+        }
+        arg->len[1] = ++i2;
     }
     return (i1 == i2) ? Qnil : ary;
 }
@@ -4488,9 +4559,9 @@ take_items(VALUE obj, long n)
     if (!NIL_P(result)) return rb_ary_subseq(result, 0, n);
     result = rb_ary_new2(n);
     args[0] = result; args[1] = (VALUE)n;
-    if (rb_check_block_call(obj, idEach, 0, 0, take_i, (VALUE)args) == Qundef)
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (must respond to :each)",
-		 rb_obj_class(obj));
+    if (UNDEF_P(rb_check_block_call(obj, idEach, 0, 0, take_i, (VALUE)args)))
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (must respond to :each)",
+                 rb_obj_class(obj));
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -4559,51 +4630,51 @@ rb_ary_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     VALUE result = Qnil;
 
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	argv[i] = take_items(argv[i], len);
+        argv[i] = take_items(argv[i], len);
     }
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	int arity = rb_block_arity();
-
-	if (arity > 1) {
-	    VALUE work, *tmp;
-
-	    tmp = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, work, argc+1);
-
-	    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-		tmp[0] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-		for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
-		    tmp[j+1] = rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i);
-		}
-		rb_yield_values2(argc+1, tmp);
-	    }
-
-	    if (work) ALLOCV_END(work);
-	}
-	else {
-	    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-		VALUE tmp = rb_ary_new2(argc+1);
-
-		rb_ary_push(tmp, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-		for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
-		    rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i));
-		}
-		rb_yield(tmp);
-	    }
-	}
+        int arity = rb_block_arity();
+
+        if (arity > 1) {
+            VALUE work, *tmp;
+
+            tmp = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, work, argc+1);
+
+            for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+                tmp[0] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+                for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
+                    tmp[j+1] = rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i);
+                }
+                rb_yield_values2(argc+1, tmp);
+            }
+
+            if (work) ALLOCV_END(work);
+        }
+        else {
+            for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+                VALUE tmp = rb_ary_new2(argc+1);
+
+                rb_ary_push(tmp, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+                for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
+                    rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i));
+                }
+                rb_yield(tmp);
+            }
+        }
     }
     else {
-	result = rb_ary_new_capa(len);
+        result = rb_ary_new_capa(len);
 
-	for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	    VALUE tmp = rb_ary_new_capa(argc+1);
+        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+            VALUE tmp = rb_ary_new_capa(argc+1);
 
-	    rb_ary_push(tmp, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	    for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
-		rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i));
-	    }
-	    rb_ary_push(result, tmp);
-	}
+            rb_ary_push(tmp, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+            for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
+                rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i));
+            }
+            rb_ary_push(result, tmp);
+        }
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -4630,21 +4701,21 @@ rb_ary_transpose(VALUE ary)
     alen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (alen == 0) return rb_ary_dup(ary);
     for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
-	tmp = to_ary(rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
-	if (elen < 0) {		/* first element */
-	    elen = RARRAY_LEN(tmp);
-	    result = rb_ary_new2(elen);
-	    for (j=0; j<elen; j++) {
-		rb_ary_store(result, j, rb_ary_new2(alen));
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (elen != RARRAY_LEN(tmp)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "element size differs (%ld should be %ld)",
-		     RARRAY_LEN(tmp), elen);
-	}
-	for (j=0; j<elen; j++) {
-	    rb_ary_store(rb_ary_elt(result, j), i, rb_ary_elt(tmp, j));
-	}
+        tmp = to_ary(rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
+        if (elen < 0) {		/* first element */
+            elen = RARRAY_LEN(tmp);
+            result = rb_ary_new2(elen);
+            for (j=0; j<elen; j++) {
+                rb_ary_store(result, j, rb_ary_new2(alen));
+            }
+        }
+        else if (elen != RARRAY_LEN(tmp)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "element size differs (%ld should be %ld)",
+                     RARRAY_LEN(tmp), elen);
+        }
+        for (j=0; j<elen; j++) {
+            rb_ary_store(rb_ary_elt(result, j), i, rb_ary_elt(tmp, j));
+        }
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -4721,11 +4792,11 @@ rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-	    rb_ary_unshare(ary);
-	    FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+        if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+            rb_ary_unshare(ary);
+            FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
-	}
+        }
     }
     else {
         ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
@@ -4940,59 +5011,59 @@ rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long beg = 0, end = 0, len = 0;
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg1, &arg2);
-	argc += 1;		/* hackish */
+        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg1, &arg2);
+        argc += 1;		/* hackish */
     }
     else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &item, &arg1, &arg2);
+        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &item, &arg1, &arg2);
     }
     switch (argc) {
       case 1:
-	beg = 0;
-	len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	break;
+        beg = 0;
+        len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        break;
       case 2:
-	if (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	/* fall through */
+        if (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
+            break;
+        }
+        /* fall through */
       case 3:
-	beg = NIL_P(arg1) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(arg1);
-	if (beg < 0) {
-	    beg = RARRAY_LEN(ary) + beg;
-	    if (beg < 0) beg = 0;
-	}
-	len = NIL_P(arg2) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) - beg : NUM2LONG(arg2);
-	break;
+        beg = NIL_P(arg1) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(arg1);
+        if (beg < 0) {
+            beg = RARRAY_LEN(ary) + beg;
+            if (beg < 0) beg = 0;
+        }
+        len = NIL_P(arg2) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) - beg : NUM2LONG(arg2);
+        break;
     }
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (len < 0) {
         return ary;
     }
     if (beg >= ARY_MAX_SIZE || len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - beg) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
     }
     end = beg + len;
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) < end) {
-	if (end >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	    ary_resize_capa(ary, end);
-	}
-	ary_mem_clear(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary), end - RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, end);
+        if (end >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
+            ary_resize_capa(ary, end);
+        }
+        ary_mem_clear(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary), end - RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, end);
     }
 
-    if (item == Qundef) {
-	VALUE v;
-	long i;
+    if (UNDEF_P(item)) {
+        VALUE v;
+        long i;
 
-	for (i=beg; i<end; i++) {
-	    v = rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
-	    if (i>=RARRAY_LEN(ary)) break;
-	    ARY_SET(ary, i, v);
-	}
+        for (i=beg; i<end; i++) {
+            v = rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
+            if (i>=RARRAY_LEN(ary)) break;
+            ARY_SET(ary, i, v);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	ary_memfill(ary, beg, len, item);
+        ary_memfill(ary, beg, len, item);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -5055,15 +5126,15 @@ rb_ary_concat_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
 
     if (argc == 1) {
-	rb_ary_concat(ary, argv[0]);
+        rb_ary_concat(ary, argv[0]);
     }
     else if (argc > 1) {
-	int i;
-	VALUE args = rb_ary_tmp_new(argc);
-	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-	    rb_ary_concat(args, argv[i]);
-	}
-	ary_append(ary, args);
+        int i;
+        VALUE args = rb_ary_hidden_new(argc);
+        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+            rb_ary_concat(args, argv[i]);
+        }
+        ary_append(ary, args);
     }
 
     ary_verify(ary);
@@ -5103,19 +5174,19 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
 
     tmp = rb_check_string_type(times);
     if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	return rb_ary_join(ary, tmp);
+        return rb_ary_join(ary, tmp);
     }
 
     len = NUM2LONG(times);
     if (len == 0) {
         ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, 0);
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
     }
     if (len < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative argument");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative argument");
     }
     if (ARY_MAX_SIZE/len < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
     }
     len *= RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
@@ -5125,8 +5196,8 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
     ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     t = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (0 < t) {
-	ary_memcpy(ary2, 0, t, ptr);
-	while (t <= len/2) {
+        ary_memcpy(ary2, 0, t, ptr);
+        while (t <= len/2) {
             ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2));
             t *= 2;
         }
@@ -5160,10 +5231,10 @@ rb_ary_assoc(VALUE ary, VALUE key)
     VALUE v;
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
-	v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	if (!NIL_P(v) && RARRAY_LEN(v) > 0 &&
-	    rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0), key))
-	    return v;
+        v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        if (!NIL_P(v) && RARRAY_LEN(v) > 0 &&
+            rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0), key))
+            return v;
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -5190,11 +5261,11 @@ rb_ary_rassoc(VALUE ary, VALUE value)
     VALUE v;
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
-	v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_ARRAY) &&
-	    RARRAY_LEN(v) > 1 &&
-	    rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), value))
-	    return v;
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_ARRAY) &&
+            RARRAY_LEN(v) > 1 &&
+            rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), value))
+            return v;
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -5213,22 +5284,22 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
     len1 = RARRAY_LEN(ary1);
 
     for (i = 0; i < len1; i++) {
-	if (*p1 != *p2) {
-	    if (rb_equal(*p1, *p2)) {
-		len1 = RARRAY_LEN(ary1);
-		if (len1 != RARRAY_LEN(ary2))
-		    return Qfalse;
-		if (len1 < i)
-		    return Qtrue;
+        if (*p1 != *p2) {
+            if (rb_equal(*p1, *p2)) {
+                len1 = RARRAY_LEN(ary1);
+                if (len1 != RARRAY_LEN(ary2))
+                    return Qfalse;
+                if (len1 < i)
+                    return Qtrue;
                 p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) + i;
                 p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2) + i;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		return Qfalse;
-	    }
-	}
-	p1++;
-	p2++;
+            }
+            else {
+                return Qfalse;
+            }
+        }
+        p1++;
+        p2++;
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -5256,10 +5327,10 @@ rb_ary_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) {
-	if (!rb_respond_to(ary2, idTo_ary)) {
-	    return Qfalse;
-	}
-	return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
+        if (!rb_respond_to(ary2, idTo_ary)) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
     if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2)) return Qtrue;
@@ -5273,8 +5344,8 @@ recursive_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
     if (recur) return Qtrue; /* Subtle! */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
-	if (!rb_eql(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), rb_ary_elt(ary2, i)))
-	    return Qfalse;
+        if (!rb_eql(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), rb_ary_elt(ary2, i)))
+            return Qfalse;
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -5329,8 +5400,8 @@ rb_ary_hash(VALUE ary)
     h = rb_hash_start(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     h = rb_hash_uint(h, (st_index_t)rb_ary_hash);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	n = rb_hash(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	h = rb_hash_uint(h, NUM2LONG(n));
+        n = rb_hash(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        h = rb_hash_uint(h, NUM2LONG(n));
     }
     h = rb_hash_end(h);
     return ST2FIX(h);
@@ -5354,10 +5425,10 @@ rb_ary_includes(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
     VALUE e;
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
-	    return Qtrue;
-	}
+        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
+            return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -5369,10 +5440,10 @@ rb_ary_includes_by_eql(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
     VALUE e;
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (rb_eql(item, e)) {
-	    return Qtrue;
-	}
+        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (rb_eql(item, e)) {
+            return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -5385,14 +5456,14 @@ recursive_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
     if (recur) return Qundef;	/* Subtle! */
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary1);
     if (len > RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) {
-	len = RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
+        len = RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
     }
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	VALUE e1 = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), e2 = rb_ary_elt(ary2, i);
-	VALUE v = rb_funcallv(e1, id_cmp, 1, &e2);
-	if (v != INT2FIX(0)) {
-	    return v;
-	}
+        VALUE e1 = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), e2 = rb_ary_elt(ary2, i);
+        VALUE v = rb_funcallv(e1, id_cmp, 1, &e2);
+        if (v != INT2FIX(0)) {
+            return v;
+        }
     }
     return Qundef;
 }
@@ -5438,7 +5509,7 @@ rb_ary_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     if (NIL_P(ary2)) return Qnil;
     if (ary1 == ary2) return INT2FIX(0);
     v = rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_cmp, ary1, ary2, ary2);
-    if (v != Qundef) return v;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(v)) return v;
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary1) - RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
     if (len == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(1);
@@ -5451,8 +5522,8 @@ ary_add_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
     long i;
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, elt, elt);
+        VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, elt, elt);
     }
     return hash;
 }
@@ -5480,8 +5551,8 @@ ary_add_hash_by(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
     long i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
-	VALUE v = rb_ary_elt(ary, i), k = rb_yield(v);
-	rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, k, v);
+        VALUE v = rb_ary_elt(ary, i), k = rb_yield(v);
+        rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, k, v);
     }
     return hash;
 }
@@ -5499,7 +5570,7 @@ ary_recycle_hash(VALUE hash)
     assert(RBASIC_CLASS(hash) == 0);
     if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
         st_table *tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
-	st_free_table(tbl);
+        st_free_table(tbl);
         RHASH_ST_CLEAR(hash);
     }
 }
@@ -5520,7 +5591,7 @@ ary_recycle_hash(VALUE hash)
  *  Related: Array#difference.
  */
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE ary3;
@@ -5532,18 +5603,18 @@ rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     ary3 = rb_ary_new();
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
-	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
-	    VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i);
-	    if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, elt)) continue;
-	    rb_ary_push(ary3, elt);
-	}
-	return ary3;
+        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+            VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i);
+            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, elt)) continue;
+            rb_ary_push(ary3, elt);
+        }
+        return ary3;
     }
 
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
         if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), NULL)) continue;
-	rb_ary_push(ary3, rb_ary_elt(ary1, i));
+        rb_ary_push(ary3, rb_ary_elt(ary1, i));
     }
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
     return ary3;
@@ -5633,23 +5704,23 @@ rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
-	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
-	    v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
-	    if (!rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) continue;
-	    if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary3, v)) continue;
-	    rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
-	}
-	return ary3;
+        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
+            if (!rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) continue;
+            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary3, v)) continue;
+            rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
+        }
+        return ary3;
     }
 
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
-	v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
-	vv = (st_data_t)v;
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
+        vv = (st_data_t)v;
         if (rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &vv, 0)) {
-	    rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
-	}
+            rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
+        }
     }
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
 
@@ -5742,10 +5813,10 @@ rb_ary_or(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
     ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) + RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
-	ary3 = rb_ary_new();
+        ary3 = rb_ary_new();
         rb_ary_union(ary3, ary1);
         rb_ary_union(ary3, ary2);
-	return ary3;
+        return ary3;
     }
 
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary1);
@@ -5989,7 +6060,6 @@ ary_max_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     VALUE result = Qundef, v;
     VALUE num;
     long i;
@@ -5999,23 +6069,23 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	   if (result == Qundef || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
-	       result = v;
-	   }
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+           v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
+               result = v;
+           }
+        }
     }
     else if (n > 0) {
         result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
         if (n > 1) {
-            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                 return ary_max_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                 return ary_max_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                 return ary_max_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
             }
             else {
@@ -6023,7 +6093,7 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
             }
         }
     }
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -6158,7 +6228,6 @@ ary_min_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     VALUE result = Qundef, v;
     VALUE num;
     long i;
@@ -6168,23 +6237,23 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	   if (result == Qundef || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
-	       result = v;
-	   }
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+           v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
+               result = v;
+           }
+        }
     }
     else if (n > 0) {
         result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
         if (n > 1) {
-            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                 return ary_min_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                 return ary_min_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                 return ary_min_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
             }
             else {
@@ -6192,7 +6261,7 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
             }
         }
     }
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -6274,19 +6343,19 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1)
         return Qnil;
     if (rb_block_given_p())
-	hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
+        hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
     else
-	hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
+        hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
 
     hash_size = RHASH_SIZE(hash);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == hash_size) {
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary) && !ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-	rb_ary_unshare(ary);
-	FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+        rb_ary_unshare(ary);
+        FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
     }
     ary_resize_capa(ary, hash_size);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, push_value, ary);
@@ -6328,12 +6397,12 @@ rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
         uniq = rb_ary_dup(ary);
     }
     else if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
-	uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
+        hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
+        uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
     }
     else {
-	hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
-	uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
+        hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
+        uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
     }
     if (hash) {
         ary_recycle_hash(hash);
@@ -6362,12 +6431,12 @@ rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
     end = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
     while (t < end) {
-	if (NIL_P(*t)) t++;
-	else *p++ = *t++;
+        if (NIL_P(*t)) t++;
+        else *p++ = *t++;
     }
     n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == n) {
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     ary_resize_smaller(ary, n);
 
@@ -6425,25 +6494,25 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long i, n = 0;
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
-	VALUE v;
+        VALUE v;
 
-	if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	    return LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        if (!rb_block_given_p())
+            return LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
 
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(v))) n++;
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(v))) n++;
+        }
     }
     else {
         VALUE obj = argv[0];
 
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	    rb_warn("given block not used");
-	}
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    if (rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), obj)) n++;
-	}
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            if (rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), obj)) n++;
+        }
     }
 
     return LONG2NUM(n);
@@ -6477,64 +6546,64 @@ flatten(VALUE ary, int level)
     rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i + 1));
 
     if (level < 0) {
-	vmemo = rb_hash_new();
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(vmemo);
-	memo = st_init_numtable();
-	rb_hash_st_table_set(vmemo, memo);
-	st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
-	st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)tmp, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+        vmemo = rb_hash_new();
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(vmemo);
+        memo = st_init_numtable();
+        rb_hash_st_table_set(vmemo, memo);
+        st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+        st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)tmp, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
     }
 
     ary = tmp;
     i = 0;
 
     while (1) {
-	while (i < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
-	    elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i++);
-	    if (level >= 0 && RARRAY_LEN(stack) / 2 >= level) {
-		rb_ary_push(result, elt);
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
-	    if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
-		if (memo) {
-		    RB_GC_GUARD(vmemo);
-		    st_clear(memo);
-		}
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "flatten reentered");
-	    }
-	    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
-		rb_ary_push(result, elt);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		if (memo) {
-		    id = (st_data_t)tmp;
-		    if (st_is_member(memo, id)) {
-			st_clear(memo);
-			rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
-		    }
-		    st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
-		}
-		rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
-		rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i));
-		ary = tmp;
-		i = 0;
-	    }
-	}
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(stack) == 0) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	if (memo) {
-	    id = (st_data_t)ary;
-	    st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
-	}
-	tmp = rb_ary_pop(stack);
-	i = NUM2LONG(tmp);
-	ary = rb_ary_pop(stack);
+        while (i < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+            elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i++);
+            if (level >= 0 && RARRAY_LEN(stack) / 2 >= level) {
+                rb_ary_push(result, elt);
+                continue;
+            }
+            tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
+            if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
+                if (memo) {
+                    RB_GC_GUARD(vmemo);
+                    st_clear(memo);
+                }
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "flatten reentered");
+            }
+            if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
+                rb_ary_push(result, elt);
+            }
+            else {
+                if (memo) {
+                    id = (st_data_t)tmp;
+                    if (st_is_member(memo, id)) {
+                        st_clear(memo);
+                        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+                    }
+                    st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+                }
+                rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
+                rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i));
+                ary = tmp;
+                i = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(stack) == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (memo) {
+            id = (st_data_t)ary;
+            st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
+        }
+        tmp = rb_ary_pop(stack);
+        i = NUM2LONG(tmp);
+        ary = rb_ary_pop(stack);
     }
 
     if (memo) {
-	st_clear(memo);
+        st_clear(memo);
     }
 
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS(result, rb_cArray);
@@ -6585,7 +6654,7 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     result = flatten(ary, level);
     if (result == ary) {
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_obj_freeze(result);
     rb_ary_replace(ary, result);
@@ -6656,16 +6725,16 @@ rb_ary_shuffle_bang(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     i = len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	while (i) {
-	    long j = RAND_UPTO(i);
-	    VALUE tmp;
+        while (i) {
+            long j = RAND_UPTO(i);
+            VALUE tmp;
             if (len != RARRAY_LEN(ary) || ptr != RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)) {
                 rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "modified during shuffle");
-	    }
-	    tmp = ptr[--i];
-	    ptr[i] = ptr[j];
-	    ptr[j] = tmp;
-	}
+            }
+            tmp = ptr[--i];
+            ptr[i] = ptr[j];
+            ptr[j] = tmp;
+        }
     }); /* WB: no new reference */
     return ary;
 }
@@ -6688,120 +6757,120 @@ ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE
 
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (!to_array) {
-	if (len < 2)
-	    i = 0;
-	else
-	    i = RAND_UPTO(len);
+        if (len < 2)
+            i = 0;
+        else
+            i = RAND_UPTO(len);
 
-	return rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+        return rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
     }
     n = NUM2LONG(nv);
     if (n < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative sample number");
     if (n > len) n = len;
     if (n <= numberof(idx)) {
-	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-	    rnds[i] = RAND_UPTO(len - i);
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            rnds[i] = RAND_UPTO(len - i);
+        }
     }
     k = len;
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (len < k && n <= numberof(idx)) {
-	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-	    if (rnds[i] >= len) return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            if (rnds[i] >= len) return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
+        }
     }
     if (n > len) n = len;
     switch (n) {
       case 0:
-	return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
+        return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
       case 1:
-	i = rnds[0];
-	return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        i = rnds[0];
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
       case 2:
-	i = rnds[0];
-	j = rnds[1];
-	if (j >= i) j++;
-	return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, j));
+        i = rnds[0];
+        j = rnds[1];
+        if (j >= i) j++;
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, j));
       case 3:
-	i = rnds[0];
-	j = rnds[1];
-	k = rnds[2];
-	{
-	    long l = j, g = i;
-	    if (j >= i) l = i, g = ++j;
-	    if (k >= l && (++k >= g)) ++k;
-	}
-	return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, j), RARRAY_AREF(ary, k));
+        i = rnds[0];
+        j = rnds[1];
+        k = rnds[2];
+        {
+            long l = j, g = i;
+            if (j >= i) l = i, g = ++j;
+            if (k >= l && (++k >= g)) ++k;
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, j), RARRAY_AREF(ary, k));
     }
     memo_threshold =
-	len < 2560 ? len / 128 :
-	len < 5120 ? len / 64 :
-	len < 10240 ? len / 32 :
-	len / 16;
+        len < 2560 ? len / 128 :
+        len < 5120 ? len / 64 :
+        len < 10240 ? len / 32 :
+        len / 16;
     if (n <= numberof(idx)) {
-	long sorted[numberof(idx)];
-	sorted[0] = idx[0] = rnds[0];
-	for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
-	    k = rnds[i];
-	    for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
-		if (k < sorted[j]) break;
-		++k;
-	    }
-	    memmove(&sorted[j+1], &sorted[j], sizeof(sorted[0])*(i-j));
-	    sorted[j] = idx[i] = k;
-	}
-	result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+        long sorted[numberof(idx)];
+        sorted[0] = idx[0] = rnds[0];
+        for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
+            k = rnds[i];
+            for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
+                if (k < sorted[j]) break;
+                ++k;
+            }
+            memmove(&sorted[j+1], &sorted[j], sizeof(sorted[0])*(i-j));
+            sorted[j] = idx[i] = k;
+        }
+        result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
         RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(result, ptr_result, {
-	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-		ptr_result[i] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx[i]);
-	    }
-	});
+            for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                ptr_result[i] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx[i]);
+            }
+        });
     }
     else if (n <= memo_threshold / 2) {
-	long max_idx = 0;
+        long max_idx = 0;
 #undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
 #define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
-	VALUE vmemo = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, 0);
-	st_table *memo = st_init_numtable_with_size(n);
-	DATA_PTR(vmemo) = memo;
-	result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
-	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-		long r = RAND_UPTO(len-i) + i;
-		ptr_result[i] = r;
-		if (r > max_idx) max_idx = r;
-	    }
-	    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	    if (len <= max_idx) n = 0;
-	    else if (n > len) n = len;
+        VALUE vmemo = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, 0);
+        st_table *memo = st_init_numtable_with_size(n);
+        DATA_PTR(vmemo) = memo;
+        result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
+            for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                long r = RAND_UPTO(len-i) + i;
+                ptr_result[i] = r;
+                if (r > max_idx) max_idx = r;
+            }
+            len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+            if (len <= max_idx) n = 0;
+            else if (n > len) n = len;
             RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr_ary, {
-		for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-		    long j2 = j = ptr_result[i];
-		    long i2 = i;
-		    st_data_t value;
-		    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)i, &value)) i2 = (long)value;
-		    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)j, &value)) j2 = (long)value;
-		    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)j, (st_data_t)i2);
-		    ptr_result[i] = ptr_ary[j2];
-		}
-	    });
-	});
-	DATA_PTR(vmemo) = 0;
-	st_free_table(memo);
+                for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                    long j2 = j = ptr_result[i];
+                    long i2 = i;
+                    st_data_t value;
+                    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)i, &value)) i2 = (long)value;
+                    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)j, &value)) j2 = (long)value;
+                    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)j, (st_data_t)i2);
+                    ptr_result[i] = ptr_ary[j2];
+                }
+            });
+        });
+        DATA_PTR(vmemo) = 0;
+        st_free_table(memo);
     }
     else {
-	result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(result);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(ary);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
-	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-		j = RAND_UPTO(len-i) + i;
-		nv = ptr_result[j];
-		ptr_result[j] = ptr_result[i];
-		ptr_result[i] = nv;
-	    }
-	});
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(result, rb_cArray);
+        result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(result);
+        RB_GC_GUARD(ary);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
+            for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                j = RAND_UPTO(len-i) + i;
+                nv = ptr_result[j];
+                ptr_result[j] = ptr_result[i];
+                ptr_result[i] = nv;
+            }
+        });
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(result, rb_cArray);
     }
     ARY_SET_LEN(result, n);
 
@@ -6820,7 +6889,7 @@ rb_ary_cycle_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     long mul;
     VALUE n = Qnil;
     if (args && (RARRAY_LEN(args) > 0)) {
-	n = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
+        n = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(self) == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (NIL_P(n)) return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
@@ -6887,9 +6956,6 @@ rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-#define tmpary(n) rb_ary_tmp_new(n)
-#define tmpary_discard(a) (ary_discard(a), RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(a, rb_cArray))
-
 /*
  * Build a ruby array of the corresponding values and yield it to the
  * associated block.
@@ -6925,32 +6991,32 @@ permute0(const long n, const long r, long *const p, char *const used, const VALU
     long i = 0, index = 0;
 
     for (;;) {
-	const char *const unused = memchr(&used[i], 0, n-i);
-	if (!unused) {
-	    if (!index) break;
-	    i = p[--index];                /* pop index */
-	    used[i++] = 0;                 /* index unused */
-	}
-	else {
-	    i = unused - used;
-	    p[index] = i;
-	    used[i] = 1;                   /* mark index used */
-	    ++index;
-	    if (index < r-1) {             /* if not done yet */
-		p[index] = i = 0;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-		if (used[i]) continue;
-		p[index] = i;
-		if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
-		    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "permute reentered");
-		}
-	    }
-	    i = p[--index];                /* pop index */
-	    used[i] = 0;                   /* index unused */
-	    p[index] = ++i;
-	}
+        const char *const unused = memchr(&used[i], 0, n-i);
+        if (!unused) {
+            if (!index) break;
+            i = p[--index];                /* pop index */
+            used[i++] = 0;                 /* index unused */
+        }
+        else {
+            i = unused - used;
+            p[index] = i;
+            used[i] = 1;                   /* mark index used */
+            ++index;
+            if (index < r-1) {             /* if not done yet */
+                p[index] = i = 0;
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                if (used[i]) continue;
+                p[index] = i;
+                if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "permute reentered");
+                }
+            }
+            i = p[--index];                /* pop index */
+            used[i] = 0;                   /* index unused */
+            p[index] = ++i;
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -6963,14 +7029,14 @@ descending_factorial(long from, long how_many)
 {
     VALUE cnt;
     if (how_many > 0) {
-	cnt = LONG2FIX(from);
-	while (--how_many > 0) {
-	    long v = --from;
-	    cnt = rb_int_mul(cnt, LONG2FIX(v));
-	}
+        cnt = LONG2FIX(from);
+        while (--how_many > 0) {
+            long v = --from;
+            cnt = rb_int_mul(cnt, LONG2FIX(v));
+        }
     }
     else {
-	cnt = LONG2FIX(how_many == 0);
+        cnt = LONG2FIX(how_many == 0);
     }
     return cnt;
 }
@@ -6981,18 +7047,18 @@ binomial_coefficient(long comb, long size)
     VALUE r;
     long i;
     if (comb > size-comb) {
-	comb = size-comb;
+        comb = size-comb;
     }
     if (comb < 0) {
-	return LONG2FIX(0);
+        return LONG2FIX(0);
     }
     else if (comb == 0) {
-	return LONG2FIX(1);
+        return LONG2FIX(1);
     }
     r = LONG2FIX(size);
     for (i = 1; i < comb; ++i) {
-	r = rb_int_mul(r, LONG2FIX(size - i));
-	r = rb_int_idiv(r, LONG2FIX(i + 1));
+        r = rb_int_mul(r, LONG2FIX(size - i));
+        r = rb_int_idiv(r, LONG2FIX(i + 1));
     }
     return r;
 }
@@ -7098,28 +7164,28 @@ rb_ary_permutation(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         r = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);            /* Permutation size from argument */
 
     if (r < 0 || n < r) {
-	/* no permutations: yield nothing */
+        /* no permutations: yield nothing */
     }
     else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
-	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
+        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
     }
     else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        }
     }
     else {             /* this is the general case */
-	volatile VALUE t0;
-	long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r+roomof(n, sizeof(long)));
-	char *used = (char*)(p + r);
-	VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
+        volatile VALUE t0;
+        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r+roomof(n, sizeof(long)));
+        char *used = (char*)(p + r);
+        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
 
-	MEMZERO(used, char, n); /* initialize array */
+        MEMZERO(used, char, n); /* initialize array */
 
-	permute0(n, r, p, used, ary0); /* compute and yield permutations */
-	ALLOCV_END(t0);
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
+        permute0(n, r, p, used, ary0); /* compute and yield permutations */
+        ALLOCV_END(t0);
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -7132,16 +7198,16 @@ combinate0(const long len, const long n, long *const stack, const VALUE values)
     MEMZERO(stack+1, long, n);
     stack[0] = -1;
     for (;;) {
-	for (lev++; lev < n; lev++) {
-	    stack[lev+1] = stack[lev]+1;
-	}
-	if (!yield_indexed_values(values, n, stack+1)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "combination reentered");
-	}
-	do {
-	    if (lev == 0) return;
-	    stack[lev--]++;
-	} while (stack[lev+1]+n == len+lev+1);
+        for (lev++; lev < n; lev++) {
+            stack[lev+1] = stack[lev]+1;
+        }
+        if (!yield_indexed_values(values, n, stack+1)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "combination reentered");
+        }
+        do {
+            if (lev == 0) return;
+            stack[lev--]++;
+        } while (stack[lev+1]+n == len+lev+1);
     }
 }
 
@@ -7217,25 +7283,25 @@ rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_combination_size);
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (n < 0 || len < n) {
-	/* yield nothing */
+        /* yield nothing */
     }
     else if (n == 0) {
-	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
+        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
     }
     else if (n == 1) {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        }
     }
     else {
-	VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
-	volatile VALUE t0;
-	long *stack = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n+1);
+        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
+        volatile VALUE t0;
+        long *stack = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n+1);
 
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
-	combinate0(len, n, stack, ary0);
-	ALLOCV_END(t0);
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
+        combinate0(len, n, stack, ary0);
+        ALLOCV_END(t0);
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -7259,19 +7325,19 @@ rpermute0(const long n, const long r, long *const p, const VALUE values)
 
     p[index] = i;
     for (;;) {
-	if (++index < r-1) {
-	    p[index] = i = 0;
-	    continue;
-	}
-	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-	    p[index] = i;
-	    if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "repeated permute reentered");
-	    }
-	}
-	do {
-	    if (index <= 0) return;
-	} while ((i = ++p[--index]) >= n);
+        if (++index < r-1) {
+            p[index] = i = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            p[index] = i;
+            if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "repeated permute reentered");
+            }
+        }
+        do {
+            if (index <= 0) return;
+        } while ((i = ++p[--index]) >= n);
     }
 }
 
@@ -7282,10 +7348,10 @@ rb_ary_repeated_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     long k = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
 
     if (k < 0) {
-	return LONG2FIX(0);
+        return LONG2FIX(0);
     }
     if (n <= 0) {
-	return LONG2FIX(!k);
+        return LONG2FIX(!k);
     }
     return rb_int_positive_pow(n, (unsigned long)k);
 }
@@ -7365,25 +7431,25 @@ rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
     r = NUM2LONG(num);                    /* Permutation size from argument */
 
     if (r < 0) {
-	/* no permutations: yield nothing */
+        /* no permutations: yield nothing */
     }
     else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
-	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
+        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
     }
     else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        }
     }
     else {             /* this is the general case */
-	volatile VALUE t0;
-	long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r);
-	VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
+        volatile VALUE t0;
+        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r);
+        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
 
-	rpermute0(n, r, p, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated permutations */
-	ALLOCV_END(t0);
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
+        rpermute0(n, r, p, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated permutations */
+        ALLOCV_END(t0);
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -7395,19 +7461,19 @@ rcombinate0(const long n, const long r, long *const p, const long rest, const VA
 
     p[index] = i;
     for (;;) {
-	if (++index < r-1) {
-	    p[index] = i;
-	    continue;
-	}
-	for (; i < n; ++i) {
-	    p[index] = i;
-	    if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "repeated combination reentered");
-	    }
-	}
-	do {
-	    if (index <= 0) return;
-	} while ((i = ++p[--index]) >= n);
+        if (++index < r-1) {
+            p[index] = i;
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (; i < n; ++i) {
+            p[index] = i;
+            if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "repeated combination reentered");
+            }
+        }
+        do {
+            if (index <= 0) return;
+        } while ((i = ++p[--index]) >= n);
     }
 }
 
@@ -7417,7 +7483,7 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     long k = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
     if (k == 0) {
-	return LONG2FIX(1);
+        return LONG2FIX(1);
     }
     return binomial_coefficient(k, n + k - 1);
 }
@@ -7494,28 +7560,28 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_repeated_combination_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (n < 0) {
-	/* yield nothing */
+        /* yield nothing */
     }
     else if (n == 0) {
-	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
+        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
     }
     else if (n == 1) {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        }
     }
     else if (len == 0) {
-	/* yield nothing */
+        /* yield nothing */
     }
     else {
-	volatile VALUE t0;
-	long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n);
-	VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
+        volatile VALUE t0;
+        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n);
+        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
 
-	rcombinate0(len, n, p, n, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated combinations */
-	ALLOCV_END(t0);
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
+        rcombinate0(len, n, p, n, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated combinations */
+        ALLOCV_END(t0);
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -7584,7 +7650,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     int n = argc+1;    /* How many arrays we're operating on */
-    volatile VALUE t0 = tmpary(n);
+    volatile VALUE t0 = rb_ary_hidden_new(n);
     volatile VALUE t1 = Qundef;
     VALUE *arrays = RARRAY_PTR(t0); /* The arrays we're computing the product of */
     int *counters = ALLOCV_N(int, t1, n); /* The current position in each one */
@@ -7605,64 +7671,64 @@ rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     /* Otherwise, allocate and fill in an array of results */
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	/* Make defensive copies of arrays; exit if any is empty */
-	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-	    if (RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]) == 0) goto done;
-	    arrays[i] = ary_make_shared_copy(arrays[i]);
-	}
+        /* Make defensive copies of arrays; exit if any is empty */
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]) == 0) goto done;
+            arrays[i] = ary_make_shared_copy(arrays[i]);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	/* Compute the length of the result array; return [] if any is empty */
-	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-	    long k = RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]);
-	    if (k == 0) {
-		result = rb_ary_new2(0);
-		goto done;
-	    }
+        /* Compute the length of the result array; return [] if any is empty */
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            long k = RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]);
+            if (k == 0) {
+                result = rb_ary_new2(0);
+                goto done;
+            }
             if (MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(resultlen, k))
-		rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "too big to product");
-	    resultlen *= k;
-	}
-	result = rb_ary_new2(resultlen);
+                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "too big to product");
+            resultlen *= k;
+        }
+        result = rb_ary_new2(resultlen);
     }
     for (;;) {
-	int m;
-	/* fill in one subarray */
-	VALUE subarray = rb_ary_new2(n);
-	for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-	    rb_ary_push(subarray, rb_ary_entry(arrays[j], counters[j]));
-	}
-
-	/* put it on the result array */
-	if (NIL_P(result)) {
+        int m;
+        /* fill in one subarray */
+        VALUE subarray = rb_ary_new2(n);
+        for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+            rb_ary_push(subarray, rb_ary_entry(arrays[j], counters[j]));
+        }
+
+        /* put it on the result array */
+        if (NIL_P(result)) {
             FL_SET(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG);
-	    rb_yield(subarray);
+            rb_yield(subarray);
             if (!FL_TEST(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "product reentered");
-	    }
-	    else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "product reentered");
+            }
+            else {
                 FL_UNSET(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_ary_push(result, subarray);
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Increment the last counter.  If it overflows, reset to 0
-	 * and increment the one before it.
-	 */
-	m = n-1;
-	counters[m]++;
-	while (counters[m] == RARRAY_LEN(arrays[m])) {
-	    counters[m] = 0;
-	    /* If the first counter overflows, we are done */
-	    if (--m < 0) goto done;
-	    counters[m]++;
-	}
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_ary_push(result, subarray);
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Increment the last counter.  If it overflows, reset to 0
+         * and increment the one before it.
+         */
+        m = n-1;
+        counters[m]++;
+        while (counters[m] == RARRAY_LEN(arrays[m])) {
+            counters[m] = 0;
+            /* If the first counter overflows, we are done */
+            if (--m < 0) goto done;
+            counters[m]++;
+        }
     }
+
 done:
-    tmpary_discard(t0);
     ALLOCV_END(t1);
 
     return NIL_P(result) ? ary : result;
@@ -7691,7 +7757,7 @@ rb_ary_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 {
     long len = NUM2LONG(n);
     if (len < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
     }
     return rb_ary_subseq(obj, 0, len);
 }
@@ -7726,7 +7792,7 @@ rb_ary_take_while(VALUE ary)
 
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
+        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
     }
     return rb_ary_take(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
 }
@@ -7754,7 +7820,7 @@ rb_ary_drop(VALUE ary, VALUE n)
     VALUE result;
     long pos = NUM2LONG(n);
     if (pos < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to drop negative size");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to drop negative size");
     }
 
     result = rb_ary_subseq(ary, pos, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
@@ -7790,7 +7856,7 @@ rb_ary_drop_while(VALUE ary)
 
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
+        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
     }
     return rb_ary_drop(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
 }
@@ -7839,9 +7905,9 @@ rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         if (rb_block_given_p()) {
             rb_warn("given block not used");
         }
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
-	    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
         for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
@@ -7849,9 +7915,9 @@ rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         }
     }
     else {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
-	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -8084,7 +8150,7 @@ finish_exact_sum(long n, VALUE r, VALUE v, int z)
 {
     if (n != 0)
         v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
-    if (r != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(r)) {
         v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
     }
     else if (!n && z) {
@@ -8163,7 +8229,7 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(e))
             v = rb_big_plus(e, v);
         else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_RATIONAL)) {
-            if (r == Qundef)
+            if (UNDEF_P(r))
                 r = e;
             else
                 r = rb_rational_plus(r, e);
@@ -8673,7 +8739,7 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *
  *  - #pop: Removes and returns the last element.
  *  - #shift:  Removes and returns the first element.
- *  - #compact!: Removes all non-+nil+ elements.
+ *  - #compact!: Removes all +nil+ elements.
  *  - #delete: Removes elements equal to a given object.
  *  - #delete_at: Removes the element at a given offset.
  *  - #delete_if: Removes elements specified by a given block.
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
index 42d4126a5b..adb7287ed3 100644
--- a/ast.c
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ ast_new_internal(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
     return obj;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines);
-static VALUE rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens);
 
 static VALUE
 ast_parse_new(void)
@@ -85,31 +85,33 @@ ast_parse_done(rb_ast_t *ast)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
-    return rb_ast_parse_str(str, keep_script_lines);
+    return rb_ast_parse_str(str, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
 
     StringValue(str);
     VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
     if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_keep_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
     ast = rb_parser_compile_string_path(vparser, Qnil, str, 1);
     return ast_parse_done(ast);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_s_parse_file(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+ast_s_parse_file(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
-    return rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines);
+    return rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     VALUE f;
     rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
@@ -120,6 +122,8 @@ rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines)
     rb_funcall(f, rb_intern("set_encoding"), 2, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), rb_str_new_cstr("-"));
     VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
     if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_keep_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant))  rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens))  rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
     ast = rb_parser_compile_file_path(vparser, Qnil, f, 1);
     rb_io_close(f);
     return ast_parse_done(ast);
@@ -139,13 +143,15 @@ lex_array(VALUE array, int index)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
 
     array = rb_check_array_type(array);
     VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
     if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_keep_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
     ast = rb_parser_compile_generic(vparser, lex_array, Qnil, array, 1);
     return ast_parse_done(ast);
 }
@@ -193,7 +199,24 @@ script_lines(VALUE path)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+node_id_for_backtrace_location(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE location)
+{
+    int node_id;
+
+    if (!rb_frame_info_p(location)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Thread::Backtrace::Location object expected");
+    }
+
+    node_id = rb_get_node_id_from_frame_info(location);
+    if (node_id == -1) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    return INT2NUM(node_id);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     VALUE node, lines = Qnil;
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
@@ -232,13 +255,13 @@ ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body, VALUE keep_script
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(lines) || !NIL_P(lines = script_lines(path))) {
-        node = rb_ast_parse_array(lines, keep_script_lines);
+        node = rb_ast_parse_array(lines, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
     }
     else if (e_option) {
-        node = rb_ast_parse_str(rb_e_script, keep_script_lines);
+        node = rb_ast_parse_str(rb_e_script, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
     }
     else {
-        node = rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines);
+        node = rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
     }
 
     return node_find(node, node_id);
@@ -645,6 +668,8 @@ node_children(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
                                         NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pkwargs),
                                         kwrest);
         }
+      case NODE_ERROR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
       case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
       case NODE_LAST:
         break;
@@ -699,6 +724,15 @@ ast_node_last_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+ast_node_all_tokens(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return rb_ast_tokens(data->ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 ast_node_inspect(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE str;
diff --git a/ast.rb b/ast.rb
index f866bd23e5..f3f72c747f 100644
--- a/ast.rb
+++ b/ast.rb
@@ -20,21 +20,47 @@
 module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
 
   #  call-seq:
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(string) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(string, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
   #
   #  Parses the given _string_ into an abstract syntax tree,
   #  returning the root node of that tree.
   #
-  #  SyntaxError is raised if the given _string_ is invalid syntax.
-  #
   #    RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2")
   #    # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-1:9>
-  def self.parse string, keep_script_lines: false
-    Primitive.ast_s_parse string, keep_script_lines
+  #
+  #  If <tt>keep_script_lines: true</tt> option is provided, the text of the parsed
+  #  source is associated with nodes and is available via Node#script_lines.
+  #
+  #  If <tt>keep_tokens: true</tt> option is provided, Node#tokens are populated.
+  #
+  #  SyntaxError is raised if the given _string_ is invalid syntax. To overwrite this
+  #  behavior, <tt>error_tolerant: true</tt> can be provided. In this case, the parser
+  #  will produce a tree where expressions with syntax errors would be represented by
+  #  Node with <tt>type=:ERROR</tt>.
+  #
+  #     root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1; p(x; y=2")
+  #     # <internal:ast>:33:in `parse': syntax error, unexpected ';', expecting ')' (SyntaxError)
+  #     # x = 1; p(x; y=2
+  #     #           ^
+  #
+  #     root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1; p(x; y=2", error_tolerant: true)
+  #     # (SCOPE@1:0-1:15
+  #     #  tbl: [:x, :y]
+  #     #  args: nil
+  #     #  body: (BLOCK@1:0-1:15 (LASGN@1:0-1:5 :x (LIT@1:4-1:5 1)) (ERROR@1:7-1:11) (LASGN@1:12-1:15 :y (LIT@1:14-1:15 2))))
+  #     root.children.last.children
+  #     # [(LASGN@1:0-1:5 :x (LIT@1:4-1:5 1)),
+  #     #  (ERROR@1:7-1:11),
+  #     #  (LASGN@1:12-1:15 :y (LIT@1:14-1:15 2))]
+  #
+  #  Note that parsing continues even after the errored expresion.
+  #
+  def self.parse string, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false
+    Primitive.ast_s_parse string, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens
   end
 
   #  call-seq:
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(pathname) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(pathname, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
   #
   #   Reads the file from _pathname_, then parses it like ::parse,
   #   returning the root node of the abstract syntax tree.
@@ -44,13 +70,15 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
   #
   #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file("my-app/app.rb")
   #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-31:3>
-  def self.parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines: false
-    Primitive.ast_s_parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines
+  #
+  #   See ::parse for explanation of keyword argument meaning and usage.
+  def self.parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false
+    Primitive.ast_s_parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens
   end
 
   #  call-seq:
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc)   -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false)   -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
   #
   #   Returns AST nodes of the given _proc_ or _method_.
   #
@@ -63,8 +91,25 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
   #
   #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method(:hello))
   #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-3:3>
-  def self.of body, keep_script_lines: false
-    Primitive.ast_s_of body, keep_script_lines
+  #
+  #   See ::parse for explanation of keyword argument meaning and usage.
+  def self.of body, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false
+    Primitive.ast_s_of body, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(backtrace_location)   -> integer
+  #
+  #   Returns the node id for the given backtrace location.
+  #
+  #     begin
+  #       raise
+  #     rescue =>  e
+  #       loc = e.backtrace_locations.first
+  #       RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(loc)
+  #     end # => 0
+  def self.node_id_for_backtrace_location backtrace_location
+    Primitive.node_id_for_backtrace_location backtrace_location
   end
 
   # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node instances are created by parse methods in
@@ -122,6 +167,47 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
     end
 
     #  call-seq:
+    #     node.tokens -> array
+    #
+    #  Returns tokens corresponding to the location of the node.
+    #  Returns +nil+ if +keep_tokens+ is not enabled when #parse method is called.
+    #
+    #    root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
+    #    root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+    #    root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"
+    #
+    #  Token is an array of:
+    #
+    #  - id
+    #  - token type
+    #  - source code text
+    #  - location [ first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column ]
+    def tokens
+      return nil unless all_tokens
+
+      all_tokens.each_with_object([]) do |token, a|
+        loc = token.last
+        if ([first_lineno, first_column] <=> [loc[0], loc[1]]) <= 0 &&
+           ([last_lineno, last_column]   <=> [loc[2], loc[3]]) >= 0
+           a << token
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     node.all_tokens -> array
+    #
+    #  Returns all tokens for the input script regardless the receiver node.
+    #  Returns +nil+ if +keep_tokens+ is not enabled when #parse method is called.
+    #
+    #    root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
+    #    root.all_tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+    #    root.children[-1].all_tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+    def all_tokens
+      Primitive.ast_node_all_tokens
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
     #     node.children -> array
     #
     #  Returns AST nodes under this one.  Each kind of node
diff --git a/benchmark/README.md b/benchmark/README.md
index c222164be3..e11381cad9 100644
--- a/benchmark/README.md
+++ b/benchmark/README.md
@@ -28,16 +28,18 @@ See also:
 
 ```console
 Usage: benchmark-driver [options] RUBY|YAML...
-    -r, --runner TYPE                Specify runner type: ips, time, memory, once (default: ips)
-    -o, --output TYPE                Specify output type: compare, simple, markdown, record (default: compare)
+    -r, --runner TYPE                Specify runner type: ips, time, memory, once, block (default: ips)
+    -o, --output TYPE                Specify output type: compare, simple, markdown, record, all (default: compare)
     -e, --executables EXECS          Ruby executables (e1::path1 arg1; e2::path2 arg2;...)
         --rbenv VERSIONS             Ruby executables in rbenv (x.x.x arg1;y.y.y arg2;...)
         --repeat-count NUM           Try benchmark NUM times and use the fastest result or the worst memory usage
         --repeat-result TYPE         Yield "best", "average" or "worst" result with --repeat-count (default: best)
+        --alternate                  Alternate executables instead of running the same executable in a row with --repeat-count
         --bundler                    Install and use gems specified in Gemfile
         --filter REGEXP              Filter out benchmarks with given regexp
         --run-duration SECONDS       Warmup estimates loop_count to run for this duration (default: 3)
-    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visibility (max: 2)
+        --timeout SECONDS            Timeout ruby command execution with timeout(1)
+    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visilibity (max: 2)
 ```
 
 ## make benchmark
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sort_int.yml b/benchmark/array_sort_int.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b9027ebf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sort_int.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.sort: ary2.sort
+  ary10.sort: ary10.sort
+  ary100.sort: ary100.sort
+  ary1000.sort: ary1000.sort
+  ary10000.sort: ary10000.sort
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/buffer_each.yml b/benchmark/buffer_each.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..417941104e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/buffer_each.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  Warning[:experimental] = false
+  string = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
+  array = string.bytes
+  buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+benchmark:
+  string.each_byte: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    string.each_byte do |byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
+  array.each: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    array.each do |byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
+  buffer.each: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    buffer.each(:U8) do |offset, byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
+  buffer.each_byte: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    buffer.each_byte do |byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
diff --git a/benchmark/buffer_get.yml b/benchmark/buffer_get.yml
index e375dcf85d..9e1f99d64e 100644
--- a/benchmark/buffer_get.yml
+++ b/benchmark/buffer_get.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  Warning[:experimental] = false
+  string = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
+  buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+  format = [:U32, :U32, :U32, :U32]
 benchmark:
-  - name: buffer.get
-    prelude: buffer = IO::Buffer.new(32, IO::Buffer::MAPPED)
-    script: buffer.get(:U32, 0)
-    loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: string.unpack
-    prelude: string = "\0" * 32
-    script: string.unpack("C")
-    loop_count: 20000000
+  string.unpack1: |
+    [
+      string.unpack1("N"),
+      string.unpack1("N", offset: 4),
+      string.unpack1("N", offset: 8),
+      string.unpack1("N", offset: 12),
+    ]
+  buffer.get_value: |
+    [
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 0),
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 4),
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 8),
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 12),
+    ]
+  buffer.get_values: |
+    buffer.get_values(format, 0)
+  string.unpack: |
+    string.unpack("NNNN")
diff --git a/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
index af6abd08ac..655be9d7d8 100644
--- a/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
+++ b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
@@ -1,32 +1,23 @@
-prelude: require 'cgi/escape'
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  require 'cgi/escape'
 benchmark:
-  - name: escape_html_blank
-    prelude: str = ""
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("")
     loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: escape_html_short_none
-    prelude: str = "abcde"
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("abcde")
     loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: escape_html_short_one
-    prelude: str = "abcd<"
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("abcd<")
     loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: escape_html_short_all
-    prelude: str = "'&\"<>"
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("'&\"<>")
     loop_count: 5000000
-  - name: escape_html_long_none
-    prelude: str = "abcde" * 300
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - prelude: long_no_escape = "abcde" * 300
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(long_no_escape)
     loop_count: 1000000
-  - name: escape_html_long_all
-    prelude: str = "'&\"<>" * 10
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - prelude: long_all_escape = "'&\"<>" * 10
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(long_all_escape)
     loop_count: 1000000
-  - name: escape_html_real
-    prelude: | # http://example.com/
-      str = <<~HTML
+  - prelude: | # http://example.com/
+      example_html = <<~HTML
         <body>
         <div>
             <h1>Example Domain</h1>
@@ -36,5 +27,5 @@ benchmark:
         </div>
         </body>
       HTML
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(example_html)
     loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_minmax.yml b/benchmark/enum_minmax.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d01731abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_minmax.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  set2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+
+benchmark:
+  set2.min: set2.min
+  set10.min: set10.min
+  set100.min: set100.min
+  set1000.min: set1000.min
+  set10000.min: set10000.min
+  set2.max: set2.max
+  set10.max: set10.max
+  set100.max: set100.max
+  set1000.max: set1000.max
+  set10000.max: set10000.max
+  set2.minmax: set2.minmax
+  set10.minmax: set10.minmax
+  set100.minmax: set100.minmax
+  set1000.minmax: set1000.minmax
+  set10000.minmax: set10000.minmax
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_sort.yml b/benchmark/enum_sort.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f26e748c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_sort.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  set2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+
+benchmark:
+  set2.sort_by: set2.sort_by { 0 }
+  set10.sort_by: set10.sort_by { 0 }
+  set100.sort_by: set100.sort_by { 0 }
+  set1000.sort_by: set1000.sort_by { 0 }
+  set10000.sort_by: set10000.sort_by { 0 }
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/erb_escape_html.yml b/benchmark/erb_escape_html.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca28d756e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/erb_escape_html.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  require 'erb'
+benchmark:
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("")
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("abcde")
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("abcd<")
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("'&\"<>")
+    loop_count: 5000000
+  - prelude: long_no_escape = "abcde" * 300
+    script: ERB::Util.html_escape(long_no_escape)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - prelude: long_all_escape = "'&\"<>" * 10
+    script: ERB::Util.html_escape(long_all_escape)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - prelude: | # http://example.com/
+      example_html = <<~HTML
+        <body>
+        <div>
+            <h1>Example Domain</h1>
+            <p>This domain is established to be used for illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
+            domain in examples without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
+            <p><a href="http://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
+        </div>
+        </body>
+      HTML
+    script: ERB::Util.html_escape(example_html)
+    loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/io_write.rb b/benchmark/io_write.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdb409948b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_write.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'benchmark'
+
+i, o = IO.pipe
+o.sync = true
+
+DOT = ".".freeze
+
+chunks = 100_000.times.collect{DOT}
+
+thread = Thread.new do
+  while i.read(1024)
+  end
+end
+
+100.times do
+  o.write(*chunks)
+end
+
+o.close
+thread.join
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
index 1d4693e8be..3a58a620de 100644
--- a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Mjit < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips
         job.prelude = "#{job.prelude}\n#{<<~EOS}"
           if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
             __bmdv_ruby_i = 0
-            while __bmdv_ruby_i < 10000 # jit_min_calls
+            while __bmdv_ruby_i < 10000 # MJIT call threshold
               #{job.script}
               __bmdv_ruby_i += 1
             end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eac3dfba84..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,237 +0,0 @@
-require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
-require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
-require 'erb'
-
-# A special runner dedicated for measuring mjit_exec overhead.
-class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::MjitExec
-  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'Iteration per second', unit: 'i/s')
-
-  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
-  Job = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(
-    :name,        # @param [String] name - This is mandatory for all runner
-    :metrics,     # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Metric>]
-    :num_methods, # @param [Integer] num_methods - The number of methods to be defined
-    :loop_count,  # @param [Integer] loop_count
-    :from_jit,    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] from_jit - Whether the mjit_exec() is from JIT or not
-    :to_jit,      # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] to_jit - Whether the mjit_exec() is to JIT or not
-  )
-  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
-  class << JobParser = Module.new
-    # @param [Array,String] num_methods
-    # @param [Integer] loop_count
-    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] from_jit
-    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] to_jit
-    def parse(num_methods:, loop_count:, from_jit:, to_jit:)
-      if num_methods.is_a?(String)
-        num_methods = eval(num_methods)
-      end
-
-      num_methods.map do |num|
-        if num_methods.size > 1
-          suffix = "[#{'%4d' % num}]"
-        else
-          suffix = "_#{num}"
-        end
-        Job.new(
-          name: "mjit_exec_#{from_jit ? 'JT' : 'VM'}2#{to_jit ? 'JT' : 'VM'}#{suffix}",
-          metrics: [METRIC],
-          num_methods: num,
-          loop_count: loop_count,
-          from_jit: from_jit,
-          to_jit: to_jit,
-        )
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
-  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
-  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
-  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
-    @config = config
-    @output = output
-    @contexts = contexts
-  end
-
-  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
-  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak::Job>] jobs
-  def run(jobs)
-    @output.with_benchmark do
-      jobs.each do |job|
-        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
-          @contexts.each do |context|
-            result = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: true, rest_on_average: :average) do
-              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
-            end
-            value, duration = result.value
-            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
-              @output.report(values: { METRIC => value }, duration: duration, loop_count: job.loop_count)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
-  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
-  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
-  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
-    if job.from_jit
-      if job.to_jit
-        benchmark = BenchmarkJT2JT.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
-      else
-        raise NotImplementedError, "JT2VM is not implemented yet"
-      end
-    else
-      if job.to_jit
-        benchmark = BenchmarkVM2JT.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
-      else
-        benchmark = BenchmarkVM2VM.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
-      end
-    end
-
-    duration = Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-result', '.txt']) do |f|
-      with_script(benchmark.render(result: f.path)) do |path|
-        opt = []
-        if context.executable.command.any? { |c| c.start_with?('--jit') }
-          opt << '--jit-min-calls=2'
-        end
-        IO.popen([*context.executable.command, '--disable-gems', *opt, path], &:read)
-        if $?.success?
-          Float(f.read)
-        else
-          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    [job.loop_count.to_f / duration, duration]
-  end
-
-  def with_script(script)
-    if @config.verbose >= 2
-      sep = '-' * 30
-      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
-    end
-
-    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
-      f.puts script
-      f.close
-      return yield(f.path)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # @param [Integer] num_methods
-  # @param [Integer] loop_count
-  BenchmarkVM2VM = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
-    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
-    def render(result:)
-      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
-        % num_methods.times do |i|
-        def a<%= i %>
-          nil
-        end
-        % end
-        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
-
-        def vm
-          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-          i = 0
-          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
-        % 1000.times do |i|
-            a<%= i % num_methods %>
-        % end
-            i += 1
-          end
-        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
-          a<%= i % num_methods %>
-        % end
-          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
-        end
-
-        vm # warmup call cache
-        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, vm)
-      EOS
-    end
-  end
-  private_constant :BenchmarkVM2VM
-
-  # @param [Integer] num_methods
-  # @param [Integer] loop_count
-  BenchmarkVM2JT = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
-    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
-    def render(result:)
-      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
-        % num_methods.times do |i|
-        def a<%= i %>
-          nil
-        end
-        a<%= i %>
-        a<%= i %> # --jit-min-calls=2
-        % end
-        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
-
-        def vm
-          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-          i = 0
-          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
-        % 1000.times do |i|
-            a<%= i % num_methods %>
-        % end
-            i += 1
-          end
-        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
-          a<%= i % num_methods %>
-        % end
-          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
-        end
-
-        vm # warmup call cache
-        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, vm)
-      EOS
-    end
-  end
-  private_constant :BenchmarkVM2JT
-
-  # @param [Integer] num_methods
-  # @param [Integer] loop_count
-  BenchmarkJT2JT = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
-    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
-    def render(result:)
-      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
-        % num_methods.times do |i|
-        def a<%= i %>
-          nil
-        end
-        % end
-
-        # You may need to:
-        #   * Increase `JIT_ISEQ_SIZE_THRESHOLD` to 10000000 in mjit.h
-        #   * Always return false in `inlinable_iseq_p()` of mjit_compile.c
-        def jit
-          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-          i = 0
-          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
-        % 1000.times do |i|
-            a<%= i % num_methods %>
-        % end
-            i += 1
-          end
-        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
-          a<%= i % num_methods %>
-        % end
-          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
-        end
-
-        jit
-        jit
-        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
-        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, jit)
-      EOS
-    end
-  end
-  private_constant :BenchmarkJT2JT
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_integer.yml b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_integer.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78ebf823d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_integer.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+prelude: |
+  smallint_array = 1000.times.map { |x| x }
+  bigint32_array = 1000.times.map { |x| x + 2**32 }
+  bigint64_array = 1000.times.map { |x| x + 2**64 }
+
+  smallint_dump = Marshal.dump(smallint_array)
+  bigint32_dump = Marshal.dump(bigint32_array)
+  bigint64_dump = Marshal.dump(bigint64_array)
+benchmark:
+  marshal_dump_integer_small: |
+    Marshal.dump(smallint_array)
+  marshal_dump_integer_over_32_bit: |
+    Marshal.dump(bigint32_array)
+  marshal_dump_integer_over_64_bit: |
+    Marshal.dump(bigint64_array)
+  marshal_load_integer_small: |
+    Marshal.load(smallint_dump)
+  marshal_load_integer_over_32_bit: |
+    Marshal.load(bigint32_dump)
+  marshal_load_integer_over_64_bit: |
+    Marshal.load(bigint64_dump)
+loop_count: 4000
diff --git a/benchmark/masgn.yml b/benchmark/masgn.yml
index 4be9333e23..31cb8ee4a3 100644
--- a/benchmark/masgn.yml
+++ b/benchmark/masgn.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 prelude: |
   a = [nil] * 3
   b = Class.new{attr_writer :a, :b, :c}.new
-  c, d, e, f = nil, nil, nil, nil
+  c = d = e = f = g = h = i = nil
 benchmark:
   array2_2: "c = (a[0], a[1] = 1, 2)"
   array2_3: "c = (a[0], a[1] = 1, 2, 3)"
@@ -27,3 +27,27 @@ benchmark:
   lvar2_3p: "(d, e = 1, 2, 3; nil)"
   lvar3_2p: "(d, e, f = 1, 2; nil)"
   lvar3_3p: "(d, e, f = 1, 2, 3; nil)"
+  array2_2lv: "c = (a[0], a[1] = g, h)"
+  array2_ilv: "c = (a[0], a[1] = g, h, i)"
+  arrayi_2lv: "c = (a[0], a[1], a[2] = g, h)"
+  arrayi_ilv: "c = (a[0], a[1], a[2] = g, h, i)"
+  attr2_2lv: "c = (b.a, b.b = g, h)"
+  attr2_ilv: "c = (b.a, b.b = g, h, i)"
+  attri_2lv: "c = (b.a, b.b, b.c = g, h)"
+  attri_ilv: "c = (b.a, b.b, b.c = g, h, i)"
+  lvar2_2lv: "c = (d, e = g, h)"
+  lvar2_ilv: "c = (d, e = g, h, i)"
+  lvari_2lv: "c = (d, e, f = g, h)"
+  lvari_ilv: "c = (d, e, f = g, h, i)"
+  array2_2plv: "(a[0], a[1] = g, h; nil)"
+  array2_iplv: "(a[0], a[1] = g, h, i; nil)"
+  arrayi_2plv: "(a[0], a[1], a[2] = g, h; nil)"
+  arrayi_iplv: "(a[0], a[1], a[2] = g, h, i; nil)"
+  attr2_2plv: "(b.a, b.b = g, h; nil)"
+  attr2_iplv: "(b.a, b.b = g, h, i; nil)"
+  attri_2plv: "(b.a, b.b, b.c = g, h; nil)"
+  attri_iplv: "(b.a, b.b, b.c = g, h, i; nil)"
+  lvar2_2plv: "(d, e = g, h; nil)"
+  lvar2_iplv: "(d, e = g, h, i; nil)"
+  lvari_2plv: "(d, e, f = g, h; nil)"
+  lvari_iplv: "(d, e, f = g, h, i; nil)"
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c303c7a44..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
-num_methods: [1]
-#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
-loop_count: 50000000
-from_jit: true
-to_jit: true
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 764883f070..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
-num_methods: [1]
-#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
-loop_count: 50000000
-from_jit: false
-to_jit: true
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 030aa76c1c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
-num_methods: [1]
-#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
-loop_count: 50000000
-from_jit: false
-to_jit: false
diff --git a/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml b/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml
index 433c2268a3..1384902935 100644
--- a/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml
+++ b/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml
@@ -10,4 +10,20 @@ benchmark:
     int.finite?
   infinite?: |
     int.infinite?
+  integer_real: |
+    int.real
+  float_real: |
+    flo.real
+  integr_imag: |
+    int.imag
+  float_imag: |
+    flo.imag
+  integer_conj: |
+    int.conj
+  float_conj: |
+    flo.conj
+  integer_numerator: |
+    int.numerator
+  integer_denominator: |
+    int.denominator
 loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/range_min.yml b/benchmark/range_min.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e60dd7308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/range_min.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+benchmark:
+  - (1..10).min
diff --git a/benchmark/so_nbody.rb b/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
index d6c5bb9e61..9884fc4edc 100644
--- a/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
@@ -12,38 +12,38 @@ def _puts *args
 end
 
 class Planet
- attr_accessor :x, :y, :z, :vx, :vy, :vz, :mass
+  attr_accessor :x, :y, :z, :vx, :vy, :vz, :mass
 
- def initialize(x, y, z, vx, vy, vz, mass)
-  @x, @y, @z = x, y, z
-  @vx, @vy, @vz = vx * DAYS_PER_YEAR, vy * DAYS_PER_YEAR, vz * DAYS_PER_YEAR
-  @mass = mass * SOLAR_MASS
- end
-
- def move_from_i(bodies, nbodies, dt, i)
-  while i < nbodies
-   b2 = bodies[i]
-   dx = @x - b2.x
-   dy = @y - b2.y
-   dz = @z - b2.z
-
-   distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz)
-   mag = dt / (distance * distance * distance)
-   b_mass_mag, b2_mass_mag = @mass * mag, b2.mass * mag
-
-   @vx -= dx * b2_mass_mag
-   @vy -= dy * b2_mass_mag
-   @vz -= dz * b2_mass_mag
-   b2.vx += dx * b_mass_mag
-   b2.vy += dy * b_mass_mag
-   b2.vz += dz * b_mass_mag
-   i += 1
+  def initialize(x, y, z, vx, vy, vz, mass)
+    @x, @y, @z = x, y, z
+    @vx, @vy, @vz = vx * DAYS_PER_YEAR, vy * DAYS_PER_YEAR, vz * DAYS_PER_YEAR
+    @mass = mass * SOLAR_MASS
   end
 
-  @x += dt * @vx
-  @y += dt * @vy
-  @z += dt * @vz
- end
+  def move_from_i(bodies, nbodies, dt, i)
+    while i < nbodies
+      b2 = bodies[i]
+      dx = @x - b2.x
+      dy = @y - b2.y
+      dz = @z - b2.z
+
+      distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz)
+      mag = dt / (distance * distance * distance)
+      b_mass_mag, b2_mass_mag = @mass * mag, b2.mass * mag
+
+      @vx -= dx * b2_mass_mag
+      @vy -= dy * b2_mass_mag
+      @vz -= dz * b2_mass_mag
+      b2.vx += dx * b_mass_mag
+      b2.vy += dy * b_mass_mag
+      b2.vz += dz * b_mass_mag
+      i += 1
+    end
+
+    @x += dt * @vx
+    @y += dt * @vy
+    @z += dt * @vz
+  end
 end
 
 def energy(bodies)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_concat.yml b/benchmark/string_concat.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e65c00cca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_concat.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+prelude: |
+  CHUNK = "a" * 64
+  UCHUNK = "é" * 32
+  GC.disable # GC causes a lot of variance
+benchmark:
+  binary_concat_7bit: |
+    buffer = String.new(capacity: 4096, encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+  utf8_concat_7bit: |
+    buffer = String.new(capacity: 4096, encoding: Encoding::UTF_8)
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+    buffer << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK << CHUNK
+  utf8_concat_UTF8: |
+    buffer = String.new(capacity: 4096, encoding: Encoding::UTF_8)
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+    buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+  interpolation: |
+    buffer = "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}"
diff --git a/benchmark/time_parse.yml b/benchmark/time_parse.yml
index a6d6948b9c..6060b58bc6 100644
--- a/benchmark/time_parse.yml
+++ b/benchmark/time_parse.yml
@@ -6,3 +6,5 @@ benchmark:
   - Time.iso8601(iso8601)
   - Time.parse(iso8601)
   - Time.parse(inspect)
+  - Time.new(iso8601) rescue Time.iso8601(iso8601)
+  - Time.new(inspect) rescue Time.parse(inspect)
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_const.yml b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
index 6064d4eed0..8939ca0cd3 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_const.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 prelude: |
   Const = 1
+  A = B = C = D = E = F = G = H = I = J = K = L = M = N = O = P = Q = R = S = T = U = V = W = X = Y = Z = 1
+  def foo
+    A; B; C; D; E; F; G; H; I; J; K; L; M; N; O; P; Q; R; S; T; U; V; W; X; Y; Z
+  end
 benchmark:
   vm_const: |
     j = Const
     k = Const
+  vm_const_many: |
+    foo
 loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_freezeobj.yml b/benchmark/vm_freezeobj.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69a795a354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_freezeobj.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+ objs = 100000.times.map { Object.new }
+benchmark:
+  vm_freeze_obj: |
+    objs.map(&:freeze)
+loop_count: 600
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_embedded_obj_init.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_embedded_obj_init.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74fe20a630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_embedded_obj_init.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def set_ivars
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  c = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_embedded_obj_init: |
+    c.set_ivars
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_extended_obj_init.yml
index c6f1633907..f054bab282 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_extended_obj_init.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 prelude: |
   class C
-    def initialize
+    def set_ivars
       @a = nil
       @b = nil
       @c = nil
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ prelude: |
       @e = nil
     end
   end
+
+  c = C.new
 benchmark:
-  vm_ivar_init: |
-    C.new
+  vm_ivar_extended_obj_init: |
+    c.set_ivars
 loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_generic_get.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_generic_get.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dae2d37671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_generic_get.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C < Array
+    attr_reader :a, :b, :c
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  c = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_generic_get: |
+    c.a
+    c.b
+    c.c
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_generic_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_generic_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..102a6577fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_generic_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C < Array
+    def set_ivars
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  c = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_generic_set: |
+    c.set_ivars
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9174af6965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Example
+    def initialize
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
+      @levar = 1
+    end
+
+    def get_value_loop
+      sum = 0
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < 1000000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      return sum
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = Example.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_get: |
+    obj.get_value_loop
+loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get_unintialized.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get_unintialized.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1ccfb06ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get_unintialized.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Example
+    def read
+      @uninitialized
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = Example.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_get_uninitialized: |
+    obj.read
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_lazy_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_lazy_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7372ffcfbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_lazy_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Example
+    def lazy_set
+      @uninitialized ||= 123
+    end
+  end
+
+  objs = 10000000.times.map { Example.new }
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_lazy_set: |
+    objs.each(&:lazy_set)
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91857b7742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+prelude: |
+  class TheClass
+    def initialize
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
+      @levar = 1
+    end
+
+    def set_value_loop
+      # 1M
+      i = 0
+      while i < 1000000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = TheClass.new
+
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_set_on_instance: |
+    obj.set_value_loop
+loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
index 2653d36ded..bc8bf5bf6b 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 prelude: |
   class A
-    def initialize
+    def set_ivars
       @a = nil
       @b = nil
       @c = nil
@@ -10,8 +10,11 @@ prelude: |
   end
   class B < A; end
   class C < A; end
+
+  b = B.new
+  c = C.new
 benchmark:
   vm_ivar_init_subclass: |
-    B.new
-    C.new
+    b.set_ivars
+    c.set_ivars
 loop_count: 3000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_lvar_cond_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_lvar_cond_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1845f9d12e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_lvar_cond_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_lvar_cond_set: |
+    a ||= 1
+    b ||= 1
+    c ||= 1
+    d ||= 1
+    nil
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 142059b8fd..cb2c3b6f07 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -23,8 +23,14 @@
 # include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(USE_GMP)
 #if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
-# define USE_GMP
+# define USE_GMP 1
+#else
+# define USE_GMP 0
+#endif
+#endif
+#if USE_GMP
 # include <gmp.h>
 #endif
 
@@ -99,8 +105,8 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #endif
 
 #define BIGZEROP(x) (BIGNUM_LEN(x) == 0 || \
-		     (BDIGITS(x)[0] == 0 && \
-		      (BIGNUM_LEN(x) == 1 || bigzero_p(x))))
+                     (BDIGITS(x)[0] == 0 && \
+                      (BIGNUM_LEN(x) == 1 || bigzero_p(x))))
 #define BIGSIZE(x) (BIGNUM_LEN(x) == 0 ? (size_t)0 : \
     BDIGITS(x)[BIGNUM_LEN(x)-1] ? \
         (size_t)(BIGNUM_LEN(x)*SIZEOF_BDIGIT - nlz(BDIGITS(x)[BIGNUM_LEN(x)-1])/CHAR_BIT) : \
@@ -145,7 +151,7 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #define GMP_DIV_DIGITS 20
 #define GMP_BIG2STR_DIGITS 20
 #define GMP_STR2BIG_DIGITS 20
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 # define NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS GMP_MUL_DIGITS
 #else
 # define NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS
@@ -413,9 +419,9 @@ bary_small_lshift(BDIGIT *zds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t n, int shift)
     assert(0 <= shift && shift < BITSPERDIG);
 
     for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-	num = num | (BDIGIT_DBL)*xds++ << shift;
-	*zds++ = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        num = num | (BDIGIT_DBL)*xds++ << shift;
+        *zds++ = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     return BIGLO(num);
 }
@@ -431,9 +437,9 @@ bary_small_rshift(BDIGIT *zds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t n, int shift, BDIGIT hi
     num = BIGUP(higher_bdigit);
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
         BDIGIT x = xds[n - i - 1];
-	num = (num | x) >> shift;
+        num = (num | x) >> shift;
         zds[n - i - 1] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGUP(x);
+        num = BIGUP(x);
     }
 }
 
@@ -443,7 +449,7 @@ bary_zero_p(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
     if (xn == 0)
         return 1;
     do {
-	if (xds[--xn]) return 0;
+        if (xds[--xn]) return 0;
     } while (xn);
     return 1;
 }
@@ -971,7 +977,7 @@ integer_unpack_num_bdigits_small(size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails,
 {
     /* nlp_bits stands for number of leading padding bits */
     size_t num_bits = (wordsize * CHAR_BIT - nails) * numwords;
-    size_t num_bdigits = (num_bits + BITSPERDIG - 1) / BITSPERDIG;
+    size_t num_bdigits = roomof(num_bits, BITSPERDIG);
     *nlp_bits_ret = (int)(num_bdigits * BITSPERDIG - num_bits);
     return num_bdigits;
 }
@@ -981,7 +987,7 @@ integer_unpack_num_bdigits_generic(size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nail
 {
     /* BITSPERDIG = SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT */
     /* num_bits = (wordsize * CHAR_BIT - nails) * numwords */
-    /* num_bdigits = (num_bits + BITSPERDIG - 1) / BITSPERDIG */
+    /* num_bdigits = roomof(num_bits, BITSPERDIG) */
 
     /* num_bits = CHAR_BIT * (wordsize * numwords) - nails * numwords = CHAR_BIT * num_bytes1 - nails * numwords */
     size_t num_bytes1 = wordsize * numwords;
@@ -1344,9 +1350,9 @@ bary_subb(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yd
 
     num = borrow ? -1 : 0;
     for (i = 0; i < sn; i++) {
-	num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)xds[i] - yds[i];
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)xds[i] - yds[i];
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     if (yn <= xn) {
         for (; i < xn; i++) {
@@ -1365,7 +1371,7 @@ bary_subb(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yd
     }
     if (num == 0) goto num_is_zero;
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = BDIGMAX;
+        zds[i] = BDIGMAX;
     }
     return 1;
 
@@ -1373,10 +1379,10 @@ bary_subb(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yd
     if (xds == zds && xn == zn)
         return 0;
     for (; i < xn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = xds[i];
+        zds[i] = xds[i];
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = 0;
+        zds[i] = 0;
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -1403,27 +1409,27 @@ bary_addc(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yd
     assert(yn <= zn);
 
     if (xn > yn) {
-	const BDIGIT *tds;
-	tds = xds; xds = yds; yds = tds;
-	i = xn; xn = yn; yn = i;
+        const BDIGIT *tds;
+        tds = xds; xds = yds; yds = tds;
+        i = xn; xn = yn; yn = i;
     }
 
     num = carry ? 1 : 0;
     for (i = 0; i < xn; i++) {
-	num += (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i] + yds[i];
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        num += (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i] + yds[i];
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     for (; i < yn; i++) {
         if (num == 0) goto num_is_zero;
-	num += yds[i];
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        num += yds[i];
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
         if (num == 0) goto num_is_zero;
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     return num != 0;
 
@@ -1431,10 +1437,10 @@ bary_addc(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yd
     if (yds == zds && yn == zn)
         return 0;
     for (; i < yn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = yds[i];
+        zds[i] = yds[i];
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = 0;
+        zds[i] = 0;
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -1591,30 +1597,30 @@ bary_sq_fast(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
         return;
 
     for (i = 0; i < xn-1; i++) {
-	v = (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i];
-	if (!v)
+        v = (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i];
+        if (!v)
             continue;
-	c = (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i + i] + v * v;
-	zds[i + i] = BIGLO(c);
-	c = BIGDN(c);
-	v *= 2;
+        c = (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i + i] + v * v;
+        zds[i + i] = BIGLO(c);
+        c = BIGDN(c);
+        v *= 2;
         vl = BIGLO(v);
         vh = (int)BIGDN(v);
-	for (j = i + 1; j < xn; j++) {
-	    w = (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[j];
-	    c += (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i + j] + vl * w;
-	    zds[i + j] = BIGLO(c);
-	    c = BIGDN(c);
-	    if (vh)
+        for (j = i + 1; j < xn; j++) {
+            w = (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[j];
+            c += (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i + j] + vl * w;
+            zds[i + j] = BIGLO(c);
+            c = BIGDN(c);
+            if (vh)
                 c += w;
-	}
-	if (c) {
-	    c += (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i + xn];
-	    zds[i + xn] = BIGLO(c);
-	    c = BIGDN(c);
+        }
+        if (c) {
+            c += (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i + xn];
+            zds[i + xn] = BIGLO(c);
+            c = BIGDN(c);
             if (c)
                 zds[i + xn + 1] += (BDIGIT)c;
-	}
+        }
     }
 
     /* i == xn-1 */
@@ -1639,6 +1645,12 @@ rb_big_sq_fast(VALUE x)
     return z;
 }
 
+static inline size_t
+max_size(size_t a, size_t b)
+{
+    return (a > b ? a : b);
+}
+
 /* balancing multiplication by slicing larger argument */
 static void
 bary_mul_balance_with_mulfunc(BDIGIT *const zds, const size_t zn,
@@ -1656,8 +1668,14 @@ bary_mul_balance_with_mulfunc(BDIGIT *const zds, const size_t zn,
     BDIGITS_ZERO(zds, xn);
 
     if (wn < xn) {
-        const size_t r = (yn % xn) ? (yn % xn) : xn;
-        if ((2 * xn + yn + r) > zn) {
+        /* The condition when a new buffer is needed:
+         * 1. (2(xn+r) > zn-(yn-r)) => (2xn+r > zn-yn), at the last
+         *    iteration (or r == 0)
+         * 2. (2(xn+xn) > zn-(yn-r-xn)) => (3xn-r > zn-yn), at the
+         *    previous iteration.
+         */
+        const size_t r = yn % xn;
+        if (2*xn + yn + max_size(xn-r, r) > zn) {
             wn = xn;
             wds = ALLOCV_N(BDIGIT, work, wn);
         }
@@ -1692,7 +1710,7 @@ bary_mul_balance_with_mulfunc(BDIGIT *const zds, const size_t zn,
                      zds + n, tn,
                      wds, xn);
         }
-	n += r;
+        n += r;
     }
     BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+xn+yn, zn - (xn+yn));
 
@@ -2084,21 +2102,21 @@ bary_mul_toom3(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGI
         v3n = u3n; v3ds = u3ds; v3p = u3p;
     }
     else {
-	/* v1 <- y0 + y2 */
+        /* v1 <- y0 + y2 */
         bary_add(v1ds, v1n, y0ds, y0n, y2ds, y2n);
         v1p = 1;
 
-	/* y(-1) : v2 <- v1 - y1 = y0 - y1 + y2 */
+        /* y(-1) : v2 <- v1 - y1 = y0 - y1 + y2 */
         v2p = 1;
         if (bary_sub(v2ds, v2n, v1ds, v1n, y1ds, y1n)) {
             bary_2comp(v2ds, v2n);
             v2p = 0;
         }
 
-	/* y(1) : v1 <- v1 + y1 = y0 + y1 + y2 */
+        /* y(1) : v1 <- v1 + y1 = y0 + y1 + y2 */
         bary_add(v1ds, v1n, v1ds, v1n, y1ds, y1n);
 
-	/* y(-2) : v3 <- 2 * (v2 + y2) - y0 = y0 - 2 * (y1 - 2 * y2) */
+        /* y(-2) : v3 <- 2 * (v2 + y2) - y0 = y0 - 2 * (y1 - 2 * y2) */
         v3p = 1;
         if (v2p) {
             bary_add(v3ds, v3n, v2ds, v2n, y2ds, y2n);
@@ -2291,7 +2309,7 @@ rb_big_mul_toom3(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return z;
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 static inline void
 bdigits_to_mpz(mpz_t mp, const BDIGIT *digits, size_t len)
 {
@@ -2429,8 +2447,8 @@ bary_mul_precheck(BDIGIT **zdsp, size_t *znp, const BDIGIT **xdsp, size_t *xnp,
     if (xn > yn) {
         const BDIGIT *tds;
         size_t tn;
-	tds = xds; xds = yds; yds = tds;
-	tn = xn; xn = yn; yn = tn;
+        tds = xds; xds = yds; yds = tds;
+        tn = xn; xn = yn; yn = tn;
     }
     assert(xn <= yn);
 
@@ -2556,7 +2574,7 @@ bary_mul(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds
         }
     }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
     bary_mul_gmp(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn);
 #else
     bary_mul_toom3_start(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn, NULL, 0);
@@ -2580,26 +2598,26 @@ bigdivrem1(void *ptr)
     BDIGIT q;
 
     do {
-	if (bds->stop) {
-	    bds->zn = zn;
-	    return 0;
+        if (bds->stop) {
+            bds->zn = zn;
+            return 0;
         }
-	if (zds[zn-1] == yds[yn-1]) q = BDIGMAX;
-	else q = (BDIGIT)((BIGUP(zds[zn-1]) + zds[zn-2])/yds[yn-1]);
-	if (q) {
+        if (zds[zn-1] == yds[yn-1]) q = BDIGMAX;
+        else q = (BDIGIT)((BIGUP(zds[zn-1]) + zds[zn-2])/yds[yn-1]);
+        if (q) {
             num = bigdivrem_mulsub(zds+zn-(yn+1), yn+1,
                                    q,
                                    yds, yn);
-	    while (num) { /* "add back" required */
-		q--;
+            while (num) { /* "add back" required */
+                q--;
                 num = bary_add(zds+zn-(yn+1), yn,
                                zds+zn-(yn+1), yn,
                                yds, yn);
                 num--;
-	    }
-	}
+            }
+        }
         zn--;
-	zds[zn] = q;
+        zds[zn] = q;
     } while (zn > yn);
     return 0;
 }
@@ -2668,16 +2686,16 @@ bigdivrem_restoring(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     bds.zn = zn - ynzero;
     if (bds.zn > 10000 || bds.yn > 10000) {
       retry:
-	bds.stop = Qfalse;
+        bds.stop = Qfalse;
         rb_nogvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds, RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE);
 
-	if (bds.stop == Qtrue) {
-	    /* execute trap handler, but exception was not raised. */
-	    goto retry;
-	}
+        if (bds.stop == Qtrue) {
+            /* execute trap handler, but exception was not raised. */
+            goto retry;
+        }
     }
     else {
-	bigdivrem1(&bds);
+        bigdivrem1(&bds);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2776,7 +2794,7 @@ rb_big_divrem_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_assoc_new(q, r);
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 static void
 bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
@@ -2860,7 +2878,7 @@ rb_big_divrem_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static void
 bary_divmod_branch(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
     if (GMP_DIV_DIGITS < xn) {
         bary_divmod_gmp(qds, qn, rds, rn, xds, xn, yds, yn);
         return;
@@ -2935,7 +2953,7 @@ int
 rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
-	rb_cmperr(a, b);
+        rb_cmperr(a, b);
     }
     if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
         long l = FIX2LONG(val);
@@ -2944,9 +2962,9 @@ rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
         return 0;
     }
     if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(val)) {
-	if (BIGZEROP(val)) return 0;
-	if (BIGNUM_SIGN(val)) return 1;
-	return -1;
+        if (BIGZEROP(val)) return 0;
+        if (BIGNUM_SIGN(val)) return 1;
+        return -1;
     }
     if (RTEST(rb_funcall(val, '>', 1, INT2FIX(0)))) return 1;
     if (RTEST(rb_funcall(val, '<', 1, INT2FIX(0)))) return -1;
@@ -2956,8 +2974,8 @@ rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 #define BIGNUM_SET_LEN(b,l) \
     (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(b) ? \
      (void)(RBASIC(b)->flags = \
-	    (RBASIC(b)->flags & ~BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK) | \
-	    ((l) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
+            (RBASIC(b)->flags & ~BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK) | \
+            ((l) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
      (void)(RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.len = (l)))
 
 static void
@@ -2965,33 +2983,33 @@ rb_big_realloc(VALUE big, size_t len)
 {
     BDIGIT *ds;
     if (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(big)) {
-	if (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX < len) {
-	    ds = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
-	    MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
-	    RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = BIGNUM_LEN(big);
-	    RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ds;
+        if (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX < len) {
+            ds = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
+            MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+            RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = BIGNUM_LEN(big);
+            RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ds;
             FL_UNSET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
-	}
+        }
     }
     else {
-	if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	    ds = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits;
+        if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+            ds = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits;
             FL_SET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
-	    BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
+            BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
             (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
-	    if (ds) {
-		MEMCPY(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, ds, BDIGIT, len);
-		xfree(ds);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (BIGNUM_LEN(big) == 0) {
-		RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		REALLOC_N(RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits, BDIGIT, len);
-	    }
-	}
+            if (ds) {
+                MEMCPY(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, ds, BDIGIT, len);
+                xfree(ds);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (BIGNUM_LEN(big) == 0) {
+                RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
+            }
+            else {
+                REALLOC_N(RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits, BDIGIT, len);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -3077,7 +3095,7 @@ abs2twocomp(VALUE *xp, long *n_ret)
         MEMCPY(BDIGITS(z), ds, BDIGIT, n);
         bary_2comp(BDIGITS(z), n);
         hibits = BDIGMAX;
-	*xp = z;
+        *xp = z;
     }
     *n_ret = n;
     return hibits;
@@ -3101,7 +3119,7 @@ bigtrunc(VALUE x)
     if (len == 0) return x;
     while (--len && !ds[len]);
     if (BIGNUM_LEN(x) > len+1) {
-	rb_big_resize(x, len+1);
+        rb_big_resize(x, len+1);
     }
     return x;
 }
@@ -3154,7 +3172,7 @@ static VALUE
 bignorm(VALUE x)
 {
     if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(x)) {
-	x = bigfixize(x);
+        x = bigfixize(x);
     }
     return x;
 }
@@ -3176,8 +3194,8 @@ rb_uint2big(uintptr_t n)
     digits[0] = n;
 #else
     for (i = 0; i < bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_VALUE); i++) {
-	digits[i] = BIGLO(n);
-	n = BIGDN(n);
+        digits[i] = BIGLO(n);
+        n = BIGDN(n);
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -3196,14 +3214,14 @@ rb_int2big(intptr_t n)
 
     if (n < 0) {
         u = 1 + (VALUE)(-(n + 1)); /* u = -n avoiding overflow */
-	neg = 1;
+        neg = 1;
     }
     else {
         u = n;
     }
     big = rb_uint2big(u);
     if (neg) {
-	BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
+        BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
     }
     return big;
 }
@@ -3362,7 +3380,7 @@ absint_numwords_generic(size_t numbytes, int nlz_bits_in_msbyte, size_t word_num
 
     if (sign == 2) {
 #if defined __GNUC__ && (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 4)
-	*nlz_bits_ret = 0;
+        *nlz_bits_ret = 0;
 #endif
         return (size_t)-1;
     }
@@ -3682,7 +3700,7 @@ rb_integer_unpack(const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t na
         }
         else if (num_bdigits == numberof(fixbuf)) {
             val = bignew((long)num_bdigits+1, 0);
-	    MEMCPY(BDIGITS(val), fixbuf, BDIGIT, num_bdigits);
+            MEMCPY(BDIGITS(val), fixbuf, BDIGIT, num_bdigits);
             BDIGITS(val)[num_bdigits++] = 1;
         }
         else {
@@ -3694,9 +3712,9 @@ rb_integer_unpack(const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t na
         BDIGIT_DBL u = fixbuf[0] + BIGUP(fixbuf[1]);
         if (u == 0)
             return LONG2FIX(0);
-	if (0 < sign && POSFIXABLE(u))
+        if (0 < sign && POSFIXABLE(u))
             return LONG2FIX((long)u);
-	if (sign < 0 && BDIGIT_MSB(fixbuf[1]) == 0 &&
+        if (sign < 0 && BDIGIT_MSB(fixbuf[1]) == 0 &&
                 NEGFIXABLE(-(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)u))
             return LONG2FIX((long)-(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)u);
         val = bignew((long)num_bdigits, 0 <= sign);
@@ -3748,41 +3766,41 @@ str2big_scan_digits(const char *s, const char *str, int base, int badcheck, size
     int c;
 
     if (!len) {
-	*num_digits_p = 0;
-	*len_p = 0;
-	return TRUE;
+        *num_digits_p = 0;
+        *len_p = 0;
+        return TRUE;
     }
 
     if (badcheck && *str == '_') return FALSE;
 
     while ((c = *str++) != 0) {
-	if (c == '_') {
-	    if (nondigit) {
+        if (c == '_') {
+            if (nondigit) {
                 if (badcheck) return FALSE;
-		break;
-	    }
-	    nondigit = (char) c;
-	}
-	else if ((c = conv_digit(c)) < 0 || c >= base) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	else {
-	    nondigit = 0;
-	    num_digits++;
-	    digits_end = str;
-	}
-	if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
+                break;
+            }
+            nondigit = (char) c;
+        }
+        else if ((c = conv_digit(c)) < 0 || c >= base) {
+            break;
+        }
+        else {
+            nondigit = 0;
+            num_digits++;
+            digits_end = str;
+        }
+        if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
     }
     if (badcheck && nondigit) return FALSE;
     if (badcheck && len) {
-	str--;
-	while (*str && ISSPACE(*str)) {
-	    str++;
-	    if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
-	}
-	if (len && *str) {
-	    return FALSE;
-	}
+        str--;
+        while (*str && ISSPACE(*str)) {
+            str++;
+            if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
+        }
+        if (len && *str) {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
     }
     *num_digits_p = num_digits;
     *len_p = digits_end - digits_start;
@@ -3957,7 +3975,7 @@ str2big_karatsuba(
     return z;
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 static VALUE
 str2big_gmp(
     int sign,
@@ -4024,8 +4042,8 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
     char *end;
     VALUE ret = rb_cstr_parse_inum(str, -1, (badcheck ? NULL : &end), base);
     if (NIL_P(ret)) {
-	if (badcheck) rb_invalid_str(str, "Integer()");
-	ret = INT2FIX(0);
+        if (badcheck) rb_invalid_str(str, "Integer()");
+        ret = INT2FIX(0);
     }
     return ret;
 }
@@ -4049,7 +4067,7 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
 
 VALUE
 rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits,
-		  int base, int flags)
+                  int base, int flags)
 {
     const char *const s = str;
     char sign = 1;
@@ -4066,82 +4084,82 @@ rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits,
     const int badcheck = !endp;
 
 #define ADV(n) do {\
-	if (len > 0 && len <= (n)) goto bad; \
-	str += (n); \
-	len -= (n); \
+        if (len > 0 && len <= (n)) goto bad; \
+        str += (n); \
+        len -= (n); \
     } while (0)
 #define ASSERT_LEN() do {\
-	assert(len != 0); \
-	if (len0 >= 0) assert(s + len0 == str + len); \
+        assert(len != 0); \
+        if (len0 >= 0) assert(s + len0 == str + len); \
     } while (0)
 
     if (!str) {
         goto bad;
     }
     if (len && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN)) {
-	while (ISSPACE(*str)) ADV(1);
+        while (ISSPACE(*str)) ADV(1);
 
-	if (str[0] == '+') {
-	    ADV(1);
-	}
-	else if (str[0] == '-') {
-	    ADV(1);
-	    sign = 0;
-	}
-	ASSERT_LEN();
+        if (str[0] == '+') {
+            ADV(1);
+        }
+        else if (str[0] == '-') {
+            ADV(1);
+            sign = 0;
+        }
+        ASSERT_LEN();
     }
     if (base <= 0) {
-	if (str[0] == '0' && len > 1) {
-	    switch (str[1]) {
-	      case 'x': case 'X':
-		base = 16;
-		ADV(2);
-		break;
-	      case 'b': case 'B':
-		base = 2;
-		ADV(2);
-		break;
-	      case 'o': case 'O':
-		base = 8;
-		ADV(2);
-		break;
-	      case 'd': case 'D':
-		base = 10;
-		ADV(2);
-		break;
-	      default:
-		base = 8;
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (base < -1) {
-	    base = -base;
-	}
-	else {
-	    base = 10;
-	}
+        if (str[0] == '0' && len > 1) {
+            switch (str[1]) {
+              case 'x': case 'X':
+                base = 16;
+                ADV(2);
+                break;
+              case 'b': case 'B':
+                base = 2;
+                ADV(2);
+                break;
+              case 'o': case 'O':
+                base = 8;
+                ADV(2);
+                break;
+              case 'd': case 'D':
+                base = 10;
+                ADV(2);
+                break;
+              default:
+                base = 8;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (base < -1) {
+            base = -base;
+        }
+        else {
+            base = 10;
+        }
     }
     else if (len == 1 || !(flags & RB_INT_PARSE_PREFIX)) {
-	/* no prefix */
+        /* no prefix */
     }
     else if (base == 2) {
-	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'b'||str[1] == 'B')) {
-	    ADV(2);
-	}
+        if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'b'||str[1] == 'B')) {
+            ADV(2);
+        }
     }
     else if (base == 8) {
-	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'o'||str[1] == 'O')) {
-	    ADV(2);
-	}
+        if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'o'||str[1] == 'O')) {
+            ADV(2);
+        }
     }
     else if (base == 10) {
-	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'd'||str[1] == 'D')) {
-	    ADV(2);
-	}
+        if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'd'||str[1] == 'D')) {
+            ADV(2);
+        }
     }
     else if (base == 16) {
-	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'x'||str[1] == 'X')) {
-	    ADV(2);
-	}
+        if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'x'||str[1] == 'X')) {
+            ADV(2);
+        }
     }
     if (!valid_radix_p(base)) {
         invalid_radix(base);
@@ -4149,80 +4167,79 @@ rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits,
     if (!len) goto bad;
     num_digits = str - s;
     if (*str == '0' && len != 1) { /* squeeze preceding 0s */
-	int us = 0;
-	const char *end = len < 0 ? NULL : str + len;
-	++num_digits;
-	while ((c = *++str) == '0' ||
-	       ((flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE) && c == '_')) {
-	    if (c == '_') {
-		if (++us >= 2)
-		    break;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		++num_digits;
-		us = 0;
-	    }
-	    if (str == end) break;
-	}
-	if (!c || ISSPACE(c)) --str;
-	if (end) len = end - str;
-	ASSERT_LEN();
+        int us = 0;
+        const char *end = len < 0 ? NULL : str + len;
+        ++num_digits;
+        while ((c = *++str) == '0' ||
+               ((flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE) && c == '_')) {
+            if (c == '_') {
+                if (++us >= 2)
+                    break;
+            }
+            else {
+                ++num_digits;
+                us = 0;
+            }
+            if (str == end) break;
+        }
+        if (!c || ISSPACE(c)) --str;
+        if (end) len = end - str;
     }
     c = *str;
     c = conv_digit(c);
     if (c < 0 || c >= base) {
-	if (!badcheck && num_digits) z = INT2FIX(0);
-	goto bad;
+        if (!badcheck && num_digits) z = INT2FIX(0);
+        goto bad;
     }
 
     if (ndigits) *ndigits = num_digits;
     val = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, base, &num_digits, &ov);
     if (!ov) {
-	const char *end = &str[num_digits];
-	if (num_digits > 0 && *end == '_' && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE))
-	    goto bigparse;
-	if (endp) *endp = (char *)end;
-	if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
-	if (badcheck) {
-	    if (num_digits == 0) return Qnil; /* no number */
-	    while (len < 0 ? *end : end < str + len) {
-		if (!ISSPACE(*end)) return Qnil; /* trailing garbage */
-		end++;
-	    }
-	}
-
-	if (POSFIXABLE(val)) {
-	    if (sign) return LONG2FIX(val);
-	    else {
-		long result = -(long)val;
-		return LONG2FIX(result);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    VALUE big = rb_uint2big(val);
-	    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(big, sign);
-	    return bignorm(big);
-	}
+        const char *end = &str[num_digits];
+        if (num_digits > 0 && *end == '_' && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE))
+            goto bigparse;
+        if (endp) *endp = (char *)end;
+        if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
+        if (badcheck) {
+            if (num_digits == 0) return Qnil; /* no number */
+            while (len < 0 ? *end : end < str + len) {
+                if (!ISSPACE(*end)) return Qnil; /* trailing garbage */
+                end++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (POSFIXABLE(val)) {
+            if (sign) return LONG2FIX(val);
+            else {
+                long result = -(long)val;
+                return LONG2FIX(result);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            VALUE big = rb_uint2big(val);
+            BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(big, sign);
+            return bignorm(big);
+        }
     }
 
   bigparse:
     digits_start = str;
     if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
-	goto bad;
+        goto bad;
     if (endp) *endp = (char *)(str + len);
     if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     if (POW2_P(base)) {
         z = str2big_poweroftwo(sign, digits_start, digits_end, num_digits,
-			       bit_length(base-1));
+                               bit_length(base-1));
     }
     else {
         int digits_per_bdigits_dbl;
         maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
         num_bdigits = roomof(num_digits, digits_per_bdigits_dbl)*2;
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
         if (GMP_STR2BIG_DIGITS < num_bdigits) {
             z = str2big_gmp(sign, digits_start, digits_end, num_digits,
                     num_bdigits, base);
@@ -4251,7 +4268,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
 {
     return rb_int_parse_cstr(str, len, endp, NULL, base,
-			     RB_INT_PARSE_DEFAULT);
+                             RB_INT_PARSE_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -4300,14 +4317,14 @@ rb_str2big_poweroftwo(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     s = str = StringValueCStr(arg);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
     if (*str == '-') {
-	len--;
+        len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
     if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
-	invalid_integer(arg);
+        invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     z = str2big_poweroftwo(positive_p, digits_start, digits_end, num_digits,
@@ -4339,14 +4356,14 @@ rb_str2big_normal(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     s = str = StringValuePtr(arg);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
     if (len > 0 && *str == '-') {
-	len--;
+        len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
     if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
-	invalid_integer(arg);
+        invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
@@ -4381,14 +4398,14 @@ rb_str2big_karatsuba(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     s = str = StringValuePtr(arg);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
     if (len > 0 && *str == '-') {
-	len--;
+        len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
     if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
-	invalid_integer(arg);
+        invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
@@ -4402,7 +4419,7 @@ rb_str2big_karatsuba(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 VALUE
 rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
 {
@@ -4424,14 +4441,14 @@ rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     s = str = StringValuePtr(arg);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
     if (len > 0 && *str == '-') {
-	len--;
+        len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
     if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
-	invalid_integer(arg);
+        invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
@@ -4458,8 +4475,8 @@ rb_ull2big(unsigned LONG_LONG n)
     digits[0] = n;
 #else
     for (i = 0; i < bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_LONG_LONG); i++) {
-	digits[i] = BIGLO(n);
-	n = BIGDN(n);
+        digits[i] = BIGLO(n);
+        n = BIGDN(n);
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -4478,14 +4495,14 @@ rb_ll2big(LONG_LONG n)
 
     if (n < 0) {
         u = 1 + (unsigned LONG_LONG)(-(n + 1)); /* u = -n avoiding overflow */
-	neg = 1;
+        neg = 1;
     }
     else {
         u = n;
     }
     big = rb_ull2big(u);
     if (neg) {
-	BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
+        BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
     }
     return big;
 }
@@ -4515,7 +4532,7 @@ rb_uint128t2big(uint128_t n)
     BDIGIT *digits = BDIGITS(big);
 
     for (i = 0; i < bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T); i++) {
-	digits[i] = BIGLO(RSHIFT(n ,BITSPERDIG*i));
+        digits[i] = BIGLO(RSHIFT(n ,BITSPERDIG*i));
     }
 
     i = bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T);
@@ -4533,14 +4550,14 @@ rb_int128t2big(int128_t n)
 
     if (n < 0) {
         u = 1 + (uint128_t)(-(n + 1)); /* u = -n avoiding overflow */
-	neg = 1;
+        neg = 1;
     }
     else {
         u = n;
     }
     big = rb_uint128t2big(u);
     if (neg) {
-	BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
+        BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
     }
     return big;
 }
@@ -4569,11 +4586,14 @@ big_shift3(VALUE x, int lshift_p, size_t shift_numdigits, int shift_numbits)
 
     if (lshift_p) {
         if (LONG_MAX < shift_numdigits) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too big number");
+          too_big:
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "shift width too big");
         }
         s1 = shift_numdigits;
         s2 = shift_numbits;
+        if ((size_t)s1 != shift_numdigits) goto too_big;
         xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+        if (LONG_MAX/SIZEOF_BDIGIT <= xn+s1) goto too_big;
         z = bignew(xn+s1+1, BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
         zds = BDIGITS(z);
         BDIGITS_ZERO(zds, s1);
@@ -4703,7 +4723,7 @@ power_cache_get_power(int base, int power_level, size_t *numdigits_ret)
         rb_obj_hide(power);
         base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level] = power;
         base36_numdigits_cache[base - 2][power_level] = numdigits;
-	rb_gc_register_mark_object(power);
+        rb_gc_register_mark_object(power);
     }
     if (numdigits_ret)
         *numdigits_ret = base36_numdigits_cache[base - 2][power_level];
@@ -4754,7 +4774,7 @@ big2str_2bdigits(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t tail
         } while (num);
         len = sizeof(buf) - j;
         big2str_alloc(b2s, len + taillen);
-	MEMCPY(b2s->ptr, buf + j, char, len);
+        MEMCPY(b2s->ptr, buf + j, char, len);
     }
     else {
         p = b2s->ptr;
@@ -4771,7 +4791,7 @@ big2str_2bdigits(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t tail
 
 static void
 big2str_karatsuba(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t wn,
-		  int power_level, size_t taillen)
+                  int power_level, size_t taillen)
 {
     VALUE b;
     size_t half_numdigits, lower_numdigits;
@@ -4801,17 +4821,17 @@ big2str_karatsuba(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t wn,
      */
 
     if (xn == 0 || bary_zero_p(xds, xn)) {
-	if (b2s->ptr) {
+        if (b2s->ptr) {
             /* When x is zero, power_cache_get_power(base, power_level) should be cached already. */
             power_cache_get_power(b2s->base, power_level, &len);
-	    memset(b2s->ptr, '0', len);
+            memset(b2s->ptr, '0', len);
             b2s->ptr += len;
-	}
+        }
         return;
     }
 
     if (power_level == 0) {
-	big2str_2bdigits(b2s, xds, xn, taillen);
+        big2str_2bdigits(b2s, xds, xn, taillen);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -4839,7 +4859,7 @@ big2str_karatsuba(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t wn,
             memset(b2s->ptr, '0', len);
             b2s->ptr += len;
         }
-	big2str_2bdigits(b2s, xds, xn, taillen);
+        big2str_2bdigits(b2s, xds, xn, taillen);
     }
     else {
         BDIGIT *qds, *rds;
@@ -4943,11 +4963,11 @@ big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
     BARY_TRUNC(xds, xn);
 
     if (xn == 0) {
-	return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
+        return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
     }
 
     if (!valid_radix_p(base))
-	invalid_radix(base);
+        invalid_radix(base);
 
     if (xn >= LONG_MAX/BITSPERDIG) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `string'");
@@ -4984,7 +5004,7 @@ big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
     b2s_data.ptr = NULL;
 
     if (power_level == 0) {
-	big2str_2bdigits(&b2s_data, xds, xn, 0);
+        big2str_2bdigits(&b2s_data, xds, xn, 0);
     }
     else {
         VALUE tmpw = 0;
@@ -4993,7 +5013,7 @@ big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
         wn = power_level * BIGDIVREM_EXTRA_WORDS + BIGNUM_LEN(power);
         wds = ALLOCV_N(BDIGIT, tmpw, xn + wn);
         MEMCPY(wds, xds, BDIGIT, xn);
-	big2str_karatsuba(&b2s_data, wds, xn, wn, power_level, 0);
+        big2str_karatsuba(&b2s_data, wds, xn, wn, power_level, 0);
         if (tmpw)
             ALLOCV_END(tmpw);
     }
@@ -5012,7 +5032,7 @@ rb_big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
     return big2str_generic(x, base);
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 static VALUE
 big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base)
 {
@@ -5059,7 +5079,7 @@ rb_big2str1(VALUE x, int base)
     size_t xn;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-	return rb_fix2str(x, base);
+        return rb_fix2str(x, base);
     }
 
     bigtrunc(x);
@@ -5068,11 +5088,11 @@ rb_big2str1(VALUE x, int base)
     BARY_TRUNC(xds, xn);
 
     if (xn == 0) {
-	return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
+        return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
     }
 
     if (!valid_radix_p(base))
-	invalid_radix(base);
+        invalid_radix(base);
 
     if (xn >= LONG_MAX/BITSPERDIG) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `string'");
@@ -5083,7 +5103,7 @@ rb_big2str1(VALUE x, int base)
         return big2str_base_poweroftwo(x, base);
     }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
     if (GMP_BIG2STR_DIGITS < xn) {
         return big2str_gmp(x, base);
     }
@@ -5119,7 +5139,7 @@ big2ulong(VALUE x, const char *type)
 #else
     num = 0;
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	num <<= BITSPERDIG;
+        num <<= BITSPERDIG;
         num += (unsigned long)ds[len - i - 1]; /* overflow is already checked */
     }
 #endif
@@ -5172,13 +5192,13 @@ big2ull(VALUE x, const char *type)
     if (len == 0)
         return 0;
     if (BIGSIZE(x) > SIZEOF_LONG_LONG)
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `%s'", type);
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `%s'", type);
 #if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
     num = (unsigned LONG_LONG)ds[0];
 #else
     num = 0;
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	num = BIGUP(num);
+        num = BIGUP(num);
         num += ds[len - i - 1];
     }
 #endif
@@ -5228,23 +5248,23 @@ dbl2big(double d)
     double u = (d < 0)?-d:d;
 
     if (isinf(d)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, d < 0 ? "-Infinity" : "Infinity");
+        rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, d < 0 ? "-Infinity" : "Infinity");
     }
     if (isnan(d)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "NaN");
+        rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "NaN");
     }
 
     while (1.0 <= u) {
-	u /= (double)(BIGRAD);
-	i++;
+        u /= (double)(BIGRAD);
+        i++;
     }
     z = bignew(i, d>=0);
     digits = BDIGITS(z);
     while (i--) {
-	u *= BIGRAD;
-	c = (BDIGIT)u;
-	u -= c;
-	digits[i] = c;
+        u *= BIGRAD;
+        c = (BDIGIT)u;
+        u -= c;
+        digits[i] = c;
     }
 
     return z;
@@ -5264,28 +5284,28 @@ big2dbl(VALUE x)
     BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x), dl;
 
     if (i) {
-	bits = i * BITSPERDIG - nlz(ds[i-1]);
-	if (bits > DBL_MANT_DIG+DBL_MAX_EXP) {
-	    d = HUGE_VAL;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (bits > DBL_MANT_DIG+1)
-		lo = (bits -= DBL_MANT_DIG+1) / BITSPERDIG;
-	    else
-		bits = 0;
-	    while (--i > lo) {
-		d = ds[i] + BIGRAD*d;
-	    }
-	    dl = ds[i];
-	    if (bits && (dl & ((BDIGIT)1 << (bits %= BITSPERDIG)))) {
-		int carry = (dl & ~(BDIGMAX << bits)) != 0;
-		if (!carry) {
-		    while (i-- > 0) {
-			carry = ds[i] != 0;
-			if (carry) break;
-		    }
-		}
-		if (carry) {
+        bits = i * BITSPERDIG - nlz(ds[i-1]);
+        if (bits > DBL_MANT_DIG+DBL_MAX_EXP) {
+            d = HUGE_VAL;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (bits > DBL_MANT_DIG+1)
+                lo = (bits -= DBL_MANT_DIG+1) / BITSPERDIG;
+            else
+                bits = 0;
+            while (--i > lo) {
+                d = ds[i] + BIGRAD*d;
+            }
+            dl = ds[i];
+            if (bits && (dl & ((BDIGIT)1 << (bits %= BITSPERDIG)))) {
+                int carry = (dl & ~(BDIGMAX << bits)) != 0;
+                if (!carry) {
+                    while (i-- > 0) {
+                        carry = ds[i] != 0;
+                        if (carry) break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (carry) {
                     BDIGIT mask = BDIGMAX;
                     BDIGIT bit = 1;
                     mask <<= bits;
@@ -5293,19 +5313,19 @@ big2dbl(VALUE x)
                     dl &= mask;
                     dl += bit;
                     dl = BIGLO(dl);
-		    if (!dl) d += 1;
-		}
-	    }
-	    d = dl + BIGRAD*d;
-	    if (lo) {
-		if (lo > INT_MAX / BITSPERDIG)
-		    d = HUGE_VAL;
-		else if (lo < INT_MIN / BITSPERDIG)
-		    d = 0.0;
-		else
-		    d = ldexp(d, (int)(lo * BITSPERDIG));
-	    }
-	}
+                    if (!dl) d += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            d = dl + BIGRAD*d;
+            if (lo) {
+                if (lo > INT_MAX / BITSPERDIG)
+                    d = HUGE_VAL;
+                else if (lo < INT_MIN / BITSPERDIG)
+                    d = 0.0;
+                else
+                    d = ldexp(d, (int)(lo * BITSPERDIG));
+            }
+        }
     }
     if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) d = -d;
     return d;
@@ -5317,11 +5337,11 @@ rb_big2dbl(VALUE x)
     double d = big2dbl(x);
 
     if (isinf(d)) {
-	rb_warning("Integer out of Float range");
-	if (d < 0.0)
-	    d = -HUGE_VAL;
-	else
-	    d = HUGE_VAL;
+        rb_warning("Integer out of Float range");
+        if (d < 0.0)
+            d = -HUGE_VAL;
+        else
+            d = HUGE_VAL;
     }
     return d;
 }
@@ -5418,26 +5438,26 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	x = bigfixize(x);
+        x = bigfixize(x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-	    /* SIGNED_VALUE and Fixnum have same sign-bits, same
-	     * order */
-	    SIGNED_VALUE sx = (SIGNED_VALUE)x, sy = (SIGNED_VALUE)y;
-	    if (sx < sy) return INT2FIX(-1);
-	    return INT2FIX(sx > sy);
+            /* SIGNED_VALUE and Fixnum have same sign-bits, same
+             * order */
+            SIGNED_VALUE sx = (SIGNED_VALUE)x, sy = (SIGNED_VALUE)y;
+            if (sx < sy) return INT2FIX(-1);
+            return INT2FIX(sx > sy);
         }
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) == BIGNUM_SIGN(y)) {
-	    int cmp = bary_cmp(BDIGITS(x), BIGNUM_LEN(x), BDIGITS(y), BIGNUM_LEN(y));
-	    return INT2FIX(BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? cmp : -cmp);
-	}
+        if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) == BIGNUM_SIGN(y)) {
+            int cmp = bary_cmp(BDIGITS(x), BIGNUM_LEN(x), BDIGITS(y), BIGNUM_LEN(y));
+            return INT2FIX(BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? cmp : -cmp);
+        }
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, idCmp);
+        return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, idCmp);
     }
     return INT2FIX(BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? 1 : -1);
 }
@@ -5456,30 +5476,30 @@ big_op(VALUE x, VALUE y, enum big_op_t op)
     int n;
 
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	rel = rb_big_cmp(x, y);
+        rel = rb_big_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	ID id = 0;
-	switch (op) {
-	  case big_op_gt: id = '>'; break;
-	  case big_op_ge: id = idGE; break;
-	  case big_op_lt: id = '<'; break;
-	  case big_op_le: id = idLE; break;
-	}
-	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, id);
+        ID id = 0;
+        switch (op) {
+          case big_op_gt: id = '>'; break;
+          case big_op_ge: id = idGE; break;
+          case big_op_lt: id = '<'; break;
+          case big_op_le: id = idLE; break;
+        }
+        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, id);
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(rel)) return Qfalse;
     n = FIX2INT(rel);
 
     switch (op) {
-	case big_op_gt: return RBOOL(n >  0);
-	case big_op_ge: return RBOOL(n >= 0);
-	case big_op_lt: return RBOOL(n <  0);
-	case big_op_le: return RBOOL(n <= 0);
+        case big_op_gt: return RBOOL(n >  0);
+        case big_op_ge: return RBOOL(n >= 0);
+        case big_op_lt: return RBOOL(n <  0);
+        case big_op_le: return RBOOL(n <= 0);
     }
     return Qundef;
 }
@@ -5523,7 +5543,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	return RBOOL(bignorm(x) == y);
+        return RBOOL(bignorm(x) == y);
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
     }
@@ -5531,7 +5551,7 @@ rb_big_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
         return rb_integer_float_eq(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_equal(y, x);
+        return rb_equal(y, x);
     }
     if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) != BIGNUM_SIGN(y)) return Qfalse;
     if (BIGNUM_LEN(x) != BIGNUM_LEN(y)) return Qfalse;
@@ -5638,10 +5658,10 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
     assert(xn == zn);
     num = (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)xds[0] - y;
     if (xn == 1 && num < 0) {
-	BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
-	zds[0] = (BDIGIT)-num;
-	RB_GC_GUARD(x);
-	return bignorm(z);
+        BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
+        zds[0] = (BDIGIT)-num;
+        RB_GC_GUARD(x);
+        return bignorm(z);
     }
     zds[0] = BIGLO(num);
     num = BIGDN(num);
@@ -5653,10 +5673,10 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
     num = 0;
     for (i=0; i < xn; i++) {
         if (y == 0) goto y_is_zero_x;
-	num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)xds[i] - BIGLO(y);
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
-	y = BIGDN(y);
+        num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)xds[i] - BIGLO(y);
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
+        y = BIGDN(y);
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
         if (y == 0) goto y_is_zero_z;
@@ -5671,9 +5691,9 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
     for (; i < xn; i++) {
       y_is_zero_x:
         if (num == 0) goto num_is_zero_x;
-	num += xds[i];
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        num += xds[i];
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT < SIZEOF_LONG
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
@@ -5687,7 +5707,7 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
 
     for (; i < xn; i++) {
       num_is_zero_x:
-	zds[i] = xds[i];
+        zds[i] = xds[i];
     }
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT < SIZEOF_LONG
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
@@ -5701,7 +5721,7 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
     assert(num == 0 || num == -1);
     if (num < 0) {
         get2comp(z);
-	BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
+        BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
     return bignorm(z);
@@ -5744,17 +5764,17 @@ bigadd_int(VALUE x, long y)
     num = 0;
     for (i=0; i < xn; i++) {
         if (y == 0) goto y_is_zero_x;
-	num += (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i] + BIGLO(y);
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
-	y = BIGDN(y);
+        num += (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i] + BIGLO(y);
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
+        y = BIGDN(y);
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
         if (y == 0) goto y_is_zero_z;
-	num += BIGLO(y);
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
-	y = BIGDN(y);
+        num += BIGLO(y);
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
+        y = BIGDN(y);
     }
     goto finish;
 
@@ -5763,25 +5783,25 @@ bigadd_int(VALUE x, long y)
     for (;i < xn; i++) {
       y_is_zero_x:
         if (num == 0) goto num_is_zero_x;
-	num += (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i];
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        num += (BDIGIT_DBL)xds[i];
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
       y_is_zero_z:
         if (num == 0) goto num_is_zero_z;
-	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
-	num = BIGDN(num);
+        zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
+        num = BIGDN(num);
     }
     goto finish;
 
     for (;i < xn; i++) {
       num_is_zero_x:
-	zds[i] = xds[i];
+        zds[i] = xds[i];
     }
     for (; i < zn; i++) {
       num_is_zero_z:
-	zds[i] = 0;
+        zds[i] = 0;
     }
     goto finish;
 
@@ -5798,15 +5818,15 @@ bigadd(VALUE x, VALUE y, int sign)
 
     sign = (sign == BIGNUM_SIGN(y));
     if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) != sign) {
-	if (sign) return bigsub(y, x);
-	return bigsub(x, y);
+        if (sign) return bigsub(y, x);
+        return bigsub(x, y);
     }
 
     if (BIGNUM_LEN(x) > BIGNUM_LEN(y)) {
-	len = BIGNUM_LEN(x) + 1;
+        len = BIGNUM_LEN(x) + 1;
     }
     else {
-	len = BIGNUM_LEN(y) + 1;
+        len = BIGNUM_LEN(y) + 1;
     }
     z = bignew(len, sign);
 
@@ -5823,26 +5843,26 @@ rb_big_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long n;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	n = FIX2LONG(y);
-	if ((n > 0) != BIGNUM_SIGN(x)) {
-	    if (n < 0) {
-		n = -n;
-	    }
-	    return bigsub_int(x, n);
-	}
-	if (n < 0) {
-	    n = -n;
-	}
-	return bigadd_int(x, n);
+        n = FIX2LONG(y);
+        if ((n > 0) != BIGNUM_SIGN(x)) {
+            if (n < 0) {
+                n = -n;
+            }
+            return bigsub_int(x, n);
+        }
+        if (n < 0) {
+            n = -n;
+        }
+        return bigadd_int(x, n);
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return bignorm(bigadd(x, y, 1));
+        return bignorm(bigadd(x, y, 1));
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) + RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) + RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '+');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '+');
     }
 }
 
@@ -5852,26 +5872,26 @@ rb_big_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long n;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	n = FIX2LONG(y);
-	if ((n > 0) != BIGNUM_SIGN(x)) {
-	    if (n < 0) {
-		n = -n;
-	    }
-	    return bigadd_int(x, n);
-	}
-	if (n < 0) {
-	    n = -n;
-	}
-	return bigsub_int(x, n);
+        n = FIX2LONG(y);
+        if ((n > 0) != BIGNUM_SIGN(x)) {
+            if (n < 0) {
+                n = -n;
+            }
+            return bigadd_int(x, n);
+        }
+        if (n < 0) {
+            n = -n;
+        }
+        return bigsub_int(x, n);
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return bignorm(bigadd(x, y, 0));
+        return bignorm(bigadd(x, y, 0));
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) - RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) - RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '-');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '-');
     }
 }
 
@@ -5930,15 +5950,15 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+        y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) * RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) * RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '*');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '*');
     }
 
     return bignorm(bigmul0(x, y));
@@ -5965,21 +5985,21 @@ bigdivrem(VALUE x, VALUE y, volatile VALUE *divp, volatile VALUE *modp)
     BARY_TRUNC(xds, xn);
 
     if (xn < yn || (xn == yn && xds[xn - 1] < yds[yn - 1])) {
-	if (divp) *divp = rb_int2big(0);
-	if (modp) *modp = x;
-	return Qnil;
+        if (divp) *divp = rb_int2big(0);
+        if (modp) *modp = x;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     if (yn == 1) {
-	dd = yds[0];
-	z = bignew(xn, BIGNUM_SIGN(x)==BIGNUM_SIGN(y));
-	zds = BDIGITS(z);
+        dd = yds[0];
+        z = bignew(xn, BIGNUM_SIGN(x)==BIGNUM_SIGN(y));
+        zds = BDIGITS(z);
         dd = bigdivrem_single(zds, xds, xn, dd);
-	if (modp) {
-	    *modp = rb_uint2big((uintptr_t)dd);
-	    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(*modp, BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
-	}
-	if (divp) *divp = z;
-	return Qnil;
+        if (modp) {
+            *modp = rb_uint2big((uintptr_t)dd);
+            BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(*modp, BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
+        }
+        if (divp) *divp = z;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     if (xn == 2 && yn == 2) {
         BDIGIT_DBL x0 = bary2bdigitdbl(xds, 2);
@@ -6044,11 +6064,11 @@ bigdivmod(VALUE x, VALUE y, volatile VALUE *divp, volatile VALUE *modp)
 
     bigdivrem(x, y, divp, &mod);
     if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) != BIGNUM_SIGN(y) && !BIGZEROP(mod)) {
-	if (divp) *divp = bigadd(*divp, rb_int2big(1), 0);
-	if (modp) *modp = bigadd(mod, y, 1);
+        if (divp) *divp = bigadd(*divp, rb_int2big(1), 0);
+        if (modp) *modp = bigadd(mod, y, 1);
     }
     else if (modp) {
-	*modp = mod;
+        *modp = mod;
     }
 }
 
@@ -6059,25 +6079,25 @@ rb_big_divide(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID op)
     VALUE z;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+        y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	if (op == '/') {
+        if (op == '/') {
             double dx = rb_big2dbl(x);
             return rb_flo_div_flo(DBL2NUM(dx), y);
-	}
-	else {
+        }
+        else {
             VALUE v;
-	    double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	    if (dy == 0.0) rb_num_zerodiv();
+            double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+            if (dy == 0.0) rb_num_zerodiv();
             v = rb_big_divide(x, y, '/');
             return rb_dbl2big(RFLOAT_VALUE(v));
-	}
+        }
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, op);
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, op);
     }
     bigdivmod(x, y, &z, 0);
 
@@ -6102,10 +6122,10 @@ rb_big_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     VALUE z;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+        y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (!RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '%');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '%');
     }
     bigdivmod(x, y, 0, &z);
 
@@ -6118,10 +6138,10 @@ rb_big_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     VALUE z;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+        y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (!RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("remainder"));
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("remainder"));
     }
     bigdivrem(x, y, 0, &z);
 
@@ -6134,7 +6154,7 @@ rb_big_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     VALUE div, mod;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+        y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (!RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
         return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idDivmod);
@@ -6148,9 +6168,9 @@ static VALUE
 big_shift(VALUE x, long n)
 {
     if (n < 0)
-	return big_lshift(x, 1+(unsigned long)(-(n+1)));
+        return big_lshift(x, 1+(unsigned long)(-(n+1)));
     else if (n > 0)
-	return big_rshift(x, (unsigned long)n);
+        return big_rshift(x, (unsigned long)n);
     return x;
 }
 
@@ -6174,9 +6194,9 @@ big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y, long ey)
     l = ex - ey;
 #if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
     {
-	/* Visual C++ can't be here */
-	if (l > INT_MAX) return HUGE_VAL;
-	if (l < INT_MIN) return 0.0;
+        /* Visual C++ can't be here */
+        if (l > INT_MAX) return HUGE_VAL;
+        if (l < INT_MIN) return 0.0;
     }
 #endif
     return ldexp(big2dbl(z), (int)l);
@@ -6210,19 +6230,19 @@ rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
     dx = big2dbl(x);
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	dy = (double)FIX2LONG(y);
-	if (isinf(dx))
-	    return big_fdiv_int(x, rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y)));
+        dy = (double)FIX2LONG(y);
+        if (isinf(dx))
+            return big_fdiv_int(x, rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y)));
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return big_fdiv_int(x, y);
+        return big_fdiv_int(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	if (isnan(dy))
-	    return dy;
-	if (isinf(dx))
-	    return big_fdiv_float(x, y);
+        dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+        if (isnan(dy))
+            return dy;
+        if (isinf(dx))
+            return big_fdiv_float(x, y);
     }
     else {
         return NUM2DBL(rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idFdiv));
@@ -6247,20 +6267,20 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (y == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(1);
     if (y == INT2FIX(1)) return x;
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	d = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	if ((BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x) && !BIGZEROP(x))) {
+        d = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+        if ((BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x) && !BIGZEROP(x))) {
             return rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(pow(-rb_big2dbl(x), d), d);
-	}
+        }
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	y = bignorm(y);
-	if (FIXNUM_P(y))
-	    goto again;
-	rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
-	d = rb_big2dbl(y);
+        y = bignorm(y);
+        if (FIXNUM_P(y))
+            goto again;
+        rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
+        d = rb_big2dbl(y);
     }
     else if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	yy = FIX2LONG(y);
+        yy = FIX2LONG(y);
 
         if (yy < 0) {
             x = rb_big_pow(x, LONG2NUM(-yy));
@@ -6269,31 +6289,31 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
             else
                 return DBL2NUM(1.0 / NUM2DBL(x));
         }
-	else {
-	    VALUE z = 0;
-	    SIGNED_VALUE mask;
+        else {
+            VALUE z = 0;
+            SIGNED_VALUE mask;
             const size_t xbits = rb_absint_numwords(x, 1, NULL);
-	    const size_t BIGLEN_LIMIT = 32*1024*1024;
+            const size_t BIGLEN_LIMIT = 32*1024*1024;
 
-	    if (xbits == (size_t)-1 ||
+            if (xbits == (size_t)-1 ||
                 (xbits > BIGLEN_LIMIT) ||
                 (xbits * yy > BIGLEN_LIMIT)) {
-		rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
-		d = (double)yy;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		for (mask = FIXNUM_MAX + 1; mask; mask >>= 1) {
-		    if (z) z = bigsq(z);
-		    if (yy & mask) {
-			z = z ? bigtrunc(bigmul0(z, x)) : x;
-		    }
-		}
-		return bignorm(z);
-	    }
-	}
+                rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
+                d = (double)yy;
+            }
+            else {
+                for (mask = FIXNUM_MAX + 1; mask; mask >>= 1) {
+                    if (z) z = bigsq(z);
+                    if (yy & mask) {
+                        z = z ? bigtrunc(bigmul0(z, x)) : x;
+                    }
+                }
+                return bignorm(z);
+            }
+        }
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idPow);
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idPow);
     }
     return DBL2NUM(pow(rb_big2dbl(x), d));
 }
@@ -6313,8 +6333,8 @@ bigand_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT >= SIZEOF_LONG
     if (!hibitsy) {
-	y &= xds[0];
-	return LONG2NUM(y);
+        y &= xds[0];
+        return LONG2NUM(y);
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -6343,10 +6363,10 @@ bigand_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     }
 #endif
     for (;i < xn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = xds[i] & hibitsy;
+        zds[i] = xds[i] & hibitsy;
     }
     for (;i < zn; i++) {
-	zds[i] = hibitsx & hibitsy;
+        zds[i] = hibitsx & hibitsy;
     }
     twocomp2abs_bang(z, hibitsx && hibitsy);
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
@@ -6366,12 +6386,12 @@ rb_big_and(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long tmpn;
 
     if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '&');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '&');
     }
 
     hibitsx = abs2twocomp(&x, &xn);
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	return bigand_int(x, xn, hibitsx, FIX2LONG(y));
+        return bigand_int(x, xn, hibitsx, FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     hibitsy = abs2twocomp(&y, &yn);
     if (xn > yn) {
@@ -6393,10 +6413,10 @@ rb_big_and(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
 
     for (i=0; i<n1; i++) {
-	zds[i] = ds1[i] & ds2[i];
+        zds[i] = ds1[i] & ds2[i];
     }
     for (; i<n2; i++) {
-	zds[i] = hibits1 & ds2[i];
+        zds[i] = hibits1 & ds2[i];
     }
     twocomp2abs_bang(z, hibits1 && hibits2);
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
@@ -6485,12 +6505,12 @@ rb_big_or(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long tmpn;
 
     if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '|');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '|');
     }
 
     hibitsx = abs2twocomp(&x, &xn);
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	return bigor_int(x, xn, hibitsx, FIX2LONG(y));
+        return bigor_int(x, xn, hibitsx, FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     hibitsy = abs2twocomp(&y, &yn);
     if (xn > yn) {
@@ -6512,10 +6532,10 @@ rb_big_or(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
 
     for (i=0; i<n1; i++) {
-	zds[i] = ds1[i] | ds2[i];
+        zds[i] = ds1[i] | ds2[i];
     }
     for (; i<n2; i++) {
-	zds[i] = hibits1 | ds2[i];
+        zds[i] = hibits1 | ds2[i];
     }
     twocomp2abs_bang(z, hibits1 || hibits2);
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
@@ -6579,12 +6599,12 @@ rb_big_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long tmpn;
 
     if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '^');
+        return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '^');
     }
 
     hibitsx = abs2twocomp(&x, &xn);
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	return bigxor_int(x, xn, hibitsx, FIX2LONG(y));
+        return bigxor_int(x, xn, hibitsx, FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     hibitsy = abs2twocomp(&y, &yn);
     if (xn > yn) {
@@ -6603,10 +6623,10 @@ rb_big_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
 
     for (i=0; i<n1; i++) {
-	zds[i] = ds1[i] ^ ds2[i];
+        zds[i] = ds1[i] ^ ds2[i];
     }
     for (; i<n2; i++) {
-	zds[i] = hibitsx ^ ds2[i];
+        zds[i] = hibitsx ^ ds2[i];
     }
     twocomp2abs_bang(z, (hibits1 ^ hibits2) != 0);
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
@@ -6622,25 +6642,25 @@ rb_big_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     int shift_numbits;
 
     for (;;) {
-	if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	    long l = FIX2LONG(y);
+        if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+            long l = FIX2LONG(y);
             unsigned long shift;
-	    if (0 <= l) {
-		lshift_p = 1;
+            if (0 <= l) {
+                lshift_p = 1;
                 shift = l;
             }
             else {
-		lshift_p = 0;
-		shift = 1+(unsigned long)(-(l+1));
-	    }
+                lshift_p = 0;
+                shift = 1+(unsigned long)(-(l+1));
+            }
             shift_numbits = (int)(shift & (BITSPERDIG-1));
             shift_numdigits = shift >> bit_length(BITSPERDIG-1);
             return bignorm(big_shift3(x, lshift_p, shift_numdigits, shift_numbits));
-	}
-	else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+        }
+        else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
             return bignorm(big_shift2(x, 1, y));
-	}
-	y = rb_to_int(y);
+        }
+        y = rb_to_int(y);
     }
 }
 
@@ -6652,8 +6672,8 @@ rb_big_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     int shift_numbits;
 
     for (;;) {
-	if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	    long l = FIX2LONG(y);
+        if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+            long l = FIX2LONG(y);
             unsigned long shift;
             if (0 <= l) {
                 lshift_p = 0;
@@ -6661,16 +6681,16 @@ rb_big_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
             }
             else {
                 lshift_p = 1;
-		shift = 1+(unsigned long)(-(l+1));
-	    }
+                shift = 1+(unsigned long)(-(l+1));
+            }
             shift_numbits = (int)(shift & (BITSPERDIG-1));
             shift_numdigits = shift >> bit_length(BITSPERDIG-1);
             return bignorm(big_shift3(x, lshift_p, shift_numdigits, shift_numbits));
-	}
-	else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+        }
+        else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
             return bignorm(big_shift2(x, 0, y));
-	}
-	y = rb_to_int(y);
+        }
+        y = rb_to_int(y);
     }
 }
 
@@ -6684,22 +6704,22 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     BDIGIT bit;
 
     if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(y))
-	    return INT2FIX(0);
-	bigtrunc(y);
-	if (BIGSIZE(y) > sizeof(size_t)) {
-	    return BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
-	}
+        if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(y))
+            return INT2FIX(0);
+        bigtrunc(y);
+        if (BIGSIZE(y) > sizeof(size_t)) {
+            return BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
+        }
 #if SIZEOF_SIZE_T <= SIZEOF_LONG
-	shift = big2ulong(y, "long");
+        shift = big2ulong(y, "long");
 #else
-	shift = big2ull(y, "long long");
+        shift = big2ull(y, "long long");
 #endif
     }
     else {
-	l = NUM2LONG(y);
-	if (l < 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-	shift = (size_t)l;
+        l = NUM2LONG(y);
+        if (l < 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+        shift = (size_t)l;
     }
     s1 = shift/BITSPERDIG;
     s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
@@ -6760,8 +6780,8 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_abs(VALUE x)
 {
     if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
-	x = rb_big_clone(x);
-	BIGNUM_SET_POSITIVE_SIGN(x);
+        x = rb_big_clone(x);
+        BIGNUM_SET_POSITIVE_SIGN(x);
     }
     return x;
 }
@@ -6835,7 +6855,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_even_p(VALUE num)
 {
     if (BIGNUM_LEN(num) != 0 && BDIGITS(num)[0] & 1) {
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -6866,21 +6886,21 @@ estimate_initial_sqrt(VALUE *xp, const size_t xn, const BDIGIT *nds, size_t len)
     double f;
 
     if (rshift > 0) {
-	lowbits = (BDIGIT)d & ~(~(BDIGIT)1U << rshift);
-	d >>= rshift;
+        lowbits = (BDIGIT)d & ~(~(BDIGIT)1U << rshift);
+        d >>= rshift;
     }
     else if (rshift < 0) {
-	d <<= -rshift;
-	d |= nds[len-dbl_per_bdig-1] >> (BITSPERDIG+rshift);
+        d <<= -rshift;
+        d |= nds[len-dbl_per_bdig-1] >> (BITSPERDIG+rshift);
     }
     f = sqrt(BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(d));
     d = (BDIGIT_DBL)ceil(f);
     if (BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(d) == f) {
-	if (lowbits || (lowbits = !bary_zero_p(nds, len-dbl_per_bdig)))
-	    ++d;
+        if (lowbits || (lowbits = !bary_zero_p(nds, len-dbl_per_bdig)))
+            ++d;
     }
     else {
-	lowbits = 1;
+        lowbits = 1;
     }
     rshift /= 2;
     rshift += (2-(len&1))*BITSPERDIG/2;
@@ -6912,35 +6932,35 @@ rb_big_isqrt(VALUE n)
     BDIGIT *xds;
 
     if (len <= 2) {
-	BDIGIT sq = rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(bary2bdigitdbl(nds, len));
+        BDIGIT sq = rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(bary2bdigitdbl(nds, len));
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT > SIZEOF_LONG
-	return ULL2NUM(sq);
+        return ULL2NUM(sq);
 #else
-	return ULONG2NUM(sq);
+        return ULONG2NUM(sq);
 #endif
     }
     else if ((xds = estimate_initial_sqrt(&x, xn, nds, len)) != 0) {
-	size_t tn = xn + BIGDIVREM_EXTRA_WORDS;
-	VALUE t = bignew_1(0, tn, 1);
-	BDIGIT *tds = BDIGITS(t);
-	tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
-
-	/* t = n/x */
-	while (bary_divmod_branch(tds, tn, NULL, 0, nds, len, xds, xn),
-	       bary_cmp(tds, tn, xds, xn) < 0) {
-	    int carry;
-	    BARY_TRUNC(tds, tn);
-	    /* x = (x+t)/2 */
-	    carry = bary_add(xds, xn, xds, xn, tds, tn);
-	    bary_small_rshift(xds, xds, xn, 1, carry);
-	    tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
-	}
+        size_t tn = xn + BIGDIVREM_EXTRA_WORDS;
+        VALUE t = bignew_1(0, tn, 1);
+        BDIGIT *tds = BDIGITS(t);
+        tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
+
+        /* t = n/x */
+        while (bary_divmod_branch(tds, tn, NULL, 0, nds, len, xds, xn),
+               bary_cmp(tds, tn, xds, xn) < 0) {
+            int carry;
+            BARY_TRUNC(tds, tn);
+            /* x = (x+t)/2 */
+            carry = bary_add(xds, xn, xds, xn, tds, tn);
+            bary_small_rshift(xds, xds, xn, 1, carry);
+            tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
+        }
     }
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(x, rb_cInteger);
     return x;
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
 static void
 bary_powm_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn, const BDIGIT *mds, size_t mn)
 {
@@ -6966,7 +6986,7 @@ bary_powm_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT
 static VALUE
 int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
 {
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
     VALUE z;
     size_t xn, yn, mn, zn;
 
@@ -7142,7 +7162,7 @@ rb_int_powm(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num)
         }
         else {
             if (rb_bigzero_p(m)) rb_num_zerodiv();
-	    if (bignorm(m) == INT2FIX(1)) return INT2FIX(0);
+            if (bignorm(m) == INT2FIX(1)) return INT2FIX(0);
             return int_pow_tmp3(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, m, nega_flg);
         }
     }
@@ -7172,7 +7192,7 @@ Init_Bignum(void)
 {
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "coerce", rb_int_coerce, 1);
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
+#if USE_GMP
     /* The version of loaded GMP. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cInteger, "GMP_VERSION", rb_sprintf("GMP %s", gmp_version));
 #endif
diff --git a/bin/gem b/bin/gem
index a4ec754abb..1c16ea7ddd 100755
--- a/bin/gem
+++ b/bin/gem
@@ -5,21 +5,6 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/gem_runner'
-require 'rubygems/exceptions'
-
-required_version = Gem::Requirement.new ">= 1.8.7"
-
-unless required_version.satisfied_by? Gem.ruby_version then
-  abort "Expected Ruby Version #{required_version}, is #{Gem.ruby_version}"
-end
-
-args = ARGV.clone
-
-begin
-  Gem::GemRunner.new.run args
-rescue Gem::SystemExitException => e
-  exit e.exit_code
-end
+require "rubygems/gem_runner"
 
+Gem::GemRunner.new.run ARGV.clone
diff --git a/bootstraptest/runner.rb b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
index 3d42390254..f9b3e919b8 100755
--- a/bootstraptest/runner.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ if !Dir.respond_to?(:mktmpdir)
 end
 
 # Configuration
-BT = Struct.new(:ruby,
+bt = Struct.new(:ruby,
                 :verbose,
                 :color,
                 :tty,
@@ -73,9 +73,78 @@ BT = Struct.new(:ruby,
                 :failed,
                 :reset,
                 :columns,
+                :window_width,
                 :width,
+                :indent,
                 :platform,
-                ).new
+                )
+BT = Class.new(bt) do
+  def indent=(n)
+    super
+    if (self.columns ||= 0) < n
+      $stderr.print(' ' * (n - self.columns))
+    end
+    self.columns = indent
+  end
+
+  def putc(c)
+    unless self.quiet
+      if self.window_width == nil
+        unless w = ENV["COLUMNS"] and (w = w.to_i) > 0
+          w = 80
+        end
+        w -= 1
+        self.window_width = w
+      end
+      if self.window_width and self.columns >= self.window_width
+        $stderr.print "\n", " " * (self.indent ||= 0)
+        self.columns = indent
+      end
+      $stderr.print c
+      $stderr.flush
+      self.columns += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def wn=(wn)
+    unless wn == 1
+      if /(?:\A|\s)--jobserver-(?:auth|fds)=(?:(\d+),(\d+)|fifo:((?:\\.|\S)+))/ =~ ENV.delete("MAKEFLAGS")
+        begin
+          if fifo = $3
+            fifo.gsub!(/\\(?=.)/, '')
+            r = File.open(fifo, IO::RDONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
+            w = File.open(fifo, IO::WRONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
+          else
+            r = IO.for_fd($1.to_i(10), "rb", autoclose: false)
+            w = IO.for_fd($2.to_i(10), "wb", autoclose: false)
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          r.close if r
+        else
+          r.close_on_exec = true
+          w.close_on_exec = true
+          tokens = r.read_nonblock(wn > 0 ? wn : 1024, exception: false)
+          r.close
+          if String === tokens
+            tokens.freeze
+            auth = w
+            w = nil
+            at_exit {auth << tokens; auth.close}
+            wn = tokens.size + 1
+          else
+            w.close
+            wn = 1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if wn <= 0
+        require 'etc'
+        wn = [Etc.nprocessors / 2, 1].max
+      end
+    end
+    super wn
+  end
+end.new
 
 BT_STATE = Struct.new(:count, :error).new
 
@@ -87,7 +156,7 @@ def main
   BT.color = nil
   BT.tty = nil
   BT.quiet = false
-  BT.wn = 1
+  # BT.wn = 1
   dir = nil
   quiet = false
   tests = nil
@@ -122,12 +191,7 @@ def main
       BT.quiet = true
       true
     when /\A-j(\d+)?/
-      wn = $1.to_i
-      if wn <= 0
-        require 'etc'
-        wn = [Etc.nprocessors / 2, 1].max
-      end
-      BT.wn = wn
+      BT.wn = $1.to_i
       true
     when /\A(-v|--v(erbose))\z/
       BT.verbose = true
@@ -154,8 +218,7 @@ End
     end
   }
   if tests and not ARGV.empty?
-    $stderr.puts "--tests and arguments are exclusive"
-    exit false
+    abort "--sets and arguments are exclusive"
   end
   tests ||= ARGV
   tests = Dir.glob("#{File.dirname($0)}/test_*.rb").sort if tests.empty?
@@ -164,6 +227,7 @@ End
   BT.progress = %w[- \\ | /]
   BT.progress_bs = "\b" * BT.progress[0].size
   BT.tty = $stderr.tty? if BT.tty.nil?
+  BT.wn ||= /-j(\d+)?/ =~ (ENV["MAKEFLAGS"] || ENV["MFLAGS"]) ? $1.to_i : 1
 
   case BT.color
   when nil
@@ -241,7 +305,7 @@ def concurrent_exec_test
     end
   end
 
-  $stderr.print ' ' unless BT.quiet
+  BT.indent = 1
   aq.close
   i = 1
   term_wn = 0
@@ -253,7 +317,7 @@ def concurrent_exec_test
         when BT.tty
           $stderr.print "#{BT.progress_bs}#{BT.progress[(i+=1) % BT.progress.size]}"
         else
-          $stderr.print '.'
+          BT.putc '.'
         end
       else
         term_wn += 1
@@ -275,7 +339,7 @@ def exec_test(pathes)
 
   # execute tests
   if BT.wn > 1
-    concurrent_exec_test if BT.wn > 1
+    concurrent_exec_test
   else
     prev_basename = nil
     Assertion.all.each do |basename, assertions|
@@ -428,7 +492,7 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
       elsif BT.verbose
         $stderr.printf(". %.3f\n", t)
       else
-        $stderr.print '.'
+        BT.putc '.'
       end
     else
       $stderr.print "#{BT.failed}F"
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb b/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb
index 721a847145..3cb9d3eb39 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb
@@ -34,3 +34,19 @@ assert_equal %{ok}, %{
     print "ok"
   end
 }, '[ruby-core:15120]'
+
+assert_equal %{ok}, %{
+  class Big
+    attr_reader :foo
+    def initialize
+      @foo = "ok"
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = Big.new
+  100.times do |i|
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:"@ivar_\#{i}", i)
+  end
+
+  Big.new.foo
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
index 73deca8383..666e5a011b 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
 assert_finish 5, %q{
   r, w = IO.pipe
   t1 = Thread.new { r.sysread(1) }
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ assert_finish 10, %q{
   end
 }, '[ruby-dev:32566]'
 
+/freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
 assert_finish 5, %q{
   r, w = IO.pipe
   Thread.new {
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   ARGF.set_encoding "foo"
 }
 
+/freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
 10.times do
   assert_normal_exit %q{
     at_exit { p :foo }
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
index b29db7ab0e..67e66b03ee 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
@@ -283,8 +283,9 @@ assert_equal 30.times.map { 'ok' }.to_s, %q{
   30.times.map{|i|
     test i
   }
-} unless ENV['RUN_OPTS'] =~ /--jit-min-calls=5/ || # This always fails with --jit-wait --jit-min-calls=5
-  (ENV.key?('TRAVIS') && ENV['TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH'] == 'arm64') # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17878
+} unless ENV['RUN_OPTS'] =~ /--mjit-call-threshold=5/ || # This always fails with --mjit-wait --mjit-call-threshold=5
+  (ENV.key?('TRAVIS') && ENV['TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH'] == 'arm64') || # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17878
+  true # too flaky everywhere http://ci.rvm.jp/results/trunk@ruby-sp1/4321096
 
 # Exception for empty select
 assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
@@ -501,7 +502,7 @@ assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
     rs.delete r
     n
   }.sort
-}
+} unless /mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # randomly hangs on mswin https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions/runs/3753871445/jobs/6377551069#step:20:131
 
 # Ractor.select also support multiple take, receive and yield
 assert_equal '[true, true, true]', %q{
@@ -1472,7 +1473,7 @@ assert_equal "#{N}#{N}", %Q{
 }
 
 # enc_table
-assert_equal "#{N/10}", %Q{
+assert_equal "100", %Q{
   Ractor.new do
     loop do
       Encoding.find("test-enc-#{rand(5_000)}").inspect
@@ -1481,7 +1482,7 @@ assert_equal "#{N/10}", %Q{
   end
 
   src = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
-  #{N/10}.times{|i|
+  100.times{|i|
     src.replicate("test-enc-\#{i}")
   }
 }
@@ -1579,4 +1580,49 @@ assert_equal "ok", %q{
   end
 }
 
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  module M
+    def foo
+      @foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  class A
+    include M
+
+    def initialize
+      100.times { |i| instance_variable_set(:"@var_#{i}", "bad: #{i}") }
+      @foo = 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  class B
+    include M
+
+    def initialize
+      @foo = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new do
+    b = B.new
+    100_000.times do
+      raise unless b.foo == 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  a = A.new
+  100_000.times do
+    raise unless a.foo == 2
+  end
+
+  "ok"
+}
+
+assert_match /\Atest_ractor\.rb:1:\s+warning:\s+Ractor is experimental/, %q{
+  Warning[:experimental] = $VERBOSE = true
+  STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+  eval("Ractor.new{}.take", nil, "test_ractor.rb", 1)
+}
+
 end # if !ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW']
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
index b0c17229c5..5c655b8f25 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,53 @@
+# Regression test for yielding with autosplat to block with
+# optional parameters. https://github.com/Shopify/yjit/issues/313
+assert_equal '[:a, :b, :a, :b]', %q{
+  def yielder(arg) = yield(arg) + yield(arg)
+
+  yielder([:a, :b]) do |c = :c, d = :d|
+    [c, d]
+  end
+}
+
+# Regression test for GC mishap while doing shape transition
+assert_equal '[:ok]', %q{
+  # [Bug #19601]
+  class RegressionTest
+    def initialize
+      @a = @b = @fourth_ivar_does_shape_transition = nil
+    end
+
+    def extender
+      @first_extended_ivar = [:ok]
+    end
+  end
+
+  GC.stress = true
+
+  # Used to crash due to GC run in rb_ensure_iv_list_size()
+  # not marking the newly allocated [:ok].
+  RegressionTest.new.extender.itself
+}
+
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  # regression test for tracking type of locals for too long
+  def local_setting_cmp(five)
+    victim = 5
+    five.define_singleton_method(:respond_to?) do |_, _|
+      victim = nil
+    end
+
+    # +1 makes YJIT track that victim is a number and
+    # defined? calls respond_to? from above indirectly
+    unless (victim + 1) && defined?(five.something)
+      # Would return wrong result if we still think `five` is a number
+      victim.nil?
+    end
+  end
+
+  local_setting_cmp(Object.new)
+  local_setting_cmp(Object.new)
+}
+
 assert_equal '18374962167983112447', %q{
   # regression test for incorrectly discarding 32 bits of a pointer when it
   # comes to default values.
@@ -14,7 +64,7 @@ assert_equal '18374962167983112447', %q{
 }
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
-  # regression test for a leak caught by an asert on --yjit-call-threshold=2
+  # regression test for a leak caught by an assert on --yjit-call-threshold=2
   Foo = 1
 
   eval("def foo = [#{(['Foo,']*256).join}]")
@@ -25,6 +75,29 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   Object.send(:remove_const, :Foo)
 }
 
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  # Test to ensure send on overriden c functions
+  # doesn't corrupt the stack
+  class Bar
+    def bar(x)
+      x
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Foo
+    def bar
+      Bar.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  foo = Foo.new
+  # before this change, this line would error
+  # because "s" would still be on the stack
+  # String.to_s is the overridden method here
+  p foo.bar.bar("s".__send__(:to_s))
+}
+
+
 assert_equal '[nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil]', %q{
   [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol].each do |klass|
     klass.class_eval("def foo = @foo")
@@ -178,6 +251,8 @@ assert_equal 'string', %q{
 
 # Check that exceptions work when getting global variable
 assert_equal 'rescued', %q{
+  Warning[:deprecated] = true
+
   module Warning
     def warn(message)
       raise
@@ -786,7 +861,7 @@ assert_equal "good", %q{
   foo
 
   begin
-    GC.verify_compaction_references(double_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+    GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
   rescue NotImplementedError
     # in case compaction isn't supported
   end
@@ -1098,6 +1173,38 @@ assert_equal '42', %q{
   run
 }
 
+# splatting an empty array on a specialized method
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def run
+    "ok".to_s(*[])
+  end
+
+  run
+  run
+}
+
+# splatting an single element array on a specialized method
+assert_equal '[1]', %q{
+  def run
+    [].<<(*[1])
+  end
+
+  run
+  run
+}
+
+# specialized method with wrong args
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def run(x)
+    "bad".to_s(123) if x
+  rescue
+    :ok
+  end
+
+  run(false)
+  run(true)
+}
+
 # getinstancevariable on Symbol
 assert_equal '[nil, nil]', %q{
   # @foo to exercise the getinstancevariable instruction
@@ -1204,6 +1311,19 @@ assert_equal '[1, 2, 42]', %q{
   [foo {1}, foo {2}, foo {42}]
 }
 
+# test calling without block param
+assert_equal '[1, false, 2, false]', %q{
+  def bar
+    block_given? && yield
+  end
+
+  def foo(&block)
+    bar(&block)
+  end
+
+  [foo { 1 }, foo, foo { 2 }, foo]
+}
+
 # test calling block param failing
 assert_equal '42', %q{
   def foo(&block)
@@ -1337,6 +1457,46 @@ assert_equal 'foo123', %q{
   make_str("foo", 123)
 }
 
+# test that invalidation of String#to_s doesn't crash
+assert_equal 'meh', %q{
+  def inval_method
+    "".to_s
+  end
+
+  inval_method
+
+  class String
+    def to_s
+      "meh"
+    end
+  end
+
+  inval_method
+}
+
+# test that overriding to_s on a String subclass works consistently
+assert_equal 'meh', %q{
+  class MyString < String
+    def to_s
+      "meh"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s(obj)
+    obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  OBJ = MyString.new
+
+  # Should return '' both times
+  test_to_s("")
+  test_to_s("")
+
+  # Can return '' if YJIT optimises String#to_s too aggressively
+  test_to_s(OBJ)
+  test_to_s(OBJ)
+}
+
 # test string interpolation with overridden to_s
 assert_equal 'foo', %q{
   class String
@@ -1353,6 +1513,149 @@ assert_equal 'foo', %q{
   make_str("foo")
 }
 
+# Test that String unary plus returns the same object ID for an unfrozen string.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  def jittable_method
+    str = "bar"
+
+    old_obj_id = str.object_id
+    uplus_str = +str
+
+    uplus_str.object_id == old_obj_id
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# Test that String unary plus returns a different unfrozen string when given a frozen string
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  # Logic needs to be inside an ISEQ, such as a method, for YJIT to compile it
+  def jittable_method
+    frozen_str = "foo".freeze
+
+    old_obj_id = frozen_str.object_id
+    uplus_str = +frozen_str
+
+    uplus_str.object_id == old_obj_id || uplus_str.frozen?
+  end
+
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# String-subclass objects should behave as expected inside string-interpolation via concatstrings
+assert_equal 'monkeys / monkeys, yo!', %q{
+  class MyString < String
+    # This is a terrible idea in production code, but we'd like YJIT to match CRuby
+    def to_s
+      super + ", yo!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    m = MyString.new('monkeys')
+    "#{m} / #{m.to_s}"
+  end
+
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# String-subclass objects should behave as expected for string equality
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  class MyString < String
+    # This is a terrible idea in production code, but we'd like YJIT to match CRuby
+    def ==(b)
+      "#{self}_" == b
+    end
+  end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    ma = MyString.new("a")
+
+    # Check equality with string-subclass receiver
+    ma == "a" || ma != "a_" ||
+      # Check equality with string receiver
+      "a_" == ma || "a" != ma ||
+      # Check equality between string subclasses
+      ma != MyString.new("a_") ||
+      # Make sure "string always equals itself" check isn't used with overridden equality
+      ma == ma
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# Test to_s duplicates a string subclass object but not a string
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  class MyString < String; end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    a = "a"
+    ma = MyString.new("a")
+
+    a.object_id != a.to_s.object_id ||
+      ma.object_id == ma.to_s.object_id
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# Test freeze on string subclass
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class MyString < String; end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    fma = MyString.new("a").freeze
+
+    # Freezing a string subclass should not duplicate it
+    fma.object_id == fma.freeze.object_id
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# Test unary minus on string subclass
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class MyString < String; end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    ma = MyString.new("a")
+    fma = MyString.new("a").freeze
+
+    # Unary minus on frozen string subclass should not duplicate it
+    fma.object_id == (-fma).object_id &&
+      # Unary minus on unfrozen string subclass should duplicate it
+      ma.object_id != (-ma).object_id
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# Test unary plus on string subclass
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class MyString < String; end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    fma = MyString.new("a").freeze
+
+    # Unary plus on frozen string subclass should not duplicate it
+    fma.object_id != (+fma).object_id
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
+
+# Test << operator on string subclass
+assert_equal 'abab', %q{
+  class MyString < String; end
+
+  def jittable_method
+    a = -"a"
+    mb = MyString.new("b")
+
+    buf = String.new
+    mbuf = MyString.new
+
+    buf << a << mb
+    mbuf << a << mb
+
+    buf + mbuf
+  end
+  jittable_method
+}
 
 # test invokebuiltin as used in struct assignment
 assert_equal '123', %q{
@@ -1934,7 +2237,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_return, :String, :string_alias, "events_to_str"]]', %q{
   events.compiled(events)
 
   events
-}
+} unless defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # MJIT calls extra Ruby methods
 
 # test enabling a TracePoint that targets a particular line in a C method call
 assert_equal '[true]', %q{
@@ -2016,7 +2319,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_call, :itself]]', %q{
   tp.enable { shouldnt_compile }
 
   events
-}
+} unless defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # MJIT calls extra Ruby methods
 
 # test enabling c_return tracing before compiling
 assert_equal '[[:c_return, :itself, main]]', %q{
@@ -2031,6 +2334,26 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_return, :itself, main]]', %q{
   tp.enable { shouldnt_compile }
 
   events
+} unless defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # MJIT calls extra Ruby methods
+
+# test c_call invalidation
+assert_equal '[[:c_call, :itself]]', %q{
+  # enable the event once to make sure invalidation
+  # happens the second time we enable it
+  TracePoint.new(:c_call) {}.enable{}
+
+  def compiled
+    itself
+  end
+
+  # assume first call compiles
+  compiled
+
+  events = []
+  tp = TracePoint.new(:c_call) { |tp| events << [tp.event, tp.method_id] }
+  tp.enable { compiled }
+
+  events
 }
 
 # test enabling tracing for a suspended fiber
@@ -2685,11 +3008,20 @@ assert_equal 'new', %q{
     foo
   end
 
+  def bar
+    :bar
+  end
+
+
   test
   test
 
   RubyVM::YJIT.simulate_oom! if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
 
+  # Old simulat_omm! leaves one byte of space and this fills it up
+  bar
+  bar
+
   def foo
     :new
   end
@@ -2850,3 +3182,349 @@ assert_equal '10', %q{
 
   a.length
 }
+
+# checktype
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+    def function()
+        [1, 2] in [Integer, String]
+    end
+    function()
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET)
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+    class Foo
+      attr_writer :foo
+
+      def foo()
+        self.foo = "foo"
+      end
+    end
+    foo = Foo.new
+    foo.foo
+}
+
+# anytostring, intern
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+    def foo()
+      :"#{true}"
+    end
+    foo()
+}
+
+# toregexp, objtostring
+assert_equal '/true/', %q{
+    def foo()
+      /#{true}/
+    end
+    foo().inspect
+}
+
+# concatstrings, objtostring
+assert_equal '9001', %q{
+    def foo()
+      "#{9001}"
+    end
+    foo()
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC)
+assert_equal 'nil', %q{
+    def foo
+      nil.inspect # argc: 0
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal '4', %q{
+    def foo
+      2.pow(2) # argc: 1
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal 'aba', %q{
+    def foo
+      "abc".tr("c", "a") # argc: 2
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+    def foo
+      respond_to?(:inspect) # argc: -1
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal '["a", "b"]', %q{
+    def foo
+      "a\nb".lines(chomp: true) # kwargs
+    end
+    foo
+}
+
+# invokebuiltin
+assert_equal '123', %q{
+  def foo(obj)
+    obj.foo = 123
+  end
+
+  struct = Struct.new(:foo)
+  obj = struct.new
+  foo(obj)
+}
+
+# invokebuiltin_delegate
+assert_equal '.', %q{
+  def foo(path)
+    Dir.open(path).path
+  end
+  foo(".")
+}
+
+# opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave
+assert_equal '[0]', %q{"\x00".unpack("c")}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ)
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def foo = 1
+  def bar = foo
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  def foo(a, b) = [1, a, b]
+  def bar = foo(2, 3)
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]', %q{
+  def foo(a, b, c:, d:, e: 0, f: 6) = [a, b, c, d, e, f]
+  def bar = foo(1, 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5)
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3, 4]', %q{
+  def foo(a, b = 2) = [a, b]
+  def bar = foo(1) + foo(3, 4)
+  bar
+}
+
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def foo(a) = a
+  def bar = foo(1) { 2 }
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
+  def foo(a, &block) = [a, block.call]
+  def bar = foo(1) { 2 }
+  bar
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR)
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  class Foo
+    attr_reader :foo
+
+    def initialize
+      @foo = "foo"
+    end
+  end
+  Foo.new.foo
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED)
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  Foo = Struct.new(:bar)
+  Foo.new("bar").bar = "foo"
+}
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  Foo = Struct.new(:bar)
+  Foo.new("foo").bar
+}
+
+# getblockparamproxy
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  def foo(&block)
+    block.call
+  end
+  foo { "foo" }
+}
+
+# getblockparam
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  def foo(&block)
+    block
+  end
+  foo { "foo" }.call
+}
+
+assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
+  def foo
+    x = [2]
+    [1, *x]
+  end
+
+  foo
+  foo
+}
+
+# respond_to? with changing symbol
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  def foo(name)
+    :sym.respond_to?(name)
+  end
+  foo(:to_s)
+  foo(:to_s)
+  foo(:not_exist)
+}
+
+# respond_to? with method being defined
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  def foo
+    :sym.respond_to?(:not_yet_defined)
+  end
+  foo
+  foo
+  module Kernel
+    def not_yet_defined = true
+  end
+  foo
+}
+
+# respond_to? with undef method
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  module Kernel
+    def to_be_removed = true
+  end
+  def foo
+    :sym.respond_to?(:to_be_removed)
+  end
+  foo
+  foo
+  class Object
+    undef_method :to_be_removed
+  end
+  foo
+}
+
+# respond_to? with respond_to_missing?
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class Foo
+  end
+  def foo(x)
+    x.respond_to?(:bar)
+  end
+  foo(Foo.new)
+  foo(Foo.new)
+  class Foo
+    def respond_to_missing?(*) = true
+  end
+  foo(Foo.new)
+}
+
+# bmethod
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  one = 1
+  define_method(:foo) do
+    one
+  end
+
+  3.times.map { |i| foo + i }
+}
+
+# return inside bmethod
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  define_method(:foo) do
+    1.tap { return :ok }
+  end
+
+  foo
+}
+
+# bmethod optional and keywords
+assert_equal '[[1, nil, 2]]', %q{
+  define_method(:opt_and_kwargs) do |a = {}, b: nil, c: nil|
+    [a, b, c]
+  end
+
+  5.times.map { opt_and_kwargs(1, c: 2) }.uniq
+}
+
+# bmethod with forwarded block
+assert_equal '2', %q{
+  define_method(:foo) do |&block|
+    block.call
+  end
+
+  def bar(&block)
+    foo(&block)
+  end
+
+  bar { 1 }
+  bar { 2 }
+}
+
+# bmethod with forwarded block and arguments
+assert_equal '5', %q{
+  define_method(:foo) do |n, &block|
+    n + block.call
+  end
+
+  def bar(n, &block)
+    foo(n, &block)
+  end
+
+  bar(0) { 1 }
+  bar(3) { 2 }
+}
+
+# bmethod with forwarded unwanted block
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  one = 1
+  define_method(:foo) do
+    one
+  end
+
+  def bar(&block)
+    foo(&block)
+  end
+
+  bar { }
+  bar { }
+}
+
+# test for return stub lifetime issue
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def foo(n)
+    if n == 2
+      return 1.times { Object.define_method(:foo) {} }
+    end
+
+    foo(n + 1)
+  end
+
+  foo(1)
+}
+
+# case-when with redefined ===
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Symbol
+    def ===(a)
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cw(arg)
+    case arg
+    when :b
+      :ok
+    when 4
+      :ng
+    end
+  end
+
+  cw(4)
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit %{
+  class Bug20997
+    def foo(&) = self.class.name(&)
+
+    new.foo
+  end
+}
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index 96339afdb5..38ad5a1629 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ struct rb_builtin_function {
     const char * const name;
 
     // for jit
-    void (*compiler)(FILE *, long, unsigned, bool);
+    void (*compiler)(VALUE, long, unsigned, bool);
 };
 
 #define RB_BUILTIN_FUNCTION(_i, _name, _fname, _arity, _compiler) {\
-  .name = #_name, \
+  .name = _i < 0 ? NULL : #_name, \
   .func_ptr = (void *)_fname, \
   .argc = _arity, \
   .index = _i, \
@@ -33,28 +33,65 @@ typedef struct rb_execution_context_struct rb_execution_context_t;
 
 /* The following code is generated by the following Ruby script:
 
+typedef = proc {|i, args|
+  "typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity#{i}_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self#{args});"
+}
+puts typedef[0, ""]
+(1..15).each {|i|
+  puts typedef[i, ",\n        " + (0...i).map{"VALUE"}.join(", ")]
+}
 16.times{|i|
-  args = (i > 0 ? ', ' : '') + (0...i).map{"VALUE"}.join(', ')
-  puts "static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity#{i}(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self#{args})){}"
+  puts "static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity#{i}(rb_builtin_arity#{i}_function_type f){}"
 }
 */
 
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity0(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity1(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity2(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity3(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity4(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity5(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity6(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity7(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity8(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity9(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity10(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity11(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity12(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity13(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity14(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
-static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity15(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity0_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity1_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity2_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity3_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity4_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity5_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity6_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity7_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity8_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity9_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity10_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity11_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity12_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity13_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity14_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_builtin_arity15_function_type)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self,
+        VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity0(rb_builtin_arity0_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity1(rb_builtin_arity1_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity2(rb_builtin_arity2_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity3(rb_builtin_arity3_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity4(rb_builtin_arity4_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity5(rb_builtin_arity5_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity6(rb_builtin_arity6_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity7(rb_builtin_arity7_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity8(rb_builtin_arity8_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity9(rb_builtin_arity9_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity10(rb_builtin_arity10_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity11(rb_builtin_arity11_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity12(rb_builtin_arity12_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity13(rb_builtin_arity13_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity14(rb_builtin_arity14_function_type f){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity15(rb_builtin_arity15_function_type f){}
 
 PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_vm_lvar_exposed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index));
 VALUE rb_vm_lvar_exposed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index);
diff --git a/ccan/check_type/check_type.h b/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
index e795ad71d0..659e1a5a83 100644
--- a/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
+++ b/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
  *		 ((encl_type *)						\
  *		  ((char *)(mbr_ptr) - offsetof(enclosing_type, mbr))))
  */
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_check_type(expr, type)			\
 	((typeof(expr) *)0 != (type *)0)
 
diff --git a/ccan/container_of/container_of.h b/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
index b30c347d57..872bb6ea6e 100644
--- a/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
+++ b/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ static inline char *container_of_or_null_(void *member_ptr, size_t offset)
  *		return i;
  *	}
  */
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_container_of_var(member_ptr, container_var, member) \
 	ccan_container_of(member_ptr, typeof(*container_var), member)
 #else
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static inline char *container_of_or_null_(void *member_ptr, size_t offset)
  * structure memory layout.
  *
  */
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_container_off_var(var, member)		\
 	ccan_container_off(typeof(*var), member)
 #else
diff --git a/ccan/list/list.h b/ccan/list/list.h
index 91787bfdb3..30b2af04e9 100644
--- a/ccan/list/list.h
+++ b/ccan/list/list.h
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ static inline struct ccan_list_node *ccan_list_node_from_off_(void *ptr, size_t
 	(ccan_container_off_var(var, member) +		\
 	 ccan_check_type(var->member, struct ccan_list_node))
 
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_list_typeof(var) typeof(var)
 #else
 #define ccan_list_typeof(var) void *
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index e752cf87d9..cf0b7b821f 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 void
 rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
-    if (super && super != Qundef) {
+    if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
         rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = push_subclass_entry_to_list(super, klass);
         RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = entry;
     }
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE klass)
             next->prev = prev;
         }
 
-	xfree(entry);
+        xfree(entry);
     }
 
     RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = NULL;
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE klass)
         if (prev) {
             prev->next = next;
         }
-	if (next) {
+        if (next) {
             next->prev = prev;
-	}
+        }
 
-	xfree(entry);
+        xfree(entry);
     }
 
     RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = NULL;
@@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg)
     /* do not be tempted to simplify this loop into a for loop, the order of
        operations is important here if `f` modifies the linked list */
     while (cur) {
-	VALUE curklass = cur->klass;
-	cur = cur->next;
+        VALUE curklass = cur->klass;
+        cur = cur->next;
         // do not trigger GC during f, otherwise the cur will become
         // a dangling pointer if the subclass is collected
-	f(curklass, arg);
+        f(curklass, arg);
     }
 }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
 {
     size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass);
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
+#if RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED
     alloc_size += sizeof(rb_classext_t);
 #endif
 
@@ -206,17 +206,13 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
     if (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS) flags |= FL_WB_PROTECTED;
     RVARGC_NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RClass, klass, flags, alloc_size);
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
+#if RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED
     memset(RCLASS_EXT(obj), 0, sizeof(rb_classext_t));
-# if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T != SIZEOF_VALUE
-    RCLASS(obj)->class_serial_ptr = ZALLOC(rb_serial_t);
-# endif
 #else
     obj->ptr = ZALLOC(rb_classext_t);
 #endif
 
     /* ZALLOC
-      RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_M_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj) = 0;
@@ -226,7 +222,6 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
       RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(obj) = NULL;
      */
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN((VALUE)obj, (VALUE)obj);
-    RCLASS_SERIAL(obj) = rb_next_class_serial();
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj), Qnil);
     RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(obj) = 0;
 
@@ -282,7 +277,7 @@ rb_class_update_superclasses(VALUE klass)
     VALUE super = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) return;
-    if (super == Qundef) return;
+    if (UNDEF_P(super)) return;
 
     // If the superclass array is already built
     if (RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(klass))
@@ -316,13 +311,13 @@ rb_check_inheritable(VALUE super)
 {
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass must be an instance of Class (given an instance of %"PRIsVALUE")",
-		 rb_obj_class(super));
+                 rb_obj_class(super));
     }
     if (RBASIC(super)->flags & FL_SINGLETON) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't make subclass of singleton class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't make subclass of singleton class");
     }
     if (super == rb_cClass) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't make subclass of Class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't make subclass of Class");
     }
 }
 
@@ -331,7 +326,13 @@ rb_class_new(VALUE super)
 {
     Check_Type(super, T_CLASS);
     rb_check_inheritable(super);
-    return rb_class_boot(super);
+    VALUE klass = rb_class_boot(super);
+
+    if (super != rb_cObject && super != rb_cBasicObject) {
+        RCLASS_EXT(klass)->max_iv_count = RCLASS_EXT(super)->max_iv_count;
+    }
+
+    return klass;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -344,12 +345,12 @@ static void
 clone_method(VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 {
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
-	rb_cref_t *new_cref;
-	rb_vm_rewrite_cref(me->def->body.iseq.cref, old_klass, new_klass, &new_cref);
-	rb_add_method_iseq(new_klass, mid, me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr, new_cref, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
+        rb_cref_t *new_cref;
+        rb_vm_rewrite_cref(me->def->body.iseq.cref, old_klass, new_klass, &new_cref);
+        rb_add_method_iseq(new_klass, mid, me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr, new_cref, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
     }
     else {
-	rb_method_entry_set(new_klass, mid, me, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
+        rb_method_entry_set(new_klass, mid, me, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
     }
 }
 
@@ -393,45 +394,74 @@ static void
 class_init_copy_check(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
     if (orig == rb_cBasicObject) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy the root class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy the root class");
     }
     if (RCLASS_SUPER(clone) != 0 || clone == rb_cBasicObject) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "already initialized class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "already initialized class");
     }
     if (FL_TEST(orig, FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy singleton class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy singleton class");
     }
 }
 
+struct cvc_table_copy_ctx {
+    VALUE clone;
+    struct rb_id_table * new_table;
+};
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cvc_table_copy(ID id, VALUE val, void *data) {
+    struct cvc_table_copy_ctx *ctx = (struct cvc_table_copy_ctx *)data;
+    struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry * orig_entry;
+    orig_entry = (struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *)val;
+
+    struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *ent;
+
+    ent = ALLOC(struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry);
+    ent->class_value = ctx->clone;
+    ent->cref = orig_entry->cref;
+    ent->global_cvar_state = orig_entry->global_cvar_state;
+    rb_id_table_insert(ctx->new_table, id, (VALUE)ent);
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ctx->clone, Qundef, ent->cref);
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
 copy_tables(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
-    if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone)) {
-	st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone));
-	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = 0;
-    }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone)) {
-	rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone));
-	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = 0;
+        rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone));
+        RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = 0;
     }
+    if (RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig)) {
+        struct rb_id_table *rb_cvc_tbl = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig);
+        struct rb_id_table *rb_cvc_tbl_dup = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(rb_cvc_tbl));
+
+        struct cvc_table_copy_ctx ctx;
+        ctx.clone = clone;
+        ctx.new_table = rb_cvc_tbl_dup;
+        rb_id_table_foreach(rb_cvc_tbl, cvc_table_copy, &ctx);
+        RCLASS_CVC_TBL(clone) = rb_cvc_tbl_dup;
+    }
+    rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(clone));
     RCLASS_M_TBL(clone) = 0;
-    if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig)) {
-	st_data_t id;
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_ICLASS)) {
+        st_data_t id;
 
-	rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
-	CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
-	st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
-	CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
-	st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
-	CONST_ID(id, "__classid__");
-	st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
+        rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
+        CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
+        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
+        CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
+        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
     }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
-	struct clone_const_arg arg;
+        struct clone_const_arg arg;
 
-	arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
-	arg.klass = clone;
-	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, &arg);
+        arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+        arg.klass = clone;
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, &arg);
     }
 }
 
@@ -493,11 +523,11 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(clone) = RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(orig);
     copy_tables(clone, orig);
     if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig)) {
-	struct clone_method_arg arg;
-	arg.old_klass = orig;
-	arg.new_klass = clone;
-	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
-	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, &arg);
+        struct clone_method_arg arg;
+        arg.old_klass = orig;
+        arg.new_klass = clone;
+        RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, &arg);
     }
 
     if (RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig) == orig) {
@@ -507,7 +537,7 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
         VALUE p = RCLASS_SUPER(orig);
         VALUE orig_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig);
         VALUE prev_clone_p = clone;
-        VALUE origin_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(2);
+        VALUE origin_stack = rb_ary_hidden_new(2);
         VALUE origin[2];
         VALUE clone_p = 0;
         long origin_len;
@@ -526,7 +556,6 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
             prev_clone_p = clone_p;
             RCLASS_M_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_M_TBL(p);
             RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(p);
-            RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(p);
             RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(clone_p) = RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(p);
             if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
                 RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(clone_p, clone);
@@ -595,49 +624,47 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
         return klass;
     }
     else {
-	/* copy singleton(unnamed) class */
+        /* copy singleton(unnamed) class */
         bool klass_of_clone_is_new;
-	VALUE clone = class_alloc(RBASIC(klass)->flags, 0);
+        VALUE clone = class_alloc(RBASIC(klass)->flags, 0);
 
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
             klass_of_clone_is_new = true;
-	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, clone);
-	}
-	else {
+            RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, clone);
+        }
+        else {
             VALUE klass_metaclass_clone = rb_singleton_class_clone(klass);
             // When `METACLASS_OF(klass) == klass_metaclass_clone`, it means the
             // recursive call did not clone `METACLASS_OF(klass)`.
             klass_of_clone_is_new = (METACLASS_OF(klass) != klass_metaclass_clone);
             RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, klass_metaclass_clone);
-	}
-
-	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
-	RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(clone) = RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(klass);
-	if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass)) {
-	    rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
-	}
-	if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
-	    struct clone_const_arg arg;
-	    arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
-	    arg.klass = clone;
-	    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, &arg);
-	}
-	if (attach != Qundef) {
-	    rb_singleton_class_attached(clone, attach);
-	}
-	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
-	{
-	    struct clone_method_arg arg;
-	    arg.old_klass = klass;
-	    arg.new_klass = clone;
-	    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), clone_method_i, &arg);
-	}
+        }
+
+        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
+        RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(clone) = RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(klass);
+        rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
+        if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
+            struct clone_const_arg arg;
+            arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+            arg.klass = clone;
+            rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, &arg);
+        }
+        if (!UNDEF_P(attach)) {
+            rb_singleton_class_attached(clone, attach);
+        }
+        RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
+        {
+            struct clone_method_arg arg;
+            arg.old_klass = klass;
+            arg.new_klass = clone;
+            rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), clone_method_i, &arg);
+        }
         if (klass_of_clone_is_new) {
             rb_singleton_class_attached(METACLASS_OF(clone), clone);
         }
-	FL_SET(clone, FL_SINGLETON);
+        FL_SET(clone, FL_SINGLETON);
 
-	return clone;
+        return clone;
     }
 }
 
@@ -645,7 +672,7 @@ void
 rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE klass, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	rb_class_ivar_set(klass, id_attached, obj);
+        rb_class_ivar_set(klass, id_attached, obj);
     }
 }
 
@@ -666,7 +693,7 @@ int
 rb_singleton_class_internal_p(VALUE sklass)
 {
     return (RB_TYPE_P(rb_attr_get(sklass, id_attached), T_CLASS) &&
-	    !rb_singleton_class_has_metaclass_p(sklass));
+            !rb_singleton_class_has_metaclass_p(sklass));
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -708,13 +735,13 @@ make_metaclass(VALUE klass)
     rb_singleton_class_attached(metaclass, klass);
 
     if (META_CLASS_OF_CLASS_CLASS_P(klass)) {
-	SET_METACLASS_OF(klass, metaclass);
-	SET_METACLASS_OF(metaclass, metaclass);
+        SET_METACLASS_OF(klass, metaclass);
+        SET_METACLASS_OF(metaclass, metaclass);
     }
     else {
-	VALUE tmp = METACLASS_OF(klass); /* for a meta^(n)-class klass, tmp is meta^(n)-class of Class class */
-	SET_METACLASS_OF(klass, metaclass);
-	SET_METACLASS_OF(metaclass, ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(tmp));
+        VALUE tmp = METACLASS_OF(klass); /* for a meta^(n)-class klass, tmp is meta^(n)-class of Class class */
+        SET_METACLASS_OF(klass, metaclass);
+        SET_METACLASS_OF(metaclass, ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(tmp));
     }
 
     super = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
@@ -855,10 +882,10 @@ VALUE
 rb_make_metaclass(VALUE obj, VALUE unused)
 {
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
-	return make_metaclass(obj);
+        return make_metaclass(obj);
     }
     else {
-	return make_singleton_class(obj);
+        return make_singleton_class(obj);
     }
 }
 
@@ -900,21 +927,21 @@ rb_define_class(const char *name, VALUE super)
 
     id = rb_intern(name);
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id)) {
-	klass = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
-	if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a class (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-		     name, rb_obj_class(klass));
-	}
-	if (rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass)) != super) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class %s", name);
-	}
+        klass = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a class (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                     name, rb_obj_class(klass));
+        }
+        if (rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass)) != super) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class %s", name);
+        }
 
         /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
         rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
-	return klass;
+        return klass;
     }
     if (!super) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%s'", name);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%s'", name);
     }
     klass = rb_define_class_id(id, super);
     rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
@@ -931,42 +958,47 @@ rb_define_class_under(VALUE outer, const char *name, VALUE super)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
+rb_define_class_id_under_no_pin(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass;
 
     if (rb_const_defined_at(outer, id)) {
-	klass = rb_const_get_at(outer, id);
-	if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE" is not a class"
-		     " (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-		     outer, rb_id2str(id), rb_obj_class(klass));
-	}
-	if (rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass)) != super) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class "
-		     "%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE""
-		     " (%"PRIsVALUE" is given but was %"PRIsVALUE")",
-		     outer, rb_id2str(id), RCLASS_SUPER(klass), super);
-	}
-        /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
-        rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
+        klass = rb_const_get_at(outer, id);
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE" is not a class"
+                     " (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                     outer, rb_id2str(id), rb_obj_class(klass));
+        }
+        if (rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass)) != super) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class "
+                     "%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE""
+                     " (%"PRIsVALUE" is given but was %"PRIsVALUE")",
+                     outer, rb_id2str(id), RCLASS_SUPER(klass), super);
+        }
 
-	return klass;
+        return klass;
     }
     if (!super) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE"'",
-		 rb_class_path(outer), rb_id2str(id));
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE"'",
+                 rb_class_path(outer), rb_id2str(id));
     }
     klass = rb_define_class_id(id, super);
     rb_set_class_path_string(klass, outer, rb_id2str(id));
     rb_const_set(outer, id, klass);
     rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
-    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 
     return klass;
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
+{
+    VALUE klass = rb_define_class_id_under_no_pin(outer, id, super);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
+    return klass;
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_module_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE mod = class_alloc(T_MODULE, klass);
@@ -1010,14 +1042,14 @@ rb_define_module(const char *name)
 
     id = rb_intern(name);
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id)) {
-	module = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
-	if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a module (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-		     name, rb_obj_class(module));
-	}
+        module = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a module (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                     name, rb_obj_class(module));
+        }
         /* Module may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
         rb_vm_add_root_module(module);
-	return module;
+        return module;
     }
     module = rb_module_new();
     rb_vm_add_root_module(module);
@@ -1038,15 +1070,15 @@ rb_define_module_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id)
     VALUE module;
 
     if (rb_const_defined_at(outer, id)) {
-	module = rb_const_get_at(outer, id);
-	if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE" is not a module"
-		     " (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-		     outer, rb_id2str(id), rb_obj_class(module));
-	}
+        module = rb_const_get_at(outer, id);
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE" is not a module"
+                     " (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                     outer, rb_id2str(id), rb_obj_class(module));
+        }
         /* Module may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
         rb_gc_register_mark_object(module);
-	return module;
+        return module;
     }
     module = rb_module_new();
     rb_const_set(outer, id, module);
@@ -1065,16 +1097,13 @@ rb_include_class_new(VALUE module, VALUE super)
 
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, klass);
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(module) == T_ICLASS) {
-	module = METACLASS_OF(module);
+        module = METACLASS_OF(module);
     }
     RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS));
-    if (!RCLASS_IV_TBL(module)) {
-	RCLASS_IV_TBL(module) = st_init_numtable();
-    }
     if (!RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module)) {
-	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+        RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module) = rb_id_table_create(0);
     }
-    RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(module);
+
     RCLASS_CVC_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(module);
     RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
 
@@ -1093,7 +1122,7 @@ ensure_includable(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
     Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
     rb_module_set_initialized(module);
     if (!NIL_P(rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(module))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "refinement module is not allowed");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "refinement module is not allowed");
     }
 }
 
@@ -1106,7 +1135,7 @@ rb_include_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 
     changed = include_modules_at(klass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass), module, TRUE);
     if (changed < 0)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic include detected");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic include detected");
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
         rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
@@ -1116,8 +1145,8 @@ rb_include_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
             iclass = iclass->next;
         }
 
-        int do_include = 1;
         while (iclass) {
+            int do_include = 1;
             VALUE check_class = iclass->klass;
             /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
              * has not yet been swept. */
@@ -1184,7 +1213,7 @@ static int
 do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super, bool check_cyclic)
 {
     VALUE p, iclass, origin_stack = 0;
-    int method_changed = 0, add_subclass;
+    int method_changed = 0;
     long origin_len;
     VALUE klass_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     VALUE original_klass = klass;
@@ -1194,8 +1223,8 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
 
     while (module) {
         int c_seen = FALSE;
-	int superclass_seen = FALSE;
-	struct rb_id_table *tbl;
+        int superclass_seen = FALSE;
+        struct rb_id_table *tbl;
 
         if (klass == c) {
             c_seen = TRUE;
@@ -1245,12 +1274,11 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
         }
 
         // setup T_ICLASS for the include/prepend module
-	iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, super_class);
-	c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, iclass);
+        iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, super_class);
+        c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, iclass);
         RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(iclass, klass);
-        add_subclass = TRUE;
         if (module != RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)) {
-            if (!origin_stack) origin_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(2);
+            if (!origin_stack) origin_stack = rb_ary_hidden_new(2);
             VALUE origin[2] = {iclass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)};
             rb_ary_cat(origin_stack, origin, 2);
         }
@@ -1259,28 +1287,25 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
             RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), iclass);
             RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(iclass);
             rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
-            add_subclass = FALSE;
         }
 
-	if (add_subclass) {
-	    VALUE m = module;
-            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = METACLASS_OF(m);
-            rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
-	}
+        VALUE m = module;
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = METACLASS_OF(m);
+        rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
 
-	if (FL_TEST(klass, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
-	    VALUE refined_class =
-		rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(klass);
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_MODULE && FL_TEST(klass, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
+            VALUE refined_class =
+                rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(klass);
 
             rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(module), add_refined_method_entry_i, (void *)refined_class);
-	    FL_SET(c, RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT);
-	}
+            RUBY_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(c) == T_MODULE);
+        }
 
         tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
-	if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl))
-	    rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, clear_constant_cache_i, NULL);
+        if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl))
+            rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, clear_constant_cache_i, NULL);
       skip:
-	module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
+        module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
     }
 
     return method_changed;
@@ -1302,20 +1327,20 @@ move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
         struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
 
         if (me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
-	    const rb_method_entry_t *orig_me = me->def->body.refined.orig_me, *new_me;
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(me, &me->def->body.refined.orig_me, NULL);
-	    new_me = rb_method_entry_clone(me);
+            const rb_method_entry_t *orig_me = me->def->body.refined.orig_me, *new_me;
+            RB_OBJ_WRITE(me, &me->def->body.refined.orig_me, NULL);
+            new_me = rb_method_entry_clone(me);
             rb_method_table_insert(klass, tbl, key, new_me);
-	    rb_method_entry_copy(me, orig_me);
-	    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
-	}
-	else {
+            rb_method_entry_copy(me, orig_me);
+            return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+        }
+        else {
             rb_method_table_insert(klass, tbl, key, me);
-	    return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
-	}
+            return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
+        }
     }
     else {
-	return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+        return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1339,14 +1364,14 @@ ensure_origin(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     if (origin == klass) {
-	origin = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, klass);
-	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
-	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, origin);
-	RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
-	RCLASS_M_TBL(origin) = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
-	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
+        origin = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, klass);
+        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
+        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, origin);
+        RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
+        RCLASS_M_TBL(origin) = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+        RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), cache_clear_refined_method, (void *)klass);
-	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
         return true;
     }
     return false;
@@ -1366,7 +1391,7 @@ rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
     changed = do_include_modules_at(klass, klass, module, FALSE, false);
     RUBY_ASSERT(changed >= 0); // already checked for cyclic prepend above
     if (changed) {
-	rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(klass);
+        rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(klass);
     }
     if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
         rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
@@ -1433,10 +1458,10 @@ rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE mod)
 
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
         if (p != origin && RCLASS_ORIGIN(p) == p && BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
-	    VALUE m = METACLASS_OF(p);
-	    if (RB_TYPE_P(m, T_MODULE))
-		rb_ary_push(ary, m);
-	}
+            VALUE m = METACLASS_OF(p);
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(m, T_MODULE))
+                rb_ary_push(ary, m);
+        }
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1468,8 +1493,8 @@ rb_mod_include_p(VALUE mod, VALUE mod2)
     Check_Type(mod2, T_MODULE);
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
         if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS && !FL_TEST(p, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
-	    if (METACLASS_OF(p) == mod2) return Qtrue;
-	}
+            if (METACLASS_OF(p) == mod2) return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1497,19 +1522,19 @@ rb_mod_ancestors(VALUE mod)
 {
     VALUE p, ary = rb_ary_new();
     VALUE refined_class = Qnil;
-    if (FL_TEST(mod, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_MODULE && FL_TEST(mod, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
         refined_class = rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(mod);
     }
 
     for (p = mod; p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
         if (p == refined_class) break;
         if (p != RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) continue;
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
-	    rb_ary_push(ary, METACLASS_OF(p));
-	}
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
+            rb_ary_push(ary, METACLASS_OF(p));
+        }
         else {
-	    rb_ary_push(ary, p);
-	}
+            rb_ary_push(ary, p);
+        }
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1583,6 +1608,27 @@ class_descendants(VALUE klass, bool immediate_only)
  *     A.subclasses        #=> [D, B]
  *     B.subclasses        #=> [C]
  *     C.subclasses        #=> []
+ *
+ *  Anonymous subclasses (not associated with a constant) are
+ *  returned, too:
+ *
+ *     c = Class.new(A)
+ *     A.subclasses        # => [#<Class:0x00007f003c77bd78>, D, B]
+ *
+ *  Note that the parent does not hold references to subclasses
+ *  and doesn't prevent them from being garbage collected. This
+ *  means that the subclass might disappear when all references
+ *  to it are dropped:
+ *
+ *     # drop the reference to subclass, it can be garbage-collected now
+ *     c = nil
+ *
+ *     A.subclasses
+ *     # It can be
+ *     #  => [#<Class:0x00007f003c77bd78>, D, B]
+ *     # ...or just
+ *     #  => [D, B]
+ *     # ...depending on whether garbage collector was run
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1591,6 +1637,33 @@ rb_class_subclasses(VALUE klass)
     return class_descendants(klass, true);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     attached_object -> object
+ *
+ *  Returns the object for which the receiver is the singleton class.
+ *
+ *  Raises an TypeError if the class is not a singleton class.
+ *
+ *     class Foo; end
+ *
+ *     Foo.singleton_class.attached_object        #=> Foo
+ *     Foo.attached_object                        #=> TypeError: `Foo' is not a singleton class
+ *     Foo.new.singleton_class.attached_object    #=> #<Foo:0x000000010491a370>
+ *     TrueClass.attached_object                  #=> TypeError: `TrueClass' is not a singleton class
+ *     NilClass.attached_object                   #=> TypeError: `NilClass' is not a singleton class
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_attached_object(VALUE klass)
+{
+    if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "`%"PRIsVALUE"' is not a singleton class", klass);
+    }
+
+    return rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached);
+}
+
 static void
 ins_methods_push(st_data_t name, st_data_t ary)
 {
@@ -1603,10 +1676,10 @@ ins_methods_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
     switch ((rb_method_visibility_t)type) {
       case METHOD_VISI_UNDEF:
       case METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE:
-	break;
+        break;
       default: /* everything but private */
-	ins_methods_push(name, ary);
-	break;
+        ins_methods_push(name, ary);
+        break;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -1615,7 +1688,7 @@ static int
 ins_methods_type_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary, rb_method_visibility_t visi)
 {
     if ((rb_method_visibility_t)type == visi) {
-	ins_methods_push(name, ary);
+        ins_methods_push(name, ary);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -1638,6 +1711,12 @@ ins_methods_pub_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
     return ins_methods_type_i(name, type, ary, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
 }
 
+static int
+ins_methods_undef_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
+{
+    return ins_methods_type_i(name, type, ary, METHOD_VISI_UNDEF);
+}
+
 struct method_entry_arg {
     st_table *list;
     int recur;
@@ -1651,20 +1730,20 @@ method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     rb_method_visibility_t type;
 
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
-	VALUE owner = me->owner;
-	me = rb_resolve_refined_method(Qnil, me);
-	if (!me) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
-	if (!arg->recur && me->owner != owner) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+        VALUE owner = me->owner;
+        me = rb_resolve_refined_method(Qnil, me);
+        if (!me) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+        if (!arg->recur && me->owner != owner) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
     }
     if (!st_is_member(arg->list, key)) {
-	if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
-	    type = METHOD_VISI_UNDEF; /* none */
-	}
-	else {
-	    type = METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me);
-	    RUBY_ASSERT(type != METHOD_VISI_UNDEF);
-	}
-	st_add_direct(arg->list, key, (st_data_t)type);
+        if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
+            type = METHOD_VISI_UNDEF; /* none */
+        }
+        else {
+            type = METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me);
+            RUBY_ASSERT(type != METHOD_VISI_UNDEF);
+        }
+        st_add_direct(arg->list, key, (st_data_t)type);
     }
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -1705,14 +1784,14 @@ class_instance_method_list(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int
     }
 
     if (!recur && RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod) != mod) {
-	mod = RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod);
-	prepended = 1;
+        mod = RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod);
+        prepended = 1;
     }
 
     for (; mod; mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
         add_instance_method_list(mod, &me_arg);
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS && !prepended) continue;
-	if (!recur) break;
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS && !prepended) continue;
+        if (!recur) break;
     }
     ary = rb_ary_new2(me_arg.list->num_entries);
     st_foreach(me_arg.list, func, ary);
@@ -1746,6 +1825,15 @@ class_instance_method_list(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int
  *     B.instance_methods(true).include?(:method1) #=> true
  *     C.instance_methods(false)                   #=> [:method3]
  *     C.instance_methods.include?(:method2)       #=> true
+ *
+ *  Note that method visibility changes in the current class, as well as aliases,
+ *  are considered as methods of the current class by this method:
+ *
+ *     class C < B
+ *       alias method4 method2
+ *       protected :method2
+ *     end
+ *     C.instance_methods(false).sort               #=> [:method2, :method3, :method4]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1809,6 +1897,21 @@ rb_class_public_instance_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.undefined_instance_methods   -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns a list of the undefined instance methods defined in <i>mod</i>.
+ *  The undefined methods of any ancestors are not included.
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_undefined_instance_methods(VALUE mod)
+{
+    VALUE include_super = Qfalse;
+    return class_instance_method_list(1, &include_super, mod, 0, ins_methods_undef_i);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     obj.methods(regular=true)    -> array
  *
  *  Returns a list of the names of public and protected methods of
@@ -1842,7 +1945,7 @@ rb_obj_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     if (argc > 0 && !RTEST(argv[0])) {
-	return rb_obj_singleton_methods(argc, argv, obj);
+        return rb_obj_singleton_methods(argc, argv, obj);
     }
     return class_instance_method_list(argc, argv, CLASS_OF(obj), 1, ins_methods_i);
 }
@@ -1942,14 +2045,14 @@ rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
     me_arg.recur = recur;
     if (klass && FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	if ((mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(origin)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
-	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
+        if ((mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(origin)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
+        klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     }
     if (recur) {
-	while (klass && (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))) {
-	    if (klass != origin && (mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
-	    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
-	}
+        while (klass && (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))) {
+            if (klass != origin && (mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
+            klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
+        }
     }
     ary = rb_ary_new2(me_arg.list->num_entries);
     st_foreach(me_arg.list, ins_methods_i, ary);
@@ -2021,7 +2124,7 @@ rb_undef_methods_from(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
 {
     struct rb_id_table *mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(super);
     if (mtbl) {
-	rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, undef_method_i, (void *)klass);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, undef_method_i, (void *)klass);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2069,15 +2172,15 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
       case T_BIGNUM:
       case T_FLOAT:
       case T_SYMBOL:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't define singleton");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't define singleton");
 
       case T_FALSE:
       case T_TRUE:
       case T_NIL:
-	klass = special_singleton_class_of(obj);
-	if (NIL_P(klass))
-	    rb_bug("unknown immediate %p", (void *)obj);
-	return klass;
+        klass = special_singleton_class_of(obj);
+        if (NIL_P(klass))
+            rb_bug("unknown immediate %p", (void *)obj);
+        return klass;
 
       case T_STRING:
         if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RSTRING_FSTR)) {
@@ -2088,9 +2191,7 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
     klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
     if (!(FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) &&
           rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
-	rb_serial_t serial = RCLASS_SERIAL(klass);
-	klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
-	RCLASS_SERIAL(klass) = serial;
+        klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
     }
 
     RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
@@ -2103,11 +2204,11 @@ rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE x)
 {
     /* should not propagate to meta-meta-class, and so on */
     if (!(RBASIC(x)->flags & FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(x);
-	if (klass && (klass = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass)) != 0 &&
-	    FL_TEST(klass, (FL_SINGLETON|FL_FREEZE)) == FL_SINGLETON) {
-	    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(klass);
-	}
+        VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(x);
+        if (klass && // no class when hidden from ObjectSpace
+            FL_TEST(klass, (FL_SINGLETON|FL_FREEZE)) == FL_SINGLETON) {
+            OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(klass);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -2124,7 +2225,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
     VALUE klass;
 
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	return rb_special_singleton_class(obj);
+        return rb_special_singleton_class(obj);
     }
     klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
     if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) return Qnil;
@@ -2199,13 +2300,13 @@ rb_keyword_error_new(const char *error, VALUE keys)
     VALUE error_message = rb_sprintf("%s keyword%.*s", error, len > 1, "s");
 
     if (len > 0) {
-	rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ": ");
-	while (1) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ": ");
+        while (1) {
             const VALUE k = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
-	    rb_str_append(error_message, rb_inspect(k));
-	    if (++i >= len) break;
-	    rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ", ");
-	}
+            rb_str_append(error_message, rb_inspect(k));
+            if (++i >= len) break;
+            rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ", ");
+        }
     }
 
     return rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError, error_message);
@@ -2224,7 +2325,7 @@ unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keywords)
 {
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i < keywords; i++) {
-	st_data_t key = ID2SYM(table[i]);
+        st_data_t key = ID2SYM(table[i]);
         rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &key, NULL);
     }
     rb_keyword_error("unknown", rb_hash_keys(hash));
@@ -2248,8 +2349,8 @@ rb_extract_keywords(VALUE *orighash)
     VALUE hash = *orighash;
 
     if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-	*orighash = 0;
-	return hash;
+        *orighash = 0;
+        return hash;
     }
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, separate_symbol, (st_data_t)&parthash);
     *orighash = parthash[1];
@@ -2275,36 +2376,36 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
     if (NIL_P(keyword_hash)) keyword_hash = 0;
 
     if (optional < 0) {
-	rest = 1;
-	optional = -1-optional;
+        rest = 1;
+        optional = -1-optional;
     }
     if (required) {
-	for (; i < required; i++) {
-	    VALUE keyword = ID2SYM(table[i]);
-	    if (keyword_hash) {
+        for (; i < required; i++) {
+            VALUE keyword = ID2SYM(table[i]);
+            if (keyword_hash) {
                 if (extract_kwarg(keyword, values[i])) {
-		    continue;
-		}
-	    }
-	    if (NIL_P(missing)) missing = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
-	    rb_ary_push(missing, keyword);
-	}
-	if (!NIL_P(missing)) {
-	    rb_keyword_error("missing", missing);
-	}
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (NIL_P(missing)) missing = rb_ary_hidden_new(1);
+            rb_ary_push(missing, keyword);
+        }
+        if (!NIL_P(missing)) {
+            rb_keyword_error("missing", missing);
+        }
     }
     j = i;
     if (optional && keyword_hash) {
-	for (i = 0; i < optional; i++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < optional; i++) {
             if (extract_kwarg(ID2SYM(table[required+i]), values[required+i])) {
-		j++;
-	    }
-	}
+                j++;
+            }
+        }
     }
     if (!rest && keyword_hash) {
-	if (RHASH_SIZE(keyword_hash) > (unsigned int)(values ? 0 : j)) {
-	    unknown_keyword_error(keyword_hash, table, required+optional);
-	}
+        if (RHASH_SIZE(keyword_hash) > (unsigned int)(values ? 0 : j)) {
+            unknown_keyword_error(keyword_hash, table, required+optional);
+        }
     }
     if (values && !keyword_hash) {
         for (i = 0; i < required + optional; i++) {
@@ -2335,30 +2436,30 @@ rb_scan_args_parse(int kw_flag, const char *fmt, struct rb_scan_args_t *arg)
 
     if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
         arg->n_lead = *p - '0';
-	p++;
-	if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
+        p++;
+        if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
             arg->n_opt = *p - '0';
-	    p++;
-	}
+            p++;
+        }
     }
     if (*p == '*') {
         arg->f_var = 1;
-	p++;
+        p++;
     }
     if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
         arg->n_trail = *p - '0';
-	p++;
+        p++;
     }
     if (*p == ':') {
         arg->f_hash = 1;
-	p++;
+        p++;
     }
     if (*p == '&') {
         arg->f_block = 1;
-	p++;
+        p++;
     }
     if (*p != '\0') {
-	rb_fatal("bad scan arg format: %s", fmt);
+        rb_fatal("bad scan arg format: %s", fmt);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2394,37 +2495,37 @@ rb_scan_args_assign(const struct rb_scan_args_t *arg, int argc, const VALUE *con
     for (i = 0; i < n_lead; i++) {
         var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
         if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	argi++;
+        argi++;
     }
     /* capture optional arguments */
     for (i = 0; i < n_opt; i++) {
         var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
         if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
             if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	    argi++;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (var) *var = Qnil;
-	}
+            argi++;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (var) *var = Qnil;
+        }
     }
     /* capture variable length arguments */
     if (f_var) {
         int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
 
         var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
-	if (0 < n_var) {
+        if (0 < n_var) {
             if (var) *var = rb_ary_new_from_values(n_var, &argv[argi]);
-	    argi += n_var;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new();
-	}
+            argi += n_var;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (var) *var = rb_ary_new();
+        }
     }
     /* capture trailing mandatory arguments */
     for (i = 0; i < n_trail; i++) {
         var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
         if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	argi++;
+        argi++;
     }
     /* capture an option hash - phase 2: assignment */
     if (f_hash) {
@@ -2434,12 +2535,12 @@ rb_scan_args_assign(const struct rb_scan_args_t *arg, int argc, const VALUE *con
     /* capture iterator block */
     if (f_block) {
         var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	    *var = rb_block_proc();
-	}
-	else {
-	    *var = Qnil;
-	}
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            *var = rb_block_proc();
+        }
+        else {
+            *var = Qnil;
+        }
     }
 
     if (argi == argc) {
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index 905bb929c9..126053c9c8 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ mflags = $(MFLAGS)
 gnumake_recursive =
 enable_shared = $(ENABLE_SHARED:no=)
 
-UNICODE_VERSION = 14.0.0
-UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = 14.0
+UNICODE_VERSION = 15.0.0
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0 = $(UNICODE_VERSION)///
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1 = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0:.0///=)
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1:///=)
 UNICODE_BETA = NO
 
 ### set the following environment variable or uncomment the line if
@@ -41,14 +43,14 @@ RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
 # GITPULLOPTIONS = --no-tags
 
-INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)
+INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR) $(incflags)
 
 GEM_HOME =
 GEM_PATH =
 GEM_VENDOR =
 
 BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_URL = https://github.com/benchmark-driver/benchmark-driver
-BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_REF = v0.15.17
+BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_REF = v0.16.0
 SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov.git
 SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF = v0.17.0
 SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov-html.git
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ EXTSOLIBS     =
 MINIOBJS      = $(ARCHMINIOBJS) miniinit.$(OBJEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT)
 ENC_MK        = enc.mk
 MAKE_ENC      = -f $(ENC_MK) V="$(V)" UNICODE_HDR_DIR="$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)" \
-		RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" $(mflags)
+		RUBY="$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)" $(mflags)
 
 COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ast.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		math.$(OBJEXT) \
 		memory_view.$(OBJEXT) \
 		mjit.$(OBJEXT) \
-		mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT) \
+		mjit_c.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		numeric.$(OBJEXT) \
 		object.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		regsyntax.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby.$(OBJEXT) \
 		scheduler.$(OBJEXT) \
+		shape.$(OBJEXT) \
 		signal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		sprintf.$(OBJEXT) \
 		st.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -195,6 +198,7 @@ INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
 INSTALL_PROG_MODE = 0755
 INSTALL_DATA_MODE = 0644
 
+BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND = $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_OPT)
 TESTSDIR      = $(srcdir)/test
 TOOL_TESTSDIR = $(tooldir)/test
 TEST_EXCLUDES = --excludes-dir=$(TESTSDIR)/excludes --name=!/memory_leak/
@@ -216,12 +220,27 @@ MAKE_LINK = $(MINIRUBY) -rfileutils -e "include FileUtils::Verbose" \
 	  -e "noraise {ln(src, dest)} or" \
 	  -e "cp(src, dest)"
 
+# For release builds
+YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = --crate-name=yjit \
+	--crate-type=staticlib \
+	--edition=2021 \
+	-g \
+	-C opt-level=3 \
+	-C overflow-checks=on \
+	'--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
+	$(top_srcdir)/yjit/src/lib.rs
 
 all: $(SHOWFLAGS) main docs
 
 main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
+main: $(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb
+srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb: $(tooldir)/insns2vm.rb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb.erb $(srcdir)/insns.def
+	$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -Ku $(tooldir)/insns2vm.rb --basedir="$(srcdir)" $(INSNS2VMOPT) $@
+
 mjit-headers: $(MJIT_SUPPORT)-mjit-headers
 no-mjit-headers: PHONY
 yes-mjit-headers: mjit_config.h PHONY
@@ -229,6 +248,9 @@ yes-mjit-headers: mjit_config.h PHONY
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): mjit_config.h
 mjit_config.h: Makefile
 
+.PHONY: mjit-bindgen
+mjit-bindgen:
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -C $(srcdir)/tool/mjit bindgen.rb $(CURDIR)
 
 # These rules using MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX must be in common.mk, not
 # Makefile.in, in order to override the macro in defs/universal.mk.
@@ -270,6 +292,8 @@ showflags:
 	"	LC_ALL = $(LC_ALL)" \
 	"	LC_CTYPE = $(LC_CTYPE)" \
 	"	MFLAGS = $(MFLAGS)" \
+	"	RUSTC = $(RUSTC)" \
+	"	YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = $(YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS)" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 	-@$(CC_VERSION)
 
@@ -610,12 +634,13 @@ clear-installed-list: PHONY
 
 clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-docs clean-extout clean-local clean-platform clean-spec
 clean-local:: clean-runnable
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(INITOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
 	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
 	$(Q)$(RM) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT) ruby.imp ChangeLog $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT)
 	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.inc
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	-$(Q)$(RMALL) yjit/target
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine yjit 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 bin/clean-runnable:: PHONY
 	$(Q)$(CHDIR) bin 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) bin/*.$(DLEXT) 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
@@ -687,18 +712,18 @@ realclean-platform: distclean-platform
 realclean-spec: distclean-spec
 realclean-rubyspec: realclean-spec
 
-clean-ext:: ext/clean gems/clean timestamp/clean
-distclean-ext:: ext/distclean gems/distclean timestamp/distclean
-realclean-ext:: ext/realclean gems/realclean timestamp/realclean
+clean-ext:: ext/clean .bundle/clean timestamp/clean
+distclean-ext:: ext/distclean .bundle/distclean timestamp/distclean
+realclean-ext:: ext/realclean .bundle/realclean timestamp/realclean
 
 ext/clean.mk ext/distclean.mk ext/realclean.mk::
 ext/clean:: ext/clean.mk
 ext/distclean:: ext/distclean.mk
 ext/realclean:: ext/realclean.mk
 
-timestamp/clean:: ext/clean gems/clean
-timestamp/distclean:: ext/distclean gems/distclean
-timestamp/realclean:: ext/realclean gems/realclean
+timestamp/clean:: ext/clean .bundle/clean
+timestamp/distclean:: ext/distclean .bundle/distclean
+timestamp/realclean:: ext/realclean .bundle/realclean
 
 timestamp/clean timestamp/distclean timestamp/realclean::
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time
@@ -741,7 +766,7 @@ clean-spec: PHONY
 	-$(Q) $(RMDIRS) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 	-$(Q) $(RMALL) rubyspec_temp
 
-check: main test test-tool test-all test-spec
+check: main $(DOT_WAIT) test $(DOT_WAIT) test-tool $(DOT_WAIT) test-all
 	$(ECHO) check succeeded
 	-$(Q) : : "run only on sh"; \
 	if [ x"$(GIT)" != x ] && $(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)" && \
@@ -755,26 +780,34 @@ fake: $(CROSS_COMPILING)-fake
 yes-fake: $(arch)-fake.rb $(RBCONFIG) PHONY
 no-fake -fake: PHONY
 
-# really doesn't depend on .o, just ensure newer than headers which
-# version.o depends on.
-$(arch)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb version.$(OBJEXT) miniruby$(EXEEXT)
+$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=)$(arch)-fake.rb: miniruby$(EXEEXT)
+
+# actually depending on other headers more.
+$(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: $(top_srcdir)/revision.h $(top_srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/version.c
+$(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: {$(VPATH)}id.h {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+
+$(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CPP) -DRUBY_EXPORT $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) "$(srcdir)/version.c" | \
 	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ "$(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in" \
-		i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+	    i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)" \
+	    LIBPATHENV="$(LIBPATHENV)" PRELOADENV="$(PRELOADENV)" LIBRUBY_SO="$(LIBRUBY_SO)"
+
+noarch-fake.rb: # prerequisite of yes-fake
+	$(Q) exit > $@
 
 btest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest
 no-btest: PHONY
 yes-btest: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
+	$(Q)$(gnumake_recursive)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 btest-ruby: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest-ruby
 no-btest-ruby: PHONY
 yes-btest-ruby: prog PHONY
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" -q $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
+	$(Q)$(gnumake_recursive)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 rtest: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
@@ -812,7 +845,7 @@ yes-test-tool: prog PHONY
 no-test-tool: PHONY
 
 test-sample: test-basic # backward compatibility for mswin-build
-test-short: btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic
+test-short: btest-ruby $(DOT_WAIT) test-knownbug $(DOT_WAIT) test-basic
 test: test-short
 
 # $ make test-all TESTOPTS="--help" displays more detail
@@ -839,7 +872,10 @@ extconf: $(PREP)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(EXTCONFDIR)"
 	$(RUNRUBY) -C "$(EXTCONFDIR)" $(EXTCONF) $(EXTCONFARGS)
 
-$(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
+rbconfig.rb: $(RBCONFIG)
+
+$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=)$(RBCONFIG)$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=): $(PREP)
+$(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/common.mk
 	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) -n \
 	-e 'BEGIN{version=ARGV.shift;mis=ARGV.dup}' \
 	-e 'END{abort "UNICODE version mismatch: #{mis}" unless mis.empty?}' \
@@ -857,7 +893,7 @@ $(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
 test-rubyspec: test-spec
 yes-test-rubyspec: yes-test-spec
 
-test-spec-precheck: programs
+test-spec-precheck: programs yes-fake
 
 test-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-spec
 yes-test-spec: test-spec-precheck
@@ -867,6 +903,8 @@ yes-test-spec: test-spec-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 no-test-spec:
 
+check: $(DOT_WAIT) test-spec
+
 RUNNABLE = $(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE:no=un)-runnable
 runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
@@ -885,9 +923,10 @@ libtrans trans: {$(VPATH)}transdb.h
 ENC_HEADERS = $(srcdir)/enc/jis/props.h
 # Use MINIRUBY which loads fake.rb for cross compiling
 $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc/depend \
-	   $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb $(ENC_HEADERS) $(srcdir)/lib/mkmf.rb $(RBCONFIG) fake
+	   $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb $(ENC_HEADERS) $(srcdir)/lib/mkmf.rb $(RBCONFIG) $(HAVE_BASERUBY)-fake
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb --builtin-encs="$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)" --builtin-transes="$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)" --module$(ENCSTATIC) $(ENCS) $@
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND) $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb \
+	  --builtin-encs="$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)" --builtin-transes="$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)" --module$(ENCSTATIC) $(ENCS) $@
 
 .PRECIOUS: $(MKFILES)
 
@@ -909,9 +948,7 @@ PHONY:
 
 {$(srcdir)}.y.c:
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
-	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/pure_parser.rb parse.tmp.y $(YACC)
-	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y.bak
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)$(YACC) -d $(YFLAGS) -o y.tab.c parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)sed -f $(tooldir)/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s|parse\.tmp\.[iy]|$(SRC_FILE)|" -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@.new
@@ -923,11 +960,11 @@ $(PLATFORM_D):
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(@D)
 	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
-exe/$(PROGRAM): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h exe/.time miniruby$(EXEEXT) {$(VPATH)}config.h
+exe/$(PROGRAM): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h exe/.time $(PREP) {$(VPATH)}config.h
 	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DRUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$(@F) $(COUTFLAG)ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) -c $(CSRCFLAG)$(srcdir)/ruby-runner.c
 	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) $(LIBS)
 	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
-	$(Q) ./miniruby$(EXEEXT) \
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) \
 	    -e 'prog, dest, inst = ARGV; dest += "/ruby"' \
 	    -e 'exit unless prog==inst' \
 	    -e 'unless prog=="ruby"' \
@@ -1041,11 +1078,7 @@ $(srcs_vpath)insns_info.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns_info.inc.erb $(inc_c
 $(srcs_vpath)vmtc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vmtc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
 $(srcs_vpath)vm.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vm.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb
-$(srcs_vpath)mjit_compile.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/mjit_compile.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_send.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_ivar.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn_body.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_pc_and_sp.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_invokebuiltin.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_getinlinecache.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)mjit_sp_inc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/mjit_sp_inc.inc.erb
 
 BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/ast.rb \
@@ -1054,13 +1087,17 @@ BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/numeric.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/io.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/marshal.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/mjit.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/mjit_c.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/pack.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/trace_point.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/warning.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/array.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/kernel.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/ractor.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/symbol.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/timev.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/thread_sync.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/nilclass.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/prelude.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb \
@@ -1070,7 +1107,7 @@ BUILTIN_RB_INCS = $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS:.rb=.rbinc)
 
 common-srcs: $(srcs_vpath)parse.c $(srcs_vpath)lex.c $(srcs_vpath)enc/trans/newline.c $(srcs_vpath)id.c \
 	     $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS) \
-	     srcs-lib srcs-ext incs
+	     srcs-lib srcs-ext incs preludes
 
 missing-srcs: $(srcdir)/missing/des_tables.c
 
@@ -1126,13 +1163,13 @@ node_name.inc: $(tooldir)/node_name.rb $(srcdir)/node.h
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -n $(tooldir)/node_name.rb < $(srcdir)/node.h > $@
 
-encdb.h: $(PREP) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
+encdb.h: $(RBCONFIG) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
 
-transdb.h: $(PREP) srcs-enc $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
+transdb.h: $(RBCONFIG) srcs-enc $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
 
 enc/encinit.c: $(ENC_MK) $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb
 
@@ -1182,25 +1219,19 @@ builtin_binary.inc: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary
 
 $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(top_srcdir)/tool/mk_builtin_loader.rb
 
-$(srcdir)/revision.h:
-$(srcdir)/revision.h$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake):
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(@F)
-	$(Q)$(NULLCMD) > $@ || $(NULLCMD) > $(@F)
+$(srcdir)/revision.h$(no_baseruby:no=~disabled~): $(REVISION_H)
 
-revision.tmp::
-	$(Q) $(NULLCMD) > $@
-revision.$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tmp):: $(srcdir)/version.h $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb $(REVISION_FORCE)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h --srcdir="$(srcdir)" > $@
+$(REVISION_H)$(no_baseruby:no=~disabled~):
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h --srcdir="$(srcdir)" --output=revision.h --timestamp=$@
+$(REVISION_H)$(yes_baseruby:yes=~disabled~):
+	$(Q) exit > $@
 
-$(REVISION_H): revision.tmp
-	$(Q)$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" "$(srcdir)/revision.h" revision.tmp
-
-$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/parse.y id.h $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend
+$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/parse.y $(srcdir)/defs/id.def $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed -e 's/{\$$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g' -e /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM1)" BISON=$(YACC) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM1)" BISON="$(YACC)" top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. \
 		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)" LANG=C
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
@@ -1217,7 +1248,7 @@ $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
 		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/configure.ac
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
 
@@ -1225,19 +1256,19 @@ $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
 		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/limits.c.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/socket/constdefs.c: $(srcdir)/ext/socket/depend
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/etc/constdefs.h: $(srcdir)/ext/etc/depend
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
@@ -1309,7 +1340,7 @@ lldb-ruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
 DISTPKGS = gzip,zip,all
 PKGSDIR = tmp
 dist:
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/make-snapshot \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(V0:1=-v) $(tooldir)/make-snapshot \
 	-srcdir=$(srcdir) -packages=$(DISTPKGS) \
 	-unicode-version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
 	$(DISTOPTS) $(PKGSDIR) $(RELNAME)
@@ -1322,10 +1353,15 @@ up::
 yes::
 no::
 
+after-update:: common-srcs
 after-update:: $(REVISION_H)
 after-update:: extract-extlibs
 after-update:: extract-gems
 
+update-src::
+	$(Q) $(RM) $(REVISION_H) revision.h "$(srcdir)/$(REVISION_H)" "$(srcdir)/revision.h"
+	$(Q) exit > "$(srcdir)/revision.h"
+
 update-remote:: update-src update-download
 update-download:: $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
 update-download:: update-gems
@@ -1340,8 +1376,9 @@ update-config_files: PHONY
 
 refresh-gems: update-bundled_gems prepare-gems
 prepare-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
+extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
 
-update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
+update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem files...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
 	    -I./tool -rdownloader -answ \
@@ -1355,26 +1392,32 @@ update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
 	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})' \
 	    gems/bundled_gems
 
-extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
+extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundled gem files...
-	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -Itool -rfileutils -rgem-unpack -answ \
-	    -e 'BEGIN {FileUtils.mkdir_p(d = ".bundle/gems")}' \
-	    -e 'BEGIN {FileUtils.mkdir_p(s = ".bundle/specifications")}' \
-	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -Itool/lib -rfileutils -rbundled_gem -answ \
+	    -e 'BEGIN {d = ".bundle/gems"}' \
+	    -e 'gem, ver, _, rev = *$$F' \
 	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
 	    -e 'g = "#{gem}-#{ver}"' \
-	    -e 'File.directory?("#{d}/#{g}") or Gem.unpack("gems/#{g}.gem", d, s)' \
-	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf("#{d}/#{g}/.github")' \
+	    -e 'if File.directory?("#{d}/#{g}")' \
+	    -e 'elsif rev and File.exist?(gs = "gems/src/#{gem}/#{gem}.gemspec")' \
+	    -e   'BundledGem.copy(gs, ".bundle")' \
+	    -e 'else' \
+	    -e   'BundledGem.unpack("gems/#{g}.gem", ".bundle")' \
+	    -e 'end' \
 	    gems/bundled_gems
 
+outdate-bundled-gems: PHONY
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/$@.rb --make="$(MAKE)" --mflags="$(MFLAGS)" "$(srcdir)"
+
 update-bundled_gems: PHONY
 	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -rrubygems \
 	     $(tooldir)/update-bundled_gems.rb \
 	     "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" | \
 	$(IFCHANGE) "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" -
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" commit -m "Update bundled_gems" gems/bundled_gems
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" commit -m "Update bundled_gems" gems/bundled_gems
 
 PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-precheck
 test-bundled-gems-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-precheck
@@ -1382,7 +1425,7 @@ yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck: main
 no-test-bundled-gems-precheck:
 
 test-bundled-gems-fetch: yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch
-yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch: $(PREP)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch:
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir)/gems ../tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb src bundled_gems
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
@@ -1394,7 +1437,7 @@ no-test-bundled-gems-prepare: no-test-bundled-gems-precheck
 yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
 	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
-		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "minitest:~> 5" "test-unit" "rake" "hoe" "yard" "pry" "packnga" "rexml" "json-schema" "test-unit-rr"
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "minitest:~> 5" "test-unit" "rake" "hoe" "rexml" "json-schema:5.1.0" "test-unit-rr"
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-prepare
@@ -1407,11 +1450,34 @@ no-test-bundled-gems:
 
 BUNDLED_GEMS =
 test-bundled-gems-run: $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) $(tooldir)/test-bundled-gems.rb $(BUNDLED_GEMS)
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) $(XRUBY) $(tooldir)/test-bundled-gems.rb $(BUNDLED_GEMS)
+
+test-syntax-suggest-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
+no-test-syntax-suggest-precheck:
+yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck: main
+
+test-syntax-suggest-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-prepare
+no-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: no-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
+yes-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
+	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
+	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "rake" "rspec:~> 3" #"ruby-prof"
+	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
+
+RSPECOPTS =
+SYNTAX_SUGGEST_SPECS =
+PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST = test-syntax-suggest-prepare
+test-syntax-suggest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest
+yes-test-syntax-suggest: yes-$(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST)
+	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/syntax_suggest .bundle/bin/rspec \
+		--require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/syntax_suggest/$(SYNTAX_SUGGEST_SPECS)
+no-test-syntax-suggest:
+
+check: $(DOT_WAIT) $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-$(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST) test-syntax-suggest
 
 test-bundler-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-precheck
 no-test-bundler-precheck:
-yes-test-bundler-precheck: main
+yes-test-bundler-precheck: main $(arch)-fake.rb
 
 no-test-bundler-prepare: no-test-bundler-precheck
 yes-test-bundler-prepare: yes-test-bundler-precheck
@@ -1428,14 +1494,18 @@ RSPECOPTS =
 BUNDLER_SPECS =
 test-bundler: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler
 yes-test-bundler: yes-test-bundler-prepare
-	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec \
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
+		-r./$(arch)-fake \
+		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
+		$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec \
 		--require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
 no-test-bundler:
 
 PARALLELRSPECOPTS = --runtime-log $(srcdir)/tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
 test-bundler-parallel: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-parallel
 yes-test-bundler-parallel: yes-test-bundler-prepare
-	$(XRUBY) \
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
+		-r./$(arch)-fake \
 		-e "ARGV[-1] = File.expand_path(ARGV[-1])" \
 		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
 		$(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler \
@@ -1447,6 +1517,12 @@ yes-test-bundler-parallel: yes-test-bundler-prepare
 		$(PARALLELRSPECOPTS) $(srcdir)/spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
 no-test-bundler-parallel:
 
+# The annocheck supports ELF format binaries compiled for any OS and for any
+# architecture. It is designed to be independent of the host OS and the
+# architecture. The test-annocheck.sh requires docker or podman.
+test-annocheck: $(PROGRAM)
+	$(tooldir)/test-annocheck.sh $(PROGRAM)
+
 GEM = up
 sync-default-gems:
 	$(Q) $(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/sync_default_gems.rb $(GEM)
@@ -1488,60 +1564,54 @@ update-unicode: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
 		$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
 CACHE_DIR = $(srcdir)/.downloaded-cache
-UNICODE_DOWNLOAD = \
+UNICODE_DOWNLOADER_ALWAYS_UPDATE = $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=--always)
+UNICODE_DOWNLOADER = \
 	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
 	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    --exist $(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER_ALWAYS_UPDATE:no=) \
+	    unicode --unicode-beta=$(UNICODE_BETA)
+UNICODE_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) \
-	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd
 UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
-	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary \
-	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/auxiliary \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/auxiliary
 UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
-	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/emoji \
-	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/emoji \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/emoji
 UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
-	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) \
-	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION)
 
-$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES): update-unicode-files
-update-unicode-files:
+update-unicode-files: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and property files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES): update-unicode-auxiliary-files
-update-unicode-auxiliary-files:
+update-unicode-auxiliary-files: $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) auxiliary files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES): update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files
-update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files:
+update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files: $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode UCD emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/emoji"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES): update-unicode-emoji-files
-update-unicode-emoji-files:
+update-unicode-emoji-files: $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=tables.rb): \
+$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: \
 	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=.unicode-tables.time)
 
 $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
@@ -1550,13 +1620,25 @@ $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
 
 touch-unicode-files:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
-	touch $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+	$(Q) $(TOUCH) $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
 
+UNICODE_TABLES_DATA_FILES = \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CompositionExclusions.txt \
+	$(empty)
+
+UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS_1 = none$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE)
+UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS = $(UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS_1:noneyes=force)
 UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP = yes
-$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.$(UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS:none=time):
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) exit > $(@) || $(NULLCMD)
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.$(UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS:force=time): \
+		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl \
-		$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(@D)
+		$(UNICODE_TABLES_DATA_FILES) \
+	$(order_only) \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
 		-c $(UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP:yes=-t$@) \
 		-o $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb \
@@ -1582,19 +1664,19 @@ $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h:
 	$(MV) $@.new $@
 
 # the next non-comment line was:
-# $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+# $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(tooldir)/enc-case-folding.rb \
 # but was changed to make sure CI works on systems that don't have gperf
 unicode-up: $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
 
 $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=casefold.h): \
-		$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+		$(tooldir)/enc-case-folding.rb \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/SpecialCasing.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CaseFolding.txt
 
 $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/enc-case-folding.rb \
 		--output-file=$@ \
 		--mapping-data-directory=$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
 
@@ -1654,41 +1736,45 @@ help: PHONY
 	"                Makefile of Ruby" \
 	"" \
 	"targets:" \
-	"  all (default):       builds all of below" \
-	"  miniruby:            builds only miniruby" \
-	"  encs:                builds encodings" \
-	"  exts:                builds extensions" \
-	"  main:                builds encodings, extensions and ruby" \
-	"  docs:                builds documents" \
-	"  install-capi:        builds C API documents" \
-	"  run:                 runs test.rb by miniruby" \
-	"  runruby:             runs test.rb by ruby you just built" \
-	"  gdb:                 runs test.rb by miniruby under gdb" \
-	"  gdb-ruby:            runs test.rb by ruby under gdb" \
-	"  check:               equals make test test-tool test-all test-spec" \
-	"  test:                ruby core tests [BTESTS=<bootstraptest files>]" \
-	"  test-all:            all ruby tests [TESTOPTS=-j4 TESTS=<test files>]" \
-	"  test-spec:           run the Ruby spec suite [SPECOPTS=<specs, opts>]" \
-	"  test-bundler:        run the Bundler spec" \
-	"  test-bundled-gems:   run the test suite of bundled gems" \
-	"  test-tool:           tests under the tool/test" \
-	"  update-gems:         download files of the bundled gems" \
-	"  update-bundled_gems: update the latest version of bundled gems" \
-	"  sync-default-gems:   sync default gems from upstream [GEM=<gem_name git_ref>]" \
-	"  up:                  update local copy and autogenerated files" \
-	"  benchmark:           benchmark this ruby and COMPARE_RUBY." \
-	"  gcbench:             gc benchmark [GCBENCH_ITEM=<item_name>]" \
-	"  install:             install all ruby distributions" \
-	"  install-nodoc:       install without rdoc" \
-	"  install-cross:       install cross compiling stuff" \
-	"  clean:               clean for tarball" \
-	"  distclean:           clean for repository" \
-	"  golf:                build goruby for golfers" \
+	"  all (default):         builds all of below" \
+	"  miniruby:              builds only miniruby" \
+	"  encs:                  builds encodings" \
+	"  exts:                  builds extensions" \
+	"  main:                  builds encodings, extensions and ruby" \
+	"  docs:                  builds documents" \
+	"  install-capi:          builds C API documents" \
+	"  run:                   runs test.rb by miniruby" \
+	"  runruby:               runs test.rb by ruby you just built" \
+	"  gdb:                   runs test.rb by miniruby under gdb" \
+	"  gdb-ruby:              runs test.rb by ruby under gdb" \
+	"  check:                 equals make test test-tool test-all test-spec" \
+	"  test:                  ruby core tests [BTESTS=<bootstraptest files>]" \
+	"  test-all:              all ruby tests [TESTOPTS=-j4 TESTS=<test files>]" \
+	"  test-spec:             run the Ruby spec suite [SPECOPTS=<specs, opts>]" \
+	"  test-bundler:          run the Bundler spec" \
+	"  test-bundler-parallel: run the Bundler spec with parallel" \
+	"  test-bundled-gems:     run the test suite of bundled gems" \
+	"  test-tool:             tests under the tool/test" \
+	"  update-gems:           download files of the bundled gems" \
+	"  update-bundled_gems:   update the latest version of bundled gems" \
+	"  sync-default-gems:     sync default gems from upstream [GEM=<gem_name git_ref>]" \
+	"  up:                    update local copy and autogenerated files" \
+	"  benchmark:             benchmark this ruby and COMPARE_RUBY." \
+	"  gcbench:               gc benchmark [GCBENCH_ITEM=<item_name>]" \
+	"  install:               install all ruby distributions" \
+	"  install-nodoc:         install without rdoc" \
+	"  install-cross:         install cross compiling stuff" \
+	"  clean:                 clean for tarball" \
+	"  distclean:             clean for repository" \
+	"  golf:                  build goruby for golfers" \
 	$(HELP_EXTRA_TASKS) \
 	"see DeveloperHowto for more detail: " \
 	"  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 
+$(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mini_builtin.c
+$(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
+
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.c
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
@@ -1746,6 +1832,7 @@ addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -1761,6 +1848,7 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.c
@@ -1777,6 +1865,7 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -1939,6 +2028,7 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.h
@@ -1950,6 +2040,7 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
@@ -1957,6 +2048,7 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/parse.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -1974,9 +2066,11 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -2136,6 +2230,7 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -2319,6 +2414,7 @@ bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -2329,11 +2425,13 @@ builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -2351,8 +2449,10 @@ builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.c
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin_binary.inc
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -2501,6 +2601,7 @@ builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -2513,6 +2614,7 @@ class.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
@@ -2703,6 +2805,7 @@ class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -2710,6 +2813,7 @@ class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -2894,6 +2998,7 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -3106,6 +3211,7 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -3115,8 +3221,13 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -3124,15 +3235,18 @@ complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/math.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -3144,6 +3258,7 @@ complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}complex.c
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
@@ -3289,10 +3404,18 @@ complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
@@ -3300,13 +3423,18 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}$(COROUTINE_H)
@@ -3322,9 +3450,11 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}cont.c
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}fiber/scheduler.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
@@ -3402,6 +3532,15 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/coderange.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/ctype.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/encoding.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/pathname.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/re.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/sprintf.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/string.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/symbol.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/transcode.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
@@ -3472,14 +3611,18 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -3487,6 +3630,7 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
@@ -3494,12 +3638,15 @@ debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -3514,6 +3661,7 @@ debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.c
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
@@ -3684,6 +3832,7 @@ debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
@@ -3868,6 +4017,7 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -3882,6 +4032,7 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.c
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.rbinc
@@ -4044,6 +4195,7 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -5361,6 +5513,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enc.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/inits.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/load.h
@@ -5368,6 +5521,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -5381,6 +5535,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -5543,6 +5698,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -5550,6 +5706,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -5567,6 +5724,7 @@ enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/re.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -5580,6 +5738,7 @@ enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enum.c
@@ -5740,14 +5899,21 @@ enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enumerator.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -5765,6 +5931,7 @@ enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -5779,6 +5946,7 @@ enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enumerator.c
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -5930,18 +6098,27 @@ enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -6139,6 +6316,7 @@ error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -6153,8 +6331,10 @@ eval.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -6360,6 +6540,7 @@ eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -6368,7 +6549,6 @@ eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
-eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 explicit_bzero.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 explicit_bzero.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}explicit_bzero.c
 explicit_bzero.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
@@ -6401,6 +6581,7 @@ file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -6414,6 +6595,7 @@ file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dln.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -6576,6 +6758,7 @@ file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -6587,6 +6770,7 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -6635,7 +6819,6 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.c
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
-gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.rb
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.rbinc
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
@@ -6792,6 +6975,7 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
@@ -6808,6 +6992,7 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regint.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
@@ -6821,7 +7006,6 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
-gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
@@ -6829,11 +7013,13 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -6849,11 +7035,12 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.c
-goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.rb
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}goruby.c
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -6893,6 +7080,7 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -7003,6 +7191,7 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -7010,8 +7199,13 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -7020,16 +7214,20 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/time.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -7040,6 +7238,7 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -7197,20 +7396,28 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 inits.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 inits.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
@@ -7382,6 +7589,7 @@ io.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -7588,6 +7796,7 @@ io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -7597,11 +7806,18 @@ io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
@@ -7782,6 +7998,7 @@ iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
@@ -7988,6 +8205,7 @@ iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -8003,6 +8221,7 @@ load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/dir.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -8200,6 +8419,7 @@ load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -8698,15 +8918,24 @@ main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
@@ -8714,9 +8943,11 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/util.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -8728,9 +8959,11 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
@@ -8771,6 +9004,7 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -8886,12 +9120,21 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}marshal.c
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}marshal.rbinc
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -8902,6 +9145,7 @@ math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/math.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -8915,6 +9159,7 @@ math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
@@ -9061,15 +9306,20 @@ math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}math.c
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -9225,6 +9475,7 @@ memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}memory_view.c
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}memory_view.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -9235,12 +9486,15 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(srcdir)/mjit_c.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.rb
@@ -9258,12 +9512,14 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gem_prelude.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -9303,6 +9559,7 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -9424,6 +9681,8 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mini_builtin.c
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniinit.c
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.rb
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nilclass.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.rb
@@ -9434,10 +9693,13 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prelude.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}timev.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}trace_point.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
@@ -9452,6 +9714,7 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/version.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cmdlineopt.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
@@ -9461,8 +9724,10 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/file.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/process.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -9646,13 +9911,17 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.c
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.rbinc
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_config.h
-mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_worker.c
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -9665,213 +9934,220 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
-mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
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+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/interpreter.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/memory.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/module.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/rgengc.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.c
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.rb
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.rbinc
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_sp_inc.inc
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_exec.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -10045,6 +10321,7 @@ node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.c
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -10242,16 +10519,21 @@ numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.c
-numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.rb
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.rbinc
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -10260,6 +10542,7 @@ object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/inits.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
@@ -10272,6 +10555,7 @@ object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -10439,22 +10723,32 @@ object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
-object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}kernel.rb
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}kernel.rbinc
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nilclass.rbinc
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}object.c
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}variable.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
@@ -10632,6 +10926,7 @@ pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}pack.c
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}pack.rbinc
+pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -10643,6 +10938,7 @@ parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
+parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -10844,6 +11140,7 @@ parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
@@ -10854,11 +11151,13 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
@@ -10866,6 +11165,7 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -10880,6 +11180,7 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
@@ -11046,6 +11347,7 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}proc.c
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -11060,6 +11362,7 @@ process.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -11265,6 +11568,7 @@ process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}process.c
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -11273,13 +11577,14 @@ process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
-process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
@@ -11296,6 +11601,7 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -11311,6 +11617,7 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -11470,16 +11777,17 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.c
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
-ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.rb
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.rbinc
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -11498,6 +11806,7 @@ random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/random.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
@@ -11669,12 +11978,14 @@ random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}random.c
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}random.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}siphash.c
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}siphash.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
@@ -11861,6 +12172,7 @@ range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}range.c
+range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
@@ -11877,6 +12189,7 @@ rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -11890,6 +12203,7 @@ rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
@@ -12038,18 +12352,23 @@ rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}rational.c
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/ractor.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/re.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/time.h
@@ -12232,6 +12551,7 @@ re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regint.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -12882,10 +13202,14 @@ regexec.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 regexec.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+regparse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+regparse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
+regparse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
 regparse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -13223,9 +13547,11 @@ ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/version.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cmdlineopt.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/file.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -13416,6 +13742,7 @@ ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
@@ -13425,6 +13752,7 @@ ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby.c
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -13440,12 +13768,14 @@ scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -13460,10 +13790,12 @@ scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}fiber/scheduler.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -13625,6 +13957,7 @@ scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}scheduler.c
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -13790,12 +14123,219 @@ setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}setproctitle.c
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
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+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}variable.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -13806,6 +14346,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -13820,6 +14361,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -13865,6 +14407,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -13986,6 +14529,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}signal.c
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14010,6 +14554,7 @@ sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14023,6 +14568,7 @@ sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
@@ -14184,6 +14730,7 @@ sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
+sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}sprintf.c
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14351,11 +14898,13 @@ st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.c
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
@@ -14534,6 +15083,7 @@ strftime.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}timev.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -14552,6 +15102,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/transcode.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14566,6 +15117,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -14612,6 +15164,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -14733,6 +15286,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}string.c
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14776,6 +15330,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -14789,6 +15344,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14804,6 +15360,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
@@ -14966,6 +15523,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}struct.c
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14985,6 +15543,7 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14997,7 +15556,9 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -15045,6 +15606,7 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -15163,10 +15725,13 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.c
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.rb
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.rbinc
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
@@ -15176,6 +15741,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
@@ -15193,6 +15759,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/time.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -15206,7 +15773,9 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
@@ -15380,6 +15949,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.c
@@ -15388,20 +15958,22 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).c
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.c
+thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.rbinc
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}timev.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
-thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
@@ -15583,6 +16155,7 @@ time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}time.c
@@ -15599,6 +16172,7 @@ transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/transcode.h
+transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
@@ -15611,6 +16185,7 @@ transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
@@ -15769,11 +16344,13 @@ transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transcode.c
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transcode_data.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -15943,6 +16520,7 @@ transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.c
@@ -16122,6 +16700,7 @@ variable.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -16317,6 +16896,7 @@ variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16337,14 +16917,16 @@ version.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/version.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cmdlineopt.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
-version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/revision.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/version.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
@@ -16358,9 +16940,11 @@ version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -16507,8 +17091,10 @@ version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}revision.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16524,6 +17110,7 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -16744,6 +17331,7 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16773,6 +17361,7 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -16780,6 +17369,7 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -16794,11 +17384,13 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -16958,6 +17550,7 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16971,6 +17564,7 @@ vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
@@ -17148,6 +17742,7 @@ vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17162,11 +17757,13 @@ vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -17181,6 +17778,7 @@ vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
@@ -17335,6 +17933,7 @@ vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17351,6 +17950,7 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -17358,6 +17958,7 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -17373,12 +17974,14 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -17540,6 +18143,7 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17555,19 +18159,19 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
-yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
-yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/re.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
-yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
@@ -17585,6 +18189,7 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -17756,6 +18361,7 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes_helper.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17763,10 +18369,10 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.c
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
-yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.rb
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.rbinc
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/compar.c b/compar.c
index 9f47a3fa62..040f77975e 100644
--- a/compar.c
+++ b/compar.c
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ rb_cmperr(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     VALUE classname;
 
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y) || BUILTIN_TYPE(y) == T_FLOAT) {
-	classname = rb_inspect(y);
+        classname = rb_inspect(y);
     }
     else {
-	classname = rb_obj_class(y);
+        classname = rb_obj_class(y);
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "comparison of %"PRIsVALUE" with %"PRIsVALUE" failed",
-	     rb_obj_class(x), classname);
+             rb_obj_class(x), classname);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ VALUE
 rb_invcmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     VALUE invcmp = rb_exec_recursive(invcmp_recursive, x, y);
-    if (invcmp == Qundef || NIL_P(invcmp)) {
-	return Qnil;
+    if (NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(invcmp)) {
+        return Qnil;
     }
     else {
-	int result = -rb_cmpint(invcmp, x, y);
-	return INT2FIX(result);
+        int result = -rb_cmpint(invcmp, x, y);
+        return INT2FIX(result);
     }
 }
 
@@ -167,9 +167,7 @@ cmp_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static VALUE
 cmp_between(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
 {
-    if (cmpint(x, min) < 0) return Qfalse;
-    if (cmpint(x, max) > 0) return Qfalse;
-    return Qtrue;
+    return RBOOL((cmpint(x, min) >= 0 && cmpint(x, max) <= 0));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -231,7 +229,7 @@ cmp_clamp(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
         }
     }
     if (!NIL_P(min) && !NIL_P(max) && cmpint(min, max) > 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "min argument must be smaller than max argument");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "min argument must be smaller than max argument");
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(min)) {
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index 67641fcfb6..0452305923 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@
 
 typedef struct iseq_link_element {
     enum {
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL,
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN,
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST,
+        ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,
+        ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL,
+        ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN,
+        ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST,
         ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE,
     } type;
     struct iseq_link_element *next;
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ typedef struct iseq_insn_data {
     int sc_state;
     VALUE *operands;
     struct {
-	int line_no;
+        int line_no;
         int node_id;
-	rb_event_flag_t events;
+        rb_event_flag_t events;
     } insn_info;
 } INSN;
 
@@ -307,13 +307,13 @@ static void iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NOD
     ((label) ? (LABEL_REF(label), (label)->unremovable=1) : 0)
 #define ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, ls, le, iseqv, lc) do {				\
     VALUE _e = rb_ary_new3(5, (type),						\
-			   (VALUE)(ls) | 1, (VALUE)(le) | 1,			\
-			   (VALUE)(iseqv), (VALUE)(lc) | 1);			\
+                           (VALUE)(ls) | 1, (VALUE)(le) | 1,			\
+                           (VALUE)(iseqv), (VALUE)(lc) | 1);			\
     LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(ls);							\
     LABEL_REF(le);								\
     LABEL_REF(lc);								\
     if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) \
-        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, rb_ary_tmp_new(3)); \
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, rb_ary_hidden_new(3)); \
     rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, freeze_hide_obj(_e));	\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -368,11 +368,11 @@ append_compile_error(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
     err = rb_syntax_error_append(err, file, line, -1, NULL, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     if (NIL_P(err_info)) {
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err);
-	rb_set_errinfo(err);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err);
+        rb_set_errinfo(err);
     }
     else if (!err_info) {
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, Qtrue);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, Qtrue);
     }
     if (compile_debug) {
         if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(err)) err = rb_eSyntaxError;
@@ -402,17 +402,17 @@ do { \
     const NODE *error_node = (node); \
     enum node_type error_type = nd_type(error_node); \
     if (error_type != (ndtype)) { \
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
-		      prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
-		      ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
-	return errval; \
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
+                      prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
+                      ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
+        return errval; \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
 #define EXPECT_NODE_NONULL(prefix, parent, ndtype, errval) \
 do { \
     COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(parent) \
-		  prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
+                  prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
     return errval; \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ do { \
 do { \
     const NODE *error_node = (node); \
     COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) prefix ": unknown node (%s)", \
-		  ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
+                  ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
     return errval; \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -510,19 +510,19 @@ verify_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE const char *info, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     list = anchor->anchor.next;
     plist = &anchor->anchor;
     while (list) {
-	if (plist != list->prev) {
-	    flag += 1;
-	}
-	plist = list;
-	list = list->next;
+        if (plist != list->prev) {
+            flag += 1;
+        }
+        plist = list;
+        list = list->next;
     }
 
     if (anchor->last != plist && anchor->last != 0) {
-	flag |= 0x70000;
+        flag |= 0x70000;
     }
 
     if (flag != 0) {
-	rb_bug("list verify error: %08x (%s)", flag, info);
+        rb_bug("list verify error: %08x (%s)", flag, info);
     }
 #endif
 }
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ decl_branch_base(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node, const char *type)
     VALUE branches;
 
     if (NIL_P(branch_base)) {
-        branch_base = rb_ary_tmp_new(6);
+        branch_base = rb_ary_hidden_new(6);
         rb_hash_aset(structure, key, branch_base);
         rb_ary_push(branch_base, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)));
         rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(first_lineno));
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ add_trace_branch_coverage(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *n
     long counter_idx;
 
     if (NIL_P(branch)) {
-        branch = rb_ary_tmp_new(6);
+        branch = rb_ary_hidden_new(6);
         rb_hash_aset(branches, key, branch);
         rb_ary_push(branch, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)));
         rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(first_lineno));
@@ -705,11 +705,11 @@ validate_label(st_data_t name, st_data_t label, st_data_t arg)
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)arg;
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)label;
     if (!lobj->link.next) {
-	do {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, lobj->position,
-			  "%"PRIsVALUE": undefined label",
-			  rb_sym2str((VALUE)name));
-	} while (0);
+        do {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, lobj->position,
+                          "%"PRIsVALUE": undefined label",
+                          rb_sym2str((VALUE)name));
+        } while (0);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -748,108 +748,108 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
 
     if (node == 0) {
         NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nil", node));
-	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
+        iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
     }
     /* assume node is T_NODE */
     else if (nd_type_p(node, NODE_SCOPE)) {
-	/* iseq type of top, method, class, block */
-	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, node->nd_tbl);
-	iseq_set_arguments(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
+        /* iseq type of top, method, class, block */
+        iseq_set_local_table(iseq, node->nd_tbl);
+        iseq_set_arguments(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
 
         switch (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:
-	    {
-		LABEL *start = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
-		LABEL *end = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
-
-		start->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
-		end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
-
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
-                NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(FIX2INT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno), -1);
-		ADD_INSN (ret, &dummy_line_node, nop);
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body));
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, end);
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:
+            {
+                LABEL *start = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
+                LABEL *end = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
+
+                start->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
+                end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
+
+                ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+                NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno, -1);
+                ADD_INSN (ret, &dummy_line_node, nop);
+                ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
+                CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body));
+                ADD_LABEL(ret, end);
+                ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
                 ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno;
 
-		/* wide range catch handler must put at last */
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, NULL, start);
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, NULL, end);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
-	    {
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_END);
-		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
-	    {
+                /* wide range catch handler must put at last */
+                ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, NULL, start);
+                ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, NULL, end);
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
+            {
+                ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+                CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
+                ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_END);
+                ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
+            {
                 ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->root_node = node->nd_body;
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
+                ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+                CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
                 ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->root_node = node->nd_body;
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
-		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default: {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
-	    break;
-	  }
-	}
+                ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+                ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
+                break;
+            }
+          default: {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
+            break;
+          }
+        }
     }
     else {
-	const char *m;
+        const char *m;
 #define INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(type) \
-	ISEQ_TYPE_##type: m = #type; goto invalid_iseq_type
+        ISEQ_TYPE_##type: m = #type; goto invalid_iseq_type
         switch (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type) {
-	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(METHOD);
-	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(CLASS);
-	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(BLOCK);
-	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(EVAL);
-	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(MAIN);
-	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(TOP);
+          case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(METHOD);
+          case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(CLASS);
+          case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(BLOCK);
+          case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(EVAL);
+          case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(MAIN);
+          case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(TOP);
 #undef INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE /* invalid iseq types end */
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
-	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue", node));
-	    break;
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
-	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "ensure", node));
-	    break;
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN:
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "ensure", node));
-	    break;
-	  default:
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
+            iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue", node));
+            break;
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
+            iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
+            CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "ensure", node));
+            break;
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN:
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "ensure", node));
+            break;
+          default:
             COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown scope: %d", ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type);
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	  invalid_iseq_type:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/ISEQ_TYPE_%s should not be reached", m);
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+          invalid_iseq_type:
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/ISEQ_TYPE_%s should not be reached", m);
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
     }
 
     if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
         NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(0, -1);
-	ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, &dummy_line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, &dummy_line_node, throw, INT2FIX(0) /* continue throw */ );
+        ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, &dummy_line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, &dummy_line_node, throw, INT2FIX(0) /* continue throw */ );
     }
     else {
         NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, -1);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, &dummy_line_node, leave);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, &dummy_line_node, leave);
     }
 
 #if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table) {
-	st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = 0;
-	validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
+        st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = 0;
+        validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
     }
 #endif
     CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
@@ -866,9 +866,9 @@ rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
     for (i = 0; i < ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_size; /* */ ) {
         int insn = (int)ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded[i];
-	int len = insn_len(insn);
-	encoded[i] = (VALUE)table[insn];
-	i += len;
+        int len = insn_len(insn);
+        encoded[i] = (VALUE)table[insn];
+        i += len;
     }
     FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED);
 #endif
@@ -886,15 +886,15 @@ rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) /* cold path */
 
 #if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
     {
-	unsigned int i;
+        unsigned int i;
 
         for (i = 0; i < ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_size; /* */ ) {
-	    const void *addr = (const void *)original_code[i];
-	    const int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(addr);
+            const void *addr = (const void *)original_code[i];
+            const int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(addr);
 
-	    original_code[i] = insn;
-	    i += insn_len(insn);
-	}
+            original_code[i] = insn;
+            i += insn_len(insn);
+        }
     }
 #endif
     return original_code;
@@ -976,18 +976,18 @@ compile_data_alloc_with_arena(struct iseq_compile_data_storage **arena, size_t s
 
     if (size >= INT_MAX - padding) rb_memerror();
     if (storage->pos + size + padding > storage->size) {
-	unsigned int alloc_size = storage->size;
-
-	while (alloc_size < size + PADDING_SIZE_MAX) {
-	    if (alloc_size >= INT_MAX / 2) rb_memerror();
-	    alloc_size *= 2;
-	}
-	storage->next = (void *)ALLOC_N(char, alloc_size +
-					offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff));
-	storage = *arena = storage->next;
-	storage->next = 0;
-	storage->pos = 0;
-	storage->size = alloc_size;
+        unsigned int alloc_size = storage->size;
+
+        while (alloc_size < size + PADDING_SIZE_MAX) {
+            if (alloc_size >= INT_MAX / 2) rb_memerror();
+            alloc_size *= 2;
+        }
+        storage->next = (void *)ALLOC_N(char, alloc_size +
+                                        offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff));
+        storage = *arena = storage->next;
+        storage->next = 0;
+        storage->pos = 0;
+        storage->size = alloc_size;
 #ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
         padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
 #endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
     elem2->prev = elem1;
     elem1->next = elem2;
     if (elem2->next) {
-	elem2->next->prev = elem2;
+        elem2->next->prev = elem2;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ ELEM_INSERT_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
     elem2->next = elem1;
     elem1->prev = elem2;
     if (elem2->prev) {
-	elem2->prev->next = elem2;
+        elem2->prev->next = elem2;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1087,10 +1087,10 @@ ELEM_REPLACE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
     elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
     elem2->next = elem1->next;
     if (elem1->prev) {
-	elem1->prev->next = elem2;
+        elem1->prev->next = elem2;
     }
     if (elem1->next) {
-	elem1->next->prev = elem2;
+        elem1->next->prev = elem2;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ ELEM_REMOVE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 {
     elem->prev->next = elem->next;
     if (elem->next) {
-	elem->next->prev = elem->prev;
+        elem->next->prev = elem->prev;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1119,13 +1119,13 @@ static LINK_ELEMENT *
 ELEM_FIRST_INSN(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 {
     while (elem) {
-	switch (elem->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
-	    return elem;
-	  default:
-	    elem = elem->next;
-	}
+        switch (elem->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+            return elem;
+          default:
+            elem = elem->next;
+        }
     }
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -1135,11 +1135,11 @@ LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *first_insn = ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
     if (first_insn != NULL &&
-	ELEM_FIRST_INSN(first_insn->next) == NULL) {
-	return TRUE;
+        ELEM_FIRST_INSN(first_insn->next) == NULL) {
+        return TRUE;
     }
     else {
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1147,10 +1147,10 @@ static int
 LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     if (ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor)) == NULL) {
-	return TRUE;
+        return TRUE;
     }
     else {
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1165,9 +1165,9 @@ static void
 APPEND_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *const anc2)
 {
     if (anc2->anchor.next) {
-	anc1->last->next = anc2->anchor.next;
-	anc2->anchor.next->prev = anc1->last;
-	anc1->last = anc2->last;
+        anc1->last->next = anc2->anchor.next;
+        anc2->anchor.next->prev = anc1->last;
+        anc1->last = anc2->last;
     }
     verify_list("append", anc1);
 }
@@ -1182,11 +1182,11 @@ debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *cur)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     printf("----\n");
     printf("anch: %p, frst: %p, last: %p\n", (void *)&anchor->anchor,
-	   (void *)anchor->anchor.next, (void *)anchor->last);
+           (void *)anchor->anchor.next, (void *)anchor->last);
     while (list) {
-	printf("curr: %p, next: %p, prev: %p, type: %d\n", (void *)list, (void *)list->next,
-	       (void *)list->prev, (int)list->type);
-	list = list->next;
+        printf("curr: %p, next: %p, prev: %p, type: %d\n", (void *)list, (void *)list->next,
+               (void *)list->prev, (int)list->type);
+        list = list->next;
     }
     printf("----\n");
 
@@ -1243,9 +1243,35 @@ new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line)
     return adjust;
 }
 
+static void
+iseq_insn_each_markable_object(INSN *insn, void (*func)(VALUE *, VALUE), VALUE data)
+{
+    const char *types = insn_op_types(insn->insn_id);
+    for (int j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+        char type = types[j];
+        switch (type) {
+          case TS_CDHASH:
+          case TS_ISEQ:
+          case TS_VALUE:
+          case TS_IC: // constant path array
+          case TS_CALLDATA: // ci is stored.
+            func(&OPERAND_AT(insn, j), data);
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_insn_each_object_write_barrier(VALUE *obj_ptr, VALUE iseq)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, *obj_ptr);
+}
+
 static INSN *
 new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *line_node,
-	      int insn_id, int argc, VALUE *argv)
+              int insn_id, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     INSN *iobj = compile_data_alloc_insn(iseq);
 
@@ -1260,6 +1286,9 @@ new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *line_node,
     iobj->operands = argv;
     iobj->operand_size = argc;
     iobj->sc_state = 0;
+
+    iseq_insn_each_markable_object(iobj, iseq_insn_each_object_write_barrier, (VALUE)iseq);
+
     return iobj;
 }
 
@@ -1269,14 +1298,14 @@ new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const line_node, enum ruby_vminsn_typ
     VALUE *operands = 0;
     va_list argv;
     if (argc > 0) {
-	int i;
+        int i;
         va_start(argv, argc);
         operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
-	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-	    VALUE v = va_arg(argv, VALUE);
-	    operands[i] = v;
-	}
-	va_end(argv);
+        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+            VALUE v = va_arg(argv, VALUE);
+            operands[i] = v;
+        }
+        va_end(argv);
     }
     return new_insn_core(iseq, line_node, insn_id, argc, operands);
 }
@@ -1320,7 +1349,7 @@ new_insn_send(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const line_node, ID id, VALUE argc, c
 
 static rb_iseq_t *
 new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
-	       VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
+               VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type type, int line_no)
 {
     rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
     rb_ast_body_t ast;
@@ -1332,8 +1361,8 @@ new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]> ---------------------------------------\n");
     int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
     ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, name,
-				    rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
-                                    INT2FIX(line_no), parent,
+                                    rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
+                                    line_no, parent,
                                     isolated_depth ? isolated_depth + 1 : 0,
                                     type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]< ---------------------------------------\n");
@@ -1342,14 +1371,14 @@ new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
 
 static rb_iseq_t *
 new_child_iseq_with_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc,
-		     VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
+                     VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type type, int line_no)
 {
     rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
 
     debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]> ---------------------------------------\n");
     ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_callback(ifunc, name,
-				 rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
-				 INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
+                                 rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
+                                 line_no, parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
     debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]< ---------------------------------------\n");
     return ret_iseq;
 }
@@ -1357,18 +1386,18 @@ new_child_iseq_with_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_call
 static void
 set_catch_except_p(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
 {
-    body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
+    body->catch_except_p = true;
     if (body->parent_iseq != NULL) {
         set_catch_except_p(ISEQ_BODY(body->parent_iseq));
     }
 }
 
-/* Set body->catch_except_p to TRUE if the ISeq may catch an exception. If it is FALSE,
-   JIT-ed code may be optimized.  If we are extremely conservative, we should set TRUE
+/* Set body->catch_except_p to true if the ISeq may catch an exception. If it is false,
+   JIT-ed code may be optimized.  If we are extremely conservative, we should set true
    if catch table exists.  But we want to optimize while loop, which always has catch
    table entries for break/next/redo.
 
-   So this function sets TRUE for limited ISeqs with break/next/redo catch table entries
+   So this function sets true for limited ISeqs with break/next/redo catch table entries
    whose child ISeq would really raise an exception. */
 static void
 update_catch_except_flags(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
@@ -1399,7 +1428,7 @@ update_catch_except_flags(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
         if (entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_BREAK
             && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_NEXT
             && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_REDO) {
-            body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
+            body->catch_except_p = true;
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -1418,7 +1447,7 @@ iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
         LINK_ELEMENT *cont = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
         LINK_ELEMENT *e;
 
-        enum catch_type ct = (enum catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
+        enum rb_catch_type ct = (enum rb_catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
 
         if (ct != CATCH_TYPE_BREAK
             && ct != CATCH_TYPE_NEXT
@@ -1440,31 +1469,31 @@ static int
 iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        return COMPILE_NG;
 
     /* debugs("[compile step 2] (iseq_array_to_linkedlist)\n"); */
 
     if (compile_debug > 5)
-	dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+        dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 
     debugs("[compile step 3.1 (iseq_optimize)]\n");
     iseq_optimize(iseq, anchor);
 
     if (compile_debug > 5)
-	dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+        dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->instructions_unification) {
-	debugs("[compile step 3.2 (iseq_insns_unification)]\n");
-	iseq_insns_unification(iseq, anchor);
-	if (compile_debug > 5)
-	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+        debugs("[compile step 3.2 (iseq_insns_unification)]\n");
+        iseq_insns_unification(iseq, anchor);
+        if (compile_debug > 5)
+            dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
     }
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->stack_caching) {
-	debugs("[compile step 3.3 (iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching)]\n");
-	iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(iseq, anchor);
-	if (compile_debug > 5)
-	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+        debugs("[compile step 3.3 (iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching)]\n");
+        iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(iseq, anchor);
+        if (compile_debug > 5)
+            dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
     }
 
     debugs("[compile step 3.4 (iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont)]\n");
@@ -1484,7 +1513,7 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     debugs("[compile step 4.1 (iseq_set_sequence)]\n");
     if (!iseq_set_sequence(iseq, anchor)) return COMPILE_NG;
     if (compile_debug > 5)
-	dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+        dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 
     debugs("[compile step 4.2 (iseq_set_exception_table)]\n");
     if (!iseq_set_exception_table(iseq)) return COMPILE_NG;
@@ -1512,8 +1541,8 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 #endif
 
     if (compile_debug > 1) {
-	VALUE str = rb_iseq_disasm(iseq);
-	printf("%s\n", StringValueCStr(str));
+        VALUE str = rb_iseq_disasm(iseq);
+        printf("%s\n", StringValueCStr(str));
     }
     verify_call_cache(iseq);
     debugs("[compile step: finish]\n");
@@ -1534,7 +1563,7 @@ get_lvar_level(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     int lev = 0;
     while (iseq != ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq) {
-	lev++;
+        lev++;
         iseq = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq;
     }
     return lev;
@@ -1547,8 +1576,8 @@ get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id)
 
     for (i = 0; i < ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size; i++) {
         if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table[i] == id) {
-	    return (int)i;
-	}
+            return (int)i;
+        }
     }
     return -1;
 }
@@ -1573,12 +1602,12 @@ get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
     const rb_iseq_t *const topmost_iseq = iseq;
 
     while (iseq) {
-	idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, id);
-	if (idx >= 0) {
-	    break;
-	}
+        idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, id);
+        if (idx >= 0) {
+            break;
+        }
         iseq = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq;
-	lv++;
+        lv++;
     }
 
     if (idx < 0) {
@@ -1597,16 +1626,16 @@ iseq_local_block_param_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, unsigned int idx, unsigned int l
     const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;
     while (level > 0) {
         iseq = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq;
-	level--;
+        level--;
     }
     body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     if (body->local_iseq == iseq && /* local variables */
-	body->param.flags.has_block &&
-	body->local_table_size - body->param.block_start == idx) {
-	return TRUE;
+        body->param.flags.has_block &&
+        body->local_table_size - body->param.block_start == idx) {
+        return TRUE;
     }
     else {
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1616,12 +1645,12 @@ iseq_block_param_id_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *pidx, int *plevel)
     int level, ls;
     int idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &level, &ls);
     if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, ls - idx, level)) {
-	*pidx = ls - idx;
-	*plevel = level;
-	return TRUE;
+        *pidx = ls - idx;
+        *plevel = level;
+        return TRUE;
     }
     else {
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1676,10 +1705,10 @@ static void
 iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *const line_node, int idx, int level)
 {
     if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
-	ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, getblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+        ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, getblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
     }
     else {
-	ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, getlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+        ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, getlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
     }
     if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qfalse);
 }
@@ -1688,10 +1717,10 @@ static void
 iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *const line_node, int idx, int level)
 {
     if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
-	ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, setblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+        ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, setblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
     }
     else {
-	ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+        ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
     }
     if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qtrue);
 }
@@ -1703,47 +1732,47 @@ iseq_calc_param_size(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     if (body->param.flags.has_opt ||
-	body->param.flags.has_post ||
-	body->param.flags.has_rest ||
-	body->param.flags.has_block ||
-	body->param.flags.has_kw ||
-	body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-
-	if (body->param.flags.has_block) {
-	    body->param.size = body->param.block_start + 1;
-	}
-	else if (body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
-	}
-	else if (body->param.flags.has_kw) {
-	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
-	}
-	else if (body->param.flags.has_post) {
-	    body->param.size = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
-	}
-	else if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-	    body->param.size = body->param.rest_start + 1;
-	}
-	else if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
-	    body->param.size = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
-	}
-	else {
+        body->param.flags.has_post ||
+        body->param.flags.has_rest ||
+        body->param.flags.has_block ||
+        body->param.flags.has_kw ||
+        body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+
+        if (body->param.flags.has_block) {
+            body->param.size = body->param.block_start + 1;
+        }
+        else if (body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+            body->param.size = body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
+        }
+        else if (body->param.flags.has_kw) {
+            body->param.size = body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
+        }
+        else if (body->param.flags.has_post) {
+            body->param.size = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
+        }
+        else if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+            body->param.size = body->param.rest_start + 1;
+        }
+        else if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+            body->param.size = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
+        }
+        else {
             UNREACHABLE;
-	}
+        }
     }
     else {
-	body->param.size = body->param.lead_num;
+        body->param.size = body->param.lead_num;
     }
 }
 
 static int
 iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
-			    const struct rb_args_info *args, int arg_size)
+                            const struct rb_args_info *args, int arg_size)
 {
     const NODE *node = args->kw_args;
     struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword;
-    const VALUE default_values = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
+    const VALUE default_values = rb_ary_hidden_new(1);
     const VALUE complex_mark = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
     int kw = 0, rkw = 0, di = 0, i;
 
@@ -1751,68 +1780,68 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
     body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
 
     while (node) {
-	kw++;
-	node = node->nd_next;
+        kw++;
+        node = node->nd_next;
     }
     arg_size += kw;
     keyword->bits_start = arg_size++;
 
     node = args->kw_args;
     while (node) {
-	const NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
-	VALUE dv;
+        const NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
+        VALUE dv;
 
         if (val_node == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
-	    ++rkw;
-	}
-	else {
-	    switch (nd_type(val_node)) {
-	      case NODE_LIT:
-		dv = val_node->nd_lit;
-		break;
-	      case NODE_NIL:
-		dv = Qnil;
-		break;
-	      case NODE_TRUE:
-		dv = Qtrue;
-		break;
-	      case NODE_FALSE:
-		dv = Qfalse;
-		break;
-	      default:
+            ++rkw;
+        }
+        else {
+            switch (nd_type(val_node)) {
+              case NODE_LIT:
+                dv = val_node->nd_lit;
+                break;
+              case NODE_NIL:
+                dv = Qnil;
+                break;
+              case NODE_TRUE:
+                dv = Qtrue;
+                break;
+              case NODE_FALSE:
+                dv = Qfalse;
+                break;
+              default:
                 NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "kwarg", node)); /* nd_type_p(node, NODE_KW_ARG) */
-		dv = complex_mark;
-	    }
+                dv = complex_mark;
+            }
 
-	    keyword->num = ++di;
-	    rb_ary_push(default_values, dv);
-	}
+            keyword->num = ++di;
+            rb_ary_push(default_values, dv);
+        }
 
-	node = node->nd_next;
+        node = node->nd_next;
     }
 
     keyword->num = kw;
 
     if (args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid != 0) {
-	keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
-	body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
+        keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
+        body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
     }
     keyword->required_num = rkw;
     keyword->table = &body->local_table[keyword->bits_start - keyword->num];
 
     {
-	VALUE *dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(default_values));
+        VALUE *dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(default_values));
 
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
-	    VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
-	    if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
-	    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(dv)) {
-		RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, dv);
-	    }
-	    dvs[i] = dv;
-	}
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
+            VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
+            if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
+            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(dv)) {
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, dv);
+            }
+            dvs[i] = dv;
+        }
 
-	keyword->default_values = dvs;
+        keyword->default_values = dvs;
     }
     return arg_size;
 }
@@ -1824,119 +1853,119 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, const NODE *cons
 
     if (node_args) {
         struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
-	struct rb_args_info *args = node_args->nd_ainfo;
-	ID rest_id = 0;
-	int last_comma = 0;
-	ID block_id = 0;
-	int arg_size;
+        struct rb_args_info *args = node_args->nd_ainfo;
+        ID rest_id = 0;
+        int last_comma = 0;
+        ID block_id = 0;
+        int arg_size;
 
-	EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS, COMPILE_NG);
+        EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS, COMPILE_NG);
 
         body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = args->ruby2_keywords;
-	body->param.lead_num = arg_size = (int)args->pre_args_num;
-	if (body->param.lead_num > 0) body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
-	debugs("  - argc: %d\n", body->param.lead_num);
+        body->param.lead_num = arg_size = (int)args->pre_args_num;
+        if (body->param.lead_num > 0) body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
+        debugs("  - argc: %d\n", body->param.lead_num);
 
-	rest_id = args->rest_arg;
+        rest_id = args->rest_arg;
         if (rest_id == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA) {
-	    last_comma = 1;
-	    rest_id = 0;
-	}
-	block_id = args->block_arg;
-
-	if (args->opt_args) {
-	    const NODE *node = args->opt_args;
-	    LABEL *label;
-	    VALUE labels = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
-	    VALUE *opt_table;
-	    int i = 0, j;
-
-	    while (node) {
-		label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
-		rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
-		ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
+            last_comma = 1;
+            rest_id = 0;
+        }
+        block_id = args->block_arg;
+
+        if (args->opt_args) {
+            const NODE *node = args->opt_args;
+            LABEL *label;
+            VALUE labels = rb_ary_hidden_new(1);
+            VALUE *opt_table;
+            int i = 0, j;
+
+            while (node) {
+                label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+                rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
+                ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
                 NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "optarg", node->nd_body));
-		node = node->nd_next;
-		i += 1;
-	    }
+                node = node->nd_next;
+                i += 1;
+            }
 
-	    /* last label */
-	    label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node_args));
-	    rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
-	    ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
+            /* last label */
+            label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node_args));
+            rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
+            ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
 
-	    opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, i+1);
+            opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, i+1);
 
             MEMCPY(opt_table, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(labels), VALUE, i+1);
-	    for (j = 0; j < i+1; j++) {
-		opt_table[j] &= ~1;
-	    }
-	    rb_ary_clear(labels);
-
-	    body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
-	    body->param.opt_num = i;
-	    body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
-	    arg_size += i;
-	}
-
-	if (rest_id) {
-	    body->param.rest_start = arg_size++;
-	    body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
-	    assert(body->param.rest_start != -1);
-	}
-
-	if (args->first_post_arg) {
-	    body->param.post_start = arg_size;
-	    body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
-	    body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
-	    arg_size += args->post_args_num;
-
-	    if (body->param.flags.has_rest) { /* TODO: why that? */
-		body->param.post_start = body->param.rest_start + 1;
-	    }
-	}
-
-	if (args->kw_args) {
-	    arg_size = iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args, arg_size);
-	}
-	else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
-	    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-	    keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
-	    body->param.keyword = keyword;
-	    body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
-	}
-	else if (args->no_kwarg) {
-	    body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = TRUE;
-	}
-
-	if (block_id) {
-	    body->param.block_start = arg_size++;
-	    body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
-	}
-
-	iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);
-	body->param.size = arg_size;
-
-	if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
+            for (j = 0; j < i+1; j++) {
+                opt_table[j] &= ~1;
+            }
+            rb_ary_clear(labels);
+
+            body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
+            body->param.opt_num = i;
+            body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
+            arg_size += i;
+        }
+
+        if (rest_id) {
+            body->param.rest_start = arg_size++;
+            body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
+            assert(body->param.rest_start != -1);
+        }
+
+        if (args->first_post_arg) {
+            body->param.post_start = arg_size;
+            body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
+            body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
+            arg_size += args->post_args_num;
+
+            if (body->param.flags.has_rest) { /* TODO: why that? */
+                body->param.post_start = body->param.rest_start + 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (args->kw_args) {
+            arg_size = iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args, arg_size);
+        }
+        else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
+            struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+            keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
+            body->param.keyword = keyword;
+            body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
+        }
+        else if (args->no_kwarg) {
+            body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = TRUE;
+        }
+
+        if (block_id) {
+            body->param.block_start = arg_size++;
+            body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
+        }
+
+        iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);
+        body->param.size = arg_size;
+
+        if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
             NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (m)", args->pre_init));
-	}
-	if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
+        }
+        if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
             NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (p)", args->post_init));
-	}
+        }
 
-	if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-	    if (body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
-		body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
-		body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
-		body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
-		body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {
+        if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+            if (body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
+                body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
+                body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
+                body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
+                body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {
 
-		if (body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
-		    /* {|a|} */
-		    body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+                if (body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
+                    /* {|a|} */
+                    body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -1948,8 +1977,8 @@ iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const rb_ast_id_table_t *tbl)
     unsigned int size = tbl ? tbl->size : 0;
 
     if (size > 0) {
-	ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size);
-	MEMCPY(ids, tbl->ids, ID, size);
+        ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size);
+        MEMCPY(ids, tbl->ids, ID, size);
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table = ids;
     }
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size = size;
@@ -2058,18 +2087,24 @@ cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ptr)
 static inline VALUE
 get_ivar_ic_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq,ID id)
 {
+    return INT2FIX(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ivc_size++);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+get_cvar_ic_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq,ID id)
+{
     VALUE val;
     struct rb_id_table *tbl = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table;
     if (tbl) {
-	if (rb_id_table_lookup(tbl,id,&val)) {
-	    return val;
-	}
+        if (rb_id_table_lookup(tbl,id,&val)) {
+            return val;
+        }
     }
     else {
-	tbl = rb_id_table_create(1);
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = tbl;
+        tbl = rb_id_table_create(1);
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = tbl;
     }
-    val = INT2FIX(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_size++);
+    val = INT2FIX(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->icvarc_size++);
     rb_id_table_insert(tbl,id,val);
     return val;
 }
@@ -2090,113 +2125,113 @@ fix_sp_depth(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
 
     for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
-	if (IS_LABEL(list)) {
-	    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
-	    lobj->set = TRUE;
-	}
+        if (IS_LABEL(list)) {
+            LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+            lobj->set = TRUE;
+        }
     }
 
     for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
-	switch (list->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	    {
-		int j, len, insn;
-		const char *types;
-		VALUE *operands;
-		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-
-		/* update sp */
-		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
-		if (sp < 0) {
-		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
-				  "argument stack underflow (%d)", sp);
-		    return -1;
-		}
-		if (sp > stack_max) {
-		    stack_max = sp;
-		}
-
-		line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
-		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
-		operands = iobj->operands;
-		insn = iobj->insn_id;
-		types = insn_op_types(insn);
-		len = insn_len(insn);
-
-		/* operand check */
-		if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
-		    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
-		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
-				  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
-				  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
-		    return -1;
-		}
-
-		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
-		    if (types[j] == TS_OFFSET) {
-			/* label(destination position) */
-			LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
-			if (!lobj->set) {
-			    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
-			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
-					  "unknown label: "LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
-			    return -1;
-			}
-			if (lobj->sp == -1) {
-			    lobj->sp = sp;
+        switch (list->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+            {
+                int j, len, insn;
+                const char *types;
+                VALUE *operands;
+                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+
+                /* update sp */
+                sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
+                if (sp < 0) {
+                    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+                    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                  "argument stack underflow (%d)", sp);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (sp > stack_max) {
+                    stack_max = sp;
+                }
+
+                line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+                /* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
+                operands = iobj->operands;
+                insn = iobj->insn_id;
+                types = insn_op_types(insn);
+                len = insn_len(insn);
+
+                /* operand check */
+                if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
+                    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
+                    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+                    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
+                                  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+
+                for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+                    if (types[j] == TS_OFFSET) {
+                        /* label(destination position) */
+                        LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
+                        if (!lobj->set) {
+                            BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+                            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                          "unknown label: "LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
+                            return -1;
+                        }
+                        if (lobj->sp == -1) {
+                            lobj->sp = sp;
                         }
                         else if (lobj->sp != sp) {
                             debugs("%s:%d: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
                                    RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), line,
                                    lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
                         }
-		    }
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
-	    {
-		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
-		if (lobj->sp == -1) {
-		    lobj->sp = sp;
-		}
-		else {
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+            {
+                LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+                if (lobj->sp == -1) {
+                    lobj->sp = sp;
+                }
+                else {
                     if (lobj->sp != sp) {
                         debugs("%s:%d: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
                                 RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), line,
                                 lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
                     }
-		    sp = lobj->sp;
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
-	    {
-		/* ignore */
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
-	    {
-		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
-		int orig_sp = sp;
-
-		sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
-		if (adjust->line_no != -1 && orig_sp - sp < 0) {
-		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
-				  "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d",
-				  orig_sp, sp);
-		    return -1;
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default:
-	    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "unknown list type: %d", list->type);
-	    return -1;
-	}
+                    sp = lobj->sp;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+            {
+                /* ignore */
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+            {
+                ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
+                int orig_sp = sp;
+
+                sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
+                if (adjust->line_no != -1 && orig_sp - sp < 0) {
+                    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+                    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+                                  "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d",
+                                  orig_sp, sp);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          default:
+            BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "unknown list type: %d", list->type);
+            return -1;
+        }
     }
     return stack_max;
 }
@@ -2226,14 +2261,34 @@ static int
 add_adjust_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
                 int insns_info_index, int code_index, const ADJUST *adjust)
 {
-    if (insns_info_index > 0 ||
-        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != adjust->line_no) {
-        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = adjust->line_no;
-        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = 0;
-        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
-        return TRUE;
+    insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = adjust->line_no;
+    insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = 0;
+    positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static ID *
+array_to_idlist(VALUE arr)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(arr, T_ARRAY));
+    long size = RARRAY_LEN(arr);
+    ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size + 1);
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(arr, i);
+        ids[i] = SYM2ID(sym);
     }
-    return FALSE;
+    ids[size] = 0;
+    return ids;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+idlist_to_array(const ID *ids)
+{
+    VALUE arr = rb_ary_new();
+    while (*ids) {
+        rb_ary_push(arr, ID2SYM(*ids++));
+    }
+    return arr;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -2242,7 +2297,6 @@ add_adjust_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions
 static int
 iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
-    VALUE iseqv = (VALUE)iseq;
     struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info;
     struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     unsigned int *positions;
@@ -2259,20 +2313,20 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     /* fix label position */
     insn_num = code_index = 0;
     for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
-	switch (list->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	    {
-		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-		/* update sp */
-		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
-		insn_num++;
+        switch (list->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+            {
+                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+                /* update sp */
+                sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
+                insn_num++;
                 events = iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
                 if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
                     if (ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE) &&
                         !(rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES)) {
-                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
-                        if (line >= 1) {
-                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line - 1, INT2FIX(0));
+                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no - 1;
+                        if (line >= 0 && line < RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq))) {
+                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line, INT2FIX(0));
                         }
                     }
                     if (ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH)) {
@@ -2281,144 +2335,189 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
                         }
                         RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), code_index, INT2FIX(data));
                     }
-		}
+                }
                 code_index += insn_data_length(iobj);
-		events = 0;
+                events = 0;
                 data = 0;
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
-	    {
-		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
-		lobj->position = code_index;
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+            {
+                LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+                lobj->position = code_index;
                 if (lobj->sp != sp) {
                     debugs("%s: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
                            RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)),
                            lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
                 }
-		sp = lobj->sp;
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
-	    {
-		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
-		events |= trace->event;
+                sp = lobj->sp;
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+            {
+                TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
+                events |= trace->event;
                 if (trace->event & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH) data = trace->data;
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
-	    {
-		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
-		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
-		    int orig_sp = sp;
-		    sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
-		    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
-			if (orig_sp - sp > 1) code_index++; /* 1 operand */
-			code_index++; /* insn */
-			insn_num++;
-		    }
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default: break;
-	}
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+            {
+                ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
+                if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
+                    int orig_sp = sp;
+                    sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
+                    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
+                        if (orig_sp - sp > 1) code_index++; /* 1 operand */
+                        code_index++; /* insn */
+                        insn_num++;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          default: break;
+        }
     }
 
     /* make instruction sequence */
     generated_iseq = ALLOC_N(VALUE, code_index);
     insns_info = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insn_num);
     positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, insn_num);
-    body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
+    body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body));
     body->call_data = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_data, body->ci_size);
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index = 0;
 
+    // Calculate the bitmask buffer size.
+    // Round the generated_iseq size up to the nearest multiple
+    // of the number of bits in an unsigned long.
+
+    // Allocate enough room for the bitmask list
+    iseq_bits_t * mark_offset_bits;
+    int code_size = code_index;
+
+    iseq_bits_t tmp[1] = {0};
+    bool needs_bitmap = false;
+
+    if (ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(code_index) == 1) {
+        mark_offset_bits = tmp;
+    }
+    else {
+        mark_offset_bits = ZALLOC_N(iseq_bits_t, ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(code_index));
+    }
+
     list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     insns_info_index = code_index = sp = 0;
 
     while (list) {
-	switch (list->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	    {
-		int j, len, insn;
-		const char *types;
-		VALUE *operands;
-		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-
-		/* update sp */
-		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
-		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
-		operands = iobj->operands;
-		insn = iobj->insn_id;
-		generated_iseq[code_index] = insn;
-		types = insn_op_types(insn);
-		len = insn_len(insn);
-
-		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
-		    char type = types[j];
-		    /* printf("--> [%c - (%d-%d)]\n", type, k, j); */
-		    switch (type) {
-		      case TS_OFFSET:
-			{
-			    /* label(destination position) */
-			    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = lobj->position - (code_index + len);
-			    break;
-			}
-		      case TS_CDHASH:
-			{
-			    VALUE map = operands[j];
-			    struct cdhash_set_label_struct data;
+        switch (list->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+            {
+                int j, len, insn;
+                const char *types;
+                VALUE *operands;
+                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+
+                /* update sp */
+                sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
+                /* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
+                operands = iobj->operands;
+                insn = iobj->insn_id;
+                generated_iseq[code_index] = insn;
+                types = insn_op_types(insn);
+                len = insn_len(insn);
+
+                for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+                    char type = types[j];
+
+                    /* printf("--> [%c - (%d-%d)]\n", type, k, j); */
+                    switch (type) {
+                      case TS_OFFSET:
+                        {
+                            /* label(destination position) */
+                            LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = lobj->position - (code_index + len);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                      case TS_CDHASH:
+                        {
+                            VALUE map = operands[j];
+                            struct cdhash_set_label_struct data;
                             data.hash = map;
                             data.pos = code_index;
                             data.len = len;
-			    rb_hash_foreach(map, cdhash_set_label_i, (VALUE)&data);
-
-			    rb_hash_rehash(map);
-			    freeze_hide_obj(map);
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = map;
-			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
-                            FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
-			    break;
-			}
-		      case TS_LINDEX:
-		      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
-			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = FIX2INT(operands[j]);
-			break;
-		      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
-		      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
-			{
-			    VALUE v = operands[j];
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
-			    /* to mark ruby object */
-			    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
-				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
-                                FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
-			    }
-			    break;
-			}
-		      case TS_IC: /* inline cache */
-		      case TS_ISE: /* inline storage entry */
-              case TS_ICVARC: /* inline cvar cache */
-		      case TS_IVC: /* inline ivar cache */
-			{
-			    unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
-			    IC ic = (IC)&body->is_entries[ic_index];
-			    if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= body->is_size)) {
+                            rb_hash_foreach(map, cdhash_set_label_i, (VALUE)&data);
+
+                            rb_hash_rehash(map);
+                            freeze_hide_obj(map);
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = map;
+                            ISEQ_MBITS_SET(mark_offset_bits, code_index + 1 + j);
+                            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
+                            needs_bitmap = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                      case TS_LINDEX:
+                      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
+                        generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = FIX2INT(operands[j]);
+                        break;
+                      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
+                      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
+                        {
+                            VALUE v = operands[j];
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
+                            /* to mark ruby object */
+                            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+                                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
+                                ISEQ_MBITS_SET(mark_offset_bits, code_index + 1 + j);
+                                needs_bitmap = true;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                      /* [ TS_IVC | TS_ICVARC | TS_ISE | TS_IC ] */
+                      case TS_IC: /* inline cache: constants */
+                        {
+                            unsigned int ic_index = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ic_index++;
+                            IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(body, type)[ic_index].ic_cache;
+                            if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= body->ic_size)) {
                                 BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, &iobj->link, 0);
                                 COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
                                               "iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d",
-                                              ic_index, body->is_size);
-			    }
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
-                            FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
-
-                            if (insn == BIN(opt_getinlinecache) && type == TS_IC) {
-                                // Store the instruction index for opt_getinlinecache on the IC for
-                                // YJIT to invalidate code when opt_setinlinecache runs.
-                                ic->get_insn_idx = (unsigned int)code_index;
+                                              ic_index, ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body));
                             }
-			    break;
-			}
+
+                            ic->segments = array_to_idlist(operands[j]);
+
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case TS_IVC: /* inline ivar cache */
+                        {
+                            unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
+
+                            IVC cache = ((IVC)&body->is_entries[ic_index]);
+
+                            if (insn == BIN(setinstancevariable)) {
+                                cache->iv_set_name = SYM2ID(operands[j - 1]);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                cache->iv_set_name = 0;
+                            }
+
+                            vm_ic_attr_index_initialize(cache, INVALID_SHAPE_ID);
+                        }
+                      case TS_ISE: /* inline storage entry: `once` insn */
+                      case TS_ICVARC: /* inline cvar cache */
+                        {
+                            unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
+                            IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(body, type)[ic_index].ic_cache;
+                            if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body))) {
+                                BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, &iobj->link, 0);
+                                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                              "iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d",
+                                              ic_index, ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body));
+                            }
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
+
+                            break;
+                        }
                         case TS_CALLDATA:
                         {
                             const struct rb_callinfo *source_ci = (const struct rb_callinfo *)operands[j];
@@ -2429,85 +2528,105 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
                             generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)cd;
                             break;
                         }
-		      case TS_ID: /* ID */
-			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = SYM2ID(operands[j]);
-			break;
-		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
-			break;
+                      case TS_ID: /* ID */
+                        generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = SYM2ID(operands[j]);
+                        break;
+                      case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                        generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
+                        break;
                       case TS_BUILTIN:
                         generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
                         break;
-		      default:
-			BADINSN_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
-				      "unknown operand type: %c", type);
-			return COMPILE_NG;
-		    }
-		}
-		if (add_insn_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, iobj)) insns_info_index++;
-		code_index += len;
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
-	    {
-		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+                      default:
+                        BADINSN_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                      "unknown operand type: %c", type);
+                        return COMPILE_NG;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (add_insn_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, iobj)) insns_info_index++;
+                code_index += len;
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+            {
+                LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
                 if (lobj->sp != sp) {
                     debugs("%s: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
                            RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)),
                            lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
                 }
-		sp = lobj->sp;
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
-	    {
-		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
-		int orig_sp = sp;
-
-		if (adjust->label) {
-		    sp = adjust->label->sp;
-		}
-		else {
-		    sp = 0;
-		}
-
-		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
-		    const int diff = orig_sp - sp;
-		    if (diff > 0) {
-			if (add_adjust_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, adjust)) insns_info_index++;
-		    }
-		    if (diff > 1) {
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(adjuststack);
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = orig_sp - sp;
-		    }
-		    else if (diff == 1) {
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(pop);
-		    }
-		    else if (diff < 0) {
-			int label_no = adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1;
-			xfree(generated_iseq);
-			xfree(insns_info);
-			xfree(positions);
-			debug_list(anchor, list);
-			COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
-				      "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug to %d %d < %d",
-				      label_no, orig_sp, sp);
-			return COMPILE_NG;
-		    }
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default:
-	    /* ignore */
-	    break;
-	}
-	list = list->next;
+                sp = lobj->sp;
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+            {
+                ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
+                int orig_sp = sp;
+
+                if (adjust->label) {
+                    sp = adjust->label->sp;
+                }
+                else {
+                    sp = 0;
+                }
+
+                if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
+                    const int diff = orig_sp - sp;
+                    if (diff > 0) {
+                        if (insns_info_index == 0) {
+                            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+                                          "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug (ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST must not be the first in iseq)");
+                        }
+                        if (add_adjust_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, adjust)) insns_info_index++;
+                    }
+                    if (diff > 1) {
+                        generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(adjuststack);
+                        generated_iseq[code_index++] = orig_sp - sp;
+                    }
+                    else if (diff == 1) {
+                        generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(pop);
+                    }
+                    else if (diff < 0) {
+                        int label_no = adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1;
+                        xfree(generated_iseq);
+                        xfree(insns_info);
+                        xfree(positions);
+                        if (ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(code_size) > 1) {
+                            xfree(mark_offset_bits);
+                        }
+                        debug_list(anchor, list);
+                        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+                                      "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug to %d %d < %d",
+                                      label_no, orig_sp, sp);
+                        return COMPILE_NG;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          default:
+            /* ignore */
+            break;
+        }
+        list = list->next;
     }
 
     body->iseq_encoded = (void *)generated_iseq;
     body->iseq_size = code_index;
     body->stack_max = stack_max;
 
+    if (ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(body->iseq_size) == 1) {
+        body->mark_bits.single = mark_offset_bits[0];
+    }
+    else {
+        if (needs_bitmap) {
+            body->mark_bits.list = mark_offset_bits;
+        }
+        else {
+            body->mark_bits.list = 0;
+            ruby_xfree(mark_offset_bits);
+        }
+    }
+
     /* get rid of memory leak when REALLOC failed */
     body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
     body->insns_info.positions = positions;
@@ -2541,44 +2660,48 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
 
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->catch_table = NULL;
-    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) return COMPILE_OK;
-    tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
-    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
+
+    VALUE catch_table_ary = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (NIL_P(catch_table_ary)) return COMPILE_OK;
+    tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(catch_table_ary);
+    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(catch_table_ary);
 
     if (tlen > 0) {
-	struct iseq_catch_table *table = xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(tlen));
-	table->size = tlen;
+        struct iseq_catch_table *table = xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(tlen));
+        table->size = tlen;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
             ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
-	    entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
-	    entry->type = (enum catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
-	    entry->start = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[1] & ~1));
-	    entry->end = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[2] & ~1));
-	    entry->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)ptr[3];
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, entry->iseq);
-
-	    /* stack depth */
-	    if (ptr[4]) {
-		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
-		entry->cont = label_get_position(lobj);
-		entry->sp = label_get_sp(lobj);
-
-		/* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
-		if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
-		    entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
-		    entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
-		    entry->sp--;
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		entry->cont = 0;
-	    }
-	}
+            entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
+            entry->type = (enum rb_catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
+            entry->start = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[1] & ~1));
+            entry->end = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[2] & ~1));
+            entry->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)ptr[3];
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, entry->iseq);
+
+            /* stack depth */
+            if (ptr[4]) {
+                LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
+                entry->cont = label_get_position(lobj);
+                entry->sp = label_get_sp(lobj);
+
+                /* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
+                if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+                    entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
+                    entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
+                    entry->sp--;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                entry->cont = 0;
+            }
+        }
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->catch_table = table;
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, 0); /* free */
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, 0); /* free */
     }
 
+    RB_GC_GUARD(catch_table_ary);
+
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -2599,8 +2722,8 @@ iseq_set_optargs_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
     if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.has_opt) {
         for (i = 0; i < ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.opt_num + 1; i++) {
-	    opt_table[i] = label_get_position((LABEL *)opt_table[i]);
-	}
+            opt_table[i] = label_get_position((LABEL *)opt_table[i]);
+        }
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -2614,27 +2737,27 @@ get_destination_insn(INSN *iobj)
 
     list = lobj->link.next;
     while (list) {
-	switch (list->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
-	    goto found;
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
-	    /* ignore */
-	    break;
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
-	    {
-		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
-		events |= trace->event;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	  default: break;
-	}
-	list = list->next;
+        switch (list->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+            goto found;
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+            /* ignore */
+            break;
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+            {
+                TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
+                events |= trace->event;
+            }
+            break;
+          default: break;
+        }
+        list = list->next;
     }
   found:
     if (list && IS_INSN(list)) {
-	INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-	iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
+        INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+        iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
     }
     return list;
 }
@@ -2645,10 +2768,10 @@ get_next_insn(INSN *iobj)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = iobj->link.next;
 
     while (list) {
-	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
-	    return list;
-	}
-	list = list->next;
+        if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
+            return list;
+        }
+        list = list->next;
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -2659,10 +2782,10 @@ get_prev_insn(INSN *iobj)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = iobj->link.prev;
 
     while (list) {
-	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
-	    return list;
-	}
-	list = list->prev;
+        if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
+            return list;
+        }
+        list = list->prev;
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -2692,9 +2815,9 @@ find_destination(INSN *i)
 {
     int pos, len = insn_len(i->insn_id);
     for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
-	if (insn_op_types(i->insn_id)[pos] == TS_OFFSET) {
-	    return (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos);
-	}
+        if (insn_op_types(i->insn_id)[pos] == TS_OFFSET) {
+            return (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos);
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -2710,53 +2833,51 @@ remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
     MEMZERO(unref_counts, int, nlabels);
     end = i;
     do {
-	LABEL *lab;
-	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
-	    if (IS_INSN_ID(i, leave)) {
-		end = i;
-		break;
-	    }
-	    else if ((lab = find_destination((INSN *)i)) != 0) {
-		if (lab->unremovable) break;
-		unref_counts[lab->label_no]++;
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (IS_LABEL(i)) {
-	    lab = (LABEL *)i;
-	    if (lab->unremovable) return 0;
-	    if (lab->refcnt > unref_counts[lab->label_no]) {
-		if (i == first) return 0;
-		break;
-	    }
-	    continue;
-	}
-	else if (IS_TRACE(i)) {
-	    /* do nothing */
-	}
-	else if (IS_ADJUST(i)) {
-	    LABEL *dest = ((ADJUST *)i)->label;
-	    if (dest && dest->unremovable) return 0;
-	}
-	end = i;
+        LABEL *lab;
+        if (IS_INSN(i)) {
+            if (IS_INSN_ID(i, leave)) {
+                end = i;
+                break;
+            }
+            else if ((lab = find_destination((INSN *)i)) != 0) {
+                unref_counts[lab->label_no]++;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (IS_LABEL(i)) {
+            lab = (LABEL *)i;
+            if (lab->unremovable) return 0;
+            if (lab->refcnt > unref_counts[lab->label_no]) {
+                if (i == first) return 0;
+                break;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        else if (IS_TRACE(i)) {
+            /* do nothing */
+        }
+        else if (IS_ADJUST(i)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        end = i;
     } while ((i = i->next) != 0);
     i = first;
     do {
-	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
+        if (IS_INSN(i)) {
             struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
-	    VALUE insn = INSN_OF(i);
-	    int pos, len = insn_len(insn);
-	    for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
-		switch (insn_op_types(insn)[pos]) {
-		  case TS_OFFSET:
-		    unref_destination((INSN *)i, pos);
-		    break;
+            VALUE insn = INSN_OF(i);
+            int pos, len = insn_len(insn);
+            for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
+                switch (insn_op_types(insn)[pos]) {
+                  case TS_OFFSET:
+                    unref_destination((INSN *)i, pos);
+                    break;
                   case TS_CALLDATA:
                     --(body->ci_size);
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	ELEM_REMOVE(i);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ELEM_REMOVE(i);
     } while ((i != end) && (i = i->next) != 0);
     return 1;
 }
@@ -2766,14 +2887,14 @@ iseq_pop_newarray(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 {
     switch (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) {
       case INT2FIX(0): /* empty array */
-	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-	return TRUE;
+        ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+        return TRUE;
       case INT2FIX(1): /* single element array */
-	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-	return FALSE;
+        ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+        return FALSE;
       default:
-	iobj->insn_id = BIN(adjuststack);
-	return TRUE;
+        iobj->insn_id = BIN(adjuststack);
+        return TRUE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -2822,41 +2943,41 @@ optimize_checktype(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 
     switch (INSN_OF(iobj)) {
       case BIN(putstring):
-	type = INT2FIX(T_STRING);
-	break;
+        type = INT2FIX(T_STRING);
+        break;
       case BIN(putnil):
-	type = INT2FIX(T_NIL);
-	break;
+        type = INT2FIX(T_NIL);
+        break;
       case BIN(putobject):
-	type = INT2FIX(TYPE(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)));
-	break;
+        type = INT2FIX(TYPE(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)));
+        break;
       default: return FALSE;
     }
 
     ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
     if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, jump)) {
-	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn((INSN*)OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0));
+        ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn((INSN*)OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0));
     }
     if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, dup)) {
-	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(dup = ciobj);
+        ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(dup = ciobj);
     }
     if (!ciobj || !IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, checktype)) return FALSE;
     niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(ciobj);
     if (!niobj) {
-	/* TODO: putobject true/false */
-	return FALSE;
+        /* TODO: putobject true/false */
+        return FALSE;
     }
     switch (INSN_OF(niobj)) {
       case BIN(branchif):
-	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) == type) {
-	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) == type) {
+            dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+        }
+        break;
       case BIN(branchunless):
-	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) != type) {
-	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) != type) {
+            dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+        }
+        break;
       default:
         return FALSE;
     }
@@ -2864,13 +2985,13 @@ optimize_checktype(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
     node_id = ciobj->insn_info.node_id;
     NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(line, node_id);
     if (!dest) {
-	if (niobj->link.next && IS_LABEL(niobj->link.next)) {
-	    dest = (LABEL *)niobj->link.next; /* reuse label */
-	}
-	else {
-	    dest = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&niobj->link, &dest->link);
-	}
+        if (niobj->link.next && IS_LABEL(niobj->link.next)) {
+            dest = (LABEL *)niobj->link.next; /* reuse label */
+        }
+        else {
+            dest = NEW_LABEL(line);
+            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&niobj->link, &dest->link);
+        }
     }
     INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(iobj, &dummy_line_node, jump, dest);
     LABEL_REF(dest);
@@ -2910,112 +3031,112 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, jump)) {
         INSN *niobj, *diobj, *piobj;
-	diobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
-	niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
-
-	if (diobj == niobj) {
-	    /*
-	     *   jump LABEL
-	     *  LABEL:
-	     * =>
-	     *   LABEL:
-	     */
-	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
-	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-	    return COMPILE_OK;
-	}
+        diobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
+        niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
+
+        if (diobj == niobj) {
+            /*
+             *   jump LABEL
+             *  LABEL:
+             * =>
+             *   LABEL:
+             */
+            unref_destination(iobj, 0);
+            ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
         else if (iobj != diobj && IS_INSN(&diobj->link) &&
                  IS_INSN_ID(diobj, jump) &&
-		 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0) &&
+                 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0) &&
                  diobj->insn_info.events == 0) {
-	    /*
-	     *  useless jump elimination:
-	     *     jump LABEL1
-	     *     ...
-	     *   LABEL1:
-	     *     jump LABEL2
-	     *
-	     *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
-	     *      LABEL2 directly
-	     */
-	    replace_destination(iobj, diobj);
-	    remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
-	    goto again;
-	}
+            /*
+             *  useless jump elimination:
+             *     jump LABEL1
+             *     ...
+             *   LABEL1:
+             *     jump LABEL2
+             *
+             *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
+             *      LABEL2 directly
+             */
+            replace_destination(iobj, diobj);
+            remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
+            goto again;
+        }
         else if (IS_INSN_ID(diobj, leave)) {
-	    /*
-	     *  jump LABEL
-	     *  ...
-	     * LABEL:
-	     *  leave
-	     * =>
-	     *  leave
-	     *  ...
-	     * LABEL:
-	     *  leave
-	     */
-	    /* replace */
-	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
+            /*
+             *  jump LABEL
+             *  ...
+             * LABEL:
+             *  leave
+             * =>
+             *  leave
+             *  ...
+             * LABEL:
+             *  leave
+             */
+            /* replace */
+            unref_destination(iobj, 0);
             iobj->insn_id = BIN(leave);
-	    iobj->operand_size = 0;
-	    iobj->insn_info = diobj->insn_info;
-	    goto again;
-	}
+            iobj->operand_size = 0;
+            iobj->insn_info = diobj->insn_info;
+            goto again;
+        }
         else if (IS_INSN(iobj->link.prev) &&
                  (piobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev) &&
-		 (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif) ||
-		  IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchunless))) {
-	    INSN *pdiobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj);
-	    if (niobj == pdiobj) {
-		int refcnt = IS_LABEL(piobj->link.next) ?
-		    ((LABEL *)piobj->link.next)->refcnt : 0;
-		/*
-		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
-		 *   if   L1
-		 *   jump L2
-		 * L1:
-		 *   ...
-		 * L2:
-		 *
-		 * ==>
-		 *   unless L2
-		 * L1:
-		 *   ...
-		 * L2:
-		 */
-		piobj->insn_id = (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif))
-		  ? BIN(branchunless) : BIN(branchif);
-		replace_destination(piobj, iobj);
-		if (refcnt <= 1) {
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* TODO: replace other branch destinations too */
-		}
-		return COMPILE_OK;
-	    }
-	    else if (diobj == pdiobj) {
-		/*
-		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless before jump):
-		 * L1:
-		 *   ...
-		 *   if   L1
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 * ==>
-		 * L1:
-		 *   ...
-		 *   pop
-		 *   jump L1
-		 */
+                 (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif) ||
+                  IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchunless))) {
+            INSN *pdiobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj);
+            if (niobj == pdiobj) {
+                int refcnt = IS_LABEL(piobj->link.next) ?
+                    ((LABEL *)piobj->link.next)->refcnt : 0;
+                /*
+                 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
+                 *   if   L1
+                 *   jump L2
+                 * L1:
+                 *   ...
+                 * L2:
+                 *
+                 * ==>
+                 *   unless L2
+                 * L1:
+                 *   ...
+                 * L2:
+                 */
+                piobj->insn_id = (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif))
+                  ? BIN(branchunless) : BIN(branchif);
+                replace_destination(piobj, iobj);
+                if (refcnt <= 1) {
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* TODO: replace other branch destinations too */
+                }
+                return COMPILE_OK;
+            }
+            else if (diobj == pdiobj) {
+                /*
+                 * useless jump elimination (if/unless before jump):
+                 * L1:
+                 *   ...
+                 *   if   L1
+                 *   jump L1
+                 *
+                 * ==>
+                 * L1:
+                 *   ...
+                 *   pop
+                 *   jump L1
+                 */
                 NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(iobj->insn_info.line_no, iobj->insn_info.node_id);
-		INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, &dummy_line_node, BIN(pop), 0, 0);
-		ELEM_REPLACE(&piobj->link, &popiobj->link);
-	    }
-	}
-	if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next)) {
-	    goto again;
-	}
+                INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, &dummy_line_node, BIN(pop), 0, 0);
+                ELEM_REPLACE(&piobj->link, &popiobj->link);
+            }
+        }
+        if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next)) {
+            goto again;
+        }
     }
 
     /*
@@ -3036,19 +3157,19 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
                 is_frozen_putstring(end, &str_end) &&
                 (beg = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(end)) != 0 &&
                 is_frozen_putstring(beg, &str_beg)) {
-	    int excl = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(range, 0));
-	    VALUE lit_range = rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl);
-
-	    ELEM_REMOVE(&beg->link);
-	    ELEM_REMOVE(&end->link);
-	    range->insn_id = BIN(putobject);
-	    OPERAND_AT(range, 0) = lit_range;
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit_range);
-	}
+            int excl = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(range, 0));
+            VALUE lit_range = rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl);
+
+            ELEM_REMOVE(&beg->link);
+            ELEM_REMOVE(&end->link);
+            range->insn_id = BIN(putobject);
+            OPERAND_AT(range, 0) = lit_range;
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit_range);
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, leave)) {
-	remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
+        remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
     }
 
     /*
@@ -3068,17 +3189,17 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ||
-	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchnil) ||
-	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless)) {
-	/*
-	 *   if L1
-	 *   ...
-	 * L1:
-	 *   jump L2
-	 * =>
-	 *   if L2
-	 */
-	INSN *nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
+        IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchnil) ||
+        IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless)) {
+        /*
+         *   if L1
+         *   ...
+         * L1:
+         *   jump L2
+         * =>
+         *   if L2
+         */
+        INSN *nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
 
         /* This is super nasty hack!!!
          *
@@ -3101,10 +3222,10 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
          * This should be fixed in future.
          */
         int stop_optimization =
-	    ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) &&
+            ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) &&
             nobj->link.type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN &&
             nobj->insn_info.events;
-	if (!stop_optimization) {
+        if (!stop_optimization) {
             INSN *pobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
             int prev_dup = 0;
             if (pobj) {
@@ -3214,231 +3335,344 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, pop)) {
-	/*
-	 *  putself / putnil / putobject obj / putstring "..."
-	 *  pop
-	 * =>
-	 *  # do nothing
-	 */
-	LINK_ELEMENT *prev = iobj->link.prev;
-	if (IS_INSN(prev)) {
-	    enum ruby_vminsn_type previ = ((INSN *)prev)->insn_id;
-	    if (previ == BIN(putobject) || previ == BIN(putnil) ||
-		previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring) ||
-		previ == BIN(dup) ||
-		previ == BIN(getlocal) ||
-		previ == BIN(getblockparam) ||
-		previ == BIN(getblockparamproxy) ||
-		/* getinstancevariable may issue a warning */
-		previ == BIN(duparray)) {
-		/* just push operand or static value and pop soon, no
-		 * side effects */
-		ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
-		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-	    }
-	    else if (previ == BIN(newarray) && iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, (INSN*)prev)) {
-		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-	    }
-	    else if (previ == BIN(concatarray)) {
-		INSN *piobj = (INSN *)prev;
+        /*
+         *  putself / putnil / putobject obj / putstring "..."
+         *  pop
+         * =>
+         *  # do nothing
+         */
+        LINK_ELEMENT *prev = iobj->link.prev;
+        if (IS_INSN(prev)) {
+            enum ruby_vminsn_type previ = ((INSN *)prev)->insn_id;
+            if (previ == BIN(putobject) || previ == BIN(putnil) ||
+                previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring) ||
+                previ == BIN(dup) ||
+                previ == BIN(getlocal) ||
+                previ == BIN(getblockparam) ||
+                previ == BIN(getblockparamproxy) ||
+                /* getinstancevariable may issue a warning */
+                previ == BIN(duparray)) {
+                /* just push operand or static value and pop soon, no
+                 * side effects */
+                ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
+                ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+            }
+            else if (previ == BIN(newarray) && iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, (INSN*)prev)) {
+                ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+            }
+            else if (previ == BIN(concatarray)) {
+                INSN *piobj = (INSN *)prev;
                 NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(piobj->insn_info.line_no, piobj->insn_info.node_id);
-		INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(piobj, &dummy_line_node, splatarray, Qfalse);
-		INSN_OF(piobj) = BIN(pop);
-	    }
-	    else if (previ == BIN(concatstrings)) {
-		if (OPERAND_AT(prev, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
-		}
-		else {
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-		    INSN_OF(prev) = BIN(adjuststack);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+                INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(piobj, &dummy_line_node, splatarray, Qfalse);
+                INSN_OF(piobj) = BIN(pop);
+            }
+            else if (previ == BIN(concatstrings)) {
+                if (OPERAND_AT(prev, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
+                }
+                else {
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+                    INSN_OF(prev) = BIN(adjuststack);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray) ||
-	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, duparray) ||
-	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, expandarray) ||
-	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatarray) ||
-	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, splatarray) ||
-	0) {
-	/*
-	 *  newarray N
-	 *  splatarray
-	 * =>
-	 *  newarray N
-	 * newarray always puts an array
-	 */
-	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
-	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, splatarray)) {
-	    /* remove splatarray following always-array insn */
-	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
-	}
+        IS_INSN_ID(iobj, duparray) ||
+        IS_INSN_ID(iobj, expandarray) ||
+        IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatarray) ||
+        IS_INSN_ID(iobj, splatarray) ||
+        0) {
+        /*
+         *  newarray N
+         *  splatarray
+         * =>
+         *  newarray N
+         * newarray always puts an array
+         */
+        LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+        if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, splatarray)) {
+            /* remove splatarray following always-array insn */
+            ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray)) {
+        LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+        if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, expandarray) &&
+            OPERAND_AT(next, 1) == INT2FIX(0)) {
+            VALUE op1, op2;
+            op1 = OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+            op2 = OPERAND_AT(next, 0);
+            ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+
+            if (op1 == op2) {
+                /*
+                 *  newarray 2
+                 *  expandarray 2, 0
+                 * =>
+                 *  swap
+                 */
+                if (op1 == INT2FIX(2)) {
+                    INSN_OF(iobj) = BIN(swap);
+                    iobj->operand_size = 0;
+                }
+                /*
+                 *  newarray X
+                 *  expandarray X, 0
+                 * =>
+                 *  opt_reverse X
+                 */
+                else {
+                    INSN_OF(iobj) = BIN(opt_reverse);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(iobj->insn_info.line_no, iobj->insn_info.node_id);
+                long diff = FIX2LONG(op1) - FIX2LONG(op2);
+                INSN_OF(iobj) = BIN(opt_reverse);
+                OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = OPERAND_AT(next, 0);
+
+                if (op1 > op2) {
+                    /* X > Y
+                     *  newarray X
+                     *  expandarray Y, 0
+                     * =>
+                     *  pop * (Y-X)
+                     *  opt_reverse Y
+                     */
+                    for (; diff > 0; diff--) {
+                        INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, &dummy_line_node, pop);
+                    }
+                }
+                else { /* (op1 < op2) */
+                    /* X < Y
+                     *  newarray X
+                     *  expandarray Y, 0
+                     * =>
+                     *  putnil * (Y-X)
+                     *  opt_reverse Y
+                     */
+                    for (; diff < 0; diff++) {
+                        INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, &dummy_line_node, putnil);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, duparray)) {
+        LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+        /*
+         *  duparray obj
+         *  expandarray X, 0
+         * =>
+         *  putobject obj
+         *  expandarray X, 0
+         */
+        if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, expandarray)) {
+            INSN_OF(iobj) = BIN(putobject);
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, anytostring)) {
-	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
-	/*
+        LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+        /*
          *  anytostring
-	 *  concatstrings 1
-	 * =>
+         *  concatstrings 1
+         * =>
          *  anytostring
-	 */
-	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings) &&
-	    OPERAND_AT(next, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
-	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
-	}
+         */
+        if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings) &&
+            OPERAND_AT(next, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+            ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putstring) ||
-	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putobject) && RB_TYPE_P(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0), T_STRING))) {
-	/*
-	 *  putstring ""
-	 *  concatstrings N
-	 * =>
-	 *  concatstrings N-1
-	 */
-	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, concatstrings) &&
-	    RSTRING_LEN(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) == 0) {
-	    INSN *next = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
-	    if ((OPERAND_AT(next, 0) = FIXNUM_INC(OPERAND_AT(next, 0), -1)) == INT2FIX(1)) {
-		ELEM_REMOVE(&next->link);
-	    }
-	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-	}
+        (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putobject) && RB_TYPE_P(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0), T_STRING))) {
+        /*
+         *  putstring ""
+         *  concatstrings N
+         * =>
+         *  concatstrings N-1
+         */
+        if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, concatstrings) &&
+            RSTRING_LEN(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) == 0) {
+            INSN *next = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
+            if ((OPERAND_AT(next, 0) = FIXNUM_INC(OPERAND_AT(next, 0), -1)) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+                ELEM_REMOVE(&next->link);
+            }
+            ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatstrings)) {
-	/*
-	 *  concatstrings N
-	 *  concatstrings M
-	 * =>
-	 *  concatstrings N+M-1
-	 */
-	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
-	INSN *jump = 0;
-	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, jump))
-	    next = get_destination_insn(jump = (INSN *)next);
-	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings)) {
-	    int n = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) + FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(next, 0)) - 1;
-	    OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = INT2FIX(n);
-	    if (jump) {
-		LABEL *label = ((LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(jump, 0));
-		if (!--label->refcnt) {
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(&label->link);
-		}
-		else {
-		    label = NEW_LABEL(0);
-		    OPERAND_AT(jump, 0) = (VALUE)label;
-		}
-		label->refcnt++;
-		ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(next, &label->link);
-		CHECK(iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, get_next_insn(jump), do_tailcallopt));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ELEM_REMOVE(next);
-	    }
-	}
+        /*
+         *  concatstrings N
+         *  concatstrings M
+         * =>
+         *  concatstrings N+M-1
+         */
+        LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+        INSN *jump = 0;
+        if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, jump))
+            next = get_destination_insn(jump = (INSN *)next);
+        if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings)) {
+            int n = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) + FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(next, 0)) - 1;
+            OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = INT2FIX(n);
+            if (jump) {
+                LABEL *label = ((LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(jump, 0));
+                if (!--label->refcnt) {
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(&label->link);
+                }
+                else {
+                    label = NEW_LABEL(0);
+                    OPERAND_AT(jump, 0) = (VALUE)label;
+                }
+                label->refcnt++;
+                ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(next, &label->link);
+                CHECK(iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, get_next_insn(jump), do_tailcallopt));
+            }
+            else {
+                ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if (do_tailcallopt &&
-	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send) ||
-	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aref_with) ||
-	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aset_with) ||
-	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuper))) {
-	/*
-	 *  send ...
-	 *  leave
-	 * =>
-	 *  send ..., ... | VM_CALL_TAILCALL, ...
-	 *  leave # unreachable
-	 */
-	INSN *piobj = NULL;
-	if (iobj->link.next) {
-	    LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
-	    do {
-		if (!IS_INSN(next)) {
-		    next = next->next;
-		    continue;
-		}
-		switch (INSN_OF(next)) {
-		  case BIN(nop):
-		    next = next->next;
-		    break;
-		  case BIN(jump):
-		    /* if cond
-		     *   return tailcall
-		     * end
-		     */
-		    next = get_destination_insn((INSN *)next);
-		    break;
-		  case BIN(leave):
-		    piobj = iobj;
+        (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send) ||
+         IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aref_with) ||
+         IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aset_with) ||
+         IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuper))) {
+        /*
+         *  send ...
+         *  leave
+         * =>
+         *  send ..., ... | VM_CALL_TAILCALL, ...
+         *  leave # unreachable
+         */
+        INSN *piobj = NULL;
+        if (iobj->link.next) {
+            LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+            do {
+                if (!IS_INSN(next)) {
+                    next = next->next;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                switch (INSN_OF(next)) {
+                  case BIN(nop):
+                    next = next->next;
+                    break;
+                  case BIN(jump):
+                    /* if cond
+                     *   return tailcall
+                     * end
+                     */
+                    next = get_destination_insn((INSN *)next);
+                    break;
+                  case BIN(leave):
+                    piobj = iobj;
                     /* fall through */
-		  default:
-		    next = NULL;
-		    break;
-		}
-	    } while (next);
-	}
-
-	if (piobj) {
+                  default:
+                    next = NULL;
+                    break;
+                }
+            } while (next);
+        }
+
+        if (piobj) {
             const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0);
-	    if (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, send) ||
+            if (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, send) ||
                 IS_INSN_ID(piobj, invokesuper)) {
                 if (OPERAND_AT(piobj, 1) == 0) { /* no blockiseq */
                     ci = ci_flag_set(iseq, ci, VM_CALL_TAILCALL);
                     OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
                     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
+                }
+            }
+            else {
                 ci = ci_flag_set(iseq, ci, VM_CALL_TAILCALL);
                 OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
                 RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
-	    }
-	}
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, dup)) {
-	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, setlocal)) {
-	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = iobj->link.next, *set2 = NULL;
-	    if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, setlocal)) {
-		set2 = set1->next;
-		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
-		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
-		}
-	    }
-	    else if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, dup) &&
-		     IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1->next, setlocal)) {
-		set2 = set1->next->next;
-		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
-		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1->next);
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(set2);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+        if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, setlocal)) {
+            LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = iobj->link.next, *set2 = NULL;
+
+            /*
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            * =>
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            */
+            if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, setlocal)) {
+                set2 = set1->next;
+                if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
+                    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            * =>
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            */
+            else if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, dup) &&
+                     IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1->next, setlocal)) {
+                set2 = set1->next->next;
+                if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
+                    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(set1->next);
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(set2);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
+    /*
+    *  getlocal x, y
+    *  dup
+    *  setlocal x, y
+    * =>
+    *  dup
+    */
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getlocal)) {
-	LINK_ELEMENT *niobj = &iobj->link;
-	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, dup)) {
-	    niobj = niobj->next;
-	}
-	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, setlocal)) {
-	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = niobj->next;
-	    if (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) &&
-		OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 1)) {
-		ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
-		ELEM_REMOVE(niobj);
-	    }
-	}
+        LINK_ELEMENT *niobj = &iobj->link;
+        if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, dup)) {
+            niobj = niobj->next;
+        }
+        if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, setlocal)) {
+            LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = niobj->next;
+            if (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) &&
+                OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 1)) {
+                ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
+                ELEM_REMOVE(niobj);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
+    /*
+    *  opt_invokebuiltin_delegate
+    *  trace
+    *  leave
+    * =>
+    *  opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave
+    *  trace
+    *  leave
+    */
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate)) {
         if (IS_TRACE(iobj->link.next)) {
             if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(iobj->link.next, leave)) {
@@ -3447,6 +3681,19 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
         }
     }
 
+    /*
+    *  getblockparam
+    *  branchif / branchunless
+    * =>
+    *  getblockparamproxy
+    *  branchif / branchunless
+    */
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getblockparam)) {
+        if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, branchif) || IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, branchunless)) {
+            iobj->insn_id = BIN(getblockparamproxy);
+        }
+    }
+
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -3472,26 +3719,26 @@ static int
 iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 {
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray) && iobj->link.next &&
-	IS_INSN(iobj->link.next)) {
-	/*
-	 *   [a, b, ...].max/min -> a, b, c, opt_newarray_max/min
-	 */
-	INSN *niobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
-	if (IS_INSN_ID(niobj, send)) {
+        IS_INSN(iobj->link.next)) {
+        /*
+         *   [a, b, ...].max/min -> a, b, c, opt_newarray_max/min
+         */
+        INSN *niobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
+        if (IS_INSN_ID(niobj, send)) {
             const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
             if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 0) {
-		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
-		  case idMax:
-		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_max);
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
-		    return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idMin:
-		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_min);
-		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
-		    return COMPILE_OK;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+                switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
+                  case idMax:
+                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_max);
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
+                    return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idMin:
+                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_min);
+                    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
+                    return COMPILE_OK;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send)) {
@@ -3499,50 +3746,50 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
         const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1);
 
 #define SP_INSN(opt) insn_set_specialized_instruction(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_##opt))
-	if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
-	    switch (vm_ci_argc(ci)) {
-	      case 0:
-		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
-		  case idLength: SP_INSN(length); return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idSize:	 SP_INSN(size);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idEmptyP: SP_INSN(empty_p);return COMPILE_OK;
+        if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
+            switch (vm_ci_argc(ci)) {
+              case 0:
+                switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
+                  case idLength: SP_INSN(length); return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idSize:	 SP_INSN(size);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idEmptyP: SP_INSN(empty_p);return COMPILE_OK;
                   case idNilP:   SP_INSN(nil_p);  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idSucc:	 SP_INSN(succ);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idNot:	 SP_INSN(not);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case 1:
-		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
-		  case idPLUS:	 SP_INSN(plus);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idMINUS:	 SP_INSN(minus);  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idMULT:	 SP_INSN(mult);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idDIV:	 SP_INSN(div);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idMOD:	 SP_INSN(mod);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idEq:	 SP_INSN(eq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idNeq:	 SP_INSN(neq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idEqTilde:SP_INSN(regexpmatch2);return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idLT:	 SP_INSN(lt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idLE:	 SP_INSN(le);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idGT:	 SP_INSN(gt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idGE:	 SP_INSN(ge);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idLTLT:	 SP_INSN(ltlt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		  case idAREF:	 SP_INSN(aref);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idSucc:	 SP_INSN(succ);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idNot:	 SP_INSN(not);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                }
+                break;
+              case 1:
+                switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
+                  case idPLUS:	 SP_INSN(plus);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idMINUS:	 SP_INSN(minus);  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idMULT:	 SP_INSN(mult);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idDIV:	 SP_INSN(div);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idMOD:	 SP_INSN(mod);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idEq:	 SP_INSN(eq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idNeq:	 SP_INSN(neq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idEqTilde:SP_INSN(regexpmatch2);return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idLT:	 SP_INSN(lt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idLE:	 SP_INSN(le);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idGT:	 SP_INSN(gt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idGE:	 SP_INSN(ge);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idLTLT:	 SP_INSN(ltlt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idAREF:	 SP_INSN(aref);	  return COMPILE_OK;
                   case idAnd:    SP_INSN(and);    return COMPILE_OK;
                   case idOr:     SP_INSN(or);    return COMPILE_OK;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case 2:
-		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
-		  case idASET:	 SP_INSN(aset);	  return COMPILE_OK;
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-
-	if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
-	    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_send_without_block);
-	    iobj->operand_size = insn_len(iobj->insn_id) - 1;
-	}
+                }
+                break;
+              case 2:
+                switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
+                  case idASET:	 SP_INSN(aset);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
+            iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_send_without_block);
+            iobj->operand_size = insn_len(iobj->insn_id) - 1;
+        }
     }
 #undef SP_INSN
 
@@ -3556,13 +3803,13 @@ tailcallable_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
       case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
       case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:
       case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
-	/* not tail callable because cfp will be over popped */
+        /* not tail callable because cfp will be over popped */
       case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
       case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
-	/* rescue block can't tail call because of errinfo */
-	return FALSE;
+        /* rescue block can't tail call because of errinfo */
+        return FALSE;
       default:
-	return TRUE;
+        return TRUE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3572,7 +3819,7 @@ iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
     const int do_peepholeopt = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->peephole_optimization;
     const int do_tailcallopt = tailcallable_p(iseq) &&
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization;
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization;
     const int do_si = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction;
     const int do_ou = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->operands_unification;
     int rescue_level = 0;
@@ -3587,16 +3834,16 @@ iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     }
 
     while (list) {
-	if (IS_INSN(list)) {
-	    if (do_peepholeopt) {
-		iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, list, tailcallopt);
-	    }
-	    if (do_si) {
-		iseq_specialized_instruction(iseq, (INSN *)list);
-	    }
-	    if (do_ou) {
-		insn_operands_unification((INSN *)list);
-	    }
+        if (IS_INSN(list)) {
+            if (do_peepholeopt) {
+                iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, list, tailcallopt);
+            }
+            if (do_si) {
+                iseq_specialized_instruction(iseq, (INSN *)list);
+            }
+            if (do_ou) {
+                insn_operands_unification((INSN *)list);
+            }
 
             if (do_block_optimization) {
                 INSN * item = (INSN *)list;
@@ -3604,19 +3851,19 @@ iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
                     do_block_optimization = 0;
                 }
             }
-	}
-	if (IS_LABEL(list)) {
-	    switch (((LABEL *)list)->rescued) {
-	      case LABEL_RESCUE_BEG:
-		rescue_level++;
-		tailcallopt = FALSE;
-		break;
-	      case LABEL_RESCUE_END:
-		if (!--rescue_level) tailcallopt = do_tailcallopt;
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	list = list->next;
+        }
+        if (IS_LABEL(list)) {
+            switch (((LABEL *)list)->rescued) {
+              case LABEL_RESCUE_BEG:
+                rescue_level++;
+                tailcallopt = FALSE;
+                break;
+              case LABEL_RESCUE_END:
+                if (!--rescue_level) tailcallopt = do_tailcallopt;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        list = list->next;
     }
 
     if (do_block_optimization) {
@@ -3631,7 +3878,7 @@ iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 #if OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION
 static INSN *
 new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
-		 int insn_id, int size, LINK_ELEMENT *seq_list)
+                 int insn_id, int size, LINK_ELEMENT *seq_list)
 {
     INSN *iobj = 0;
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = seq_list;
@@ -3641,22 +3888,22 @@ new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 
     /* count argc */
     for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-	iobj = (INSN *)list;
-	argc += iobj->operand_size;
-	list = list->next;
+        iobj = (INSN *)list;
+        argc += iobj->operand_size;
+        list = list->next;
     }
 
     if (argc > 0) {
-	ptr = operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
+        ptr = operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
     }
 
     /* copy operands */
     list = seq_list;
     for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-	iobj = (INSN *)list;
-	MEMCPY(ptr, iobj->operands, VALUE, iobj->operand_size);
-	ptr += iobj->operand_size;
-	list = list->next;
+        iobj = (INSN *)list;
+        MEMCPY(ptr, iobj->operands, VALUE, iobj->operand_size);
+        ptr += iobj->operand_size;
+        list = list->next;
     }
 
     NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(iobj->insn_info.line_no, iobj->insn_info.node_id);
@@ -3680,41 +3927,41 @@ iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 
     list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     while (list) {
-	if (IS_INSN(list)) {
-	    iobj = (INSN *)list;
-	    id = iobj->insn_id;
-	    if (unified_insns_data[id] != 0) {
-		const int *const *entry = unified_insns_data[id];
-		for (j = 1; j < (intptr_t)entry[0]; j++) {
-		    const int *unified = entry[j];
-		    LINK_ELEMENT *li = list->next;
-		    for (k = 2; k < unified[1]; k++) {
-			if (!IS_INSN(li) ||
-			    ((INSN *)li)->insn_id != unified[k]) {
-			    goto miss;
-			}
-			li = li->next;
-		    }
-		    /* matched */
-		    niobj =
-			new_unified_insn(iseq, unified[0], unified[1] - 1,
-					 list);
-
-		    /* insert to list */
-		    niobj->link.prev = (LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj->link.prev;
-		    niobj->link.next = li;
-		    if (li) {
-			li->prev = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
-		    }
-
-		    list->prev->next = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
-		    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
-		    break;
-		  miss:;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	list = list->next;
+        if (IS_INSN(list)) {
+            iobj = (INSN *)list;
+            id = iobj->insn_id;
+            if (unified_insns_data[id] != 0) {
+                const int *const *entry = unified_insns_data[id];
+                for (j = 1; j < (intptr_t)entry[0]; j++) {
+                    const int *unified = entry[j];
+                    LINK_ELEMENT *li = list->next;
+                    for (k = 2; k < unified[1]; k++) {
+                        if (!IS_INSN(li) ||
+                            ((INSN *)li)->insn_id != unified[k]) {
+                            goto miss;
+                        }
+                        li = li->next;
+                    }
+                    /* matched */
+                    niobj =
+                        new_unified_insn(iseq, unified[0], unified[1] - 1,
+                                         list);
+
+                    /* insert to list */
+                    niobj->link.prev = (LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj->link.prev;
+                    niobj->link.next = li;
+                    if (li) {
+                        li->prev = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
+                    }
+
+                    list->prev->next = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
+                    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
+                    break;
+                  miss:;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        list = list->next;
     }
 #endif
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -3738,28 +3985,28 @@ insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const LINK_ELEMENT *anchor, INSN *iobj, int s
     nstate = SC_NEXT(iobj->insn_id);
 
     if (insn_id == BIN(jump) ||
-	insn_id == BIN(branchif) || insn_id == BIN(branchunless)) {
-	LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
-
-	if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
-	    if (lobj->sc_state != nstate) {
-		BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, iobj, lobj);
-		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
-			      "insn_set_sc_state error: %d at "LABEL_FORMAT
-			      ", %d expected\n",
-			      lobj->sc_state, lobj->label_no, nstate);
-		return COMPILE_NG;
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    lobj->sc_state = nstate;
-	}
-	if (insn_id == BIN(jump)) {
-	    nstate = SCS_XX;
-	}
+        insn_id == BIN(branchif) || insn_id == BIN(branchunless)) {
+        LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+
+        if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
+            if (lobj->sc_state != nstate) {
+                BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, iobj, lobj);
+                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                              "insn_set_sc_state error: %d at "LABEL_FORMAT
+                              ", %d expected\n",
+                              lobj->sc_state, lobj->label_no, nstate);
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            lobj->sc_state = nstate;
+        }
+        if (insn_id == BIN(jump)) {
+            nstate = SCS_XX;
+        }
     }
     else if (insn_id == BIN(leave)) {
-	nstate = SCS_XX;
+        nstate = SCS_XX;
     }
 
     return nstate;
@@ -3769,12 +4016,12 @@ static int
 label_set_sc_state(LABEL *lobj, int state)
 {
     if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
-	if (lobj->sc_state != state) {
-	    state = lobj->sc_state;
-	}
+        if (lobj->sc_state != state) {
+            state = lobj->sc_state;
+        }
     }
     else {
-	lobj->sc_state = state;
+        lobj->sc_state = state;
     }
 
     return state;
@@ -3798,84 +4045,84 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     /* for each list element */
     while (list) {
       redo_point:
-	switch (list->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	    {
-		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-		insn_id = iobj->insn_id;
-
-		/* dump_disasm_list(list); */
-
-		switch (insn_id) {
-		  case BIN(nop):
-		    {
-			/* exception merge point */
-			if (state != SCS_AX) {
+        switch (list->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+            {
+                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+                insn_id = iobj->insn_id;
+
+                /* dump_disasm_list(list); */
+
+                switch (insn_id) {
+                  case BIN(nop):
+                    {
+                        /* exception merge point */
+                        if (state != SCS_AX) {
                             NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(0, -1);
-			    INSN *rpobj =
-				new_insn_body(iseq, &dummy_line_node, BIN(reput), 0);
-
-			    /* replace this insn */
-			    ELEM_REPLACE(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
-			    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj;
-			    goto redo_point;
-			}
-			break;
-		    }
-		  case BIN(swap):
-		    {
-			if (state == SCS_AB || state == SCS_BA) {
-			    state = (state == SCS_AB ? SCS_BA : SCS_AB);
-
-			    ELEM_REMOVE(list);
-			    list = list->next;
-			    goto redo_point;
-			}
-			break;
-		    }
-		  case BIN(pop):
-		    {
-			switch (state) {
-			  case SCS_AX:
-			  case SCS_BX:
-			    state = SCS_XX;
-			    break;
-			  case SCS_AB:
-			    state = SCS_AX;
-			    break;
-			  case SCS_BA:
-			    state = SCS_BX;
-			    break;
-			  case SCS_XX:
-			    goto normal_insn;
-			  default:
-			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
-					  "unreachable");
-			    return COMPILE_NG;
-			}
-			/* remove useless pop */
-			ELEM_REMOVE(list);
-			list = list->next;
-			goto redo_point;
-		    }
-		  default:;
-		    /* none */
-		}		/* end of switch */
-	      normal_insn:
-		state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, anchor, iobj, state);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
-	    {
-		LABEL *lobj;
-		lobj = (LABEL *)list;
-
-		state = label_set_sc_state(lobj, state);
-	    }
-	  default:
-	    break;
-	}
-	list = list->next;
+                            INSN *rpobj =
+                                new_insn_body(iseq, &dummy_line_node, BIN(reput), 0);
+
+                            /* replace this insn */
+                            ELEM_REPLACE(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
+                            list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj;
+                            goto redo_point;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                  case BIN(swap):
+                    {
+                        if (state == SCS_AB || state == SCS_BA) {
+                            state = (state == SCS_AB ? SCS_BA : SCS_AB);
+
+                            ELEM_REMOVE(list);
+                            list = list->next;
+                            goto redo_point;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                  case BIN(pop):
+                    {
+                        switch (state) {
+                          case SCS_AX:
+                          case SCS_BX:
+                            state = SCS_XX;
+                            break;
+                          case SCS_AB:
+                            state = SCS_AX;
+                            break;
+                          case SCS_BA:
+                            state = SCS_BX;
+                            break;
+                          case SCS_XX:
+                            goto normal_insn;
+                          default:
+                            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                          "unreachable");
+                            return COMPILE_NG;
+                        }
+                        /* remove useless pop */
+                        ELEM_REMOVE(list);
+                        list = list->next;
+                        goto redo_point;
+                    }
+                  default:;
+                    /* none */
+                }		/* end of switch */
+              normal_insn:
+                state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, anchor, iobj, state);
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+            {
+                LABEL *lobj;
+                lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+
+                state = label_set_sc_state(lobj, state);
+            }
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+        list = list->next;
     }
 #endif
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -3887,20 +4134,20 @@ all_string_result_p(const NODE *node)
     if (!node) return FALSE;
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_STR: case NODE_DSTR:
-	return TRUE;
+        return TRUE;
       case NODE_IF: case NODE_UNLESS:
-	if (!node->nd_body || !node->nd_else) return FALSE;
-	if (all_string_result_p(node->nd_body))
-	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_else);
-	return FALSE;
+        if (!node->nd_body || !node->nd_else) return FALSE;
+        if (all_string_result_p(node->nd_body))
+            return all_string_result_p(node->nd_else);
+        return FALSE;
       case NODE_AND: case NODE_OR:
-	if (!node->nd_2nd)
-	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st);
-	if (!all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st))
-	    return FALSE;
-	return all_string_result_p(node->nd_2nd);
+        if (!node->nd_2nd)
+            return all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st);
+        if (!all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st))
+            return FALSE;
+        return all_string_result_p(node->nd_2nd);
       default:
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3914,35 +4161,35 @@ compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *cons
 
     debugp_param("nd_lit", lit);
     if (!NIL_P(lit)) {
-	cnt++;
-	if (!RB_TYPE_P(lit, T_STRING)) {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
-			  rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
-	lit = rb_fstring(lit);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
+        cnt++;
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(lit, T_STRING)) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
+                          rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+        lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
-	if (RSTRING_LEN(lit) == 0) first_lit = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(lit) == 0) first_lit = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
     }
 
     while (list) {
-	const NODE *const head = list->nd_head;
-	if (nd_type_p(head, NODE_STR)) {
-	    lit = rb_fstring(head->nd_lit);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, head, putobject, lit);
+        const NODE *const head = list->nd_head;
+        if (nd_type_p(head, NODE_STR)) {
+            lit = rb_fstring(head->nd_lit);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, head, putobject, lit);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
-	    lit = Qnil;
-	}
-	else {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "each string", head));
-	}
-	cnt++;
-	list = list->nd_next;
+            lit = Qnil;
+        }
+        else {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "each string", head));
+        }
+        cnt++;
+        list = list->nd_next;
     }
     if (NIL_P(lit) && first_lit) {
-	ELEM_REMOVE(first_lit);
-	--cnt;
+        ELEM_REMOVE(first_lit);
+        --cnt;
     }
     *cntp = cnt;
 
@@ -3990,12 +4237,12 @@ compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 
 static int
 compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int again,
-		  LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
+                  LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
 {
     const int line = nd_line(node);
     LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
     rb_num_t cnt = ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq)
-	+ VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START;
+        + VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START;
     VALUE key = INT2FIX(cnt);
 
     ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getspecial, key, INT2FIX(0));
@@ -4007,7 +4254,7 @@ compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const nod
     ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
     ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setspecial, key);
     if (!again) {
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, then_label);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, then_label);
     }
 
     /* *flip == 1 */
@@ -4023,67 +4270,67 @@ compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const nod
 
 static int
 compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *cond,
-			 LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
+                         LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
 {
   again:
     switch (nd_type(cond)) {
       case NODE_AND:
-	{
-	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
-	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, label,
-					   else_label));
+        {
+            LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
+            CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, label,
+                                           else_label));
             if (!label->refcnt) {
                 ADD_INSN(ret, cond, putnil);
                 break;
             }
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
-	    goto again;
-	}
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
+            cond = cond->nd_2nd;
+            goto again;
+        }
       case NODE_OR:
-	{
-	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
-	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, then_label,
-					   label));
+        {
+            LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
+            CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, then_label,
+                                           label));
             if (!label->refcnt) {
                 ADD_INSN(ret, cond, putnil);
                 break;
             }
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
-	    goto again;
-	}
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
+            cond = cond->nd_2nd;
+            goto again;
+        }
       case NODE_LIT:		/* NODE_LIT is always true */
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_STR:
       case NODE_ZLIST:
       case NODE_LAMBDA:
-	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n",  ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, cond, jump, then_label);
+        /* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n",  ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, cond, jump, then_label);
         return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FALSE:
       case NODE_NIL:
-	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n", ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, cond, jump, else_label);
+        /* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n", ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, cond, jump, else_label);
         return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_LIST:
       case NODE_ARGSCAT:
       case NODE_DREGX:
       case NODE_DSTR:
-	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "branch condition", cond));
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, cond, jump, then_label);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "branch condition", cond));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, cond, jump, then_label);
         return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FLIP2:
-	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, TRUE, then_label, else_label));
+        CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, TRUE, then_label, else_label));
         return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FLIP3:
-	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, FALSE, then_label, else_label));
+        CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, FALSE, then_label, else_label));
         return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_DEFINED:
-	CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, cond, Qfalse));
+        CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, cond, Qfalse));
         break;
       default:
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "branch condition", cond));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "branch condition", cond));
         break;
     }
 
@@ -4102,25 +4349,25 @@ keyword_node_p(const NODE *const node)
 
 static int
 compile_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-			  const NODE *const root_node,
-			  struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **const kw_arg_ptr,
-			  unsigned int *flag)
+                          const NODE *const root_node,
+                          struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **const kw_arg_ptr,
+                          unsigned int *flag)
 {
     if (kw_arg_ptr == NULL) return FALSE;
 
     if (root_node->nd_head && nd_type_p(root_node->nd_head, NODE_LIST)) {
-	const NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;
+        const NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;
         int seen_nodes = 0;
 
-	while (node) {
-	    const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+        while (node) {
+            const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
             seen_nodes++;
 
-	    assert(nd_type_p(node, NODE_LIST));
+            assert(nd_type_p(node, NODE_LIST));
             if (key_node && nd_type_p(key_node, NODE_LIT) && SYMBOL_P(key_node->nd_lit)) {
-		/* can be keywords */
-	    }
-	    else {
+                /* can be keywords */
+            }
+            else {
                 if (flag) {
                     *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
                     if (seen_nodes > 1 || node->nd_next->nd_next) {
@@ -4131,33 +4378,33 @@ compile_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
                         *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
                     }
                 }
-		return FALSE;
-	    }
-	    node = node->nd_next; /* skip value node */
-	    node = node->nd_next;
-	}
-
-	/* may be keywords */
-	node = root_node->nd_head;
-	{
-	    int len = (int)node->nd_alen / 2;
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            node = node->nd_next; /* skip value node */
+            node = node->nd_next;
+        }
+
+        /* may be keywords */
+        node = root_node->nd_head;
+        {
+            int len = (int)node->nd_alen / 2;
             struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg =
                 rb_xmalloc_mul_add(len, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
-	    VALUE *keywords = kw_arg->keywords;
-	    int i = 0;
-	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
+            VALUE *keywords = kw_arg->keywords;
+            int i = 0;
+            kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
 
-	    *kw_arg_ptr = kw_arg;
+            *kw_arg_ptr = kw_arg;
 
-	    for (i=0; node != NULL; i++, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
-		const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
-		const NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
-		keywords[i] = key_node->nd_lit;
+            for (i=0; node != NULL; i++, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+                const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+                const NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
+                keywords[i] = key_node->nd_lit;
                 NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword values", val_node));
-	    }
-	    assert(i == len);
-	    return TRUE;
-	}
+            }
+            assert(i == len);
+            return TRUE;
+        }
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
@@ -4197,11 +4444,11 @@ static_literal_node_p(const NODE *node, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
       case NODE_NIL:
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_FALSE:
-	return TRUE;
+        return TRUE;
       case NODE_STR:
         return ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal;
       default:
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -4210,11 +4457,11 @@ static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_NIL:
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
       case NODE_TRUE:
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       case NODE_FALSE:
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
       case NODE_STR:
         if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
             VALUE lit;
@@ -4227,7 +4474,7 @@ static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
             return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
         }
       default:
-	return node->nd_lit;
+        return node->nd_lit;
     }
 }
 
@@ -4237,9 +4484,9 @@ compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int pop
     const NODE *line_node = node;
 
     if (nd_type_p(node, NODE_ZLIST)) {
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
+        }
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -4314,7 +4561,7 @@ compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int pop
 
             if ((first_chunk && stack_len == 0 && !node_tmp) || count >= min_tmp_ary_len) {
                 /* The literal contains only optimizable elements, or the subarray is long enough */
-                VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(count);
+                VALUE ary = rb_ary_hidden_new(count);
 
                 /* Create a hidden array */
                 for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next)
@@ -4365,7 +4612,7 @@ static int
 compile_array_1(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node)
 {
     if (static_literal_node_p(node, iseq)) {
-        VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
+        VALUE ary = rb_ary_hidden_new(1);
         rb_ary_push(ary, static_literal_value(node, iseq));
         OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
 
@@ -4373,7 +4620,12 @@ compile_array_1(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node)
     }
     else {
         CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node, FALSE));
-        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+        if (keyword_node_p(node)) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarraykwsplat, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
     }
 
     return 1;
@@ -4393,9 +4645,9 @@ compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int meth
     node = node->nd_head;
 
     if (!node || nd_type_p(node, NODE_ZLIST)) {
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+        }
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -4462,7 +4714,7 @@ compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int meth
 
             if ((first_chunk && stack_len == 0 && !node_tmp) || count >= min_tmp_hash_len) {
                 /* The literal contains only optimizable elements, or the subsequence is long enough */
-                VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(count);
+                VALUE ary = rb_ary_hidden_new(count);
 
                 /* Create a hidden hash */
                 for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
@@ -4580,62 +4832,62 @@ rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(const NODE *const node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_LIT: {
-	VALUE v = node->nd_lit;
-	double ival;
-	if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v) &&
-	    modf(RFLOAT_VALUE(v), &ival) == 0.0) {
-	    return FIXABLE(ival) ? LONG2FIX((long)ival) : rb_dbl2big(ival);
-	}
+        VALUE v = node->nd_lit;
+        double ival;
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v) &&
+            modf(RFLOAT_VALUE(v), &ival) == 0.0) {
+            return FIXABLE(ival) ? LONG2FIX((long)ival) : rb_dbl2big(ival);
+        }
         if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_RATIONAL) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_COMPLEX)) {
             return Qundef;
         }
-	if (SYMBOL_P(v) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
-	    return v;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (SYMBOL_P(v) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
+            return v;
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_NIL:
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
       case NODE_TRUE:
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       case NODE_FALSE:
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
       case NODE_STR:
-	return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+        return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
     }
     return Qundef;
 }
 
 static int
 when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
-	  LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
+          LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
 {
     while (vals) {
-	const NODE *val = vals->nd_head;
+        const NODE *val = vals->nd_head;
         VALUE lit = rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(val);
 
-	if (lit == Qundef) {
-	    only_special_literals = 0;
-	}
+        if (UNDEF_P(lit)) {
+            only_special_literals = 0;
+        }
         else if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit))) {
             rb_hash_aset(literals, lit, (VALUE)(l1) | 1);
-	}
+        }
 
-	if (nd_type_p(val, NODE_STR)) {
-	    debugp_param("nd_lit", val->nd_lit);
-	    lit = rb_fstring(val->nd_lit);
-	    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, val, putobject, lit);
+        if (nd_type_p(val, NODE_STR)) {
+            debugp_param("nd_lit", val->nd_lit);
+            lit = rb_fstring(val->nd_lit);
+            ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, val, putobject, lit);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (!COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val)) return -1;
-	}
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val)) return -1;
+        }
 
         // Emit patern === target
         ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, vals, topn, INT2FIX(1));
         ADD_CALL(cond_seq, vals, idEqq, INT2FIX(1));
-	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, val, branchif, l1);
-	vals = vals->nd_next;
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, val, branchif, l1);
+        vals = vals->nd_next;
     }
     return only_special_literals;
 }
@@ -4782,7 +5034,8 @@ struct masgn_state {
 };
 
 static int
-add_masgn_lhs_node(struct masgn_state *state, int lhs_pos, const NODE *line_node, int argc, INSN *before_insn) {
+add_masgn_lhs_node(struct masgn_state *state, int lhs_pos, const NODE *line_node, int argc, INSN *before_insn)
+{
     if (!state) {
         rb_bug("no masgn_state");
     }
@@ -4818,17 +5071,22 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_ATTRASGN: {
-	INSN *iobj;
+        INSN *iobj;
         const NODE *line_node = node;
 
         CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(pre, "masgn lhs (NODE_ATTRASGN)", node));
 
+        bool safenav_call = false;
         LINK_ELEMENT *insn_element = LAST_ELEMENT(pre);
         iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn((INSN *)insn_element); /* send insn */
-	ASSUME(iobj);
-        ELEM_REMOVE(LAST_ELEMENT(pre));
-        ELEM_REMOVE((LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj);
-        pre->last = iobj->link.prev;
+        ASSUME(iobj);
+        ELEM_REMOVE(insn_element);
+        if (!IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send)) {
+            safenav_call = true;
+            iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj);
+            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, insn_element);
+        }
+        (pre->last = iobj->link.prev)->next = 0;
 
         const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
         int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci) + 1;
@@ -4847,23 +5105,27 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
             return COMPILE_NG;
         }
 
-        ADD_ELEM(lhs, (LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj);
-	if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+        iobj->link.prev = lhs->last;
+        lhs->last->next = &iobj->link;
+        for (lhs->last = &iobj->link; lhs->last->next; lhs->last = lhs->last->next);
+        if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
             int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci);
             ci = ci_argc_set(iseq, ci, argc - 1);
             OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, iobj);
             INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line_node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, line_node, concatarray);
-	}
-        ADD_INSN(lhs, line_node, pop);
-        if (argc != 1) {
+            INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, line_node, concatarray);
+        }
+        if (!safenav_call) {
             ADD_INSN(lhs, line_node, pop);
+            if (argc != 1) {
+                ADD_INSN(lhs, line_node, pop);
+            }
         }
         for (int i=0; i < argc; i++) {
             ADD_INSN(post, line_node, pop);
         }
-	break;
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_MASGN: {
         DECL_ANCHOR(nest_rhs);
@@ -4881,7 +5143,7 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
 
         ADD_SEQ(lhs, nest_rhs);
         ADD_SEQ(lhs, nest_lhs);
-	break;
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_CDECL:
         if (!node->nd_vid) {
@@ -4907,10 +5169,10 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
         }
         /* Fallthrough */
       default: {
-	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "masgn lhs", node));
-	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+        DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
+        INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "masgn lhs", node));
+        ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
         ADD_SEQ(lhs, anchor);
       }
     }
@@ -4922,7 +5184,7 @@ static int
 compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *lhsn)
 {
     if (lhsn) {
-	CHECK(compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_next));
+        CHECK(compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_next));
         CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, ret, ret, ret, lhsn->nd_head, NULL, 0));
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -4930,7 +5192,7 @@ compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *lhs
 
 static int
 compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-		    const NODE *rhsn, const NODE *orig_lhsn)
+                    const NODE *rhsn, const NODE *orig_lhsn)
 {
     VALUE mem[64];
     const int memsize = numberof(mem);
@@ -4943,48 +5205,48 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
     int i; \
     if (memindex == memsize) return 0; \
     for (i=0; i<memindex; i++) { \
-	if (mem[i] == (v)) return 0; \
+        if (mem[i] == (v)) return 0; \
     } \
     mem[memindex++] = (v); \
 }
 
     if (rhsn == 0 || !nd_type_p(rhsn, NODE_LIST)) {
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
     }
 
     while (lhsn) {
-	const NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
-	switch (nd_type(ln)) {
-	  case NODE_LASGN:
-	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
-	    break;
-	  case NODE_DASGN:
-	  case NODE_IASGN:
-	  case NODE_CVASGN:
-	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    return 0;
-	}
-	lhsn = lhsn->nd_next;
-	llen++;
+        const NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
+        switch (nd_type(ln)) {
+          case NODE_LASGN:
+            MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
+            break;
+          case NODE_DASGN:
+          case NODE_IASGN:
+          case NODE_CVASGN:
+            MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
+            break;
+          default:
+            return 0;
+        }
+        lhsn = lhsn->nd_next;
+        llen++;
     }
 
     while (rhsn) {
-	if (llen <= rlen) {
+        if (llen <= rlen) {
             NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn val (popped)", rhsn->nd_head));
-	}
-	else {
+        }
+        else {
             NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "masgn val", rhsn->nd_head));
-	}
-	rhsn = rhsn->nd_next;
-	rlen++;
+        }
+        rhsn = rhsn->nd_next;
+        rlen++;
     }
 
     if (llen > rlen) {
-	for (i=0; i<llen-rlen; i++) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, orig_lhsn, putnil);
-	}
+        for (i=0; i<llen-rlen; i++) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, orig_lhsn, putnil);
+        }
     }
 
     compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, orig_lhsn);
@@ -5099,32 +5361,55 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+collect_const_segments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE arr = rb_ary_new();
+    for (;;) {
+        switch (nd_type(node)) {
+          case NODE_CONST:
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            return arr;
+          case NODE_COLON3:
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(idNULL));
+            return arr;
+          case NODE_COLON2:
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+            node = node->nd_head;
+            break;
+          default:
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 compile_const_prefix(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
-		     LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
+                     LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_CONST:
-	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon", node->nd_vid);
+        debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon", node->nd_vid);
         ADD_INSN1(body, node, putobject, Qtrue);
         ADD_INSN1(body, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-	break;
+        break;
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon3", node->nd_mid);
-	ADD_INSN(body, node, pop);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon3", node->nd_mid);
+        ADD_INSN(body, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
         ADD_INSN1(body, node, putobject, Qtrue);
         ADD_INSN1(body, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-	break;
+        break;
       case NODE_COLON2:
-	CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body));
-	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon2", node->nd_mid);
+        CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body));
+        debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon2", node->nd_mid);
         ADD_INSN1(body, node, putobject, Qfalse);
         ADD_INSN1(body, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-	break;
+        break;
       default:
-	CHECK(COMPILE(pref, "const colon2 prefix", node));
-	break;
+        CHECK(COMPILE(pref, "const colon2 prefix", node));
+        break;
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -5133,20 +5418,20 @@ static int
 compile_cpath(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *cpath)
 {
     if (nd_type_p(cpath, NODE_COLON3)) {
-	/* toplevel class ::Foo */
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, cpath, putobject, rb_cObject);
-	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
+        /* toplevel class ::Foo */
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, cpath, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
     }
     else if (cpath->nd_head) {
-	/* Bar::Foo */
+        /* Bar::Foo */
         NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_else->nd_head", cpath->nd_head));
-	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
+        return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
     }
     else {
-	/* class at cbase Foo */
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, cpath, putspecialobject,
-		  INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
-	return 0;
+        /* class at cbase Foo */
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, cpath, putspecialobject,
+                  INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
+        return 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -5162,7 +5447,7 @@ private_recv_p(const NODE *node)
 
 static void
 defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr);
+             const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr);
 
 static int
 compile_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, const enum node_type type, const NODE *const line_node, int popped, bool assume_receiver);
@@ -5179,31 +5464,31 @@ defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 
     switch (type = nd_type(node)) {
 
-	/* easy literals */
+        /* easy literals */
       case NODE_NIL:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_NIL;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_NIL;
+        break;
       case NODE_SELF:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_SELF;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_SELF;
+        break;
       case NODE_TRUE:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_TRUE;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_TRUE;
+        break;
       case NODE_FALSE:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_FALSE;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_FALSE;
+        break;
 
       case NODE_LIST:{
-	const NODE *vals = node;
+        const NODE *vals = node;
 
-	do {
+        do {
             defined_expr0(iseq, ret, vals->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse, false);
 
-	    if (!lfinish[1]) {
+            if (!lfinish[1]) {
                 lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    }
+            }
             ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
-	} while ((vals = vals->nd_next) != NULL);
+        } while ((vals = vals->nd_next) != NULL);
       }
         /* fall through */
       case NODE_STR:
@@ -5212,43 +5497,43 @@ defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:
       default:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_EXPR;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_EXPR;
+        break;
 
-	/* variables */
+        /* variables */
       case NODE_LVAR:
       case NODE_DVAR:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_LVAR;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_LVAR;
+        break;
 
 #define PUSH_VAL(type) (needstr == Qfalse ? Qtrue : rb_iseq_defined_string(type))
       case NODE_IVAR:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_IVAR),
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_IVAR));
+                  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_IVAR));
         return;
 
       case NODE_GVAR:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR),
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));
+                  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));
         return;
 
       case NODE_CVAR:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR),
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CVAR));
+                  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CVAR));
         return;
 
       case NODE_CONST:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CONST));
+                  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CONST));
         return;
       case NODE_COLON2:
-	if (!lfinish[1]) {
+        if (!lfinish[1]) {
             lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	}
+        }
         defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse, false);
         ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
         NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
@@ -5265,18 +5550,18 @@ defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
       case NODE_COLON3:
         ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, rb_cObject);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined,
-		  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CONST));
+                  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CONST));
         return;
 
-	/* method dispatch */
+        /* method dispatch */
       case NODE_CALL:
       case NODE_OPCALL:
       case NODE_VCALL:
       case NODE_FCALL:
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:{
-	const int explicit_receiver =
-	    (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL ||
-	     (type == NODE_ATTRASGN && !private_recv_p(node)));
+        const int explicit_receiver =
+            (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL ||
+             (type == NODE_ATTRASGN && !private_recv_p(node)));
 
         if (node->nd_args || explicit_receiver) {
             if (!lfinish[1]) {
@@ -5286,11 +5571,11 @@ defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
                 lfinish[2] = NEW_LABEL(line);
             }
         }
-	if (node->nd_args) {
+        if (node->nd_args) {
             defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_args, lfinish, Qfalse, false);
             ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
-	}
-	if (explicit_receiver) {
+        }
+        if (explicit_receiver) {
             defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_recv, lfinish, Qfalse, true);
             switch (nd_type(node->nd_recv)) {
               case NODE_CALL:
@@ -5310,38 +5595,38 @@ defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
                 ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, dup);
             }
             ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_METHOD));
-	}
-	else {
+                      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_METHOD));
+        }
+        else {
             ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putself);
             if (keep_result) {
                 ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, dup);
             }
             ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC),
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_METHOD));
-	}
+                      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_METHOD));
+        }
         return;
       }
 
       case NODE_YIELD:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0,
-		  PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_YIELD));
+                  PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_YIELD));
         return;
 
       case NODE_BACK_REF:
       case NODE_NTH_REF:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF),
-		  INT2FIX((node->nd_nth << 1) | (type == NODE_BACK_REF)),
-		  PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));
+                  INT2FIX((node->nd_nth << 1) | (type == NODE_BACK_REF)),
+                  PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));
         return;
 
       case NODE_SUPER:
       case NODE_ZSUPER:
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         ADD_INSN3(ret, line_node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0,
-		  PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_ZSUPER));
+                  PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_ZSUPER));
         return;
 
 #undef PUSH_VAL
@@ -5356,8 +5641,8 @@ defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
       case NODE_IASGN:
       case NODE_CDECL:
       case NODE_CVASGN:
-	expr_type = DEFINED_ASGN;
-	break;
+        expr_type = DEFINED_ASGN;
+        break;
     }
 
     assert(expr_type != DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED);
@@ -5381,26 +5666,26 @@ build_defined_rescue_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const void *u
 
 static void
 defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
+             const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *lcur = ret->last;
     defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node, lfinish, needstr, false);
     if (lfinish[1]) {
-	int line = nd_line(node);
-	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	const rb_iseq_t *rescue;
+        int line = nd_line(node);
+        LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        const rb_iseq_t *rescue;
         struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
             rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_defined_rescue_iseq, NULL);
         rescue = new_child_iseq_with_callback(iseq, ifunc,
                                               rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("defined guard in "),
                                                             ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
                                               iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, 0);
-	lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
-	lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
-	APPEND_LABEL(ret, lcur, lstart);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lfinish[1]);
+        lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
+        lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
+        APPEND_LABEL(ret, lcur, lstart);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+        ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lfinish[1]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -5410,26 +5695,26 @@ compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const
     const int line = nd_line(node);
     const NODE *line_node = node;
     if (!node->nd_head) {
-	VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, str);
+        VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, str);
     }
     else {
         LABEL *lfinish[3];
-	LINK_ELEMENT *last = ret->last;
-	lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	lfinish[1] = 0;
+        LINK_ELEMENT *last = ret->last;
+        lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        lfinish[1] = 0;
         lfinish[2] = 0;
-	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, needstr);
-	if (lfinish[1]) {
-	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(last, &new_insn_body(iseq, line_node, BIN(putnil), 0)->link);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, swap);
+        defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, needstr);
+        if (lfinish[1]) {
+            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(last, &new_insn_body(iseq, line_node, BIN(putnil), 0)->link);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, swap);
             if (lfinish[2]) {
                 ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[2]);
             }
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
-	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
+        }
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -5443,10 +5728,10 @@ make_name_for_block(const rb_iseq_t *orig_iseq)
     if (ISEQ_BODY(orig_iseq)->parent_iseq != 0) {
         while (ISEQ_BODY(orig_iseq)->local_iseq != iseq) {
             if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		level++;
-	    }
+                level++;
+            }
             iseq = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq;
-	}
+        }
     }
 
     if (level == 1) {
@@ -5459,8 +5744,8 @@ make_name_for_block(const rb_iseq_t *orig_iseq)
 
 static void
 push_ensure_entry(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
-		  struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enl,
-		  struct ensure_range *er, const NODE *const node)
+                  struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enl,
+                  struct ensure_range *er, const NODE *const node)
 {
     enl->ensure_node = node;
     enl->prev = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;	/* prev */
@@ -5470,13 +5755,13 @@ push_ensure_entry(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 
 static void
 add_ensure_range(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct ensure_range *erange,
-		 LABEL *lstart, LABEL *lend)
+                 LABEL *lstart, LABEL *lend)
 {
     struct ensure_range *ne =
-	compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(struct ensure_range));
+        compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(struct ensure_range));
 
     while (erange->next != 0) {
-	erange = erange->next;
+        erange = erange->next;
     }
     ne->next = 0;
     ne->begin = lend;
@@ -5505,32 +5790,32 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
     assert(can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq));
 
     struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enlp =
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;
     struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *prev_enlp = enlp;
     DECL_ANCHOR(ensure);
 
     INIT_ANCHOR(ensure);
     while (enlp) {
-	if (enlp->erange != NULL) {
-	    DECL_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
-	    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
+        if (enlp->erange != NULL) {
+            DECL_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
+            LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(0);
+            LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(0);
+            INIT_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
 
-	    add_ensure_range(iseq, enlp->erange, lstart, lend);
+            add_ensure_range(iseq, enlp->erange, lstart, lend);
 
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enlp->prev;
-	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lstart);
+            ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enlp->prev;
+            ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lstart);
             NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensure_part, "ensure part", enlp->ensure_node));
-	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lend);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ensure, ensure_part);
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (!is_return) {
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	enlp = enlp->prev;
+            ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lend);
+            ADD_SEQ(ensure, ensure_part);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!is_return) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        enlp = enlp->prev;
     }
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = prev_enlp;
     ADD_SEQ(ret, ensure);
@@ -5613,7 +5898,7 @@ setup_args_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
 
 static VALUE
 setup_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
-	   unsigned int *flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords)
+           unsigned int *flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords)
 {
     VALUE ret;
     if (argn && nd_type_p(argn, NODE_BLOCK_PASS)) {
@@ -5675,44 +5960,44 @@ compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE
     ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchunless, fail_label);
 
     for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
-	INSN *cap;
-	if (vars->nd_next) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, dup);
-	}
-	last = ret->last;
+        INSN *cap;
+        if (vars->nd_next) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, dup);
+        }
+        last = ret->last;
         NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head));
-	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
-	cap = new_insn_send(iseq, line_node, idAREF, INT2FIX(1),
-			    NULL, INT2FIX(0), NULL);
-	ELEM_INSERT_PREV(last->next, (LINK_ELEMENT *)cap);
+        last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
+        cap = new_insn_send(iseq, line_node, idAREF, INT2FIX(1),
+                            NULL, INT2FIX(0), NULL);
+        ELEM_INSERT_PREV(last->next, (LINK_ELEMENT *)cap);
 #if !defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT) || NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT-0
-	if (!vars->nd_next && vars == node) {
-	    /* only one name */
-	    DECL_ANCHOR(nom);
+        if (!vars->nd_next && vars == node) {
+            /* only one name */
+            DECL_ANCHOR(nom);
 
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(nom);
-	    ADD_INSNL(nom, line_node, jump, end_label);
-	    ADD_LABEL(nom, fail_label);
+            INIT_ANCHOR(nom);
+            ADD_INSNL(nom, line_node, jump, end_label);
+            ADD_LABEL(nom, fail_label);
 # if 0				/* $~ must be MatchData or nil */
-	    ADD_INSN(nom, line_node, pop);
-	    ADD_INSN(nom, line_node, putnil);
+            ADD_INSN(nom, line_node, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(nom, line_node, putnil);
 # endif
-	    ADD_LABEL(nom, end_label);
-	    (nom->last->next = cap->link.next)->prev = nom->last;
-	    (cap->link.next = nom->anchor.next)->prev = &cap->link;
-	    return;
-	}
+            ADD_LABEL(nom, end_label);
+            (nom->last->next = cap->link.next)->prev = nom->last;
+            (cap->link.next = nom->anchor.next)->prev = &cap->link;
+            return;
+        }
 #endif
     }
     ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, end_label);
     ADD_LABEL(ret, fail_label);
     ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
     for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
-	last = ret->last;
+        last = ret->last;
         NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head));
-	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
-	((INSN*)last)->insn_id = BIN(putnil);
-	((INSN*)last)->operand_size = 0;
+        last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
+        ((INSN*)last)->insn_id = BIN(putnil);
+        ((INSN*)last)->operand_size = 0;
     }
     ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
 }
@@ -5757,7 +6042,7 @@ compile_if(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int
     end_label = 0;
 
     compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, node->nd_cond,
-			     then_label, else_label);
+                             then_label, else_label);
 
     ci_size = body->ci_size;
     CHECK(COMPILE_(then_seq, "then", node_body, popped));
@@ -5784,44 +6069,44 @@ compile_if(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int
     ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
 
     if (then_label->refcnt && else_label->refcnt) {
-	branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_IF ? "if" : "unless");
+        branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_IF ? "if" : "unless");
     }
 
     if (then_label->refcnt) {
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, then_label);
-	if (else_label->refcnt) {
-	    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, then_label);
+        if (else_label->refcnt) {
+            add_trace_branch_coverage(
                 iseq,
-		ret,
+                ret,
                 node_body ? node_body : node,
                 0,
-		type == NODE_IF ? "then" : "else",
-		branches);
-	    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_INSNL(then_seq, line_node, jump, end_label);
+                type == NODE_IF ? "then" : "else",
+                branches);
+            end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+            ADD_INSNL(then_seq, line_node, jump, end_label);
             if (!popped) {
                 ADD_INSN(then_seq, line_node, pop);
             }
-	}
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, then_seq);
+        }
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, then_seq);
     }
 
     if (else_label->refcnt) {
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
-	if (then_label->refcnt) {
-	    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
+        if (then_label->refcnt) {
+            add_trace_branch_coverage(
                 iseq,
-		ret,
+                ret,
                 node_else ? node_else : node,
                 1,
-		type == NODE_IF ? "else" : "then",
-		branches);
-	}
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, else_seq);
+                type == NODE_IF ? "else" : "then",
+                branches);
+        }
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, else_seq);
     }
 
     if (end_label) {
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
     }
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -5866,74 +6151,74 @@ compile_case(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_nod
     ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
 
     while (type == NODE_WHEN) {
-	LABEL *l1;
+        LABEL *l1;
 
-	l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
-	ADD_INSN(body_seq, line_node, pop);
-	add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+        ADD_INSN(body_seq, line_node, pop);
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(
                 iseq,
-		body_seq,
+                body_seq,
                 node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
                 branch_id++,
-		"when",
-		branches);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, popped));
-	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line_node, jump, endlabel);
-
-	vals = node->nd_head;
-	if (vals) {
-	    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
-	      case NODE_LIST:
-		only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
-		if (only_special_literals < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
-		break;
-	      case NODE_SPLAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		only_special_literals = 0;
-		CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
-		break;
-	      default:
-		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals, COMPILE_NG);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
-	}
-
-	node = node->nd_next;
-	if (!node) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	type = nd_type(node);
-	line = nd_line(node);
+                "when",
+                branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line_node, jump, endlabel);
+
+        vals = node->nd_head;
+        if (vals) {
+            switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+              case NODE_LIST:
+                only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
+                if (only_special_literals < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
+                break;
+              case NODE_SPLAT:
+              case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+              case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+                only_special_literals = 0;
+                CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+                break;
+              default:
+                UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals, COMPILE_NG);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
+        }
+
+        node = node->nd_next;
+        if (!node) {
+            break;
+        }
+        type = nd_type(node);
+        line = nd_line(node);
         line_node = node;
     }
     /* else */
     if (node) {
-	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
-	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line_node, pop);
-	add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, node, branch_id, "else", branches);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
-	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line_node, jump, endlabel);
+        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line_node, pop);
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line_node, jump, endlabel);
     }
     else {
-	debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
-	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
-	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, orig_node, pop);
-	add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, orig_node, branch_id, "else", branches);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, orig_node, putnil);
-	}
-	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, orig_node, jump, endlabel);
+        debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
+        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, orig_node, pop);
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, orig_node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, orig_node, putnil);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, orig_node, jump, endlabel);
     }
 
     if (only_special_literals && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, orig_node, dup);
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, orig_node, opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, orig_node, dup);
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, orig_node, opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, literals);
-	LABEL_REF(elselabel);
+        LABEL_REF(elselabel);
     }
 
     ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
@@ -5959,56 +6244,56 @@ compile_case2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_no
     endlabel = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
 
     while (node && nd_type_p(node, NODE_WHEN)) {
-	const int line = nd_line(node);
-	LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
-	add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        const int line = nd_line(node);
+        LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(
                 iseq,
-		body_seq,
-		node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+                body_seq,
+                node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
                 branch_id++,
-		"when",
-		branches);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
-	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, node, jump, endlabel);
+                "when",
+                branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(body_seq, node, jump, endlabel);
 
-	vals = node->nd_head;
-	if (!vals) {
+        vals = node->nd_head;
+        if (!vals) {
             EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_WHEN", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
-	}
-	switch (nd_type(vals)) {
-	  case NODE_LIST:
-	    while (vals) {
-		LABEL *lnext;
-		val = vals->nd_head;
-		lnext = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(val));
-		debug_compile("== when2\n", (void)0);
-		CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, val, l1, lnext));
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, lnext);
-		vals = vals->nd_next;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	  case NODE_SPLAT:
-	  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, vals, putnil);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, vals, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, vals, branchif, l1);
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals, COMPILE_NG);
-	}
-	node = node->nd_next;
+        }
+        switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+          case NODE_LIST:
+            while (vals) {
+                LABEL *lnext;
+                val = vals->nd_head;
+                lnext = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(val));
+                debug_compile("== when2\n", (void)0);
+                CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, val, l1, lnext));
+                ADD_LABEL(ret, lnext);
+                vals = vals->nd_next;
+            }
+            break;
+          case NODE_SPLAT:
+          case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+          case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+            ADD_INSN(ret, vals, putnil);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, vals, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, vals, branchif, l1);
+            break;
+          default:
+            UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals, COMPILE_NG);
+        }
+        node = node->nd_next;
     }
     /* else */
     add_trace_branch_coverage(
         iseq,
-	ret,
+        ret,
         node ? node : orig_node,
         branch_id,
-	"else",
-	branches);
+        "else",
+        branches);
     CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "else", node, popped));
     ADD_INSNL(ret, orig_node, jump, endlabel);
 
@@ -7126,11 +7411,11 @@ compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
     push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, NULL, NULL);
 
     if (node->nd_state == 1) {
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, next_label);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, next_label);
     }
     else {
-	tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, tmp_label);
+        tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, tmp_label);
     }
     ADD_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
     ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
@@ -7143,48 +7428,48 @@ compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
     branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_WHILE ? "while" : "until");
     add_trace_branch_coverage(
         iseq,
-	ret,
+        ret,
         node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
         0,
-	"body",
-	branches);
+        "body",
+        branches);
     CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "while body", node->nd_body));
     ADD_LABEL(ret, next_label);	/* next */
 
     if (type == NODE_WHILE) {
-	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
-				 redo_label, end_label);
+        compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
+                                 redo_label, end_label);
     }
     else {
-	/* until */
-	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
-				 end_label, redo_label);
+        /* until */
+        compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
+                                 end_label, redo_label);
     }
 
     ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
     ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
 
-    if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
-	/* ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putundef); */
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+    if (UNDEF_P(node->nd_state)) {
+        /* ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putundef); */
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
     else {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
     }
 
     ADD_LABEL(ret, break_label);	/* break */
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
     }
 
     ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
-		    break_label);
+                    break_label);
     ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
-		    next_catch_label);
+                    next_catch_label);
     ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
-		    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+                    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
 
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
@@ -7206,23 +7491,46 @@ compile_iter(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
 
     ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
     if (nd_type_p(node, NODE_FOR)) {
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter));
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
-	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
-			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line_node, idEach, INT2FIX(0), child_iseq);
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
+            NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
+                           ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+        ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line_node, idEach, INT2FIX(0), child_iseq);
     }
     else {
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
-	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
-			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
+            NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
+                           ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
+    }
+
+    {
+        // We need to put the label "retry_end_l" immediately after the last "send" instruction.
+        // This because vm_throw checks if the break cont is equal to the index of next insn of the "send".
+        // (Otherwise, it is considered "break from proc-closure". See "TAG_BREAK" handling in "vm_throw_start".)
+        //
+        // Normally, "send" instruction is at the last.
+        // However, qcall under branch coverage measurement adds some instructions after the "send".
+        //
+        // Note that "invokesuper" appears instead of "send".
+        INSN *iobj;
+        LINK_ELEMENT *last_elem = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
+        iobj = IS_INSN(last_elem) ? (INSN*) last_elem : (INSN*) get_prev_insn((INSN*) last_elem);
+        while (INSN_OF(iobj) != BIN(send) && INSN_OF(iobj) != BIN(invokesuper)) {
+            iobj = (INSN*) get_prev_insn(iobj);
+        }
+        ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, (LINK_ELEMENT*) retry_end_l);
+
+        // LINK_ANCHOR has a pointer to the last element, but ELEM_INSERT_NEXT does not update it
+        // even if we add an insn to the last of LINK_ANCHOR. So this updates it manually.
+        if (&iobj->link == LAST_ELEMENT(ret)) {
+            ret->last = (LINK_ELEMENT*) retry_end_l;
+        }
     }
-    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
     }
 
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;
@@ -7269,39 +7577,39 @@ compile_break(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     unsigned long throw_flag = 0;
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0 && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
-	/* while/until */
-	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts,
-		       ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped));
-	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	}
+        /* while/until */
+        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+        ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts,
+                       ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped));
+        add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
+        ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        }
     }
     else {
         const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-	while (ip) {
-	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		ip = 0;
-		break;
-	    }
+        while (ip) {
+            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+                ip = 0;
+                break;
+            }
 
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
                 throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
-	    }
+            }
             else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
                 throw_flag = 0;
-	    }
+            }
             else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
                 COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with break");
                 return COMPILE_NG;
-	    }
+            }
             else {
                 ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
                 continue;
@@ -7314,9 +7622,9 @@ compile_break(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
                 ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
             }
             return COMPILE_OK;
-	}
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -7328,69 +7636,68 @@ compile_next(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
     unsigned long throw_flag = 0;
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0 && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
-	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	debugs("next in while loop\n");
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts));
-	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	}
+        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+        debugs("next in while loop\n");
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts));
+        add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+        ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+        ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        }
     }
     else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
-	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	debugs("next in block\n");
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
-	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	splabel->unremovable = FALSE;
-
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	}
+        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+        debugs("next in block\n");
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+        ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
+        add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
+        ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
+        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-	while (ip) {
-	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		ip = 0;
-		break;
-	    }
+        while (ip) {
+            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+                ip = 0;
+                break;
+            }
 
             throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		/* while loop */
-		break;
-	    }
+            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+                /* while loop */
+                break;
+            }
             else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		break;
-	    }
+                break;
+            }
             else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
                 COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with next");
                 return COMPILE_NG;
-	    }
+            }
 
             ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
-	}
-	if (ip != 0) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
+        }
+        if (ip != 0) {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
             ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_NEXT));
 
-	    if (popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
+            if (popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -7401,65 +7708,65 @@ compile_redo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
     const NODE *line_node = node;
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
-	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	debugs("redo in while");
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	}
+        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+        debugs("redo in while");
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+        ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+        add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+        ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        }
     }
     else if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type != ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
-	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
 
-	debugs("redo in block");
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+        debugs("redo in block");
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+        add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+        ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+        ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
 
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
+        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-	while (ip) {
-	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		ip = 0;
-		break;
-	    }
+        while (ip) {
+            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+                ip = 0;
+                break;
+            }
 
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		break;
-	    }
+            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+                break;
+            }
             else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		break;
-	    }
+                break;
+            }
             else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
                 COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with redo");
                 return COMPILE_NG;
-	    }
+            }
 
             ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
-	}
-	if (ip != 0) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        }
+        if (ip != 0) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, throw, INT2FIX(VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG | TAG_REDO));
 
-	    if (popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
+            if (popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -7470,16 +7777,16 @@ compile_retry(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     const NODE *line_node = node;
 
     if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-	}
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -7510,14 +7817,14 @@ compile_rescue(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
 
     ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
     if (node->nd_else) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else));
     }
     ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, nop);
     ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
     }
 
     /* register catch entry */
@@ -7536,48 +7843,48 @@ compile_resbody(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     LABEL *label_miss, *label_hit;
 
     while (resq) {
-	label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	narg = resq->nd_args;
-	if (narg) {
-	    switch (nd_type(narg)) {
-	      case NODE_LIST:
-		while (narg) {
-		    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-		    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head));
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
-		    ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, label_hit);
-		    narg = narg->nd_next;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case NODE_SPLAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg));
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
-		ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, label_hit);
-		break;
-	      default:
-		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg, COMPILE_NG);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, label_hit);
-	}
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, label_miss);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body));
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, nop);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, leave);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
-	resq = resq->nd_head;
+        label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        narg = resq->nd_args;
+        if (narg) {
+            switch (nd_type(narg)) {
+              case NODE_LIST:
+                while (narg) {
+                    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+                    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
+                    ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, label_hit);
+                    narg = narg->nd_next;
+                }
+                break;
+              case NODE_SPLAT:
+              case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+              case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+                ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+                CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+                ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, label_hit);
+                break;
+              default:
+                UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg, COMPILE_NG);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line_node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, label_hit);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, label_miss);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body));
+        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, nop);
+        }
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, leave);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
+        resq = resq->nd_head;
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -7590,7 +7897,7 @@ compile_ensure(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
     const rb_iseq_t *ensure = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_ensr,
                                              rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2 ("ensure in "), ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
-					     ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
+                                             ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
     LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
     LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
     LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
@@ -7620,11 +7927,11 @@ compile_ensure(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
 
     erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
     if (lstart->link.next != &lend->link) {
-	while (erange) {
-	    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
-			    ensure, lcont);
-	    erange = erange->next;
-	}
+        while (erange) {
+            ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
+                            ensure, lcont);
+            erange = erange->next;
+        }
     }
 
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
@@ -7637,55 +7944,55 @@ compile_return(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     const NODE *line_node = node;
 
     if (iseq) {
-        enum iseq_type type = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type;
-	const rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
-	enum iseq_type t = type;
-	const NODE *retval = node->nd_stts;
-	LABEL *splabel = 0;
+        enum rb_iseq_type type = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type;
+        const rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
+        enum rb_iseq_type t = type;
+        const NODE *retval = node->nd_stts;
+        LABEL *splabel = 0;
 
-	while (t == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || t == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
+        while (t == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || t == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
             if (!(is = ISEQ_BODY(is)->parent_iseq)) break;
             t = ISEQ_BODY(is)->type;
-	}
-	switch (t) {
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
+        }
+        switch (t) {
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
+          case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
             if (retval) {
                 rb_warn("argument of top-level return is ignored");
             }
-	    if (is == iseq) {
-		/* plain top-level, leave directly */
-		type = ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    break;
-	}
-
-	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
-	    splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, 0);
-	}
-
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", retval));
-
-	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
-	    ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, leave);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
-	    if (popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-	    }
-	}
+            if (is == iseq) {
+                /* plain top-level, leave directly */
+                type = ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD;
+            }
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
+            splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+            ADD_ADJUST(ret, line_node, 0);
+        }
+
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", retval));
+
+        if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
+            add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
+            ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, leave);
+            ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+            if (!popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
+            if (popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
+            }
+        }
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -7697,7 +8004,7 @@ compile_evstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
 
     if (!popped && !all_string_result_p(node)) {
         const NODE *line_node = node;
-	const unsigned int flag = VM_CALL_FCALL;
+        const unsigned int flag = VM_CALL_FCALL;
 
         // Note, this dup could be removed if we are willing to change anytostring. It pops
         // two VALUEs off the stack when it could work by replacing the top most VALUE.
@@ -7992,7 +8299,7 @@ compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node, const N
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq =
       rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, rb_iseq_base_label(iseq),
                            rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
-                           INT2FIX(nd_line(line_node)), NULL, 0,
+                           nd_line(line_node), NULL, 0,
                            ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
 
     GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index = prev_inline_index;
@@ -8285,106 +8592,106 @@ compile_op_asgn1(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
      */
 
     if (!popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
     }
     asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 recv", node);
     CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
     switch (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head)) {
       case NODE_ZLIST:
-	argc = INT2FIX(0);
-	break;
+        argc = INT2FIX(0);
+        break;
       case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
-	boff = 1;
-	/* fall through */
+        boff = 1;
+        /* fall through */
       default:
-	argc = setup_args(iseq, ret, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
-	CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
+        argc = setup_args(iseq, ret, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
+        CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
     }
     ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1 + boff));
     flag |= asgnflag;
     ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idAREF, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
 
     if (id == idOROP || id == idANDOP) {
-	/* a[x] ||= y  or  a[x] &&= y
-
-	   unless/if a[x]
-	   a[x]= y
-	   else
-	   nil
-	   end
-	*/
-	LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	if (id == idOROP) {
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, label);
-	}
-	else { /* idANDOP */
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, label);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
-	}
-	if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-	    if (boff > 0) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
-	    if (boff > 0) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, INT2FIX(3));
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	    }
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (boff > 0)
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1), INT2FIX(flag));
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lfin);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
-	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, adjuststack, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
+        /* a[x] ||= y  or  a[x] &&= y
+
+           unless/if a[x]
+           a[x]= y
+           else
+           nil
+           end
+        */
+        LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        if (id == idOROP) {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, label);
+        }
+        else { /* idANDOP */
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, label);
+        }
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
+        }
+        if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+            if (boff > 0) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+            }
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
+            if (boff > 0) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+            }
+            ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
+        }
+        else {
+            if (boff > 0)
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+            ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1), INT2FIX(flag));
+        }
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lfin);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
+        }
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, adjuststack, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
     }
     else {
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
-	ADD_SEND(ret, node, id, INT2FIX(1));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
-	}
-	if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-	    if (boff > 0) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
-	    if (boff > 0) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, INT2FIX(3));
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	    }
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (boff > 0)
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1), INT2FIX(flag));
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, node, id, INT2FIX(1));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
+        }
+        if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+            if (boff > 0) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+            }
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
+            if (boff > 0) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+            }
+            ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
+        }
+        else {
+            if (boff > 0)
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+            ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idASET, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1), INT2FIX(flag));
+        }
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8424,6 +8731,17 @@ compile_op_asgn2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
       lfin:       # o ?
       pop       # o
 
+      # or (popped)
+      if lcfin  # r
+      eval v    # r v
+      send a=   # ?
+      jump lfin # ?
+
+      lcfin:      # r
+
+      lfin:       # ?
+      pop       #
+
       # and
       dup       # r o o
       unless lcfin
@@ -8444,56 +8762,56 @@ compile_op_asgn2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
     asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2#recv", node);
     CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
     if (node->nd_next->nd_aid) {
-	lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchnil, lskip);
+        lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchnil, lskip);
     }
     ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
     ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, vid, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 
     if (atype == idOROP || atype == idANDOP) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	if (atype == idOROP) {
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lcfin);
-	}
-	else { /* idANDOP */
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lcfin);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lfin);
-
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lcfin);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	if (lskip) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-	}
-	if (popped) {
-	    /* we can apply more optimize */
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
+        if (atype == idOROP) {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lcfin);
+        }
+        else { /* idANDOP */
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lcfin);
+        }
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
+        ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lfin);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lcfin);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+        }
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
     }
     else {
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
-	ADD_SEND(ret, node, atype, INT2FIX(1));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-	}
-	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
-	if (lskip && popped) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	if (lskip && !popped) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-	}
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, node, atype, INT2FIX(1));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
+        ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
+    }
+    if (lskip && popped) {
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
+    }
+    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+    if (lskip && !popped) {
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8508,63 +8826,63 @@ compile_op_cdecl(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
 
     switch (nd_type(node->nd_head)) {
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
-	break;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        break;
       case NODE_COLON2:
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head->nd_head));
-	break;
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head->nd_head));
+        break;
       default:
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "%s: invalid node in NODE_OP_CDECL",
-		      ruby_node_name(nd_type(node->nd_head)));
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "%s: invalid node in NODE_OP_CDECL",
+                      ruby_node_name(nd_type(node->nd_head)));
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
     mid = node->nd_head->nd_mid;
     /* cref */
     if (node->nd_aid == idOROP) {
-	lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup); /* cref cref */
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM),
-		  ID2SYM(mid), Qtrue); /* cref bool */
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lassign); /* cref */
+        lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup); /* cref cref */
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM),
+                  ID2SYM(mid), Qtrue); /* cref bool */
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lassign); /* cref */
     }
     ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup); /* cref cref */
     ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
     ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref obj */
 
     if (node->nd_aid == idOROP || node->nd_aid == idANDOP) {
-	lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup); /* cref [obj] obj */
-	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP)
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lfin);
-	else /* idANDOP */
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lfin);
-	/* cref [obj] */
-	if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop); /* cref */
-	if (lassign) ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
-	/* cref value */
-	if (popped)
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* cref value cref */
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, INT2FIX(2)); /* cref value cref value */
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* cref value value cref */
-	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref [value] */
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);			    /* cref [value] */
-	if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* [value] cref */
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop); /* [value] */
+        lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup); /* cref [obj] obj */
+        if (node->nd_aid == idOROP)
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lfin);
+        else /* idANDOP */
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lfin);
+        /* cref [obj] */
+        if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop); /* cref */
+        if (lassign) ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
+        /* cref value */
+        if (popped)
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* cref value cref */
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, dupn, INT2FIX(2)); /* cref value cref value */
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* cref value value cref */
+        }
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref [value] */
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);			    /* cref [value] */
+        if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* [value] cref */
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop); /* [value] */
     }
     else {
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
-	/* cref obj value */
-	ADD_CALL(ret, node, node->nd_aid, INT2FIX(1));
-	/* cref value */
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* value cref */
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* value cref value */
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* value value cref */
-	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
+        /* cref obj value */
+        ADD_CALL(ret, node, node->nd_aid, INT2FIX(1));
+        /* cref value */
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* value cref */
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* value cref value */
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap); /* value value cref */
+        }
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid));
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8577,39 +8895,40 @@ compile_op_log(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     LABEL *lassign;
 
     if (type == NODE_OP_ASGN_OR && !nd_type_p(node->nd_head, NODE_IVAR)) {
-	LABEL *lfinish[2];
-	lfinish[0] = lfin;
-	lfinish[1] = 0;
-	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	lassign = lfinish[1];
-	if (!lassign) {
-	    lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	}
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lassign);
+        LABEL *lfinish[2];
+        lfinish[0] = lfin;
+        lfinish[1] = 0;
+        defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
+        lassign = lfinish[1];
+        if (!lassign) {
+            lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lassign);
     }
     else {
-	lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
     }
 
     CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_head", node->nd_head));
-    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+
+    if (!popped) {
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+    }
 
     if (type == NODE_OP_ASGN_AND) {
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lfin);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lfin);
     }
     else {
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lfin);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lfin);
+    }
+
+    if (!popped) {
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
 
-    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
-    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value));
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value, popped));
     ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
-
-    if (popped) {
-	/* we can apply more optimize */
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-    }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -8626,115 +8945,115 @@ compile_super(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     INIT_ANCHOR(args);
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
     if (type == NODE_SUPER) {
-	VALUE vargc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
-	CHECK(!NIL_P(vargc));
-	argc = FIX2INT(vargc);
+        VALUE vargc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
+        CHECK(!NIL_P(vargc));
+        argc = FIX2INT(vargc);
     }
     else {
-	/* NODE_ZSUPER */
-	int i;
-	const rb_iseq_t *liseq = body->local_iseq;
+        /* NODE_ZSUPER */
+        int i;
+        const rb_iseq_t *liseq = body->local_iseq;
         const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const local_body = ISEQ_BODY(liseq);
-	const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const local_kwd = local_body->param.keyword;
-	int lvar_level = get_lvar_level(iseq);
-
-	argc = local_body->param.lead_num;
-
-	/* normal arguments */
-	for (i = 0; i < local_body->param.lead_num; i++) {
-	    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - i;
-	    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-	}
-
-	if (local_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
-	    /* optional arguments */
-	    int j;
-	    for (j = 0; j < local_body->param.opt_num; j++) {
-		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (i + j);
-		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-	    }
-	    i += j;
-	    argc = i;
-	}
-	if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-	    /* rest argument */
-	    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_body->param.rest_start;
-	    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-	    ADD_INSN1(args, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
-
-	    argc = local_body->param.rest_start + 1;
-	    flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
-	}
-	if (local_body->param.flags.has_post) {
-	    /* post arguments */
-	    int post_len = local_body->param.post_num;
-	    int post_start = local_body->param.post_start;
-
-	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-		int j;
-		for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
-		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
-		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-		}
-		ADD_INSN1(args, node, newarray, INT2FIX(j));
-		ADD_INSN (args, node, concatarray);
-		/* argc is settled at above */
-	    }
-	    else {
-		int j;
-		for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
-		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
-		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-		}
-		argc = post_len + post_start;
-	    }
-	}
-
-	if (local_body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
-	    int local_size = local_body->local_table_size;
-	    argc++;
-
-	    ADD_INSN1(args, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-
-	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
-		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+        const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const local_kwd = local_body->param.keyword;
+        int lvar_level = get_lvar_level(iseq);
+
+        argc = local_body->param.lead_num;
+
+        /* normal arguments */
+        for (i = 0; i < local_body->param.lead_num; i++) {
+            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - i;
+            ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+        }
+
+        if (local_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+            /* optional arguments */
+            int j;
+            for (j = 0; j < local_body->param.opt_num; j++) {
+                int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (i + j);
+                ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+            }
+            i += j;
+            argc = i;
+        }
+        if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+            /* rest argument */
+            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_body->param.rest_start;
+            ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+            ADD_INSN1(args, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
+
+            argc = local_body->param.rest_start + 1;
+            flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
+        }
+        if (local_body->param.flags.has_post) {
+            /* post arguments */
+            int post_len = local_body->param.post_num;
+            int post_start = local_body->param.post_start;
+
+            if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+                int j;
+                for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
+                    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
+                    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+                }
+                ADD_INSN1(args, node, newarray, INT2FIX(j));
+                ADD_INSN (args, node, concatarray);
+                /* argc is settled at above */
+            }
+            else {
+                int j;
+                for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
+                    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
+                    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+                }
+                argc = post_len + post_start;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (local_body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
+            int local_size = local_body->local_table_size;
+            argc++;
+
+            ADD_INSN1(args, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+
+            if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+                int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
+                ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
                 if (local_kwd->num > 0) {
                     ADD_SEND (args, node, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
                     flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
                 }
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_INSN1(args, node, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN1(args, node, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
                 flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
-	    }
-	    for (i = 0; i < local_kwd->num; ++i) {
-		ID id = local_kwd->table[i];
-		int idx = local_size - get_local_var_idx(liseq, id);
-		ADD_INSN1(args, node, putobject, ID2SYM(id));
-		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-	    }
-	    ADD_SEND(args, node, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i * 2 + 1));
-	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-		ADD_INSN1(args, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-		ADD_INSN (args, node, concatarray);
-		--argc;
-	    }
+            }
+            for (i = 0; i < local_kwd->num; ++i) {
+                ID id = local_kwd->table[i];
+                int idx = local_size - get_local_var_idx(liseq, id);
+                ADD_INSN1(args, node, putobject, ID2SYM(id));
+                ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+            }
+            ADD_SEND(args, node, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i * 2 + 1));
+            if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+                ADD_INSN1(args, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN (args, node, concatarray);
+                --argc;
+            }
             flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
-	}
-	else if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-	    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
-	    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
-
-	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-		ADD_INSN1(args, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-		ADD_INSN (args, node, concatarray);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		argc++;
-	    }
+        }
+        else if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
+            ADD_GETLOCAL(args, node, idx, lvar_level);
+
+            if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+                ADD_INSN1(args, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN (args, node, concatarray);
+            }
+            else {
+                argc++;
+            }
             flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
-	}
+        }
     }
 
     flag |= VM_CALL_SUPER | VM_CALL_FCALL;
@@ -8742,11 +9061,11 @@ compile_super(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     ADD_INSN(ret, node, putself);
     ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
     ADD_INSN2(ret, node, invokesuper,
-	      new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
-	      parent_block);
+              new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
+              parent_block);
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8765,24 +9084,24 @@ compile_yield(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
       case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
       case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
       case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid yield");
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid yield");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
       default: /* valid */;
     }
 
     if (node->nd_head) {
-	argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_head, &flag, &keywords);
-	CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
+        argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_head, &flag, &keywords);
+        CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
     }
     else {
-	argc = INT2FIX(0);
+        argc = INT2FIX(0);
     }
 
     ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
     ADD_INSN1(ret, node, invokeblock, new_callinfo(iseq, 0, FIX2INT(argc), flag, keywords, FALSE));
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
 
     int level = 0;
@@ -8805,18 +9124,18 @@ compile_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     INIT_ANCHOR(val);
     switch ((int)type) {
       case NODE_MATCH:
-	ADD_INSN1(recv, node, putobject, node->nd_lit);
-	ADD_INSN2(val, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(0),
-		  INT2FIX(0));
-	break;
+        ADD_INSN1(recv, node, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+        ADD_INSN2(val, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(0),
+                  INT2FIX(0));
+        break;
       case NODE_MATCH2:
-	CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_recv));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_value));
-	break;
+        CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_recv));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_value));
+        break;
       case NODE_MATCH3:
-	CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_value));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_recv));
-	break;
+        CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_value));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_recv));
+        break;
     }
 
     ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
@@ -8824,11 +9143,11 @@ compile_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     ADD_SEND(ret, node, idEqTilde, INT2FIX(1));
 
     if (node->nd_args) {
-	compile_named_capture_assign(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
+        compile_named_capture_assign(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
     }
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8836,46 +9155,41 @@ compile_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
 static int
 compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
 {
-    const int line = nd_line(node);
     if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
-	/* constant */
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-        int ic_index = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_size++;
-
-	DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(body);
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(body);
-	CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
-	if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-		ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
-	    }
-
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
-
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, pref);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
-	}
+        /* constant */
+        VALUE segments;
+        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache &&
+                (segments = collect_const_segments(iseq, node))) {
+            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* constant */
+            DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
+            DECL_ANCHOR(body);
+
+            INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
+            INIT_ANCHOR(body);
+            CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
+            if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, pref);
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
+            }
+        }
     }
     else {
-	/* function call */
-	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, node);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
-	ADD_CALL(ret, node, node->nd_mid, INT2FIX(1));
+        /* function call */
+        ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, node);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
+        ADD_CALL(ret, node, node->nd_mid, INT2FIX(1));
     }
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8883,29 +9197,23 @@ compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
 static int
 compile_colon3(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
 {
-    const int line = nd_line(node);
-    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-    int ic_index = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_size++;
-
     debugi("colon3#nd_mid", node->nd_mid);
 
     /* add cache insn */
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
+        VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(idNULL), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
     }
-
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-
-    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    else {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
     }
 
     if (popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8918,20 +9226,20 @@ compile_dots(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
     const NODE *e = node->nd_end;
 
     if (optimizable_range_item_p(b) && optimizable_range_item_p(e)) {
-	if (!popped) {
+        if (!popped) {
             VALUE bv = nd_type_p(b, NODE_LIT) ? b->nd_lit : Qnil;
             VALUE ev = nd_type_p(e, NODE_LIT) ? e->nd_lit : Qnil;
-	    VALUE val = rb_range_new(bv, ev, excl);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, val);
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, val);
-	}
+            VALUE val = rb_range_new(bv, ev, excl);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, val);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, val);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "min", b, popped));
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "max", e, popped));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newrange, flag);
-	}
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "min", b, popped));
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "max", e, popped));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newrange, flag);
+        }
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8941,25 +9249,25 @@ compile_errinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
 {
     if (!popped) {
         if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
-	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-	}
-	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
-	    int level = 0;
-	    while (ip) {
+            ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, node, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+        }
+        else {
+            const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
+            int level = 0;
+            while (ip) {
                 if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
-		    break;
-		}
+                    break;
+                }
                 ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
-		level++;
-	    }
-	    if (ip) {
-		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, node, LVAR_ERRINFO, level);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
-	    }
-	}
+                level++;
+            }
+            if (ip) {
+                ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, node, LVAR_ERRINFO, level);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+            }
+        }
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8972,29 +9280,29 @@ compile_kw_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     const NODE *default_value = node->nd_body->nd_value;
 
     if (default_value == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
-	/* required argument. do nothing */
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        /* required argument. do nothing */
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
     else if (nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_LIT) ||
-	     nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_NIL) ||
-	     nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_TRUE) ||
-	     nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_FALSE)) {
-	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+             nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_NIL) ||
+             nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_TRUE) ||
+             nd_type_p(default_value, NODE_FALSE)) {
+        COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
     else {
-	/* if keywordcheck(_kw_bits, nth_keyword)
-	 *   kw = default_value
-	 * end
-	 */
-	int kw_bits_idx = body->local_table_size - body->param.keyword->bits_start;
-	int keyword_idx = body->param.keyword->num;
-
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, node, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(keyword_idx));
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, end_label);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "keyword default argument", node->nd_body));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+        /* if keywordcheck(_kw_bits, nth_keyword)
+         *   kw = default_value
+         * end
+         */
+        int kw_bits_idx = body->local_table_size - body->param.keyword->bits_start;
+        int keyword_idx = body->param.keyword->num;
+
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(keyword_idx));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, end_label);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "keyword default argument", node->nd_body));
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -9013,25 +9321,26 @@ compile_attrasgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
     /* optimization shortcut
      *   obj["literal"] = value -> opt_aset_with(obj, "literal", value)
      */
-    if (mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
-	nd_type_p(node->nd_args, NODE_LIST) && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
-	nd_type_p(node->nd_args->nd_head, NODE_STR) &&
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-	!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction)
+    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn &&
+        mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
+        nd_type_p(node->nd_args, NODE_LIST) && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
+        nd_type_p(node->nd_args->nd_head, NODE_STR) &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+        !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction)
     {
-	VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "value", node->nd_args->nd_next->nd_head));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-	}
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_aset_with, str,
-		  new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE));
-	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	return COMPILE_OK;
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "value", node->nd_args->nd_next->nd_head));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_aset_with, str,
+                  new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        return COMPILE_OK;
     }
 
     INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
@@ -9047,38 +9356,38 @@ compile_attrasgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
     debugp_param("nd_mid", ID2SYM(mid));
 
     if (!rb_is_attrset_id(mid)) {
-	/* safe nav attr */
-	mid = rb_id_attrset(mid);
-	else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, node);
+        /* safe nav attr */
+        mid = rb_id_attrset(mid);
+        else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, node);
     }
     if (!popped) {
-	ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
-
-	if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-	    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
-		ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 3));
-	    ADD_INSN (ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	else if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2));
-	    ADD_INSN (ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1));
-	}
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+
+        if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+            if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
+                ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
+            }
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 3));
+            ADD_INSN (ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        else if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
+            ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2));
+            ADD_INSN (ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1));
+        }
     }
     else {
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
     }
     ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, mid, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
     qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, node);
@@ -9118,17 +9427,17 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
     struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line == line) {
-	/* ignore */
+        /* ignore */
     }
     else {
-	if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
-	    int event = RUBY_EVENT_LINE;
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
-	    if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
-		event |= RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE;
-	    }
-	    ADD_TRACE(ret, event);
-	}
+        if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
+            int event = RUBY_EVENT_LINE;
+            ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
+            if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
+                event |= RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE;
+            }
+            ADD_TRACE(ret, event);
+        }
     }
 
     debug_node_start(node);
@@ -9138,134 +9447,137 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
     switch (type) {
       case NODE_BLOCK:
         CHECK(compile_block(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        break;
       case NODE_IF:
       case NODE_UNLESS:
-	CHECK(compile_if(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_if(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+        break;
       case NODE_CASE:
-	CHECK(compile_case(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_case(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_CASE2:
-	CHECK(compile_case2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_case2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_CASE3:
         CHECK(compile_case3(iseq, ret, node, popped));
         break;
       case NODE_WHILE:
       case NODE_UNTIL:
-	CHECK(compile_loop(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_loop(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+        break;
       case NODE_FOR:
       case NODE_ITER:
-	CHECK(compile_iter(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_iter(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
-	CHECK(compile_for_masgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_for_masgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_BREAK:
-	CHECK(compile_break(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_break(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_NEXT:
-	CHECK(compile_next(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_next(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_REDO:
-	CHECK(compile_redo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_redo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_RETRY:
-	CHECK(compile_retry(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_retry(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_BEGIN:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, popped));
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_RESCUE:
-	CHECK(compile_rescue(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_rescue(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_RESBODY:
-	CHECK(compile_resbody(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_resbody(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_ENSURE:
-	CHECK(compile_ensure(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_ensure(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
 
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:{
-	LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_1st", node->nd_1st));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	}
-	if (type == NODE_AND) {
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, end_label);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, end_label);
-	}
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_2nd", node->nd_2nd, popped));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
-	break;
+        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_1st", node->nd_1st));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
+        if (type == NODE_AND) {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, end_label);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, end_label);
+        }
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_2nd", node->nd_2nd, popped));
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+        break;
       }
 
       case NODE_MASGN:{
-	compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, popped);
-	break;
+        bool prev_in_masgn = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn;
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn = true;
+        compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, popped);
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn = prev_in_masgn;
+        break;
       }
 
       case NODE_LASGN:{
-	ID id = node->nd_vid;
+        ID id = node->nd_vid;
         int idx = ISEQ_BODY(body->local_iseq)->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
 
-	debugs("lvar: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rvalue", node->nd_value));
+        debugs("lvar: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rvalue", node->nd_value));
 
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	}
-	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, node, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
+        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, node, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_DASGN: {
-	int idx, lv, ls;
-	ID id = node->nd_vid;
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "dvalue", node->nd_value));
-	debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(id) ? id : '*');
-
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	}
-
-	idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);
-
-	if (idx < 0) {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN: unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-			  rb_id2str(id));
-	    goto ng;
-	}
-	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, node, ls - idx, lv);
-	break;
+        int idx, lv, ls;
+        ID id = node->nd_vid;
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "dvalue", node->nd_value));
+        debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(id) ? id : '*');
+
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
+
+        idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);
+
+        if (idx < 0) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN: unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                          rb_id2str(id));
+            goto ng;
+        }
+        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, node, ls - idx, lv);
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_GASGN:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
 
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_IASGN:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, node, setinstancevariable,
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
-		  get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
-	break;
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, setinstancevariable,
+                  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
+                  get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_CDECL:{
         if (node->nd_vid) {
@@ -9275,12 +9587,12 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
                 ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
             }
 
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject,
-		      INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject,
+                      INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-	}
-	else {
-	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_else);
+        }
+        else {
+            compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_else);
             CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
             ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
 
@@ -9290,32 +9602,32 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
             }
 
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid));
-	}
-	break;
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_CVASGN:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "cvasgn val", node->nd_value));
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
-	}
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "cvasgn val", node->nd_value));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
         ADD_INSN2(ret, node, setclassvariable,
                   ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
-                  get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
-	break;
+                  get_cvar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
-	CHECK(compile_op_asgn1(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_op_asgn1(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
-	CHECK(compile_op_asgn2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_op_asgn2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_OP_CDECL:
-	CHECK(compile_op_cdecl(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_op_cdecl(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
       case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
-	CHECK(compile_op_log(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_op_log(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+        break;
       case NODE_CALL:   /* obj.foo */
       case NODE_OPCALL: /* foo[] */
         if (compile_call_precheck_freeze(iseq, ret, node, node, popped) == TRUE) {
@@ -9330,271 +9642,272 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
         break;
       case NODE_SUPER:
       case NODE_ZSUPER:
-	CHECK(compile_super(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_super(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+        break;
       case NODE_LIST:{
         CHECK(compile_array(iseq, ret, node, popped) >= 0);
-	break;
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ZLIST:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_VALUES:{
-	const NODE *n = node;
-	if (popped) {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_VALUES: must not be popped");
-	}
-	while (n) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "values item", n->nd_head));
-	    n = n->nd_next;
-	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(node->nd_alen));
-	break;
+        const NODE *n = node;
+        if (popped) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_VALUES: must not be popped");
+        }
+        while (n) {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "values item", n->nd_head));
+            n = n->nd_next;
+        }
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(node->nd_alen));
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_HASH:
         CHECK(compile_hash(iseq, ret, node, FALSE, popped) >= 0);
         break;
       case NODE_RETURN:
-	CHECK(compile_return(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_return(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_YIELD:
-	CHECK(compile_yield(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_yield(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_LVAR:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    compile_lvar(iseq, ret, node, node->nd_vid);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            compile_lvar(iseq, ret, node, node->nd_vid);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_DVAR:{
-	int lv, idx, ls;
-	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
-	    if (idx < 0) {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-			      rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
-		goto ng;
-	    }
-	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, node, ls - idx, lv);
-	}
-	break;
+        int lv, idx, ls;
+        debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
+        if (!popped) {
+            idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
+            if (idx < 0) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                              rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+                goto ng;
+            }
+            ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, node, ls - idx, lv);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_GVAR:{
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_IVAR:{
-	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getinstancevariable,
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
-		      get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
-	}
-	break;
+        debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getinstancevariable,
+                      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
+                      get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_CONST:{
-	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
+        debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;
-
-            ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
+            body->ic_size++;
+            VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-	}
+        }
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_CVAR:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getclassvariable,
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
-		      get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getclassvariable,
+                      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
+                      get_cvar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_NTH_REF:{
         if (!popped) {
-	    if (!node->nd_nth) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
-		break;
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~'  */,
-		      INT2FIX(node->nd_nth << 1));
-	}
-	break;
+            if (!node->nd_nth) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+                break;
+            }
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~'  */,
+                      INT2FIX(node->nd_nth << 1));
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_BACK_REF:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */,
-		      INT2FIX(0x01 | (node->nd_nth << 1)));
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */,
+                      INT2FIX(0x01 | (node->nd_nth << 1)));
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_MATCH:
       case NODE_MATCH2:
       case NODE_MATCH3:
-	CHECK(compile_match(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_match(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+        break;
       case NODE_LIT:{
-	debugp_param("lit", node->nd_lit);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+        debugp_param("lit", node->nd_lit);
+        if (!popped) {
+            if (UNLIKELY(node->nd_lit == rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore)) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE)); // [Bug #20569]
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+            }
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, node->nd_lit);
-	}
-	break;
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_STR:{
-	debugp_param("nd_lit", node->nd_lit);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
-	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
-		lit = rb_fstring(lit);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putstring, lit);
+        debugp_param("nd_lit", node->nd_lit);
+        if (!popped) {
+            VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
+            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
+                lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putstring, lit);
                 RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
-		    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX(line));
-		    lit = rb_str_dup(lit);
-		    rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
-		    lit = rb_str_freeze(lit);
-		}
-		else {
-		    lit = rb_fstring(lit);
-		}
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
+            }
+            else {
+                if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
+                    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX(line));
+                    lit = rb_str_dup(lit);
+                    rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
+                    lit = rb_str_freeze(lit);
+                }
+                else {
+                    lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+                }
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
                 RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
-	    }
-	}
-	break;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_DSTR:{
-	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
+        compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_XSTR:{
-	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, node);
+        ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, node);
         VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, str);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, str);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
-	ADD_CALL(ret, node, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_CALL(ret, node, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_DXSTR:{
-	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, node);
-	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
-	ADD_CALL(ret, node, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, node);
+        compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
+        ADD_CALL(ret, node, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
+
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_EVSTR:
-	CHECK(compile_evstr(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_evstr(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_DREGX:{
-	compile_dregx(iseq, ret, node);
+        compile_dregx(iseq, ret, node);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ONCE:{
-	int ic_index = body->is_size++;
-	const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq;
-	block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN, line);
+        int ic_index = body->ise_size++;
+        const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq;
+        block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN, line);
 
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, node, once, block_iseq, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, once, block_iseq, INT2FIX(ic_index));
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block_iseq);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ARGSCAT:{
-	if (popped) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	else {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        else {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ARGSPUSH:{
-	if (popped) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argspush head", node->nd_head));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, popped));
-	}
-	else {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argspush head", node->nd_head));
-	    CHECK(compile_array_1(iseq, ret, node->nd_body));
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argspush head", node->nd_head));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+            CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, popped));
+        }
+        else {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argspush head", node->nd_head));
+            CHECK(compile_array_1(iseq, ret, node->nd_body));
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, concatarray);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_SPLAT:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "splat", node->nd_head));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qtrue);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "splat", node->nd_head));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, splatarray, Qtrue);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_DEFN:{
         ID mid = node->nd_mid;
-	const rb_iseq_t *method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
+        const rb_iseq_t *method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
                                                 rb_id2str(mid),
-						ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
+                                                ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
 
-	debugp_param("defn/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(method_iseq));
+        debugp_param("defn/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(method_iseq));
         ADD_INSN2(ret, node, definemethod, ID2SYM(mid), method_iseq);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)method_iseq);
 
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
-	}
+        }
 
-	break;
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_DEFS:{
         ID mid = node->nd_mid;
@@ -9610,206 +9923,206 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
         }
-	break;
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ALIAS:{
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->nd_1st));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->nd_2nd));
-	ADD_SEND(ret, node, id_core_set_method_alias, INT2FIX(3));
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->nd_1st));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->nd_2nd));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, node, id_core_set_method_alias, INT2FIX(3));
+
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_VALIAS:{
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
-	ADD_SEND(ret, node, id_core_set_variable_alias, INT2FIX(2));
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, node, id_core_set_variable_alias, INT2FIX(2));
+
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_UNDEF:{
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->nd_undef));
-	ADD_SEND(ret, node, id_core_undef_method, INT2FIX(2));
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->nd_undef));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, node, id_core_undef_method, INT2FIX(2));
+
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_CLASS:{
-	const rb_iseq_t *class_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
-						     rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("<class:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid))),
-						     ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS |
-	    (node->nd_super ? VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS : 0) |
-	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
-
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "super", node->nd_super));
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), class_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
+        const rb_iseq_t *class_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
+                                                     rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("<class:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid))),
+                                                     ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
+        const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS |
+            (node->nd_super ? VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS : 0) |
+            compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
+
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "super", node->nd_super));
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), class_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)class_iseq);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_MODULE:{
         const rb_iseq_t *module_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
-						      rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("<module:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid))),
-						      ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE |
-	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
+                                                      rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("<module:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid))),
+                                                      ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
+        const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE |
+            compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
 
-	ADD_INSN (ret, node, putnil); /* dummy */
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), module_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
+        ADD_INSN (ret, node, putnil); /* dummy */
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), module_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)module_iseq);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_SCLASS:{
-	ID singletonclass;
-	const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_fstring_lit("singleton class"),
-						    ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "sclass#recv", node->nd_recv));
-	ADD_INSN (ret, node, putnil);
-	CONST_ID(singletonclass, "singletonclass");
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defineclass,
-		  ID2SYM(singletonclass), singleton_class,
-		  INT2FIX(VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS));
+        ID singletonclass;
+        const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_fstring_lit("singleton class"),
+                                                    ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
+
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "sclass#recv", node->nd_recv));
+        ADD_INSN (ret, node, putnil);
+        CONST_ID(singletonclass, "singletonclass");
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, node, defineclass,
+                  ID2SYM(singletonclass), singleton_class,
+                  INT2FIX(VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS));
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)singleton_class);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_COLON2:
-	CHECK(compile_colon2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_colon2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	CHECK(compile_colon3(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_colon3(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_DOT2:
-	CHECK(compile_dots(iseq, ret, node, popped, FALSE));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_dots(iseq, ret, node, popped, FALSE));
+        break;
       case NODE_DOT3:
-	CHECK(compile_dots(iseq, ret, node, popped, TRUE));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_dots(iseq, ret, node, popped, TRUE));
+        break;
       case NODE_FLIP2:
       case NODE_FLIP3:{
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *ltrue = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lfalse = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, node, type == NODE_FLIP2,
-				ltrue, lfalse));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, ltrue);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lend);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfalse);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qfalse);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	break;
+        LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        LABEL *ltrue = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        LABEL *lfalse = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, node, type == NODE_FLIP2,
+                                ltrue, lfalse));
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, ltrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lend);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qfalse);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_SELF:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, putself);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, putself);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_NIL:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_TRUE:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_FALSE:{
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qfalse);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qfalse);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ERRINFO:
-	CHECK(compile_errinfo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_errinfo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_DEFINED:
-	if (!popped) {
-	    CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, node, Qtrue));
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!popped) {
+            CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, node, Qtrue));
+        }
+        break;
       case NODE_POSTEXE:{
-	/* compiled to:
-	 *   ONCE{ rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore::core#set_postexe{ ... } }
-	 */
-	int is_index = body->is_size++;
+        /* compiled to:
+         *   ONCE{ rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore::core#set_postexe{ ... } }
+         */
+        int is_index = body->ise_size++;
         struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
             rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_postexe_iseq, node->nd_body);
-	const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq =
+        const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq =
             new_child_iseq_with_callback(iseq, ifunc,
-				 rb_fstring(make_name_for_block(iseq)), iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+                                 rb_fstring(make_name_for_block(iseq)), iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
 
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, node, once, once_iseq, INT2FIX(is_index));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, once, once_iseq, INT2FIX(is_index));
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)once_iseq);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_KW_ARG:
-	CHECK(compile_kw_arg(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_kw_arg(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_DSYM:{
-	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, intern);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, intern);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:
-	CHECK(compile_attrasgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
-	break;
+        CHECK(compile_attrasgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
       case NODE_LAMBDA:{
-	/* compile same as lambda{...} */
-	const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
+        /* compile same as lambda{...} */
+        const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+        VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
 
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, node, idLambda, argc, block);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, node, idLambda, argc, block);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
+        break;
       }
       default:
-	UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node, COMPILE_NG);
+        UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node, COMPILE_NG);
       ng:
-	debug_node_end();
-	return COMPILE_NG;
+        debug_node_end();
+        return COMPILE_NG;
     }
 
     debug_node_end();
@@ -9837,15 +10150,15 @@ opobj_inspect(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && !RBASIC_CLASS(obj)) {
         switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-	  case T_STRING:
-	    obj = rb_str_new_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(obj));
-	    break;
-	  case T_ARRAY:
-	    obj = rb_ary_dup(obj);
-	    break;
+          case T_STRING:
+            obj = rb_str_new_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(obj));
+            break;
+          case T_ARRAY:
+            obj = rb_ary_dup(obj);
+            break;
           default:
             break;
-	}
+        }
     }
     return rb_inspect(obj);
 }
@@ -9858,86 +10171,92 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
     VALUE str = rb_sprintf("%-20s ", insn_name(iobj->insn_id));
 
     if (iobj->operands) {
-	const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
-	int j;
-
-	for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
-	    char type = types[j];
-
-	    switch (type) {
-	      case TS_OFFSET:	/* label(destination position) */
-		{
-		    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_catf(str, LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
-		    break;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
-		{
-		    rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    VALUE val = Qnil;
-		    if (0 && iseq) { /* TODO: invalidate now */
-			val = (VALUE)iseq;
-		    }
-		    rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(val));
-		}
-		break;
-	      case TS_LINDEX:
-	      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
-	      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
-		{
-		    VALUE v = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
+        int j;
+
+        for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+            char type = types[j];
+
+            switch (type) {
+              case TS_OFFSET:	/* label(destination position) */
+                {
+                    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+                    rb_str_catf(str, LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
+                    break;
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
+                {
+                    rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+                    VALUE val = Qnil;
+                    if (0 && iseq) { /* TODO: invalidate now */
+                        val = (VALUE)iseq;
+                    }
+                    rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(val));
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_LINDEX:
+              case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
+              case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
+                {
+                    VALUE v = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
                     if (!CLASS_OF(v))
                         rb_str_cat2(str, "<hidden>");
                     else {
                         rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(v));
                     }
-		    break;
-		}
-	      case TS_ID:	/* ID */
-		rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
-		break;
-	      case TS_IC:	/* inline cache */
-	      case TS_IVC:	/* inline ivar cache */
-	      case TS_ICVARC:   /* inline cvar cache */
-	      case TS_ISE:	/* inline storage entry */
-		rb_str_catf(str, "<ic:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
-		break;
+                    break;
+                }
+              case TS_ID:	/* ID */
+                rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
+              case TS_IC:	/* inline cache */
+                rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
+              case TS_IVC:	/* inline ivar cache */
+                rb_str_catf(str, "<ivc:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
+              case TS_ICVARC:   /* inline cvar cache */
+                rb_str_catf(str, "<icvarc:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
+              case TS_ISE:	/* inline storage entry */
+                rb_str_catf(str, "<ise:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
               case TS_CALLDATA: /* we store these as call infos at compile time */
-		{
+                {
                     const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
                     rb_str_cat2(str, "<calldata:");
                     if (vm_ci_mid(ci)) rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(vm_ci_mid(ci)));
                     rb_str_catf(str, ", %d>", vm_ci_argc(ci));
-		    break;
-		}
-	      case TS_CDHASH:	/* case/when condition cache */
-		rb_str_cat2(str, "<ch>");
-		break;
-	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-		{
-		    void *func = (void *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+                    break;
+                }
+              case TS_CDHASH:	/* case/when condition cache */
+                rb_str_cat2(str, "<ch>");
+                break;
+              case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                {
+                    void *func = (void *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
 #ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
-		    Dl_info info;
-		    if (dladdr(func, &info) && info.dli_sname) {
-			rb_str_cat2(str, info.dli_sname);
-			break;
-		    }
+                    Dl_info info;
+                    if (dladdr(func, &info) && info.dli_sname) {
+                        rb_str_cat2(str, info.dli_sname);
+                        break;
+                    }
 #endif
-		    rb_str_catf(str, "<%p>", func);
-		}
-		break;
+                    rb_str_catf(str, "<%p>", func);
+                }
+                break;
               case TS_BUILTIN:
                 rb_str_cat2(str, "<TS_BUILTIN>");
                 break;
-	      default:{
-		rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand type: %c", type);
-	      }
-	    }
-	    if (types[j + 1]) {
-		rb_str_cat2(str, ", ");
-	    }
-	}
+              default:{
+                rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand type: %c", type);
+              }
+            }
+            if (types[j + 1]) {
+                rb_str_cat2(str, ", ");
+            }
+        }
     }
     return str;
 }
@@ -9959,40 +10278,40 @@ dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr,
     printf("-- raw disasm--------\n");
 
     while (link) {
-	if (curr) printf(curr == link ? "*" : " ");
-	switch (link->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
-	    {
-		iobj = (INSN *)link;
-		str = insn_data_to_s_detail(iobj);
-		printf("  %04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->insn_info.line_no);
-		pos += insn_data_length(iobj);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
-	    {
-		lobj = (LABEL *)link;
-		printf(LABEL_FORMAT" [sp: %d]%s\n", lobj->label_no, lobj->sp,
-		       dest == lobj ? " <---" : "");
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
-	    {
-		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)link;
-		printf("  trace: %0x\n", trace->event);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
-	    {
-		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)link;
-		printf("  adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default:
-	    /* ignore */
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "dump_disasm_list error: %ld\n", FIX2LONG(link->type));
-	}
-	link = link->next;
+        if (curr) printf(curr == link ? "*" : " ");
+        switch (link->type) {
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+            {
+                iobj = (INSN *)link;
+                str = insn_data_to_s_detail(iobj);
+                printf("  %04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->insn_info.line_no);
+                pos += insn_data_length(iobj);
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+            {
+                lobj = (LABEL *)link;
+                printf(LABEL_FORMAT" [sp: %d]%s\n", lobj->label_no, lobj->sp,
+                       dest == lobj ? " <---" : "");
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+            {
+                TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)link;
+                printf("  trace: %0x\n", trace->event);
+                break;
+            }
+          case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+            {
+                ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)link;
+                printf("  adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
+                break;
+            }
+          default:
+            /* ignore */
+            rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "dump_disasm_list error: %ld\n", FIX2LONG(link->type));
+        }
+        link = link->next;
     }
     printf("---------------------\n");
     fflush(stdout);
@@ -10010,7 +10329,7 @@ rb_insns_name_array(void)
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring_cstr(insn_name(i)));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring_cstr(insn_name(i)));
     }
     return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 }
@@ -10023,11 +10342,11 @@ register_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table, VALUE obj)
     obj = rb_to_symbol_type(obj);
 
     if (st_lookup(labels_table, obj, &tmp) == 0) {
-	label = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	st_insert(labels_table, obj, (st_data_t)label);
+        label = NEW_LABEL(0);
+        st_insert(labels_table, obj, (st_data_t)label);
     }
     else {
-	label = (LABEL *)tmp;
+        label = (LABEL *)tmp;
     }
     LABEL_REF(label);
     return label;
@@ -10040,12 +10359,12 @@ get_exception_sym2type(VALUE sym)
     static VALUE symBreak, symRedo, symNext;
 
     if (symRescue == 0) {
-	symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("rescue"));
-	symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("ensure"));
-	symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("retry"));
-	symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("break"));
-	symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("redo"));
-	symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("next"));
+        symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("rescue"));
+        symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("ensure"));
+        symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("retry"));
+        symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("break"));
+        symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("redo"));
+        symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("next"));
     }
 
     if (sym == symRescue) return CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE;
@@ -10060,25 +10379,25 @@ get_exception_sym2type(VALUE sym)
 
 static int
 iseq_build_from_ary_exception(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table,
-		     VALUE exception)
+                     VALUE exception)
 {
     int i;
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(exception); i++) {
-	const rb_iseq_t *eiseq;
-	VALUE v, type;
-	LABEL *lstart, *lend, *lcont;
-	unsigned int sp;
-
-	v = rb_to_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i));
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(v) != 6) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "wrong exception entry");
-	}
+        const rb_iseq_t *eiseq;
+        VALUE v, type;
+        LABEL *lstart, *lend, *lcont;
+        unsigned int sp;
+
+        v = rb_to_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i));
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(v) != 6) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "wrong exception entry");
+        }
         type = get_exception_sym2type(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0));
         if (NIL_P(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1))) {
-	    eiseq = NULL;
-	}
-	else {
+            eiseq = NULL;
+        }
+        else {
             eiseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(rb_iseq_load(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), (VALUE)iseq, Qnil));
         }
 
@@ -10087,18 +10406,18 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_exception(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table,
         lcont  = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 4));
         sp     = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(v, 5));
 
-	/* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
-	if (type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
-	    type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
-	    type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
-	    ++sp;
-	}
+        /* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
+        if (type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+            type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
+            type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
+            ++sp;
+        }
 
-	lcont->sp = sp;
+        lcont->sp = sp;
 
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, lstart, lend, eiseq, lcont);
+        ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, lstart, lend, eiseq, lcont);
 
-	RB_GC_GUARD(v);
+        RB_GC_GUARD(v);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -10111,7 +10430,7 @@ insn_make_insn_table(void)
     table = st_init_numtable_with_size(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
 
     for (i=0; i<VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
-	st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(insn_name(i))), i);
+        st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(insn_name(i))), i);
     }
 
     return table;
@@ -10124,13 +10443,13 @@ iseq_build_load_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
     const rb_iseq_t *loaded_iseq;
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(op, T_ARRAY)) {
-	iseqw = rb_iseq_load(op, (VALUE)iseq, Qnil);
+        iseqw = rb_iseq_load(op, (VALUE)iseq, Qnil);
     }
     else if (CLASS_OF(op) == rb_cISeq) {
-	iseqw = op;
+        iseqw = op;
     }
     else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "ISEQ is required");
+        rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "ISEQ is required");
     }
 
     loaded_iseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(iseqw);
@@ -10146,28 +10465,28 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
     struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg = 0;
 
     if (!NIL_P(op)) {
-	VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("mid")));
-	VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("flag")));
-	VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("orig_argc")));
-	VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("kw_arg")));
-
-	if (!NIL_P(vmid)) mid = SYM2ID(vmid);
-	if (!NIL_P(vflag)) flag = NUM2UINT(vflag);
-	if (!NIL_P(vorig_argc)) orig_argc = FIX2INT(vorig_argc);
-
-	if (!NIL_P(vkw_arg)) {
-	    int i;
-	    int len = RARRAY_LENINT(vkw_arg);
-	    size_t n = rb_callinfo_kwarg_bytes(len);
-
-	    kw_arg = xmalloc(n);
-	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
-	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-		VALUE kw = RARRAY_AREF(vkw_arg, i);
-		SYM2ID(kw);	/* make immortal */
-		kw_arg->keywords[i] = kw;
-	    }
-	}
+        VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("mid")));
+        VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("flag")));
+        VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("orig_argc")));
+        VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("kw_arg")));
+
+        if (!NIL_P(vmid)) mid = SYM2ID(vmid);
+        if (!NIL_P(vflag)) flag = NUM2UINT(vflag);
+        if (!NIL_P(vorig_argc)) orig_argc = FIX2INT(vorig_argc);
+
+        if (!NIL_P(vkw_arg)) {
+            int i;
+            int len = RARRAY_LENINT(vkw_arg);
+            size_t n = rb_callinfo_kwarg_bytes(len);
+
+            kw_arg = xmalloc(n);
+            kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
+            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                VALUE kw = RARRAY_AREF(vkw_arg, i);
+                SYM2ID(kw);	/* make immortal */
+                kw_arg->keywords[i] = kw;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     const struct rb_callinfo *ci = new_callinfo(iseq, mid, orig_argc, flag, kw_arg, (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) == 0);
@@ -10179,20 +10498,20 @@ static rb_event_flag_t
 event_name_to_flag(VALUE sym)
 {
 #define CHECK_EVENT(ev) if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#ev))) return ev;
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_END);
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
-		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_END);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+                CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
 #undef CHECK_EVENT
     return RUBY_EVENT_NONE;
 }
 
 static int
 iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
-			 VALUE body, VALUE node_ids, VALUE labels_wrapper)
+                         VALUE body, VALUE node_ids, VALUE labels_wrapper)
 {
     /* TODO: body should be frozen */
     long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(body);
@@ -10207,52 +10526,52 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
     static struct st_table *insn_table;
 
     if (insn_table == 0) {
-	insn_table = insn_make_insn_table();
+        insn_table = insn_make_insn_table();
     }
 
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
         VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(body, i);
 
-	if (SYMBOL_P(obj)) {
-	    rb_event_flag_t event;
-	    if ((event = event_name_to_flag(obj)) != RUBY_EVENT_NONE) {
-		ADD_TRACE(anchor, event);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
-		ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
-	    line_no = NUM2INT(obj);
-	}
-	else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ARRAY)) {
-	    VALUE *argv = 0;
-	    int argc = RARRAY_LENINT(obj) - 1;
-	    st_data_t insn_id;
-	    VALUE insn;
+        if (SYMBOL_P(obj)) {
+            rb_event_flag_t event;
+            if ((event = event_name_to_flag(obj)) != RUBY_EVENT_NONE) {
+                ADD_TRACE(anchor, event);
+            }
+            else {
+                LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
+                ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+            line_no = NUM2INT(obj);
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ARRAY)) {
+            VALUE *argv = 0;
+            int argc = RARRAY_LENINT(obj) - 1;
+            st_data_t insn_id;
+            VALUE insn;
 
             if (node_ids) {
                 node_id = NUM2INT(rb_ary_entry(node_ids, insn_idx++));
             }
 
-	    insn = (argc < 0) ? Qnil : RARRAY_AREF(obj, 0);
-	    if (st_lookup(insn_table, (st_data_t)insn, &insn_id) == 0) {
-		/* TODO: exception */
-		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
-			      "unknown instruction: %+"PRIsVALUE, insn);
-		ret = COMPILE_NG;
-		break;
-	    }
+            insn = (argc < 0) ? Qnil : RARRAY_AREF(obj, 0);
+            if (st_lookup(insn_table, (st_data_t)insn, &insn_id) == 0) {
+                /* TODO: exception */
+                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
+                              "unknown instruction: %+"PRIsVALUE, insn);
+                ret = COMPILE_NG;
+                break;
+            }
 
-	    if (argc != insn_len((VALUE)insn_id)-1) {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
-			      "operand size mismatch");
-		ret = COMPILE_NG;
-		break;
-	    }
+            if (argc != insn_len((VALUE)insn_id)-1) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
+                              "operand size mismatch");
+                ret = COMPILE_NG;
+                break;
+            }
 
-	    if (argc > 0) {
+            if (argc > 0) {
                 argv = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
 
                 // add element before operand setup to make GC root
@@ -10261,95 +10580,120 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
                          (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, &dummy_line_node,
                                                       (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, argv));
 
-		for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
-		    VALUE op = rb_ary_entry(obj, j+1);
-		    switch (insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j)) {
-		      case TS_OFFSET: {
-			LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, op);
-			argv[j] = (VALUE)label;
-			break;
-		      }
-		      case TS_LINDEX:
-		      case TS_NUM:
-			(void)NUM2INT(op);
-			argv[j] = op;
-			break;
-		      case TS_VALUE:
-			argv[j] = op;
-			RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, op);
-			break;
-		      case TS_ISEQ:
-			{
-			    if (op != Qnil) {
-				VALUE v = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
-				argv[j] = v;
-				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
-			    }
-			    else {
-				argv[j] = 0;
-			    }
-			}
-			break;
-		      case TS_ISE:
-		      case TS_IC:
+                for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
+                    VALUE op = rb_ary_entry(obj, j+1);
+                    switch (insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j)) {
+                      case TS_OFFSET: {
+                        LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, op);
+                        argv[j] = (VALUE)label;
+                        break;
+                      }
+                      case TS_LINDEX:
+                      case TS_NUM:
+                        (void)NUM2INT(op);
+                        argv[j] = op;
+                        break;
+                      case TS_VALUE:
+                        argv[j] = op;
+                        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, op);
+                        break;
+                      case TS_ISEQ:
+                        {
+                            if (op != Qnil) {
+                                VALUE v = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
+                                argv[j] = v;
+                                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                argv[j] = 0;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case TS_ISE:
+                        argv[j] = op;
+                        if (NUM2UINT(op) >= ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ise_size) {
+                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ise_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case TS_IC:
+                        {
+                            VALUE segments = rb_ary_new();
+                            op = rb_to_array_type(op);
+
+                            for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(op); i++) {
+                                VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
+                                sym = rb_to_symbol_type(sym);
+                                rb_ary_push(segments, sym);
+                            }
+
+                            RB_GC_GUARD(op);
+                            argv[j] = segments;
+                            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
+                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
+                        }
+                        break;
                       case TS_IVC:  /* inline ivar cache */
+                        argv[j] = op;
+                        if (NUM2UINT(op) >= ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ivc_size) {
+                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ivc_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
+                        }
+                        break;
                       case TS_ICVARC:  /* inline cvar cache */
-			argv[j] = op;
-                        if (NUM2UINT(op) >= ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_size) {
-                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
+                        argv[j] = op;
+                        if (NUM2UINT(op) >= ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->icvarc_size) {
+                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->icvarc_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
                         }
-                        FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
-			break;
+                        break;
                       case TS_CALLDATA:
-			argv[j] = iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(iseq, op);
-			break;
-		      case TS_ID:
-			argv[j] = rb_to_symbol_type(op);
-			break;
-		      case TS_CDHASH:
-			{
-			    int i;
-			    VALUE map = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(op)/2);
+                        argv[j] = iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(iseq, op);
+                        break;
+                      case TS_ID:
+                        argv[j] = rb_to_symbol_type(op);
+                        break;
+                      case TS_CDHASH:
+                        {
+                            int i;
+                            VALUE map = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(op)/2);
 
                             RHASH_TBL_RAW(map)->type = &cdhash_type;
-			    op = rb_to_array_type(op);
-			    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(op); i+=2) {
-				VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
-				VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i+1);
-				LABEL *label =
-				  register_label(iseq, labels_table, sym);
-				rb_hash_aset(map, key, (VALUE)label | 1);
-			    }
-			    RB_GC_GUARD(op);
-			    argv[j] = map;
-			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
-			}
-			break;
-		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-			{
+                            op = rb_to_array_type(op);
+                            for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(op); i+=2) {
+                                VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
+                                VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i+1);
+                                LABEL *label =
+                                  register_label(iseq, labels_table, sym);
+                                rb_hash_aset(map, key, (VALUE)label | 1);
+                            }
+                            RB_GC_GUARD(op);
+                            argv[j] = map;
+                            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                        {
 #if SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG
-			    long funcptr = NUM2LONG(op);
+                            long funcptr = NUM2LONG(op);
 #else
-			    LONG_LONG funcptr = NUM2LL(op);
+                            LONG_LONG funcptr = NUM2LL(op);
 #endif
-			    argv[j] = (VALUE)funcptr;
-			}
-			break;
-		      default:
-			rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand: %c", insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j));
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
+                            argv[j] = (VALUE)funcptr;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      default:
+                        rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand: %c", insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             else {
                 NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(line_no, node_id);
                 ADD_ELEM(anchor,
                          (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, &dummy_line_node,
                                                       (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, NULL));
             }
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected object for instruction");
-	}
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected object for instruction");
+        }
     }
     DATA_PTR(labels_wrapper) = 0;
     validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
@@ -10365,12 +10709,12 @@ int_param(int *dst, VALUE param, VALUE sym)
 {
     VALUE val = rb_hash_aref(param, sym);
     if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
-	*dst = FIX2INT(val);
-	return TRUE;
+        *dst = FIX2INT(val);
+        return TRUE;
     }
     else if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %+"PRIsVALUE" Fixnum: %+"PRIsVALUE,
-		 sym, val);
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %+"PRIsVALUE" Fixnum: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 sym, val);
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
@@ -10397,20 +10741,20 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
 
     /* required args */
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	VALUE val = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
+        VALUE val = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
 
-	if (!SYMBOL_P(val)) {
-	    goto default_values;
-	}
-	ids[i] = SYM2ID(val);
-	keyword->required_num++;
+        if (!SYMBOL_P(val)) {
+            goto default_values;
+        }
+        ids[i] = SYM2ID(val);
+        keyword->required_num++;
     }
 
   default_values: /* note: we intentionally preserve `i' from previous loop */
     default_len = len - i;
     if (default_len == 0) {
-	keyword->table = ids;
-	return keyword;
+        keyword->table = ids;
+        return keyword;
     }
     else if (default_len < 0) {
         UNREACHABLE;
@@ -10419,23 +10763,23 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
     dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, (unsigned int)default_len);
 
     for (j = 0; i < len; i++, j++) {
-	key = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
-	CHECK_ARRAY(key);
-
-	switch (RARRAY_LEN(key)) {
-	  case 1:
-	    sym = RARRAY_AREF(key, 0);
-	    default_val = Qundef;
-	    break;
-	  case 2:
-	    sym = RARRAY_AREF(key, 0);
-	    default_val = RARRAY_AREF(key, 1);
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "keyword default has unsupported len %+"PRIsVALUE, key);
-	}
-	ids[i] = SYM2ID(sym);
-	dvs[j] = default_val;
+        key = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
+        CHECK_ARRAY(key);
+
+        switch (RARRAY_LEN(key)) {
+          case 1:
+            sym = RARRAY_AREF(key, 0);
+            default_val = Qundef;
+            break;
+          case 2:
+            sym = RARRAY_AREF(key, 0);
+            default_val = RARRAY_AREF(key, 1);
+            break;
+          default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "keyword default has unsupported len %+"PRIsVALUE, key);
+        }
+        ids[i] = SYM2ID(sym);
+        dvs[j] = default_val;
     }
 
     keyword->table = ids;
@@ -10444,6 +10788,12 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
     return keyword;
 }
 
+static void
+iseq_insn_each_object_mark(VALUE *obj_ptr, VALUE _)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(*obj_ptr);
+}
+
 void
 rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
 {
@@ -10470,28 +10820,7 @@ rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
             iobj = (INSN *)&storage->buff[pos];
 
             if (iobj->operands) {
-                int j;
-                const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
-
-                for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
-                    char type = types[j];
-                    switch (type) {
-                      case TS_CDHASH:
-                      case TS_ISEQ:
-                      case TS_VALUE:
-                      case TS_CALLDATA: // ci is stored.
-                        {
-                            VALUE op = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-
-                            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(op)) {
-                                rb_gc_mark(op);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        break;
-                      default:
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
+                iseq_insn_each_markable_object(iobj, iseq_insn_each_object_mark, (VALUE)0);
             }
             pos += (int)size;
         }
@@ -10500,7 +10829,7 @@ rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
 
 void
 rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
-			 VALUE exception, VALUE body)
+                         VALUE exception, VALUE body)
 {
 #define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
     int i, len;
@@ -10519,14 +10848,14 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table = tbl = len > 0 ? (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size) : NULL;
 
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	VALUE lv = RARRAY_AREF(locals, i);
+        VALUE lv = RARRAY_AREF(locals, i);
 
-	if (sym_arg_rest == lv) {
-	    tbl[i] = 0;
-	}
-	else {
-	    tbl[i] = FIXNUM_P(lv) ? (ID)FIX2LONG(lv) : SYM2ID(CHECK_SYMBOL(lv));
-	}
+        if (sym_arg_rest == lv) {
+            tbl[i] = 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            tbl[i] = FIXNUM_P(lv) ? (ID)FIX2LONG(lv) : SYM2ID(CHECK_SYMBOL(lv));
+        }
     }
 
 #define INT_PARAM(F) int_param(&ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.F, params, SYM(F))
@@ -10540,10 +10869,10 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 #undef INT_PARAM
     {
 #define INT_PARAM(F) F = (int_param(&x, misc, SYM(F)) ? (unsigned int)x : 0)
-	int x;
-	INT_PARAM(arg_size);
-	INT_PARAM(local_size);
-	INT_PARAM(stack_max);
+        int x;
+        INT_PARAM(arg_size);
+        INT_PARAM(local_size);
+        INT_PARAM(stack_max);
 #undef INT_PARAM
     }
 
@@ -10551,38 +10880,38 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 #ifdef USE_ISEQ_NODE_ID
     node_ids = rb_hash_aref(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("node_ids")));
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(node_ids, T_ARRAY)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "node_ids is not an array");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "node_ids is not an array");
     }
 #endif
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(arg_opt_labels, T_ARRAY)) {
-	len = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_opt_labels);
+        len = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_opt_labels);
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.has_opt = !!(len - 1 >= 0);
 
         if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.has_opt) {
-	    VALUE *opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);
+            VALUE *opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);
 
-	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-		VALUE ent = RARRAY_AREF(arg_opt_labels, i);
-		LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ent);
-		opt_table[i] = (VALUE)label;
-	    }
+            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                VALUE ent = RARRAY_AREF(arg_opt_labels, i);
+                LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ent);
+                opt_table[i] = (VALUE)label;
+            }
 
             ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.opt_num = len - 1;
             ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.opt_table = opt_table;
-	}
+        }
     }
     else if (!NIL_P(arg_opt_labels)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":opt param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
-		 arg_opt_labels);
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":opt param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 arg_opt_labels);
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(keywords, T_ARRAY)) {
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.keyword = iseq_build_kw(iseq, params, keywords);
     }
     else if (!NIL_P(keywords)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":keywords param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
-		 keywords);
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":keywords param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 keywords);
     }
 
     if (Qtrue == rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(ambiguous_param0))) {
@@ -10591,10 +10920,10 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 
     if (int_param(&i, params, SYM(kwrest))) {
         struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = (struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *)ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.keyword;
-	if (keyword == NULL) {
+        if (keyword == NULL) {
             ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword);
-	}
-	keyword->rest_start = i;
+        }
+        keyword->rest_start = i;
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
     }
 #undef SYM
@@ -10618,22 +10947,22 @@ rb_dvar_defined(ID id, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     if (iseq) {
         const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
-	while (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
-	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
-	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
-	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
-	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
-	       ) {
-	    unsigned int i;
-
-	    for (i = 0; i < body->local_table_size; i++) {
-		if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
-		    return 1;
-		}
-	    }
-	    iseq = body->parent_iseq;
+        while (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
+               body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+               body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
+               body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
+               body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
+               ) {
+            unsigned int i;
+
+            for (i = 0; i < body->local_table_size; i++) {
+                if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+            }
+            iseq = body->parent_iseq;
             body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
-	}
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -10642,14 +10971,14 @@ int
 rb_local_defined(ID id, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     if (iseq) {
-	unsigned int i;
+        unsigned int i;
         const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq);
 
-	for (i=0; i<body->local_table_size; i++) {
-	    if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
-		return 1;
-	    }
-	}
+        for (i=0; i<body->local_table_size; i++) {
+            if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -10668,8 +10997,8 @@ typedef unsigned int ibf_offset_t;
 #define IBF_OFFSET(ptr) ((ibf_offset_t)(VALUE)(ptr))
 
 #define IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION
-#if RUBY_DEVEL
-#define IBF_DEVEL_VERSION 3
+#ifdef RUBY_DEVEL
+#define IBF_DEVEL_VERSION 4
 #define IBF_MINOR_VERSION (ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION * 10000 + IBF_DEVEL_VERSION)
 #else
 #define IBF_MINOR_VERSION ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION
@@ -10699,8 +11028,6 @@ struct ibf_dump {
     struct ibf_dump_buffer *current_buffer;
 };
 
-rb_iseq_t * iseq_alloc(void);
-
 struct ibf_load_buffer {
     const char *buff;
     ibf_offset_t size;
@@ -11109,17 +11436,18 @@ ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
                 wv = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
                 break;
               case TS_IC:
+                {
+                    IC ic = (IC)op;
+                    VALUE arr = idlist_to_array(ic->segments);
+                    wv = ibf_dump_object(dump, arr);
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_ISE:
               case TS_IVC:
               case TS_ICVARC:
-              case TS_ISE:
                 {
-                    unsigned int i;
-                    for (i=0; i<body->is_size; i++) {
-                        if (op == (VALUE)&body->is_entries[i]) {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    wv = (VALUE)i;
+                    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is = (union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)op;
+                    wv = is - ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(body, types[op_index]);
                 }
                 break;
               case TS_CALLDATA:
@@ -11158,12 +11486,23 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
 
     struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     struct rb_call_data *cd_entries = load_body->call_data;
-    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = load_body->is_entries;
+    int ic_index = 0;
+
+    iseq_bits_t * mark_offset_bits;
+
+    iseq_bits_t tmp[1] = {0};
+
+    if (ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(iseq_size) == 1) {
+        mark_offset_bits = tmp;
+    }
+    else {
+        mark_offset_bits = ZALLOC_N(iseq_bits_t, ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(iseq_size));
+    }
+    bool needs_bitmap = false;
 
     for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
         /* opcode */
         const VALUE insn = code[code_index] = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-        const unsigned int insn_index = code_index;
         const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
         int op_index;
 
@@ -11180,7 +11519,8 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
                     code[code_index] = v;
                     if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
                         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
-                        FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                        ISEQ_MBITS_SET(mark_offset_bits, code_index);
+                        needs_bitmap = true;
                     }
                     break;
                 }
@@ -11199,8 +11539,9 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
                     pinned_list_store(load->current_buffer->obj_list, (long)op, v);
 
                     code[code_index] = v;
+                    ISEQ_MBITS_SET(mark_offset_bits, code_index);
                     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
-                    FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                    needs_bitmap = true;
                     break;
                 }
               case TS_ISEQ:
@@ -11210,25 +11551,46 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
                     code[code_index] = v;
                     if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
                         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
-                        FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                        ISEQ_MBITS_SET(mark_offset_bits, code_index);
+                        needs_bitmap = true;
                     }
                     break;
                 }
-              case TS_ISE:
               case TS_IC:
-              case TS_IVC:
-              case TS_ICVARC:
                 {
                     VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)&is_entries[op];
+                    VALUE arr = ibf_load_object(load, op);
+
+                    IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_IC_ENTRY(load_body, ic_index++);
+                    ic->segments = array_to_idlist(arr);
+
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)ic;
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_ISE:
+              case TS_ICVARC:
+              case TS_IVC:
+                {
+                    unsigned int op = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+                    ISE ic = ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(load_body, operand_type) + op;
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)ic;
+
+                    if (operand_type == TS_IVC) {
+                        IVC cache = (IVC)ic;
 
-                    if (insn == BIN(opt_getinlinecache) && operand_type == TS_IC) {
-                        // Store the instruction index for opt_getinlinecache on the IC for
-                        // YJIT to invalidate code when opt_setinlinecache runs.
-                        is_entries[op].ic_cache.get_insn_idx = insn_index;
+                        if (insn == BIN(setinstancevariable)) {
+                            ID iv_name = (ID)code[code_index - 1];
+                            cache->iv_set_name = iv_name;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            cache->iv_set_name = 0;
+                        }
+
+                        vm_ic_attr_index_initialize(cache, INVALID_SHAPE_ID);
                     }
+
                 }
-                FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
                 break;
               case TS_CALLDATA:
                 {
@@ -11256,9 +11618,23 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
             rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "operand size mismatch");
         }
     }
+
     load_body->iseq_encoded = code;
     load_body->iseq_size = code_index;
 
+    if (ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(load_body->iseq_size) == 1) {
+        load_body->mark_bits.single = mark_offset_bits[0];
+    }
+    else {
+        if (needs_bitmap) {
+            load_body->mark_bits.list = mark_offset_bits;
+        }
+        else {
+            load_body->mark_bits.list = 0;
+            ruby_xfree(mark_offset_bits);
+        }
+    }
+
     assert(code_index == iseq_size);
     assert(reading_pos == bytecode_offset + bytecode_size);
     return code;
@@ -11484,7 +11860,7 @@ ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t catch_table_offse
         unsigned int i;
         for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
             int iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-            table->entries[i].type = (enum catch_type)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].type = (enum rb_catch_type)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
             table->entries[i].start = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
             table->entries[i].end = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
             table->entries[i].cont = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
@@ -11739,7 +12115,10 @@ ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(outer_variables_offset));
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->variable.flip_count);
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->local_table_size);
-    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->is_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->ivc_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->icvarc_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->ise_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->ic_size);
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->ci_size);
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->stack_max);
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->catch_except_p);
@@ -11828,7 +12207,7 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     const VALUE location_pathobj_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const VALUE location_base_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const VALUE location_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-    const VALUE location_first_lineno = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_first_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const int location_node_id = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const int location_code_location_beg_pos_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const int location_code_location_beg_pos_column = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
@@ -11847,12 +12226,51 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     const ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
     const rb_snum_t variable_flip_count = (rb_snum_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const unsigned int local_table_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-    const unsigned int is_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+    const unsigned int ivc_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int icvarc_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int ise_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int ic_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
     const unsigned int ci_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const unsigned int stack_max = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const char catch_except_p = (char)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const bool builtin_inline_p = (bool)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
 
+    // setup fname and dummy frame
+    VALUE path = ibf_load_object(load, location_pathobj_index);
+    {
+        VALUE realpath = Qnil;
+
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
+            realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
+            VALUE pathobj = path;
+            if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
+            }
+            path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
+            realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
+            if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
+                             "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
+                             realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
+                }
+                realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
+        }
+        rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
+    }
+
+    // push dummy frame
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    VALUE dummy_frame = rb_vm_push_frame_fname(ec, path);
+
 #undef IBF_BODY_OFFSET
 
     load_body->type = type;
@@ -11875,7 +12293,6 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load_body->param.post_num = param_post_num;
     load_body->param.block_start = param_block_start;
     load_body->local_table_size = local_table_size;
-    load_body->is_size = is_size;
     load_body->ci_size = ci_size;
     load_body->insns_info.size = insns_info_size;
 
@@ -11893,7 +12310,11 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load_body->catch_except_p = catch_except_p;
     load_body->builtin_inline_p = builtin_inline_p;
 
-    load_body->is_entries           = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, is_size);
+    load_body->ivc_size             = ivc_size;
+    load_body->icvarc_size          = icvarc_size;
+    load_body->ise_size             = ise_size;
+    load_body->ic_size              = ic_size;
+    load_body->is_entries           = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, ISEQ_IS_SIZE(load_body));
                                       ibf_load_ci_entries(load, ci_entries_offset, ci_size, &load_body->call_data);
     load_body->outer_variables      = ibf_load_outer_variables(load, outer_variables_offset);
     load_body->param.opt_table      = ibf_load_param_opt_table(load, param_opt_table_offset, param_opt_num);
@@ -11918,33 +12339,6 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
 #endif
 
-    {
-        VALUE realpath = Qnil, path = ibf_load_object(load, location_pathobj_index);
-        if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
-            realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
-        }
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
-            VALUE pathobj = path;
-            if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
-                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
-            }
-            path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
-            realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
-            if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
-                if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
-                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
-                             "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
-                             realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
-                }
-                realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
-        }
-        rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
-    }
-
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, location_base_label_index));
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, location_label_index));
 
@@ -11952,6 +12346,9 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load->current_buffer = saved_buffer;
 #endif
     verify_call_cache(iseq);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(dummy_frame);
+    rb_vm_pop_frame_no_int(ec);
 }
 
 struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg
@@ -11975,7 +12372,7 @@ ibf_dump_iseq_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
 static void
 ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
 {
-    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_tmp_new(dump->iseq_table->num_entries);
+    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_hidden_new(dump->iseq_table->num_entries);
 
     struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg args;
     args.dump = dump;
@@ -12064,7 +12461,7 @@ static const void *
 ibf_load_check_offset(const struct ibf_load *load, size_t offset)
 {
     if (offset >= load->current_buffer->size) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %"PRIdSIZE, offset);
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %"PRIdSIZE, offset);
     }
     return load->current_buffer->buff + offset;
 }
@@ -12125,11 +12522,11 @@ ibf_load_object_class(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_heade
 
     switch (cindex) {
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT:
-	return rb_cObject;
+        return rb_cObject;
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY:
-	return rb_cArray;
+        return rb_cArray;
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR:
-	return rb_eStandardError;
+        return rb_eStandardError;
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR:
         return rb_eNoMatchingPatternError;
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR:
@@ -12247,7 +12644,7 @@ ibf_load_object_array(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_heade
 
     const long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
 
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(len);
+    VALUE ary = header->internal ? rb_ary_hidden_new(len) : rb_ary_new_capa(len);
     int i;
 
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
@@ -12255,8 +12652,7 @@ ibf_load_object_array(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_heade
         rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, index));
     }
 
-    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(ary);
-    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(ary);
+    if (header->frozen) rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -12359,7 +12755,7 @@ ibf_load_object_bignum(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
     int sign = bignum->slen > 0;
     ssize_t len = sign > 0 ? bignum->slen : -1 * bignum->slen;
     VALUE obj = rb_integer_unpack(bignum->digits, len * 2, 2, 0,
-				  INTEGER_PACK_LITTLE_ENDIAN | (sign == 0 ? INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE : 0));
+                                  INTEGER_PACK_LITTLE_ENDIAN | (sign == 0 ? INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE : 0));
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
     if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
     return obj;
@@ -12643,7 +13039,7 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, ibf_offset_t *obj_list_offset, unsigned int *obj_list_size)
 {
     st_table *obj_table = dump->current_buffer->obj_table;
-    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_tmp_new(obj_table->num_entries);
+    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_hidden_new(obj_table->num_entries);
 
     struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg args;
     args.dump = dump;
@@ -12703,7 +13099,7 @@ ibf_dump_memsize(const void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ibf_dump_type = {
     "ibf_dump",
     {ibf_dump_mark, ibf_dump_free, ibf_dump_memsize,},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static void
@@ -12786,8 +13182,8 @@ rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     load->iseq = iseq;
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
     fprintf(stderr, "rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete: index=%#x offset=%#x size=%#x\n",
-	    iseq->aux.loader.index, offset,
-	    load->header->size);
+            iseq->aux.loader.index, offset,
+            load->header->size);
 #endif
     ibf_load_iseq_each(load, iseq, offset);
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(iseq);
@@ -12812,37 +13208,37 @@ ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq)
 
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
     fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: index_iseq=%p iseq_list=%p\n",
-	    (void *)index_iseq, (void *)load->iseq_list);
+            (void *)index_iseq, (void *)load->iseq_list);
 #endif
     if (iseq_index == -1) {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE iseqv = pinned_list_fetch(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);
+        VALUE iseqv = pinned_list_fetch(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);
 
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
-	fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseqv=%p\n", (void *)iseqv);
+        fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseqv=%p\n", (void *)iseqv);
 #endif
-	if (iseqv) {
-	    return (rb_iseq_t *)iseqv;
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_imemo_alloc();
+        if (iseqv) {
+            return (rb_iseq_t *)iseqv;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_imemo_alloc();
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
-	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: new iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: new iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
 #endif
-	    FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
-	    iseq->aux.loader.obj = load->loader_obj;
-	    iseq->aux.loader.index = iseq_index;
+            FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+            iseq->aux.loader.obj = load->loader_obj;
+            iseq->aux.loader.index = iseq_index;
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
-	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loader_obj=%p index=%d\n",
-		    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->loader_obj, iseq_index);
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loader_obj=%p index=%d\n",
+                    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->loader_obj, iseq_index);
 #endif
-	    pinned_list_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);
+            pinned_list_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);
 
 #if !USE_LAZY_LOAD
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
-	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: loading iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: loading iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
 #endif
             rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
 #else
@@ -12852,11 +13248,11 @@ ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq)
 #endif /* !USE_LAZY_LOAD */
 
 #if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
-	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loaded %p\n",
-		    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->iseq);
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loaded %p\n",
+                    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->iseq);
 #endif
-	    return iseq;
-	}
+            return iseq;
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -12876,18 +13272,18 @@ ibf_load_setup_bytes(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, const char *bytes,
     load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
 
     if (size < load->header->size) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
     }
     if (strncmp(load->header->magic, "YARB", 4) != 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown binary format");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown binary format");
     }
     if (load->header->major_version != IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ||
-	load->header->minor_version != IBF_MINOR_VERSION) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched version file (%u.%u for %u.%u)",
-		 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, IBF_MAJOR_VERSION, IBF_MINOR_VERSION);
+        load->header->minor_version != IBF_MINOR_VERSION) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched version file (%u.%u for %u.%u)",
+                 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, IBF_MAJOR_VERSION, IBF_MINOR_VERSION);
     }
     if (strcmp(load->global_buffer.buff + sizeof(struct ibf_header), RUBY_PLATFORM) != 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched platform");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched platform");
     }
     if (load->header->iseq_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned iseq list offset: %u",
diff --git a/complex.c b/complex.c
index 92f4e812d6..a227cb0a58 100644
--- a/complex.c
+++ b/complex.c
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ inline static VALUE
 f_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIX2LONG(y) == 1)
-	return x;
+        return x;
     return rb_funcall(x, '/', 1, y);
 }
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ f_sub(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y) &&
         LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(x), idMINUS))) {
-	return x;
+        return x;
     }
     return rb_funcall(x, '-', 1, y);
 }
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ inline static VALUE
 f_to_i(VALUE x)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_STRING))
-	return rb_str_to_inum(x, 10, 0);
+        return rb_str_to_inum(x, 10, 0);
     return rb_funcall(x, id_to_i, 0);
 }
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ inline static VALUE
 f_to_f(VALUE x)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_STRING))
-	return DBL2NUM(rb_str_to_dbl(x, 0));
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_str_to_dbl(x, 0));
     return rb_funcall(x, id_to_f, 0);
 }
 
@@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ inline static int
 f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
-	return x == y;
+        return x == y;
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y))
-	return NUM2DBL(x) == NUM2DBL(y);
+        return NUM2DBL(x) == NUM2DBL(y);
     return (int)rb_equal(x, y);
 }
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ f_negative_p(VALUE x)
 
 #define f_positive_p(x) (!f_negative_p(x))
 
-inline static int
+inline static bool
 f_zero_p(VALUE x)
 {
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ f_zero_p(VALUE x)
         const VALUE num = RRATIONAL(x)->num;
         return FIXNUM_ZERO_P(num);
     }
-    return (int)rb_equal(x, ZERO);
+    return rb_equal(x, ZERO) != 0;
 }
 
 #define f_nonzero_p(x) (!f_zero_p(x))
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ f_finite_p(VALUE x)
         return TRUE;
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
-	return isfinite(RFLOAT_VALUE(x));
+        return isfinite(RFLOAT_VALUE(x));
     }
     return RTEST(rb_funcallv(x, id_finite_p, 0, 0));
 }
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ f_infinite_p(VALUE x)
         return FALSE;
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
-	return isinf(RFLOAT_VALUE(x));
+        return isinf(RFLOAT_VALUE(x));
     }
     return RTEST(rb_funcallv(x, id_infinite_p, 0, 0));
 }
@@ -421,15 +421,22 @@ f_complex_new_bang2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
-inline static void
+WARN_UNUSED_RESULT(inline static VALUE nucomp_real_check(VALUE num));
+inline static VALUE
 nucomp_real_check(VALUE num)
 {
     if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(num) &&
-	!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) &&
-	!RB_TYPE_P(num, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	if (!k_numeric_p(num) || !f_real_p(num))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not a real");
+        !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) &&
+        !RB_TYPE_P(num, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_COMPLEX) && nucomp_real_p(num)) {
+            VALUE real = RCOMPLEX(num)->real;
+            assert(!RB_TYPE_P(real, T_COMPLEX));
+            return real;
+        }
+        if (!k_numeric_p(num) || !f_real_p(num))
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not a real");
     }
+    return num;
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -439,28 +446,28 @@ nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE real, VALUE imag)
     complex_r = RB_TYPE_P(real, T_COMPLEX);
     complex_i = RB_TYPE_P(imag, T_COMPLEX);
     if (!complex_r && !complex_i) {
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
+        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
     }
     else if (!complex_r) {
-	get_dat1(imag);
+        get_dat1(imag);
 
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
-				     f_sub(real, dat->imag),
-				     f_add(ZERO, dat->real));
+        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
+                                     f_sub(real, dat->imag),
+                                     f_add(ZERO, dat->real));
     }
     else if (!complex_i) {
-	get_dat1(real);
+        get_dat1(real);
 
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
-				     dat->real,
-				     f_add(dat->imag, imag));
+        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
+                                     dat->real,
+                                     f_add(dat->imag, imag));
     }
     else {
-	get_dat2(real, imag);
+        get_dat2(real, imag);
 
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
-				     f_sub(adat->real, bdat->imag),
-				     f_add(adat->imag, bdat->real));
+        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
+                                     f_sub(adat->real, bdat->imag),
+                                     f_add(adat->imag, bdat->real));
     }
 }
 
@@ -480,22 +487,26 @@ nucomp_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &real, &imag)) {
       case 1:
-	nucomp_real_check(real);
-	imag = ZERO;
-	break;
+        real = nucomp_real_check(real);
+        imag = ZERO;
+        break;
       default:
-	nucomp_real_check(real);
-	nucomp_real_check(imag);
-	break;
+        real = nucomp_real_check(real);
+        imag = nucomp_real_check(imag);
+        break;
     }
 
-    return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, real, imag);
+    return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        get_dat1(x);
+        x = dat->real;
+        y = f_add(dat->imag, y);
+    }
     return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
@@ -550,7 +561,7 @@ nucomp_f_complex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     if (!NIL_P(opts)) {
         raise = rb_opts_exception_p(opts, raise);
     }
-    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(a1) == rb_cComplex && a2 == Qundef) {
+    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(a1) == rb_cComplex && UNDEF_P(a2)) {
         return a1;
     }
     return nucomp_convert(rb_cComplex, a1, a2, raise);
@@ -580,14 +591,14 @@ static VALUE
 m_cos(VALUE x)
 {
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX))
-	return m_cos_bang(x);
+        return m_cos_bang(x);
     {
-	get_dat1(x);
-	return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex,
-			      f_mul(m_cos_bang(dat->real),
-				    m_cosh_bang(dat->imag)),
-			      f_mul(f_negate(m_sin_bang(dat->real)),
-				    m_sinh_bang(dat->imag)));
+        get_dat1(x);
+        return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex,
+                              f_mul(m_cos_bang(dat->real),
+                                    m_cosh_bang(dat->imag)),
+                              f_mul(f_negate(m_sin_bang(dat->real)),
+                                    m_sinh_bang(dat->imag)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -595,55 +606,61 @@ static VALUE
 m_sin(VALUE x)
 {
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX))
-	return m_sin_bang(x);
+        return m_sin_bang(x);
     {
-	get_dat1(x);
-	return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex,
-			      f_mul(m_sin_bang(dat->real),
-				    m_cosh_bang(dat->imag)),
-			      f_mul(m_cos_bang(dat->real),
-				    m_sinh_bang(dat->imag)));
+        get_dat1(x);
+        return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex,
+                              f_mul(m_sin_bang(dat->real),
+                                    m_cosh_bang(dat->imag)),
+                              f_mul(m_cos_bang(dat->real),
+                                    m_sinh_bang(dat->imag)));
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+f_complex_polar_real(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
-    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(y, T_COMPLEX));
     if (f_zero_p(x) || f_zero_p(y)) {
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, RFLOAT_0);
+        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, RFLOAT_0);
     }
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	const double arg = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	if (arg == M_PI) {
-	    x = f_negate(x);
-	    y = RFLOAT_0;
-	}
-	else if (arg == M_PI_2) {
-	    y = x;
-	    x = RFLOAT_0;
-	}
-	else if (arg == M_PI_2+M_PI) {
-	    y = f_negate(x);
-	    x = RFLOAT_0;
-	}
-	else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
-	    const double abs = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
-	    const double real = abs * cos(arg), imag = abs * sin(arg);
-	    x = DBL2NUM(real);
-	    y = DBL2NUM(imag);
-	}
-	else {
+        const double arg = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+        if (arg == M_PI) {
+            x = f_negate(x);
+            y = RFLOAT_0;
+        }
+        else if (arg == M_PI_2) {
+            y = x;
+            x = RFLOAT_0;
+        }
+        else if (arg == M_PI_2+M_PI) {
+            y = f_negate(x);
+            x = RFLOAT_0;
+        }
+        else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+            const double abs = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
+            const double real = abs * cos(arg), imag = abs * sin(arg);
+            x = DBL2NUM(real);
+            y = DBL2NUM(imag);
+        }
+        else {
             const double ax = sin(arg), ay = cos(arg);
             y = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(ax));
             x = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(ay));
-	}
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
+        }
+        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
     }
     return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass,
-					  f_mul(x, m_cos(y)),
-					  f_mul(x, m_sin(y)));
+                                          f_mul(x, m_cos(y)),
+                                          f_mul(x, m_sin(y)));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    x = nucomp_real_check(x);
+    y = nucomp_real_check(y);
+    return f_complex_polar_real(klass, x, y);
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE___COSPI
@@ -665,12 +682,12 @@ rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(double abs, double ang)
     int pos = fr == +0.5;
 
     if (pos || fr == -0.5) {
-	if ((modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != fr) ^ pos) abs = -abs;
-	return rb_complex_new(RFLOAT_0, DBL2NUM(abs));
+        if ((modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != fr) ^ pos) abs = -abs;
+        return rb_complex_new(RFLOAT_0, DBL2NUM(abs));
     }
     else if (fr == 0.0) {
-	if (modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != 0.0) abs = -abs;
-	return DBL2NUM(abs);
+        if (modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != 0.0) abs = -abs;
+        return DBL2NUM(abs);
     }
     else {
         const double real = abs * cospi(ang), imag = abs * sinpi(ang);
@@ -694,24 +711,15 @@ nucomp_s_polar(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE abs, arg;
 
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &abs, &arg)) {
-      case 1:
-	nucomp_real_check(abs);
-	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, abs, ZERO);
-      default:
-	nucomp_real_check(abs);
-	nucomp_real_check(arg);
-	break;
-    }
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(abs, T_COMPLEX)) {
-        get_dat1(abs);
-        abs = dat->real;
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &abs, &arg);
+    abs = nucomp_real_check(abs);
+    if (argc == 2) {
+        arg = nucomp_real_check(arg);
     }
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_COMPLEX)) {
-        get_dat1(arg);
-        arg = dat->real;
+    else {
+        arg = ZERO;
     }
-    return f_complex_polar(klass, abs, arg);
+    return f_complex_polar_real(klass, abs, arg);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -760,7 +768,7 @@ rb_complex_uminus(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			  f_negate(dat->real), f_negate(dat->imag));
+                          f_negate(dat->real), f_negate(dat->imag));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -779,20 +787,20 @@ VALUE
 rb_complex_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	VALUE real, imag;
+        VALUE real, imag;
 
-	get_dat2(self, other);
+        get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	real = f_add(adat->real, bdat->real);
-	imag = f_add(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
+        real = f_add(adat->real, bdat->real);
+        imag = f_add(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
 
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
-	get_dat1(self);
+        get_dat1(self);
 
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			      f_add(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+                              f_add(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '+');
 }
@@ -813,33 +821,33 @@ VALUE
 rb_complex_minus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	VALUE real, imag;
+        VALUE real, imag;
 
-	get_dat2(self, other);
+        get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	real = f_sub(adat->real, bdat->real);
-	imag = f_sub(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
+        real = f_sub(adat->real, bdat->real);
+        imag = f_sub(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
 
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
-	get_dat1(self);
+        get_dat1(self);
 
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			      f_sub(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+                              f_sub(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '-');
 }
 
 static VALUE
-safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
+safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, bool az, bool bz)
 {
     double v;
     if (!az && bz && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && (v = RFLOAT_VALUE(a), !isnan(v))) {
-	a = signbit(v) ? DBL2NUM(-1.0) : DBL2NUM(1.0);
+        a = signbit(v) ? DBL2NUM(-1.0) : DBL2NUM(1.0);
     }
     if (!bz && az && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(b) && (v = RFLOAT_VALUE(b), !isnan(v))) {
-	b = signbit(v) ? DBL2NUM(-1.0) : DBL2NUM(1.0);
+        b = signbit(v) ? DBL2NUM(-1.0) : DBL2NUM(1.0);
     }
     return f_mul(a, b);
 }
@@ -847,10 +855,10 @@ safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
 static void
 comp_mul(VALUE areal, VALUE aimag, VALUE breal, VALUE bimag, VALUE *real, VALUE *imag)
 {
-    int arzero = f_zero_p(areal);
-    int aizero = f_zero_p(aimag);
-    int brzero = f_zero_p(breal);
-    int bizero = f_zero_p(bimag);
+    bool arzero = f_zero_p(areal);
+    bool aizero = f_zero_p(aimag);
+    bool brzero = f_zero_p(breal);
+    bool bizero = f_zero_p(bimag);
     *real = f_sub(safe_mul(areal, breal, arzero, brzero),
                   safe_mul(aimag, bimag, aizero, bizero));
     *imag = f_add(safe_mul(areal, bimag, arzero, bizero),
@@ -873,47 +881,47 @@ VALUE
 rb_complex_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	VALUE real, imag;
-	get_dat2(self, other);
+        VALUE real, imag;
+        get_dat2(self, other);
 
         comp_mul(adat->real, adat->imag, bdat->real, bdat->imag, &real, &imag);
 
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
-	get_dat1(self);
+        get_dat1(self);
 
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			      f_mul(dat->real, other),
-			      f_mul(dat->imag, other));
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+                              f_mul(dat->real, other),
+                              f_mul(dat->imag, other));
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '*');
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
-	 VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), ID id)
+         VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), ID id)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
         VALUE r, n, x, y;
-	int flo;
-	get_dat2(self, other);
+        int flo;
+        get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	flo = (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(adat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(adat->imag) ||
-	       RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->imag));
+        flo = (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(adat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(adat->imag) ||
+               RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->imag));
 
-	if (f_gt_p(f_abs(bdat->real), f_abs(bdat->imag))) {
-	    r = (*func)(bdat->imag, bdat->real);
-	    n = f_mul(bdat->real, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
+        if (f_gt_p(f_abs(bdat->real), f_abs(bdat->imag))) {
+            r = (*func)(bdat->imag, bdat->real);
+            n = f_mul(bdat->real, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
             x = (*func)(f_add(adat->real, f_mul(adat->imag, r)), n);
             y = (*func)(f_sub(adat->imag, f_mul(adat->real, r)), n);
-	}
-	else {
-	    r = (*func)(bdat->real, bdat->imag);
-	    n = f_mul(bdat->imag, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
+        }
+        else {
+            r = (*func)(bdat->real, bdat->imag);
+            n = f_mul(bdat->imag, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
             x = (*func)(f_add(f_mul(adat->real, r), adat->imag), n);
             y = (*func)(f_sub(f_mul(adat->imag, r), adat->real), n);
-	}
+        }
         if (!flo) {
             x = rb_rational_canonicalize(x);
             y = rb_rational_canonicalize(y);
@@ -922,7 +930,7 @@ f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
         VALUE x, y;
-	get_dat1(self);
+        get_dat1(self);
         x = rb_rational_canonicalize((*func)(dat->real, other));
         y = rb_rational_canonicalize((*func)(dat->imag, other));
         return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), x, y);
@@ -986,31 +994,31 @@ VALUE
 rb_complex_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && k_exact_zero_p(other))
-	return f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), ONE);
+        return f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), ONE);
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_RATIONAL) && RRATIONAL(other)->den == LONG2FIX(1))
-	other = RRATIONAL(other)->num; /* c14n */
+        other = RRATIONAL(other)->num; /* c14n */
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	get_dat1(other);
+        get_dat1(other);
 
-	if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
-	    other = dat->real; /* c14n */
+        if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
+            other = dat->real; /* c14n */
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	VALUE r, theta, nr, ntheta;
+        VALUE r, theta, nr, ntheta;
 
-	get_dat1(other);
+        get_dat1(other);
 
-	r = f_abs(self);
-	theta = f_arg(self);
+        r = f_abs(self);
+        theta = f_arg(self);
 
-	nr = m_exp_bang(f_sub(f_mul(dat->real, m_log_bang(r)),
-			      f_mul(dat->imag, theta)));
-	ntheta = f_add(f_mul(theta, dat->real),
-		       f_mul(dat->imag, m_log_bang(r)));
-	return f_complex_polar(CLASS_OF(self), nr, ntheta);
+        nr = m_exp_bang(f_sub(f_mul(dat->real, m_log_bang(r)),
+                              f_mul(dat->imag, theta)));
+        ntheta = f_add(f_mul(theta, dat->real),
+                       f_mul(dat->imag, m_log_bang(r)));
+        return f_complex_polar(CLASS_OF(self), nr, ntheta);
     }
     if (FIXNUM_P(other)) {
         long n = FIX2LONG(other);
@@ -1051,19 +1059,19 @@ rb_complex_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
                 }
             }
             return nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self), zr, zi);
-	}
+        }
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
-	VALUE r, theta;
+        VALUE r, theta;
 
-	if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(other))
-	    rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
+        if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(other))
+            rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
 
-	r = f_abs(self);
-	theta = f_arg(self);
+        r = f_abs(self);
+        theta = f_arg(self);
 
-	return f_complex_polar(CLASS_OF(self), f_expt(r, other),
-			       f_mul(theta, other));
+        return f_complex_polar(CLASS_OF(self), f_expt(r, other),
+                               f_mul(theta, other));
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, id_expt);
 }
@@ -1084,15 +1092,15 @@ static VALUE
 nucomp_eqeq_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	get_dat2(self, other);
+        get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	return RBOOL(f_eqeq_p(adat->real, bdat->real) &&
-			  f_eqeq_p(adat->imag, bdat->imag));
+        return RBOOL(f_eqeq_p(adat->real, bdat->real) &&
+                          f_eqeq_p(adat->imag, bdat->imag));
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
-	get_dat1(self);
+        get_dat1(self);
 
-	return RBOOL(f_eqeq_p(dat->real, other) && f_zero_p(dat->imag));
+        return RBOOL(f_eqeq_p(dat->real, other) && f_zero_p(dat->imag));
     }
     return RBOOL(f_eqeq_p(other, self));
 }
@@ -1101,7 +1109,7 @@ static bool
 nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
-    return(f_zero_p(dat->imag) ? true : false);
+    return f_zero_p(dat->imag);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1121,15 +1129,26 @@ nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 nucomp_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (nucomp_real_p(self) && k_numeric_p(other)) {
-        if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX) && nucomp_real_p(other)) {
+    if (!k_numeric_p(other)) {
+        return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, idCmp);
+    }
+    if (!nucomp_real_p(self)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        if (nucomp_real_p(other)) {
             get_dat2(self, other);
             return rb_funcall(adat->real, idCmp, 1, bdat->real);
         }
-        else if (f_real_p(other)) {
-            get_dat1(self);
+    }
+    else {
+        get_dat1(self);
+        if (f_real_p(other)) {
             return rb_funcall(dat->real, idCmp, 1, other);
         }
+        else {
+            return rb_num_coerce_cmp(dat->real, other, idCmp);
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1139,12 +1158,12 @@ static VALUE
 nucomp_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX))
-	return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
+        return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other))
         return rb_assoc_new(f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other), self);
 
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" can't be coerced into %"PRIsVALUE,
-	     rb_obj_class(other), rb_obj_class(self));
+             rb_obj_class(other), rb_obj_class(self));
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -1164,16 +1183,16 @@ rb_complex_abs(VALUE self)
     get_dat1(self);
 
     if (f_zero_p(dat->real)) {
-	VALUE a = f_abs(dat->imag);
-	if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->real) && !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->imag))
-	    a = f_to_f(a);
-	return a;
+        VALUE a = f_abs(dat->imag);
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->real) && !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->imag))
+            a = f_to_f(a);
+        return a;
     }
     if (f_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
-	VALUE a = f_abs(dat->real);
-	if (!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->real) && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->imag))
-	    a = f_to_f(a);
-	return a;
+        VALUE a = f_abs(dat->real);
+        if (!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->real) && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->imag))
+            a = f_to_f(a);
+        return a;
     }
     return rb_math_hypot(dat->real, dat->imag);
 }
@@ -1192,7 +1211,7 @@ nucomp_abs2(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return f_add(f_mul(dat->real, dat->real),
-		 f_mul(dat->imag, dat->imag));
+                 f_mul(dat->imag, dat->imag));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1313,10 +1332,10 @@ nucomp_numerator(VALUE self)
 
     cd = nucomp_denominator(self);
     return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			  f_mul(f_numerator(dat->real),
-				f_div(cd, f_denominator(dat->real))),
-			  f_mul(f_numerator(dat->imag),
-				f_div(cd, f_denominator(dat->imag))));
+                          f_mul(f_numerator(dat->real),
+                                f_div(cd, f_denominator(dat->real))),
+                          f_mul(f_numerator(dat->imag),
+                                f_div(cd, f_denominator(dat->imag))));
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1346,11 +1365,11 @@ static VALUE
 nucomp_eql_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	get_dat2(self, other);
+        get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	return RBOOL((CLASS_OF(adat->real) == CLASS_OF(bdat->real)) &&
-			  (CLASS_OF(adat->imag) == CLASS_OF(bdat->imag)) &&
-			  f_eqeq_p(self, other));
+        return RBOOL((CLASS_OF(adat->real) == CLASS_OF(bdat->real)) &&
+                          (CLASS_OF(adat->imag) == CLASS_OF(bdat->imag)) &&
+                          f_eqeq_p(self, other));
 
     }
     return Qfalse;
@@ -1360,8 +1379,8 @@ inline static int
 f_signbit(VALUE x)
 {
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
-	double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
-	return !isnan(f) && signbit(f);
+        double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
+        return !isnan(f) && signbit(f);
     }
     return f_negative_p(x);
 }
@@ -1387,7 +1406,7 @@ f_format(VALUE self, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
 
     rb_str_concat(s, (*func)(f_abs(dat->imag)));
     if (!rb_isdigit(RSTRING_PTR(s)[RSTRING_LEN(s) - 1]))
-	rb_str_cat2(s, "*");
+        rb_str_cat2(s, "*");
     rb_str_cat2(s, "i");
 
     return s;
@@ -1470,7 +1489,7 @@ rb_complex_infinite_p(VALUE self)
     get_dat1(self);
 
     if (!f_infinite_p(dat->real) && !f_infinite_p(dat->imag)) {
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     }
     return ONE;
 }
@@ -1513,7 +1532,7 @@ nucomp_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
 {
     Check_Type(a, T_ARRAY);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(a) != 2)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "marshaled complex must have an array whose length is 2 but %ld", RARRAY_LEN(a));
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "marshaled complex must have an array whose length is 2 but %ld", RARRAY_LEN(a));
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_real, RARRAY_AREF(a, 0));
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_imag, RARRAY_AREF(a, 1));
     return self;
@@ -1575,8 +1594,8 @@ nucomp_to_i(VALUE self)
     get_dat1(self);
 
     if (!k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Integer",
-		 self);
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Integer",
+                 self);
     }
     return f_to_i(dat->real);
 }
@@ -1598,8 +1617,8 @@ nucomp_to_f(VALUE self)
     get_dat1(self);
 
     if (!k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Float",
-		 self);
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Float",
+                 self);
     }
     return f_to_f(dat->real);
 }
@@ -1623,8 +1642,8 @@ nucomp_to_r(VALUE self)
     get_dat1(self);
 
     if (!k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Rational",
-		 self);
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Rational",
+                 self);
     }
     return f_to_r(dat->real);
 }
@@ -1703,14 +1722,14 @@ issign(int c)
 
 static int
 read_sign(const char **s,
-	  char **b)
+          char **b)
 {
     int sign = '?';
 
     if (issign(**s)) {
-	sign = **b = **s;
-	(*s)++;
-	(*b)++;
+        sign = **b = **s;
+        (*s)++;
+        (*b)++;
     }
     return sign;
 }
@@ -1723,32 +1742,32 @@ isdecimal(int c)
 
 static int
 read_digits(const char **s, int strict,
-	    char **b)
+            char **b)
 {
     int us = 1;
 
     if (!isdecimal(**s))
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
 
     while (isdecimal(**s) || **s == '_') {
-	if (**s == '_') {
-	    if (strict) {
-		if (us)
-		    return 0;
-	    }
-	    us = 1;
-	}
-	else {
-	    **b = **s;
-	    (*b)++;
-	    us = 0;
-	}
-	(*s)++;
+        if (**s == '_') {
+            if (us) {
+                if (strict) return 0;
+                break;
+            }
+            us = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            **b = **s;
+            (*b)++;
+            us = 0;
+        }
+        (*s)++;
     }
     if (us)
-	do {
-	    (*s)--;
-	} while (**s == '_');
+        do {
+            (*s)--;
+        } while (**s == '_');
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -1760,70 +1779,70 @@ islettere(int c)
 
 static int
 read_num(const char **s, int strict,
-	 char **b)
+         char **b)
 {
     if (**s != '.') {
-	if (!read_digits(s, strict, b))
-	    return 0;
+        if (!read_digits(s, strict, b))
+            return 0;
     }
 
     if (**s == '.') {
-	**b = **s;
-	(*s)++;
-	(*b)++;
-	if (!read_digits(s, strict, b)) {
-	    (*b)--;
-	    return 0;
-	}
+        **b = **s;
+        (*s)++;
+        (*b)++;
+        if (!read_digits(s, strict, b)) {
+            (*b)--;
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 
     if (islettere(**s)) {
-	**b = **s;
-	(*s)++;
-	(*b)++;
-	read_sign(s, b);
-	if (!read_digits(s, strict, b)) {
-	    (*b)--;
-	    return 0;
-	}
+        **b = **s;
+        (*s)++;
+        (*b)++;
+        read_sign(s, b);
+        if (!read_digits(s, strict, b)) {
+            (*b)--;
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
     return 1;
 }
 
 inline static int
 read_den(const char **s, int strict,
-	 char **b)
+         char **b)
 {
     if (!read_digits(s, strict, b))
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
     return 1;
 }
 
 static int
 read_rat_nos(const char **s, int strict,
-	     char **b)
+             char **b)
 {
     if (!read_num(s, strict, b))
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
     if (**s == '/') {
-	**b = **s;
-	(*s)++;
-	(*b)++;
-	if (!read_den(s, strict, b)) {
-	    (*b)--;
-	    return 0;
-	}
+        **b = **s;
+        (*s)++;
+        (*b)++;
+        if (!read_den(s, strict, b)) {
+            (*b)--;
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
     return 1;
 }
 
 static int
 read_rat(const char **s, int strict,
-	 char **b)
+         char **b)
 {
     read_sign(s, b);
     if (!read_rat_nos(s, strict, b))
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -1831,22 +1850,22 @@ inline static int
 isimagunit(int c)
 {
     return (c == 'i' || c == 'I' ||
-	    c == 'j' || c == 'J');
+            c == 'j' || c == 'J');
 }
 
 static VALUE
 str2num(char *s)
 {
     if (strchr(s, '/'))
-	return rb_cstr_to_rat(s, 0);
+        return rb_cstr_to_rat(s, 0);
     if (strpbrk(s, ".eE"))
-	return DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(s, 0));
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(s, 0));
     return rb_cstr_to_inum(s, 10, 0);
 }
 
 static int
 read_comp(const char **s, int strict,
-	  VALUE *ret, char **b)
+          VALUE *ret, char **b)
 {
     char *bb;
     int sign;
@@ -1857,72 +1876,72 @@ read_comp(const char **s, int strict,
     sign = read_sign(s, b);
 
     if (isimagunit(**s)) {
-	(*s)++;
-	num = INT2FIX((sign == '-') ? -1 : + 1);
-	*ret = rb_complex_new2(ZERO, num);
-	return 1; /* e.g. "i" */
+        (*s)++;
+        num = INT2FIX((sign == '-') ? -1 : + 1);
+        *ret = rb_complex_new2(ZERO, num);
+        return 1; /* e.g. "i" */
     }
 
     if (!read_rat_nos(s, strict, b)) {
-	**b = '\0';
-	num = str2num(bb);
-	*ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
-	return 0; /* e.g. "-" */
+        **b = '\0';
+        num = str2num(bb);
+        *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
+        return 0; /* e.g. "-" */
     }
     **b = '\0';
     num = str2num(bb);
 
     if (isimagunit(**s)) {
-	(*s)++;
-	*ret = rb_complex_new2(ZERO, num);
-	return 1; /* e.g. "3i" */
+        (*s)++;
+        *ret = rb_complex_new2(ZERO, num);
+        return 1; /* e.g. "3i" */
     }
 
     if (**s == '@') {
-	int st;
-
-	(*s)++;
-	bb = *b;
-	st = read_rat(s, strict, b);
-	**b = '\0';
-	if (strlen(bb) < 1 ||
-	    !isdecimal(*(bb + strlen(bb) - 1))) {
-	    *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
-	    return 0; /* e.g. "1@-" */
-	}
-	num2 = str2num(bb);
-	*ret = rb_complex_new_polar(num, num2);
-	if (!st)
-	    return 0; /* e.g. "1@2." */
-	else
-	    return 1; /* e.g. "1@2" */
+        int st;
+
+        (*s)++;
+        bb = *b;
+        st = read_rat(s, strict, b);
+        **b = '\0';
+        if (strlen(bb) < 1 ||
+            !isdecimal(*(bb + strlen(bb) - 1))) {
+            *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
+            return 0; /* e.g. "1@-" */
+        }
+        num2 = str2num(bb);
+        *ret = rb_complex_new_polar(num, num2);
+        if (!st)
+            return 0; /* e.g. "1@2." */
+        else
+            return 1; /* e.g. "1@2" */
     }
 
     if (issign(**s)) {
-	bb = *b;
-	sign = read_sign(s, b);
-	if (isimagunit(**s))
-	    num2 = INT2FIX((sign == '-') ? -1 : + 1);
-	else {
-	    if (!read_rat_nos(s, strict, b)) {
-		*ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
-		return 0; /* e.g. "1+xi" */
-	    }
-	    **b = '\0';
-	    num2 = str2num(bb);
-	}
-	if (!isimagunit(**s)) {
-	    *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
-	    return 0; /* e.g. "1+3x" */
-	}
-	(*s)++;
-	*ret = rb_complex_new2(num, num2);
-	return 1; /* e.g. "1+2i" */
+        bb = *b;
+        sign = read_sign(s, b);
+        if (isimagunit(**s))
+            num2 = INT2FIX((sign == '-') ? -1 : + 1);
+        else {
+            if (!read_rat_nos(s, strict, b)) {
+                *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
+                return 0; /* e.g. "1+xi" */
+            }
+            **b = '\0';
+            num2 = str2num(bb);
+        }
+        if (!isimagunit(**s)) {
+            *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
+            return 0; /* e.g. "1+3x" */
+        }
+        (*s)++;
+        *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, num2);
+        return 1; /* e.g. "1+2i" */
     }
     /* !(@, - or +) */
     {
-	*ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
-	return 1; /* e.g. "3" */
+        *ret = rb_complex_new2(num, ZERO);
+        return 1; /* e.g. "3" */
     }
 }
 
@@ -1930,7 +1949,7 @@ inline static void
 skip_ws(const char **s)
 {
     while (isspace((unsigned char)**s))
-	(*s)++;
+        (*s)++;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1971,22 +1990,22 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
 
     if (!s || memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(self))) {
         if (!raise) return Qnil;
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string contains null byte");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string contains null byte");
     }
 
     if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
-	rb_str_modify(self);
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
-	s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
+        rb_str_modify(self);
+        s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
+        s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
     }
 
     if (!s)
-	s = (char *)"";
+        s = (char *)"";
 
     if (!parse_comp(s, 1, &num)) {
         if (!raise) return Qnil;
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for convert(): %+"PRIsVALUE,
-		 self);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for convert(): %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 self);
     }
 
     return num;
@@ -2013,6 +2032,12 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
  *    '1/2+3/4i'.to_c    #=> ((1/2)+(3/4)*i)
  *    'ruby'.to_c        #=> (0+0i)
  *
+ * Polar form:
+ *    include Math
+ *    "1.0@0".to_c        #=> (1+0.0i)
+ *    "1.0@#{PI/2}".to_c  #=> (0.0+1i)
+ *    "1.0@#{PI}".to_c    #=> (-1+0.0i)
+ *
  * See Kernel.Complex.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -2026,13 +2051,13 @@ string_to_c(VALUE self)
     s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
 
     if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
-	rb_str_modify(self);
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
-	s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
+        rb_str_modify(self);
+        s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
+        s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
     }
 
     if (!s)
-	s = (char *)"";
+        s = (char *)"";
 
     (void)parse_comp(s, 0, &num);
 
@@ -2050,65 +2075,68 @@ nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise)
 {
     if (NIL_P(a1) || NIL_P(a2)) {
         if (!raise) return Qnil;
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Complex");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Complex");
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_STRING)) {
-	a1 = string_to_c_strict(a1, raise);
+        a1 = string_to_c_strict(a1, raise);
         if (NIL_P(a1)) return Qnil;
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_STRING)) {
-	a2 = string_to_c_strict(a2, raise);
+        a2 = string_to_c_strict(a2, raise);
         if (NIL_P(a2)) return Qnil;
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	{
-	    get_dat1(a1);
+        {
+            get_dat1(a1);
 
-	    if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
-		a1 = dat->real;
-	}
+            if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
+                a1 = dat->real;
+        }
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	{
-	    get_dat1(a2);
+        {
+            get_dat1(a2);
 
-	    if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
-		a2 = dat->real;
-	}
+            if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
+                a2 = dat->real;
+        }
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	if (a2 == Qundef || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
-	    return a1;
-    }
-
-    if (a2 == Qundef) {
-	if (k_numeric_p(a1) && !f_real_p(a1))
-	    return a1;
-	/* should raise exception for consistency */
-	if (!k_numeric_p(a1)) {
-            if (!raise)
-                return rb_protect(to_complex, a1, NULL);
-	    return to_complex(a1);
+        if (UNDEF_P(a2) || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
+            return a1;
+    }
+
+    if (UNDEF_P(a2)) {
+        if (k_numeric_p(a1) && !f_real_p(a1))
+            return a1;
+        /* should raise exception for consistency */
+        if (!k_numeric_p(a1)) {
+            if (!raise) {
+                a1 = rb_protect(to_complex, a1, NULL);
+                rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+                return a1;
+            }
+            return to_complex(a1);
         }
     }
     else {
-	if ((k_numeric_p(a1) && k_numeric_p(a2)) &&
-	    (!f_real_p(a1) || !f_real_p(a2)))
-	    return f_add(a1,
-			 f_mul(a2,
-			       f_complex_new_bang2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, ONE)));
+        if ((k_numeric_p(a1) && k_numeric_p(a2)) &&
+            (!f_real_p(a1) || !f_real_p(a2)))
+            return f_add(a1,
+                         f_mul(a2,
+                               f_complex_new_bang2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, ONE)));
     }
 
     {
         int argc;
-	VALUE argv2[2];
-	argv2[0] = a1;
-        if (a2 == Qundef) {
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = a1;
+        if (UNDEF_P(a2)) {
             argv2[1] = Qnil;
             argc = 1;
         }
@@ -2118,7 +2146,7 @@ nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise)
             argv2[1] = a2;
             argc = 2;
         }
-	return nucomp_s_new(argc, argv2, klass);
+        return nucomp_s_new(argc, argv2, klass);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2136,31 +2164,6 @@ nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    num.real  ->  self
- *
- * Returns self.
- */
-static VALUE
-numeric_real(VALUE self)
-{
-    return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    num.imag       ->  0
- *    num.imaginary  ->  0
- *
- * Returns zero.
- */
-static VALUE
-numeric_imag(VALUE self)
-{
-    return INT2FIX(0);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *    num.abs2  ->  real
  *
  * Returns square of self.
@@ -2232,19 +2235,6 @@ numeric_polar(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    num.conj       ->  self
- *    num.conjugate  ->  self
- *
- * Returns self.
- */
-static VALUE
-numeric_conj(VALUE self)
-{
-    return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *    flo.arg    ->  0 or float
  *    flo.angle  ->  0 or float
  *    flo.phase  ->  0 or float
@@ -2255,9 +2245,9 @@ static VALUE
 float_arg(VALUE self)
 {
     if (isnan(RFLOAT_VALUE(self)))
-	return self;
+        return self;
     if (f_tpositive_p(self))
-	return INT2FIX(0);
+        return INT2FIX(0);
     return rb_const_get(rb_mMath, id_PI);
 }
 
@@ -2408,9 +2398,6 @@ Init_Complex(void)
 
     rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "convert", nucomp_s_convert, -1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "real", numeric_real, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "imaginary", numeric_imag, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "imag", numeric_imag, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "abs2", numeric_abs2, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "arg", numeric_arg, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "angle", numeric_arg, 0);
@@ -2418,8 +2405,6 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "rectangular", numeric_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "rect", numeric_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "polar", numeric_polar, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "conjugate", numeric_conj, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "conj", numeric_conj, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "arg", float_arg, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "angle", float_arg, 0);
@@ -2429,7 +2414,7 @@ Init_Complex(void)
      * The imaginary unit.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cComplex, "I",
-		    f_complex_new_bang2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, ONE));
+                    f_complex_new_bang2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, ONE));
 
 #if !USE_FLONUM
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(RFLOAT_0 = DBL2NUM(0.0));
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 53aa21025e..220392d120 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_func_attribute.m4])dnl
 m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_mingw32.m4])dnl
 m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prepend_option.m4])dnl
 m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prog_gnu_ld.m4])dnl
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prog_makedirs.m4])dnl
 m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_replace_funcs.m4])dnl
 m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_replace_type.m4])dnl
 m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_require_funcs.m4])dnl
@@ -63,14 +64,22 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
 	[
 		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
 	])
+# BASERUBY must be >= 2.2.0. Note that `"2.2.0" > "2.2"` is true.
 AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" != no -a "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -e 'print 42 if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2"' 2>/dev/null`" = 42], [
+    AS_CASE(["$build_os"], [mingw*], [
+        # Can MSys shell run a command with a drive letter?
+        RUBYOPT=- `cygpath -ma "$BASERUBY"` --disable=gems -e exit 2>/dev/null || HAVE_BASERUBY=no
+    ])
     BASERUBY="$BASERUBY --disable=gems"
     BASERUBY_VERSION=`$BASERUBY -v`
     $BASERUBY -C "$srcdir" tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub >&AS_MESSAGE_FD
 ], [
-    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
     HAVE_BASERUBY=no
 ])
+AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" = no], [
+    AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling" = yes], [AC_MSG_ERROR([executable host ruby is required for cross-compiling])])
+    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
+])
 AC_SUBST(BASERUBY)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_BASERUBY)
 
@@ -87,7 +96,9 @@ AC_SUBST(GIT)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_GIT)
 
 eval `sed -n -e ['s/^@%:@define RUBY_[A-Z_]*VERSION_\([A-Z][A-Z][A-Z_0-9]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)$/\1=\2/p'] \
+      -e ['s/^@%:@define \(RUBY_ABI_VERSION\) \([0-9][0-9]*\).*/\1=\2/p'] \
       -e ['s/^@%:@define \(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL\) \(.*\)/\1=\2/p'] \
+     $srcdir/include/ruby/internal/abi.h \
      $srcdir/include/ruby/version.h $srcdir/version.h`
 for v in MAJOR MINOR TEENY; do
     AS_IF([eval "test \"\$$v\" = ''"], [
@@ -99,6 +110,9 @@ AC_SUBST(MINOR)
 AC_SUBST(TEENY)
 AC_SUBST(RUBY_API_VERSION, '$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)')
 AC_SUBST(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION, '$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)')
+AS_CASE([$RUBY_PATCHLEVEL], [-*], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ABI_VERSION, [${RUBY_ABI_VERSION}])
+], [RUBY_ABI_VERSION=])
 
 AS_IF([test "$program_prefix" = NONE], [
   program_prefix=
@@ -119,9 +133,12 @@ AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
 AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
     [aarch64-darwin*], [
         target_cpu=arm64
-        AS_CASE(["$target_vendor"], [unknown], [target_vendor=apple target=${target/-unknown-/-apple-}])
-        target="${target/aarch64/arm64}"
-        target_alias="${target_alias/aarch64/arm64}"
+        AS_CASE(["$target_vendor"], [unknown], [
+            target_vendor=apple
+            target=${target%%-unknown-*}-apple-${target@%:@*-unknown-}
+        ])
+        target="arm64-${target@%:@aarch64-}"
+        AS_IF([test -n "$target_alias"], [target_alias="arm64-${target_alias@%:@aarch64-}"])
     ])
 
 AC_ARG_PROGRAM
@@ -197,15 +214,23 @@ AS_CASE(["/${rb_CC} "],
 [*clang*],            [
     # Ditto for LLVM.  Note however that llvm-as is a LLVM-IR to LLVM bitcode
     # assembler that does not target your machine native binary.
-    : ${LD:="${CC}"}         # ... try -fuse-ld=lld ?
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AR],      [s/clang/llvm-ar/])
-#   RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AS],      [s/clang/llvm-as/])
+
+    # Xcode has its own version tools that may be incompatible with
+    # genuine LLVM tools, use the tools in the same directory.
+
+    AS_IF([$rb_CC -E -dM -xc - < /dev/null | grep -F __apple_build_version__ > /dev/null],
+          [llvm_prefix=], [llvm_prefix=llvm-])
+    # AC_PREPROC_IFELSE cannot be used before AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([LD],      [s/clang/ld/]) # ... maybe try lld ?
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AR],      [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}ar/])
+#   RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AS],      [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}as/])
     RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([CXX],     [s/clang/clang++/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([NM],      [s/clang/llvm-nm/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJCOPY], [s/clang/llvm-objcopy/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJDUMP], [s/clang/llvm-objdump/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([RANLIB],  [s/clang/llvm-ranlib/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([STRIP],   [s/clang/llvm-strip/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([NM],      [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}nm/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJCOPY], [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}objcopy/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJDUMP], [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}objdump/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([RANLIB],  [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}ranlib/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([STRIP],   [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}strip/])
 ])
 AS_UNSET(rb_CC)
 AS_UNSET(rb_dummy)
@@ -346,10 +371,9 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	[!<===== pre OS X 10.5 =====>]
 	@%:@endif
 	]])],
-	[macosx_min_required=yes],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
 	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
 	AC_MSG_ERROR([Unsupported OS X version is required])])
-    AC_MSG_RESULT(${macosx_min_required})
 ])
 
 RUBY_MINGW32
@@ -365,14 +389,21 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
     icc_version=`echo =__ICC | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///;/^__ICC/d'`
     test -n "$icc_version" || icc_version=0
     # RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, ["-include ruby/config.h" "-include ruby/missing.h"])
+
+    AS_IF([test "$gcc_major" -lt 4], [
+        AC_MSG_ERROR([too old GCC: $gcc_major.$gcc_minor])
+    ])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if thread-local storage is supported], [rb_cv_tls_supported],
+        [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[int __thread conftest;]])],
+            [rb_cv_tls_supported=yes],
+            [rb_cv_tls_supported=no])])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_tls_supported" != xyes],
+        [AC_DEFINE(RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER_IS_UNSUPPORTED)])
 ], [
     linker_flag=
 ])
 
-AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes -a "$gcc_major" -lt 3 ], [
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([too old GCC])
-])
-
 RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD
 RUBY_CPPOUTFILE
 
@@ -479,6 +510,7 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION, $RT_VER)
 	sysconfdir=
     ])
+    rb_cv_binary_elf=no
     : ${enable_shared=yes}
     ],
 [hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
@@ -486,17 +518,12 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 AC_PROG_LN_S
 AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
 AC_PROG_INSTALL
-AC_PROG_MKDIR_P
-AS_IF([test "x$MKDIR_P" = "x -d"], [
-  AS_IF([test x"$as_mkdir_p" != xfalse], [
-    MKDIR_P='mkdir -p'
-    echo "use 'mkdir -p' as MKDIR_P"
-  ], [
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([mkdir -p is required])
-  ])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[openbsd*],[
+    ac_cv_path_mkdir="mkdir"
 ])
-MAKEDIRS="$MKDIR_P"
-AC_SUBST(MAKEDIRS)
+
+RUBY_PROG_MAKEDIRS
 
 AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace])
 AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"], [
@@ -506,11 +533,16 @@ AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"]
 AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOT, dot)
 AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOXYGEN, doxygen)
 
-for prog in ${ac_tool_prefix:+${ac_tool_prefix}pkg-config} pkg-config; do
-    AC_CHECK_PROG(PKG_CONFIG, $prog, [$prog], [], [],
-        [`"$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1 || echo "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"`])
-    test -z "${PKG_CONFIG}" || break
-done
+tool_warned=$ac_tool_warned ac_tool_warned=no
+AC_CHECK_TOOL(PKG_CONFIG, pkg-config)
+ac_tool_warned=$tool_warned
+AS_IF([test -z "$PKG_CONFIG"], [],
+["$PKG_CONFIG" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1], [],
+[
+    unset ac_cv_prog_PKG_CONFIG
+    PKG_CONFIG=
+    AC_MSG_WARN([$PKG_CONFIG does not work; ignore])
+])
 
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether it is Android])
 AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
@@ -593,22 +625,39 @@ RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
     cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
 ])
 
-: ${RPATHFLAG=''}
-rpathflag=''
-AS_IF([test x"${RPATHFLAG}" = x], [
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+: "rpath" && {
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
+        [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],[
+            AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
+            [.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
+            [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])])
+
+    rpathflag=''
+    AS_IF([test x"${RPATHFLAG=}" = x], [
+	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	[aix*], [rpathflag='-blibpath:'],
-	[for rpathflag in -R "-rpath "; do
+	[for rpathflag in "-rpath " -R; do
 	    AS_CASE("$rpathflag",
 		    [*" "], [AS_CASE(["${linker_flag}"],
 				     [*,], [rpathflag=`echo "$rpathflag" | tr ' ' ,`])])
 	    rpathflag="${linker_flag}${rpathflag}"
 	    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${rpathflag}.], [], [rpathflag=])
-	    AS_IF([test "x${rpathflag}" != x], [])
+	    AS_IF([test "x${rpathflag}" != x], [break])
         done])
-], [
-    rpathflag=`echo "$RPATHFLAG" | sed 's/%.*//'`
-])
+    ], [
+        rpathflag=`echo "$RPATHFLAG" | sed 's/%.*//'`
+    ])
+
+    AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
+        enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
+        [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+
+    AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath:${RPATHFLAG}" = yes:], [
+        RPATHFLAG="${rpathflag:+ ${rpathflag}%1\$-s}"
+    ])
+    AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
+}
 
 RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(-fdeclspec, [fdeclspec=yes], [fdeclspec=no])
 AS_IF([test "$fdeclspec" = yes], [
@@ -621,9 +670,13 @@ AS_IF([test "$fdeclspec" = yes], [
     RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CXXFLAGS, -fdeclspec)
 ])
 
-AS_CASE([$RUBY_PATCHLEVEL], [-*],
-	[RUBY_DEVEL=yes], [RUBY_DEVEL=no])
-particular_werror_flags=$RUBY_DEVEL
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(devel,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-devel], [enable development build]),
+    [RUBY_DEVEL=$enableval],
+    [AS_IF([test "x${RUBY_DEVEL-no}" != xyes], [RUBY_DEVEL=])]
+)dnl
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_DEVEL)
+particular_werror_flags=${RUBY_DEVEL:-no}
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(werror,
 	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-werror],
 		       [don't make warnings into errors
@@ -634,10 +687,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(werror,
 rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
 AS_CASE(["$GCC:${warnflags+set}:${extra_warnflags:+set}:"],
 [yes::*|yes:*:set:], [# GCC && (!warnflags || extra_warnflags)
-    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -ge 4], [
-	extra_warnflags="$extra_warnflags -Werror=extra-tokens"
-    ])
-    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -ge 5 -a $gcc_major -le 6], [
+    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -le 6], [
 	extra_warnflags="$extra_warnflags -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
     ])
     # ICC doesn't support -Werror=
@@ -645,6 +695,7 @@ AS_CASE(["$GCC:${warnflags+set}:${extra_warnflags:+set}:"],
 	particular_werror_flags=no
     ])
     for wflag in \
+		 -Werror=extra-tokens \
 		 -Werror=deprecated-declarations \
 		 -Werror=division-by-zero -Werror=div-by-zero \
 		 -Werror=duplicated-cond \
@@ -749,7 +800,8 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 				 [disable -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 option, which causes link error on mingw]),
 		  [fortify_source=$enableval])
     AS_IF([test "x$fortify_source" != xno], [
-        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([$optflags -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)], [],
+        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([$optflags -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2],
+                        [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)], [],
                         [@%:@include <stdio.h>])
     ])
 
@@ -757,7 +809,7 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 
     # -fstack-protector
     AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*|emscripten*|wasi*], [
+    [emscripten*|wasi*], [
 	stack_protector=no
     ])
     AS_IF([test -z "${stack_protector+set}"], [
@@ -769,12 +821,25 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 	    AS_IF([test "x$stack_protector" = xyes], [stack_protector=option; break])
 	])
     ])
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for -fstack-protector])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(["$stack_protector"])
     AS_CASE(["$stack_protector"], [-*], [
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $stack_protector)
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
     ])
 
+    # aarch64 branch protection
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [aarch64], [
+	AS_FOR(option, opt, [-mbranch-protection=pac-ret -msign-return-address=all], [
+            RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(option, [branch_protection=yes], [branch_protection=no])
+            AS_IF([test "x$branch_protection" = xyes], [
+                RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, option)
+                break
+            ])
+        ])
+    ])
+
     AS_CASE("${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}",
     [none|no], [], [
     RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib},
@@ -823,33 +888,6 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
       # need lgamma_r()
     ])
 
-    # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [solaris*], [
-      # Because "-std=gnu99" affects existence of functions on Solaris,
-      # "-std=gnu99" will be appended to CPPFLAGS.
-	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, ${ansi_options})
-	    ], [ansi_options=])
-	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
-	done
-    ],
-    [
-      # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-      rb_tmp_std_check=`echo $CC $CFLAGS $optflags $warnflags $debugflags | fgrep std= | tr -d  '\015'`
-      AS_IF([test "x$rb_tmp_std_check" = "x"],
-      [
-	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-	    ], [ansi_options=])
-	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
-	done
-      ])
-    ])
-
     # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
     RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-strict-overflow, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fno-strict-overflow)])
 
@@ -858,15 +896,12 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
     test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-g3, [debugflags=-g3])}
 ])
 test $ac_cv_prog_cc_g = yes && : ${debugflags=-g}
-AS_IF([test "x$RUBY_DEVEL" = xyes], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_DEVEL=1)])
 
 AS_IF([test "$GCC" = ""], [
     AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[warnflags="$warnflags -qinfo=por" rb_cv_warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags -qinfo=por"])
 ])
 AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
-    AS_IF([test "$gcc_major" -ge 4], [
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fvisibility=hidden, [visibility_option=yes], [visibility_option=no])
-    ])
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fvisibility=hidden, [visibility_option=yes], [visibility_option=no])
     AC_SUBST(WERRORFLAG, "-Werror")
     AS_IF([test "$visibility_option" = yes], [
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fvisibility=hidden)
@@ -915,17 +950,35 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [[i[3-6]86*]], [
     AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas" = i486], [ARCH_FLAG="-march=i486"])
 ])
 
+OPT_DIR=
+AC_ARG_WITH([gmp-dir],
+  AS_HELP_STRING([--with-gmp-dir=DIR],
+                 [specify the prefix directory where gmp is installed]),
+  [OPT_DIR="${OPT_DIR:+$OPT_DIR$PATH_SEPARATOR}$withval"], [])
+AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
+  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
+                  [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
+  [], [with_gmp=yes])
+
 AC_ARG_WITH(opt-dir,
 	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-opt-dir=DIR-LIST],
 		       [add optional headers and libraries directories separated by $PATH_SEPARATOR]),
-	[
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -I\1/include|g;s/^ //"`
-		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $val"
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -L\1/lib${rpathflag:+ $rpathflag\\\\1/lib}|g;s/^ //"`
-		LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $val"
-		LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-		OPT_DIR="$withval"
-	], [OPT_DIR=])
+	[OPT_DIR="${OPT_DIR:+$OPT_DIR$PATH_SEPARATOR}$withval"], [])
+
+AS_IF([test "x$OPT_DIR" != x], [
+    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
+        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
+            test -z "$dir" && continue
+            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
+            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
+        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
+    LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS:+$LDFLAGS }$val"
+    DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS:+$DLDFLAGS }$val"
+    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
+    INCFLAGS="${INCFLAGS:+$INCFLAGS }"`echo "$OPT_DIR" | tr "${PATH_SEPARATOR}" '\012' |
+        sed '/^$/d;s|^|-I|;s|$|/include|' | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
+])
+AC_SUBST(incflags, "$INCFLAGS")
 
 test -z "${ac_env_CFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cflags+set}" && eval CFLAGS="\"$cflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
 test -z "${ac_env_CXXFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cxxflags+set}" && eval CXXFLAGS="\"$cxxflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
@@ -992,7 +1045,7 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
 		ac_cv_func_fdatasync=no # Mac OS X wrongly reports it has fdatasync()
 		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
-		AS_IF([test $gcc_major -lt 4 -o \( $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3 \)], [
+		AS_IF([test $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3], [
 		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
 		])
 		with_setjmp_type=sigsetjmp # to hijack SIGCHLD handler
@@ -1144,22 +1197,18 @@ main()
 		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
 		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
 		ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=no
-		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
 		rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes
 		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
 		ac_cv_func_flock=yes
 		ac_cv_func_gmtime_r=yes
 		rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes
 		ac_cv_type_struct_timeval=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
 		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
 		ac_cv_type_off_t=yes
 		ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8
 		AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" = x64], [
 		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=yes
 		    ac_cv_func_round=no
-		    coroutine_type=yes
 		])
 		ac_cv_func_tgamma=no
 		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
@@ -1248,6 +1297,11 @@ dnl AC_HEADER_STDC has been checked in AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
 AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
 AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
 
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS([afunix.h], [], [],
+[#ifdef _WIN32
+# include <winsock2.h>
+#endif
+])
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(atomic.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(copyfile.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(direct.h)
@@ -1294,16 +1348,13 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADERS(syscall.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(time.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ucontext.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdatomic.h)
+
 AS_CASE("$target_cpu", [x64|x86_64|i[3-6]86*], [
   AC_CHECK_HEADERS(x86intrin.h)
 ])
 RUBY_UNIVERSAL_CHECK_HEADER([x86_64, i386], x86intrin.h)
 
-AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
-  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
-    [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
-  [],
-  [with_gmp=yes])
 AS_IF([test "x$with_gmp" != xno],
   [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(gmp.h)
    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_gmp_h" != xno],
@@ -1315,6 +1366,8 @@ AC_ARG_WITH([jemalloc],
   [with_jemalloc=$withval], [with_jemalloc=no])
 AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xno],[
   # find jemalloc header first
+  save_CPPFLAGS="${CPPFLAGS}"
+  CPPFLAGS="${INCFLAGS} ${CPPFLAGS}"
   malloc_header=
   AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc/jemalloc.h, [malloc_header=jemalloc/jemalloc.h], [
     AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc.h, [malloc_header=jemalloc.h])
@@ -1346,6 +1399,8 @@ AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xno],[
       done
     done
   ])
+  CPPFLAGS="${save_CPPFLAGS}"
+  unset save_CPPFLAGS
   with_jemalloc=${rb_cv_jemalloc_library}
   AS_CASE(["$with_jemalloc"],
   [no],
@@ -1866,7 +1921,7 @@ AS_IF([test $rb_cv_stack_end_address != no], [
 dnl Checks for library functions.
 AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
 AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
-[powerpc-darwin*], [
+[powerpc*-darwin*], [
   AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
   AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
   AC_DEFINE(C_ALLOCA)
@@ -1875,8 +1930,8 @@ AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
 [universal-darwin*:*ppc*], [
   AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
   AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], C_ALLOCA, 1)
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], alloca, alloca)
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __POWERPC__], C_ALLOCA, 1) # Darwin defines __POWERPC__ for ppc and ppc64 both
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __POWERPC__], alloca, alloca)
   ],
 [
   AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
@@ -1956,6 +2011,7 @@ AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_longjmp)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
 test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(arc4random_buf)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atan2l atan2f)
+AC_CHECK_DECLS(atomic_signal_fence, [], [], [#include <stdatomic.h>])
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chmod)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chown)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chroot)
@@ -2546,6 +2602,15 @@ AS_CASE([$coroutine_type], [yes|''], [
         [arm64-darwin*], [
             coroutine_type=arm64
         ],
+        # Correct target name is powerpc*-, but Ruby seems to prefer ppc*-.
+        # Notice that Darwin PPC ABI differs from AIX and ELF.
+        # Adding PPC targets for AIX, *BSD and *Linux will require separate implementations.
+        [powerpc-darwin*|ppc-darwin*], [
+            coroutine_type=ppc
+        ],
+        [powerpc64-darwin*|ppc64-darwin*], [
+            coroutine_type=ppc64
+        ],
         [x*64-linux*], [
             AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp"],
                 [8], [ coroutine_type=amd64 ],
@@ -2849,12 +2914,6 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
 	])
 ])
 
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
-[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],[
-AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
-[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
-rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
-
 AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
   AC_DEFINE(USE_ELF)
   AC_CHECK_HEADERS([elf.h elf_abi.h])
@@ -2931,13 +2990,25 @@ STATIC=
   ])
 }
 
-: "rpath" && {
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
-       enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
-       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+EXTSTATIC=
+AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
+AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
+            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
+AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
+  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
+  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
+], [
+  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
+])
+AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
+AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
 
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+: "rpath" && {
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	[solaris*], [	AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes], [
@@ -2977,7 +3048,6 @@ STATIC=
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
 	[interix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
 	[freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
 			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
@@ -2996,8 +3066,16 @@ STATIC=
 	[darwin*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamic -bundle'}
 			: ${DLDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamiclib'}
 			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH}
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH}
 			: ${PRELOADENV=DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES}
+                        AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+                            # Resolve symbols from libruby.dylib when --enable-shared
+                            EXTDLDFLAGS='$(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)'
+                        ], [test "x$EXTSTATIC" = x], [
+                            # When building exts as bundles, a mach-o bundle needs to know its loader
+                            # program to bind symbols from the ruby executable
+                            EXTDLDFLAGS="-bundle_loader '\$(BUILTRUBY)'"
+			])
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
         [aix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC)'}
 			AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
@@ -3029,30 +3107,35 @@ STATIC=
 	[atheos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
 	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
-  AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
+}
 
-  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes], [
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes], [
     AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-      [darwin*], [
+    [darwin*], [
+        AC_SUBST(ADDITIONAL_DLDFLAGS, "")
 	for flag in \
-	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
 	  "-multiply_defined suppress" \
+	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
 	  ; do
-	  test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
-	  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
-	  AS_IF([test "x$flag" != x], [
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
-	  ])
+            test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
+            RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
+            AS_IF([test x"$flag" = x], [continue])
+
+            AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $flag is accepted for bundle])
+            : > conftest.c
+            AS_IF([${LDSHARED%%'$(CC)'*}$CC${LDSHARED@%:@*'$(CC)'} -o conftest.bundle $flag conftest.c >/dev/null 2>conftest.err &&
+                test ! -s conftest.err], [
+                AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
+                RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
+            ], [
+                AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
+                RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(ADDITIONAL_DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
+            ])
+            rm -fr conftest.*
 	done
-      ])
-  ])
-
-  AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath:${RPATHFLAG}" = yes:], [
-      AS_IF([test "x$rpathflag" != x], [
-	  RPATHFLAG=" ${rpathflag}%1\$-s"
-      ])
-  ])
-}
+    ])
+])
 
 AS_IF([test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""], [
     AS_CASE(["${LDSHARED}"],
@@ -3068,7 +3151,6 @@ AS_IF([test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""], [
 	[ld" "*], [
 	    ])
 ])
-AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
 
 AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
 AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
@@ -3077,23 +3159,6 @@ AC_SUBST(LIBPATHENV, "${LIBPATHENV-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}")
 AC_SUBST(PRELOADENV, "${PRELOADENV-LD_PRELOAD}")
 AC_SUBST(TRY_LINK)
 
-AS_IF([test "x$OPT_DIR" != x], [
-    pat=`echo "${LDFLAGS_OPTDIR}" | sed ['s/[][\\.*|]/\\\\&/']`
-    LDFLAGS=`echo "${LDFLAGS}" | sed "s| ${pat}||"`
-    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
-        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
-            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
-            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
-        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
-    AS_IF([test x"$val" != x], [
-	test x"${LDFLAGS}" = x || LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
-	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS$val"
-	test x"${DLDFLAGS}" = x || DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "
-	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS$val"
-    ])
-    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-])
-
 AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 [freebsd*], [
     AC_CHECK_LIB([procstat], [procstat_open_sysctl])
@@ -3108,6 +3173,15 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
     AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes], [
 	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
 	AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libunwind.h])
+
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([mach/task.h mach/mach_init.h mach/mach_port.h])
+    AS_IF([ test \
+        "x${ac_cv_header_mach_task_h}" = xyes -a \
+        "x${ac_cv_header_mach_mach_init_h}" = xyes -a \
+        "x${ac_cv_header_mach_mach_port_h}" = xyes \
+    ], [
+        AC_DEFINE([HAVE_MACH_TASK_EXCEPTION_PORTS], [1])
+    ])
     ])],
 [*-freebsd*|x86_64-netbsd*], [
     AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
@@ -3237,23 +3311,6 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(ext,
 AC_ARG_WITH(out-ext,
             AS_HELP_STRING([--with-out-ext=EXTS],
                            [pass to --without-ext option of extmk.rb]))
-EXTSTATIC=
-AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
-AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
-            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
-AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
-  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
-  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
-], [
-  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
-])
-AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
-AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
-
 AC_ARG_WITH(setup,
 	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setup=SETUP], [use extension libraries setup]),
 	    [setup=$withval])
@@ -3303,7 +3360,6 @@ for var in bindir includedir libdir rubylibprefix; do
 done
 
 BTESTRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(BASERUBY)'
 AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
   test x"$MINIRUBY" = x && MINIRUBY="${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -I`$CHDIR .; pwd` "-r'$(arch)-fake'
   XRUBY_LIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]']`
@@ -3313,6 +3369,10 @@ AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
   AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)
   AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)
   PREP='$(arch)-fake.rb'
+  AS_CASE(["$enable_shared:$EXTSTATIC:$target_os"], [no::darwin*], [
+    # darwin target requires miniruby for linking ext bundles
+    PREP="$PREP"' miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+  ])
   RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
   RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)'
   XRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
@@ -3326,7 +3386,6 @@ AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
   RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) $(RUNRUBYOPT)'
   RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) --'
   XRUBY='$(RUNRUBY)'
-  AS_CASE(["$HAVE_BASERUBY:$build_os"], [no:*|*:mingw*], [BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'])
   TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
   CROSS_COMPILING=no
 ])
@@ -3338,7 +3397,6 @@ AC_SUBST(PREP)
 AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)
 AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
 
 FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
@@ -3577,7 +3635,7 @@ AS_CASE("$cross_compiling:${LIBPATHENV}", [yes:* | no:], [], [
     AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether wrapper for $LIBPATHENV is needed)
     AS_IF([env ${LIBPATHENV}=/lib /bin/sh -c ': ${'${LIBPATHENV}'?}' 2>/dev/null],
 	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
-	[PREP="$PREP"' exe/$(PROGRAM)'
+	[AC_SUBST(XRUBY_LIBPATHENV_WRAPPER, 'exe/$(PROGRAM)')
 	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)]
     )
 ])
@@ -3692,12 +3750,12 @@ AS_CASE(["$RDOCTARGET:$CAPITARGET"],[nodoc:nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=nodoc],[INSTALLDOC
 AC_SUBST(INSTALLDOC)
 
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(jit-support,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-jit-support], [disable JIT features]),
-        [MJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
-        # Enable mjit by default except for WASI
-        [AS_IF([test x"$target_os" != "xwasi"],
-		[MJIT_SUPPORT=yes],
-		[MJIT_SUPPORT=no ])])
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-jit-support], [disable JIT features]),
+    [MJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
+    [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+        [wasi | mingw* | solaris*], [MJIT_SUPPORT=no],
+        [MJIT_SUPPORT=yes]
+    )])
 
 AS_IF([test x"$MJIT_SUPPORT" = "xyes"],
 	[AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 1)],
@@ -3705,39 +3763,108 @@ AS_IF([test x"$MJIT_SUPPORT" = "xyes"],
 
 AC_SUBST(MJIT_SUPPORT)
 
+AC_CHECK_PROG(RUSTC, [rustc], [rustc], [no]) dnl no ac_tool_prefix
+
+dnl check if rustc is recent enough to build YJIT (rustc >= 1.58.0)
+YJIT_RUSTC_OK=no
+AS_IF([test "$RUSTC" != "no"],
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether ${RUSTC} works for YJIT])
+    YJIT_TARGET_ARCH=
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
+        [arm64|aarch64], [YJIT_TARGET_ARCH=aarch64],
+        [x86_64], [YJIT_TARGET_ARCH=x86_64],
+    )
+    dnl Fails in case rustc target doesn't match ruby target.
+    dnl Can happen on Rosetta, for example.
+    AS_IF([echo "#[cfg(target_arch = \"$YJIT_TARGET_ARCH\")] fn main() { let x = 1; format!(\"{x}\"); }" |
+            $RUSTC - --emit asm=/dev/null 2>/dev/null],
+        [YJIT_RUSTC_OK=yes]
+    )
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($YJIT_RUSTC_OK)
+)
+
+dnl check if we can build YJIT on this target platform
+dnl we can't easily cross-compile with rustc so we don't support that
+YJIT_TARGET_OK=no
+AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling" = no],
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
+        [*android*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=no
+        ],
+        [arm64-darwin*|aarch64-darwin*|x86_64-darwin*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=yes
+        ],
+        [arm64-*linux*|aarch64-*linux*|x86_64-*linux*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=yes
+        ],
+        [arm64-*bsd*|aarch64-*bsd*|x86_64-*bsd*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=yes
+        ]
+    )
+)
+
+dnl build YJIT in release mode if rustc >= 1.58.0 is present and we are on a supported platform
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(yjit,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-yjit],
-        [enable experimental in-process JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools [default=no]]),
-        [YJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval], [YJIT_SUPPORT=no])
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-yjit],
+    [enable in-process JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools. enabled by default on supported platforms if rustc 1.58.0+ is available]),
+    [YJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
+    [AS_CASE(["$enable_jit_support:$YJIT_TARGET_OK:$YJIT_RUSTC_OK"],
+        [yes:yes:yes|:yes:yes], [
+            YJIT_SUPPORT=yes
+        ],
+        [YJIT_SUPPORT=no]
+    )]
+)
 
 CARGO=
 CARGO_BUILD_ARGS=
 YJIT_LIBS=
 AS_CASE(["${YJIT_SUPPORT}"],
-[yes|dev], [
+[yes|dev|stats|dev_nodebug], [
     AS_IF([test x"$enable_jit_support" = "xno"],
         AC_MSG_ERROR([--disable-jit-support but --enable-yjit. YJIT requires JIT support])
     )
-    AC_CHECK_TOOL(RUSTC, [rustc], [no])
     AS_IF([test x"$RUSTC" = "xno"],
         AC_MSG_ERROR([rustc is required. Installation instructions available at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install])
     )
-    AS_IF([test x"$YJIT_SUPPORT" = "xyes"],
-            [rb_rust_target_subdir=release
-             CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--release'],
-            [rb_rust_target_subdir=debug
-             CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--features stats,disasm,asm_comments'
+
+    AS_CASE(["${YJIT_SUPPORT}"],
+    [yes], [
+	rb_rust_target_subdir=release
+    ],
+    [dev], [
+	rb_rust_target_subdir=debug
+	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--features stats,disasm'
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG, 1)
+    ],
+    [dev_nodebug], [
+	rb_rust_target_subdir=dev_nodebug
+	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--profile dev_nodebug --features stats,disasm'
+    ],
+    [stats], [
+	rb_rust_target_subdir=stats
+	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--profile stats --features stats'
+	AC_DEFINE(YJIT_STATS, 1)
+    ])
+
+    AS_IF([test -n "${CARGO_BUILD_ARGS}"], [
              AC_CHECK_TOOL(CARGO, [cargo], [no])
              AS_IF([test x"$CARGO" = "xno"],
                 AC_MSG_ERROR([cargo is required. Installation instructions available at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install])
-             )
-             AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG, 1)])
+             ]))
+
     YJIT_LIBS="yjit/target/${rb_rust_target_subdir}/libyjit.a"
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[openbsd*],[
+        # Link libc++abi (which requires libpthread) for _Unwind_* functions needed by yjit
+        LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -lpthread -lc++abi"
+    ])
     YJIT_OBJ='yjit.$(OBJEXT)'
+    AS_IF([test x"$YJIT_SUPPORT" != "xyes" ], [
+        AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(YJIT_SUPPORT, [$YJIT_SUPPORT])
+    ])
     AC_DEFINE(USE_YJIT, 1)
 ], [AC_DEFINE(USE_YJIT, 0)])
 
-
 dnl These variables end up in ::RbConfig::CONFIG
 AC_SUBST(YJIT_SUPPORT)dnl what flavor of YJIT the Ruby build includes
 AC_SUBST(RUSTC)dnl Rust compiler command
@@ -3782,13 +3909,26 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	],
     [darwin*], [
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
+        AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether Security framework is needed])
 	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-	    AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([@%:@include <AvailabilityMacros.h>],
-		[MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7 &&
-		 MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_10])],
+	    AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
+@%:@include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+enum {
+    least = MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7, /* just fail if undefined */
+    required = MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED,
+    upper /* bigger than MIN_REQUIRED, or */
+@%:@ifdef MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_10
+        = MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_10
+@%:@endif
+};],
+	    [required >= least && required < upper])],
 	    [dnl
+		AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
 		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework Security])
 		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework Security])
+	    ],dnl
+	    [dnl
+		AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
 	    ]dnl
 	)
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework CoreFoundation])
@@ -3996,6 +4136,7 @@ AC_SUBST(EXPORT_PREFIX)
 AC_SUBST(SYMBOL_PREFIX)
 AC_SUBST(MINIOBJS)
 AC_SUBST(THREAD_MODEL)
+AC_SUBST(COROUTINE_TYPE, ${coroutine_type})
 AC_SUBST(PLATFORM_DIR)
 
 firstmf=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/:.*//'`
@@ -4056,6 +4197,7 @@ AS_CASE(["$ruby_version"],
 AS_IF([test ${RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE+set}], [
     {
     echo "#define RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE $RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE"
+    echo '@%:@include "confdefs.h"'
     echo '#define STRINGIZE(x) x'
     test -f revision.h -o -f "${srcdir}/revision.h" || echo '#define RUBY_REVISION 0'
     echo '#include "version.h"'
@@ -4294,6 +4436,14 @@ AC_SUBST(XCC_WRAPPER)
 
 AS_CASE([" $CPP "], [*" $CC "*], [CPP=`echo " $CPP " | sed "s| $CC |"' $(CC) |;s/^ *//;s/  *$//'`])
 
+AS_IF([test ! -f "$srcdir/revision.h"], [
+    AS_IF([test "x$HAVE_BASERUBY" = xyes], [
+	${BASERUBY} -C "$srcdir" tool/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h > "$srcdir/revision.h"
+    ], [
+	touch "$srcdir/revision.h"
+    ])
+])
+
 AS_IF([test x"$firstmf" != x], [
     AC_CONFIG_FILES($firstmf:$firsttmpl, [], [firstmf="$firstmf" firsttmpl="$firsttmpl"])
 ])
@@ -4310,17 +4460,24 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
 	AS_CASE("$VCS",
 		['$(GIT)'|git], [VCSUP='$(VCS) pull --rebase $(GITPULLOPTIONS)'],
 		[VCSUP='$(VCS)'])
-	sed -n \
-	    -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
-	    -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
-	    -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
-	    -e   p \
-	    -e '}' "$srcdir/version.h"
+	for f in "$srcdir/version.h" "$srcdir/revision.h"; do
+            test -f "$f" || continue
+	    sed -n \
+	        -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
+	        -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
+	        -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
+	        -e   p \
+	        -e '}' "$f"
+        done
 	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
 	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
 	AS_IF([test "$gnumake" != yes], [
 	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
 	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
+            AS_IF([test "$YJIT_SUPPORT" = yes], [
+                cat ${srcdir}/yjit/not_gmake.mk
+                echo ['$(MKFILES): ${srcdir}/yjit/not_gmake.mk']
+            ])
 	], [
 	    echo 'distclean-local::; @$(RM) GNUmakefile uncommon.mk'
 	])
@@ -4338,7 +4495,7 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
 	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
 	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
     ]) && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
-[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT'])
+[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT' YJIT_SUPPORT='$YJIT_SUPPORT'])
 
 AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
 	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-pc=FILENAME], [pc file basename]),
@@ -4402,7 +4559,7 @@ config_summary "debugflags"          "$debugflags"
 config_summary "warnflags"           "$warnflags"
 config_summary "strip command"       "$STRIP"
 config_summary "install doc"         "$DOCTARGETS"
-config_summary "JIT support"         "$MJIT_SUPPORT"
+config_summary "MJIT support"        "$MJIT_SUPPORT"
 config_summary "YJIT support"        "$YJIT_SUPPORT"
 config_summary "man page type"       "$MANTYPE"
 config_summary "search path"         "$search_path"
diff --git a/cont.c b/cont.c
index ee7b856bb1..5375d1945b 100644
--- a/cont.c
+++ b/cont.c
@@ -29,11 +29,15 @@ extern int madvise(caddr_t, size_t, int);
 #include "gc.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
 #include "internal/warnings.h"
 #include "ruby/fiber/scheduler.h"
 #include "mjit.h"
+#include "yjit.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
 #include "id_table.h"
 #include "ractor_core.h"
 
@@ -66,6 +70,8 @@ static VALUE rb_cFiberPool;
 #define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
 #endif
 
+#define jit_cont_enabled (mjit_enabled || rb_yjit_enabled_p())
+
 enum context_type {
     CONTINUATION_CONTEXT = 0,
     FIBER_CONTEXT = 1
@@ -194,6 +200,15 @@ struct fiber_pool {
     size_t vm_stack_size;
 };
 
+// Continuation contexts used by JITs
+struct rb_jit_cont {
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec; // continuation ec
+    struct rb_jit_cont *prev, *next; // used to form lists
+};
+
+// Doubly linked list for enumerating all on-stack ISEQs.
+static struct rb_jit_cont *first_jit_cont;
+
 typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     enum context_type type;
     int argc;
@@ -211,8 +226,7 @@ typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     rb_execution_context_t saved_ec;
     rb_jmpbuf_t jmpbuf;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *ensure_array;
-    /* Pointer to MJIT info about the continuation.  */
-    struct mjit_cont *mjit_cont;
+    struct rb_jit_cont *jit_cont; // Continuation contexts for JITs
 } rb_context_t;
 
 
@@ -258,7 +272,7 @@ struct rb_fiber_struct {
 
 static struct fiber_pool shared_fiber_pool = {NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0};
 
-static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = {0};
+static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[3] = {0};
 
 /*
  * FreeBSD require a first (i.e. addr) argument of mmap(2) is not NULL
@@ -274,7 +288,6 @@ static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = {0};
 #define ERRNOMSG strerror(errno)
 
 // Locates the stack vacancy details for the given stack.
-// Requires that fiber_pool_vacancy fits within one page.
 inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
 fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(void * base, size_t size)
 {
@@ -285,6 +298,24 @@ fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(void * base, size_t size)
     );
 }
 
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+// Compute the base pointer for a vacant stack, for the area which can be poisoned.
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_stack_poison_base(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    return (char*)stack->base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(RB_PAGE_SIZE, 0);
+}
+
+// Compute the size of the vacant stack, for the area that can be poisoned.
+inline static size_t
+fiber_pool_stack_poison_size(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    return stack->size - RB_PAGE_SIZE;
+}
+#endif
+
 // Reset the current stack pointer and available size of the given stack.
 inline static void
 fiber_pool_stack_reset(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
@@ -634,6 +665,10 @@ fiber_pool_stack_acquire(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool)
     VM_ASSERT(vacancy);
     VM_ASSERT(vacancy->stack.base);
 
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    __asan_unpoison_memory_region(fiber_pool_stack_poison_base(&vacancy->stack), fiber_pool_stack_poison_size(&vacancy->stack));
+#endif
+
     // Take the top item from the free list:
     fiber_pool->used += 1;
 
@@ -659,26 +694,45 @@ fiber_pool_stack_free(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
 
     if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_free: %p+%"PRIuSIZE" [base=%p, size=%"PRIuSIZE"]\n", base, size, stack->base, stack->size);
 
-#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // The pages being used by the stack can be returned back to the system.
+    // That doesn't change the page mapping, but it does allow the system to
+    // reclaim the physical memory.
+    // Since we no longer care about the data itself, we don't need to page
+    // out to disk, since that is costly. Not all systems support that, so
+    // we try our best to select the most efficient implementation.
+    // In addition, it's actually slightly desirable to not do anything here,
+    // but that results in higher memory usage.
+
+#ifdef __wasi__
+    // WebAssembly doesn't support madvise, so we just don't do anything.
+#elif VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
     // This immediately discards the pages and the memory is reset to zero.
     madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
-#elif defined(POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED)
-    posix_madvise(base, size, POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED);
 #elif defined(MADV_FREE_REUSABLE)
+    // Darwin / macOS / iOS.
     // Acknowledge the kernel down to the task info api we make this
     // page reusable for future use.
     // As for MADV_FREE_REUSE below we ensure in the rare occasions the task was not
     // completed at the time of the call to re-iterate.
     while (madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE_REUSABLE) == -1 && errno == EAGAIN);
 #elif defined(MADV_FREE)
+    // Recent Linux.
     madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE);
 #elif defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // Old Linux.
     madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+#elif defined(POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // Solaris?
+    posix_madvise(base, size, POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED);
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
     VirtualAlloc(base, size, MEM_RESET, PAGE_READWRITE);
     // Not available in all versions of Windows.
     //DiscardVirtualMemory(base, size);
 #endif
+
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    __asan_poison_memory_region(fiber_pool_stack_poison_base(stack), fiber_pool_stack_poison_size(stack));
+#endif
 }
 
 // Release and return a stack to the vacancy list.
@@ -698,7 +752,7 @@ fiber_pool_stack_release(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
     fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
 
     // Push the vacancy into the vancancies list:
-    pool->vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, stack->pool->vacancies);
+    pool->vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, pool->vacancies);
     pool->used -= 1;
 
 #ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
@@ -714,7 +768,8 @@ fiber_pool_stack_release(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
         fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
     }
 #else
-    // This is entirely optional, but clears the dirty flag from the stack memory, so it won't get swapped to disk when there is memory pressure:
+    // This is entirely optional, but clears the dirty flag from the stack
+    // memory, so it won't get swapped to disk when there is memory pressure:
     if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
         fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
     }
@@ -751,6 +806,20 @@ static COROUTINE
 fiber_entry(struct coroutine_context * from, struct coroutine_context * to)
 {
     rb_fiber_t *fiber = to->argument;
+
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    // Address sanitizer will copy the previous stack base and stack size into
+    // the "from" fiber. `coroutine_initialize_main` doesn't generally know the
+    // stack bounds (base + size). Therefore, the main fiber `stack_base` and
+    // `stack_size` will be NULL/0. It's specifically important in that case to
+    // get the (base+size) of the previous fiber and save it, so that later when
+    // we return to the main coroutine, we don't supply (NULL, 0) to
+    // __sanitizer_start_switch_fiber which royally messes up the internal state
+    // of ASAN and causes (sometimes) the following message:
+    // "WARNING: ASan is ignoring requested __asan_handle_no_return"
+    __sanitizer_finish_switch_fiber(to->fake_stack, (const void**)&from->stack_base, &from->stack_size);
+#endif
+
     rb_thread_t *thread = fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
 
 #ifdef COROUTINE_PTHREAD_CONTEXT
@@ -791,7 +860,8 @@ fiber_initialize_coroutine(rb_fiber_t *fiber, size_t * vm_stack_size)
     return vm_stack;
 }
 
-// Release the stack from the fiber, it's execution context, and return it to the fiber pool.
+// Release the stack from the fiber, it's execution context, and return it to
+// the fiber pool.
 static void
 fiber_stack_release(rb_fiber_t * fiber)
 {
@@ -958,6 +1028,8 @@ fiber_is_root_p(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 }
 #endif
 
+static void jit_cont_free(struct rb_jit_cont *cont);
+
 static void
 cont_free(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -978,9 +1050,9 @@ cont_free(void *ptr)
 
     RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
 
-    if (mjit_enabled) {
-        VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont != NULL);
-        mjit_cont_free(cont->mjit_cont);
+    if (jit_cont_enabled) {
+        VM_ASSERT(cont->jit_cont != NULL);
+        jit_cont_free(cont->jit_cont);
     }
     /* free rb_cont_t or rb_fiber_t */
     ruby_xfree(ptr);
@@ -1085,7 +1157,9 @@ fiber_memsize(const void *ptr)
      */
     if (saved_ec->local_storage && fiber != th->root_fiber) {
         size += rb_id_table_memsize(saved_ec->local_storage);
+        size += rb_obj_memsize_of(saved_ec->storage);
     }
+
     size += cont_memsize(&fiber->cont);
     return size;
 }
@@ -1120,6 +1194,7 @@ cont_save_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th, rb_context_t *cont)
     }
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(cont->machine.stack_src, size, false);
     MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack, cont->machine.stack_src, VALUE, size);
 }
 
@@ -1144,13 +1219,110 @@ cont_save_thread(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
     sec->machine.stack_end = NULL;
 }
 
+static rb_nativethread_lock_t jit_cont_lock;
+
+// Register a new continuation with execution context `ec`. Return JIT info about
+// the continuation.
+static struct rb_jit_cont *
+jit_cont_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    struct rb_jit_cont *cont;
+
+    // We need to use calloc instead of something like ZALLOC to avoid triggering GC here.
+    // When this function is called from rb_thread_alloc through rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup,
+    // the thread is still being prepared and marking it causes SEGV.
+    cont = calloc(1, sizeof(struct rb_jit_cont));
+    if (cont == NULL)
+        rb_memerror();
+    cont->ec = ec;
+
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&jit_cont_lock);
+    if (first_jit_cont == NULL) {
+        cont->next = cont->prev = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        cont->prev = NULL;
+        cont->next = first_jit_cont;
+        first_jit_cont->prev = cont;
+    }
+    first_jit_cont = cont;
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&jit_cont_lock);
+
+    return cont;
+}
+
+// Unregister continuation `cont`.
 static void
-cont_init_mjit_cont(rb_context_t *cont)
+jit_cont_free(struct rb_jit_cont *cont)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont == NULL);
-    if (mjit_enabled) {
-        cont->mjit_cont = mjit_cont_new(&(cont->saved_ec));
+    if (!cont) return;
+
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&jit_cont_lock);
+    if (cont == first_jit_cont) {
+        first_jit_cont = cont->next;
+        if (first_jit_cont != NULL)
+            first_jit_cont->prev = NULL;
     }
+    else {
+        cont->prev->next = cont->next;
+        if (cont->next != NULL)
+            cont->next->prev = cont->prev;
+    }
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&jit_cont_lock);
+
+    free(cont);
+}
+
+// Call a given callback against all on-stack ISEQs.
+void
+rb_jit_cont_each_iseq(rb_iseq_callback callback, void *data)
+{
+    struct rb_jit_cont *cont;
+    for (cont = first_jit_cont; cont != NULL; cont = cont->next) {
+        if (cont->ec->vm_stack == NULL)
+            continue;
+
+        const rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+        for (cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(cont->ec) - 1; ; cfp = RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp)) {
+            const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+            if (cfp->pc && (iseq = cfp->iseq) != NULL && imemo_type((VALUE)iseq) == imemo_iseq) {
+                callback(iseq, data);
+            }
+
+            if (cfp == cont->ec->cfp)
+                break; // reached the most recent cfp
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Finish working with jit_cont.
+void
+rb_jit_cont_finish(void)
+{
+    if (!jit_cont_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    struct rb_jit_cont *cont, *next;
+    for (cont = first_jit_cont; cont != NULL; cont = next) {
+        next = cont->next;
+        free(cont); // Don't use xfree because it's allocated by calloc.
+    }
+    rb_native_mutex_destroy(&jit_cont_lock);
+}
+
+static void
+cont_init_jit_cont(rb_context_t *cont)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cont->jit_cont == NULL);
+    if (jit_cont_enabled) {
+        cont->jit_cont = jit_cont_new(&(cont->saved_ec));
+    }
+}
+
+struct rb_execution_context_struct *
+rb_fiberptr_get_ec(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    return &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1162,7 +1334,7 @@ cont_init(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
     cont->saved_ec.local_storage = NULL;
     cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
     cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
-    cont_init_mjit_cont(cont);
+    cont_init_jit_cont(cont);
 }
 
 static rb_context_t *
@@ -1191,11 +1363,15 @@ rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
     return fiber->blocking;
 }
 
-// This is used for root_fiber because other fibers call cont_init_mjit_cont through cont_new.
+// Start working with jit_cont.
 void
-rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+rb_jit_cont_init(void)
 {
-    cont_init_mjit_cont(&fiber->cont);
+    if (!jit_cont_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&jit_cont_lock);
+    cont_init_jit_cont(&GET_EC()->fiber_ptr->cont);
 }
 
 #if 0
@@ -1225,10 +1401,7 @@ show_vm_pcs(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp,
     }
 }
 #endif
-COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
-#ifdef __clang__
-COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wduplicate-decl-specifier)
-#endif
+
 static VALUE
 cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat)
 {
@@ -1272,7 +1445,7 @@ cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat)
         entry = cont->ensure_array = ALLOC_N(rb_ensure_entry_t,size+1);
         for (p=th->ec->ensure_list; p; p=p->next) {
             if (!p->entry.marker)
-                p->entry.marker = rb_ary_tmp_new(0); /* dummy object */
+                p->entry.marker = rb_ary_hidden_new(0); /* dummy object */
             *entry++ = p->entry;
         }
         entry->marker = 0;
@@ -1293,7 +1466,6 @@ cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat)
         return contval;
     }
 }
-COMPILER_WARNING_POP
 
 static inline void
 cont_restore_thread(rb_context_t *cont)
@@ -1379,9 +1551,17 @@ fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *new_fiber, rb_fiber_t *old_fiber)
 
     // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_setcontext: %p[%p] -> %p[%p]\n", (void*)old_fiber, old_fiber->stack.base, (void*)new_fiber, new_fiber->stack.base);
 
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    __sanitizer_start_switch_fiber(FIBER_TERMINATED_P(old_fiber) ? NULL : &old_fiber->context.fake_stack, new_fiber->context.stack_base, new_fiber->context.stack_size);
+#endif
+
     /* swap machine context */
     struct coroutine_context * from = coroutine_transfer(&old_fiber->context, &new_fiber->context);
 
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    __sanitizer_finish_switch_fiber(old_fiber->context.fake_stack, NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+
     if (from == NULL) {
         rb_syserr_fail(errno, "coroutine_transfer");
     }
@@ -1401,7 +1581,7 @@ cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *cont)
     cont_restore_thread(cont);
 
     /* restore machine stack */
-#ifdef _M_AMD64
+#if defined(_M_AMD64) && !defined(__MINGW64__)
     {
         /* workaround for x64 SEH */
         jmp_buf buf;
@@ -1441,6 +1621,10 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
             if (&space[0] > end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
                 volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, &space[0] - end);
+                // We need to make sure that the stack pointer is moved,
+                // but some compilers may remove the allocation by optimization.
+                // We hope that the following read/write will prevent such an optimization.
+                *sp = Qfalse;
                 space[0] = *sp;
 # else
                 cont_restore_0(cont, &space[0]);
@@ -1652,7 +1836,7 @@ rollback_ensure_stack(VALUE self,rb_ensure_list_t *current,rb_ensure_entry_t *ta
     /* push ensure stack */
     for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
         func = lookup_rollback_func(target[i - j - 1].e_proc);
-        if ((VALUE)func != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P((VALUE)func)) {
             (*func)(target[i - j - 1].data2);
         }
     }
@@ -1777,7 +1961,7 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *  the current thread, blocking and non-blocking fibers' behavior is identical.
  *
  *  Ruby doesn't provide a scheduler class: it is expected to be implemented by
- *  the user and correspond to Fiber::SchedulerInterface.
+ *  the user and correspond to Fiber::Scheduler.
  *
  *  There is also Fiber.schedule method, which is expected to immediately perform
  *  the given block in a non-blocking manner. Its actual implementation is up to
@@ -1828,11 +2012,207 @@ fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fiber_value, unsigned int blocking)
     return fiber;
 }
 
+static rb_fiber_t *
+root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+
+    th->root_fiber = fiber;
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
+
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+static inline rb_fiber_t*
+fiber_current(void)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
+        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
+    }
+    return ec->fiber_ptr;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+current_fiber_storage(void)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return ec->storage;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+inherit_fiber_storage(void)
+{
+    return rb_obj_dup(current_fiber_storage());
+}
+
+static inline void
+fiber_storage_set(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber, VALUE storage)
+{
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage = storage;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+fiber_storage_get(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    VALUE storage = fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage;
+    if (storage == Qnil) {
+        storage = rb_hash_new();
+        fiber_storage_set(fiber, storage);
+    }
+    return storage;
+}
+
+static void
+storage_access_must_be_from_same_fiber(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(self);
+    rb_fiber_t *current = fiber_current();
+    if (fiber != current) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Fiber storage can only be accessed from the Fiber it belongs to");
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: fiber.storage -> hash (dup)
+ *
+ *  Returns a copy of the storage hash for the fiber. The method can only be called on the
+ *  Fiber.current.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_storage_get(VALUE self)
+{
+    storage_access_must_be_from_same_fiber(self);
+    return rb_obj_dup(fiber_storage_get(fiber_ptr(self)));
+}
+
+static int
+fiber_storage_validate_each(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE _argument)
+{
+    Check_Type(key, T_SYMBOL);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_storage_validate(VALUE value)
+{
+    // nil is an allowed value and will be lazily initialized.
+    if (value == Qnil) return;
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(value, T_HASH)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "storage must be a hash");
+    }
+
+    if (RB_OBJ_FROZEN(value)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFrozenError, "storage must not be frozen");
+    }
+
+    rb_hash_foreach(value, fiber_storage_validate_each, Qundef);
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: fiber.storage = hash
+ *
+ *  Sets the storage hash for the fiber. This feature is experimental
+ *  and may change in the future. The method can only be called on the
+ *  Fiber.current.
+ *
+ *  You should be careful about using this method as you may inadvertently clear
+ *  important fiber-storage state. You should mostly prefer to assign specific
+ *  keys in the storage using Fiber::[]=.
+ *
+ *  You can also use <tt>Fiber.new(storage: nil)</tt> to create a fiber with an empty
+ *  storage.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    while request = request_queue.pop
+ *      # Reset the per-request state:
+ *      Fiber.current.storage = nil
+ *      handle_request(request)
+ *    end
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_storage_set(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL)) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
+          "Fiber#storage= is experimental and may be removed in the future!");
+    }
+
+    storage_access_must_be_from_same_fiber(self);
+    fiber_storage_validate(value);
+
+    fiber_ptr(self)->cont.saved_ec.storage = rb_obj_dup(value);
+    return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: Fiber[key] -> value
+ *
+ *  Returns the value of the fiber storage variable identified by +key+.
+ *
+ *  The +key+ must be a symbol, and the value is set by Fiber#[]= or
+ *  Fiber#store.
+ *
+ *  See also Fiber::[]=.
+ */
 static VALUE
-fiber_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE proc, struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, unsigned int blocking)
+rb_fiber_storage_aref(VALUE class, VALUE key)
 {
+    Check_Type(key, T_SYMBOL);
+
+    VALUE storage = fiber_storage_get(fiber_current());
+
+    if (storage == Qnil) return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_hash_aref(storage, key);
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: Fiber[key] = value
+ *
+ *  Assign +value+ to the fiber storage variable identified by +key+.
+ *  The variable is created if it doesn't exist.
+ *
+ *  +key+ must be a Symbol, otherwise a TypeError is raised.
+ *
+ *  See also Fiber::[].
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_storage_aset(VALUE class, VALUE key, VALUE value)
+{
+    Check_Type(key, T_SYMBOL);
+
+    VALUE storage = fiber_storage_get(fiber_current());
+
+    return rb_hash_aset(storage, key, value);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE proc, struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, unsigned int blocking, VALUE storage)
+{
+    if (storage == Qundef || storage == Qtrue) {
+        // The default, inherit storage (dup) from the current fiber:
+        storage = inherit_fiber_storage();
+    }
+    else /* nil, hash, etc. */ {
+        fiber_storage_validate(storage);
+        storage = rb_obj_dup(storage);
+    }
+
     rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_t_alloc(self, blocking);
 
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage = storage;
     fiber->first_proc = proc;
     fiber->stack.base = NULL;
     fiber->stack.pool = fiber_pool;
@@ -1865,54 +2245,90 @@ rb_fiber_pool_default(VALUE pool)
     return &shared_fiber_pool;
 }
 
+VALUE rb_fiber_inherit_storage(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    VALUE storage = rb_obj_dup(ec->storage);
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage = storage;
+    return storage;
+}
+
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_initialize_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self, int kw_splat)
 {
     VALUE pool = Qnil;
     VALUE blocking = Qfalse;
+    VALUE storage = Qundef;
 
     if (kw_splat != RB_NO_KEYWORDS) {
         VALUE options = Qnil;
-        VALUE arguments[2] = {Qundef};
+        VALUE arguments[3] = {Qundef};
 
         argc = rb_scan_args_kw(kw_splat, argc, argv, ":", &options);
-        rb_get_kwargs(options, fiber_initialize_keywords, 0, 2, arguments);
+        rb_get_kwargs(options, fiber_initialize_keywords, 0, 3, arguments);
 
-        if (arguments[0] != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(arguments[0])) {
             blocking = arguments[0];
         }
 
-        if (arguments[1] != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(arguments[1])) {
             pool = arguments[1];
         }
+
+        storage = arguments[2];
     }
 
-    return fiber_initialize(self, rb_block_proc(), rb_fiber_pool_default(pool), RTEST(blocking));
+    return fiber_initialize(self, rb_block_proc(), rb_fiber_pool_default(pool), RTEST(blocking), storage);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Fiber.new(blocking: false) { |*args| ... } -> fiber
+ *     Fiber.new(blocking: false, storage: true) { |*args| ... } -> fiber
  *
- *  Creates new Fiber. Initially, the fiber is not running and can be resumed with
- *  #resume. Arguments to the first #resume call will be passed to the block:
+ *  Creates new Fiber. Initially, the fiber is not running and can be resumed
+ *  with #resume. Arguments to the first #resume call will be passed to the
+ *  block:
  *
- *      f = Fiber.new do |initial|
- *         current = initial
- *         loop do
- *           puts "current: #{current.inspect}"
- *           current = Fiber.yield
- *         end
- *      end
- *      f.resume(100)     # prints: current: 100
- *      f.resume(1, 2, 3) # prints: current: [1, 2, 3]
- *      f.resume          # prints: current: nil
- *      # ... and so on ...
- *
- *  If <tt>blocking: false</tt> is passed to <tt>Fiber.new</tt>, _and_ current thread
- *  has a Fiber.scheduler defined, the Fiber becomes non-blocking (see "Non-blocking
- *  Fibers" section in class docs).
+ *    f = Fiber.new do |initial|
+ *       current = initial
+ *       loop do
+ *         puts "current: #{current.inspect}"
+ *         current = Fiber.yield
+ *       end
+ *    end
+ *    f.resume(100)     # prints: current: 100
+ *    f.resume(1, 2, 3) # prints: current: [1, 2, 3]
+ *    f.resume          # prints: current: nil
+ *    # ... and so on ...
+ *
+ *  If <tt>blocking: false</tt> is passed to <tt>Fiber.new</tt>, _and_ current
+ *  thread has a Fiber.scheduler defined, the Fiber becomes non-blocking (see
+ *  "Non-blocking Fibers" section in class docs).
+ *
+ *  If the <tt>storage</tt> is unspecified, the default is to inherit a copy of
+ *  the storage from the current fiber. This is the same as specifying
+ *  <tt>storage: true</tt>.
+ *
+ *    Fiber[:x] = 1
+ *    Fiber.new do
+ *      Fiber[:x] # => 1
+ *      Fiber[:x] = 2
+ *    end.resume
+ *    Fiber[:x] # => 1
+ *
+ *  If the given <tt>storage</tt> is <tt>nil</tt>, this function will lazy
+ *  initialize the internal storage, which starts as an empty hash.
+ *
+ *    Fiber[:x] = "Hello World"
+ *    Fiber.new(storage: nil) do
+ *      Fiber[:x] # nil
+ *    end
+ *
+ *  Otherwise, the given <tt>storage</tt> is used as the new fiber's storage,
+ *  and it must be an instance of Hash.
+ *
+ *  Explicitly using <tt>storage: true</tt> is currently experimental and may
+ *  change in the future.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1921,9 +2337,15 @@ rb_fiber_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_fiber_new_storage(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE obj, VALUE storage)
+{
+    return fiber_initialize(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj), rb_fiber_pool_default(Qnil), 0, storage);
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_fiber_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE obj)
 {
-    return fiber_initialize(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj), rb_fiber_pool_default(Qnil), 1);
+    return rb_fiber_new_storage(func, obj, Qtrue);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1934,7 +2356,7 @@ rb_fiber_s_schedule_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, int kw_splat)
     VALUE fiber = Qnil;
 
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        fiber = rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(scheduler, rb_intern("fiber"), argc, argv, kw_splat);
+        fiber = rb_fiber_scheduler_fiber(scheduler, argc, argv, kw_splat);
     }
     else {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "No scheduler is available!");
@@ -1977,7 +2399,7 @@ rb_fiber_s_schedule_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, int kw_splat)
  *
  *  Note that the behavior described above is how the method is <em>expected</em>
  *  to behave, actual behavior is up to the current scheduler's implementation of
- *  Fiber::SchedulerInterface#fiber method. Ruby doesn't enforce this method to
+ *  Fiber::Scheduler#fiber method. Ruby doesn't enforce this method to
  *  behave in any particular way.
  *
  *  If the scheduler is not set, the method raises
@@ -1996,7 +2418,7 @@ rb_fiber_s_schedule(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  *
  *  Returns the Fiber scheduler, that was last set for the current thread with Fiber.set_scheduler.
  *  Returns +nil+ if no scheduler is set (which is the default), and non-blocking fibers'
- #  behavior is the same as blocking.
+ *  behavior is the same as blocking.
  *  (see "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details about the scheduler concept).
  *
  */
@@ -2030,7 +2452,7 @@ rb_fiber_current_scheduler(VALUE klass)
  *  thread will call scheduler's +close+ method on finalization (allowing the scheduler to
  *  properly manage all non-finished fibers).
  *
- *  +scheduler+ can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::SchedulerInterface. Its
+ *  +scheduler+ can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::Scheduler. Its
  *  implementation is up to the user.
  *
  *  See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs.
@@ -2097,25 +2519,7 @@ rb_fiber_start(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
     rb_fiber_terminate(fiber, need_interrupt, err);
 }
 
-static rb_fiber_t *
-root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
-{
-    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
-    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
-
-    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
-    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
-    VM_ASSERT(fiber->status == FIBER_RESUMED);
-
-    th->root_fiber = fiber;
-    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
-    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
-
-    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
-
-    return fiber;
-}
-
+// Set up a "root fiber", which is the fiber that every Ractor has.
 void
 rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
@@ -2130,9 +2534,11 @@ rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
     fiber->blocking = 1;
     fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_RESUMED); /* skip CREATED */
     th->ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
-    // This skips mjit_cont_new for the initial thread because mjit_enabled is always false
-    // at this point. mjit_init calls rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont again for this root_fiber.
-    rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(fiber);
+    // When rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup is called for the first time, mjit_enabled and
+    // rb_yjit_enabled_p() are still false. So this does nothing and rb_jit_cont_init() that is
+    // called later will take care of it. However, you still have to call cont_init_jit_cont()
+    // here for other Ractors, which are not initialized by rb_jit_cont_init().
+    cont_init_jit_cont(&fiber->cont);
 }
 
 void
@@ -2167,16 +2573,6 @@ rb_threadptr_root_fiber_terminate(rb_thread_t *th)
 }
 
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
-fiber_current(void)
-{
-    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
-    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
-        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
-    }
-    return ec->fiber_ptr;
-}
-
-static inline rb_fiber_t*
 return_fiber(bool terminate)
 {
     rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_current();
@@ -2353,7 +2749,60 @@ rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 VALUE
 rb_fiber_blocking_p(VALUE fiber)
 {
-    return RBOOL(fiber_ptr(fiber)->blocking != 0);
+    return RBOOL(fiber_ptr(fiber)->blocking);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_blocking_yield(VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    rb_thread_t * volatile th = fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
+
+    // fiber->blocking is `unsigned int : 1`, so we use it as a boolean:
+    fiber->blocking = 1;
+
+    // Once the fiber is blocking, and current, we increment the thread blocking state:
+    th->blocking += 1;
+
+    return rb_yield(fiber_value);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_blocking_ensure(VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    rb_thread_t * volatile th = fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
+
+    // We are no longer blocking:
+    fiber->blocking = 0;
+    th->blocking -= 1;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.blocking{|fiber| ...} -> result
+ *
+ *  Forces the fiber to be blocking for the duration of the block. Returns the
+ *  result of the block.
+ *
+ *  See the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_blocking(VALUE class)
+{
+    VALUE fiber_value = rb_fiber_current();
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+
+    // If we are already blocking, this is essentially a no-op:
+    if (fiber->blocking) {
+        return rb_yield(fiber_value);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_ensure(fiber_blocking_yield, fiber_value, fiber_blocking_ensure, fiber_value);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2439,9 +2888,7 @@ fiber_resume_kw(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
         rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a transferring fiber");
     }
 
-    VALUE result = fiber_switch(fiber, argc, argv, kw_splat, fiber, false);
-
-    return result;
+    return fiber_switch(fiber, argc, argv, kw_splat, fiber, false);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -2893,329 +3340,6 @@ rb_fiber_pool_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
  *     fiber.resume #=> FiberError: dead fiber called
  */
 
-/*
- *  Document-class: Fiber::SchedulerInterface
- *
- *  This is not an existing class, but documentation of the interface that Scheduler
- *  object should comply to in order to be used as argument to Fiber.scheduler and handle non-blocking
- *  fibers. See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in Fiber class docs for explanations
- *  of some concepts.
- *
- *  Scheduler's behavior and usage are expected to be as follows:
- *
- *  * When the execution in the non-blocking Fiber reaches some blocking operation (like
- *    sleep, wait for a process, or a non-ready I/O), it calls some of the scheduler's
- *    hook methods, listed below.
- *  * Scheduler somehow registers what the current fiber is waiting on, and yields control
- *    to other fibers with Fiber.yield (so the fiber would be suspended while expecting its
- *    wait to end, and other fibers in the same thread can perform)
- *  * At the end of the current thread execution, the scheduler's method #close is called
- *  * The scheduler runs into a wait loop, checking all the blocked fibers (which it has
- *    registered on hook calls) and resuming them when the awaited resource is ready
- *    (e.g. I/O ready or sleep time elapsed).
- *
- *  A typical implementation would probably rely for this closing loop on a gem like
- *  EventMachine[https://github.com/eventmachine/eventmachine] or
- *  Async[https://github.com/socketry/async].
- *
- *  This way concurrent execution will be achieved transparently for every
- *  individual Fiber's code.
- *
- *  Hook methods are:
- *
- *  * #io_wait, #io_read, and #io_write
- *  * #process_wait
- *  * #kernel_sleep
- *  * #timeout_after
- *  * #address_resolve
- *  * #block and #unblock
- *  * (the list is expanded as Ruby developers make more methods having non-blocking calls)
- *
- *  When not specified otherwise, the hook implementations are mandatory: if they are not
- *  implemented, the methods trying to call hook will fail. To provide backward compatibility,
- *  in the future hooks will be optional (if they are not implemented, due to the scheduler
- *  being created for the older Ruby version, the code which needs this hook will not fail,
- *  and will just behave in a blocking fashion).
- *
- *  It is also strongly recommended that the scheduler implements the #fiber method, which is
- *  delegated to by Fiber.schedule.
- *
- *  Sample _toy_ implementation of the scheduler can be found in Ruby's code, in
- *  <tt>test/fiber/scheduler.rb</tt>
- *
- */
-
-#if 0 /* for RDoc */
-/*
- *
- *  Document-method: Fiber::SchedulerInterface#close
- *
- *  Called when the current thread exits. The scheduler is expected to implement this
- *  method in order to allow all waiting fibers to finalize their execution.
- *
- *  The suggested pattern is to implement the main event loop in the #close method.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#process_wait
- *  call-seq: process_wait(pid, flags)
- *
- *  Invoked by Process::Status.wait in order to wait for a specified process.
- *  See that method description for arguments description.
- *
- *  Suggested minimal implementation:
- *
- *      Thread.new do
- *        Process::Status.wait(pid, flags)
- *      end.value
- *
- *  This hook is optional: if it is not present in the current scheduler,
- *  Process::Status.wait will behave as a blocking method.
- *
- *  Expected to return a Process::Status instance.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_wait
- *  call-seq: io_wait(io, events, timeout)
- *
- *  Invoked by IO#wait, IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable to ask whether the
- *  specified descriptor is ready for specified events within
- *  the specified +timeout+.
- *
- *  +events+ is a bit mask of <tt>IO::READABLE</tt>, <tt>IO::WRITABLE</tt>, and
- *  <tt>IO::PRIORITY</tt>.
- *
- *  Suggested implementation should register which Fiber is waiting for which
- *  resources and immediately calling Fiber.yield to pass control to other
- *  fibers. Then, in the #close method, the scheduler might dispatch all the
- *  I/O resources to fibers waiting for it.
- *
- *  Expected to return the subset of events that are ready immediately.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_read
- *  call-seq: io_read(io, buffer, length) -> read length or -errno
- *
- *  Invoked by IO#read to read +length+ bytes from +io+ into a specified
- *  +buffer+ (see IO::Buffer).
- *
- *  The +length+ argument is the "minimum length to be read".
- *  If the IO buffer size is 8KiB, but the +length+ is +1024+ (1KiB), up to
- *  8KiB might be read, but at least 1KiB will be.
- *  Generally, the only case where less data than +length+ will be read is if
- *  there is an error reading the data.
- *
- *  Specifying a +length+ of 0 is valid and means try reading at least once
- *  and return any available data.
- *
- *  Suggested implementation should try to read from +io+ in a non-blocking
- *  manner and call #io_wait if the +io+ is not ready (which will yield control
- *  to other fibers).
- *
- *  See IO::Buffer for an interface available to return data.
- *
- *  Expected to return number of bytes read, or, in case of an error, <tt>-errno</tt>
- *  (negated number corresponding to system's error code).
- *
- *  The method should be considered _experimental_.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_read(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_write
- *  call-seq: io_write(io, buffer, length) -> written length or -errno
- *
- *  Invoked by IO#write to write +length+ bytes to +io+ from
- *  from a specified +buffer+ (see IO::Buffer).
- *
- *  The +length+ argument is the "(minimum) length to be written".
- *  If the IO buffer size is 8KiB, but the +length+ specified is 1024 (1KiB),
- *  at most 8KiB will be written, but at least 1KiB will be.
- *  Generally, the only case where less data than +length+ will be written is if
- *  there is an error writing the data.
- *
- *  Specifying a +length+ of 0 is valid and means try writing at least once,
- *  as much data as possible.
- *
- *  Suggested implementation should try to write to +io+ in a non-blocking
- *  manner and call #io_wait if the +io+ is not ready (which will yield control
- *  to other fibers).
- *
- *  See IO::Buffer for an interface available to get data from buffer efficiently.
- *
- *  Expected to return number of bytes written, or, in case of an error, <tt>-errno</tt>
- *  (negated number corresponding to system's error code).
- *
- *  The method should be considered _experimental_.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_write(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#kernel_sleep
- *  call-seq: kernel_sleep(duration = nil)
- *
- *  Invoked by Kernel#sleep and Mutex#sleep and is expected to provide
- *  an implementation of sleeping in a non-blocking way. Implementation might
- *  register the current fiber in some list of "which fiber wait until what
- *  moment", call Fiber.yield to pass control, and then in #close resume
- *  the fibers whose wait period has elapsed.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#address_resolve
- *  call-seq: address_resolve(hostname) -> array_of_strings or nil
- *
- *  Invoked by any method that performs a non-reverse DNS lookup. The most
- *  notable method is Addrinfo.getaddrinfo, but there are many other.
- *
- *  The method is expected to return an array of strings corresponding to ip
- *  addresses the +hostname+ is resolved to, or +nil+ if it can not be resolved.
- *
- *  Fairly exhaustive list of all possible call-sites:
- *
- *  - Addrinfo.getaddrinfo
- *  - Addrinfo.tcp
- *  - Addrinfo.udp
- *  - Addrinfo.ip
- *  - Addrinfo.new
- *  - Addrinfo.marshal_load
- *  - SOCKSSocket.new
- *  - TCPServer.new
- *  - TCPSocket.new
- *  - IPSocket.getaddress
- *  - TCPSocket.gethostbyname
- *  - UDPSocket#connect
- *  - UDPSocket#bind
- *  - UDPSocket#send
- *  - Socket.getaddrinfo
- *  - Socket.gethostbyname
- *  - Socket.pack_sockaddr_in
- *  - Socket.sockaddr_in
- *  - Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_address_resolve(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#timeout_after
- *  call-seq: timeout_after(duration, exception_class, *exception_arguments, &block) -> result of block
- *
- *  Invoked by Timeout.timeout to execute the given +block+ within the given
- *  +duration+. It can also be invoked directly by the scheduler or user code.
- *
- *  Attempt to limit the execution time of a given +block+ to the given
- *  +duration+ if possible. When a non-blocking operation causes the +block+'s
- *  execution time to exceed the specified +duration+, that non-blocking
- *  operation should be interrupted by raising the specified +exception_class+
- *  constructed with the given +exception_arguments+.
- *
- *  General execution timeouts are often considered risky. This implementation
- *  will only interrupt non-blocking operations. This is by design because it's
- *  expected that non-blocking operations can fail for a variety of
- *  unpredictable reasons, so applications should already be robust in handling
- *  these conditions and by implication timeouts.
- *
- *  However, as a result of this design, if the +block+ does not invoke any
- *  non-blocking operations, it will be impossible to interrupt it. If you
- *  desire to provide predictable points for timeouts, consider adding
- *  +sleep(0)+.
- *
- *  If the block is executed successfully, its result will be returned.
- *
- *  The exception will typically be raised using Fiber#raise.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_timeout_after(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#block
- *  call-seq: block(blocker, timeout = nil)
- *
- *  Invoked by methods like Thread.join, and by Mutex, to signify that current
- *  Fiber is blocked until further notice (e.g. #unblock) or until +timeout+ has
- *  elapsed.
- *
- *  +blocker+ is what we are waiting on, informational only (for debugging and
- *  logging). There are no guarantee about its value.
- *
- *  Expected to return boolean, specifying whether the blocking operation was
- *  successful or not.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#unblock
- *  call-seq: unblock(blocker, fiber)
- *
- *  Invoked to wake up Fiber previously blocked with #block (for example, Mutex#lock
- *  calls #block and Mutex#unlock calls #unblock). The scheduler should use
- *  the +fiber+ parameter to understand which fiber is unblocked.
- *
- *  +blocker+ is what was awaited for, but it is informational only (for debugging
- *  and logging), and it is not guaranteed to be the same value as the +blocker+ for
- *  #block.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#fiber
- *  call-seq: fiber(&block)
- *
- *  Implementation of the Fiber.schedule. The method is <em>expected</em> to immediately
- *  run the given block of code in a separate non-blocking fiber, and to return that Fiber.
- *
- *  Minimal suggested implementation is:
- *
- *     def fiber(&block)
- *       fiber = Fiber.new(blocking: false, &block)
- *       fiber.resume
- *       fiber
- *     end
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
 void
 Init_Cont(void)
 {
@@ -3237,6 +3361,7 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 
     fiber_initialize_keywords[0] = rb_intern_const("blocking");
     fiber_initialize_keywords[1] = rb_intern_const("pool");
+    fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = rb_intern_const("storage");
 
     const char *fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks = getenv("RUBY_SHARED_FIBER_POOL_FREE_STACKS");
     if (fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks) {
@@ -3248,8 +3373,14 @@ Init_Cont(void)
     rb_eFiberError = rb_define_class("FiberError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "yield", rb_fiber_s_yield, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "current", rb_fiber_s_current, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking", rb_fiber_blocking, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "[]", rb_fiber_storage_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "[]=", rb_fiber_storage_aset, 2);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "initialize", rb_fiber_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking?", rb_fiber_blocking_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "storage", rb_fiber_storage_get, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "storage=", rb_fiber_storage_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "resume", rb_fiber_m_resume, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "raise", rb_fiber_m_raise, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "backtrace", rb_fiber_backtrace, -1);
@@ -3266,21 +3397,6 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "schedule", rb_fiber_s_schedule, -1);
 
-#if 0 /* for RDoc */
-    rb_cFiberScheduler = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFiber, "SchedulerInterface", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "close", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "process_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_read", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_read, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_write", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_write, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "kernel_sleep", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "address_resolve", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_address_resolve, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "timeout_after", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_timeout_after, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "block", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "unblock", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "fiber", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber, 0);
-#endif
-
 #ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
     rb_cFiberPool = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFiber, "Pool", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cFiberPool, fiber_pool_alloc);
diff --git a/coroutine/amd64/Context.h b/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
index f626a47225..44daa4e01a 100644
--- a/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
@@ -19,10 +19,29 @@
 
 enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 6};
 
+#if defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)
+    #define COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS
+#elif defined(__has_feature)
+    #if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+        #define COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+#include <sanitizer/common_interface_defs.h>
+#include <sanitizer/asan_interface.h>
+#endif
+
 struct coroutine_context
 {
     void **stack_pointer;
     void *argument;
+
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    void *fake_stack;
+    void *stack_base;
+    size_t stack_size;
+#endif
 };
 
 typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
@@ -39,6 +58,12 @@ static inline void coroutine_initialize(
 ) {
     assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
 
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    context->fake_stack = NULL;
+    context->stack_base = stack;
+    context->stack_size = size;
+#endif
+
     // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
     char * top = (char*)stack + size;
     context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
diff --git a/coroutine/arm64/Context.h b/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
index dbc6ac94fb..1472621f48 100644
--- a/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
@@ -19,10 +19,29 @@
 
 enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 0xb0 / 8};
 
+#if defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)
+    #define COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS
+#elif defined(__has_feature)
+    #if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+        #define COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+#include <sanitizer/common_interface_defs.h>
+#include <sanitizer/asan_interface.h>
+#endif
+
 struct coroutine_context
 {
     void **stack_pointer;
     void *argument;
+
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    void *fake_stack;
+    void *stack_base;
+    size_t stack_size;
+#endif
 };
 
 typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
@@ -39,6 +58,12 @@ static inline void coroutine_initialize(
 ) {
     assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
 
+#if defined(COROUTINE_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+    context->fake_stack = NULL;
+    context->stack_base = stack;
+    context->stack_size = size;
+#endif
+
     // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
     char * top = (char*)stack + size;
     context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
diff --git a/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h b/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h
index 7dba829a1d..71791a4004 100644
--- a/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include "wasm/asyncify.h"
 #include "wasm/machine.h"
 #include "wasm/fiber.h"
@@ -47,10 +48,13 @@ static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context)
 
 static inline void coroutine_initialize(struct coroutine_context *context, coroutine_start start, void *stack, size_t size)
 {
-    if (ASYNCIFY_CORO_DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "[%s] entry (context = %p, stack = %p ... %p)\n", __func__, context, stack, (char *)stack + size);
+    // Linear stack pointer must be always aligned down to 16 bytes.
+    // https://github.com/WebAssembly/tool-conventions/blob/c74267a5897c1bdc9aa60adeaf41816387d3cd12/BasicCABI.md#the-linear-stack
+    uintptr_t sp = ((uintptr_t)stack + size) & ~0xF;
+    if (ASYNCIFY_CORO_DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "[%s] entry (context = %p, stack = %p ... %p)\n", __func__, context, stack, (char *)sp);
     rb_wasm_init_context(&context->fc, coroutine_trampoline, start, context);
     // record the initial stack pointer position to restore it after resumption
-    context->current_sp = (char *)stack + size;
+    context->current_sp = (char *)sp;
     context->stack_base = stack;
     context->size = size;
 }
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc/Context.S b/coroutine/ppc/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdda93e179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+; Based on the code by Samuel Williams. Created by Sergey Fedorov on 04/06/2022.
+; Credits to Samuel Williams, Rei Odaira and Iain Sandoe. Errors, if any, are mine.
+; Some relevant examples: https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libphobos/libdruntime/config/powerpc/switchcontext.S
+; https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libgcc/config/rs6000/darwin-gpsave.S
+; https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=epilogs-saving-gprs-only
+; ppc32 version may be re-written compactly with stmw/lwm, but the code wonʼt be faster, see: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5927#issuecomment-1139730541
+
+; Notice that this code is only for Darwin (macOS). Darwin ABI differs from AIX and ELF.
+; To add support for AIX, *BSD or *Linux, please make separate implementations.
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.machine ppc7400 ; = G4, Rosetta
+.text
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.align 2
+
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	; Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	; (Should we rather use red zone? See libphobos example.)
+	subi r1,r1,80
+
+	; Get LR
+	mflr r0
+
+	; Save caller registers
+	stw r31,0(r1)
+	stw r30,4(r1)
+	stw r29,8(r1)
+	stw r28,12(r1)
+	stw r27,16(r1)
+	stw r26,20(r1)
+	stw r25,24(r1)
+	stw r24,28(r1)
+	stw r23,32(r1)
+	stw r22,36(r1)
+	stw r21,40(r1)
+	stw r20,44(r1)
+	stw r19,48(r1)
+	stw r18,52(r1)
+	stw r17,56(r1)
+	stw r16,60(r1)
+	stw r15,64(r1)
+	stw r14,68(r1)
+	stw r13,72(r1)
+
+	; Save return address
+	; Possibly should rather be saved into linkage area, see libphobos and IBM docs
+	stw r0,76(r1)
+
+	; Save stack pointer to first argument
+	stw r1,0(r3)
+
+	; Load stack pointer from second argument
+	lwz r1,0(r4)
+
+	; Load return address
+	lwz r0,76(r1)
+
+	; Restore caller registers
+	lwz r13,72(r1)
+	lwz r14,68(r1)
+	lwz r15,64(r1)
+	lwz r16,60(r1)
+	lwz r17,56(r1)
+	lwz r18,52(r1)
+	lwz r19,48(r1)
+	lwz r20,44(r1)
+	lwz r21,40(r1)
+	lwz r22,36(r1)
+	lwz r23,32(r1)
+	lwz r24,28(r1)
+	lwz r25,24(r1)
+	lwz r26,20(r1)
+	lwz r27,16(r1)
+	lwz r28,12(r1)
+	lwz r29,8(r1)
+	lwz r30,4(r1)
+	lwz r31,0(r1)
+
+	; Set LR
+	mtlr r0
+
+	; Pop stack frame
+	addi r1,r1,80
+
+	; Jump to return address
+	blr
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc/Context.h b/coroutine/ppc/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fce112579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#ifndef COROUTINE_PPC_CONTEXT_H
+#define COROUTINE_PPC_CONTEXT_H 1
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+enum {
+  COROUTINE_REGISTERS =
+  20  /* 19 general purpose registers (r13–r31) and 1 return address */
+  + 4  /* space for fiber_entry() to store the link register */
+};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+    void *argument;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+
+    /* Skip a global prologue that sets the TOC register */
+    context->stack_pointer[19] = ((char*)start) + 8;
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+#endif /* COROUTINE_PPC_CONTEXT_H */
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8561e0e7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+; Based on the code by Samuel Williams. Created by Sergey Fedorov on 04/06/2022.
+; Credits to Samuel Williams, Rei Odaira and Iain Sandoe. Errors, if any, are mine.
+; Some relevant examples: https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libphobos/libdruntime/config/powerpc/switchcontext.S
+; https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libgcc/config/rs6000/darwin-gpsave.S
+; https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=epilogs-saving-gprs-only
+
+; Notice that this code is only for Darwin (macOS). Darwin ABI differs from AIX and ELF.
+; To add support for AIX, *BSD or *Linux, please make separate implementations.
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.machine ppc64 ; = G5
+.text
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.align 2
+
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	; Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	; (Should we rather use red zone? See libphobos example.)
+	subi r1,r1,160
+
+	; Get LR
+	mflr r0
+
+	; Save caller registers
+	std r31,0(r1)
+	std r30,8(r1)
+	std r29,16(r1)
+	std r28,24(r1)
+	std r27,32(r1)
+	std r26,40(r1)
+	std r25,48(r1)
+	std r24,56(r1)
+	std r23,64(r1)
+	std r22,72(r1)
+	std r21,80(r1)
+	std r20,88(r1)
+	std r19,96(r1)
+	std r18,104(r1)
+	std r17,112(r1)
+	std r16,120(r1)
+	std r15,128(r1)
+	std r14,136(r1)
+	std r13,144(r1)
+
+	; Save return address
+	; Possibly should rather be saved into linkage area, see libphobos and IBM docs
+	std r0,152(r1)
+
+	; Save stack pointer to first argument
+	std r1,0(r3)
+
+	; Load stack pointer from second argument
+	ld r1,0(r4)
+
+	; Load return address
+	ld r0,152(r1)
+
+	; Restore caller registers
+	ld r13,144(r1)
+	ld r14,136(r1)
+	ld r15,128(r1)
+	ld r16,120(r1)
+	ld r17,112(r1)
+	ld r18,104(r1)
+	ld r19,96(r1)
+	ld r20,88(r1)
+	ld r21,80(r1)
+	ld r22,72(r1)
+	ld r23,64(r1)
+	ld r24,56(r1)
+	ld r25,48(r1)
+	ld r26,40(r1)
+	ld r27,32(r1)
+	ld r28,24(r1)
+	ld r29,16(r1)
+	ld r30,8(r1)
+	ld r31,0(r1)
+
+	; Set LR
+	mtlr r0
+
+	; Pop stack frame
+	addi r1,r1,160
+
+	; Jump to return address
+	blr
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e6f77f55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef COROUTINE_PPC64_CONTEXT_H
+#define COROUTINE_PPC64_CONTEXT_H 1
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {
+  COROUTINE_REGISTERS =
+  20  /* 19 general purpose registers (r13–r31) and 1 return address */
+  + 4  /* space for fiber_entry() to store the link register */
+};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+    void *argument;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+
+    /* Skip a global prologue that sets the TOC register */
+    context->stack_pointer[19] = ((char*)start) + 8;
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+#endif /* COROUTINE_PPC64_CONTEXT_H */
diff --git a/coroutine/universal/Context.S b/coroutine/universal/Context.S
index 0fd8c01e7f..11c80a7927 100644
--- a/coroutine/universal/Context.S
+++ b/coroutine/universal/Context.S
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 # include "coroutine/amd64/Context.S"
 #elif defined __i386__
 # include "coroutine/x86/Context.S"
-#elif defined __ppc64__
+#elif defined __ppc__
+# include "coroutine/ppc/Context.S"
+#elif defined __ppc64__ && defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
+# include "coroutine/ppc64/Context.S"
+#elif defined __ppc64__ && !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
 # include "coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S"
 #elif defined __arm64__
 # include "coroutine/arm64/Context.S"
diff --git a/coroutine/universal/Context.h b/coroutine/universal/Context.h
index 9a2ef425db..ec4d2f484a 100644
--- a/coroutine/universal/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/universal/Context.h
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
 # include "coroutine/amd64/Context.h"
 #elif defined __i386__
 # include "coroutine/x86/Context.h"
-#elif defined __ppc64__
+#elif defined __ppc__
+# include "coroutine/ppc/Context.h"
+#elif defined __ppc64__ && defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
+# include "coroutine/ppc64/Context.h"
+#elif defined __ppc64__ && !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
 # include "coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h"
 #elif defined __arm64__
 # include "coroutine/arm64/Context.h"
diff --git a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
index b13c3d9c8a..f342d2fcf7 100644
--- a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+++ b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ gnumake = yes
 
 include Makefile
 
-ENABLE_SHARED=@ENABLE_SHARED@
-DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=@target_os@ --driver-name="$(CC)"
+MUNICODE_FLAG := $(if $(filter mingw%,$(target_os)),-municode)
+override EXE_LDFLAGS += $(MUNICODE_FLAG)
+
+DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=$(target_os) --driver-name="$(CC)"
 windres-cpp := $(CPP) -xc
 windres-cpp := --preprocessor=$(firstword $(windres-cpp)) \
 	$(addprefix --preprocessor-arg=,$(wordlist 2,$(words $(windres-cpp)),$(windres-cpp)))
 WINDRES = @WINDRES@ $(windres-cpp) -DRC_INVOKED
 STRIP = @STRIP@
 
-ifeq (@target_os@,cygwin)
+ifeq ($(target_os),cygwin)
   DLL_BASE_NAME := $(LIBRUBY_SO:.dll=)
 else
   DLL_BASE_NAME := $(RUBY_SO_NAME)
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ WPROGRAM = $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
 
 include $(srcdir)/template/GNUmakefile.in
 
-SOLIBS := $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@ $(SOLIBS)
+SOLIBS := $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT) $(SOLIBS)
 override EXTOBJS += $(if $(filter-out $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME),$(@:$(EXEEXT)=)),$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME),$(@:$(EXEEXT)=)).res.$(OBJEXT)
 RCFILES = $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(DLL_BASE_NAME).rc
 RUBYDEF = $(DLL_BASE_NAME).def
@@ -47,26 +49,26 @@ ruby: $(PROGRAM)
 rubyw: $(WPROGRAM)
 
 $(LIBRUBY): $(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
-$(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
+$(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
 
-%.res.@OBJEXT@: %.rc
+%.res.$(OBJEXT): %.rc
 	$(ECHO) compiling $@
 	$(Q) $(WINDRES) --include-dir . --include-dir $(<D) --include-dir $(srcdir)/win32 $< $@
 
-%.rc: $(RBCONFIG) $(srcdir)/revision.h $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb
+%.rc: $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_FAKE) $(RBCONFIG) $(srcdir)/revision.h $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb \
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND) $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb \
 	  -ruby_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) -rubyw_name=$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME) \
 	  -so_name=$(DLL_BASE_NAME) -output=$(*F) \
 	  . $(icondirs) $(srcdir)/win32
 
-$(PROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
-$(WPROGRAM): $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
+$(PROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
+$(WPROGRAM): $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
 	@rm -f $@
 	$(ECHO) linking $@
-	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) -mwindows -e $(SYMBOL_PREFIX)mainCRTStartup $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) \
+	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MUNICODE_FLAG) -mwindows -e $(SYMBOL_PREFIX)mainCRTStartup $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) \
 	  $(MAINOBJ) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(LIBS) -o $@
-$(STUBPROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
+$(STUBPROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
 
 $(RUBY_EXP): $(LIBRUBY_A)
 	$(ECHO) creating $@
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ $(RUBY_EXP): $(LIBRUBY_A)
 
 GNUmakefile:	$(srcdir)/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
 
-ifeq (@target_os@,mingw32)
+ifeq ($(target_os),mingw32)
 $(OBJS) $(MAINOBJ): win32.h
 
 dir.$(OBJEXT) win32/win32.$(OBJEXT): win32/dir.h
@@ -89,16 +91,17 @@ MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL_PARAM = --exclude=;--name=
 yes-test-ruby:	 export MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL=$(MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL_PARAM)
 yes-test-all:	 export MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL=$(MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL_PARAM)
 yes-test-almost: export MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL=$(MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL_PARAM)
+test/% spec/%/ spec/%_spec.rb: export MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL=$(MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL_PARAM)
 
 endif
 
 $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(RUBYDEF)
 
-$(RUBYDEF): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
+$(RUBYDEF): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_FAKE) $(RBCONFIG)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/win32/mkexports.rb -output=$@ $(LIBRUBY_A)
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND) $(srcdir)/win32/mkexports.rb -output=$@ $(LIBRUBY_A)
 
 clean-local::
 	@$(RM) $(RUBYDEF)
-	@$(RM) $(RUBY_EXP) $(RCFILES:.rc=.res.@OBJEXT@)
+	@$(RM) $(RUBY_EXP) $(RCFILES:.rc=.res.$(OBJEXT))
 	@$(RM) $(RCFILES)
diff --git a/debug.c b/debug.c
index 95a994e63c..3dd0f71906 100644
--- a/debug.c
+++ b/debug.c
@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ const union {
     rb_econv_result_t           econv_result;
     enum ruby_preserved_encindex encoding_index;
     enum ruby_robject_flags     robject_flags;
+#if !USE_RVARGC
     enum ruby_robject_consts    robject_consts;
+#endif
     enum ruby_rmodule_flags     rmodule_flags;
     enum ruby_rstring_flags     rstring_flags;
 #if !USE_RVARGC
@@ -62,23 +64,23 @@ const union {
     enum ruby_rarray_flags      rarray_flags;
     enum ruby_rarray_consts     rarray_consts;
     enum {
-	RUBY_FMODE_READABLE		= FMODE_READABLE,
-	RUBY_FMODE_WRITABLE		= FMODE_WRITABLE,
-	RUBY_FMODE_READWRITE		= FMODE_READWRITE,
-	RUBY_FMODE_BINMODE		= FMODE_BINMODE,
-	RUBY_FMODE_SYNC 		= FMODE_SYNC,
-	RUBY_FMODE_TTY			= FMODE_TTY,
-	RUBY_FMODE_DUPLEX		= FMODE_DUPLEX,
-	RUBY_FMODE_APPEND		= FMODE_APPEND,
-	RUBY_FMODE_CREATE		= FMODE_CREATE,
-	RUBY_FMODE_NOREVLOOKUP		= 0x00000100,
-	RUBY_FMODE_TRUNC		= FMODE_TRUNC,
-	RUBY_FMODE_TEXTMODE		= FMODE_TEXTMODE,
-	RUBY_FMODE_PREP 		= 0x00010000,
-	RUBY_FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM	= FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM,
-	RUBY_FMODE_UNIX 		= 0x00200000,
-	RUBY_FMODE_INET 		= 0x00400000,
-	RUBY_FMODE_INET6		= 0x00800000,
+        RUBY_FMODE_READABLE		= FMODE_READABLE,
+        RUBY_FMODE_WRITABLE		= FMODE_WRITABLE,
+        RUBY_FMODE_READWRITE		= FMODE_READWRITE,
+        RUBY_FMODE_BINMODE		= FMODE_BINMODE,
+        RUBY_FMODE_SYNC 		= FMODE_SYNC,
+        RUBY_FMODE_TTY			= FMODE_TTY,
+        RUBY_FMODE_DUPLEX		= FMODE_DUPLEX,
+        RUBY_FMODE_APPEND		= FMODE_APPEND,
+        RUBY_FMODE_CREATE		= FMODE_CREATE,
+        RUBY_FMODE_NOREVLOOKUP		= 0x00000100,
+        RUBY_FMODE_TRUNC		= FMODE_TRUNC,
+        RUBY_FMODE_TEXTMODE		= FMODE_TEXTMODE,
+        RUBY_FMODE_PREP 		= 0x00010000,
+        RUBY_FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM	= FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM,
+        RUBY_FMODE_UNIX 		= 0x00200000,
+        RUBY_FMODE_INET 		= 0x00400000,
+        RUBY_FMODE_INET6		= 0x00800000,
 
         RUBY_NODE_TYPESHIFT = NODE_TYPESHIFT,
         RUBY_NODE_TYPEMASK  = NODE_TYPEMASK,
@@ -86,9 +88,9 @@ const union {
         RUBY_NODE_FL_NEWLINE   = NODE_FL_NEWLINE
     } various;
     union {
-	enum imemo_type                     types;
-	enum {RUBY_IMEMO_MASK = IMEMO_MASK} mask;
-	struct RIMemo                      *ptr;
+        enum imemo_type                     types;
+        enum {RUBY_IMEMO_MASK = IMEMO_MASK} mask;
+        struct RIMemo                      *ptr;
     } imemo;
     struct RSymbol *symbol_ptr;
     enum vm_call_flag_bits vm_call_flags;
@@ -100,9 +102,9 @@ int
 ruby_debug_print_indent(int level, int debug_level, int indent_level)
 {
     if (level < debug_level) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "%*s", indent_level, "");
-	fflush(stderr);
-	return TRUE;
+        fprintf(stderr, "%*s", indent_level, "");
+        fflush(stderr);
+        return TRUE;
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
@@ -122,11 +124,11 @@ VALUE
 ruby_debug_print_value(int level, int debug_level, const char *header, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (level < debug_level) {
-	char buff[0x100];
-	rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 0x100, obj);
+        char buff[0x100];
+        rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 0x100, obj);
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s\n", header, buff);
-	fflush(stderr);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s\n", header, buff);
+        fflush(stderr);
     }
     return obj;
 }
@@ -141,8 +143,8 @@ ID
 ruby_debug_print_id(int level, int debug_level, const char *header, ID id)
 {
     if (level < debug_level) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s\n", header, rb_id2name(id));
-	fflush(stderr);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s\n", header, rb_id2name(id));
+        fflush(stderr);
     }
     return id;
 }
@@ -151,8 +153,8 @@ NODE *
 ruby_debug_print_node(int level, int debug_level, const char *header, const NODE *node)
 {
     if (level < debug_level) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s (%u)\n", header,
-		ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)), nd_line(node));
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s (%u)\n", header,
+                ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)), nd_line(node));
     }
     return (NODE *)node;
 }
@@ -182,11 +184,11 @@ ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
     size_t retlen;
     unsigned long n;
 #define SET_WHEN(name, var, val) do {	    \
-	if (len == sizeof(name) - 1 &&	    \
-	    strncmp(str, (name), len) == 0) { \
-	    (var) = (val);		    \
-	    return 1;			    \
-	}				    \
+        if (len == sizeof(name) - 1 &&	    \
+            strncmp(str, (name), len) == 0) { \
+            (var) = (val);		    \
+            return 1;			    \
+        }				    \
     } while (0)
 #define NAME_MATCH_VALUE(name)				\
     ((size_t)len >= sizeof(name)-1 &&			\
@@ -195,24 +197,24 @@ ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
       (str[sizeof(name)-1] == '=' &&			\
        (str += sizeof(name), len -= sizeof(name), 1))))
 #define SET_UINT(val) do { \
-	n = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, 10, &retlen, &ov); \
-	if (!ov && retlen) { \
-	    val = (unsigned int)n; \
-	} \
-	str += retlen; \
-	len -= retlen; \
+        n = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, 10, &retlen, &ov); \
+        if (!ov && retlen) { \
+            val = (unsigned int)n; \
+        } \
+        str += retlen; \
+        len -= retlen; \
     } while (0)
 #define SET_UINT_LIST(name, vals, num) do { \
-	int i; \
-	for (i = 0; i < (num); ++i) { \
-	    SET_UINT((vals)[i]); \
-	    if (!len || *str != ':') break; \
-	    ++str; \
-	    --len; \
-	} \
-	if (len > 0) { \
-	    fprintf(stderr, "ignored "name" option: `%.*s'\n", len, str); \
-	} \
+        int i; \
+        for (i = 0; i < (num); ++i) { \
+            SET_UINT((vals)[i]); \
+            if (!len || *str != ':') break; \
+            ++str; \
+            --len; \
+        } \
+        if (len > 0) { \
+            fprintf(stderr, "ignored "name" option: `%.*s'\n", len, str); \
+        } \
     } while (0)
 #define SET_WHEN_UINT(name, vals, num, req) \
     if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE(name)) SET_UINT_LIST(name, vals, num);
@@ -221,9 +223,9 @@ ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
     SET_WHEN("core", ruby_enable_coredump, 1);
     SET_WHEN("ci", ruby_on_ci, 1);
     if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE("rgengc")) {
-	if (!len) ruby_rgengc_debug = 1;
-	else SET_UINT_LIST("rgengc", &ruby_rgengc_debug, 1);
-	return 1;
+        if (!len) ruby_rgengc_debug = 1;
+        else SET_UINT_LIST("rgengc", &ruby_rgengc_debug, 1);
+        return 1;
     }
 #if defined _WIN32
 # if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
@@ -232,9 +234,9 @@ ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
 #endif
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
     if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE("codepage")) {
-	if (!len) fprintf(stderr, "missing codepage argument");
-	else SET_UINT_LIST("codepage", ruby_w32_codepage, numberof(ruby_w32_codepage));
-	return 1;
+        if (!len) fprintf(stderr, "missing codepage argument");
+        else SET_UINT_LIST("codepage", ruby_w32_codepage, numberof(ruby_w32_codepage));
+        return 1;
     }
 #endif
     return 0;
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ static void
 set_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
 {
     if (!ruby_env_debug_option(str, len, arg)) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "unexpected debug option: %.*s\n", len, str);
+        fprintf(stderr, "unexpected debug option: %.*s\n", len, str);
     }
 }
 
@@ -268,14 +270,31 @@ ruby_set_debug_option(const char *str)
 
 #define MAX_DEBUG_LOG             0x1000
 #define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN 0x0200
-#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER      0x0010
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_LEN  0x0020
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_NUM  0x0010
 
 enum ruby_debug_log_mode ruby_debug_log_mode;
 
+struct debug_log_filter {
+    enum debug_log_filter_type {
+        dlf_all,
+        dlf_file, // "file:..."
+        dlf_func, // "func:..."
+    } type;
+    bool negative;
+    char str[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_LEN];
+};
+
+static const char *dlf_type_names[] = {
+    "all",
+    "file",
+    "func",
+};
+
 static struct {
     char *mem;
     unsigned int cnt;
-    char filters[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER][MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER];
+    struct debug_log_filter filters[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_NUM];
     unsigned int filters_num;
     rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
     FILE *output;
@@ -287,15 +306,86 @@ RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(unsigned int index)
     return &debug_log.mem[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN * index];
 }
 
+static enum debug_log_filter_type
+filter_type(const char *str, int *skiplen)
+{
+    if (strncmp(str, "file:", 5) == 0) {
+        *skiplen = 5;
+        return dlf_file;
+    }
+    else if(strncmp(str, "func:", 5) == 0) {
+        *skiplen = 5;
+        return dlf_func;
+    }
+    else {
+        *skiplen = 0;
+        return dlf_all;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+setup_debug_log_filter(void)
+{
+    const char *filter_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER");
+
+    if (filter_config && strlen(filter_config) > 0) {
+        unsigned int i;
+        for (i=0; i<MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_NUM && filter_config; i++) {
+            size_t len;
+            const char *str = filter_config;
+            const char *p;
+
+            if ((p = strchr(str, ',')) == NULL) {
+                len = strlen(str);
+                filter_config = NULL;
+            }
+            else {
+                len = p - str - 1; // 1 is ','
+                filter_config = p + 1;
+            }
+
+            // positive/negative
+            if (*str == '-') {
+                debug_log.filters[i].negative = true;
+                str++;
+            }
+            else if (*str == '+') {
+                // negative is false on default.
+                str++;
+            }
+
+            // type
+            int skiplen;
+            debug_log.filters[i].type = filter_type(str, &skiplen);
+            len -= skiplen;
+
+            if (len >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_LEN) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", str, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER_LEN - 1);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+
+            // body
+            strncpy(debug_log.filters[i].str, str + skiplen, len);
+            debug_log.filters[i].str[len] = 0;
+        }
+        debug_log.filters_num = i;
+
+        for (i=0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER[%d]=%s (%s%s)\n", i,
+                    debug_log.filters[i].str,
+                    debug_log.filters[i].negative ? "-" : "",
+                    dlf_type_names[debug_log.filters[i].type]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 setup_debug_log(void)
 {
     // check RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
     const char *log_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG");
-    if (log_config) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=%s\n", log_config);
-
-        if  (strcmp(log_config, "mem") == 0) {
+    if (log_config && strlen(log_config) > 0) {
+        if (strcmp(log_config, "mem") == 0) {
             debug_log.mem = (char *)malloc(MAX_DEBUG_LOG * MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN);
             if (debug_log.mem == NULL) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "setup_debug_log failed (can't allocate memory)\n");
@@ -315,51 +405,83 @@ setup_debug_log(void)
             setvbuf(debug_log.output, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
         }
 
+        fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=%s %s%s%s\n", log_config,
+                (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_memory) ? "[mem]" : "",
+                (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_stderr) ? "[stderr]" : "",
+                (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_file)   ? "[file]" : "");
         rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&debug_log.lock);
+
+        setup_debug_log_filter();
     }
+}
 
-    // check RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER
-    const char *filter_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER");
-    if (filter_config && strlen(filter_config) > 0) {
-        unsigned int i;
-        for (i=0; i<MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER; i++) {
-            const char *p;
-            if ((p = strchr(filter_config, ',')) == NULL) {
-                if (strlen(filter_config) >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER) {
-                    fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER);
-                    exit(1);
-                }
-                strncpy(debug_log.filters[i], filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER - 1);
-                i++;
-                break;
-            }
-            else {
-                size_t n = p - filter_config;
-                if (n >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER) {
-                    fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER);
-                    exit(1);
-                }
-                strncpy(debug_log.filters[i], filter_config, n);
-                filter_config = p+1;
-            }
+static bool
+check_filter(const char *str, const struct debug_log_filter *filter, bool *state)
+{
+    if (filter->negative) {
+        if (strstr(str, filter->str) == NULL) {
+            *state = true;
+            return false;
         }
-        debug_log.filters_num = i;
-        for (i=0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER[%d]=%s\n", i, debug_log.filters[i]);
+        else {
+            *state = false;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (strstr(str, filter->str) != NULL) {
+            *state = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        else {
+            *state = false;
+            return false;
         }
     }
 }
 
+//
+// RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER=-foo,-bar,baz,boo
+// returns true if
+//   (func_name or file_name) doesn't contain foo
+// and
+//   (func_name or file_name) doesn't contain bar
+// and
+//   (func_name or file_name) contains baz or boo
+//
+// RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER=foo,bar,-baz,-boo
+// retunrs true if
+//   (func_name or file_name) contains foo or bar
+// or
+//   (func_name or file_name) doesn't contain baz and
+//   (func_name or file_name) doesn't contain boo and
+//
+// You can specify "file:" (ex file:foo) or "func:" (ex  func:foo)
+// prefixes to specify the filter for.
+//
 bool
-ruby_debug_log_filter(const char *func_name)
+ruby_debug_log_filter(const char *func_name, const char *file_name)
 {
     if (debug_log.filters_num > 0) {
+        bool state = false;
+
         for (unsigned int i = 0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
-            if (strstr(func_name, debug_log.filters[i]) != NULL) {
-                return true;
+            const struct debug_log_filter *filter = &debug_log.filters[i];
+
+            switch (filter->type) {
+              case dlf_all:
+                if (check_filter(func_name, filter, &state)) return state;
+                if (check_filter(file_name, filter, &state)) return state;
+                break;
+              case dlf_func:
+                if (check_filter(func_name, filter, &state)) return state;
+                break;
+              case dlf_file:
+                if (check_filter(file_name, filter, &state)) return state;
+                break;
             }
         }
-        return false;
+        return state;
     }
     else {
         return true;
@@ -377,6 +499,7 @@ pretty_filename(const char *path)
     return path;
 }
 
+#undef ruby_debug_log
 void
 ruby_debug_log(const char *file, int line, const char *func_name, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
@@ -410,36 +533,36 @@ ruby_debug_log(const char *file, int line, const char *func_name, const char *fm
         len += r;
     }
 
-    // Ruby location
-    int ruby_line;
-    const char *ruby_file = rb_source_location_cstr(&ruby_line);
-    if (len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
-        if (ruby_file) {
-            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t%s:%d", pretty_filename(ruby_file), ruby_line);
-        }
-        else {
-            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t");
-        }
-        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
-        len += r;
-    }
-
-    // ractor information
-    if (ruby_single_main_ractor == NULL) {
-        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
-        if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
-            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tr:#%u/%u",
-                         (unsigned int)rb_ractor_id(cr), GET_VM()->ractor.cnt);
+    if (rb_current_execution_context(false)) {
+        // Ruby location
+        int ruby_line;
+        const char *ruby_file = rb_source_location_cstr(&ruby_line);
+        if (len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+            if (ruby_file) {
+                r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t%s:%d", pretty_filename(ruby_file), ruby_line);
+            }
+            else {
+                r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t");
+            }
             if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
             len += r;
         }
-    }
 
-    // thread information
-    if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
+        // ractor information
+        if (ruby_single_main_ractor == NULL) {
+            rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+            if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+                r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tr:#%u/%u",
+                             (unsigned int)rb_ractor_id(cr), GET_VM()->ractor.cnt);
+                if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+                len += r;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // thread information
         const rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
         if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
-            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tth:%p", (void *)th);
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tth:%u", rb_th_serial(th));
             if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
             len += r;
         }
diff --git a/debug_counter.c b/debug_counter.c
index e7b0bb0acd..463bebf849 100644
--- a/debug_counter.c
+++ b/debug_counter.c
@@ -16,19 +16,21 @@
 
 #if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
 
-static const char *const debug_counter_names[] = {
-    ""
+const char *const rb_debug_counter_names[] = {
+#define DEBUG_COUNTER_NAME_EMPTY "" /* Suppress -Wstring-concatenation */
+    DEBUG_COUNTER_NAME_EMPTY
+#undef DEBUG_COUNTER_NAME_EMPTY
 #define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(name) #name,
 #include "debug_counter.h"
 #undef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
 };
 
 MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-size_t rb_debug_counter[numberof(debug_counter_names)];
+size_t rb_debug_counter[numberof(rb_debug_counter_names)];
 void rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add);
 MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
-rb_nativethread_lock_t debug_counter_lock;
+static rb_nativethread_lock_t debug_counter_lock;
 
 __attribute__((constructor))
 static void
@@ -47,24 +49,14 @@ rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add)
     rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&debug_counter_lock);
 }
 
-int debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit = 0;
+static int debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit = 0;
 
 // note that this operation is not atomic.
 void
 ruby_debug_counter_reset(void)
 {
     for (int i = 0; i < RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
-        switch (i) {
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_unit_queue:
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_active_units:
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_compact_units:
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_stale_units:
-            // These counters may be decreased and should not be reset.
-            break;
-          default:
-            rb_debug_counter[i] = 0;
-            break;
-        }
+        rb_debug_counter[i] = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -75,7 +67,7 @@ ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr)
     int i;
     if (names_ptr != NULL) {
         for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
-            names_ptr[i] = debug_counter_names[i];
+            names_ptr[i] = rb_debug_counter_names[i];
         }
     }
     if (counters_ptr != NULL) {
@@ -101,13 +93,13 @@ rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg)
     setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "");
 
     if (env == NULL || strcmp("1", env) != 0) {
-	int i;
+        int i;
         fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%d %s\n", getpid(), msg);
-	for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+        for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
             fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%-30s\t%'14"PRIuSIZE"\n",
-		    debug_counter_names[i],
-		    rb_debug_counter[i]);
-	}
+                    rb_debug_counter_names[i],
+                    rb_debug_counter[i]);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/debug_counter.h b/debug_counter.h
index 3f0dec948f..6e0b8dee60 100644
--- a/debug_counter.h
+++ b/debug_counter.h
@@ -130,7 +130,6 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2R)
 /* instance variable counts
  *
  * * ivar_get_ic_hit/miss: ivar_get inline cache (ic) hit/miss counts (VM insn)
- * * ivar_get_ic_miss_serial: ivar_get ic miss reason by serial (VM insn)
  * * ivar_get_ic_miss_unset:                      ... by unset (VM insn)
  * * ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject:                   ... by "not T_OBJECT" (VM insn)
  * * ivar_set_...: same counts with ivar_set (VM insn)
@@ -140,17 +139,17 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2R)
  */
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_serial)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_unset)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_serial)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_unset)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_iv_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_noobject)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_base)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_base)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_set)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_cc_miss_set)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_unset)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_cc_miss_unset)
 
 /* local variable counts
  *
@@ -244,6 +243,7 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_wb_unprotect)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_embed)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_transient)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_too_complex)
 
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_ptr)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_embed)
@@ -347,41 +347,6 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_nb)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_cr)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_barrier)
 
-/* mjit_exec() counts */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_added)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_ready)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_compiled)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_call_func)
-
-/* MJIT enqueue / unload */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_add_iseq_to_process)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_unload_units)
-
-/* MJIT <-> VM frame push counts */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2VM)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2JT)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2JT)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2VM)
-
-/* MJIT cancel counters */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_ivar_inline)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_exivar_inline)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_send_inline)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_opt_insn) /* CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_invalidate_all)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_leave)
-
-/* rb_mjit_unit_list length */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_unit_queue)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_active_units)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_compact_units)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_stale_units)
-
-/* Other MJIT counters */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_compile_failures)
-
 /* load (not implemented yet) */
 /*
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(load_files)
diff --git a/defs/gmake.mk b/defs/gmake.mk
index 93aa784fb4..54fef6685f 100644
--- a/defs/gmake.mk
+++ b/defs/gmake.mk
@@ -11,11 +11,15 @@ override ACTIONS_GROUP = @echo "\#\#[group]$(patsubst yes-%,%,$@)"
 override ACTIONS_ENDGROUP = @echo "\#\#[endgroup]"
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(filter %darwin%,$(arch)),)
-INSTRUBY_ENV += SDKROOT=/
+ifneq ($(filter darwin%,$(target_os)),)
+# Remove debug option not to generate thousands of .dSYM
+MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS := $(filter-out -g%,$(MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS))
+
+INSTRUBY_ENV += SDKROOT=
 endif
 INSTRUBY_ARGS += --gnumake
 
+ifeq ($(DOT_WAIT),)
 CHECK_TARGETS := great exam love check test check% test% btest%
 # expand test targets, and those dependents
 TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
@@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out commit $(TEST_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst great,exam,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out great $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst exam,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
-TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst check,test-spec test-all test-tool test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst check,test-syntax-suggest test-spec test-all test-tool test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-rubyspec,test-spec,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out exam check test-spec $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst love,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
@@ -36,15 +40,13 @@ TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-short,btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic,$(TEST
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-bundled-gems,test-bundled-gems-run,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-bundled-gems-run,test-bundled-gems-run $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS),$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-bundled-gems-prepare,test-bundled-gems-prepare $(PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS) test-bundled-gems-fetch,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-syntax-suggest,test-syntax-suggest $(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST),$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test-short $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
 TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter great exam love check,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),all exts)
+endif
 
 in-srcdir := $(if $(filter-out .,$(srcdir)),$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) &&)
 
-ifneq ($(filter -O0 -Od,$(optflags)),)
-override XCFLAGS := $(filter-out -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=%,$(XCFLAGS))
-endif
-
 ifeq ($(if $(filter all main exts enc trans libencs libenc libtrans \
 		    prog program ruby ruby$(EXEEXT) \
 		    wprogram rubyw rubyw$(EXEEXT) \
@@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ $(foreach arch,$(arch_flags),\
 	$(eval $(call archcmd,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(value arch)),$(patsubst -arch=%,-arch %,$(value arch)))))
 endif
 
+ifeq ($(DOT_WAIT),)
 .PHONY: $(addprefix yes-,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 
 ifneq ($(filter-out btest%,$(TEST_TARGETS)),)
@@ -81,7 +84,8 @@ endif
 ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(TEST_TARGETS), \
 	btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic \
 	test-testframework test-tool test-ruby test-all \
-	test-spec test-bundler-prepare test-bundler test-bundler-parallel \
+	test-spec test-syntax-suggest-prepare test-syntax-suggest \
+	test-bundler-prepare test-bundler test-bundler-parallel \
 	test-bundled-gems-precheck test-bundled-gems-fetch \
 	test-bundled-gems-prepare test-bundled-gems-run \
 	)
@@ -89,6 +93,7 @@ prev_test := $(if $(filter test-spec,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS)),test-spec-precheck
 $(foreach test,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS), \
 	$(eval yes-$(value test) no-$(value test): $(value prev_test)); \
 	$(eval prev_test := $(value test)))
+endif
 
 ifneq ($(if $(filter install,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))),)
 install-targets := $(filter install uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@ config.status: $(wildcard config.cache)
 STUBPROGRAM = rubystub$(EXEEXT)
 IGNOREDPATTERNS = %~ .% %.orig %.rej \#%\#
 SCRIPTBINDIR := $(if $(EXEEXT),,exec/)
-SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/libexec/*)))))
+SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/bin/*)))))
 
 stub: $(STUBPROGRAM)
 scriptbin: $(SCRIPTPROGRAMS)
@@ -160,9 +165,8 @@ $(SCRIPTBINDIR)%$(EXEEXT): bin/% $(STUBPROGRAM) \
 	$(Q) chmod +x $@
 	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
 
-$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.exec.time:
-	$(Q) mkdir exec
-	$(Q) exit > $@
+$(SCRIPTBINDIR):
+	$(Q) mkdir $@
 
 .PHONY: commit
 commit: $(if $(filter commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter-out commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS))) up
@@ -180,8 +184,8 @@ commit: $(if $(filter commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter-out commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS
 GITHUB_RUBY_URL = https://github.com/ruby/ruby
 PR =
 
-COMMIT_GPG_SIGN = $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" config commit.gpgsign)
-REMOTE_GITHUB_URL = $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" config remote.github.url)
+COMMIT_GPG_SIGN = $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" config commit.gpgsign)
+REMOTE_GITHUB_URL = $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" config remote.github.url)
 COMMITS_NOTES = commits
 
 .PHONY: fetch-github
@@ -194,21 +198,21 @@ define fetch-github
 	  exit 1; \
 	)
 	$(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL))
-	$(if $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL),, \
-	  echo adding $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL) as remote github; \
-	  git -C "$(srcdir)" remote add github $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL); \
-	  git -C "$(srcdir)" config --add remote.github.fetch +refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES):refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES)
-	  $(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)) \
+	$(if $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL),,
+	  echo adding $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL) as remote github
+	  $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" remote add github $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)
+	  $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" config --add remote.github.fetch +refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES):refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES)
+	  $(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL))
 	)
-	$(if $(git -C "$(srcdir)" rev-parse "github/pull/$(1)/head" -- 2> /dev/null), \
-	    git -C "$(srcdir)" branch -f "gh-$(1)" "github/pull/$(1)/head", \
-	    git -C "$(srcdir)" fetch -f github "pull/$(1)/head:gh-$(1)" \
+	$(if $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" rev-parse "github/pull/$(1)/head" -- 2> /dev/null),
+	    $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" branch -f "gh-$(1)" "github/pull/$(1)/head",
+	    $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" fetch -f github "pull/$(1)/head:gh-$(1)"
 	)
 endef
 
 .PHONY: checkout-github
 checkout-github: fetch-github
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$(PR)"
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$(PR)"
 
 .PHONY: update-github
 update-github: fetch-github
@@ -221,31 +225,31 @@ update-github: fetch-github
 	$(eval PR_BRANCH := $(word 2,$(PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH)))
 
 	$(eval GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(PR)-XXXXXX"))
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(PR)"
-	git -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" merge master --no-edit
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(PR)"
+	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" merge master --no-edit
 	@$(BASERUBY) -e 'print "Are you sure to push this to PR=$(PR)? [Y/n]: "; exit(gets.chomp != "n")'
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" remote add fork-$(PR) git@github.com:$(FORK_REPO).git
-	git -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" push fork-$(PR) gh-$(PR):$(PR_BRANCH)
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" remote rm fork-$(PR)
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree remove $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE))
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" branch -D gh-$(PR)
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" remote add fork-$(PR) git@github.com:$(FORK_REPO).git
+	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" push fork-$(PR) gh-$(PR):$(PR_BRANCH)
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" remote rm fork-$(PR)
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree remove $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE))
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" branch -D gh-$(PR)
 
 .PHONY: pull-github
 pull-github: fetch-github
 	$(call pull-github,$(PR))
 
 define pull-github
-	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BASE := $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" log -1 --format=format:%H))
-	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH := $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" symbolic-ref --short HEAD))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BASE := $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" log -1 --format=format:%H))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH := $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" symbolic-ref --short HEAD))
 	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(1)-XXXXXX"))
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree prune
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(1)"
-	git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase $(GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH)
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree prune
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(1)"
+	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase $(GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH)
 	$(eval COMMIT_GPG_SIGN := $(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN))
 	$(if $(filter true,$(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN)), \
-	  git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "git commit --amend --no-edit -S" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"; \
+	  $(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "$(GIT) commit --amend --no-edit -S" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"; \
 	)
-	git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "git notes add --message 'Merged: $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)/pull/$(1)'" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"
+	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "$(GIT) notes add --message 'Merged: $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)/pull/$(1)'" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"
 endef
 
 .PHONY: fetch-github-%
@@ -254,23 +258,46 @@ fetch-github-%:
 
 .PHONY: checkout-github-%
 checkout-github-%: fetch-github-%
-	git -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$*"
+	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$*"
 
 .PHONY: pr-% pull-github-%
 pr-% pull-github-%: fetch-github-%
 	$(call pull-github,$*)
 
 HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = \
-	"  checkout-github:     checkout GitHub Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
-	"  pull-github:         rebase GitHub Pull Request to new worktree [PR=1234]" \
-	"  update-github:       merge master branch and push it to Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
+	"  checkout-github:       checkout GitHub Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
+	"  pull-github:           rebase GitHub Pull Request to new worktree [PR=1234]" \
+	"  update-github:         merge master branch and push it to Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
 	""
 
-extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
-
-bundled-gems := $(shell sed '/^[ 	]*\#/d;/^[ 	]*$$/d;s/[ 	][ 	]*/-/;s/[ 	].*//' $(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems)
-
-update-gems: | $(patsubst %,gems/%.gem,$(bundled-gems))
+# 1. squeeze spaces
+# 2. strip and skip comment/empty lines
+# 3. "gem x.y.z URL xxxxxx" -> "gem|x.y.z|xxxxxx|URL"
+# 4. "gem x.y.z URL" -> "gem-x.y.z"
+bundled-gems := $(shell sed \
+	-e 's/[ 	][ 	]*/ /g' \
+	-e 's/^ //;/\#/d;s/ *$$//;/^$$/d' \
+	$(if $(filter yes,$(HAVE_GIT)), \
+	-e 's/^\(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\)/\1|\2|\4|\3/' \
+	) \
+	-e 's/ /-/;s/ .*//' \
+	 $(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems)
+
+bundled-gems-rev := $(filter-out $(subst |,,$(bundled-gems)),$(bundled-gems))
+bundled-gems := $(filter-out $(bundled-gems-rev),$(bundled-gems))
+
+# calls $(1) with name, version, revision, URL
+foreach-bundled-gems-rev = \
+    $(foreach g,$(bundled-gems-rev),$(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev-0,$(1),$(subst |, ,$(value g))))
+foreach-bundled-gems-rev-0 = \
+    $(call $(1),$(word 1,$(2)),$(word 2,$(2)),$(word 3,$(2)),$(word 4,$(2)))
+bundled-gem-gemfile = $(srcdir)/gems/$(1)-$(2).gem
+bundled-gem-srcdir = $(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1)
+bundled-gem-extracted = $(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/$(1)-$(2)
+
+update-gems: | $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/gems/%.gem,$(bundled-gems))
+update-gems: | $(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,bundled-gem-gemfile)
+update-gems: | $(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,bundled-gem-srcdir)
 
 test-bundler-precheck: | $(srcdir)/.bundle/cache
 
@@ -278,7 +305,7 @@ $(srcdir)/.bundle/cache:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(CACHE_DIR)
 	$(LN_S) ../.downloaded-cache $@
 
-gems/%.gem:
+$(srcdir)/gems/%.gem:
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem $*...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
 	    -I./tool -rdownloader \
@@ -289,14 +316,39 @@ gems/%.gem:
 	    -e 'File.unlink(*old) and' \
 	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})'
 
-extract-gems: | $(patsubst %,.bundle/gems/%,$(bundled-gems))
+extract-gems: | $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/%,$(bundled-gems))
+extract-gems: | $(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,bundled-gem-extracted)
 
-.bundle/gems/%: gems/%.gem | .bundle/gems
+$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/%: $(srcdir)/gems/%.gem | .bundle/gems
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundle gem $*...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -Itool -rgem-unpack \
-	    -e 'Gem.unpack("gems/$(@F).gem", ".bundle/gems", ".bundle/specifications")'
-	$(RMALL) "$(srcdir)/$(@:.gem=)/".git*
+	    -Itool/lib -rbundled_gem \
+	    -e 'BundledGem.unpack("gems/$(@F).gem", ".bundle")'
+
+define copy-gem
+$(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1): | $(srcdir)/gems/src
+	$(ECHO) Cloning $(4)
+	$(Q) $(GIT) clone $(4) $$(@)
+
+$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/$(1)-$(2): | $(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1) .bundle/gems
+	$(ECHO) Copying $(1)@$(3) to $$(@F)
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1)" && \
+	    $(GIT) fetch origin $(3) && \
+	    $(GIT) checkout --detach $(3) && \
+	:
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -Itool/lib -rbundled_gem \
+	    -e 'BundledGem.copy("gems/src/$(1)/$(1).gemspec", ".bundle")'
+
+endef
+define copy-gem-0
+$(eval $(call copy-gem,$(1),$(2),$(3),$(4)))
+endef
+
+$(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,copy-gem-0)
+
+$(srcdir)/gems/src:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $@
 
 $(srcdir)/.bundle/gems:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $@
@@ -333,84 +385,25 @@ $(MJIT_MIN_HEADER): $(mjit_min_headers) $(PREP)
 
 endif
 
-ifeq ($(if $(wildcard $(filter-out .,$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES))),,\
-	   $(wildcard $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb)),)
-# Needs the dependency when any Unicode data file exists, or
-# normalization tables script doesn't.  Otherwise, when the target
-# only exists, use it as-is.
-.PHONY: $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
-UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP =
-$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: \
-	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
-endif
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-files
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-auxiliary-files
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-emoji-files
 
-ifeq ($(wildcard $(srcdir)/revision.h),)
-REVISION_IN_HEADER := none
-REVISION_LATEST := update
+ifeq ($(HAVE_GIT),yes)
+REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(GIT) log -1 --format=%H 2>/dev/null)
 else
-REVISION_IN_HEADER := $(shell sed -n 's/^\#define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $(srcdir)/revision.h 2>/dev/null)
-REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && git log -1 --format=%H 2>/dev/null)
+REVISION_LATEST := update
+endif
+REVISION_IN_HEADER := $(shell sed -n 's/^\#define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $(wildcard $(srcdir)/revision.h revision.h) /dev/null 2>/dev/null)
+ifeq ($(REVISION_IN_HEADER),)
+REVISION_IN_HEADER := none
 endif
 ifneq ($(REVISION_IN_HEADER),$(REVISION_LATEST))
-# GNU make treat the target as unmodified when its dependents get
-# updated but it is not updated, while others may not.
-$(srcdir)/revision.h: $(REVISION_H)
+$(REVISION_H): PHONY
 endif
 
-# Show Cargo progress when doing `make V=1`
-CARGO_VERBOSE_0 = -q
-CARGO_VERBOSE_1 =
-CARGO_VERBOSE = $(CARGO_VERBOSE_$(V))
-
-# Select between different build profiles with macro substitution
-.PHONY: yjit-static-lib
-yjit-static-lib: yjit-static-lib-$(YJIT_SUPPORT)
-
-# YJIT_SUPPORT=yes when `configure` gets `--enable-yjit`
-yjit-static-lib-yes:
-	$(ECHO) 'building Rust YJIT (release mode)'
-	$(Q) $(RUSTC) \
-	        --crate-name=yjit \
-	        --crate-type=staticlib \
-	        --edition=2021 \
-	        -C opt-level=3 \
-	        -C overflow-checks=on \
-	        '--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
-	        $(top_srcdir)/yjit/src/lib.rs
-
-yjit-static-lib-no:
-	$(ECHO) 'Error: Tried to build YJIT without configuring it first. Check `make showconfig`?'
-	@false
-
-yjit-static-lib-dev:
-	$(ECHO) 'building Rust YJIT (dev mode)'
-	$(Q) cd $(top_srcdir)/yjit && \
-	        CARGO_TARGET_DIR='$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)' \
-	        CARGO_TERM_PROGRESS_WHEN='never' \
-	        $(CARGO) $(CARGO_VERBOSE) build $(CARGO_BUILD_ARGS)
-
-# This PHONY prerequisite makes it so that we always run cargo. When there are
-# no Rust changes on rebuild, Cargo does not touch the mtime of the static
-# library and GNU make avoids relinking. $(empty) seems to be important to
-# trigger rebuild each time in release mode.
-$(YJIT_LIBS): yjit-static-lib
-	$(empty)
-
-# Put this here instead of in common.mk to avoid breaking nmake builds
-# TODO: might need to move for BSD Make support
-miniruby$(EXEEXT): $(YJIT_LIBS)
-
-# Generate Rust bindings. See source for details.
-# Needs `./configure --enable-yjit=dev` and Clang.
-ifneq ($(strip $(CARGO)),) # if configure found Cargo
-.PHONY: yjit-bindgen
-yjit-bindgen: yjit.$(OBJEXT)
-	YJIT_SRC_ROOT_PATH='$(top_srcdir)' $(CARGO) run --manifest-path '$(top_srcdir)/yjit/bindgen/Cargo.toml' -- $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
-
-# For CI, check whether YJIT's FFI bindings are up-to-date.
-check-yjit-bindings: yjit-bindgen
-	git -C "$(top_srcdir)" diff --exit-code yjit/src/cruby_bindings.inc.rs
-endif
+include $(top_srcdir)/yjit/yjit.mk
 
 # Query on the generated rdoc
 #
@@ -454,19 +447,19 @@ endif
 update-deps:
 	$(eval update_deps := $(shell date +update-deps-%Y%m%d))
 	$(eval deps_dir := $(shell mktemp -d)/$(update_deps))
-	$(eval GIT_DIR := $(shell git -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --absolute-git-dir))
-	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree add $(deps_dir)
+	$(eval GIT_DIR := $(shell $(GIT) -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --absolute-git-dir))
+	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree add $(deps_dir)
 	cp $(tooldir)/config.guess $(tooldir)/config.sub $(deps_dir)/tool
 	[ -f config.status ] && cp config.status $(deps_dir)
 	cd $(deps_dir) && autoconf && \
 	exec ./configure -q -C --enable-load-relative --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
 	$(RUNRUBY) -C $(deps_dir) tool/update-deps --fix
-	git -C $(deps_dir) diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
-	    git -C $(deps_dir) commit --all --message='Update dependencies'
-	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree remove $(deps_dir)
+	$(GIT) -C $(deps_dir) diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
+	    $(GIT) -C $(deps_dir) commit --all --message='Update dependencies'
+	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree remove $(deps_dir)
 	$(RMDIR) $(dir $(deps_dir))
-	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) merge --no-edit --ff-only $(update_deps)
-	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) branch --delete $(update_deps)
+	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) merge --no-edit --ff-only $(update_deps)
+	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) branch --delete $(update_deps)
 
 # order-only-prerequisites doesn't work for $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)
 # because the same named directory exists in the source tree.
diff --git a/defs/id.def b/defs/id.def
index 097e34e405..ebf00506ea 100644
--- a/defs/id.def
+++ b/defs/id.def
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   quo
   name
   nil
+  path
 
   _                                                     UScore
 
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   "/*NULL*/"                                            NULL
   empty?
   eql?
+  default
   respond_to?                                           Respond_to
   respond_to_missing?                                   Respond_to_missing
   <IFUNC>
@@ -194,13 +196,14 @@ predefined.split(/^/).each_with_index do |line, num|
   end << token
   predefined_ids[token] = name
 end
+index = 127
 token_ops.split(/^/).each do |line|
   next if /^#/ =~ line
   line.sub!(/\s+#.*/, '')
   id, op, token = line.split
   next unless id and op
   token ||= (id unless /\A\W\z/ =~ op)
-  token_op_ids << [id, op, token]
+  token_op_ids << [id, op, token, (index += 1 if token)]
 end
 {
   "LOCAL" => local_ids,
@@ -212,4 +215,5 @@ end
   :preserved => preserved_ids,
   :predefined => predefined_ids,
   :token_op => token_op_ids,
+  :last_token => index,
 }
diff --git a/defs/keywords b/defs/keywords