10632 files changed, 920206 insertions, 538988 deletions

diff --git a/.dir-locals.el b/.dir-locals.el
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f4b96445c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.dir-locals.el
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+;; Copyright (c) 2018 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
+;;
+;; This file is a part of  the programming language Ruby.  Permission is hereby
+;; granted, to either  redistribute and/or modify this file,  provided that the
+;; conditions mentioned  in the  file COPYING  are met.   Consult the  file for
+;; details.
+
+((nil .
+     ((indent-tabs-mode . nil)
+      (require-final-newline . t)
+      (tab-width . 8)
+      (show-trailing-whitespace . t)
+      (whitespace-line-column . 80))) ;; See also [Misc #12277]
+
+ ;; (bat-mode . ((buffer-file-coding-system . utf-8-dos)))
+
+ (ruby-mode . ((ruby-indent-level . 2)))
+
+ (rdoc-mode . ((fill-column . 74)))
+
+ (yaml-mode . ((yaml-indent-offset . 2)))
+
+ (makefile-mode . ((indent-tabs-mode . t)))
+
+ (c-mode . ((c-file-style . "ruby")))
+
+ (c++-mode . ((c-file-style . "ruby")))
+
+ (change-log-mode .
+     ((buffer-file-coding-system . us-ascii)
+      (indent-tabs-mode . t)
+      (change-log-indent-text . 2)
+      (add-log-time-format . (lambda (&optional x y)
+        (let* ((time (or x (current-time)))
+	       (system-time-locale "C")
+	       (diff (+ (cadr time) 32400))
+	       (lo (% diff 65536))
+	       (hi (+ (car time) (/ diff 65536))))
+        (format-time-string "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y" (list hi lo) t)))))))
diff --git a/.document b/.document
index fb27ba325d..8616203552 100644
--- a/.document
+++ b/.document
@@ -5,9 +5,22 @@
 
 # Process all the C source files
 *.c
+*.y
 
 # prelude
 prelude.rb
+rbconfig.rb
+array.rb
+ast.rb
+dir.rb
+gc.rb
+integer.rb
+io.rb
+kernel.rb
+pack.rb
+trace_point.rb
+warning.rb
+ractor.rb
 
 # the lib/ directory (which has its own .document file)
 lib
@@ -16,11 +29,18 @@ lib
 ext
 
 # rdoc files
-ChangeLog
-
-NEWS
+NEWS.md
 
 README.md
 README.ja.md
 
+COPYING
+COPYING.ja
+CONTRIBUTING.md
+
+LEGAL
+
+# win32/README.win32 linked from README.md
+win32
+
 doc
diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig
index 67abf4b978..4633a7acae 100644
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -2,15 +2,29 @@ root = true
 
 [*]
 end_of_line = lf
+indent_size = 4
+indent_style = space
 insert_final_newline = true
-trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 tab_width = 8
-indent_style = tab
-indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 
-[**.bat]
+[*.bat]
 end_of_line = crlf
 
-[**.rb]
-indent_style = space
+[*.gemspec]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[*.rb]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[*.yml]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[{*[Mm]akefile*,*.mak,*.mk,depend}]
+indent_style = tab
+
+[enc/*]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[reg*.[ch]]
 indent_size = 2
diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
index 03c2b653cb..49380951b8 100644
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+set startup-with-shell off
+
 define hook-run
   set $color_type = 0
   set $color_highlite = 0
@@ -63,7 +65,15 @@ define rp
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_OBJECT
     printf "%sT_OBJECT%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
-    print (struct RObject *)($arg0)
+    print ((struct RObject *)($arg0))->basic
+    if ($flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)
+      print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ (ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX+0)
+    else
+      print (((struct RObject *)($arg0))->as.heap)
+      if (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv) > 0
+        print/x *(((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.ivptr) @ (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv)
+      end
+    end
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_CLASS
     printf "%sT_CLASS%s%s: ", $color_type, ($flags & RUBY_FL_SINGLETON) ? "*" : "", $color_end
@@ -89,14 +99,15 @@ define rp
     set $regsrc = ((struct RRegexp*)($arg0))->src
     set $rsflags = ((struct RBasic*)$regsrc)->flags
     printf "%sT_REGEXP%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
+    set $len = ($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.len : \
+            (($rsflags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
     set print address off
-    output (char *)(($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+    output *(char *)(($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
 	    ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.ptr : \
-	    ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.ary)
+	    ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.ary) @ $len
     set print address on
-    printf " len:%ld ", ($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
-            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.len : \
-            (($rsflags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+    printf " len:%ld ", $len
     if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER6
       printf "(none) "
     end
@@ -117,7 +128,7 @@ define rp
       if ($len == 0)
 	printf "{(empty)} "
       else
-	output/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+	print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
 	printf " "
       end
     else
@@ -125,7 +136,7 @@ define rp
       printf "%sT_ARRAY%s: len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, $len
       if ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2)
 	printf "(shared) shared="
-	output/x ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.aux.shared
+	output/x ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.aux.shared_root
 	printf " "
       else
 	printf "(ownership) capa=%ld ", ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.aux.capa
@@ -133,7 +144,7 @@ define rp
       if ($len == 0)
 	printf "{(empty)} "
       else
-	output/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr) @ $len
+	print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr) @ $len
 	printf " "
       end
     end
@@ -145,34 +156,27 @@ define rp
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_HASH
     printf "%sT_HASH%s: ", $color_type, $color_end,
-    if ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->ntbl
-      printf "len=%ld ", ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->ntbl->num_entries
+    if (((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)
+      printf "st len=%ld ", ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->as.st->num_entries
+    else
+      printf "li len=%ld bound=%ld ", \
+        ((((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK) >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SHIFT), \
+        ((((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK) >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT)
     end
     print (struct RHash *)($arg0)
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_STRUCT
-    printf "%sT_STRUCT%s: len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, \
-      (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
+    set $len = (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
        ($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+1) : \
        ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.heap.len)
+    printf "%sT_STRUCT%s: len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, $len
     print (struct RStruct *)($arg0)
-    x/xw (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
-          ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.ary : \
-          ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr)
+    output/x *(($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
+              ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.ary : \
+              ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr) @ $len
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_BIGNUM
-    printf "%sT_BIGNUM%s: sign=%d len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, \
-      (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) != 0), \
-      (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
-       ($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER3)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3) : \
-       ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.len)
-    if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER2
-      printf "(embed) "
-    end
-    print (struct RBignum *)($arg0)
-    x/xw (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
-          ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.ary : \
-          ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.digits)
+    rp_bignum $arg0
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_RATIONAL
     printf "%sT_RATIONAL%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
@@ -247,7 +251,7 @@ define rp
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_IMEMO
     printf "%sT_IMEMO%s(", $color_type, $color_end
-    output (enum imemo_type)(($flags>>RUBY_FL_USHIFT)&imemo_mask)
+    output (enum imemo_type)(($flags>>RUBY_FL_USHIFT)&RUBY_IMEMO_MASK)
     printf "): "
     rp_imemo $arg0
   else
@@ -261,6 +265,10 @@ define rp
     printf "%sT_ZOMBIE%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
     print (struct RData *)($arg0)
   else
+  if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_MOVED
+    printf "%sT_MOVED%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
+    print *(struct RMoved *)$arg0
+  else
     printf "%sunknown%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
     print (struct RBasic *)($arg0)
   end
@@ -296,6 +304,7 @@ define rp
   end
   end
   end
+  end
 end
 document rp
   Print a Ruby's VALUE.
@@ -327,6 +336,9 @@ define rp_id
   if $id == idLTLT
     printf "(:<<)\n"
   else
+  if $id == idGTGT
+    printf "(:>>)\n"
+  else
   if $id == idLE
     printf "(:<=)\n"
   else
@@ -354,6 +366,18 @@ define rp_id
   if $id == idASET
     printf "(:[]=)\n"
   else
+  if $id == idCOLON2
+    printf "(:'::')\n"
+  else
+  if $id == idANDOP
+    printf "(:&&)\n"
+  else
+  if $id == idOROP
+    printf "(:||)\n"
+  else
+  if $id == idANDDOT
+    printf "(:&.)\n"
+  else
     if $id <= tLAST_OP_ID
       printf "O"
     else
@@ -385,12 +409,13 @@ define rp_id
       end
     end
     printf "(%ld): ", $id
-    set $str = lookup_id_str($id)
-    if $str
-      rp_string $str
-    else
-      echo undef\n
-    end
+    print_id $id
+    echo \n
+  end
+  end
+  end
+  end
+  end
   end
   end
   end
@@ -413,16 +438,35 @@ document rp_id
   Print an ID.
 end
 
-define rp_string
+define output_string
   set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
-  set print address off
-  output (char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+  set $len = ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+          ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.len : \
+          (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+  if $len > 0
+    output *(char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
 	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
-	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary)
-  set print address on
-  printf " bytesize:%ld ", ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+  else
+    output ""
+  end
+end
+
+define print_string
+  set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
+  set $len = ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
           ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.len : \
           (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+  if $len > 0
+    printf "%s", *(char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
+	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+  end
+end
+
+define rp_string
+  output_string $arg0
+  printf " bytesize:%ld ", $len
   if !($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1)
     printf "(embed) "
   else
@@ -453,6 +497,51 @@ document rp_string
   Print the content of a String.
 end
 
+define rp_bignum
+  set $flags = ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->basic.flags
+  set $len = (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
+       ($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER3)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3) : \
+       ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.len)
+  printf "%sT_BIGNUM%s: sign=%d len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, \
+         (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) != 0), $len
+  if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER2
+    printf "(embed) "
+  end
+  print (struct RBignum *)($arg0)
+  set $ptr = (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
+              ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.ary : \
+              ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.digits)
+  set $len = $len-1
+  printf "0x%x", $ptr[$len]
+  while $len > 0
+    set $len = $len-1
+    set $val = $ptr[$len]
+    set $w = sizeof($ptr[0])
+    printf "_"
+    if $w > 8
+      printf "%.32x", $val
+    else
+    if $w > 4
+      printf "%.16x", $val
+    else
+    if $w > 2
+      printf "%.8x", $val
+    else
+    if $w > 1
+      printf "%.4x", $val
+    else
+      printf "%.2x", $val
+    end
+    end
+    end
+    end
+  end
+  printf "\n"
+end
+document rp_bignum
+  Print the content of a Bignum.
+end
+
 define rp_class
   printf "(struct RClass *) %p", (void*)$arg0
   if ((struct RClass *)($arg0))->ptr.origin_ != $arg0
@@ -460,7 +549,7 @@ define rp_class
   end
   printf "\n"
   rb_classname $arg0
-  print *(struct RClass *)($arg0)
+  print/x *(struct RClass *)($arg0)
   print *((struct RClass *)($arg0))->ptr
 end
 document rp_class
@@ -468,7 +557,7 @@ document rp_class
 end
 
 define rp_imemo
-  set $flags = (((struct RBasic *)($arg0))->flags >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT) & imemo_mask
+  set $flags = (enum imemo_type)((((struct RBasic *)($arg0))->flags >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT) & RUBY_IMEMO_MASK)
   if $flags == imemo_cref
     printf "(rb_cref_t *) %p\n", (void*)$arg0
     print *(rb_cref_t *)$arg0
@@ -489,6 +578,14 @@ define rp_imemo
     printf "(struct MEMO *) %p\n", (void*)$arg0
     print *(struct MEMO *)$arg0
   else
+  if $flags == imemo_ment
+    printf "(rb_method_entry_t *) %p\n", (void*)$arg0
+    print *(rb_method_entry_t *)$arg0
+  else
+  if $flags == imemo_iseq
+    printf "(rb_iseq_t *) %p\n", (void*)$arg0
+    print *(rb_iseq_t *)$arg0
+  else
     printf "(struct RIMemo *) %p\n", (void*)$arg0
     print *(struct RIMemo *)$arg0
   end
@@ -496,6 +593,8 @@ define rp_imemo
   end
   end
   end
+  end
+  end
 end
 document rp_imemo
   Print the content of a memo
@@ -610,12 +709,6 @@ define nd_cval
   rp ($arg0).u3.value
 end
 
-
-define nd_cnt
-  printf "%su3.cnt%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u3.cnt
-end
-
 define nd_tbl
   printf "%su1.tbl%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   p ($arg0).u1.tbl
@@ -654,12 +747,6 @@ define nd_lit
   rp ($arg0).u1.value
 end
 
-
-define nd_frml
-  printf "%su1.node%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  rp ($arg0).u1.node
-end
-
 define nd_rest
   printf "%su2.argc%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   p ($arg0).u2.argc
@@ -686,12 +773,6 @@ define nd_args
   rp ($arg0).u3.node
 end
 
-
-define nd_noex
-  printf "%su1.id%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u1.id
-end
-
 define nd_defn
   printf "%su3.node%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   rp ($arg0).u3.node
@@ -709,17 +790,6 @@ define nd_new
 end
 
 
-define nd_cfnc
-  printf "%su1.cfunc%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u1.cfunc
-end
-
-define nd_argc
-  printf "%su2.argc%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u2.argc
-end
-
-
 define nd_cname
   printf "%su1.id%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   p ($arg0).u1.id
@@ -781,7 +851,7 @@ end
 
 define nd_tree
   set $buf = (struct RString *)rb_str_buf_new(0)
-  call dump_node((VALUE)($buf), rb_str_new(0, 0), 0, ($arg0))
+  call dump_node((VALUE)($buf), rb_str_tmp_new(0), 0, ($arg0))
   printf "%s\n", $buf->as.heap.ptr
 end
 
@@ -852,8 +922,7 @@ end
 
 define rb_classname
   # up to 128bit int
-  set $rb_classname_permanent = "0123456789ABCDEF"
-  set $rb_classname = classname($arg0, $rb_classname_permanent)
+  set $rb_classname = rb_mod_name($arg0)
   if $rb_classname != RUBY_Qnil
     rp $rb_classname
   else
@@ -902,7 +971,7 @@ define iseq
 end
 
 define rb_ps
-  rb_ps_vm ruby_current_vm
+  rb_ps_vm ruby_current_vm_ptr
 end
 document rb_ps
 Dump all threads and their callstacks
@@ -926,14 +995,291 @@ document rb_ps_vm
 Dump all threads in a (rb_vm_t*) and their callstacks
 end
 
+define print_lineno
+  set $cfp = $arg0
+  set $iseq = $cfp->iseq
+  set $pos = $cfp->pc - $iseq->body->iseq_encoded
+  if $pos != 0
+    set $pos = $pos - 1
+  end
+
+  set $index = 0
+  set $size = $iseq->body->insns_info.size
+  set $table = $iseq->body->insns_info.body
+  set $positions = $iseq->body->insns_info.positions
+  #printf "size: %d\n", $size
+  if $size == 0
+  else
+  if $size == 1
+    printf "%d", $table[0].line_no
+  else
+    if $positions
+      # get_insn_info_linear_search
+      set $index = 1
+      while $index < $size
+        #printf "table[%d]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %d\n", $i, $positions[$i], $table[$i].line_no, $pos
+        if $positions[$index] > $pos
+          loop_break
+        end
+        set $index = $index + 1
+        if $positions[$index] == $pos
+          loop_break
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      # get_insn_info_succinct_bitvector
+      set $sd = $iseq->body->insns_info.succ_index_table
+      set $immediate_table_size = sizeof($sd->imm_part) / sizeof(uint64_t) * 9
+      if $pos < $immediate_table_size
+        set $i = $pos / 9
+        set $j = $pos % 9
+        set $index = ((int)($sd->imm_part[$i] >> ($j * 7))) & 0x7f
+      else
+        set $block_index = ($pos - $immediate_table_size) / 512
+        set $block = &$sd->succ_part[$block_index]
+        set $block_bit_index = ($pos - $immediate_table_size) % 512
+        set $small_block_index = $block_bit_index / 64
+        set $small_block_popcount = $small_block_index == 0 ? 0 : (((int)($block->small_block_ranks >> (($small_block_index - 1) * 9))) & 0x1ff)
+        set $x = $block->bits[$small_block_index] << (63 - $block_bit_index % 64)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x5555555555555555) + ($x >> 1 & 0x5555555555555555)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x3333333333333333) + ($x >> 2 & 0x3333333333333333)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x0707070707070707) + ($x >> 4 & 0x0707070707070707)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x001f001f001f001f) + ($x >> 8 & 0x001f001f001f001f)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x0000003f0000003f) + ($x >>16 & 0x0000003f0000003f)
+        set $popcnt = ($x & 0x7f) + ($x >>32 & 0x7f)
+        set $index = $block->rank + $small_block_popcount + $popcnt
+      end
+    end
+    printf "%d", $table[$index-1].line_no
+  end
+  end
+end
+
+define check_method_entry
+  set $imemo = (struct RBasic *)$arg0
+  if $imemo != RUBY_Qfalse
+    set $type = ($imemo->flags >> 12) & 0x07
+    if $type == imemo_ment
+      set $me = (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)$imemo
+    else
+    if $type == imemo_svar
+      set $imemo = ((struct vm_svar *)$imemo)->cref_or_me
+      check_method_entry $imemo
+    end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+define print_id
+  set $id = $arg0
+  # rb_id_to_serial
+  if $id > tLAST_OP_ID
+    set $serial = (rb_id_serial_t)($id >> RUBY_ID_SCOPE_SHIFT)
+  else
+    set $serial = (rb_id_serial_t)$id
+  end
+  if $serial && $serial <= ruby_global_symbols.last_id
+    set $idx = $serial / ID_ENTRY_UNIT
+    set $ids = (struct RArray *)ruby_global_symbols.ids
+    set $flags = $ids->basic.flags
+    if ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1)
+      set $idsptr = $ids->as.ary
+      set $idslen = (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3))
+    else
+      set $idsptr = $ids->as.heap.ptr
+      set $idslen = $ids->as.heap.len
+    end
+    if $idx < $idslen
+      set $t = 0
+      set $ary = (struct RArray *)$idsptr[$idx]
+      if $ary != RUBY_Qnil
+        set $flags = $ary->basic.flags
+        if ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1)
+          set $aryptr = $ary->as.ary
+          set $arylen = (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3))
+        else
+          set $aryptr = $ary->as.heap.ptr
+          set $arylen = $ary->as.heap.len
+        end
+        set $result = $aryptr[($serial % ID_ENTRY_UNIT) * ID_ENTRY_SIZE + $t]
+	if $result != RUBY_Qnil
+          print_string $result
+	else
+	  echo undef
+	end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+define print_pathobj
+  set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
+  if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_STRING
+    print_string $arg0
+  end
+  if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_ARRAY
+    if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER1
+      set $str = ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.ary[0]
+    else
+      set $str = ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr[0]
+    end
+    print_string $str
+  end
+end
+
 define rb_ps_thread
   set $ps_thread = (struct RTypedData*)$arg0
   set $ps_thread_th = (rb_thread_t*)$ps_thread->data
   printf "* #<Thread:%p rb_thread_t:%p native_thread:%p>\n", \
     $ps_thread, $ps_thread_th, $ps_thread_th->thread_id
-end
-
-# Details: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
+  set $cfp = $ps_thread_th->ec->cfp
+  set $cfpend = (rb_control_frame_t *)($ps_thread_th->ec->vm_stack + $ps_thread_th->ec->vm_stack_size)-1
+  while $cfp < $cfpend
+    if $cfp->iseq
+      if !((VALUE)$cfp->iseq & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK) && (((imemo_ifunc << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_IMEMO)==$cfp->iseq->flags & ((RUBY_IMEMO_MASK << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_MASK))
+        printf "%d:ifunc ", $cfpend-$cfp
+        set print symbol-filename on
+        output/a $cfp->iseq.body
+        set print symbol-filename off
+        printf "\n"
+      else
+      if $cfp->pc
+        set $location = $cfp->iseq->body->location
+        printf "%d:", $cfpend-$cfp
+        print_pathobj $location.pathobj
+        printf ":"
+        print_lineno $cfp
+        printf ":in `"
+        print_string $location.label
+        printf "'\n"
+      else
+        printf "%d: ???.rb:???:in `???'\n", $cfpend-$cfp
+      end
+      end
+    else
+      # if VM_FRAME_TYPE($cfp->flag) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC
+      set $ep = $cfp->ep
+      if ($ep[0] & 0xffff0001) == 0x55550001
+        #define VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL 0x02
+        #define VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep)   GC_GUARDED_PTR_REF(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL])
+        set $me = 0
+        set $env_specval = $ep[-1]
+        set $env_me_cref = $ep[-2]
+        while ($env_specval & 0x02) != 0
+          check_method_entry $env_me_cref
+          if $me != 0
+            loop_break
+          end
+          set $ep = $ep[0]
+          set $env_specval = $ep[-1]
+          set $env_me_cref = $ep[-2]
+        end
+        if $me == 0
+          check_method_entry $env_me_cref
+        end
+        printf "%d:", $cfpend-$cfp
+        set print symbol-filename on
+        output/a $me->def->body.cfunc.func
+        set print symbol-filename off
+        set $mid = $me->def->original_id
+        printf ":in `"
+        print_id $mid
+        printf "'\n"
+      else
+        printf "%d:unknown_frame:???:in `???'\n", $cfpend-$cfp
+      end
+    end
+    set $cfp = $cfp + 1
+  end
+end
+
+define rb_count_objects
+  set $objspace = ruby_current_vm_ptr->objspace
+  set $counts_00 = 0
+  set $counts_01 = 0
+  set $counts_02 = 0
+  set $counts_03 = 0
+  set $counts_04 = 0
+  set $counts_05 = 0
+  set $counts_06 = 0
+  set $counts_07 = 0
+  set $counts_08 = 0
+  set $counts_09 = 0
+  set $counts_0a = 0
+  set $counts_0b = 0
+  set $counts_0c = 0
+  set $counts_0d = 0
+  set $counts_0e = 0
+  set $counts_0f = 0
+  set $counts_10 = 0
+  set $counts_11 = 0
+  set $counts_12 = 0
+  set $counts_13 = 0
+  set $counts_14 = 0
+  set $counts_15 = 0
+  set $counts_16 = 0
+  set $counts_17 = 0
+  set $counts_18 = 0
+  set $counts_19 = 0
+  set $counts_1a = 0
+  set $counts_1b = 0
+  set $counts_1c = 0
+  set $counts_1d = 0
+  set $counts_1e = 0
+  set $counts_1f = 0
+  set $total = 0
+  set $i = 0
+  while $i < $objspace->heap_pages.allocated_pages
+    printf "\rcounting... %d/%d", $i, $objspace->heap_pages.allocated_pages
+    set $page = $objspace->heap_pages.sorted[$i]
+    set $p = $page->start
+    set $pend = $p + $page->total_slots
+    while $p < $pend
+      set $flags = $p->as.basic.flags & 0x1f
+      eval "set $counts_%02x = $counts_%02x + 1", $flags, $flags
+      set $p = $p + 1
+    end
+    set $total = $total + $page->total_slots
+    set $i = $i + 1
+  end
+  printf "\rTOTAL: %d, FREE: %d\n", $total, $counts_00
+  printf "T_OBJECT: %d\n", $counts_01
+  printf "T_CLASS: %d\n", $counts_02
+  printf "T_MODULE: %d\n", $counts_03
+  printf "T_FLOAT: %d\n", $counts_04
+  printf "T_STRING: %d\n", $counts_05
+  printf "T_REGEXP: %d\n", $counts_06
+  printf "T_ARRAY: %d\n", $counts_07
+  printf "T_HASH: %d\n", $counts_08
+  printf "T_STRUCT: %d\n", $counts_09
+  printf "T_BIGNUM: %d\n", $counts_0a
+  printf "T_FILE: %d\n", $counts_0b
+  printf "T_DATA: %d\n", $counts_0c
+  printf "T_MATCH: %d\n", $counts_0d
+  printf "T_COMPLEX: %d\n", $counts_0e
+  printf "T_RATIONAL: %d\n", $counts_0f
+  #printf "UNKNOWN_10: %d\n", $counts_10
+  printf "T_NIL: %d\n", $counts_11
+  printf "T_TRUE: %d\n", $counts_12
+  printf "T_FALSE: %d\n", $counts_13
+  printf "T_SYMBOL: %d\n", $counts_14
+  printf "T_FIXNUM: %d\n", $counts_15
+  printf "T_UNDEF: %d\n", $counts_16
+  #printf "UNKNOWN_17: %d\n", $counts_17
+  #printf "UNKNOWN_18: %d\n", $counts_18
+  #printf "UNKNOWN_19: %d\n", $counts_19
+  printf "T_IMEMO: %d\n", $counts_1a
+  printf "T_NODE: %d\n", $counts_1b
+  printf "T_ICLASS: %d\n", $counts_1c
+  printf "T_ZOMBIE: %d\n", $counts_1d
+  #printf "UNKNOWN_1E: %d\n", $counts_1e
+  printf "T_MASK: %d\n", $counts_1f
+end
+document rb_count_objects
+  Counts all objects grouped by type.
+end
+
+# Details: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
 define trace_machine_instructions
   set logging on
   set height 0
@@ -964,3 +1310,42 @@ define rbi
   end
   end
 end
+
+define dump_node
+  set $str = rb_parser_dump_tree($arg0, 0)
+  set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($str))->flags
+  printf "%s", (char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+                        ((struct RString*)$str)->as.heap.ptr : \
+                        ((struct RString*)$str)->as.ary)
+end
+
+define print_flags
+  printf "RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED: %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_FINALIZE    : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_FINALIZE ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_TAINT       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_TAINT ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_EXIVAR      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_EXIVAR ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_FREEZE      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_FREEZE ? "1" : "0"
+
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER0       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER0 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER1       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER1 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER2       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER2 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER3       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER3 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER4       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER4 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER5       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER5 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER6       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER6 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER7       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER7 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER8       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER8 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER9       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER9 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER10      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER10 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER11      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER11 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER12      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER12 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER13      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER13 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER14      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER14 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER15      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER15 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER16      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER16 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER17      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER17 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER18      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER18 ? "1" : "0"
+end
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index d9785fad00..d0c2d266b4 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 *.gemspec diff=ruby
 *.rb diff=ruby
+bin svn-properties=svn:ignore=ruby
 bin/* diff=ruby
 tool/update-deps diff=ruby
 tool/make-snapshot diff=ruby
+tool/format-release diff=ruby
+tool/leaked-globals diff=ruby
diff --git a/.github/SECURITY.md b/.github/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56baa29942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+See <https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/branches/>.
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+See <https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/security/>.
diff --git a/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml b/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7196708b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+name: "CodeQL config for the Ruby language"
+
+paths-ignore:
+  - '/ext/**/*/conftest.c'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d1e4a85a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+name: BASERUBY Check
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  baseruby:
+    name: BASERUBY
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        ruby:
+          - ruby-2.2
+#         - ruby-2.3
+#         - ruby-2.4
+#         - ruby-2.5
+#         - ruby-2.6
+          - ruby-2.7
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+          bundler: none
+      - run: echo "make=make -sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf bison
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+      - run: ./configure --disable-install-doc
+      - run: $make update-unicode
+      - run: $make common-srcs
+      - run: $make incs
+      - run: $make all
+      - run: $make test
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / BASERUBY @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5c5ea3036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+name: Check Dependencies
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  update-deps:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-latest]
+      fail-fast: true
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')"
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          brew upgrade
+          brew install gdbm gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
+        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'macos')"
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ./configure -C --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems --with-gcc 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
+      - run: make all golf
+      - run: ruby tool/update-deps --fix
+      - run: git diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / Dependencies need to update",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f4bbc7093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: Miscellaneous checks
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  checks:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Check if C-sources are US-ASCII
+        run: |
+          ! grep -r -n '[^	 -~]' *.[chy] include internal win32/*.[ch]
+      - name: Check for header macros
+        run: |
+          ! for header in ruby/*.h; do \
+            git grep -l -F -e $header -e HAVE_`echo $header | tr a-z./ A-Z__` -- . > /dev/null || echo $header
+          done | grep -F .
+        working-directory: include
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fbabd35c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+name: "Code scanning - action"
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 12 * * 4'
+
+jobs:
+  CodeQL-Build:
+
+    # CodeQL runs on ubuntu-latest and windows-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Install libraries
+      run: |
+        set -x
+        sudo apt-get update -q || :
+        sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 2
+
+    - run: git checkout HEAD^2
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+    - name: Remove an obsolete rubygems vendored file
+      run: sudo rm /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
+
+    - name: Initialize CodeQL
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
+      with:
+        languages: cpp
+        config-file: ./.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
+
+    - name: Autobuild
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v1
+
+    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b954c64bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+name: Compilations
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+# Github actions does not support YAML anchors.  This creative use of
+# environment variables (plus the "echo ::set-env" hack) is to reroute that
+# restriction.
+env:
+  default_cc: clang-11
+  append_cc: ''
+  crosshost: ''
+
+  # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests... Majority of time are consumed trying
+  # to optimize binaries.  Also Github Actions runs on a relatively modern CPU
+  # compared to, say, GCC 4 or Clang 3.  We don't specify `-march=native`
+  # because compilers tend not understand what the CPU is.
+  optflags: '-O1'
+
+  # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV.  Do not set that.
+  debugflags: '-ggdb3'
+
+  default_configure: >-
+    --enable-debug-env
+    --disable-install-doc
+    --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+
+  append_configure: >-
+    --without-valgrind
+    --without-jemalloc
+    --without-gmp
+
+  UPDATE_UNICODE: >-
+    UNICODE_FILES=.
+    UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=.
+    UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=.
+    UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=.
+  CONFIGURE_TTY: never
+  GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+  RUBY_DEBUG: ci rgengc
+  RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
+    -q
+    --color=always
+    --tty=no
+
+jobs:
+  compile:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        entry:
+          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-10,    value: gcc-10 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-9,     value: gcc-9 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-8,     value: gcc-8 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-7,     value: gcc-7 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-6,     value: gcc-6 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-5,     value: gcc-5 }
+          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-4.8,   value: gcc-4.8 }
+          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-12,  value: clang-12 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-11,  value: clang-11 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-10,  value: clang-10 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-9,   value: clang-9 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-8,   value: clang-8 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-7,   value: clang-7 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-6.0, value: clang-6.0 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-5.0, value: clang-5.0 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-4.0, value: clang-4.0 }
+          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-3.9, value: clang-3.9 }
+
+          - { key: crosshost, name: aarch64-linux-gnu,     value: aarch64-linux-gnu }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: arm-linux-gnueabi,     value: arm-linux-gnueabi }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: arm-linux-gnueabihf,   value: arm-linux-gnueabihf }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: i686-w64-mingw32,      value: i686-w64-mingw32 }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: powerpc-linux-gnu,     value: powerpc-linux-gnu }
+          - { key: crosshost, name: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, value: powerpc64le-linux-gnu }
+          - { key: crosshost, name: s390x-linux-gnu,       value: s390x-linux-gnu }
+          - { key: crosshost, name: x86_64-w64-mingw32,    value: x86_64-w64-mingw32 }
+
+          - { key: append_cc, name: c99,   value: '-std=c99   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+#         - { key: append_cc, name: c11,   value: '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+#         - { key: append_cc, name: c17,   value: '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+          - { key: append_cc, name: c2x,   value: '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+          - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++98, value: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++11, value: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++14, value: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++17, value: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+          - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++2a, value: '-std=c++2a -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+
+          - { key: optflags, name: '-O0', value: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }
+#         - { key: optflags, name: '-O3', value: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }
+
+          - { key: append_configure, name: gmp,                  value: '--with-gmp' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: jemalloc,             value: '--with-jemalloc' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: valgrind,             value: '--with-valgrind' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: 'coroutine=ucontext', value: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: 'coroutine=copy',     value: '--with-coroutine=copy' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-jit-support,  value: '--disable-jit-support' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-dln,          value: '--disable-dln' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-rubygems,     value: '--disable-rubygems' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=1,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=2,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=3,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=3' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: NDEBUG,                         value: '-DNDEBUG' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: RUBY_DEBUG,                     value: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: ARRAY_DEBUG,                    value: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: BIGNUM_DEBUG,                   value: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: CCAN_LIST_DEBUG,                value: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: CPDEBUG=-1,                     value: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: ENC_DEBUG,                      value: '-DENC_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_DEBUG,                       value: '-DGC_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: HASH_DEBUG,                     value: '-DHASH_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: ID_TABLE_DEBUG,                 value: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_DEBUG=-1,                value: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: SYMBOL_DEBUG,                   value: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: THREAD_DEBUG=-1,                value: '-DTHREAD_DEBUG=-1' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE,              value: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: TRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE,      value: '-DTRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_CHECK_MODE,                  value: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_EMBED_CI=0,                 value: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_FLONUM=0,                   value: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS, value: '-DUSE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_LAZY_LOAD,                  value: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RINCGC=0,                   value: '-DUSE_RINCGC=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_SYMBOL_GC=0,                value: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_THREAD_CACHE=0,             value: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0,           value: '-DUSE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1,           value: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS,       value: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK,             value: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: ENABLE_PATH_CHECK,              value: '-DENABLE_PATH_CHECK' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS,       value: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0,         value: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY,       value: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL,         value: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE,         value: '-DCALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK,    value: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER,   value: '-DIBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC,      value: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC,          value: '-DRGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_OBJ_INFO,                value: '-DRGENGC_OBJ_INFO' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK,        value: '-DRGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_PROFILE,                 value: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK,              value: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE,   value: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: MJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              value: '-DMJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' }
+
+    name: ${{ matrix.entry.name }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:latest
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: setenv
+        run: |
+          echo "${{ matrix.entry.key }}=${{ matrix.entry.value }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "make=make -sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: |
+          if [ -n "${crosshost}" ]; then
+            ../src/configure -C \
+              ${default_configure} \
+              ${append_configure} \
+              --host="${crosshost}"
+          else
+            ../src/configure -C \
+              ${default_configure} \
+              ${append_configure} \
+              --with-gcc="${default_cc} ${append_cc}"
+          fi
+      - run: $make extract-extlibs
+      - run: $make incs
+      - run: $make
+      - run: $make test
+      - run: $make install
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: /usr/local/bin/gem install --no-doc timezone tzinfo
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: $make test-tool
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: $make test-all TESTS='-- ruby -ext-'
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: $make test-spec
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.entry.name }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9c0a17302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+name: macOS
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check", "test-bundler-parallel" ] #, "test-bundled-gems" ] matrix tests has unknown issues
+      fail-fast: false
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Disable Firewall
+        run: |
+          sudo /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw --setglobalstate off
+          sudo /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw --getglobalstate
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          export WAITS='5 60'
+          tool/travis_retry.sh brew upgrade
+          tool/travis_retry.sh brew install gdbm gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1) --with-readline-dir=$(brew --prefix readline)
+      - run: make $JOBS incs
+      - run: make $JOBS
+      - run: make leaked-globals
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make $JOBS -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: "rexml"
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a5d64c7b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+name: MinGW
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+# Notes:
+# Actions console encoding causes issues, see test-all & test-spec steps
+#
+jobs:
+  make:
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    name: ${{ github.workflow }} (${{ matrix.msystem }})
+    env:
+      MSYSTEM: MINGW64
+      MSYSTEM_PREFIX: /mingw64
+      MSYS2_ARCH: x86_64
+      CHOST: "x86_64-w64-mingw32"
+      CFLAGS:   "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      CXXFLAGS: "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe"
+      CPPFLAGS: "-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -DFD_SETSIZE=2048"
+      LDFLAGS:  "-pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      UPDATE_UNICODE: "UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check" ] # to make job names consistent
+      fail-fast: false
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --system core.autocrlf false
+          git config --system core.eol lf
+          git config --system advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Set up Ruby & MSYS2
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: 2.6
+          mingw: _upgrade_ gdbm gmp libffi libyaml openssl ragel readline
+          msys2: automake1.16 bison
+      - name: where check
+        run: |
+          # show where
+          Write-Host
+          $where = 'gcc.exe', 'ragel.exe', 'make.exe', 'bison.exe', 'libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll', 'libssl-1_1-x64.dll'
+          foreach ($e in $where) {
+            $rslt = where.exe $e 2>&1 | Out-String
+            if ($rslt.contains($e)) { Write-Host $rslt }
+            else { Write-Host "`nCan't find $e" }
+          }
+
+      - name: autogen
+        run: |
+          ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+        shell: sh
+
+      - name: configure
+        run: |
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          $config_args = "--build=$env:CHOST --host=$env:CHOST --target=$env:CHOST"
+          Write-Host $config_args
+          sh -c "../src/configure --disable-install-doc --prefix=/. $config_args"
+          # Write-Host "-------------------------------------- config.log"
+          # Get-Content ./config.log | foreach {Write-Output $_}
+
+      - name: update
+        run: |
+          $jobs = [int](2 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          make -j $jobs incs
+
+      - name: download gems
+        run: |
+          $jobs = [int](2 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          make -j $jobs update-gems
+
+      - name: make all
+        timeout-minutes: 40
+        run: |
+          $jobs = [int](2 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          make -j $jobs
+
+      - name: make install
+        run: |
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          make DESTDIR=../install install-nodoc
+
+      - name: test
+        timeout-minutes: 5
+        run: |
+          make test
+
+      - name: test-all
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+        run: |
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          $jobs = [int](1.5 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          if ($env:BUNDLER_VERSION) { Remove-Item env:\BUNDLER_VERSION }
+          make test-all TESTOPTS="-j $jobs --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5"
+
+      - name: test-spec
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+        working-directory: src/spec/ruby
+        run: |
+          $env:Path = "$pwd/../../../install/bin;$env:Path"
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          ruby -v
+          ruby ../mspec/bin/mspec -I../../tool/lib -j
+
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} ${{ matrix.msystem }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mjit.yml b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e3a6d6ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: MJIT
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check" ] # to make job names consistent
+        jit_opts: [ "--jit", "--jit-wait" ]
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    env:
+      TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
+      RUN_OPTS: '--disable-gems ${{ matrix.jit_opts }} --jit-debug=-ggdb3'
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=-DVM_CHECK_MODE
+      - run: make $JOBS incs
+      - run: make $JOBS
+      - run: sudo make $JOBS -s install
+      - run: sudo apt-get install gdb # used by test / test-all failure
+      - name: Run test
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          make $JOBS -s test RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+      - name: Run test-all
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          make $JOBS -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+      - name: Run test-spec
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          make $JOBS -s test-spec RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.jit_opts }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf053cdd05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Rubyspec Version Guards Check
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  rubyspec:
+    name: Rubyspec
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        # Specs from ruby/spec should still run on all supported Ruby versions.
+        # This also ensures the needed ruby_version_is guards are there, see spec/README.md.
+        ruby:
+          - ruby-2.5
+#         - ruby-2.6
+          - ruby-2.7
+          - ruby-3.0
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+          bundler: none
+      - run: gem install webrick
+      - run: ruby ../mspec/bin/mspec
+        working-directory: spec/ruby
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / rubyspec @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93187699be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+name: Ubuntu
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check", "test-bundler-parallel", "test-bundled-gems", "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2" ]
+        os:
+          - ubuntu-20.04
+#         - ubuntu-18.04
+#         - ubuntu-16.04
+        debug: ["", "-DRUBY_DEBUG"]
+        exclude:
+          - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+            os: ubuntu-16.04
+          - test_task: test-bundled-gems
+            os: ubuntu-16.04
+          - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
+            os: ubuntu-16.04
+          - os: ubuntu-16.04
+            debug: -DRUBY_DEBUG
+          - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
+            debug: -DRUBY_DEBUG
+      fail-fast: false
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=${{ matrix.debug }}
+      - run: make $JOBS incs
+      - run: make $JOBS
+      - run: make leaked-globals
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: Create dummy files in build dir
+        run: |
+          ./miniruby -e '(("a".."z").to_a+("A".."Z").to_a+("0".."9").to_a+%w[foo bar test zzz]).each{|basename|File.write("#{basename}.rb", "raise %(do not load #{basename}.rb)")}'
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make $JOBS -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ""
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.debug }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98e59ae188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+name: Windows
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [test]
+        os: [windows-2019]
+        vs: [2019]
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+      VCVARS: C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.vs }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: md build
+        working-directory:
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: C:\vcpkg\downloads
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ matrix.os }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-
+      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
+        run: |
+          vcpkg --triplet x64-windows install readline zlib
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ matrix.os }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-
+      - name: Install libraries with chocolatey
+        run: |
+          choco install --no-progress openssl
+          choco install --no-progress winflexbison3 --version=2.5.18.20190508
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --system advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          call "%VCVARS%"
+          ../src/win32/configure.bat --disable-install-doc --without-ext=+,dbm,gdbm --enable-bundled-libffi --with-opt-dir=C:/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows --with-openssl-dir="C:/Program Files/OpenSSL-Win64"
+      - name: nmake
+        run: |
+          call "%VCVARS%"
+          set YACC=win_bison
+          echo on
+          nmake incs
+          nmake extract-extlibs
+          nmake
+      - name: nmake test
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+        run: |
+          call "%VCVARS%"
+          nmake ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
+    shell: cmd
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 80c12594dd..8d11d7278a 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -3,36 +3,51 @@
 *-*-*.lib
 *.a
 *.bak
+*.bc
+*.bundle
 *.dSYM
 *.dmyh
 *.dylib
 *.elc
+*.i
 *.inc
 *.log
 *.o
 *.obj
+*.old
 *.orig
+*.pch
 *.pdb
+*.rbinc
 *.rej
+*.s
 *.sav
+*.sl
+*.so
 *.swp
 *.yarb
 *~
-.*-*
 .*.list
 .*.time
 .DS_Store
+.bundle
 .ccmalloc
 .ext
 .pc
 .ppack
 .svn
+.time
+.ruby-version
 Makefile
-Makefile.old
 cygruby*.def
 extconf.h
 y.output
 y.tab.c
+*.gcda
+*.gcno
+*.gcov
+*.vscode
+lcov*.info
 
 # /
 /*-fake.rb
@@ -42,13 +57,13 @@ y.tab.c
 /*.pc
 /*.rc
 /*_prelude.c
+/.downloaded-cache
+/.top-enc.mk
+/build*/
 /COPYING.LIB
-/ChangeLog-*
-/ChangeLog.pre-alpha
-/ChangeLog.pre1_1
+/ChangeLog
 /Doxyfile
 /GNUmakefile
-/GNUmakefile.old
 /README.atheos
 /README.fat-patch
 /README.v6
@@ -56,6 +71,7 @@ y.tab.c
 /archive
 /autom4te*.cache
 /automake
+/benchmark/benchmark-driver
 /beos
 /bmlog-*
 /breakpoints.gdb
@@ -79,6 +95,9 @@ y.tab.c
 /goruby
 /id.[ch]
 /largefile.h
+/lcov-c-out
+/lcov-rb-out
+/lcov-out
 /lex.c
 /libruby*.*
 /miniprelude.c
@@ -94,19 +113,24 @@ y.tab.c
 /ppack
 /prelude.c
 /preview
+/probes.dmyh
 /probes.h
 /rbconfig.rb
 /rename2.h
 /repack
 /revision.h
+/revision.tmp
 /riscos
 /rubicon
 /ruby
 /ruby-runner
-/ruby-runner.c
+/ruby-runner.h
 /ruby-man.rd.gz
+/run.gdb
 /sizes.c
+/static-ruby
 /test.rb
+/test-coverage.dat
 /tmp
 /transdb.h
 /uncommon.mk
@@ -115,7 +139,13 @@ y.tab.c
 /web
 /yasmdata.rb
 
+# /bin/
+
+/bin/*.exe
+/bin/*.dll
+
 # /benchmark/
+/benchmark/bm_require.data
 /benchmark/bmx_*.rb
 /benchmark/fasta.output.*
 /benchmark/wc.input
@@ -123,26 +153,35 @@ y.tab.c
 /enc/*.def
 /enc/*.exp
 /enc/*.lib
+/enc/jis/props.h
 /enc/unicode/data
 
+# /coroutine/
+!/coroutine/**/*.s
+
 # /enc/trans/
 /enc/trans/*.c
 /enc/trans/*.def
 /enc/trans/*.exp
 /enc/trans/*.lib
-/enc/trans/.time
+
+# /exe/
+/exe/goruby
+/exe/ruby
 
 # /ext/
 /ext/extinit.c
+/ext/configure-ext.mk
+/ext/*/exts.mk
+
+# /ext/-test-/cxxanyargs
+/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failure*.failed
 
 # /ext/-test-/win32/dln/
+/ext/-test-/win32/dln/dlntest.dll
 /ext/-test-/win32/dln/dlntest.exp
 /ext/-test-/win32/dln/dlntest.lib
 
-# /ext/dl/callback/
-/ext/dl/callback/callback-*.c
-/ext/dl/callback/callback.c
-
 # /ext/etc/
 /ext/etc/constdefs.h
 
@@ -151,9 +190,11 @@ y.tab.c
 
 # /ext/rbconfig/
 /ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c
+/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c
 
 # /ext/ripper/
 /ext/ripper/eventids1.c
+/ext/ripper/.eventids2-check
 /ext/ripper/eventids2table.c
 /ext/ripper/ripper.*
 /ext/ripper/ids1
@@ -164,15 +205,17 @@ y.tab.c
 /ext/socket/constdefs.h
 /ext/socket/constdefs.c
 
-# /ext/tk/
-/ext/tk/config_list
-
 # /gems
 /gems/*.gem
+/gems/src
+/gems/*-*
 
-# /spec/
-/spec/mspec
-/spec/rubyspec
+# /lib/
+/lib/ruby/[1-9]*.*
+/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby
+
+# /spec/bundler
+/.rspec_status
 
 # /tool/
 /tool/config.guess
@@ -180,4 +223,8 @@ y.tab.c
 
 # /win32/
 /win32/*.ico
-/win32/.time
+
+# MJIT
+/rb_mjit_header.h
+/mjit_config.h
+/include/ruby-*/*/rb_mjit_min_header-*.h
diff --git a/.indent.pro b/.indent.pro
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a207a0554..0000000000
--- a/.indent.pro
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
--bap
--nbbb
--nbc
--br
--nbs
--ncdb
--ce
--cli0.5
--ndj
--ei
--nfc1
--i4
--l120
--lp
--npcs
--psl
--sc
--sob
-
--TID
--TVALUE
diff --git a/.rspec_parallel b/.rspec_parallel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aaff198a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.rspec_parallel
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+--format progress
+--format ParallelTests::RSpec::RuntimeLogger --out tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index f87ffd3483..d480307dd6 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- YAML -*-
 # Copyright (C) 2011 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
 #
 # This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
@@ -16,86 +17,275 @@
 #
 # is also a good place to look at.
 
-# Language specification.
 language: c
-sudo: false
-
-# Compilers.  Several  compilers are  provided in Travis,  so we try  them all.
-# The value set here is visible via $CC environment variable.
-compiler:
-  - gcc
-
-os:
-  - linux
-
-# Dependencies.  Some  header files are missing  in a Travis' worker  VM, so we
-# have  to install  them.  The  "1.9.1" here  is OK.   It is  the  most adopted
-# version string  for Debian/Ubuntu, and  no dependencies have been  changed so
-# far since the 1.9.1 release.
-before_install:
-  - "CONFIG_FLAG="
-  - "JOBS='-j 4'"
-
-# Script is where the test runs.  Note  we just do "make test", not other tests
-# like  test-all, test-rubyspec.   This is  because  they take  too much  time,
-# enough for Travis to shut down the VM as being stalled.
+
+os: linux
+
+dist: xenial
+
+git:
+  quiet: true
+
+cache:
+  ccache: true
+  directories:
+    - $HOME/config_2nd
+    - $HOME/.downloaded-cache
+
+env:
+  global:
+    # Reset timestamps early
+    - _=$(touch NEWS && find . -type f -exec touch -r NEWS {} +)
+    - CONFIGURE_TTY=no
+    - CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK=none
+    - CCACHE_NOCOMPRESS=1
+    - CCACHE_MAXSIZE=512Mi
+    - NPROC="`nproc`"
+    # JOBS and SETARCH are overridden when necessary; see below.
+    - JOBS=-j$((1+${NPROC}))
+    - SETARCH=
+    - RUBY_PREFIX=/tmp/ruby-prefix
+    - GEMS_FOR_TEST='timezone tzinfo'
+    - UPDATE_UNICODE="UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
+    - BEFORE_INSTALL=true
+    # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/e411371dda21430a60f61b8f3f57943d2fe4d344/lib/travis/build/bash/travis_apt_get_options.bash#L7
+    - travis_apt_get_options='--allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-change-held-packages'
+    - travis_apt_get_options="-yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends $travis_apt_get_options"
+
+.org.ruby-lang.ci.matrix-definitions:
+
+  - &make-test-only
+    script:
+      - $SETARCH make -s test TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS=$JOBS -q --tty=no}"
+
+  - &gcc-8
+    compiler: gcc-8
+    # # Not using addon to control retries
+    # addons:
+    #   apt:
+    #     sources:
+    #       - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+    before_install:
+      - bash -cx "${BEFORE_INSTALL}"
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-add-repository -y "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test"
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        ccache
+        gcc-8
+        g++-8
+        libffi-dev
+        libgdbm-dev
+        libncurses5-dev
+        libncursesw5-dev
+        libreadline6-dev
+        libssl-dev
+        libyaml-dev
+        openssl
+        zlib1g-dev
+
+  - &clang-8
+    compiler: clang-8
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        # Not doing this manually unlike other sources, because it has been stable.
+        sources:
+          - llvm-toolchain-xenial-8
+        config:
+          retries: true
+    before_install:
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        clang-8
+        llvm-8-tools
+        libffi-dev
+        libgdbm-dev
+        libncurses5-dev
+        libncursesw5-dev
+        libreadline6-dev
+        libssl-dev
+        libyaml-dev
+        openssl
+        zlib1g-dev
+
+  # --------
+
+  - &x86_64-linux
+    name: x86_64-linux
+    <<: *gcc-8
+
+  - &arm64-linux
+    name: arm64-linux
+    arch: arm64
+    <<: *gcc-8
+
+  - &s390x-linux
+    name: s390x-linux
+    arch: s390x
+    <<: *gcc-8
+
+  - &i686-linux
+    name: i686-linux
+    compiler: gcc-8
+    env:
+      - GCC_FLAGS=-m32
+      - CXX='g++-8 -m32'
+      - debugflags=-g0
+      - SETARCH='setarch i686 --verbose --3gb'
+    # # Not using addon to control retries
+    # addons:
+    #   apt:
+    #     sources:
+    #       - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+    before_install:
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-add-repository -y "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test"
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        gcc-8-multilib
+        g++-8
+        g++-8-multilib
+        libstdc++-8-dev:i386
+        libffi-dev:i386
+        libffi6:i386
+        libgdbm-dev:i386
+        libgdbm3:i386
+        libncurses5-dev:i386
+        libncurses5:i386
+        libncursesw5-dev:i386
+        libreadline6-dev:i386
+        libreadline6:i386
+        libssl-dev:i386
+        libssl1.0.0:i386
+        linux-libc-dev:i386
+        zlib1g-dev:i386
+        zlib1g:i386
+
+  - &arm32-linux
+    name: arm32-linux
+    arch: arm64
+    # https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/crossbuild-essential-armhf
+    compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
+    env:
+      - debugflags=-g0
+      - SETARCH='setarch linux32 --verbose --32bit'
+    before_install:
+      - sudo dpkg --add-architecture armhf
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        ccache
+        crossbuild-essential-armhf
+        libc6:armhf
+        libstdc++-5-dev:armhf
+        libffi-dev:armhf
+        libffi6:armhf
+        libgdbm-dev:armhf
+        libgdbm3:armhf
+        libncurses5-dev:armhf
+        libncurses5:armhf
+        libncursesw5-dev:armhf
+        libreadline6-dev:armhf
+        libreadline6:armhf
+        libssl-dev:armhf
+        libssl1.0.0:armhf
+        linux-libc-dev:armhf
+        zlib1g-dev:armhf
+        zlib1g:armhf
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    # Build every commit:
+    - <<: *i686-linux
+    # Build every commit (Allowed Failures):
+    - <<: *arm32-linux
+    - <<: *arm64-linux
+    - <<: *s390x-linux
+  allow_failures:
+    - name: arm32-linux
+    - name: arm64-linux
+    - name: s390x-linux
+  fast_finish: true
+
 before_script:
-  - "uname -a"
-  - "uname -r"
-  - "rm -fr .ext autom4te.cache"
-  - "echo $TERM"
-  - "make -f common.mk BASERUBY=ruby MAKEDIRS='mkdir -p' srcdir=. update-config_files"
-  - "autoconf"
-  - "mkdir config_1st config_2nd"
-  - "./configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-gcc=$CC $CONFIG_FLAG"
-  - "cp -pr config.status .ext/include config_1st"
-  - "make reconfig"
-  - "cp -pr config.status .ext/include config_2nd"
-  - "diff -ru config_1st config_2nd"
-  - "make after-update BASERUBY=ruby"
-  - "make -s $JOBS"
-  - "make update-rubyspec"
+  - rm -fr .ext autom4te.cache
+  - |-
+    [ -d ~/.downloaded-cache ] ||
+    mkdir ~/.downloaded-cache
+  - ln -s ~/.downloaded-cache
+  - "> config.status"
+  - "> .rbconfig.time"
+  - sed -f tool/prereq.status template/Makefile.in common.mk > Makefile
+  - make touch-unicode-files
+  - make -s $JOBS $UPDATE_UNICODE up
+  - make -s $JOBS srcs
+  - rm -f config.status Makefile rbconfig.rb .rbconfig.time
+  - |-
+    if [ -d ~/config_2nd ]; then
+      cp -pr ~/config_2nd build
+    else
+      mkdir build
+    fi
+  - mkdir config_1st config_2nd
+  - chmod -R a-w .
+  - chmod -R u+w build config_1st config_2nd
+  - cd build
+  - |-
+    case "$CC" in
+    gcc*)   CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-diagnostics-color";;
+    clang*) CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-color-diagnostics";;
+    esac
+  - |-
+    [ ! -f config.cache ] ||
+    [ "$CC" = "`sed -n s/^ac_cv_prog_CC=//p config.cache`" ] ||
+    (set -x; exec rm config.cache)
+  - $SETARCH ../configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$RUBY_PREFIX $CONFIG_FLAG
+  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_1st
+  - $SETARCH make reconfig
+  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_2nd
+  - (cd .. && exec diff -ru config_1st config_2nd)
+  - chmod u+w ..
+  - rm -rf ~/config_2nd
+  - mv ../config_2nd ~
+  - chmod u-w ..
+  - $SETARCH make -s $JOBS
+  - make -s install
+  - |-
+    [ -z "${GEMS_FOR_TEST}" ] ||
+    $RUBY_PREFIX/bin/gem install --no-document $GEMS_FOR_TEST
+  - echo "raise 'do not load ~/.irbrc in test'" > ~/.irbrc
+
 script:
-  - "make test TESTOPTS=--color=never"
-  - "make test-all TESTOPTS='-q -j3 --color=never --job-status=normal'"
-  - "make test-rubyspec MSPECOPT=-fm"
+  - $SETARCH make -s test -o showflags TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS=$JOBS -q --tty=no}"
+  - travis_wait 50 $SETARCH make -s test-all -o exts TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS} ${TEST_ALL_OPTS}" RUBYOPT="-w"
+  - $SETARCH make -s test-spec MSPECOPT=-ff # not using `-j` because sometimes `mspec -j` silently dies
+  - $SETARCH make -s -o showflags leaked-globals
 
 # Branch matrix.  Not all branches are Travis-ready so we limit branches here.
 branches:
   only:
-    - trunk
-    - ruby_2_0_0
-    - ruby_2_1
-    - ruby_2_2
-    - ruby_2_3
+    - master
+    - ruby_2_4
+    - ruby_2_5
+    - ruby_2_6
+    - ruby_2_7
 
 # We want to be notified when something happens.
 notifications:
   irc:
     channels:
-      - "irc.freenode.org#ruby-core"
-      - "irc.freenode.org#ruby-ja"
+      - "chat.freenode.net#ruby-core"
     on_success: change # [always|never|change] # default: always
     on_failure: always # [always|never|change] # default: always
     template:
       - "%{message} by @%{author}: See %{build_url}"
 
-  # Update ruby-head installed on Travis CI so other projects can test against it.
   webhooks:
     urls:
-      - "https://rubies.travis-ci.org/rebuild/ruby-head"
-    on_success: always
-    on_failure: never
+      - secure: mRsoS/UbqDkKkW5p3AEqM27d4SZnV6Gsylo3bm8T/deltQzTsGzZwrm7OIBXZv0UFZdE68XmPlyHfZFLSP2V9QZ7apXMf9/vw0GtcSe1gchtnjpAPF6lYBn7nMCbVPPx9cS0dwL927fjdRM1vj7IKZ2bk4F0lAJ25R25S6teqdk= # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot (travis)
+    on_success: never
+    on_failure: always
 
   email:
     - ko1c-failure@atdot.net
-    - shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com
-
-# Local Variables:
-# mode: YAML
-# coding: utf-8-unix
-# indent-tabs-mode: nil
-# tab-width: 4
-# fill-column: 79
-# default-justification: full
-# End:
diff --git a/BSDL b/BSDL
index a009caefea..66d93598aa 100644
--- a/BSDL
+++ b/BSDL
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 are met:
 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
 THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
index a1f19ff99d..48e5a96de7 100644
--- a/COPYING
+++ b/COPYING
@@ -2,55 +2,55 @@ Ruby is copyrighted free software by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
 You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the
 2-clause BSDL (see the file BSDL), or the conditions below:
 
-  1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
-     software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
-     original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
+1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
+   software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
+   original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
 
-  2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
-     you do at least ONE of the following:
+2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
+   you do at least ONE of the following:
 
-       a) place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
-          make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
-	  modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
-	  the author to include your modifications in the software.
+   a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
+      make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
+      modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
+      the author to include your modifications in the software.
 
-       b) use the modified software only within your corporation or
-          organization.
+   b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
+      organization.
 
-       c) give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
-          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+   c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
 
-       d) make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
 
-  3. You may distribute the software in object code or binary form,
-     provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+3. You may distribute the software in object code or binary form,
+   provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
 
-       a) distribute the binaries and library files of the software,
-	  together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
-	  on where to get the original distribution.
+   a. distribute the binaries and library files of the software,
+      together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
+      on where to get the original distribution.
 
-       b) accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
-	  the software.
+   b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
+      the software.
 
-       c) give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
-          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+   c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
 
-       d) make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
 
-  4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
-     software (possibly commercial).  But some files in the distribution
-     are not written by the author, so that they are not under these terms.
+4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
+   software (possibly commercial).  But some files in the distribution
+   are not written by the author, so that they are not under these terms.
 
-     For the list of those files and their copying conditions, see the
-     file LEGAL.
+   For the list of those files and their copying conditions, see the
+   file LEGAL.
 
-  5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as 
-     output from the software do not automatically fall under the
-     copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them, 
-     and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
-     software.
+5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
+   output from the software do not automatically fall under the
+   copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
+   and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
+   software.
 
-  6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
-     IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
-     WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
-     PURPOSE.
+6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+   IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+   PURPOSE.
diff --git a/COPYING.ja b/COPYING.ja
index e50d01c8d1..230376bc60 100644
--- a/COPYING.ja
+++ b/COPYING.ja
@@ -2,50 +2,50 @@
 または以下に示す条件で本プログラムを再配布できます
 2-clause BSDLについてはBSDLファイルを参照して下さい．
 
-  1. 複製は制限なく自由です．
+1. 複製は制限なく自由です．
 
-  2. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムのソースを
-     自由に変更できます．
+2. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムのソースを
+   自由に変更できます．
 
-     (a) ネットニューズにポストしたり，作者に変更を送付する
-         などの方法で，変更を公開する．
+   a.  ネットニューズにポストしたり，作者に変更を送付する
+       などの方法で，変更を公開する．
 
-     (b) 変更した本プログラムを自分の所属する組織内部だけで
-         使う．
+   b.  変更した本プログラムを自分の所属する組織内部だけで
+       使う．
 
-     (c) 変更点を明示したうえ，ソフトウェアの名前を変更する．
-         そのソフトウェアを配布する時には変更前の本プログラ
-         ムも同時に配布する．または変更前の本プログラムのソー
-         スの入手法を明示する．
+   c.  変更点を明示したうえ，ソフトウェアの名前を変更する．
+       そのソフトウェアを配布する時には変更前の本プログラ
+       ムも同時に配布する．または変更前の本プログラムのソー
+       スの入手法を明示する．
 
-     (d) その他の変更条件を作者と合意する．
+   d.  その他の変更条件を作者と合意する．
 
-  3. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムをコンパイ
-     ルしたオブジェクトコードや実行形式でも配布できます．
+3. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムをコンパイ
+   ルしたオブジェクトコードや実行形式でも配布できます．
 
-     (a) バイナリを受け取った人がソースを入手できるように，
-         ソースの入手法を明示する．
+   a.  バイナリを受け取った人がソースを入手できるように，
+       ソースの入手法を明示する．
 
-     (b) 機械可読なソースコードを添付する．
+   b.  機械可読なソースコードを添付する．
 
-     (c) 変更を行ったバイナリは名前を変更したうえ，オリジナ
-         ルのソースコードの入手法を明示する．
+   c.  変更を行ったバイナリは名前を変更したうえ，オリジナ
+       ルのソースコードの入手法を明示する．
 
-     (d) その他の配布条件を作者と合意する．
+   d.  その他の配布条件を作者と合意する．
 
-  4. 他のプログラムへの引用はいかなる目的であれ自由です．た
-     だし，本プログラムに含まれる他の作者によるコードは，そ
-     れぞれの作者の意向による制限が加えられる場合があります．
+4. 他のプログラムへの引用はいかなる目的であれ自由です．た
+   だし，本プログラムに含まれる他の作者によるコードは，そ
+   れぞれの作者の意向による制限が加えられる場合があります．
 
-     それらファイルの一覧とそれぞれの配布条件などに付いては
-     LEGALファイルを参照してください．
+   それらファイルの一覧とそれぞれの配布条件などに付いては
+   LEGALファイルを参照してください．
 
-  5. 本プログラムへの入力となるスクリプトおよび，本プログラ
-     ムからの出力の権利は本プログラムの作者ではなく，それぞ
-     れの入出力を生成した人に属します．また，本プログラムに
-     組み込まれるための拡張ライブラリについても同様です．
+5. 本プログラムへの入力となるスクリプトおよび，本プログラ
+   ムからの出力の権利は本プログラムの作者ではなく，それぞ
+   れの入出力を生成した人に属します．また，本プログラムに
+   組み込まれるための拡張ライブラリについても同様です．
 
-  6. 本プログラムは無保証です．作者は本プログラムをサポート
-     する意志はありますが，プログラム自身のバグあるいは本プ
-     ログラムの実行などから発生するいかなる損害に対しても責
-     任を持ちません．
+6. 本プログラムは無保証です．作者は本プログラムをサポート
+   する意志はありますが，プログラム自身のバグあるいは本プ
+   ログラムの実行などから発生するいかなる損害に対しても責
+   任を持ちません．
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
deleted file mode 100644
index 2982c96e13..0000000000
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13746 +0,0 @@
-Mon Nov 21 16:55:15 2016  boshan  <boshan@subsplash.com>
-
-	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile#initialize): [DOC] the first parameter
-	  `basename` is optional and defaulted to an empty string since
-	  [GH-523].  [Fix GH-1225]
-
-Sat Nov 19 14:06:07 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (proc_dup): don't duplicate sym_procs.  [Fix GH-1479]
-	  [ruby-core:78100] [Bug #12927]
-	  Based on the patch provided by Emiliano Ritiro.
-
-Sat Nov 19 11:48:47 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseqw_s_compile_file): deal with syntax error as well as
-	  compile, and should not abort when rescued.
-
-Wed Nov 16 23:40:29 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): refined module should not be skipped as
-	  prepended. [Bug #12920]
-
-Tue Nov 15 03:14:02 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/-test/file/fs.c (get_atime_p): Updating of file access times
-	  is enabled or not.
-
-Tue Nov 15 03:14:02 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file.rb (TestFile#test_stat): fix noatime case.
-	  [ruby-core:77943] [Bug #12903]
-
-Tue Nov 15 03:09:39 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast,
-	  test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast_hops): skip if IPv6 multicast 
-	  address is not available.
-
-Tue Nov 15 02:49:30 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): follow the original class, not to
-	  loop the prepended module.  [ruby-core:77784] [Bug #12876]
-
-Tue Nov 15 02:45:44 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (transport_request): other than HTTPContinue
-	  in 1xx (HTTPInformation) also needs to continue. [Bug #12890]
-
-Sat Nov 12 01:05:45 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c: Improve documentation for Float conversion.
-	  [ruby-core:71661][Bug #11736][ci skip]
-
-Sat Nov 12 00:50:35 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (mnew_internal): follow the original class, not to loop
-	  the prepended module.  [ruby-core:77591] [Bug #12832]
-
-Sat Nov 12 00:46:50 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* cont.c (cont_new): disable optimization if clang's version is
-	  3.8.0.  [ruby-core:77894] [Bug #12893]
-
-Sat Nov 12 00:27:24 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): enable tail call
-	  optimization inside a conditional block.
-
-Sat Nov  5 11:53:17 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (copy_stream_body): use IO to write to copy to duplex IO.
-	  http://twitter.com/knu/status/786505317974585344
-
-Sat Nov  5 11:49:41 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): format exact number more exactly.
-
-Sat Nov  5 11:45:32 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.c (Init_openssl): register an ex_data index for
-	  X509_STORE and X509_STORE_CTX respectively. Since they don't share
-	  the ex_data index registry, we can't use the same index.
-	  (ossl_verify_cb): use the the correct index.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_verify_callback): ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c (ossl_x509store_set_vfy_cb): ditto.
-	  (ossl_x509stctx_verify): ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.h (void ossl_clear_error): add extern declarations
-	  of ossl_store_{ctx_,}ex_verify_cb_idx.
-
-	* ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c: remove X509_STORE_set_ex_data and
-	  X509_STORE_get_ex_data.
-
-	* ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h: implement X509_STORE_get_ex_data,
-	  X509_STORE_set_ex_data and X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index as macros.
-
-Sat Nov  5 11:35:58 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_pending_interrupt_p): no pending interrupt
-	  before initialization.
-
-	* thread.c (thread_raise_m, rb_thread_kill): uninitialized thread
-	  cannot interrupt.  [ruby-core:72732] [Bug #11959]
-
-Sat Nov  5 11:16:58 2016  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: Import changes from ruby/bigdecimal
-	  repository.
-
-Tue Oct 18 02:58:22 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* eval_intern.h (TH_PUSH_TAG): Initialize struct rb_vm_tag::tag with
-	  Qundef rather than 0 which is equal to Qfalse. Since Kernel#throw(obj)
-	  searches a tag with rb_vm_tag::tag == obj, throw(false) can
-	  accidentally find an unrelated tag which is not created by
-	  Kernel#catch.  [ruby-core:77229] [Bug #12743]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_exception.rb (test_throw_false): Add a test case for
-	  this.
-
-Tue Oct 18 02:24:29 2016  Aurelien Jacobs  <aurel@gnuage.org>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb (Logger::Period#next_rotate_time): fix monthly log
-	  rotate when DST is applied during a month of 31 days.
-	  [Fix GH-1458]
-
-Wed Oct 12 22:31:09 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb: Removed verification of gem certification.
-	  Because signed gem is not working on rubygems ecosystem.
-	* tool/gem-unpack.rb: ditto.
-
-Fri Oct  7 02:48:06 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/GlobalSignRootCA.pem: add for RugyGems.org.
-
-Mon Sep 26 23:51:31 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_const_search): raise with the actual class/module
-	  name which defines the private constant.
-
-Mon Sep 26 23:34:09 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c (ossl_pkcs12_initialize): pop errors
-	  leaked by PKCS12_parse(). This is a bug in OpenSSL, which exists
-	  in the versions before the version 1.0.0t, 1.0.1p, 1.0.2d.
-
-Mon Sep 26 23:10:43 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_dump.c (backtrace): use rip in the saved context for the case
-	  the SIGSEGV is received when the process is in userland.
-	  Note that ip in the stack should be used if the signal is received
-	  when it is in kernel (when it is calling syscall) [Bug #12711]
-
-Mon Sep 26 20:23:32 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update minitest to 5.8.5.
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb: revert workarounds.
-
-	* tool/gem-unpack.rb: ditto.
-
-Mon Sep 26 07:26:44 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/gem-unpack.rb: don't set security policy.
-	  workaround for certificate expiration of minitest-5.8.3.gem.
-
-Mon Sep 26 06:33:16 2016  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/generic.rb (def check_password): don't include bad password
-	  in URI exception output
-
-	* test/uri/test_generic.rb (def test_set_component): test for behavior
-
-Mon Sep 26 06:20:58 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb: comment out gem package verification.
-	  workaround for certificate expiration of minitest-5.8.3.gem.
-
-Sun Sep 25 16:37:22 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (nogvl_fsync, nogvl_fdatasync): on Windows, just ignore if the
-	  fd is associated to non-disk device.  if call fsync and/or fdatasync
-	  with such fds, it causes Errno::EBADF exception and the behavior is
-	  incompatible with ruby 2.1 and earlier unintentionally introduced.
-
-Sun Sep 25 15:09:04 2016  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* array.c (flatten): use rb_obj_class instead of rb_class_of
-	  because rb_class_of may return a singleton class.
-	  [ruby-dev:49781] [Bug #12738]
-
-Sun Sep 25 15:07:19 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* man/irb.1: remove useless -width option.
-	  [ruby-dev:49767] [Bug #12692]
-
-Tue Aug 30 05:24:33 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c: additional fix memory leak.
-	  [ruby-core:76922] [Bug #12680]
-
-	* text/openssl/test_x509ext.rb: test for above.
-
-Sun Aug 28 00:26:58 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c: revert r55869. it breaks Integer#days with
-	  ActiveSupport-4.1.x. [ruby-core:76949] [Bug #12353]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_marshal.rb: ditto.
-
-Sat Aug 27 03:51:23 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* id_table.c (hash_table_extend): should not shrink the table than
-	  the previous capacity.  [ruby-core:76534] [Bug #12614]
-
-Sat Aug 27 03:37:49 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_config.c: fix memory leak.
-	  [ruby-core:76922] [Bug #12680]
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509.h: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Aug 25 00:19:24 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/specification.rb: `coding` is affect only first line except
-	  shebang.
-	* lib/rubygems/package.rb, lib/rubygems/package/*: ditto.
-
-Thu Aug 25 00:19:24 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems.rb, lib/rubygems/*, test/rubygems/*: Update rubygems-2.5.2.
-	  It supports to enable frozen string literal and add `--norc` option for
-	  disable to `.gemrc` configuration.
-	  See 2.5.2 release notes for other fixes and enhancements.
-	  https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/a8aa3bac723f045c52471c7b9328310a048561e0/History.txt#L3
-
-Wed Aug 24 23:54:40 2016  Charles Oliver Nutter  <headius@headius.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: split out the test for no stack error
-	  on large input for test_permutation, test_repeated_permutation,
-	  and test_repeated_combination, and make them all timeout:30.
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:22:34 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/fiddle/test_pointer.rb (test_to_str, test_to_s, test_aref_aset):
-	  Attempt to use independent strings for destructive tests that
-	  directly modify values on memory by using Fiddle::Pointer.
-	  [Bug #12537] [ruby-dev:49700]
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c (str_buf_cat): Fix capa size for embed string.
-	  Fix bug in r55547. [Bug #12536]
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_change_terminator_length): New function to change
-	  termlen and resize heap for the terminator. This is split from
-	  rb_str_fill_terminator (str_fill_term) because filling terminator
-	  and changing terminator length are different things. [Bug #12536]
-
-	* internal.h: declaration for rb_str_change_terminator_length.
-
-	* string.c (str_fill_term): Simplify only to zero-fill the terminator.
-	  For non-shared strings, it assumes that (capa + termlen) bytes of
-	  heap is allocated. This partially reverts r55557.
-
-	* encoding.c (rb_enc_associate_index): rb_str_change_terminator_length
-	  is used, and it should be called whenever the termlen is changed.
-
-	* string.c (str_capacity): New static function to return capacity
-	  of a string with the given termlen, because the termlen may
-	  sometimes be different from TERM_LEN(str) especially during
-	  changing termlen or filling terminator with specific termlen.
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_capacity): Use str_capacity.
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: Partially reverts r55547 and r55555.
-	  ChangeLog about the reverted changes are also deleted in this file.
-	  [Bug #12536] [ruby-dev:49699] [ruby-dev:49702]
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c (str_fill_term): When termlen increases, re-allocation
-	  of memory for termlen should always be needed.
-	  In this fix, if possible, decrease capa instead of realloc.
-	  [Bug #12536] [ruby-dev:49699]
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: Specify termlen as far as possible.
-	  Additional fix for [Bug #12536] [ruby-dev:49699].
-
-	* string.c (str_new_static): Specify termlen from the given encoding
-	  when creating a new String object is needed.
-
-	* string.c (rb_tainted_str_new_with_enc): New function to create a
-	  tainted String object with the given encoding. This means that
-	  the termlen is correctly specified. Currently static function.
-	  The function name might be renamed to rb_tainted_enc_str_new
-	  or rb_enc_tainted_str_new.
-
-	* string.c (rb_external_str_new_with_enc): Use encoding by using the
-	  above rb_tainted_str_new_with_enc().
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_subseq, str_substr): When RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-	  is used, TERM_LEN(str) should be considered with it because
-	  embedded strings are also processed by TERM_FILL.
-	  Additional fix for [Bug #12536] [ruby-dev:49699].
-
-Tue Aug 23 03:14:22 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: Fix memory corruptions when using UTF-16/32 strings.
-	  [Bug #12536] [ruby-dev:49699]
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_new_with_class): Use TERM_LEN of the "obj".
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_plus, rb_str_justify): Use str_new0 which is aware
-	  of termlen.
-
-	* string.c (str_shared_replace): Copy +termlen bytes instead of +1.
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_times): termlen should not be included in capa.
-
-	* string.c (RESIZE_CAPA_TERM): When using RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX,
-	  termlen should be counted with it because embedded strings are
-	  also processed by TERM_FILL.
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_capacity, str_shared_replace, str_buf_cat): ditto.
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_drop_bytes, rb_str_setbyte, str_byte_substr): ditto.
-
-Thu Aug 18 23:43:33 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_write_internal):
-	  avoid undefined behavior
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (test_write_zero): new test
-	  [ruby-core:76751] [Bug #12660]
-
-Thu Aug 18 23:18:17 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c, ext/socket/rubysocket.h (inet_ntop): share
-	  the fallback definition.  [ruby-core:76646] [Bug #12645]
-
-Thu Aug 18 23:07:29 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_set_main_stack): remove unnecessary check.  toplevel
-	  binding must be initialized.  [Bug #12611] (N1)
-
-	* win32/win32.c (w32_symlink): fix return type.  [Bug #12611] (N3)
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_split_m): simplify the condition.
-	  [Bug #12611](N4)
-
-Thu Aug 18 23:06:20 2016  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
-
-	* lib/rexml/attribute.rb (REXML::Attribute#to_string): Fix wrong
-	  entry reference name of double quote.
-	  [Bug #12609][ruby-core:76509]
-	  Patch by Joseph Marrero. Thanks!!!
-
-Thu Aug 18 23:04:59 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_wait_for_single_fd): Clean up fds.revents every time
-	  before calling ppoll(2). [Bug #12575] [ruby-dev:49725]
-
-Thu Aug 18 22:52:19 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_args.c (setup_parameters_complex): don't raise ArgumentError
-	  if an array is given for instance_exec with optional argument.
-	  [ruby-core:76300] [Bug #12568]
-	  https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/25699
-
-Tue Aug 16 12:27:48 2016  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_roots): should mark the VM object itself to mark
-	  singleton class of the VM object.
-	  Before this patch, we only set mark bit for the VM object and
-	  invoke mark function separately.
-	  [Bug #12583]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb: add a test.
-
-Tue Aug 16 12:01:35 2016  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h: Remove excess semicolons.
-	  Suppress warning on Solaris with Oracle Solaris Studio 12.
-	  [ruby-dev:49692] [Bug #12524]
-
-	* ext/digest/md5/md5cc.h: ditto.
-	* ext/digest/sha1/sha1cc.h: ditto.
-	* ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h: ditto.
-	* ext/digest/sha2/sha2cc.h: ditto.
-	* ext/digest/sha2/sha2ossl.h: ditto.
-
-Tue Aug 16 11:51:52 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (ADD_TRACE): ignore trace instruction on non-positive
-	  line.
-
-	* parse.y (coverage): get rid of ArgumentError when the starting
-	  line number is not positive.  [ruby-core:76141] [Bug #12517]
-
-Tue Aug 16 11:51:52 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: ignored test when enabled to coverage.
-	  It lead to crash with `make test-all`.
-
-Tue Aug 16 11:46:07 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/mailto.rb (initialize): RFC3986_Parser#split sets opaque
-	  only if the URI has path-rootless, not path-empty.
-	  [ruby-core:76055] [Bug #12498]
-	  patched by Chris Heisterkamp <cheister@squareup.com>
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:57:28 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http/generic_request.rb (write_header): A Request-Line must
-	  not contain CR or LF.
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:54:12 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (putline): raise an ArgumentError when
-	  CR or LF is included in a line.
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:38:48 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/date/date_strftime.c (date_strftime_with_tmx): reject too
-	  large precision to get rid of buffer overflow.
-	  reported by Guido Vranken <guido AT guidovranken.nl>.
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:28:22 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (append_fspath): normalize directory name to be appended
-	  on OS X.  [ruby-core:75957] [Ruby trunk Bug#12483]
-	  https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/25303#issuecomment-224834804
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:16:14 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regcomp.c (noname_disable_map): don't optimize out group 0
-	  Ruby's Regexp doesn't allow normal numbered groups if the regexp
-	  has named groups. On such case it optimizes out related NT_ENCLOSE.
-	  But even on the case it can use \g<0>.
-	  This fix not to remove NT_ENCLOSE whose regnum is 0.
-	  [ruby-core:75828] [Bug #12454]
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:06:52 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* missing/crypt.c: fix size macros to use configured values
-	  for platforms long is larger than 32bit.
-	  [ruby-core:75792] [Bug #12446]
-
-Tue Aug 16 04:03:25 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c (try_convert_to_bnptr): Extracted from
-	  GetBNPtr(). This doesn't raise exception but returns NULL on error.
-	  (GetBNPtr): Raise TypeError if conversion fails.
-	  (ossl_bn_eq): Implement BN#==.
-	  (ossl_bn_eql): #eql? should not raise TypeError even if the argument
-	  is not compatible with BN.
-	  (ossl_bn_hash): Implement BN#hash.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c (Init_ossl_bn): Define #== and #hash.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_bn.rb: Test BN#eql?, #== and #hash
-
-Tue Aug 16 03:51:59 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c (str_transcode0): scrub in the given encoding when
-	  the source encoding is given, not in the encoding of the
-	  receiver.  [ruby-core:75732] [Bug #12431]
-
-Tue Aug 16 03:41:21 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (ossl_dh_compute_key): Check that the DH
-	  has 'p' (the prime) before calling DH_size(). We can create a DH with
-	  no parameter but DH_size() does not check and dereferences NULL.
-	  [ruby-core:75720] [Bug #12428]
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c (ossl_dsa_sign): Ditto. DSA_size() does
-	  not check dsa->q.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c (ossl_rsa_public_encrypt,
-	  ossl_rsa_public_decrypt, ossl_rsa_private_encrypt,
-	  ossl_rsa_private_decrypt): Ditto. RSA_size() does not check rsa->n.
-
-Tue Aug 16 03:10:42 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c (enc_arg, str_transcode_enc_args, econv_args):
-	  remove volatile, and add GC guards in callers.
-	  [ruby-core:75664] [Bug #12411]
-
-Tue Aug 16 02:45:52 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/*, test/psych/*: Update psych 2.1.0
-	  This version fixed [Bug #11988][ruby-core:72850]
-
-Fri Aug 12 04:15:10 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (build-ext), ext/extmk.rb: use variable EXTENCS
-	  different than ENCOBJS, to get rid of circular dependency.
-	  build libencs when linking encodings statically.
-	  [ruby-core:75618] [Bug #12401]
-
-Fri Aug 12 04:04:23 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_commandline): build command line string
-	  from argument vector in rb_execarg.
-	  [ruby-core:75611] [Bug #12398]
-
-Fri Aug 12 03:30:59 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_local_constants_i): exclude private constants
-	  when excluding inherited constants too.  [Bug #12345]
-
-Fri Aug 12 03:00:05 2016  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
-
-	* lib/drb/timeridconv.rb: don't use keeper thread. [Bug #12342]
-
-	* test/drb/ut_timerholder.rb: ditto.
-
-Fri Aug 12 02:46:37 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_stop): Don't free the SSL struct
-	  here. Since some methods such as SSLSocket#connect releases GVL,
-	  there is a chance of use after free if we free the SSL from another
-	  thread. SSLSocket#stop was documented as "prepares it for another
-	  connection" so this is a slightly incompatible change. However when
-	  this sentence was added (r30090, Add toplevel documentation for
-	  OpenSSL, 2010-12-06), it didn't actually. The current behavior is
-	  from r40304 (Correct shutdown behavior w.r.t GC., 2013-04-15).
-	  [ruby-core:74978] [Bug #12292]
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (sysclose): Update doc.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: Test this.
-
-Thu Aug 11 01:30:29 2016  Marcus Stollsteimer  <sto.mar@web.de>
-
-	* ext/json/lib/*.rb: Removed some comments. Because these are unnecessary
-	  class description. [ci skip][Bug #12255][ruby-core:74835]
-
-Thu Aug 11 01:09:43 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* pack.c (pack_pack): use union instead of bare variable to ease
-	  optimizations and avoid assigning x87 floating point number.
-	  [ruby-core:74496] [Bug #12209]
-
-	* pack.c (pack_unpack): ditto.
-
-Tue Aug  2 01:34:12 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgihandler.rb (do_GET): delete HTTP_PROXY
-	* test/webrick/test_cgi.rb (test_cgi_env): new test
-	* test/webrick/webrick.cgi (do_GET): new endpoint to dump env
-	  [ruby-core:76511] [Bug #12610]
-
-Tue Aug  2 01:33:11 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: skip
-	  test_prepend_after_refine_wb_miss on ARM or MIPS.
-	  [ruby-core:76031] [Bug #12491]
-
-Sat Jul 30 12:23:29 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_args.c (vm_caller_setup_arg_block): disable symbol block
-	  argument optimization when tail call optimization is enabled,
-	  in order to avoid SEGV.  [ruby-core:76288] [Bug #12565]
-
-Sat Jul 30 12:10:51 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (passed_block): convert passed block symbol to proc.
-	  based on the patch by Daisuke Sato in [ruby-dev:49695].
-	  [Bug #12531]
-
-Sat Jul 30 10:58:49 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_throw_start): check if the iseq is symbol
-	  proc, class definition should not be a symbol proc.
-	  [ruby-core:75856] [Bug #12462]
-
-Mon Jul 11 22:35:00 2016  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
-
-	* bignum.c (rb_big_hash): make it public function to be available in
-	  other source files, and remove documentation comment for Bignum#hash.
-
-	* bignum.c (Bignum#hash): remove its definition because it is unified
-	  with Object#hash.
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_big_hash): add a prototype declaration.
-
-	* hash.c (any_hash): treat Bignum values directly.
-
-Sat Jul  2 04:00:50 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (tr_trans): consider terminator length and fix heap
-	  overflow.  reported by Guido Vranken <guido AT guidovranken.nl>.
-
-Sat Jul  2 03:33:28 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c (invoke_bmethod, invoke_block_from_c_0): revert r52104
-	  partially to avoid "self has wrong type to call super in this
-	  context" errors.
-	  [ruby-core:72724] [Bug #11954]
-
-Mon Jun 20 02:38:29 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser::Completion.candidate): get rid of
-	  nil as key names.  [ruby-core:75773] [Bug #12438]
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser#make_switch): char class option
-	  cannot be NoArgument, default to RequiredArgument.
-
-Mon Jun 20 02:25:44 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c (unescape_nonascii): scan hex up to only 3 characters.
-	  [Bug #12420] [Bug #12423]
-
-Mon Jun 20 02:25:44 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regparse.c (fetch_token_in_cc): raise error if given octal escaped
-	  character is too big. [Bug #12420] [Bug #12423]
-
-Sun Jun 19 04:29:13 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/missing.h (isfinite): move from numeric.c.
-
-Sun Jun 19 04:29:13 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (isfinite): get rid of a warning on
-	  cygwin. [Bug #12417][ruby-core:75691]
-
-Sun Jun 19 04:29:13 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (isfinite): isfinite does not always
-	  exist.  fixed build error on Windows introduced at r55123.
-
-Sun Jun 19 04:29:13 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (GetVpValueWithPrec): consider
-	  non-finite float values not to raise FloatDomainError.
-	  [ruby-core:75682] [Bug #12414]
-
-Thu Jun 16 00:42:56 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_modify_expand): check integer overflow.
-	  [ruby-core:75592] [Bug #12390]
-
-Thu Jun 16 00:29:29 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_get_ev_const): warn deprecated constant even
-	  in the class context.  [ruby-core:75505] [Bug #12382]
-
-Tue Jun 14 03:49:28 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* dir.c (dir_close): update RDoc for 2.3 #close change
-	  [ruby-core:75679] [Bug #12413]
-
-Tue Jun 14 03:47:29 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* proc.c: fix RDoc of Proc#===/call/yield/[]
-	  [Bug #12332]
-
-Tue Jun 14 03:34:27 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_local_constants_i): exclude hidden constants.
-	  [ruby-core:75575] [Bug #12389]
-
-Tue Jun 14 03:25:14 2016  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* insns.def (defineclass): Also raise an error when redeclaring the
-	  superclass of a class as Object and it has another superclass.
-	  [Bug #12367] [ruby-core:75446]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_class.rb: test for above.
-
-Tue Jun 14 03:15:54 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_exec_getargs): honor the expected argument types
-	  over the conversion method.  the basic language functionality
-	  should be robust.  [ruby-core:75388] [Bug #12355]
-
-Tue Jun 14 03:02:38 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c, include/ruby/win32.h (rb_w32_utruncate): implements new
-	  truncate alternative which accepts UTF-8 path.
-
-	* file.c (truncate): use above function.
-	  [Bug #12340]
-
-Tue Jun 14 02:58:41 2016  Marcus Stollsteimer  <sto.mar@web.de>
-
-	* ext/date/date_core.c (Init_date_core): [DOC] Convert DateTime
-	  documentation to RDoc from Markdown.
-	  [ruby-core:75136] [Bug #12311]
-
-Sun Jun 12 02:36:52 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regcomp.c (compile_length_tree): return error code immediately
-	  if compile_length_tree raised error [Bug #12418]
-
-Sun Jun 12 02:27:07 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (recursive_list_access): a object id may be a Bignum.  so,
-	  the list must be a objhash, instead of a identhash.
-	  this fixes many test errors on mswin64 CI.
-
-Sun Jun 12 01:59:33 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (new_if_gen): set newline flag to NODE_IF to trace all
-	  if/elsif statements.  [ruby-core:67720] [Bug #10763]
-
-Sun May 15 02:33:52 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (pkg_config): use xsystem consistently to set up
-	  library path environment variable as well as latter pkg-config
-	  calls.  [ruby-dev:49619] [Bug #12379]
-
-Fri May  6 02:30:32 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb: [DOC] fix example code.  base on the code by
-	  Semyon Gaivoronskiy in [ruby-core:75224].  [Bug #12323]
-
-Fri May  6 02:28:31 2016  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_vstr2wc, ole_variant2val): fix blank
-	  string conversion.
-	  [Bug #11880]
-	  Thanks Akio Tajima for the patch!
-
-Fri May  6 02:24:13 2016  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* bignum.c: [DOC] Update result of 123456789 ** -2.
-	  [ruby-dev:49606] [Bug #12339]
-
-Wed May  4 02:38:08 2016  Yuichiro Kaneko  <yui-knk@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* internal.h (RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG): undef RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG
-	  instead of duplicated undef RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL.
-
-Wed May  4 02:38:08 2016  Yuichiro Kaneko  <yui-knk@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* complex.c (rb_complex_set_imag): Fix to properly set imag
-	  of complex.
-
-Tue Apr 26 23:34:45 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* version.h: Bump versionto 2.3.2.
-
-Tue Apr 26 02:58:51 2016  Marcus Stollsteimer  <sto.mar@web.de>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: Improvements to english grammers.
-	  [Bug #12246][ruby-core:74792][ci skip]
-
-Tue Apr 26 02:58:51 2016  craft4coder  <yooobuntu@163.com>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: [DOC] `nul` should be uppercase.
-	  change 'nul' => 'NUL'.  [Fix GH-1172]
-
-Tue Apr 26 02:54:57 2016  Marcus Stollsteimer  <sto.mar@web.de>
-
-	* encoding.c: Fix return value of `Encoding::ISO8859_1.name`
-	  [Bug #12313][ruby-core:75147][ci skip]
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: Fix code sample of `BigDecimal.new`
-
-Mon Apr 25 02:29:07 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: add missing -lm for AIX.
-
-Mon Apr 25 02:29:07 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: don't use the system-provided round(3) on AIX.
-	  In AIX, round(0.49999999999999994) returns 1.0.
-	  Use round() in numeric.c instead.
-
-Sun Apr 24 03:05:47 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c: cygwin does not use w32_cmdvector, command line can be
-	  other than UTF-8.  [ruby-dev:49519] [Bug #12184]
-
-Sat Apr 23 01:01:13 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* eval_jump.c (exec_end_procs_chain): restore previous error info
-	  for each end procs.  [ruby-core:75038] [Bug #12302]
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:51:51 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (new_label_body): initialize bit fields, since
-	  compile_data_alloc does not clear the memory.  [Bug #12082]
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:51:51 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_optimize): disable tail call optimization in
-	  rescued, rescue, and ensure blocks.
-	  [ruby-core:73871] [Bug #12082]
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:33:04 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c (mime_putc): fix typo.
-	  [Bug #12202] [ruby-core:74802]
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:33:04 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c: Merge upstream 4f3edf80a0.
-	  patched by Anton Sivakov [Bug #12201] [Bug #12202]
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:29:15 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb (gen_random): to avoid blocking on Windows.
-	  On Windows OpenSSL RAND_bytes (underlying implementation is
-	  RAND_poll in crypto/rand/rand_win.c) may be blocked at
-	  NetStatisticsGet.
-	  https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Random_Numbers#Windows_Issues
-	  Instead of this, use Random.raw_seed directly (whose implementation
-	  CryptGenRandom is one of the source of
-	  entropy of RAND_poll on Windows).
-	  https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Random_Numbers
-	  Note: CryptGenRandom function is PRNG and doesn't check its entropy,
-	  so it won't block. [Bug #12139]
-	  https://msdn.microsoft.com/ja-jp/library/windows/desktop/aa379942.aspx
-	  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4086#section-7.1.3
-	  https://eprint.iacr.org/2007/419.pdf
-	  http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~dolev/pubs/thesis/msc-thesis-leo.pdf
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:25:26 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* miniinit.c (Init_enc): add some common aliases of built-in
-	  encodings.  [ruby-core:72481] [Bug #11872]
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:13:50 2016  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* lib/forwardable.rb: Convert given accessors to String.
-
-	  r53381 changed to accept only Symbol or String for accessors, but
-	  there are several rubygems that pass classes (e.g. Array,
-	  Hash, ...) as accessors. Prior r53381, it was accepted because Class#to_s
-	  returns its class name. After r53381 given accessors are checked
-	  with define_method, but it accepts only Symbol or String, otherwise
-	  raises TypeError.
-
-	      def_delegator Foo, :some_method
-
-	  This change is to revert unexpected incompatibility. But this behavior
-	  may change in the future.
-
-Sat Apr 23 00:02:09 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: check if succeeded in creating config.h.
-
-	* tool/ifchange: ignore failures when TEST_COLORS unmatched. just
-	  use the default value if expected name is not contained in it.
-	  [ruby-core:75046] [Bug #12303]
-
-Fri Apr 22 23:47:05 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/regexp.rdoc (comments): [DOC] terminators cannot appear in
-	  comments.  [ruby-core:74838] [Bug #12256]
-
-Fri Apr 22 23:44:07 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* extension.rdoc, extension.ja.rdoc: [DOC] Fix some errors.
-	  Renamed files, wrong method names or argument types; the example
-	  GetDBM macro is now updated to the current version of the actual
-	  code.  patch by Marcus Stollsteimer in [ruby-core:74690].
-	  [Bug #12228]
-
-Fri Apr 22 23:32:19 2016  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb: Tests depends on Europe/Moscow removed
-	  to avoid test failures due to the tzdata change.
-	  https://github.com/eggert/tz/commit/8ee11a301cf173afb0c76e0315b9f9ec8ebb9d95
-	  Found by naruse.
-
-Tue Apr 19 02:32:50 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0): fix the condition for
-	  lgamma_r(-0.0).  [Bug #12249]
-
-Tue Apr 19 02:32:50 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0): check if lgamma_r(-0.0)
-	  returns negative infinity.  [Bug #12249]
-
-	* math.c (ruby_lgamma_r): define by the configured result.
-
-Tue Apr 19 02:32:50 2016  cremno phobia  <cremno@mail.ru>
-
-	* math.c (ruby_lgamma_r): missing/lgamma_r.c is used on Windows,
-	  since msvcrt does not provide it.
-
-	* missing/lgamma_r.c (lgamma_r): fix lgamma(-0.0).
-	  [ruby-core:74823] [Bug #12249]
-
-Tue Apr 19 02:32:50 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c (ruby_lgamma_r): mswin's lgamma_r also seems to be wrong.
-	  cf. [Bug #12249]
-
-Tue Apr 19 02:32:50 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c (ruby_tgamma): fix tgamma(-0.0) on mingw.
-	  [ruby-core:74817] [Bug #12249]
-
-Tue Apr 19 01:53:32 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* defs/keywords (alias, undef): symbol literals are allowed.
-
-	* parse.y (parse_percent): should parse symbol literals for alias
-	  and undef.  [ruby-dev:47681] [Bug #8851]
-
-Mon Apr 18 18:05:29 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* struct.c (struct_make_members_list, rb_struct_s_def): member
-	  names should be unique. [ruby-core:74971] [Bug #12291]
-
-	* struct.c (struct_make_members_list): extract making member name
-	  list from char* va_list, with creating symbols without
-	  intermediate IDs.
-
-Mon Apr 18 17:54:40 2016  Joe Swatosh  <joe.swatosh@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (DeleteValue, DeleteKey): fix
-	  API names.  [ruby-core:74863] [Bug #12264]
-
-Mon Apr 18 17:27:30 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): should not replace the
-	  current target INSN, not to follow the replaced dangling link in
-	  the caller.  [ruby-core:74993] [Bug #11816]
-
-Mon Apr 18 17:18:25 2016  cremno phobia  <cremno@mail.ru>
-
-	* cont.c (fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context): fix wrong
-	  _MSC_VER check, should be decimal but not hexadecimal.
-	  [ruby-core:74936] [Bug #12279]
-
-Mon Apr 18 17:18:25 2016  cremno phobia  <cremno@mail.ru>
-
-	* cont.c (fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context): fix wrong
-	  _MSC_VER check, should be decimal but not hexadecimal.
-	  [ruby-core:74936] [Bug #12279]
-
-Mon Apr 18 17:08:10 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_struct): make at_exit a single linked list but
-	  not RArray, not to mark the registered functions by the write
-	  barrier.  based on the patches by Evan Phoenix.
-	  [ruby-core:73908] [Bug #12095]
-
-Mon Apr 18 16:56:31 2016  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread.c (update_coverage): Do not track coverage in loaded files
-	  after Coverage.result. Avoids out-of-bounds access. [Bug #12237]
-
-	* ext/coverage/coverage.c (coverage_clear_result_i): document.
-
-Mon Apr 18 16:33:50 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/date/date_core.c (Init_date_core): [DOC] fix misplaced doc
-	  of DateTime.  [ruby-core:74729] [Bug #12233]
-
-Mon Apr 18 13:48:05 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* cygwin/GNUmakefile.in (MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL_PARAM):
-	  * add missing parentheses and remove double quotes.
-	  * rename to get rid of recursive references.
-	  * as --excludes-dir option is for a path name, its argument
-	    should be converted.
-	  [ruby-dev:49526] [Bug #12199]
-
-Mon Apr 18 13:48:05 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (TEST_EXCLUDES, EXCLUDE_TESTFRAMEWORK): use full spell
-	  long option.
-
-	* cygwin/GNUmakefile.in (MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL): suppress path name
-	  conversions by msys2.  [ruby-dev:49525] [Bug #12199]
-
-Mon Apr 18 13:48:05 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Options#non_options): make regexp name
-	  options prefixed with "!" negative filters.
-
-	* common.mk (TEST_EXCLUDES): use negative filter to exclude memory
-	  leak tests.  -x option excludes test files, not test methods.
-
-Sun Apr 17 04:30:13 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parse_ident): allow keyword arguments just after a
-	  method where the same name local variable is defined.
-	  [ruby-core:73816] [Bug#12073]
-
-Sun Apr 17 04:20:40 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* eval.c (setup_exception): set the cause only if it is explicitly
-	  given or not set yet.  [Bug #12068]
-
-Sat Apr 16 00:56:45 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): defer setting native thread name
-	  set in initialize until the native thread is created.
-	  [ruby-core:74963] [Bug #12290]
-
-Fri Apr 15 21:10:00 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/irb/ext/save-history.rb: Fix NoMethodError when method is not defined.
-
-Fri Apr 15 14:52:06 2016  Elliot Winkler  <elliot.winkler@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/forwardable.rb (def_instance_delegator) fix delegating to
-	  'args' and 'block', clashing with local variables in generated
-	  methods.  [ruby-core:72579] [Bug #11916]
-
-	* lib/forwardable.rb (def_single_delegator): ditto.
-
-Fri Apr 15 14:27:48 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/irb/ext/save-history.rb: suppress warning: method redefined;
-	  discarding old save_history=.
-
-Tue Apr 12 16:15:39 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: improve ICC (Intel C Compiler) support.
-
-	* configure.in (CXX): The name of icc's c++ compiler is `icpc`.
-
-	* configure.in (warnings): Add `-diag-disable=2259` to suppress
-	  noisy warnings: "non-pointer conversion from "..." to "..." may
-	  lose significant bits".
-
-	* configure.in (optflags): Add `-fp-model precise` like -fno-fast-math.
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb: icc supports -Werror=division-by-zero
-	  and -Werror=deprecated-declarations, but doesn't support
-	  -Wdivision-by-zero and -Wdeprecated-declarations.
-
-Tue Apr 12 14:29:01 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: check SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb
-	  function rather than OPENSSL_NPN_NEGOTIATED macro. it exists
-	  even if it is disabled by OpenSSL configuration.
-	  [ruby-core:74384] [Bug #12182]
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: update #ifdef(s) as above.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: skip NPN tests if NPN is disabled.
-
-Tue Apr 12 14:27:04 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/http.rb (URI::HTTP#initialize): [DOC] fix example,
-	  missing mandatory arguments.  [ruby-core:74540] [Bug #12215]
-
-Thu Apr  7 01:07:02 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): fix buffer overflow, length must be
-	  greater than precision.  reported by William Bowling <will AT
-	  wbowling.info>.
-
-Wed Apr  6 00:33:45 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/security.rb (DIGEST_ALGORITHM, KEY_ALGORITHM):
-	  should check same name as the used constants.
-	  [ruby-core:72674] [Bug #11940]
-
-Mon Apr  4 00:31:51 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (compile_massign_lhs): when index ends with splat,
-	  append rhs value to it like POSTARG, since VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT
-	  splats the last argument only.  [ruby-core:72777] [Bug #11970]
-
-Sat Apr  2 02:07:29 2016  Seiei Miyagi  <hanachin@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb (on_heredoc_dedent): Fix
-	  Ripper.lex error in dedenting squiggly heredoc.  heredoc tree is
-	  also an array of Elem in the outer tree.  [Fix GH-1234]
-
-Wed Mar 30 02:28:13 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (setup_communication_pipe): delay setting owner
-	  (rb_thread_create_timer_thread): until thread creation succeeds
-	  [ruby-core:72590] [Bug #11922]
-
-Wed Mar 30 02:20:06 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* localeinit.c (rb_locale_charmap_index): fix prototype.
-	  patched by Andreas Schwab [Bug #12218]
-
-Wed Mar 30 02:20:06 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): fix reserving position where
-	  the stack growing bottom to top. [Bug #12118]
-
-Wed Mar 30 02:17:33 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_readlink): drop garbage after the substitute
-	  name, as rb_w32_read_reparse_point returns the expected buffer
-	  size but "\??\" prefix is dropped from the result.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (w32_readlink): ditto, including NUL-terminator.
-
-Wed Mar 30 02:17:33 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (fileattr_to_unixmode, rb_w32_reparse_symlink_p): volume
-	  mount point should be treated as directory, not symlink.
-	  [ruby-core:72483] [Bug #11874]
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_read_reparse_point): check the reparse point is
-	  a volume mount point or not.
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_readlink): follow above change (but this pass won't
-	  be used).
-
-Wed Mar 30 01:32:14 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/-ext-/time/test_new.rb (test_timespec_new): change a gmtoff
-	  test to a better one that does not depend on whether the current
-	  time is in summer time or not.
-
-Wed Mar 30 01:32:14 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/-ext-/time/test_new.rb (test_timespec_new): Time#gmtoff values
-	  are the same only when both or neither of the Time objects are in
-	  summer time (daylight-saving time).
-
-Wed Mar 30 01:30:54 2016  Hiroshi Shirosaki  <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb: Fix test on Windows for inconsistent temp path.
-	  https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/1554
-	  [Bug #12193][ruby-core:74431]
-
-Wed Mar 30 01:25:46 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (str_new_frozen): if the given string is embeddedable
-	  but not embedded, embed a new copied string. [Bug #11946]
-
-Wed Mar 30 01:23:57 2016  Marcus Stollsteimer  <sto.mar@web.de>
-
-	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: Fix RDoc markup in doc/extension*.rdoc.
-	  [ci skip][Bug #12143][ruby-core:74143]
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 30 01:00:30 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_binding): proc from symbol can not make a binding.
-	  [ruby-core:74100] [Bug #12137]
-
-Wed Mar 30 00:54:38 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/win32.h (O_SHARE_DELETE): change to fit Fixnum
-	  limit.  [ruby-core:74285] [Bug #12171]
-
-Wed Mar 30 00:52:47 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/net/imap/test_imap.rb (test_idle_timeout): Because of the
-	  timeout specified in "imap.idle(0.2)", there is no gurantee that
-	  the server thread has done all the work before the client thread
-	  performs the assertions. It depends on the thread scheduling.
-	  Add checks to avoid false positives (on AIX, particularly).
-
-Wed Mar 30 00:41:42 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test_udp_recvmsg_truncation):
-	  AIX does not set the MSG_TRUNC flag for a message partially read
-	  by recvmsg(2) with the MSG_PEEK flag set.
-
-Wed Mar 30 00:00:47 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc, doc/extension.ja.rdoc: add editor local
-	  variables, with commenting out by :enddoc: directives which are
-	  just ignored unless code object mode.  [Bug #12111]
-
-Wed Mar 30 00:00:47 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: removed rendering error caused by editor specific
-	  configuration on http://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/trunk/extension_rdoc.html .
-	  [Bug #12111][ruby-core:73990]
-
-Tue Mar 29 23:54:31 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c (rb_mod_const_get): make error message at uninterned
-	  string consistent with symbols.  [ruby-dev:49498] [Bug #12089]
-
-Tue Mar 29 23:45:24 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (push_pattern, push_glob): deal with read paths as UTF-8
-	  to stat later, on Windows as well as OS X.
-	  [ruby-core:73868] [Bug #12081]
-
-Tue Mar 29 23:36:49 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/extmk.rb: add cygwin case, nothing excluded.
-	  [ruby-core:73806] [Bug#12071]
-
-Tue Mar 29 23:10:47 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_mark): mark parent iseq to prevent dynamically
-	  generated iseq by eval from GC.  [ruby-core:72620] [Bug #11928]
-
-Tue Mar 29 22:56:44 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::IPv6.create): avoid modifying frozen
-	* test/resolv/test_dns.rb (test_ipv6_create): test for above
-	  [Bug #11910] [ruby-core:72559]
-
-Tue Mar 29 22:31:48 2016  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* range.c (range_eqq): revert r11113 because rb_call_super() is
-	  called in range_include() and thus r11113 doesn't work when the
-	  receiver Range object consists of non linear objects such as Date
-	  objects.
-	  [ruby-core:72908] [Bug #12003]
-
-Tue Mar 29 22:26:55 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_check_funcall_with_hook): also should call the
-	  given hook before returning Qundef when overridden respond_to?
-	  method returned false.  [ruby-core:73556] [Bug #12030]
-
-Tue Mar 29 22:08:36 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): don't apply tailcall
-	  optimization to send/invokesuper instructions with blockiseq.
-	  This is a follow-up to the changes in r51903; blockiseq is now
-	  the third operand of send/invokesuper instructions.
-	  [ruby-core:73413] [Bug #12018]
-
-Tue Mar 29 21:22:22 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (xstring): reset heredoc indent after dedenting,
-	  so that following string literal would not be dedented.
-	  [ruby-core:72857] [Bug #11990]
-
-Tue Mar 29 21:22:22 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (string1): reset heredoc indent fore each string leteral
-	  so that concatenated string would not be dedented.
-	  [ruby-core:72857] [Bug #11990]
-
-Tue Mar 29 21:18:09 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_here_document): update indent for each line in
-	  indented here document with single-quotes.
-	  [ruby-core:72479] [Bug #11871]
-
-Tue Mar 29 21:03:40 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* symbol.h (is_attrset_id): ASET is an attrset ID.  fix
-	  unexpected safe call instead of an ordinary ASET.
-
-Tue Mar 29 21:01:07 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc: fix old operator for safe navigation
-	  operator. [ci skip][fix GH-1182] Patch by @dougo
-
-Tue Mar 29 18:49:54 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb (freeze): define deferred accessors before
-	  freezing to get rid of an error when just reading frozen
-	  OpenStruct.
-
-Tue Mar 29 18:49:54 2016  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb: Fix new_ostruct_member to correctly avoid
-	  redefinition [#11901]
-
-Tue Mar 29 17:54:17 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb (OpenStruct): make respond_to? working on
-	  just-allocated objects for workaround of Psych.
-	  [ruby-core:72501] [Bug #11884]
-
-Tue Mar 29 17:04:35 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_f_catch): [DOC] fix malformed RDoc syntax, "+...+"
-	  cannot enclose non-identifier characters.
-	  a patch by Sebastian S in [ruby-core:74278].  [Bug#12170]
-
-Tue Mar 29 17:03:28 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/-ext-/float/test_nextafter.rb: In AIX,
-	  nextafter(+0.0,-0.0)=+0.0, and nextafter(-0.0,+0.0)=-0.0,
-	  but they should return -0.0 and +0.0, respectively. This is
-	  a known bug in nextafter(3) on AIX, so skip related tests.
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:54:14 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (enc_succ_alnum_char): try to skip an invalid character
-	  gap between GREEK CAPITAL RHO and SIGMA.
-	  [ruby-core:74478] [Bug #12204]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:45:58 2016  Victor Nawothnig  <Victor.Nawothnig@gmail.com>
-
-	* parse.y (parse_numvar): NTH_REF must be less than a half of
-	  INT_MAX, as it is left-shifted to be ORed with back-ref flag.
-	  [ruby-core:74444] [Bug#12192] [Fix GH-1296]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:44:54 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/trans/JIS: update Unicode's notice. [Bug #11844]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:41:27 2016  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
-
-	* marshal.c (r_object0):  raise ArgumentError when linking to undefined
-	  object.
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:41:27 2016  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
-
-	* marshal.c (r_object0): Fix Marshal crash for corrupt extended object.
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:40:48 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_setup): document as MT-unsafe
-	  [ruby-core:73803] [Bug #12069]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:29:44 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* insns.def (opt_mod): show its method name on ZeroDivisionError.
-	  [Bug #12158]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:25:27 2016  Anthony Dmitriyev  <antstorm@gmail.com>
-
-	* net/ftp.rb: add NullSocket#closed? to fix closing not opened
-	  connection.  [Fix GH-1232]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:12:08 2016  Koichi ITO  <koic.ito@gmail.com>
-
-	* variable.c: Added documentation about order of `Module#constants`
-	  [ci skip][Bug #12121][ruby-dev:49505][fix GH-1301]
-
-Tue Mar 29 16:02:26 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb (test_execopts_gid): Skip a test
-	  that is known to fail on AIX. AIX allows setgid to
-	  a supplementary group, but Ruby does not allow the "-e"
-	  option when setgid'ed, so the test does not work as intended.
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:58:18 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/socket/test_addrinfo.rb (test_ipv6_address_predicates):
-	  IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT and IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED are broken
-	  on AIX, so skip related tests.
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:31:06 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_make_socket_ipv4_multicast):
-	  The fifth argument to getsockopt(2) should be modified to
-	  indicate the actual size of the value on return,
-	  but not in AIX. This is a know bug. Skip related tests.
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_ring_server_ipv4_multicast):
-	  ditto.
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_make_socket_unicast): ditto.
-	* test/socket/test_basicsocket.rb (test_getsockopt): ditto.
-	* test/socket/test_sockopt.rb (test_bool): ditto.
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:27:14 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/zlib/test_zlib.rb (test_adler32_combine, test_crc32_combine):
-	  Skip two tests on AIX because zconf.h in zlib does not correctly
-	  recognize _LARGE_FILES in AIX. The problem was already reported
-	  to zlib, and skip these tests until it is fixed.
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:10:31 2016  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (getstack): __pi_stacksize returned by
-	  pthread_getthrds_np() is wrong on AIX. Use
-	  __pi_stackend - __pi_stackaddr instead.
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:10:05 2016  Alex Boyd  <alex@opengroove.org>
-
-	* lib/irb.rb: avoid to needless truncation when using back_trace_limit option.
-	  [fix GH-1205][ruby-core:72773][Bug #11969]
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:05:16 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_tile.rb: fix method name typo.
-	  [ruby-core:72513] [Bug #11893] The patch provided by Akira Matsuda.
-
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:05:02 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/toolbar.rb: fix method name typo.
-	  [ruby-core:72511] [Bug #11891] The patch provided by Akira Matsuda.
-
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:04:42 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tree.rb: fix method name typo.
-	  [ruby-core:72510] [Bug #11890] The patch provided by Akira Matsuda.
-
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:04:19 2016  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb: fix a typo in font name. [ruby-core:72505]
-	  [Bug #11886] The patch provided by Akira Matsuda.
-
-	* ext/tk/sample/*.rb: ditto.
-
-Tue Mar 29 15:03:03 2016  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
-
-	* ruby.h: undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P
-	  and HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P on C++.
-	  [ruby-core:72736] [Bug #11962]
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:58:56 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c (inspect_tcpi_msec): more accurate condition
-	  for TCPI msec member inspection function.
-	  [ruby-core:74388] [Bug #12185]
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:53:58 2016  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb: Remove block from Logger.add as it's not needed
-	  patch provided by Daniel Lobato Garcia [fix GH-1240] [Bug #12054]
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:52:20 2016  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c: Remove deprecated kcode argument from Regexp.new and compile
-	  patch provided by Dylan Pulliam [Bug #11495]
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:44:02 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_gethostname): support unlimited size
-	  hostname.
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:35:06 2016  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
-
-	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb: Support SSL options in async methods of
-	  XMLRPC::Client.
-	  [Bug #11489]
-	  Reported by Aleksandar Kostadinov. Thanks!!!
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:22:57 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* marshal.c (r_object0): honor Marshal.load post proc
-	  value for TYPE_LINK.  by Hiroshi Nakamura <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1204 fix GH-1204
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:18:26 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* .travis.yml: removed commented-out code.
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:18:26 2016  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* .travis.yml: removed osx code. follow up with r53517
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:12:22 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c (sockopt_bool): relax boolean size to be one
-	  too not only sizeof(int).  Winsock getsockopt() returns a single
-	  byte as a boolean socket option.  [ruby-core:72730] [Bug #11958]
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:12:22 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c (check_size): extract a macro to check
-	  binary data size, with a consistent message.
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c (sockopt_byte): fix error message,
-	  sizeof(int) differs from sizeof(unsigned char) in general.
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:01:14 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): need to convert the encoding to
-	  ospath's one.
-
-Tue Mar 29 14:01:14 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c: use rb_w32_uchdir() instead of plain chdir() on Windows.
-	  reported by naruse via twitter.
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_addopt): need to convert the encoding to
-	  ospath's one.
-
-Tue Mar 29 13:56:36 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_binmode): implement to set encoding
-	* test/stringio/test_stringio.rb (test_binmode): new test
-	  [ruby-core:72699] [Bug #11945]
-
-Tue Mar 29 13:50:30 2016  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (io_getpartial): remove unused kwarg from template
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb (test_readpartial_bad_args): new
-	  [Bug #11885]
-
-Tue Mar 29 13:41:03 2016  Tadashi Saito  <tad.a.digger@gmail.com>
-
-	* compile.c, cont.c, doc, man: fix common misspelling.
-	  [ruby-core:72466] [Bug #11870]
-
-Tue Mar 29 13:31:34 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (regexp): set_yylval_num sets u1, should use nd_tag
-	  instead of nd_state.  [ruby-core:72638] [Bug #11932]
-
-Tue Mar 29 13:31:34 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (set_yylval_num): should be used as nd_state, set to u3.
-	  [ruby-core:72638] [Bug #11932]
-
-Tue Mar 29 13:26:15 2016  Joseph Tibbertsma  <josephtibbertsma@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c (RVALUE_PAGE_WB_UNPROTECTED): fix a typo of argument name.
-	  [Fix GH-1221]
-
-Thu Jan 21 16:39:55 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Makefile.in (update-rubyspec): fix r53208 like r53451.
-
-Fri Jan 15 00:05:57 2016  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/generic.rb (URI::Generic#to_s): change encoding to
-	  UTF-8 as Ruby 2.2/ by Koichi ITO <koic.ito@gmail.com>
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1188 fix GH-1188
-
-Tue Jan 12 17:23:39 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): need to convert the encoding to
-	  ospath's one.
-
-Tue Jan 12 17:23:39 2016  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c: use rb_w32_uchdir() instead of plain chdir() on Windows.
-	  reported by naruse via twitter.
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_addopt): need to convert the encoding to
-	  ospath's one.
-
-Tue Jan 12 15:21:00 2016  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/missing.h (explicit_bzero_by_memset_s): remove
-	  inline implementation by memset_s, which needs a macro before
-	  including headers and can cause problems in extension libraries
-	  by the order of the macro and headers.
-
-Thu Dec 24 23:01:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* NEWS: added entry for CGI.escapeHTML optimization.
-
-Thu Dec 24 18:43:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (rb_compile_error_with_enc, rb_compile_error),
-	  (rb_compile_bug): deprecate internal functions.
-
-	* parse.y (parser_yyerror): construct exception message with
-	  source code and caret.
-
-Thu Dec 24 17:25:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (append_compile_error), parse.y (compile_error):
-	  preserve encoding of source file name in exceptions.
-
-	* error.c (rb_compile_error_str, rb_compile_bug_str): add.
-
-Thu Dec 24 16:17:47 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (fake.rb): $(arch)-fake.rb must depend on miniruby because
-	  it may depend on miniruby.
-
-Thu Dec 24 16:13:05 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (ripper.c): r50045 wrongly replace $(PWD) with ../..
-	  It is the top of build directory, not topsrcdir.
-
-Thu Dec 24 15:02:42 2015  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): Refactor. Avoid assigning in condition.
-
-Thu Dec 24 15:01:38 2015  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* tool/file2lastrev.rb: Fix ArgumentError to work on Ruby 1.8.7.
-
-Thu Dec 24 14:44:08 2015  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): Enable on Ruby 1.9 where chdir option is not
-	  supported on IO.popen
-
-	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): Fix NoMethodError. I guess r49705 was not
-	  tested... :/
-
-Thu Dec 24 14:57:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* NEWS: rename
-	  "Implementation changes" section to
-	  "Supported platform changes" section.
-
-	* NEWS: add "Implementation improvements" and add several entries.
-
-	* NEWS: add NEWS entries by Eric Wong. [ruby-core:72450]
-
-Thu Dec 24 00:26:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/console/extconf.rb: fix gem build failure on Windows.
-	  only win32_vk.inc is included in the gem and no dependencies for
-	  the header, so that gperf will not be mandatory.
-	  [ruby-core:72453] [Bug #11866]
-
-	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: include depend file and
-	  win32_vk header.
-
-Wed Dec 23 23:58:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_readwrite_syserr_fail): works with the given errno than
-	  thread local errno.
-
-Wed Dec 23 17:57:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c, io.c, util.c: prefer rb_syserr_fail with saved errno
-	  over setting errno then call rb_sys_fail, not to be clobbered
-	  potentially and to reduce thread local errno accesses.
-
-Wed Dec 23 11:58:52 2015  Yuichiro Kaneko  <yui-knk@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c: Fix document. Default value of the first
-	  argument of `String#split` is not `$;` but `nil`.
-	  When `nil` is passed as first argument, `$;` is used.
-	  [ci skip] [Bug #11729] [ruby-dev:49378]
-
-Wed Dec 23 07:15:17 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_init_sock): reject reserved FDs
-	  [ruby-core:72445] [Bug #11862]
-
-Wed Dec 23 02:59:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__): necessary to use memset_s
-	  in strict C99 mode.
-
-Wed Dec 23 02:34:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regexec.c (match_at): move direct threaded VM code to get rid of
-	  mixed declarations and code, and enable it only for gcc since it
-	  depends on a gcc extension.
-
-Wed Dec 23 02:23:19 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0
-
-	* NEWS: Add news about the did_you_mean gem
-
-Wed Dec 23 02:18:57 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/contributing.rdoc: [DOC] remove an extra word "here".
-	  [Fix GH-1169]
-
-Wed Dec 23 01:58:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regexec.c (USE_DIRECT_THREADED_VM): enable direct threaded VM by
-	  the default.
-
-Tue Dec 22 22:15:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.c (internal_object_p): should not expose singleton classes
-	  without a metaclass.  based on patches by ko1 and shugo.
-	  [Bug #11740]
-
-	* class.c (rb_singleton_class_object_p): added.
-
-Tue Dec 22 22:15:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: bump up to 0.4.4.
-
-Tue Dec 22 22:11:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* NEWS: Added news entry of Psych 2.0.17
-
-Tue Dec 22 22:09:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* NEWS: Added news entry of RDoc 4.2.1
-
-Tue Dec 22 21:20:00 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec: bump version to 1.2.8.
-
-Tue Dec 22 21:08:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rdoc.rb: bump version to 4.2.1. It contains following fixes.
-	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/340
-	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/341
-	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/367
-	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/368
-	* lib/rdoc/*: ditto.
-	* test/rdoc/*: ditto.
-
-Tue Dec 22 20:25:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version to 2.0.17
-	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: ditto.
-
-Tue Dec 22 20:14:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: move vm_callee_setup_block_arg() (and related
-	  functions) to the latter location.
-	  This moving recovers performance a little.
-	  [Bug #11829]
-
-Tue Dec 22 15:21:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (str_compat_and_valid): as scrub does nothing for dummy
-	  encoding string now, incompatible encoding is not a matter.
-
-Tue Dec 22 14:31:28 2015  Toru Iwase  <tietew@tietew.net>
-
-	* ext/cgi/escape/escape.c (optimized_escape_html): CGI.escapeHTML
-	  should return unfrozen new string.
-	  [ruby-core:72426] [Bug #11858]
-
-Tue Dec 22 05:39:58 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/cgi/escape/escape.c (preserve_original_state): Preserve
-	  original state for tainted and frozen.  [Fix GH-1166]
-	  [ruby-dev:49451] [Bug #11855]
-
-Tue Dec 22 03:57:20 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_init_sock): check FD after validating
-	* test/socket/test_basicsocket.rb (test_for_fd): new
-	  [ruby-core:72418] [Bug #11854]
-
-Mon Dec 21 21:29:45 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* variable.c (struct ivar_update): rename "extended" to "iv_extended"
-	  to avoid name conflict with /usr/include/floatingpoint.h on
-	  Solaris. [Bug #11853] [ruby-dev:49448]
-
-Mon Dec 21 12:15:32 2015  Kimura Wataru  <kimuraw@i.nifty.jp>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: handled rlimit value same as r52277
-	  [Bug #11852][ruby-dev:49446]
-
-Mon Dec 21 10:21:22 2015  Ilya Vassilevsky <vassilevsky@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (open_timeout): update default value in RDoc
-	  [ruby-core:72413]
-
-Mon Dec 21 10:18:46 2015  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
-
-	* vm_backtrace.c (rb_profile_frames): ignore ifunc frames as it
-	  did before.  [ruby-core:72409] [Bug #11851]
-
-Mon Dec 21 09:33:17 2015  Karol Bucek  <kares@users.noreply.github.com>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket): fix
-	  NotImplementedError typo.  [Fix GH-1165]
-
-Sun Dec 20 20:54:51 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
-
-	* cgi/escape/escape.c: Optimize CGI.escapeHTML for
-	  ASCII-compatible encodings.  [Fix GH-1164]
-
-Sun Dec 20 15:36:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/erb.rb: revert r53123. It breaks compatibility like thor and
-	  rspec-rails.
-	  We should try with Ruby 2.4 or 3.0.
-	  [Bug #11842][ruby-core:72374]
-	* lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb: ditto.
-	* template/verconf.h.tmpl: ditto.
-
-Sun Dec 20 11:43:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_yylex): allow here documents in labeled
-	  argument.  [ruby-core:72396] [Bug #11849]
-
-Sun Dec 20 11:14:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): should check Symbol or not.
-	  [Bug #11850]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test.
-
-Sun Dec 20 11:01:57 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): fix notation.
-
-Sun Dec 20 10:54:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_new): fix notation.
-
-Sun Dec 20 00:29:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_proc_get_iseq): proc made from symbol does not have
-	  iseq.  fix infinite loop.  [ruby-core:72381] [Bug #11845]
-
-Sat Dec 19 20:06:10 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* enc/windows_1250.c: Should not use C++ style comments (C99 feature).
-	  [Bug #11843]
-
-Sat Dec 19 17:17:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#initialize):
-	  use WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler::Thread, which is ignored by
-	  LeakChecker#find_threads, instead of ::Thread to get rid of
-	  thread leak checker.  since this TimeoutHandler is resident
-	  during tests because of Singleton, it waits for the next timeout
-	  if it has any schedules.  in the case of nested timeouts, inner
-	  timeout does not cancel outer timeouts and then those schedules
-	  still remain.
-
-Sat Dec 19 14:28:01 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (Init_zlib): [DOC] Fix double-word typo and
-	  grammatical error.  [Fix GH-1162]
-
-Sat Dec 19 14:23:59 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/csv.rb (CSV#initialize): [DOC] Fix double-word typo.
-	  [Fix GH-1161]
-
-Sat Dec 19 10:33:33 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* enc/iso_8859_2.c, enc/windows_1250.c: separate Windows-1250
-	  from ISO-8859-2 to fix 0x80..0x9e range (from Kimihito Matsui)
-
-Fri Dec 18 21:26:54 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler): To prevent
-	  potential deadlocks, Queue is used to tell update of @timeout_info
-	  instead of sleep and wakeup. [Bug #11742] [ruby-dev:49387]
-
-Fri Dec 18 17:24:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (ibf_load_object_string): use fstring if frozen string.
-
-Fri Dec 18 16:54:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_set_encoding): add StringIO's own
-	  encoding and separate it from the buffer string to override the
-	  encoding of string when reading.  [ruby-core:72189] [Bug #11827]
-	  note that setting the encoding of its buffer string directly
-	  without StringIO#set_encoding may cause unpredictable behavior.
-
-Fri Dec 18 16:50:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (ibf_load_setup): check tainted string argument.
-
-Fri Dec 18 16:12:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: define USE_LAZY_LOAD if it is not defined.
-
-Fri Dec 18 15:40:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_unget_bytes): extract from
-	  strio_ungetbyte to share with strio_ungetc.
-
-Fri Dec 18 12:39:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/*.rdoc: separated modifier at sentence.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1121] Patch by @clandry94
-
-Fri Dec 18 12:09:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_ungetbyte): pad with \000 when
-	  the current position is after the end.
-
-Fri Dec 18 11:24:48 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_make, check_override_opt_method):
-	  should check whether a newly created method overrides an optimize
-	  method in case the method is defined in a prepended module of a
-	  built-in class.
-	  [ruby-core:72226] [Bug #11836]
-
-Fri Dec 18 11:09:38 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_exec): call RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK instead of
-	  RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK.
-
-Fri Dec 18 10:24:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb: fixed parse error for striped heredocument syntax.
-	  [fix GH-1127] Patch by @koic
-
-Fri Dec 18 09:44:47 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/pty/pty.c: fix double words typo.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1157] Patch by @jwworth
-
-Fri Dec 18 09:42:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c: fix a typo.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1159] Patch by @akshay-vishnoi
-	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.h: ditto.
-
-Fri Dec 18 07:39:01 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c (rb_vm_check_redefinition_opt_method): should check the real
-	  class instead of the origin iclass.
-	  [ruby-core:72188] [Bug #11826]
-
-Thu Dec 17 22:13:10 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_args.c (vm_caller_setup_arg_block): remove code for ifunc
-	  because it was made unnecessary by r52138.
-
-Thu Dec 17 16:13:10 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_block_arity): should not call GetProcPtr() for symbols.
-	  [ruby-core:72205] [Bug #11830]
-
-Thu Dec 17 14:16:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_scrub): the result should be infected by the
-	  original string.
-
-Thu Dec 17 13:35:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c (rb_econv_substr_append, econv_primitive_convert):
-	  the result should be infected by the original string.
-
-Thu Dec 17 09:46:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c (reg_names_iter): should consider encoding of regexp.
-	  [ruby-core:72185] [Bug #11825]
-
-Thu Dec 17 03:52:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): should not compare with Qfalse and FALSE.
-	  Pointed at http://d.hatena.ne.jp/nagachika/20151216/ruby_trunk_changes_53128_53163
-
-Thu Dec 17 03:15:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method_each_type): should not set fastpath
-	  with keyword arguments for VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET type methods.
-
-	  Normally, we can not use keyword arguments for this kind of methods,
-	  (obj.foo = 1), but we can set alias names for them.
-	  [Bug #11657]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_keyword.rb: add a test for this fix.
-
-Wed Dec 16 20:32:43 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/handle.c: check tainted string arguments.
-	  Patch provided by tenderlove and nobu.
-
-	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb (class TestHandle): add test for above.
-
-
-Wed Dec 16 19:30:56 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_make_proc_from_block): should convert a Symbol to a Proc.
-	  [ruby-core:72083] [Bug #11811]
-
-Wed Dec 16 16:17:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: fix spelling errors
-
-Wed Dec 16 16:04:49 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* NEWS: note IO#advise change [ruby-core:72168]
-
-Wed Dec 16 15:35:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c: fix mark miss for proc given as passed block.
-	  [Bug #11750]
-
-	* vm.c (vm_make_proc_from_block): should return a Proc object
-	  if block is given. Previous implementation returns
-	  a Proc object only when corresponding Proc object is not
-	  available.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_proc.rb: add a test for this bug.
-
-Wed Dec 16 12:24:59 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* test_struct.rb: Test that initialize is overridable [#11708]
-
-Wed Dec 16 10:49:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (block_command, block_call): fix `&.` calls after
-	  block_call.  [Feature #11537]
-
-Wed Dec 16 00:53:45 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler): Acquire
-	  TimeoutMutex only when accessing @timeout_info for avoiding
-	  potential deadlock. [Bug #11742] [ruby-dev:49387]
-
-Wed Dec 16 00:39:27 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: [DOC] fix double-word typo.  [Fix GH-1153]
-
-Wed Dec 16 00:25:41 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#initialize):
-	  TimeoutMutex should be acquired when accessing @timeout_info.
-	  To avoid deadlock, interrupt() calls are delayed.
-	  Due to the mutex, it is safe to treat ary without ary.dup.
-	  [Bug #11742] [ruby-dev:49387]
-
-Tue Dec 15 23:13:10 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c: Delete excess semicolon after RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION().
-	  Suppress "syntax error:  empty declaration" warnings by
-	  Oracle Solaris Studio 12.x on Solaris. [Bug #11821]
-
-	* hash.c: ditto, after NOINSERT_UPDATE_CALLBACK().
-
-Tue Dec 15 18:04:04 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* NEWS: added news about EBCDIC encoding
-
-Tue Dec 15 17:57:57 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* enc/ebcdic.h, enc/trans/ebcdic.trans,
-	  test/ruby/test_transcode.rb: Fixed encoding name
-	  to the correct one in the IANA registry (IBM037)
-	  and added an alias (ebcdic-cp-us)
-
-Tue Dec 15 16:19:26 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/erb.rb: Render erb with array buffer for function call optimization.
-	  [fix GH-1143]
-	* lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb: ditto.
-	* template/verconf.h.tmpl: ditto.
-
-Tue Dec 15 13:50:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_oct): [DOC] mention radix indicators.
-	  [ruby-core:71310] [Bug #11648]
-
-Tue Dec 15 12:20:30 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/erb.rb: Simplify regexp to optimize erb scanner.
-	  [fix GH-1144]
-
-Tue Dec 15 11:56:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/common.rb: make code block for rdoc.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1152] Patch by @Tonkpils
-
-Tue Dec 15 11:55:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: fix a typo.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1149] Patch by @crismali
-
-Tue Dec 15 09:14:14 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* tool/transcode_tablegen.rb: detailed documentation
-	  for transcode_tblgen function [ci skip]
-
-Mon Dec 14 22:11:11 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* enc/ebcdic.h: new dummy encoding EBCDIC-US
-	* enc/trans/ebcdic.trans: transcodings between EBCDIC-US
-	  and iso-8859-1 [with code from Andrea Ribuoli]
-	* test/ruby/test_transcode.rb: tests for above
-	* tool/transcode_tablegen.rb: additional argument for
-	  method transcode_tblgen
-
-Mon Dec 14 17:04:14 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb: use safe navigation operator.
-	  [fix GH-1142] Patch by @mlarraz
-	* lib/drb/extservm.rb: ditto.
-	* lib/net/http.rb: ditto.
-	* lib/net/http/response.rb: ditto.
-	* lib/scanf.rb: ditto.
-	* lib/uri/generic.rb: ditto.
-
-Mon Dec 14 17:03:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* bootstraptest/runner.rb: use safe navigation operator.
-	  [fix GH-1142] Patch by @mlarraz
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: ditto.
-	* test/ruby/test_econv.rb: ditto.
-	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: ditto.
-	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: ditto.
-
-Mon Dec 14 14:33:35 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/xmlrpc.rb: added documentation for parser details.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1124] Patch by @jrafanie
-
-Mon Dec 14 11:46:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enum.c: fix a typo in documentation.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
-	* io.c: ditto.
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-	* numeric.c: ditto.
-	* process.c: ditto.
-	* string.c: ditto.
-	* vm_trace.c: ditto.
-
-Mon Dec 14 11:41:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/cgi.rb: fix a typo in documentation.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
-
-Mon Dec 14 11:31:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c: fix typos.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
-	* dir.c: ditto.
-	* gc.c: ditto.
-	* io.c: ditto.
-	* node.h: ditto.
-	* thread_pthread.c: ditto.
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-	* vsnprintf.c: ditto.
-
-Mon Dec 14 11:27:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/iso_2022_jp.h: fix typos.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
-	* enc/utf_16_32.h: ditto.
-	* enc/utf_7.h: ditto.
-
-Mon Dec 14 11:25:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb: fix typos.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
-	* benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pipe.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun Dec 13 23:46:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (trace_lex_state): trace lex_state changes if yydebug is
-	  set, and send the messages to rb_stdout.
-
-	* parse.y (rb_parser_printf): store YYPRINTF messages per lines
-	  so that lex_state traces do not mix.
-
-	* tool/ytab.sed: add parser argument to yy_stack_print too.
-
-Sun Dec 13 20:41:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (build_lex_state_name, trace_lex_state): lex_state is
-	  now bit flags and can be set 2 bits or more.
-
-Sun Dec 13 20:26:30 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_syntax.rb: fix typo in test
-
-Sun Dec 13 20:12:14 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
-
-	* parse.y (parse_percent): Allow %-literals in labeled arg as
-	  r51624 did for parentheses.
-	  Fixes [ruby-core:72084] [Bug #11812].
-
-Sun Dec 13 20:02:15 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: fix a typo
-
-Sun Dec 13 19:54:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/envutil.rb: move envutil's assertions under Test::Unit::Assertion.
-	* test/lib/test/unit/assertions.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun Dec 13 19:24:20 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
-
-	* parse.y (lex_state_name): Make it return the correct names.
-	  Add new names to follow r51617; Indices ffs(2) returns are 1-origin.
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:40:45 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
-
-	* parse.y: debug output of lex_state transition if PARSER_DEBUG
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:49:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (parse_mode_enc): preserve encoding of mode string in
-	  warnings.
-
-	* io.c (io_encname_bom_p): check BOM prefix only, not including
-	  UTF prefix.
-
-	* io.c (parse_mode_enc): warn BOM with non-UTF encoding.
-
-	* io.c (parse_mode_enc): fix buffer overflow.
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:35:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/function.c (initialize): check all arguments first.
-	  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
-
-	* ext/fiddle/conversions.h (PTR2NUM): use signed integer to make
-	  Fixnum for negative values.
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:33:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* pack.c (pack_pack): always check index range against the
-	  receiver array length, which can be shortened by elements
-	  conversion.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:28:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/psych_emitter.c (start_document): should not exceed
-	  tags array range.
-
-	* ext/psych/psych_emitter.c (start_document): ensure string before
-	  encoding conversion.
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:26:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (tk_hash_kv): check types of array
-	  argument.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
-
-	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (cbsubst_table_setup): check length of
-	  argument arrays for each access, as callback methods can modify
-	  them.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
-
-	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (cbsubst_table_setup): check types of
-	  argument elements.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco
-	  Talos.
-
-Sun Dec 13 18:19:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_vstr2wc): check argument type, vstr
-	  must be a String here.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of
-	  Cisco Talos.
-
-Sun Dec 13 16:41:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (BOOTSTRAPRUBY): make BASERUBY full path before
-	  building ruby to get rid of unexpectedly invoking built ruby.
-	  [ruby-core:72065] [Bug #11807]
-
-	* configure.in (BOOTSTRAPRUBY): use MINIRUBY but not BASERUBY
-	  unless cross compiling.  [ruby-core:72065] [Bug #11807]
-
-Sun Dec 13 14:17:19 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* test/test_shellwords.rb (TestShellwords): Add many more tests
-	  for handling whitespace characters and frozenness.
-
-Sun Dec 13 14:16:09 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* lib/shellwords.rb (Shellwords#shellsplit): Document that this
-	  method does not treat shell metacharacters as such.
-
-Sun Dec 13 12:17:43 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/shellwords.rb (shellescape): duplicate frozen literal
-	* test/test_shellwords.rb (test_stringification): new test
-
-Sun Dec 13 11:47:35 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c (rb_inspect): check the default internal encoding as
-	  String#inspect do.
-	  [ruby-dev:49415] [Bug #11787]
-
-Sun Dec 13 11:38:12 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* lib/shellwords.rb: Turn on frozen-string-literal after fixing
-	  shellsplit.
-
-Sun Dec 13 10:44:44 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* KNOWNBUGS.rb: Fixed typo, made more explicit [ci skip]
-
-Sun Dec 13 10:26:47 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ssl_npn_select_cb_common): fix parsing
-	  protocol list.
-	  The protocol list from OpenSSL is not null-terminated.
-	  patched by Kazuki Yamaguchi [Bug #11810] [ruby-core:72082]
-
-Sun Dec 13 06:40:30 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb: Have OpenStruct#dig raise if argument is not a
-	  symbol
-	  nor a string. See [#11762]
-
-Sun Dec 13 00:05:42 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method_missing): method_missing should
-	  not be refined.
-	  [ruby-core:72080] [Bug #11809]
-
-Sat Dec 12 23:00:17 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c: Merge nkf 2.1.4.
-
-Sat Dec 12 18:52:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): raise TypeError if an element does not
-	  have #dig method.  [ruby-core:71798] [Bug #11762]
-
-Sat Dec 12 17:59:07 2015  Yuichiro Kaneko  <yui-knk@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_regexp.rb: Add test cases for `$KCODE` and `$=` warning
-	  [Misc #11770][ruby-dev:49398]
-
-Sat Dec 12 17:11:57 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/NEWS-0.2.2: add description about incompatible change in Hash
-	  duplicated key overriding policy. [Bug #10315] [Bug #11501]
-
-Sat Dec 12 07:44:38 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (do_io_advise): do not raise on ENOSYS
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb (test_advise): do not skip on Errno::ENOSYS
-	  (test_advise_pipe): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:72066] [Feature #11806]
-
-Sat Dec 12 07:05:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/windows_1252.c: separate from ISO-8859-1 to fix 0x80..0x9e
-	  range.  [ruby-core:64049] [Bug #10097]
-
-Fri Dec 11 23:33:40 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sample/trick2015/: added the award-winning entries of TRICK 2015.
-	  See https://github.com/tric/trick2015 for the contest outline.
-
-Fri Dec 11 17:59:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* insns.def (opt_case_dispatch): avoid converting Infinity
-	* test/ruby/test_optimization.rb (test_opt_case_dispatch_inf): new
-	  [ruby-dev:49423] [Bug #11804]'
-
-Fri Dec 11 16:48:57 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_num_hash_start): avoid pathological behavior
-	  [ruby-core:72028] [Feature #11405]
-
-Fri Dec 11 11:58:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* NEWS: Mentioned rubygems-2.5.1
-
-Fri Dec 11 11:52:39 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.1
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Fri Dec 11 11:38:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each, ibf_load_object_hash): rehash
-	  case-dispatch hash to reduce collisions.
-	  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/ku-ma-me/20151210
-
-Fri Dec 11 03:44:43 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c (rb_inspect): dump inspected result with rb_str_escape()
-	  instead of raising Encoding::CompatibilityError. [Feature #11801]
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_escape): added to dump given string like
-	  rb_str_inspect without quotes and always dump in US-ASCII
-	  like rb_str_dump.
-
-Thu Dec 10 14:59:59 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb (test_expand_heap): relax condition (1->2).
-
-Thu Dec 10 14:15:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* cont.c: fix a double word typo.
-	  [Bug #11313][ruby-core:69749]
-
-Thu Dec 10 14:13:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb: fix typos.
-	  [Bug #11764][ruby-core:71800]
-
-Thu Dec 10 11:33:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): reduce needless rb_str_dup
-	  [ruby-core:72018] <5668DB6E.8000101@ruby-lang.org>
-
-Thu Dec 10 09:32:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb, lib/shellwords.rb: disable frozen-string-literal.
-	  [ruby-core:72011] [Bug #11800]
-
-Thu Dec 10 06:33:39 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* marshal.c (memsize_dump_arg): remove NULL check
-	  (memsize_load_arg): ditto
-
-Thu Dec 10 05:53:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/mkconfig.rb: rbconfig must not be frozen-string-literal to
-	  expand CONFIG hash.  [ruby-core:72006] [Bug #11798]
-
-Thu Dec 10 05:03:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ifaddr.c (ifaddr_mark): remove empty function
-	  (ifaddr_type): pass zero to rb_data_type_t.function.dmark
-
-Thu Dec 10 04:49:16 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* proc.c (bm_free): remove, use default free
-	  (method_data_type): use RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
-
-Thu Dec 10 02:01:41 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): do not add debug information
-	  without --debug or --debug=frozen-string-literal option
-	  because String#dup slows down with debug information.
-	  [Feature #11725]
-
-	* NEWS: apply about it.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: catch up this fix with refactoring.
-
-Thu Dec 10 00:06:56 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c: rename methods
-	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_binary_format -> #to_binary
-	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format -> .load_from_binary
-	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format_extra_data ->
-	                             .load_from_binary_extra_data
-
-	* iseq.c: fix document of iseq.to_binary.
-	  [Fix GH-1134]
-
-	* sample/iseq_loader.rb: catch up this change.
-
-	* test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb: ditto.
-
-Wed Dec  9 17:02:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regparse.h (SET_NTYPE): get rid of breaking strict aliasing.
-	  patch by Zarko Todorovski in [ruby-core:71953].  [Bug #11790]
-
-Wed Dec  9 16:10:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (rb_vm_cref_in_context): Module#define_method in non-class
-	  expression should be public.
-	  [Bug #11754]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test.
-
-Wed Dec  9 14:45:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_stacked_objects): fix typo.
-	  reported by XIE Zhibang. [Bug #11763]
-
-Wed Dec  9 14:37:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc: remove outdated description.
-
-Wed Dec  9 09:58:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/**/*.c (*_memsize): same as r52986 for extensions.
-
-Wed Dec  9 09:46:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* .gitignore: ignored ISeq binary format.
-
-Wed Dec  9 09:34:41 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* *.c (*_memsize): do not check ptr.
-	  NULL checking is finished Before call of memsize functions.
-	  See r52979.
-
-Wed Dec  9 09:25:29 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/net/smtp/test_response.rb: use Test::Unit. We should use Test::Unit
-	  without rubygems and rdoc.
-
-Wed Dec  9 06:26:23 2015  Colin Kelley <colindkelley@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/uri/generic.rb: enable frozen_string_literal
-	  (split_userinfo): remove explicit .freeze for string literals
-	  (check_path): ditto
-	  (query): ditto
-	  (fragment): ditto
-	  (to_s): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:71910] [Bug #11759]
-
-Wed Dec  9 06:25:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/uri/test_generic.rb (to_s): new test
-	  [ruby-core:71820]
-
-Wed Dec  9 02:18:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (ibf_dump_memsize): should check NULL.
-
-Wed Dec  9 01:46:35 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_init): now accepts new option parameter `encoding'.
-	  [Feature #11785]
-
-Wed Dec  9 00:52:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_stat_wr, rb_stat_ww): call get_stat only once and
-	  reduce checking struct.  patch by Yuki Kurihara in
-	  [ruby-core:71949].  [Misc #11789]
-
-Wed Dec  9 00:24:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_ibf_dump): dump extra data just string length.
-
-	* sample/iseq_loader.rb: add using
-	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format_extra_data method
-	  (commented out).
-
-Mon Dec  9 00:21:19 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0.rc1
-
-Wed Dec  9 00:17:49 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (ibf_load_setup): cast to int.
-
-Wed Dec  9 00:13:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (ibf_setup_load): rename to ibf_load_setup().
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_load_setup): check binary format.
-
-Tue Dec  8 23:30:07 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/io/console/test_io_console.rb (run_pty): Avoid waiting twice
-	  for a process. Fix Errno::ECHILD in TestIO_Console#test_close and
-	  TestIO_Console#test_sync.
-
-Tue Dec  8 23:05:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_ibf_dump): fix for clang type checker.
-
-Tue Dec  8 23:04:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_s_load): fix mysterious bug.
-
-Tue Dec  8 22:31:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* introduce new ISeq binary format serializer/de-serializer
-	  and a pre-compilation/runtime loader sample.
-	  [Feature #11788]
-
-	* iseq.c: add new methods:
-	  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_binary_format(extra_data = nil)
-	  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format(binary)
-	  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format_extra_data(binary)
-
-	* compile.c: implement body of this new feature.
-
-	* load.c (rb_load_internal0), iseq.c (rb_iseq_load_iseq):
-	  call RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_iseq(fname) with
-	  loading script name if this method is defined.
-
-	  We can return any ISeq object as a result value.
-	  Otherwise loading will be continue as usual.
-
-	  This interface is not matured and is not extensible.
-	  So that we don't guarantee the future compatibility of this method.
-	  Basically, you shouldn't use this method.
-
-	* iseq.h: move ISEQ_MAJOR/MINOR_VERSION (and some definitions)
-	  from iseq.c.
-
-	* encoding.c (rb_data_is_encoding), internal.h: added.
-
-	* vm_core.h: add several supports for lazy load.
-	  * add USE_LAZY_LOAD macro to specify enable or disable of
-	    this feature.
-	  * add several fields to rb_iseq_t.
-	  * introduce new macro rb_iseq_check().
-
-	* insns.def: some check for lazy loading feature.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* proc.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm.c: ditto.
-
-	* test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb: enabled iff suitable
-	  environment variables are provided.
-
-	* test/runner.rb: enable lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb.
-
-	* sample/iseq_loader.rb: add sample compiler and loader.
-
-	    $ ruby sample/iseq_loader.rb [dir]
-
-	  will compile all ruby scripts in [dir].
-	  With default setting, this compile creates *.rb.yarb files
-	  in same directory of target .rb scripts.
-
-	    $ ruby -r sample/iseq_loader.rb [app]
-
-	  will run with enable to load compiled binary data.
-
-Tue Dec  8 21:21:16 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* NEWS: mention about Enumerator::Lazy#grep_v.
-	  [ruby-core:71845] [Feature #11773]
-
-Tue Dec  8 17:36:36 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* string.c: removed unused variable
-
-Tue Dec  8 16:23:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enumerator.c (lazy_grep_v): add Enumerator::Lazy#grep_v as well
-	  as Enumerable, to enumerate lazily.
-	  [ruby-core:71845] [Feature #11773]
-
-Tue Dec  8 14:27:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (name_err_local_variables): new method
-	  NameError#local_variables for internal use only.
-	  [Feature #11777]
-
-Tue Dec  8 14:20:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* marshal.c (w_objivar): skip internal instance variables in
-	  T_OBJECT too.
-
-Tue Dec  8 12:58:04 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/io/console/test_io_console.rb (test_getpass): s.getpass
-	  should be tested. Narrow ensure block. This reverts r52911.
-	  [Bug #11780] [ruby-dev:49412]
-
-Tue Dec  8 10:40:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb: new benchmark
-	* compile.c (case_when_optimizable_literal): add nil/true/false
-	* insns.def (opt_case_dispatch): ditto
-	* vm.c (vm_redefinition_check_flag): ditto
-	* vm.c (vm_init_redefined_flag): ditto
-	* vm_core.h: ditto
-	* object.c (InitVM_Object): define === explicitly for nil/true/false
-	* test/ruby/test_case.rb (test_deoptimize_nil): new test
-	* test/ruby/test_optimization.rb (test_opt_case_dispatch): update
-	  (test_eqq): new test
-	  [ruby-core:71923] [Feature #11769]
-	  Original patch by Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-Tue Dec  8 10:19:02 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb: fix double word typo in the document.
-	  [Misc #10608] [Fix GH-1126]
-
-Tue Dec  8 09:03:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/date/date_core.c (d_lite_lshift): should check the argument
-	  before negation.
-
-Tue Dec  8 08:56:16 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* insns.def (opt_case_dispatch): check Float#=== redefinition
-	* test/ruby/test_optimization.rb (test_opt_case_dispatch): new
-	  [ruby-core:71920] [Bug #11784]
-
-Tue Dec  8 03:56:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb: add iseq dumper/loader checker.
-	  If you enable this checker (remove `#' in test/runner.rb),
-	  you can see comparison results between an original iseq disassembed
-	  result and dumped and loaded iseq disassembed result.
-
-	  There are several bugs around there, because of inexact stack depth
-	  calculation. Now, I leave these bugs because they are not critical
-	  and difficult to solve completely.
-
-	* test/runner.rb: require test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb but
-	  disabled at default (commented out).
-
-Tue Dec  8 03:45:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: warn about kwargs performance in C
-	  [Feature #11339] [ci skip]
-
-Tue Dec  8 03:44:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_load): disable peephole optimization option
-	  because apply it multiple times change the sequence.
-	  (iseq != peephole_optimize(load(iseq.to_a)))
-
-Tue Dec  8 03:43:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (rb_iseq_build_from_ary): do not allocate table
-	  if table_size is 0.
-
-Tue Dec  8 03:30:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/unixsocket.c (unix_send_io): document args
-	  (unix_recv_io): ditto
-	* test/socket/test_unix.rb (test_fd_passing_class_mode): added
-
-Tue Dec 08 02:21:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_translate): at the end of constructing an iseq,
-	  call RubyVM::InstructionSequence.translate(iseq) if this method
-	  is defined. If the return value is also an object of
-	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence, then use it instead of created one.
-
-	  For example, this method is useful to test iseq dumper/loader
-	  such as RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_a and rb_iseq_load().
-
-	  Because this method is for such internal experimental usage,
-	  the interface is not matured. For example, this interface has
-	  no extensibility. Two or more translators can not run
-	  simultaneously.
-
-	  So that we don't guarantee future compatibility of this method.
-	  Basically, do not use this method.
-
-Tue Dec  8 01:57:13 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/*: update psych to 2.0.16
-	* test/psych/*: ditto
-
-Mon Dec  7 23:45:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* string.c: introduce String#+@ and String#-@ to control
-	  String mutability.
-	  [Feature #11782]
-
-Mon Dec  7 23:39:49 2015  Ben Miller  <bjmllr@gmail.com>
-
-	* parse.y: add heredoc <<~ syntax.  [Feature #9098]
-
-Mon Dec  7 23:06:16 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* prelude.rb (IO#read_nonblock): [DOC] add missing options to
-	  call-seq.  [ruby-core:71627] [Bug #11730]
-
-Mon Dec  7 15:50:50 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* .gitignore: added cygruby*.def for Cygwin
-
-Sun Dec  6 19:52:31 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_autoload): deprecate
-	* internal.h (rb_autoload_str): declare
-	* load.c (rb_mod_autoload): use rb_autoload_str
-	* variable.c (rb_autoload): become compatibility wrapper
-	  (rb_autoload_str): hoisted out from old rb_autoload
-	  [ruby-core:71369] [Feature #11664]
-
-Sun Dec  6 18:25:22 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/webrick/test_cgi.rb (TestWEBrickCGI#test_cgi): gave up the test
-	  of binary path info test on Windows because the test had passed
-	  occasionally as the comment said.
-
-Sun Dec  6 15:25:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_getpass): add IO#getpass
-	  method.
-
-Sun Dec  6 08:39:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/json/json.gemspec: bump version to json 1.8.3. CRuby already contained
-	  upstream changes.
-
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/4d059bf9f5f10f3d3088de49fc87e5555db7770d
-	  https://github.com/flori/json/commit/d4c99de78905d96c3f301f48b2c789943bb3f098
-
-	* ext/json/lib/json/version.rb: ditto.
-
-Sat Dec  5 17:48:25 2015  Lars Kanis  <lars@greiz-reinsdorf.de>
-
-	* tool/fake.rb: Fix cross build when srcdir is an absolute path.
-
-	* Makefile.in: PREP dependency is needed when cross build too, not
-	  "-r$(arch)-fake" to be  used before created.  [Fix GH-1125]
-
-Sat Dec  5 17:26:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (env_str_new, env_path_str_new): make default string
-	  UTF-8 for the case conversion is not possible.  [Bug #8822]
-
-	* hash.c (get_env_cstr): convert non-ASCII string to UTF-8 string.
-
-	* hash.c (ruby_setenv): use wide char version to put environment
-	  variable to deal with non-ASCII value.
-
-Sat Dec  5 09:56:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_CAS): old value to be swapped should be
-	  same as the destination.  immediate value may need type
-	  promotion.
-
-	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS): fix the argument order of
-	  InterlockedCompareExchange64.  new value and then old value is
-	  the last.
-
-Sat Dec  5 09:23:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_seed): fix the size to be filled, not the
-	  size of element, but the whole size of array.
-
-Sat Dec  5 06:03:54 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* vm.c (ruby_vm_verbose_ptr): make static
-	  (ruby_vm_debug_ptr): ditto
-
-Sat Dec  5 00:56:29 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (RB_OBJ_TAINT): follow-up of r52881.
-	  Turn into void expression not to use unexpected result.
-	  Fix "operands have incompatible types" error with
-	  Oracle Solaris Studio 12.x on Solaris.
-
-Fri Dec  4 19:52:52 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* enc/iso_8859_13.c: Added three missing lower/upper-case
-	  character pairs (from Kimihito Matsui)
-
-Fri Dec  4 18:57:57 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* enc/iso_8859_4.c: Added missing lower/upper-case character
-	  pair (U+014A and U+014B, LATIN CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER ENG)
-	  (from Kimihito Matsui)
-
-Fri Dec  4 16:48:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_obj_as_string): fstring should not be infected.
-	  re-apply r52872 and fix a typo.
-	  TODO: other frozen strings also may not be.
-
-Fri Dec  4 15:21:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.0+ HEAD(fdab4c4).
-	  this version includes #1396, #1397, #1398, #1399
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Fri Dec  4 11:22:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): name must be ascii-compatible, as
-	  pthread APIs do not accept legacy wide char strings.
-
-Thu Dec  3 15:39:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/scanf.rb: fixed double words typo.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1123] Patch by @jwworth
-
-Thu Dec  3 15:37:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_mixed_unicode_escapes.rb: fixed typo.
-	  [fix GH-1122] Patch by @davydovanton
-	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: ditto.
-	* test/socket/test_tcp.rb: ditto.
-
-Thu Dec  3 15:33:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): fix wrong shifting position in
-	  Rational conversion when not at the beginning of the result.
-	  [ruby-core:71806] [Bug #11766]
-
-Thu Dec  3 14:22:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* range.c (range_to_s): should be infected by the receiver.
-	  str2 infects by appending.  [ruby-core:71811] [Bug #11767]
-
-Thu Dec  3 11:57:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: separate SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME, which can set
-	  the name of current thread only, and SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME,
-	  which can set the name of other threads.
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): use SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME.  OS X
-	  is not possible to set another thread name.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (native_set_thread_name, thread_timer): use
-	  SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME.
-
-Wed Dec 02 22:57:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h, iseq.h: remove rb_iseq_t::variable_body.
-	  Fields in rb_iseq_t::variable_body are contained by
-	  rb_iseq_t::body::mark_ary (hidden Array object).
-
-	  Index 0 to 2 of mark_ary are reserved by these objects.
-
-	* iseq.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* compile.c (rb_iseq_original_iseq): trivial rewrite.
-
-Wed Dec  2 17:19:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ() and
-	  ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_ALLOC() macro.
-
-	* compile.c: use them to access original iseq buffer.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_core.h: rename iseq field to support this fix.
-
-Wed Dec  2 17:10:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT() macro.
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): use it.
-
-	* vm_core.h: rename flip_cnt field to support this fix.
-
-Wed Dec  2 17:05:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_COVERAGE() and ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET() macro.
-
-	* compile.c: use them.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_coverage): added.
-
-	* thread.c (update_coverage): use rb_iseq_coverage().
-
-	* vm_core.h: rename coverage field name to support this fix.
-
-Wed Dec  2 17:00:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* encoding.c (enc_name, rb_enc_name_list_i, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i):
-	  make fstring instead of making each copies.
-
-Wed Dec  2 16:32:08 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA() macro.
-
-	* compile.c, iseq.c: use ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA().
-
-	* vm_core.h: rename compile_data field to support this fix.
-
-Wed Dec  2 16:27:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* encoding.c (enc_m_loader): defer finding encoding object not to
-	  be infected by marshal source.  [ruby-core:71793] [Bug #11760]
-
-	* marshal.c (r_object0): enable compatible loader on USERDEF
-	  class.  the loader function is called with the class itself,
-	  instead of an allocated object, and the loaded data.
-
-	* marshal.c (compat_allocator_table): initialize
-	  compat_allocator_tbl on demand.
-
-	* object.c (rb_undefined_alloc): extract from rb_obj_alloc.
-
-Wed Dec  2 15:12:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: Fixed double negative comments.
-	  [Bug #11698][ruby-core:71506]
-
-Wed Dec  2 14:55:01 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: removed non executing tests.
-	  [Misc #11757][ruby-dev:49397]
-
-Wed Dec  2 11:23:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/csv.rb: enable frozen_string_literal.
-	  [fix GH-1116] Patch by @marshall-lee
-
-Wed Dec  2 10:36:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: Fix double word typo.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1120] Patch by @jwworth
-
-Wed Dec  2 07:43:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (mSSLExtConfig): make static
-	  (eSSLError): ditto
-	  (ID_callback_state): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_ex_store_p): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx): ditto
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h: remove extern declarations for
-	  mSSLExtConfig and eSSLError
-
-Wed Dec  2 07:41:08 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* missing/explicit_bzero.c (explicit_bzero): fixup r52839
-	  for compilers with "weak" attribute
-
-Wed Dec  2 06:47:25 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: add ruby_explicit_bzero_hook_unused
-	  for preventing optimization. Inspired from OpenBSD.
-
-Tue Dec  1 23:36:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): allow to reset thread name.
-
-Tue Dec  1 23:14:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): check the argument if valid
-	  string.  [ruby-core:71774] [Bug #11756]
-
-Tue Dec  1 17:13:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_string_value_cstr): should not raise on frozen
-	  string.
-
-Tue Dec  1 09:35:29 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: add a few comment.
-
-Tue Dec  1 09:31:19 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: add disabling optimization on gcc.
-
-Tue Dec  1 07:50:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: new file. define explicit_bzero.
-	  Fixup r52806
-
-Thu Oct 22 12:54:43 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (register_ubf_list): renamed from
-	  add_signal_thread_list.
-	* thread_pthread.c (unregister_ubf_list): renamed
-	  from remove_signal_thread_list.
-	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_wakeup_all_threads): renamed from
-	  ping_signal_thread_list.
-	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_wakeup_thread): renamed from
-	  ubf_select_each.
-	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_threads_empty): renamed from
-	  check_signal_thread_list().
-	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_list_lock): renamed from
-	  signal_thread_list_lock.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (register_ubf_list): large simplification
-	  by using ccan/list.h.
-	  bonus: removed malloc() and exit(EXIT_FAILURE).
-	* thread_pthread.c (unregister_ubf_list): ditto.
-	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_threads_empty): ditto.
-	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_wakeup_all_threads): ditto.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (print_signal_list): removed.
-
-Thu Oct 22 08:03:49 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_rand.rb (TestRand#test_default_seed): add
-	  srand case.
-
-Thu Oct 22 06:33:38 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (InitVM_Random): move Random::DEFAULT initialization
-	  bits to Init_Random_default.
-	* random.c (Init_Random_default): renamed from Init_RandomSeed2.
-	* random.c (Init_RandomSeedCore): renamed from Init_RandomSeed.
-
-Thu Oct 22 06:20:48 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (Init_RandomSeed): move all Random::DEFAULT
-	  construction bits to Init_RandomSeed2. Random::DEFAULT
-	  and Ruby internal hashes are no longer shared their seed.
-	* random.c (Init_RandomSeed2): ditto. And, kill evil
-	  rb_obj_reveal() stuff.
-
-	* random.c (init_hashseed): add MT argument.
-	* random.c: (init_siphash): ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_rand.rb (TestRand#test_default_seed): new
-	  test for Random::DEFAULT::seed.
-
-Thu Oct 22 05:23:48 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (init_hashseed, init_siphash): extract initialize
-	  functions.
-
-Thu Oct 22 01:01:34 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: sort AC_CHECK_HEADERS() by alphabetical order.
-
-Thu Oct 22 00:19:07 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (init_randomseed): remove "initial" argument. It never
-	  be used from outside of this function.
-
-Thu Oct 22 00:12:33 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb (SecureRandom::gen_random): use /dev/urandom
-	  for initialize OpenSSL's rand.
-
-Wed Oct 21 12:10:04 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c (ossl_rand_bytes): RAND_bytes could
-	  be return -1 as an error. Therefore, added error handling.
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c (dsa_generate): ditto.
-
-Wed Oct 21 09:04:09 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* include/ruby/util.h: remove a warning suppression C4723
-	  (potential divide by zero) for VisualC++. It's meaningless.
-	  Before r26197, there is ruby_div0() in this place and it
-	  actually made divide by zero. But now it's just garbage.
-
-Wed Oct 21 08:23:36 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c: random_raw_seed don't use GRND_NONBLOCK. GRND_NONBLOCK
-	  mean the result might not have an enough cryptic strength and
-	  easy predictable. That's no good for SecureRandom.
-
-Sun Oct 18 17:26:53 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* common.mk: add a rule for explicit_bzero.o.
-	* configure.in: detect explicit_bzero and memset_s.
-	* include/ruby/missing.h: add explicit_bzero.
-	* random.c (init_randomseed): use explicit_bzero() instead of
-	  memset(). memset could be eliminated by compiler optimization.
-
-Mon Nov 30 18:46:44 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/readline/extconf.rb: call dir_config("libedit")
-	  if --enable-libedit is specified. [Bug #11751]
-	  patched by John Hein
-
-Mon Nov 30 08:44:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c: remove spurious #define for globals
-	  [ruby-core:71735] [Feature #11749]
-
-Sun Nov 29 09:13:03 2015  Conor Landry  <clandry94@gmail.com>
-
-	* NEWS: [DOC] Various grammar corrections and clarifications to
-	  increase readability.  [Fix GH-1115]
-
-Sat Nov 28 19:33:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_here_document): store dispatched result of
-	  on_tstring_content at the last fragment of a here document.
-
-Fri Nov 27 19:19:44 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (connect): detect closed connection and reconnect
-	  If the server closes a keep-alive http connection, the client socket
-	  reaches EOF. To avoid an EOFError, detect the closed connection and
-	  reconnect.
-	  Added test to ensure HTTP#post succeeds even if the
-	  keep-alive-connection has been closed by the server.
-	  by Kristian Hanekamp <kris.hanekamp@gmail.com>
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1089 fix GH-1089
-
-Thu Nov 26 21:36:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): enable tail call
-	  optimization for specialized indexers.
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): blockiseq should be NULL, but not
-	  Qnil.
-
-Thu Nov 26 17:22:53 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* regcomp.c, regenc.c, regexec.c, regint.h, enc/unicode.c:
-	  Merge Onigmo 58fa099ed1a34367de67fb3d06dd48d076839692
-	  + https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/pull/52
-
-Thu Nov 26 09:50:02 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: Added test-case for Coverage.restart.
-	  [Misc #11732][ruby-dev:49379]
-
-Thu Nov 26 09:46:36 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: Added test-case for Coverage.peek_result
-	  without Coverage.start. [Misc #11726][ruby-core:71622]
-
-Thu Nov 26 07:22:55 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (test_copy_stream): new test
-
-Wed Nov 25 21:23:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (copy_stream_body): try to_io conversion before read,
-	  readpartial, and write methods.  [ruby-dev:49008] [Bug #11199]
-
-Wed Nov 25 10:55:21 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (argf_getpartial): should not resize str if the second
-	  argument is not given.
-	  [ruby-core:71668] [Bug #11738]
-
-Tue Nov 24 23:56:25 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: On Solaris, it is safe to define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
-	  when _FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 is defined (= when 32-bit compile).
-
-Tue Nov 24 10:00:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/installer.rb: Fix two double-word typos.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1108] Patch by @jwworth
-
-Tue Nov 24 09:17:02 2015  Alexander von Gluck IV  <kallisti5@unixzen.com>
-
-	* beos: Drop support for BeOS now that Haiku is stable.
-	  [Fix GH-1112]
-
-Tue Nov 24 09:16:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* internal.h (rb_gc_for_fd): move to export, as referred by
-	  ext/socket.
-
-Tue Nov 24 09:04:29 2015  David Rodriguez  <deivid.rodriguez@gmail.com>
-
-	* file.c: [DOC] add a missing period to File docs, to terminate
-	  the sentence and separate from the next sentence.  [Fix GH-1111]
-
-Tue Nov 24 08:30:06 2015  JuanitoFatas  <katehuang0320@gmail.com>
-
-	* NEWS: Fix the issue number of `Struct#dig`, which should be
-	  [Feature #11688].  [Fix GH-1110]
-
-Tue Nov 24 07:56:54 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept): handle ENOMEM
-
-Tue Nov 24 07:50:15 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* dir.c (dir_initialize): use rb_gc_for_fd for ENOMEM
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_socket): ditto
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (rsock_socketpair): ditto
-	* internal.h (rb_gc_for_fd): prototype
-	* io.c (rb_gc_for_fd): remove static
-	  [ruby-core:71623] [Feature #11727]
-
-Tue Nov 24 06:46:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_gc_for_fd): new helper function
-	  (ruby_dup): use rb_gc_for_fd
-	  (rb_sysopen): ditto
-	  (rb_fdopen): ditto
-	  (rb_pipe): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:71623] [Feature #11727]
-
-Tue Nov 24 05:13:35 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/function.c (struct nogvl_ffi_call_args):
-	  new struct for GVL release
-	  (nogvl_ffi_call): new function
-	  (function_call): adjust for GVL release
-	  [ruby-core:71642] [Feature #11607]
-	* ext/fiddle/closure.c (struct callback_args):
-	  new struct for GVL acquire
-	  (with_gvl_callback): adjusted original callback function
-	  (callback): wrapper for conditional GVL acquire
-	* ext/fiddle/depend: add dependencies
-	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: include top_srcdir for internal.h
-	* internal.h (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p): expose for fiddle
-	* vm_core.h (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p): moved to internal.h
-	* test/fiddle/test_function.rb (test_nogvl_poll): new test
-
-Mon Nov 23 19:53:12 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: On Solaris, with gcc, "-std=iso9899:1999"
-	  in $ansi_options is often also needed in CPPFLAGS,
-	  because some feature definitions vary depending on such
-	  standards options.
-
-Mon Nov 23 12:54:39 2015  Hamish Morrison  <hamishm53@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: remove obsolete workarounds for Haiku.
-
-	* dln.c, file.c, io.c: remove obsolete Haiku workarounds.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c: add stack bounds detection for Haiku.
-
-	* signal.c: get stack pointer from signal context on Haiku.
-	  [ruby-core:67923] [Bug #10811] [Fix GH-1109]
-
-Mon Nov 23 11:44:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: bump version to minitest-5.8.3
-
-Mon Nov 23 08:55:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: fix wrong reference for r52714
-
-Sun Nov 22 22:23:37 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): fix compile errors when USE_RGENGC
-	  is 0.
-
-Sun Nov 22 21:58:09 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/cmath.rb: methods which has suffix '!' are now deprecated.
-	  Re-apply r52469 made by Kazuki Tanaka, with fixing bug about
-	  mathn.rb compatibility. [ruby-core:68528] [Feature #10974]
-
-Sun Nov 22 19:36:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.c: fix brew command for installation of openssl.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1107] Patch by @arthurnn
-
-Sun Nov 22 17:59:50 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: On Solaris, add -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=n only when both
-	  AC_TRY_CPP and AC_TRY_COMPILE pass, because some options
-	  (e.g. -std=iso9899:1999) are not set when running C preprocessor
-	  or building ext.
-
-Sun Nov 22 16:53:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): remove unreachable code
-	  chunk after jump/leave.
-
-	* parse.y: move dead code elimination of logical operation to
-	  compile.c.  not to warn logical operation of literal constants.
-
-Sun Nov 22 16:37:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): eliminate always/never
-	  branches after a literal object and when the value is used after
-	  the branch.
-
-Sun Nov 22 01:23:43 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: Add -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500 (or 600 or 700) on Solaris
-	  if available, mainly for enabling some features in sockets.
-
-Sun Nov 22 00:17:22 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test/socket/test_socket.rb): skip
-	  the test when Socket::SO_TIMESTAMP is not defined. Fix error
-	  on Solaris 10. [Bug #11728] [ruby-dev:49377]
-
-Sat Nov 21 18:57:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c (need_argument): move frozen-string-literal-debug option
-	  from --enable to --debug.  [Feature #11725]
-
-	* ruby.c (proc_options): fix pointer overrun. do not advance argv
-	  until it is valid.
-
-Sat Nov 21 13:59:09 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb: OpenSSL's struct name for SHA1 is
-	  SHA_CTX. http://openssl.org/docs/man0.9.8/crypto/SHA1.html
-
-Sat Nov 21 13:31:52 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/digest/*/*.[ch]: include ruby.h before digest.h to avoid
-	  including ext/digest/extconf.h. [Bug #3231]
-	  https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/36k2cdd4.aspx
-
-	* ext/digest/*/extconf.rb: remove ext/digest from include search path
-	  to avoid confusion of cl.exe.
-
-	* ext/digest/*/*.[ch]: explicitly specify def.h's path.
-
-Sat Nov 21 13:05:16 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: LibreSSL doesn't have and need e_os2.h.
-
-Sat Nov 21 09:18:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* thread_sync.c: reduce the specification of Queue#close.
-	  * Queue#close accepts no arguments.
-	  * deq'ing on closed queue returns nil, always.
-	  [Feature #10600]
-
-	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: catch up this fix.
-
-Sat Nov 21 08:44:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): add debug information to NODE_STR
-	  strings as default.
-	  [Feature #11725]
-
-	* insns.def (freezestring): add new instruction to support adding
-	  debug information for dynamically constructed strings.
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): support adding debug information
-	  for NODE_DSTR with freezestring instruction.
-
-	* error.c (rb_error_frozen): change the debug information ID name
-	  id_debug_created_info and this field should have a 2 element array
-	  containing path and line information.
-
-	* defs/id.def: ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: catch up this fix.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_iseq.rb: now frozen strings are not same.
-
-Sat Nov 21 04:34:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* symbol.c (rb_str_intern): should not freeze the receiver itself
-	  unexpectedly.  [ruby-core:71611] [Bug #11721]
-
-Fri Nov 20 23:15:18 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb: expose logger mutex
-	  [fix GH-541] Patch by @arthurnn
-
-Fri Nov 20 15:05:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Added missing reference of GitHub
-
-Fri Nov 20 14:57:01 2015  Trevor Rowe  <trevorrowe@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb: Fixed regression for Net::HTTP::PUT with "Expect-100"
-	  header. [fix GH-949]
-	* test/net/http/test_http.rb: added test.
-
-Fri Nov 20 14:39:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb: set hostname before call ossl_ssl_set_session.
-	  [Bug #11401][ruby-core:70152][fix GH-964] Patch by @mkarnebeek
-
-Fri Nov 20 12:53:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c: clarify docs for take_while/drop_while samples.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1028] Patch by @leriksen
-
-Fri Nov 20 12:48:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c: remove mention of :UNIX in getaddrinfo().
-	  It's typically not a support option.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-990] Patch by @eam
-
-Fri Nov 20 12:44:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rss/syndication.rb: Add nodoc marker for #validate_sy_updatePeriod.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1105] Patch by @davydovanton
-
-Fri Nov 20 09:05:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref): added.
-
-	  CREFs should not be shared by methods between `using'.
-	  [Bug #11247]
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref): ditto.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_dup): should copy refinements correctly.
-
-	* eval.c: use rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref().
-
-	* eval_intern.h: add a decl. of
-	  rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref().
-
-	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): do not need to pass
-	  scope's CREF because VM can find out CREF from stack frames.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test.
-
-Fri Nov 20 06:52:53 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* .gitattributes: new file for git users
-	  [ruby-core:71578] [Feature #11713]
-
-Thu Nov 19 22:35:31 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: Check buffer full and ignore MSG_TRUNC flag.
-	  buffer fullness is more robust to detect the message is too big for
-	  the buffer.
-	  AIX 7.1 recvmsg doesn't set MSG_TRUNC for rflags when MSG_PEEK is
-	  given.
-
-Thu Nov 19 21:55:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_start): force to invoke GC by GC.start
-	  even if it is GC.disable'd.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb: add a test.
-
-Thu Nov 19 20:08:59 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: trivial performance improvements.
-
-	    name    modified
-	    vm1_gc_short_lived*                1.015
-	    vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long*    1.014
-	    vm1_gc_short_with_long*            1.000
-	    vm1_gc_short_with_symbol*          1.016
-	    vm1_gc_wb_ary*                     1.002
-	    vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted*            0.996
-	    vm1_gc_wb_obj*                     1.045
-	    vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted*            1.014
-	    vm3_gc                             1.021
-
-	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational): reorder parameters to optimize
-	  register passing function call.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_incremental): ditto.
-
-	* gc.c (rb_gc_writebarrier): remove LIKELY().
-	  LIKELY() seems to move related functions not better places.
-
-Thu Nov 19 19:45:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c (ruby_prog_init): [DOC] ARGV does not contain the name of
-	  the executable.  [ruby-core:71561] [Bug #11711]
-
-Thu Nov 19 15:53:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* signal.c: should also clear ruby_disable_gc.
-	  [Bug #11692]
-
-Thu Nov 19 15:31:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): T_IMEMO/iseq objects should be
-	  wrap with ISeq wrappers. [Bug #11676]
-
-Thu Nov 19 15:16:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.0+ HEAD(c6b4946).
-	  this version includes #1114, #1314, #1322, #1375, #1383, #1387
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Thu Nov 19 14:14:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (finish_overlapped_socket): return value of this
-	  function should be only 0 or SOCKET_ERROR.
-
-Thu Nov 19 14:12:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_tailcall_optimize): apply tail call optimization
-	  before conversion to specialized instructions.  when looking
-	  back from `leave` instruction, `send` instructions have been
-	  translated already.
-
-Thu Nov 19 13:57:58 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (finish_overlapped_socket): ignore EMSGSIZE when input,
-	  because POSIX platforms just do so.  fixes test errors revealed by
-	  r52647.
-
-Thu Nov 19 02:52:30 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): stretch the buffer size
-	  only when vmaxdatlen is nil.
-
-Thu Nov 19 02:20:11 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test_udp_recvmsg_truncation): rflags is
-	  nil on Solaris 10 which have no HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL.
-	  Reported by Naohisa Goto. [ruby-core:71557] [Bug #11709]
-
-Thu Nov 19 01:48:05 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: add -static-libgcc for mingw automatically if available.
-
-Thu Nov 19 00:53:26 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/extmk.rb (--extflags): new option to pass EXTLDFLAGS to children,
-	  especially exts.mk.
-
-	* common.mk (EXTMK_ARGS): use above option.
-
-Wed Nov 18 22:50:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_class_clear_method_cache): should clear all
-	  RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBLs of all sub-classes (T_ICLASS).
-
-	  RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL() caches complemented method entries.
-	  It should be cleared when the modules are cleared.
-	  On previous version clears only for direct children.
-	  It is enough for normal modules because corresponding T_ICLASSes
-	  are direct children.
-
-	  However, refinements create complex data structure. So that
-	  we need to clear all children (and descendants).
-	  [ruby-core:71423] [Bug #11672]
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_clear_method_cache_by_class): rb_mKernel
-	  doesn't call rb_class_clear_method_cache, so that
-	  clear child T_ICLASSes.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: enable disabled test.
-
-Wed Nov 18 21:09:08 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (prepare_callable_method_entry): use
-	  RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL() instead of accessing a filed directly.
-
-Wed Nov 18 17:08:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: introduce the following field and macros.
-
-	  * rb_method_definition_t::complemented_count to count shared method
-	    entries because of complemented method entries and separate from
-	    alias_count.
-
-	    Shared `def' only by complemented method entries should not prevent
-	    method re-definition warning.
-
-	  * METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED(me) to represent complemented method entry.
-	  * METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED_SET(me) to check it as  complemented me.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (aliased_callable_method_entry): should also
-	  check me->def->complemented_count.
-
-	* vm_method.c (method_definition_addref_complement): add to count
-	  complemented method entries number.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_release): release `def' iff
-	  alias_count == 0 and complemented_count == 0.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: add a test.
-
-Wed Nov 18 17:06:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): fix trivial issues.
-
-	  * support SPECIAL_CONSTs.
-	  * fix IMEMO/ment outputs.
-
-Wed Nov 18 11:32:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): eliminate always/never
-	  branches after a literal object.  this sequence typically
-	  appears by defined? operator for a method call on a local
-	  variable.
-
-Wed Nov 18 10:33:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): stretch the buffer size
-	  when EMSGSIZE occurs on non HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL platforms
-	  (such as, Windows).  fixes a test error revealed by r52625.
-
-Wed Nov 18 10:12:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): use 4096 as
-	  default size to match pre-r52610, which also maps to a common
-	  page size.
-
-Wed Nov 18 10:05:25 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc: update documentation to reflect
-	  recent changes.
-	  [ci skip] [ruby-core:71466] [Misc #11681] Patch by James Adam
-
-Wed Nov 18 09:50:21 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/logger/test_logdevice.rb: Fix tests of logger to make it work on
-	  windows (windows can not remove opened file) [Bug #11702]
-
-Wed Nov 18 06:59:52 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): grow buffer
-	  on unspecified maxdatlen
-	  [ruby-core:71517] [Bug #11701]
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#recvmsg): nil default for dlen
-	  (Socket#recvmsg_nonblock): ditto
-	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test_recvmsg_udp_no_arg): new test
-
-Tue Nov 17 19:50:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (fstat): declare for mingw.
-
-Tue Nov 17 19:02:59 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (BASERUBY): use Kernel#print instead of Kernel#p because
-	  the baseruby may output CRLF as end of line.
-
-Tue Nov 17 15:34:34 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-	* NEWS: Added update from Unicode 7.0.0 to 8.0.0 [ci skip]
-
-Tue Nov 17 15:30:30 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-	* enc/unicode/casefold.h, name2ctype.h: Change Unicode
-	  Version for regular expressions from 7.0.0 to
-	  8.0.0 (with help from Kimihito Matsui) [Feature #11563]
-
-Tue Nov 17 14:36:00 2015  Kenichi Kamiya  <kachick1@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb (dig): Implement OpenStruct#dig
-	  [Feature #11688]
-
-Tue Nov 17 14:04:14 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#recvmsg{,_nonblock}): default values
-	  of clen must be nil.
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): handle nil of clen.
-	  fixes test errors introduced at r52602.
-
-Tue Nov 17 13:43:46 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb: UNIXSocket is not always exists.  fixes
-	  install error on Windows, introduced at r52601.
-
-Tue Nov 17 11:27:23 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#recvfrom_nonblock):
-	  UDPSocket#recvfrom_nonblock):
-	  update doc for `exception: false` and destination buffer
-	  [ruby-core:69542] [Feature #11229]
-	  [ruby-core:69543] [Feature #11242]
-
-Tue Nov 17 11:25:05 2015  Eric Turner  <ericturnerdev@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_dig), hash.c (rb_hash_dig): [DOC] Update
-	  comments describing dig methods.  [Fix GH-1103]
-
-	* struct.c (rb_struct_dig): [DOC] add rdoc.
-
-Tue Nov 17 11:22:22 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-	* NEWS: Small grammatical fix [ci skip]
-
-Tue Nov 17 10:12:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket.accept_loop): avoid exceptions
-	  (Socket.udp_server_recv): ditto
-
-Tue Nov 17 09:59:00 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): avoid arg parsing
-	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
-	  (rsock_bsock_sendmsg): make private, adjust for above
-	  (rsock_bsock_sendmsg_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototypes
-	  (rsock_opt_false_p): remove
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (rsock_init_basicsocket):
-	  define private methods
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (BasicSocket#sendmsg): new wrapper
-	  (BasicSocket#sendmsg_nonblock): ditto
-
-Tue Nov 17 09:45:18 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): avoid arg parsing
-	  (rsock_bsock_recvmsg): adjust for above change
-	  (rsock_bsock_recvmsg_nonblock): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototypes for above
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (rsock_init_basicsocket):
-	  adjust private methods
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (BasicSocket#recvmsg): wrapper method
-	  (BasicSocket#recvmsg_nonblock): ditto
-
-Tue Nov 17 08:36:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock): avoid parsing args
-	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototype
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_accept_nonblock): make private
-	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c (tcp_accept_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/unixserver.c (unix_accept_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#accept_nonblock):
-	  implement as wrapper, move RDoc
-	  (TCPServer#accept_nonblock): ditto
-	  (UNIXServer#accept_nonblock): ditto
-
-Tue Nov 17 08:25:57 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock):
-	  avoid argument parsing in C.
-	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#connect_nonblock):
-	  new wrapper for private method, move RDoc
-
-Tue Nov 17 08:16:09 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock):
-	  avoid arg parsing with C API
-	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (bsock_recv_nonblock):
-	  adjust for above change, make private
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (BasicSocket#recv_nonblock):
-	  new wrapper for private method, move RDoc
-	  (Socket#recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-	  (UDPSocket#recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-
-Mon Nov 16 21:27:54 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/dtrace/helper.rb (Dtrace::TestCase#trap_probe): dtrace buffer
-	  size is set as 8m on Solaris (default 4m). [Bug #11697]
-
-Mon Nov 16 20:03:14 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb: Add Logger#reopen
-
-Mon Nov 16 18:21:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): dig in nested structs too.
-
-	* struct.c (rb_struct_dig): new method Struct#dig.
-	  [Feature #11688]
-
-Mon Nov 16 17:41:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): optimize tail calls on aref
-	  and aset specialized instructions.
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): optimize replaced leave
-	  instruction copied to jump instruction too.
-
-Mon Nov 16 16:39:38 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* lib/set.rb: Enable frozen_string_literal.
-
-	* lib/set.rb: Move << out of the begin block that ensures pop.
-
-Mon Nov 16 16:28:30 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* lib/set.rb (Hash#flatten!, #add?, #delete?, #collect!, #reject!,
-	  #select!, #^, #classify): Micro-optimize some methods for
-	  performance and readability.
-
-Mon Nov 16 16:17:58 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: fixed accidentally commit.
-
-Mon Nov 16 16:10:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* mkconfig.rb: Add some high-level documentation.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1081] Patch by @ulfalizer
-
-Mon Nov 16 15:59:14 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* proc.c: Add call-seq of `Method#super_method`
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1094]
-
-Mon Nov 16 15:58:39 2015  Kenichi Kamiya  <kachick1@gmail.com>
-
-	* struct.c: Standardize a method signature of Struct#[]=.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1095]
-
-Mon Nov 16 15:42:36 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* lib/set.rb (#>=, #>, #<=, #<): Make use of Hash#>=, #>, #<, and
-	  #<= when comparing against an instance of the same kind.
-
-Mon Nov 16 15:37:11 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb: Support symbol and string log level setting
-
-Mon Nov 16 15:33:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb: fix wrong permission for gem specification without
-	  zlib runtime. [Bug #11685][ruby-dev:49343]
-
-Mon Nov 16 12:11:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/httpauth/basicauth.rb: fix a typo.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1099] Patch by @jwworth
-	* lib/webrick/httpauth/digestauth.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun Nov 15 18:28:43 2015  Kenichi Kamiya  <kachick1@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm_method.c (set_method_visibility): should fail if the receiver
-	  is frozen.  [ruby-core:71489] [Bug #11687]
-
-Sat Nov 14 22:15:07 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sat Nov 14 21:44:56 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/time.rb: Use "<<" to reduce string allocation.
-
-Sat Nov 14 17:45:49 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/tsort.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sat Nov 14 17:25:15 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv-replace.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sat Nov 14 17:00:13 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/time.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sat Nov 14 16:43:02 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/open3.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sat Nov 14 05:04:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* node.h: remove old comments.
-
-Sat Nov 14 04:55:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* refactoring CREF related code.
-
-	* eval_intern.h: remove unused setter functions.
-	  CREF_CLASS_SET()
-	  CREF_NEXT_SET()
-	  CREF_SCOPE_VISI_COPY()
-
-	* eval_intern.h: rename flags:
-	  * NODE_FL_CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL_ -> CREF_FL_PUSHED_BY_EVAL
-	  * NODE_FL_CREF_OMOD_SHARED_ -> CREF_FL_OMOD_SHARED
-	  and use IMEMO_FL_USER1/2.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_new): accept push_by_eval parameter.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_new_use_prev): added for rb_vm_rewrite_cref().
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_cref_push): accept pushed_by_eval parameter.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h: remove unused macros:
-	  COPY_CREF_OMOD() and COPY_CREF().
-
-	* vm_eval.c, insns.def: catch up this fix.
-
-Sat Nov 14 02:58:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_define_method): refactoring.
-	  * get CREF in this function.
-	  * cbase is no longer needed (CREF_CLASS(cref) is enough).
-
-	* compile.c: RubyVM::FrozenCore.define_method only accept 2 args.
-
-Sat Nov 14 02:34:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_define_method): do not use current CREF immediately,
-	  but check CREF in environment or methods. Methods defined in methods
-	  should be public.
-	  [Bug #11571]
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_scope_module_func_check): check CREF in env or me.
-	  if CREF is contained by `me', then return FALSE.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test.
-
-Sat Nov 14 02:19:16 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: constify rb_cref_t::scope_visi;
-
-	* eval_intern.h (CREF_SCOPE_VISI_COPY): catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Sat Nov 14 01:53:52 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* pack.c (pack_unpack, AVOID_CC_BUG): Very ugly workaround for
-	  optimization bug of Oracle Solaris Studio 12.4 on Solaris
-	  with -xO4 optimization option. [Bug #11684]
-
-Fri Nov 13 23:00:23 2015  Hiroshi Shirosaki  <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: unset LD_PRELOAD on mingw. msys2 child processes
-	  crash at make test-all with LD_PRELOAD.
-	  [ruby-core:71461] [Bug #11680]
-
-Fri Nov 13 14:00:43 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c: Merge ruby/openssl@b9ea8ef [Bug #10735]
-
-Fri Nov 13 13:09:16 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: Merge ruby/openssl@81e1a30
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: ditto
-
-Fri Nov 13 13:05:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* prelude.rb (Thread.exclusive): warn as deprecated.
-
-Fri Nov 13 10:36:39 2015  Victor Nawothnig  <Victor.Nawothnig@gmail.com>
-
-	* parse.y (new_unless): optimize constant condition for `unless`
-	  as well as `if`.  [Fix GH-1092]
-
-Fri Nov 13 10:08:41 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: bump version to 2.0.15
-
-Thu Nov 12 18:44:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_magic_comment): should match exactly.
-	  [ruby-core:71460] [Bug #11679]
-
-Thu Nov 12 16:16:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* template/prelude.c.tmpl: enable tail call optimization.
-
-Thu Nov 12 14:17:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_yylex): ANDDOT at the head of the line denote
-	  line continuation from previous one to support fluent interface,
-	  as well as single dot.
-
-Thu Nov 12 13:49:50 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.0+ HEAD(db78980).
-	  this version includes #1367 , #1373 , #1375
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Thu Nov 12 10:53:41 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex2.rb: new benchmark based
-	  on bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb
-	* io.c (io_read_nonblock): move documentation to prelude.rb
-	  (io_write_nonblock): ditto
-	  (Init_io): private, internal methods for prelude.rb use only
-	* prelude.rb (IO#read_nonblock): wrapper + documentation
-	  (IO#write_nonblock): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
-
-Wed Nov 11 18:30:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): look up the key, then get default
-	  value and raise KeyError if the returned value is nil.
-	  [ruby-dev:49338] [Ruby trunk - Bug #11677]
-
-Wed Nov 11 17:38:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (local_var_list_add): skip internal local variable
-	  name by its type but not if it has a name.  internal local
-	  variable names are just unique per frame, not globally.
-	  [ruby-core:71437] [Bug #11674]
-
-Wed Nov 11 14:14:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c: fix a typo
-	[ci skip][fix GH-1091] Patch by @jwworth
-
-Wed Nov 11 11:58:38 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (initialize): Connections are in passive mode per
-	  default now.  The default mode can be changed by
-	  Net::FTP.default_passive=.
-	  [ruby-core:71146] [Feature #11612]
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (default_passive=, default_passive): new methods.
-
-Wed Nov 11 09:03:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): respect default value of a hash.  no
-	  longer raises KeyError unless the default value of the hash is
-	  nil.  [ruby-core:71354] [Bug #11661]
-
-Tue Nov 10 20:35:12 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/open-uri.rb: Remove indicator for "frozen_string_literal: true".
-
-	* lib/pp.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/tmpdir.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_mlsx_entry.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/open-uri/test_open-uri.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/open-uri/test_ssl.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/pathname/test_pathname.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/test_pp.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/test_prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* tool/transcode-tblgen.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb: Ditto.
-
-Tue Nov 10 18:42:24 2015  Aleksandrs Ledovskis  <aleksandrs@ledovskis.lv>
-
-	* defs/id.def, parse.y: Switch internal token name to reflect
-	  current form of safe-call operator.  [Fix GH-1090]
-
-Tue Nov 10 18:25:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_to_proc): use rb_func_proc_new to make light
-	  weight proc.  [Feature #11653]
-
-Tue Nov 10 18:23:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (cfunc_proc_t): add room for me.
-
-	* proc.c (cfunc_proc_new): generalise for cfunc proc without env.
-
-	* proc.c (rb_func_proc_new, rb_func_lambda_new): new functions to
-	  make proc/lambda without env from cfunc.
-
-Tue Nov 10 17:32:35 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* bootstraptest/test_fork.rb ([ruby-dev:37934]): :NPROC (RLIMIT_NPROC)
-	  is not supported on some platforms (e.g. Solaris 10).
-
-Tue Nov 10 16:57:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_to_proc): new method Hash#to_proc.
-	  [Feature #11653]
-
-Tue Nov 10 14:34:09 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* time.c (rb_time_timespec_new): swap utc and localtime
-	  to generate gmt flag by INT_MAX - gmtoff.
-
-Tue Nov 10 14:01:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_{le,lt,ge,gt}): new methods, Hash#<=, Hash#<,
-	  Hash#>=, Hash#>, to test if all elements of a hash are also
-	  included in another hash, and vice versa.
-	  [ruby-core:68561] [Feature #10984]
-
-Tue Nov 10 11:25:29 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* time.c (rb_timespec_now): added.  [Feature #11558]
-
-	* time.c (rb_time_timespec_new): added.  [Feature #11558]
-
-Tue Nov 10 06:17:17 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_autoload_load): allow recursive calls
-	  [ruby-core:71345] [Bug #11658]
-	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb (test_autoload_while_autoloading):
-	  new test by: Hiroshi Shirosaki <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
-	  [ruby-core:71390]
-
-Tue Nov 10 00:36:46 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Message::MessageEncoder#put_labels):
-	  Prevent overflow of pointer to labels.
-	  Patch by Hannes Georg.  [ruby-core:71248] [Bug #11632]
-
-Tue Nov 10 00:25:41 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update to power_assert 0.2.6.
-
-Mon Nov  9 21:48:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_check_funcall_default): split from
-	  rb_check_funcall to return the given fallback value.
-
-	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): use rb_check_funcall_default so that tail
-	  call optimization will be possible.  [Feature #11643]
-
-Mon Nov  9 21:27:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_dig): new method Array#dig.
-
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_dig): new method Hash#dig.
-
-	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): dig in nested arrays/hashes.
-	  [Feature #11643]
-
-Mon Nov  9 18:00:47 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0.beta3
-
-Mon Nov  9 17:38:14 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/runner.rb: use official repository for coverage tool.
-	* Makefile.in: ditto.
-	* common.mk: ditto.
-	* .gitignore: ignored third party repositories.
-
-Mon Nov  9 17:29:09 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): Dynamic string literals should be
-	  frozen.
-	  [ruby-core:57574] [Feature #8976]
-
-Mon Nov  9 15:56:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk: Use ruby organization url for simplecov repository.
-
-Sun Nov  8 16:24:09 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* NEWS: describe addition of File::TMPFILE
-
-Sun Nov  8 15:19:17 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* file.c: Add O_TMPFILE.
-
-Sun Nov  8 14:24:43 2015  windwiny  <windwiny.ubt@gmail.com>
-
-	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_{VISI,BASIC,FLAGS}_SET): suppress
-	  shift-op-parentheses warnings.  [Fix GH-1082]
-
-Sun Nov  8 14:01:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/psych_emitter.c: backport 5bd7744 from tenderlove/psych.
-	  support backward compatibility of Ruby 2.0
-
-Sun Nov  8 10:55:10 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_gets_m): Update IO#gets doc for characters more than
-	  1 byte.  [Fix GH-1085]
-
-Sun Nov  8 10:37:58 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/ftp.rb: fix a typo.
-	  [fix GH-1084][ci skip] Patch by @windwiny
-
-Sun Nov  8 08:10:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_trace.c (exec_hooks_precheck): check need_clean everytime
-	  to clean-up unused hooks.
-
-	* vm_trace.c (list->need_clean): use as boolean value.
-
-Sun Nov  8 01:31:27 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#initialize):
-	  default value of Net::HTTP#open_timeout is now 60 (was nil).
-
-Sat Nov  7 12:18:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* string.c (id_to_s): remove redundant variable
-	  (rb_obj_as_string): trade id_to_s for idTo_s
-	  (rb_str_equal): replace rb_intern(...) with pre-defined ID
-	  (rb_str_cmp_m): ditto
-	  (rb_str_match): ditto
-	  (str_upto_each): ditto
-	  (rb_str_sum): ditto
-	  (Init_String): remove id_to_s initialization
-
-Sat Nov  7 11:40:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_cThreadShield): make static
-
-Sat Nov  7 09:51:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_trace.c (rb_threadptr_exec_event_hooks_orig):
-	  maintain trace_running counter on internal events.
-
-	  This patch is made by Takashi Kokubun <takashikkbn@gmail.com>.
-	  [Bug #11603] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1059
-
-Sat Nov  7 03:32:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (RSTRUCT_PTR): need a close parenthesis.
-
-Sat Nov  7 01:32:06 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* dir.c (dir_fileno, dirfd): support of Dir#fileno on Solaris 10.
-	  Solaris 10 does not have dirfd, but the file descriptor of a
-	  directory is stored in the d_fd or dd_fd member in the DIR struct.
-	  Note that Solaris 11 has dirfd(3C).
-
-	* configure.in: checks for DIR.d_fd and DIR.dd_fd on Solaris 10.
-
-Fri Nov  6 23:13:53 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c: clarifies Array#reject! documentation.
-	  [fix GH-894][ci skip] Patch by @GxSplinter
-
-Fri Nov  6 20:18:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/runner.rb: extracted test helper.
-	* test/lib/zombie_hunter.rb: ditto.
-
-Fri Nov  6 18:07:47 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (rb_array_const_ptr, rb_struct_const_ptr):
-	  Suppress pointer type mismatch warnings occurred with old version
-	  of Fujitsu C Compiler (fcc) on Solaris 10. The warnings cause
-	  failure of TestMkmf::TestConvertible. [Bug #11644] [ruby-dev:49326]
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR): macro for the above,
-	  only effective with fcc.
-
-Fri Nov  6 12:39:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* defs/id.def (token_ops), parse.y (parser_yylex): change DOTQ
-	  from ".?" to "&.".  [ruby-core:71363] [Feature #11537]
-
-Fri Nov  6 09:01:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (kwd_append): fix segv after invalid keyword argument,
-	  preceding keyword list is NULL when syntax error is there.
-	  [ruby-core:71356] [Bug #11663]
-
-Fri Nov  6 06:59:37 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_autoload: hoist out ruby_impl_require
-
-Thu Nov  5 13:03:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* defs/id.def (token_ops): gather associations between IDs,
-	  operators, and parser tokens.
-
-Thu Nov  5 10:17:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (make_addrinfo): use RARRAY_ASET for
-	  write-barrier.
-
-	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c ({call,eval,invoke}_queue_handler): ditto.
-
-	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (ary2list, ary2list2): ditto.
-
-Thu Nov  5 10:09:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/**/*.c: prefer RARRAY_AREF to indexing RARRAY_CONST_PTR.
-	  pointed out by hanmac.
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/3553a86#commitcomment-14187670
-
-Wed Nov  4 17:33:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/debug.rb: Add documentation for #thread_list_all.
-	  [Misc #11580][ci skip]
-
-Wed Nov  4 15:45:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* class.c: fix documentation for rb_define_class{_id}_under.
-	  [fix GH-991][ci skip] Patch by @kachick
-
-Wed Nov  4 15:40:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* method.h: fix typo. Patch by @davydovanton
-	  [fix GH-1076][ci skip]
-
-Wed Nov  4 15:39:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c: use correct grammar. Patch by @tveastman
-	  [fix GH-1079][ci skip]
-
-Wed Nov  4 11:38:23 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* process.c (proc_getsid): [DOC] Fix double word 'for' and typo.
-	  [Fix GH-1080]
-
-Wed Nov  4 06:01:52 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (struct RObject): hide iv_index_tbl type
-	  [ruby-core:71306] [Feature #11647]
-
-Tue Nov  3 06:48:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (find_class_path): remove cast for rb_class_ivar_set
-	  (rb_ivar_set): ditto
-	  (rb_cvar_set): ditto
-
-Tue Nov  3 06:18:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_global_tbl): convert to id_table
-
-Tue Nov  3 01:58:46 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* parse.y (NO_QCALL): fix type mismatch of operands that causes
-	  compile error with Oracle Solaris Studio on Solaris.
-	  [Bug #11645] [ruby-dev:49327]
-
-Sun Nov  1 17:14:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* id_table.c (mix_id_table_insert): do not touch list during
-	  list->hash transition because GC can run during transition.
-
-Sun Nov  1 11:07:31 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_memsize): account for rb_call_cache entries
-
-Sun Nov  1 09:12:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_yylex): ':' separated by a comment and a newline
-	  is not valid as symbol.
-
-Sat Oct 31 20:15:48 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: skipped tests if openssl doesn't support
-	  ECDH cipher.
-
-Sat Oct 31 14:58:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* man/ruby.1 (SYNOPSIS): remove extraneous space for -F option as
-	  it does not allow spaces before its argument.
-	  [ruby-core:71283] [Bug #11641]
-
-Sat Oct 31 14:58:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* man/ruby.1 (SYNOPSIS): remove extraneous space for -F option as
-	  it does not allow spaces before its argument.
-	  [ruby-core:71283] [Bug #11641]
-
-Sat Oct 31 10:22:49 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* eval_error.c (undef_mesg_for): fix typo.  Before this commit
-	  `ArgumentError: malformed format string - %$` was raised when
-	  `NameError#message` is called.  [ruby-core:71282] [Bug #11640]
-	  [Fix GH-1077]
-
-Fri Oct 30 21:12:45 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update to power_assert 0.2.5.
-
-Fri Oct 30 19:29:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_slowpath): do not need to use flags hack (commit miss).
-
-Fri Oct 30 19:08:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (heap_get_freeobj_from_next_freepage): not so UNLIKELY.
-
-Fri Oct 30 18:09:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_slowpath): reduce 1 parameter to use only registers
-	  for performance.
-
-	  On my laptop, 'N.times{x = []}' (where N = 29_000_000) is
-	  1.86 sec -> 1.74 sec.
-
-Fri Oct 30 12:53:21 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_call.rb: added test for safe navigation operator.
-	  [fix GH-1066]
-
-Fri Oct 30 12:47:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: fix wrong commit name.
-
-Fri Oct 30 12:36:16 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm_method.c: added documentation of protected/private methods.
-	  [fix GH-1072]
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: added testcase for method_defined?
-	  [fix GH-1071]
-
-Fri Oct 30 12:06:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_class_ivar_set): rename as class specific ivar
-	  setter, and st_table is no longer involved.
-
-Fri Oct 30 11:36:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (generic_ivar_remove): adjust type, set valp
-	  (rb_obj_remove_instance_variable): simplify call
-	* test/ruby/test_object.rb (test_remove_instance_variable):
-	  expand for implementation details
-
-Fri Oct 30 10:37:56 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* internal.h (rb_st_insert_id_and_value): update prototype
-	* variable.c (rb_st_insert_id_and_value): reduce args
-	  (find_class_path): adjust call for less args
-	  (rb_ivar_set): ditto
-	  (rb_cvar_set): ditto
-	* class.c (rb_singleton_class_attached): ditto
-
-Fri Oct 30 09:57:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update latest gems.
-	  test-unit-3.1.5 and minitest-5.8.2
-
-Fri Oct 30 09:54:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems HEAD(60d7972).
-	  this version contains pull requests number of #1343, #1356, #1357, #1363
-	  at https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pulls
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Fri Oct 30 07:38:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* insns.def (getinlinecache/setinlinecache): compare ic->ic_cref and
-	  current cref only when cached CREF list includes singleton class.
-
-	  Singleton classes have own namespaces, so that we need to check
-	  cref as a key (#10943).
-
-	  However, if current CREF list does not include singleton class,
-	  no need to check CREF because it should be same name space.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_get_const_key_cref): add a function returns
-	  CREF only when it includes singleton class.
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify iseq_inline_cache_entry::ic_cref.
-
-Fri Oct 30 06:43:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_env_cref): make it inline for performance.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_get_cref): use NULL instead of 0.
-
-Fri Oct 30 06:20:40 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* insns.def: nobody set ic->ic_value.value to Qundef.
-
-Fri Oct 30 06:15:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c: add ifndef guard for VM_CHECK_MODE.
-
-Fri Oct 30 06:13:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_check_frame_detail): should require me for
-	  VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD type frame.
-
-Thu Oct 29 18:42:30 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): specify NOINLINE so that gc_mark() can return
-	  immediately when obj is not a markable object.
-
-Thu Oct 29 18:05:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* encoding.c (rb_enc_check_str): add for performance.
-	  This function only accepts T_STRING (and T_REGEXP).
-
-	  This patch improves performance of a tiny_segmenter benchmark
-	  (num=2) 2.54sec -> 2.42sec on my machine.
-	  https://github.com/chezou/TinySegmenter.jl/blob/master/benchmark/benchmark.rb
-
-	* encoding.c: add ENC_DEBUG and ENC_ASSERT() macros.
-
-	* internal.h: add a decl. of rb_enc_check_str().
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_plus): use rb_enc_check_str().
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_subpat_set): ditto.
-
-Thu Oct 29 17:16:40 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: export rb_wb_(un)protected_newobj_of()
-	  because some extensions include internal.h.
-
-Thu Oct 29 16:42:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_imemo_new): should not pass FL_WB_PROTECTED flag.
-
-	* gc.c (rb_wb_protected_newobj_of): add more assertions.
-
-	* gc.c (rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of): ditto.
-
-Thu Oct 29 16:20:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: introduce rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of() and
-	  rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(), pass the WB_PROTECTED
-	  information explicitly.
-
-	* internal.h: use introduced functions by NEWOBJ_OF().
-	  `flag' is immediate value, so that C compilers can
-	  solve them at compile time.
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: add a comment about that.
-
-Thu Oct 29 14:52:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: add rb_objspace::flags::has_hook to represent hook availability.
-
-	* gc.c: add gc_event_hook_available_p(objspace) to check that flag.
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_of): use gc_event_hook_available_p() instead of
-	  checking gc_event_hook_needed_p(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ).
-	  for performance.
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_init): add UNLIKELY() for FL_WB_PROTECTED flag.
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_init): change parameters order (trivial change).
-
-Thu Oct 29 14:45:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_thread_struct): move forward declarations before
-	  used.
-
-Thu Oct 29 14:07:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): remove debug code for #11244.
-
-Thu Oct 29 10:08:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (struct autoload_state): usable as wait-queue head
-	  (struct autoload_data_i): remove 2 words of overhead
-	  (autoload_i_mark): remove marking for thread
-	  (autoload_reset): adjust for struct changes
-	  (rb_autoload): ditto
-	  (rb_autoloading_value): ditto
-	  (rb_autoload_load): ditto
-	  (const_update): ditto
-
-Thu Oct 29 08:48:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (struct autoload_data_i): add waitq_head
-	  (struct autoload_state): new struct
-	  (autoload_require): save result in autoload_state for use
-	    in autoload_reset
-	  (autoload_reset): wake up other waiters with open-coded
-	    wait-queues
-	  (rb_autoload_load): add ensure autoload_const_set happens
-	    atomically w.r.t. autoload-triggered "require"
-	  [ruby-core:70075] [ruby-core:71239] [Bug #11384]
-
-Wed Oct 29 00:39:50 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_server_command.rb
-	  (test_handle_options_port): change port from http to discard.
-	  Solaris does not include "http 80/tcp" in its default
-	  /etc/inet/services. AFAIK, discard (9/tcp) is older than http
-	  and it is expected that all OS can resolve the service name.
-	  [Bug #10004] [ruby-core:63518]
-
-Wed Oct 28 23:52:48 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* probes_helper.h (RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK): add RB_GC_GUARD, though paranoic.
-
-Wed Oct 28 15:36:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (rb_name_err_new): store the receiver directly.
-
-	* error.c (name_err_receiver): return directly stored receiver.
-	  [Feature #10881]
-
-	* error.c (name_err_mesg_to_str): quote the name if unprintable.
-
-	* object.c (check_setter_id): use rb_check_id to convert names.
-
-	* variable.c (uninitialized_constant): use NameError::message to
-	  keep the receiver of uninitialized constant.  [Feature #10881]
-
-	* error.c (rb_name_err_new): new function to create NameError
-	  exception instance.  [Feature #10881]
-
-Wed Oct 28 13:29:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (new_attr_op_assign): fix op_assign type, which is
-	  already an ID since r52284.  [Feature #11537]
-
-Tue Oct 27 23:14:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* defs/id.def: enable anonymous IDs not to expose internal IDs for
-	  frozen-string-literal-debug by Marshal.dump.
-
-Tue Oct 27 17:06:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* defs/id.def: move internal IDs for frozen-string-literal-debug.
-
-Tue Oct 27 16:41:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (rb_error_frozen_object): use rb_attr_get instead of
-	  rb_ivar_get to get rid of warnings for string objects created
-	  when frozen-string-literal-debug is disabled.
-
-Tue Oct 27 16:18:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb (Logger::Period#previous_period_end): as weekly
-	  rotation shifts the log file on Sundays, the end date of the
-	  previous period should be Saturdays.  fix r45072.
-	  [ruby-dev:49314] [Bug #11622]
-
-Tue Oct 27 16:12:37 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_dump.c (rb_print_backtrace): our addr2line doesn't work on sparc.
-	  http://rubyci.s3.amazonaws.com/unstable11s/ruby-trunk/log/20151027T043311Z.log.html.gz
-
-Tue Oct 27 12:00:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/logger.rb (Logger::Period#next_rotate_time): get rid of
-	  adding to mday not to exceed the days of the month.
-	  [ruby-core:71185] [Bug #11620]
-
-Mon Oct 26 22:43:03 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb (test_method_defined): Add test cases
-	  for `public/protected/private _method_defined?`
-	  These methods accept string as argument, so add string argument
-	  cases.  [Fix GH-1067]
-
-Mon Oct 26 22:23:30 2015  SimonDKnight  <simondknight@hotmail.com>
-
-	* lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc: Grammatical errors fixed.
-	  [Fix GH-1070]
-
-Mon Oct 26 18:36:43 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h) <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* vm_method.c(rb_method_entry_make):
-	  [DOC] [ci skip] Remove a needless space from comment
-	  [Fixes GH-1069] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Mon Oct 26 17:30:13 2015  Ryan Hosford  <tad.hosford@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/fileutils.rb: rename tailing to trailing.
-	  [Misc #11548]
-
-Mon Oct 26 17:11:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (call_op, call_op2): fix values on ripper.  [Feature #11537]
-
-Mon Oct 26 12:55:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (call_op2): separate from call_op and also allow "::",
-	  while dot_or_colon should not allow ".?".  [Feature #11537]
-
-Mon Oct 26 01:03:23 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c: fix compile errors when
-	  USE_SLEEPY_TIMER_THREAD is disabled.
-
-Sun Oct 25 10:12:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* symbol.c (op_tbl): add DOTQ for ripper.  [Feature #11537]
-
-Sat Oct 24 22:51:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: fixed build failure of Haiku.
-	  [fix GH-984] Patch by @kallisti5
-	* ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c: ditto.
-	* ext/socket/getnameinfo.c: ditto.
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: ditto.
-
-Sat Oct 24 21:16:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb (test_uptodate): relax error
-	  message format.  [Feature #9025], [ruby-core:71178] [Bug #11617]
-
-Sat Oct 24 21:06:43 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb: Revert r45640 because it may lead to link
-	  with different libruby. [Bug #9760]
-
-Sat Oct 24 15:42:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* bootstraptest/test_method.rb: relax error message format.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_arity.rb (err_mess): ditto.
-	  [Feature #9025], [ruby-core:71178] [Bug #11617]
-
-Sat Oct 24 12:47:47 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: improved error message for "wrong number
-	  of arguments", distinguishing given and expected argument
-	  numbers clearly. [Feature #9025]
-
-Sat Oct 24 11:57:59 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: remove the typedef redeclaration of
-	  vm_call_handler.
-
-Sat Oct 24 07:29:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/forwardable.rb (def_instance_delegator, def_single_delegator):
-	  match backtraces against ::Forwardable in case the target class
-	  is a subclass of BasicObject and does not include Kernel.
-	  [ruby-core:71176] [Bug #11616]
-
-Sat Oct 24 04:10:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (make_compile_option_value): include frozen_string_literal*
-	  in a made option value.
-
-	* vm_opts.h: forgot to add OPT_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_DEBUG
-	  at last commit.
-
-Sat Oct 24 03:58:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ruby.c: introduce --enable-frozen-string-literal-debug option.
-	  If this option is enabled, the modify error will be:
-	    can't modify frozen String (RuntimeError) =>
-	    can't modify frozen String, created at test.rb:3 (RuntimeError)
-
-	* iseq.h: add compile option frozen_string_literal_debug.
-
-	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* error.c (rb_error_frozen): ditto.
-
-	* iseq.c (set_compile_option_from_hash): ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: add a test for this fix.
-
-Sat Oct 24 02:02:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: introduce new call handler for simple ISeqs.
-
-	  vm_call_iseq_setup_normal_0start() is simple, however it has
-	  some loops/conditions depends on ISeq::param.size and
-	  ISeq::local_size (in vm_push_frame(), inlined into this function).
-
-	  There are many simple methods which has a few parameters and local
-	  variables. So that this patch introduces several special functions
-	  generated in vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc by
-	  tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb.
-
-	  This script makes
-	    vm_call_iseq_setup_normal_0start_Xparams_Ylocals()
-	  where X is 0 to 3 and Y is 1 to 6 (as current setting).
-	  In this case, X * Y = 24 functions are created.
-
-	  These functions creates fast method dispatch by inlining
-	  vm_push_frame() with immediate params/locals sizes.
-
-	  On my laptop, we can have the following results.
-
-	  vm2_method*       1.083 (8.3% faster)
-	  vm2_poly_method*  0.961 (3.4% slower)
-
-	  It shows 8.3% faster for inner loop method dispatch (hit inline
-	  cache), but 3.4% slower when inline cache miss because we need
-	  to find a suitable call handler.
-
-	* common.mk: add a rule for vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc.
-
-	* tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb: added.
-
-	* vm.c: include vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc.
-
-Sat Oct 24 01:58:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: define vm_call_handler.
-
-Sat Oct 24 01:56:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h, vm_insnhelper.h: move definition of VMDEBUG
-	  from vm_insnhelper.h to vm_core.h.
-
-Sat Oct 24 01:51:01 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* NEWS: [DOC] In the new safe call syntax, arguments are evaluated
-	  only if a call is made.
-
-	* doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc: Fix a typo.
-
-Sat Oct 24 00:38:34 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/forwardable (def_instance_delegator, def_single_delegator):
-	  rescue ::Exception instead of Exception in case Exception is
-	  defined under the target class.
-	  [ruby-core:71175] [Ruby trunk - Bug #11615]
-
-Fri Oct 23 21:10:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (name_err_mesg_to_str): separate class names from the
-	  receiver description.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (make_no_method_exception, raise_method_missing): add
-	  format specifiers for class names.
-
-Fri Oct 23 18:10:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* .gitignore: ignored environmental wrapper files.
-
-Fri Oct 23 17:55:29 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/irb.rb: Ignored assignment of STDOUT.sync = true
-	  when irb.rb loaded. It's affected to IDE such as Jetbrain.
-	  [fix GH-864] Patch by @os97673
-
-Fri Oct 23 16:35:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/ipaddr.rb, test/test_ipaddr.rb: Reject invalid address contained
-	  EOL string. Patch by @kachick [fix GH-942][Bug #11513]
-
-Fri Oct 23 16:03:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c: fix indent style. [fix GH-977]
-	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: indent. [fix GH-975]
-	  [ci skip] These patches are contributed from @yui-knk
-
-Fri Oct 23 15:46:09 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c: Added method signature to include hash. It's inconsistency
-	  with `gsub` method signature.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-1023] Patch by @danielevans
-
-Fri Oct 23 15:25:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/imap.rb: remove an empty comment line and -*-.
-
-Fri Oct 23 15:20:02 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (gettextfile, getbinaryfile): use the safe
-	  navigation operator.
-
-Fri Oct 23 13:51:33 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test_call.rb (test_safe_call): Add test cases for safe
-	  navigation operator assignment.  [Fix GH-1064]
-	  Validate:
-	  * can assign an attribute which is `nil`
-	  * can "or assign" an attribute which is `nil`
-
-Fri Oct 23 11:58:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): optimize lengthy safe
-	  navigation method chain.  [Feature #11537]
-
-Fri Oct 23 10:58:41 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb (tridiagonalize): fix
-	  indentation to avoid a warning when the command line option -w of
-	  ruby is specified.
-
-	* lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb (hessenberg_to_real_schur):
-	  change the name of a block parameter to avoid a warning when the
-	  command line option -w of ruby is specified.
-
-Fri Oct 23 10:49:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): support safe navigation of simple
-	  attribute assignment.  [Feature #11537]
-
-	* parse.y (mlhs_node, lhs, attrset_gen): ditto.  keep mid
-	  non-attrset as the sign of safe navigation.
-
-Fri Oct 23 07:17:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb (test_wait_eof): test return value
-
-Fri Oct 23 00:32:02 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ssl_npn_select_cb): explicitly raise error
-	  in ext/openssl instead of OpenSSL itself because LibreSSL
-	  silently truncate the selected protocol name by casting the length
-	  from int to unsigned char. [Bug #11369]
-	  Patch by Jeremy Evans <merch-redmine@jeremyevans.net>
-
-Fri Oct 23 00:49:45 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/un.rb (help): change the name of a block parameter to avoid
-	  a warning when the command line option -w of ruby is specified.
-
-Fri Oct 23 00:22:20 2015  Josef Simanek  <josef.simanek@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_tr): [DOC] Escape backslash in String#tr
-	  documentation.  [Fix GH-1063]
-
-Fri Oct 23 00:19:04 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_collect): [DOC] Fix space of code example of
-	  Array#map.  [Fix GH-1062]
-
-Thu Oct 22 18:52:53 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_f_loop): When a loop is stopped by a StopIteration
-	  exception, return what the enumerator has returned instead of
-	  nil. [ruby-core:71133] [Feature #11498]
-
-Thu Oct 22 18:25:10 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/imap.rb (idle): add a new argument timeout for keep-alive.
-	  [ruby-core:63693] [Bug #10031]
-
-Thu Oct 22 15:30:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): peephole optimization for
-	  branchnil jumps.
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): generate save navigation operator
-	  code.
-
-	* insns.def (branchnil): new opcode to pop the tos and branch if
-	  it is nil.
-
-	* parse.y (NEW_QCALL, call_op, parser_yylex): parse token '.?'.
-	  [Feature #11537]
-
-Thu Oct 22 13:16:19 2015  Guilherme Reis Campos  <guilhermekbsa@gmail.com>
-
-	* dir.c (ruby_brace_expand): glob brace expansion edge case fix.
-	  When there are closing braces '}' before a open brace '{' it
-	  must be ignored and considered as literal.
-	  [ruby-core:71138] [Bug #11609]
-
-Thu Oct 22 13:13:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (argf_next_argv): check ARGV element type, and try
-	  conversion if necessary.  [ruby-core:71140] [Bug #11610]
-
-Thu Oct 22 11:11:16 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: add tests for getbinaryfile and
-	  gettextfile.
-
-Wed Oct 21 18:34:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_magic_comment): allow a sole magic comment without
-	  indicators, neither other non-space comments.  [Feature #8976]
-
-Tue Oct 20 12:17:56 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Add basic argument checking to Prime.prime?
-	  [Bug #11606]
-
-Tue Oct 20 12:17:50 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Optimize Integer#prime?
-	  Patch by Nick Slocum [Bug #10354]
-
-Tue Oct 20 08:12:47 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: pthread_getattr_np is broken on AIX.
-	  More specifically, the stack address and size returned are
-	  not correct.
-
-Tue Oct 20 05:54:46 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/closure.c (callback): static function
-
-Mon Oct 19 10:33:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_raise_socket_error): get rid of a glibc
-	  bug.  [ruby-core:71100] [Bug #11600]
-
-Mon Oct 19 01:26:26 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_identical_p): not necessary to compare the paths after
-	  comparing the file indexes on Windows.  designate by kosaki.
-
-Sun Oct 18 21:17:27 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/open-uri.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sun Oct 18 14:37:56 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_urandom): add a comment why using
-	  O_NONBLOCK and O_NOCTTY.
-
-Sun Oct 18 13:24:17 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): use ATOMIC_SET() for
-	  updating try_syscall.
-
-Sun Oct 18 13:03:52 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* include/ruby/backward/util.h: Good-by Borland-C.
-
-Sun Oct 18 13:03:09 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* common.mk: add a comment how to use "make test-all"
-
-Sun Oct 18 12:59:22 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* common.mk: add comments how to use "make benchmark"
-
-Sun Oct 18 12:58:15 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-Sun Oct 18 11:22:52 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* dln.c: remove defined(__WATCOMC__).
-
-Sun Oct 18 11:16:33 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb: Good-by Borland-C.
-
-Sun Oct 18 11:04:36 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* numeric.c: Good-by Borland-C.
-	* include/ruby/backward/rubyio.h: ditto.
-	* include/ruby/backward/st.h: ditto.
-	* include/ruby/backward/util.h: ditto.
-	* include/ruby/backward/rubysig.h: ditto.
-	* include/ruby/backward/classext.h: ditto.
-	* dln.c: ditto.
-	* gc.c: ditto.
-	* win32/resource.rb: ditto.
-	* win32/dir.h: ditto.
-	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: ditto.
-	* NEWS: announce that Borland-C is no longer supported.
-
-Sun Oct 18 10:54:52 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* dln.c: simplify #ifdef. _WIN32 and __CYGWIN__ are exclusive.
-	  see include/ruby/defines.h
-	* gc.c: ditto.
-	* ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c: ditto.
-
-Sun Oct 18 10:42:19 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* ruby.c (open_load_file): add a comment.
-
-Sun Oct 18 10:12:46 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_identical_p): simplify ifdefs
-
-Sun Oct 18 10:01:40 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* ChangeLog: Good-bye OS/2.
-	* common.mk: ditto.
-	* configure.in: ditto.
-	* dln_find.c: ditto.
-	* ext/Setup.emx: ditto.
-	* ext/extmk.rb: ditto.
-	* ext/socket/extconf.rb: ditto.
-	* ext/zlib/extconf.rb: ditto.
-	* file.c: ditto.
-	* include/ruby/defines.h: ditto.
-	* io.c: ditto.
-	* lib/mkmf.rb: ditto.
-	* missing/os2.c: ditto.
-	* process.c: ditto.
-	* ruby.c: ditto.
-	* NEWS: announce OS/2 is no longer supported.
-
-Sun Oct 18 08:50:15 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* include/ruby/defines.h (DOSISH): add comments.
-
-Sun Oct 18 08:26:51 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* io.c (fptr_finalize): don't release gvl if fptr is not writable.
-	  writable fd may block on close(2) when it's on NFS. But readonly
-	  fd doesn't. [Bug #11559]
-	  result: make benchmark OPTS="-p bm_require_t -e ruby-trunk -e ruby-2.2.2"
-	    build-ruby:             0.171
-	    ruby 2.3.0dev(r52151):  0.659
-	    ruby 2.2.0p95 (r50295): 0.834
-
-Sun Oct 18 09:32:58 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* file.c (ruby_is_fd_loadable): this should be fail if st_mode is
-	  not regular file nor FIFO.
-
-Sun Oct 18 09:20:17 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* ruby.c (open_load_file): use rb_thread_wait_fd() instead of reopen.
-
-Sun Oct 18 05:11:22 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* ruby.c (open_load_file): reset O_NONBLOCK after open.
-	  Even if S_ISREG() is true, the file may be file on FUSE filesystem
-	  or something. We can't assume O_NONBLOCK is safe.
-	  Moreover, we should wait if the path is point to FIFO. That's
-	  FIFO semantics. GVL should be transparent from ruby script.
-	  Thus, just reopen without O_NONBLOCK for filling the requirements.
-	  [Bug #11060][Bug #11559]
-
-	* ruby.c (loadopen_func): new for the above.
-
-	* file.c (ruby_is_fd_loadable): new. for checks loadable file type
-	  of not.
-	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): use ruby_is_fd_loadble()
-	* internal.h: add ruby_is_fd_loadble()
-
-	* common.mk: now, ruby.o depend on thread.h.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_require.rb
-	(TestRequire#test_loading_fifo_threading_success): new test.
-	  This test successful case that loading from FIFO.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_require.rb
-	(TestRequire#test_loading_fifo_threading_raise): rename from
-	  test_loading_fifo_threading. You shouldn't rescue an exception
-	  if you test raise or not.
-	  Moreover, this case should be caught IOError because load(FIFO)
-	  should be blocked until given any input.
-
-Sat Oct 17 13:55:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): concatenate converted
-	  string to the result instead of making converted string and
-	  append it.
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_cat_conv_enc_opts): from rb_str_conv_enc_opts,
-	  separate function to concatenate with transcoding.
-
-Sat Oct 17 13:19:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c (load_file): unify each preparations and clean-ups by
-	  merging load_file_internal and load_file_internal2, and remove
-	  nested rb_protect and rb_ensure.
-
-Sat Oct 17 05:28:32 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb (test_symbol_fstr_leak): add a warm-up
-	  code and check RSS to avoid false positive on AIX and false
-	  negative on Mac OS X. [Bug #10686]
-
-Fri Oct 16 15:54:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): open in non-blocking mode withoout
-	  releasing GVL.  don't care about others than regular files and
-	  directories.  [ruby-dev:49272] [Bug #11559]
-
-	* ruby.c (load_file_internal): ditto.
-
-Thu Oct 15 23:56:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_sym_to_proc): make void env.
-
-Thu Oct 15 13:37:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_sym_to_proc): move from string.c and create a Proc
-	  with no environments.  [ruby-core:71088] [Bug #11594]
-
-Thu Oct 15 01:57:03 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb
-	  (test_trace_object_allocations_start_stop_clear): clear object
-	  allocation table first to get rid of erroneous detection for obj3.
-	  [ruby-dev:49095] [Bug #11271]
-
-Thu Oct 15 01:53:38 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ostruct/test_ostruct.rb: Add tests for OpenStruct#respond_to.
-	  Patch by @jeremy in [GH-1041]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1041
-
-Thu Oct 15 01:49:25 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb: Finish defining OpenStruct attributes lazily.
-	  Patch by @sferik in [GH-1037]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1037
-	  This commit is an addendum to https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1033.
-	  It:
-	  1. lazily defines attribute accessors for copied and marshaled objects,
-	  2. returns nil when an attribute reader is not defined, and
-	  3. defines respond_to_missing? to maintain the same respond_to? behavior
-
-Wed Oct 14 16:56:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: check for libunwind.h, which is not available in
-	  very old OS X SDK.  [ruby-core:71080] [Bug #11591]
-
-Wed Oct 14 14:11:42 2015  Brian Black  <bblack@veracode.com>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_insn_operand_intern): change kw in callinfo disasm from the
-	  number of keyword arguments to an ordered list of the keywords used.
-	  [Feature #11589]
-
-Wed Oct 14 13:58:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_nextc): send a warning to ripper, not to STDERR
-	  always.
-
-	* parse.y (rb_warn1, rb_warning1): move argument conversions to
-	  callers.  PRIsVALUE is not valid in String#%.
-
-Wed Oct 14 13:37:23 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc: fix spell error.
-	  [fix GH-1053][ci skip] Patch by @Matrixbirds
-
-Tue Oct 13 22:06:50 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (rsock_fd_family): Check sa_len.
-
-Tue Oct 13 12:14:10 2015  Craig Davison  <craig65535@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/socket/rsock_addrinfo (rsock_addrinfo): specify address
-	  family.  [Fix GH-1052]
-
-	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_connect, udp_bind, udp_send):
-	  address family by the receiver.
-
-Sun Oct 11 07:09:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_push_frame): initialize other than sp (and ep)
-	  first for performance.
-
-Sun Oct 11 06:21:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_eval.c, internal.h (rb_yield_1): added for performance which
-	  doesn't check Qundef.
-
-	* numeric.c (int_dotimes): use rb_yield_1.
-
-Sun Oct 11 06:19:49 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_iseq_setup_normal): setup sp first
-	  for performance.
-
-Sun Oct 11 05:29:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (invoke_block_from_c): split this function into several
-	  functions.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_yield_callee_setup_arg): remove this function
-	  because it is only delegation function.
-
-Sun Oct 11 03:48:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_of_slowpass): fix typo (pass -> path).
-	  Pointed out by Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>.
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_of_...): `of' is unnecessary.
-
-Sat Oct 10 19:04:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_connect, udp_bind): get open files
-	  inside ensure functions.
-
-Sat Oct 10 18:35:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method0): do not propagate enable_fastpath,
-	  but pass dummy CC to prevent wrong caching.
-
-Sat Oct 10 15:28:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* import a github pull request
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1050
-	  by Kazuho Oku <kazuho@natadeco.co>.
-
-	  This pull request has the following commits.
-
-	* gc.c: reduce # of args to 6 (max. of register args on x86-64) so
-	  that the `newobj_of_slowpass` can be called via TCO.
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_of), string.c (str_duplicate): for performance,
-	  the hot functions must be inlined.
-
-	* gc.c: for performance, preceding arguments of `.*newobj_of.*`
-	  must be same, so that the arg registers can be reused in case of
-	  TCO.
-
-Sat Oct 10 08:52:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_connect, udp_bind, udp_send): fix
-	  memory leaks at closed socket.
-
-Fri Oct  9 17:29:07 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (parse257): refactor.
-
-Fri Oct  9 16:42:26 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/imap.rb: use frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-	* test/net/imap/test_imap.rb: ditto.
-
-	* test/net/imap/test_imap_response_parser.rb: ditto.
-
-Fri Oct  9 15:52:28 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb: use frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb: ditto.
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: ditto.
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_mlsx_entry.rb: ditto.
-
-Fri Oct  9 14:12:35 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: Revert r52082 because it was
-	  dropping TLS v1.1 support too. Supporting only TLS v1.2 is too
-	  early, because many popular websites still don't support it.
-
-	  For instance, Servers where aws-sdk connects to still don't support
-	  TLS v1.2 and it became broken.
-
-	  We should consider more carefully about this.
-
-	  [Fix GH-873] [Feature #11524]
-
-Fri Oct  9 12:52:08 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): Dynamic string literals (e.g.,
-	  "#{x}") should not be frozen because they don't literally
-	  represent strings.
-	  https://twitter.com/shugomaeda/status/651937650027401216
-	  https://twitter.com/yukihiro_matz/status/651942882312482817
-	  https://twitter.com/yukihiro_matz/status/651980835181096960
-
-Fri Oct  9 06:52:49 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* benchmark/prepare_require.rb: skip file creation if it already
-	  exist. Suggested by ko1.
-
-Fri Oct  9 06:18:04 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-	* benchmark/bm_require.rb: new benchmark for require.
-	* benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb: new benchmark for conflicting
-	  require vs thread. like [Bug #11559]
-	* prepare_require.rb: new file for preparing above tests.
-	* prepare_require.rb: ditto.
-
-Thu Oct  8 14:10:45 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: Default to TLSv1.2 and drop TLS v1
-	  Patch provided by @claudijd [Fixes GH-873] [Feature #11524]:
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/873
-
-Wed Oct  7 22:55:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/minitest/metametameta.rb (with_output): restore output to
-	  fix mixing test result output in worker responses.
-
-Wed Oct  7 21:32:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (str_duplicate): move from rb_str_resurrect to short
-	  circuit initialization.
-
-Wed Oct  7 20:43:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_resurrect): fix resurrection of short enough to
-	  be embedded but not embedded string.
-
-Wed Oct  7 20:17:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_of): divide fast path and slow path
-	  to avoid register savings for fast path.
-
-	  This idea is given by Kazuho Oku <kazuho@natadeco.co>.
-
-Wed Oct  7 17:30:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_times): optimize for the argument 0 and 1.
-
-Wed Oct  7 01:20:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.h, gc.c: introduce new debug function rb_obj_info_dump(VALUE obj)
-	  which prints the result of rb_raw_obj_info(..., obj).
-
-Wed Oct  7 01:16:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_args.c: remove an unused field args_info::calling.
-
-Tue Oct  6 23:43:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_min_max_arity): should support
-	  OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL.
-
-Tue Oct  6 21:29:08 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/tmpdir.rb (Dir.tmpdir): return duplicated string to be
-	  modify safely even when $SAFE > 0.
-
-Tue Oct  6 19:24:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method0): use switch() for visibilities
-	  (for readability).
-
-Tue Oct  6 19:23:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (Init_Proc): Proc#call and others should be public.
-
-Tue Oct  6 18:51:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: IMEMO_FL_USER3 and IMEMO_FL_USER4 is not needed any more.
-
-Tue Oct  6 18:47:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: remove METHOD_ENTRY_SAFE(me) and related code
-	  because $SAFE = 3 and 4 is not available.
-	  Now, $SAFE is not checked on method dispatch at all.
-
-	* vm_eval.c, vm_insnhelper.c, vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Tue Oct  6 13:56:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: turn function macros into inline functions,
-	  for debuggers.
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: turn constant macros into enums, for
-	  debuggers.
-
-Tue Oct  6 13:48:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* method.h: typo fix. Patch by @davydovanton [fix GH-1032][ci skip]
-
-Tue Oct  6 06:54:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_free): free iseq::variable_body to avoid memory
-	  leak.
-
-Tue Oct  6 06:32:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c: enable optimization of Proc#call.
-	  [Feature #11569]
-
-	* NEWS: write about this optimization and incompatibilities.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb: catch up this fix.
-
-Tue Oct  6 04:41:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: solve goto spaghetti.
-
-	  Change all goto statement across blocks to tail call functions.
-
-Tue Oct  6 02:29:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_resurrect): optimize by short circuit to copy
-	  hidden string without checking length, encoding and so on.
-
-Mon Oct  5 23:08:17 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_thread.rb (test_handle_interrupt_blocking): check if
-	  exception handling was postponed until sleep.
-
-Mon Oct  5 22:25:49 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/pp.rb: Use frozen_string_literal: true.
-
-	* lib/prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* lib/tmpdir.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/test_pp.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/test_prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* tool/transcode-tblgen.rb: Ditto.
-
-Mon Oct  5 20:39:32 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_thread.rb: fix potential race condition.
-	  The thread could have a "sleep" status because it tries
-	  to acquire the mutex, but does not have it yet.
-
-Mon Oct  5 15:39:30 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* numeric.c: [DOC] Overview for Numeric class by Joe Corcoran
-	  This patch was created at ROSSConf Berlin 2015 [Bug #11555]
-
-Mon Oct  5 15:34:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_new): link ep to calling block.
-	  [ruby-core:70980] [Bug #11566]
-
-Mon Oct  5 00:53:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (rb_dir_getwd): make ASCII-8BIT if filesystem encoding is
-	  US-ASCII, like as Dir.glob.
-
-Sun Oct  4 23:39:09 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* enum.c (nmin_filter): Fix limit value.
-	  patch by Helder Pereira.
-	  [Bug #11471] [ruby-core:70477]
-
-Sun Oct  4 15:11:48 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/euc_jp.c (mbc_case_fold): check given string is valid or not,
-	  and if invalid, return 1. [Bug #11486]
-
-Sun Oct  4 10:09:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (rb_dir_getwd): normalize OS path to UTF-8 on OS X.
-
-Sun Oct  4 00:09:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* template/ruby-runner.c.in: wrapper to set dynamic loading path
-	  environment variable.  /bin/sh on Mac OS X 10.11 (El Capitan)
-	  clears DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH.
-
-	  it must:
-	  - do nothing even if current directory is not present
-	  - do not set other environment variables, e.g. PWD, SHLVL, etc
-	  - do not open other FDs, e.g. pipes for timer thread
-
-Sun Oct 2 10:59:00 2015  schneems  <richard.schneeman@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb: freeze string literals for
-	  reduced object allocation.
-	  [Feature #11375] [ruby-core:70043]
-
-Fri Oct  2 09:20:20 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* common.mk, lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: Change Unicode
-	  Version for character normalization data from 7.0.0 to
-	  8.0.0.
-
-Fri Oct  2 00:18:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_mark): block.ep of Proc from Symbol is now NULL.
-	  [ruby-core:70961] [Bug #11560]
-
-Wed Sep 30 15:47:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_args.c (vm_caller_setup_arg_block): bypass Symbol#to_proc
-	  call to optimize symbol block passing.
-
-Wed Sep 30 01:34:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_free): fix memory leak at syntax error when
-	  warn-indent is enabled.
-
-Tue Sep 29 22:27:50 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* parse.y: fix minor typo. [ci skip][fix GH-1038].
-	  Patch by @ltratt.
-
-Tue Sep 29 16:53:53 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* tool/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl, lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb:
-	  get rid of many .freeze commands by using frozen_string_literal
-	  pragma.
-
-Tue Sep 29 16:37:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (compile_dstr_fragments): fix performance by omitting
-	  the first empty string only for keeping literal encoding if
-	  other literals are too.  [ruby-core:70930] [Bug #11556]
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_append_literal): append but keep encoding non
-	  US-ASCII.
-
-Mon Sep 28 17:40:17 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (mtime): use usec instead of fractions to parse
-	  decimal fractions of a second correctly when the number of digits
-	  is not 6.
-
-Mon Sep 28 16:07:08 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (mtime): parse decimal fractions of a second as
-	  specified in RFC 3659.
-
-Mon Sep 28 10:31:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/test_forwardable.rb: Write basic tests for lib/forwardable.
-	  [fix GH-1035] Patch by @kachick
-
-Sun Sep 27 23:32:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* class.c (rb_define_class, rb_define_class_id_under): refine
-	  error messages.
-
-	* class.c (rb_define_module, rb_define_module_id_under): ditto,
-	  and make consistent with class.
-
-Sun Sep 27 18:44:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: removed duplicated message.
-
-Sun Sep 27 15:46:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c (process_options): add an option to enable/disable
-	  frozen-string-literal.  [Feature #8976]
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): override compile option by option
-	  given by pragma.
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_make_compile_option): extract a function to
-	  overwrite rb_compile_option_t.
-
-	* parse.y (parser_set_compile_option_flag): introduce pragma to
-	  override compile options.
-
-	* parse.y (magic_comments): new pragma "frozen-string-literal".
-	  [Feature #8976]
-
-Sun Sep 27 08:16:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb (delete_field): do not raise NameError for
-	  existing keys.  [Fix GH-1033]
-
-Sun Sep 27 00:34:31 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/ostruct.rb: Move method definitions for getter/setter to be lazy
-	  Patch by @sferik in [GH-1033]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1033
-
-Fri Sep 25 10:07:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb: removed unused variable. It's removed at r13648.
-	  [fix GH-1022] Patch by @nkondratyev
-
-Fri Sep 25 09:48:27 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: upgrade to minitest-5.8.1
-
-Fri Sep 25 09:47:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* id_table.c: fix typo. [ci skip][fix GH-1031] Patch @davydovanton
-
-Fri Sep 25 07:54:05 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/gdbm/test_gdbm.rb (TestGDBM#test_s_open_lock): skip
-	  this test on AIX. The issue is the same as on Solaris.
-	  [ruby-dev:47631]
-
-Thu Sep 24 17:25:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (paren_args): fix separator token at `foo::bar()` in
-	  ripper.
-
-Thu Sep 24 00:00:17 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* complex.c: ruby/config.h must be included before math.h
-	  because it defines _LARGE_FILES on AIX and _LARGE_FILES
-	  must be defined before sys/types.h is included from math.h.
-	  [Bug #11483]
-
-Wed Sep 23 22:22:38 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12*: Remove svn commit id macro
-
-Wed Sep 23 01:11:28 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/*: Remove svn commit id macros to make sync easier
-
-Tue Sep 22 04:20:01 2015  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
-
-	* test/drb/test_drb.rb: Run Rinda/DRb tests on localhost. [Fix GH-1027]
-	  patch by voxik.
-
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb: ditto
-
-Mon Sep 21 20:53:39 2015  tbpgr  <tbpgr@tbpgr.jp>
-
-	* test/win32ole/test_win32ole_event.rb: fix typo.
-	  swbemsink_avairable? => swbemsink_available?  [Fix GH-1025]
-
-Sun Sep 20 10:07:35 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
-
-	* cont.c (rb_callcc): [DOC] append continuations example accros
-	  methods.  [Fix GH-1026]
-
-Sun Sep 20 03:20:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_free): free rb_iseq_t::body::cc_entries.
-
-Sun Sep 20 02:46:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: split rb_call_info_t into several structs.
-	  * rb_call_info (ci) has compiled fixed information.
-	  * if ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG, then rb_call_info is
-	    also rb_call_info_with_kwarg. This technique reduce one word
-	    for major rb_call_info data.
-	  * rb_calling_info has temporary data (argc, blockptr, recv).
-	    for each method dispatch. This data is allocated only on
-	    machine stack.
-	  * rb_call_cache is for inline method cache.
-
-	  Before this patch, only rb_call_info_t data is passed.
-	  After this patch, above three structs are passed.
-
-	  This patch improves:
-	  * data locality (rb_call_info is now read-only data).
-	  * reduce memory consumption (rb_call_info_with_kwarg,
-	    rb_calling_info).
-
-	* compile.c: use above data.
-
-	* insns.def: ditto.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_args.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h: ditto.
-
-	* iseq.h: add iseq_compile_data::ci_index and
-	  iseq_compile_data::ci_kw_index.
-
-	* tool/instruction.rb: introduce TS_CALLCACHE operand type.
-
-Sun Sep 20 02:18:10 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/lib/envutil.rb: mkfifo command based File.mkfifo method
-	  definition removed.
-
-Fri Sep 18 20:11:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_s_mkfifo): implement File.mkfifo.
-	  [Feature #11536]
-
-Fri Sep 18 16:56:19 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* NEWS: add Net::FTP#mlst and Net::FTP#mlsd.
-
-Fri Sep 18 07:39:22 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c (obj_type): add IMEMO types to the heap
-	  dump information.
-
-Thu Sep 17 22:33:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk: fix command error with outside builddir.
-
-Thu Sep 17 17:42:09 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk: separated test for test-framework from test-all task.
-	  They should be invoke at first before tests of test-all.
-
-Thu Sep 17 12:05:54 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_dir.rb (TestDir#test_fileno): s/?x/"x"/. Don't
-	  use tricky code, please.
-
-Wed Sep 16 20:49:56 2015  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* encindex.h: fix typo of last #endif comment. [ci skip]
-
-Wed Sep 16 20:39:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (set_const_visibility): fail if the class/module is
-	  frozen.  [ruby-core:70828] [Bug #11532]
-
-Wed Sep 16 17:16:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE): enable per-VM object space on
-	  Windows by default, as rb_w32_sysinit() no longer depends on
-	  ruby_xmalloc.
-
-Wed Sep 16 15:08:17 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Strings): [DOC] Revise the character
-	  literal part.
-
-Wed Sep 16 14:55:33 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Strings): [DOC] Document the full list
-	  of supported escape sequences in string literals.
-
-Wed Sep 16 14:49:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_setbyte): keep the code range as possible.
-
-Wed Sep 16 13:23:48 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Strings): mention about ?a literal.
-
-Wed Sep 16 12:06:53 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* dir.c (glob_helper): check pathtype once again by lstat(2) if
-	  dp->d_type is DT_UNKNOWN. XFS may return DT_UNKNOWN.
-
-Wed Sep 16 03:49:19 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_thread.rb (TestThread#test_mutex_synchronize):
-	  insert waste loop for invoking preemptive thread context switch.
-	  [Bug #11496]
-
-Tue Sep 15 19:38:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_objspace_alloc, rb_objspace_free): define always
-	  regardless ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE, and free heap pages.
-
-Tue Sep 15 15:15:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_sysinit, rb_w32_readdir): compare by
-	  encoding index to get rid of encoding initialization before VM
-	  object space allocation.
-
-	* dir.c (fundamental_encoding_p, push_glob): compare by encoding
-	  index immediately.
-
-	* enc/{ascii,us_ascii,utf_8}.c: set encoding indexes of
-	  fundamental built-in encodings so that usable as well as
-	  allocated rb_encoding before rb_enc_init().
-
-	* encindex.h: separate encoding index constants from internal.h.
-
-Tue Sep 15 13:13:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_sort_bang, rb_ary_sort): [DOC] correct block
-	  return values, which may be a negative or positive integer, not
-	  only -1 or +1.
-
-Tue Sep 15 12:49:10 2015  Jason Barnabe  <jason.barnabe@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_sort_bang, rb_ary_sort): [DOC] Correct
-	  description of array sort block return values.  And also fix up
-	  the grammar a bit.  [Fix GH-1020]
-
-Tue Sep 15 12:44:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* util.c (ruby_qsort): use BSD-style qsort_r if available.
-
-Mon Sep 14 19:26:34 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (parse_mlsx_entry): parse pathnames including
-	  space correctly.
-
-Mon Sep 14 11:12:10 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc: [DOC] fix typo, "convertion" to
-	  "conversion".  [Fix GH-1016]
-
-Sun Sep 13 11:03:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: prefix RUBY or RB to global symbols to get
-	  rid of name conflicts with other headers.
-
-	* include/ruby/encoding.h, include/ruby/intern.h: ditto.
-
-Sun Sep 13 09:38:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (size, modify, create, type, unique, perm, lang,
-	  media_type, charset): new methods to return standard facts.
-
-Sat Sep 12 19:43:49 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_iseq_setup_normal): do not clear local
-	  variables here. vm_push_frame() clears.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_iseq_setup_tailcall): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_push_frame): move check code to
-	  vm_check_frame().
-
-	  Reorder initialization timing to reuse same values (sp).
-
-	* compile.c (rb_iseq_compile_node): use
-	  iseq_set_exception_local_table() for ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD.
-
-Sat Sep 12 23:06:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (file?, directory?, appendable?, creatable?,
-	  deletable?, enterable?, renamable?, listable?, directory_makable?,
-	  purgeable?, readable?, writable?): new methods.
-
-Sat Sep 12 21:27:22 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (FACT_PARSERS): support system dependent facts
-	  UNIX.mode, UNIX.owner, UNIX.group, UNIX.ctime, and UNIX.atime.
-
-Sat Sep 12 19:08:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_dup2): should return the new fd on
-	  success, while msvcrt returns 0 wrongly.
-
-Sat Sep 12 18:14:11 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (parse_mlsx_entry, mlst) raise an FTPProtoError
-	  when parsing failed.
-
-Sat Sep 12 18:00:35 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (TIME_PARSER): use "Z" instead of "+00:00" to
-	  get UTC time.  Thanks, Wilson Bilkovich.
-
-Sat Sep 12 17:55:24 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (mlst, mlsd): support new commands MLST and MLSD
-	  specified in RFC 3659.
-
-Sat Sep 12 16:14:31 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c: access()/eaccess() wrapping methods check more than just uid.
-	  [fix GH-1007][ci skip] Patch by @eam
-
-Sat Sep 12 16:07:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* README.md: improve markdown rendering for readability.
-	  [fix GH-1015][ci skip] Patch by @Matrixbirds
-
-Sat Sep 12 14:30:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (save_redirect_fd): make saved FDs close-on-exec not
-	  to be inherited.
-
-	* process.c (run_exec_dup2): restore close-on-exec flags too.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (fcntl): implement F_GETFD, F_SETFD, and
-	  F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC.
-
-Sat Sep 12 05:35:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* rational.c (string_to_r_strict): preserve encoding in exception
-
-Fri Sep 11 20:23:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_call_info_t::aux.opt_pc.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: introduce shortcut functions for opt_pc == 0
-	  because opt_pc is always 0 on shortcut function.
-
-Fri Sep 11 17:49:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c: disable ISeq.load. It enabled accidentally at r51794.
-
-Fri Sep 11 11:15:12 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (size, mdtm, system): parse responses according to
-	  RFC 959 and 3659, where reply codes must be followed by SP.
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (system): remove LF from the return value.
-
-Thu Sep 10 22:48:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (literal_concat_gen, evstr2dstr_gen): keep literal
-	  encoding beginning with an interpolation same as the source file
-	  encoding.  [ruby-core:70703] [Bug #11519]
-
-Thu Sep 10 22:15:51 2015  Joe Rafaniello  <jrafanie@redhat.com>
-
-	* process.c (rb_f_spawn): Be more specific regarding "other
-	  values" by having "non-zero positive integers" Add nil, the
-	  default value, as a possible value and what it means.
-
-	  Try to use more consistent language.
-	  [Fix GH-1008]
-
-Thu Sep 10 15:16:02 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (getmultiline): refactor.
-
-Thu Sep 10 12:17:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_build_from_ary_body): register cdhash to the
-	  iseq constant body instead of compile time mark array, not to
-	  get GCed.  [ruby-core:70708] [Feature #8543]
-
-Wed Sep  9 18:16:14 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/stub_specification.rb (Gem::StubSpecification#data):
-	  should not change the value of $. when `require`ing gems.
-	  this fixed test failures introduced by r51813.
-
-Wed Sep  9 16:55:45 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c (usage, enable_option, disable_option, process_options): new
-	  option `--disable-did_you_mean`.
-
-	* gem_prelude.rb: now requires did_you_mean gem by default if available.
-
-Wed Sep  9 13:38:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/extlibs.rb (do_patch): let "patch" command change the
-	  working directory and open the patch file there, instead of
-	  spawn options, so that proper error message will be shown by the
-	  command not just "chdir" or "open".
-
-Wed Sep  9 11:33:05 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (update-gems): use BASERUBY instead of RUNRUBY.
-
-Wed Sep  9 11:08:59 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/delegate.rb: Remove backtrace cleaning for delegated methods
-	  This patch was provided by Rafael Franca and greatly improves
-	  performance when an exception is raised. [Bug #11461]
-
-Wed Sep  9 10:05:41 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_config.rb: fix broken tests for Windows platform.
-
-Wed Sep  9 07:46:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems HEAD(fe61e4c112).
-	  this version contains new feature that warn invalid SPDX license
-	  identifiers. https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/1249
-	  and #1032, #1023, #1332, #1328, #1306, #1321, #1324
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Tue Sep  8 23:17:36 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0.beta2.
-
-Tue Sep  8 23:09:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_s_popen): do not wait the child process during being
-	  killed.  [ruby-core:70671] [Bug #11510]
-
-Tue Sep  8 22:18:04 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: revert because ruby trunk never be able to install
-	  the did_you_mean gem.  retry after enough test.
-
-Tue Sep  8 21:48:22 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: Automatically install the did_you_mean gem
-	  as a bundled gem.  [Feature #11252]
-
-Tue Sep  8 17:17:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_call_info_t::blockiseq.
-
-	* insns.def (send, invokesuper): pass blockiseq explicitly.
-
-	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_args.c: ditto.
-
-	* iseq.c (ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION): 2->3 because instruction spec was
-	  changed.
-
-Tue Sep  8 15:01:19 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (list): fetch all the lines before yielding a block
-	  to allow other commands in the block.  [Feature #11454]
-	  Patched by Srikanth Shreenivas.
-
-Tue Sep  8 12:05:00 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_read_reparse_point): return correct required
-	  buffer size for IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT.
-
-Tue Sep  8 00:14:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): raise with the target path
-	  name when open() failed.
-
-Mon Sep  7 23:45:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_exec_fail): raise with the target directory name
-	  when chdir() failed.  pointed out by sorah.
-
-Mon Sep  7 22:05:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (insert): should use plain strdup() instead of
-	  ruby_strdup() at startup time, and plain free()ed in cmdglob().
-
-Mon Sep  7 16:49:30 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_struct): define objspace always regardless
-	  ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE.
-
-Mon Sep  7 15:54:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS): fix typo.
-	  TODO: make arguments of all CAS macros consistent.
-
-Sun Sep  6 16:07:22 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ccan/list/list.h: suppress unused argument warnings
-	  [ccan commit 6aaca17e07588997417a73fac19dcf0ff17ed81b]
-
-Sat Sep  5 11:39:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rss/rss.rb (Time#w3cdtf): fix zero-trimmed width of fraction
-	  digits.  [ruby-core:70667] [Bug #11509]
-
-Sat Sep  5 08:28:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_equal, rb_hash_eql): [DOC] the orders of each
-	  hashes are not compared.  [Bug #11508]
-
-Fri Sep  4 23:26:22 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/win32.h: fix macro name for VC runtime version,
-	  RT_VER is only in Makefile.
-
-Fri Sep  4 17:46:17 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/contributing.rdoc: fix configuration option.
-	  [ci skip] [fix GH-1009]
-
-Fri Sep  4 04:46:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_memsize): functions for wrapper object should have
-	  iseqw_ prefix.
-
-Thu Sep  3 21:12:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/cgi/session.rb (create_new_id): use SHA512 instead of MD5.
-	  pointed out by SARWAR JAHAN.
-
-Thu Sep  3 20:29:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): iseq->body->location.first_lineno is Fixnum.
-
-Thu Sep  3 17:54:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (raise_method_missing): "names" should be singular.
-	  pointed out by Filip Bartuzi.
-
-Thu Sep  3 17:50:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): should support IMEMO/iseq.
-
-Thu Sep  3 10:07:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (raise_method_missing): refine error messages when a
-	  symbol is not given.  [Fix GH-1013]
-
-Wed Sep  2 18:49:55 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/*: merge psych master(8737e5b). It contains following fixes.
-	  https://github.com/tenderlove/psych/pull/242
-	  https://github.com/tenderlove/psych/pull/246 [ruby-list:50219]
-	* test/psych/*: ditto.
-
-Wed Sep  2 18:04:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h (GET_PC_COUNT): remove unused macro.
-
-Wed Sep  2 17:18:37 2015  Chris Schneider  <chris@christopher-schneider.com>
-
-	* process.c (proc_detach): [DOC] fix typo "intent" as "intend" in
-	  rdoc.  [Fix GH-1011]
-
-Wed Sep  2 16:58:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_realpath_internal): use filesystem encoding if the
-	  argument is in ASCII encodings.
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_readlink): needs the result encoding.
-
-Tue Sep  1 18:37:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: catch up last commit.
-
-Tue Sep  1 18:16:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* thread_sync.c (queue_do_close): ignore multiple close to allow
-	  multiple producers.
-	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10600#note-14
-
-Tue Sep  1 18:06:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* thread_tools.c: rename thread_tools.c to thread_sync.c.
-
-Mon Aug 31 17:04:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (move_refined_method): should insert a write barrier
-	  from an original class to a created (cloned) method entry.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test.
-
-Sun Aug 30 02:42:22 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_method_tab): Only add SSLv3 support
-	  if the SSL library supports it.  Thanks Kurt Roeckx <kurt@roeckx.be>
-	  [Bug #11376]
-
-	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: check for SSLv3 support in the SSL
-	  implementation.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): Skip tests that need SSLv3
-	  if there is no support.
-
-Fri Aug 28 16:05:09 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rdoc/*: Update rdoc master(cfffed5)
-	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/337
-	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/367
-
-Fri Aug 28 10:16:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (hook_before_rewind): prevent kicking :return event while
-	  finishing vm_exec func because invoke_block_from_c() kick a :return
-	  event for bmethods.
-	  [Bug #11492]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
-
-Thu Aug 27 18:05:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb: use IO::NULL instead of '/dev/null'
-	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: ditto.
-
-Thu Aug 27 15:24:57 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_set_sequence): rename variable names
-	  to make it readable.
-
-Thu Aug 27 07:45:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* thread_tools.c: add Queue#close(exception=false) and
-	  SizedQueue#close(exception=false).
-	  [Feature #10600]
-
-	  Trying to deq from a closed empty queue return nil
-	  if exception parameter equals to false (default).
-
-	  If exception parameter is truthy, it raises
-	  ClosedQueueError (< StopIteration).
-	  ClosedQueueError inherits StopIteration so that you can write:
-
-	    loop{ e = q.deq; (using e) }
-
-	  Trying to close a closed queue raises ClosedQueueError.
-
-	  Blocking threads to wait deq for Queue and SizedQueue will be
-	  restarted immediately by returning nil (exception=false) or
-	  raising a ClosedQueueError (exception=true).
-
-	  Blocking threads to wait enq for SizedQueue will be
-	  restarted by raising a ClosedQueueError immediately.
-
-	  The above specification is not proposed specification, so that
-	  we need to continue discussion to conclude specification this
-	  method.
-
-	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: add tests originally written by
-	  John Anderson and modify detailed behavior.
-
-Wed Aug 26 10:52:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c (rb_memsearch_wchar, rb_memsearch_qchar): test matching
-	  till the end of string.  [ruby-core:70592] [Bug #11488]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_m17n.rb (test_include?, test_index): add tests by
-	  Tom Stuart.
-
-Wed Aug 26 09:26:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* id_table.c (list_table_extend, hash_table_extend): remove C99
-	  features.  [ruby-dev:49239] [Bug #11487]
-
-Tue Aug 25 06:34:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (w32_symlink): implement symlink().
-
-Mon Aug 24 16:01:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* encoding.c (rb_locale_encindex): find encoding index without
-	  making a string object every time.  [ruby-core:58160] [Bug #9080]
-
-Sat Aug 22 15:43:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (check_funcall_failed, check_funcall_missing): cache
-	  results of respond_to? and respond_to_missing?, and search a
-	  public method only for compatibility with rb_respond_to.
-
-Sat Aug 22 08:23:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/thread/thread.c: move definitions of Queue, SizedQueue
-	  and ConditionalVariables to thread_tools.c. In other words,
-	  such classes are built-in.
-	  [Feature #8919]
-
-	  At first, I planned to embed only a Queue class.
-	  However, rubygems requires 'thread.rb' (rubygems are
-	  required at first, when launch MRI without --disable-gems).
-	  So most of people require 'thread.rb' as an embedded library.
-
-	  Now, ext/thread/thread.c is empty, only for a dummy for
-	  compatibility.
-
-	* thread.c: move a definition of Mutex class to thread_tools.c.
-
-	  And define Mutex class under Thread (so now Mutex is Thread::Mutex).
-	  Because other thread related classes are also defined under Thread.
-	  We remain ::Mutex as Thread::Mutex. Only an inspect result is changed.
-
-	* common.mk: add dependency from thread.o to thread_tools.c.
-
-Sat Aug 22 05:31:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_opts.h, iseq.c, iseq.h: add compile option to force frozen
-	  string literals.
-	  [Feature #11473]
-
-	  This addition is not specification change, but to try frozen
-	  string literal world discussed on [Feature #11473].
-
-	  You can try frozen string literal world using this magical line:
-
-	    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option =
-	      {frozen_string_literal: true}
-
-	  Note that this is a global compilation option, so that you need to
-	  compile another script like that:
-
-	    p 'foo'.frozen? #=> false
-	    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option =
-	      {frozen_string_literal: true}
-	    p 'foo'.frozen? #=> false, because this line is already compiled.
-	    p eval("'foo'.frozen?") #=> true
-
-	  Details:
-	    * String literals are deduped by rb_fstring().
-	    * Dynamic string literals ("...#{xyz}...") is now only frozen,
-	      not deduped. Maybe you have other ideas.
-
-	  Now, please do not use this option on your productions :)
-	  Of course, current specification can be changed.
-
-	* compile.c: ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_iseq.rb: add a test.
-
-Sat Aug 22 02:53:12 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/*: update to Psych 2.0.14
-
-	* test/psych/*: ditto
-
-Fri Aug 21 19:58:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: add a new method ObjectSpace.count_symbols.
-	  [Feature #11158]
-
-	* symbol.c (rb_sym_immortal_count): added to count immortal symbols.
-
-	* symbol.h: ditto.
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add a test for this method.
-
-	* NEWS: describe about this method.
-
-Fri Aug 21 19:48:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/Makefile.sub ($(LIBRUBY_SO)): needs additional libraries
-	  for extension libraries to link statically.
-	  [ruby-core:70499] [Feature #9018]
-
-Fri Aug 21 18:49:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h, cont.c, vm_trace.c: add a new event
-	  fiber_switch. We need more discussion about this feature
-	  so that I don't write it on NEWS.
-	  [Feature #11348]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add tests.
-
-Fri Aug 21 17:32:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_invoke_block): we should not expect ci->argc is
-	  stable after invoking a block. [Bug #11451]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_yield.rb: add a test. This test script is given by
-	  Alex Dowad.
-
-Fri Aug 21 06:35:50 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl_session.rb: Fix tests so that they take in to
-	  account OpenSSL installations that have SSLv3 disabled by default.
-	  Thanks Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net> for the patches.
-	  [Bug #11366] [Bug #11367]
-
-Thu Aug 20 22:19:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c (basic_obj_respond_to): call respond_to_missing?
-	  only when redefined.  [ruby-core:70460] [Bug #11465]
-
-Thu Aug 20 14:13:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (check_funcall_respond_to): share the behavior with
-	  rb_obj_respond_to.  [ruby-core:70460] [Bug #11465]
-
-	* vm_method.c (vm_respond_to): extract from rb_obj_respond_to and
-	  merge r39881.
-
-Thu Aug 20 08:53:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_obj_respond_to): reuse found method entry
-	  instead of searching same entry repeatedly.
-
-Thu Aug 20 08:31:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename), win32/win32.c (opendir_internal):
-	  check reparse point tags and treat supported tags only as
-	  symbolic links.  [ruby-core:70454] [Bug #11462]
-
-Wed Aug 19 23:59:28 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): add OP_ALL to
-	  existing options rather than just setting it.  Some vendors apply
-	  custom patches to their versions of OpenSSL that set default values
-	  for options.  This commit respects the custom patches they've
-	  applied.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): check that OP_ALL has been
-	  added to the options.
-
-Wed Aug 19 23:55:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_f_spawn): [DOC] elaborate environment variable
-	  values.  [ruby-core:70456] [Bug #11463]
-
-Wed Aug 19 23:48:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (winnt_lstat): check reparse point tags and treat
-	  supported tags only as symbolic links.
-	  [ruby-core:70454] [Bug #11462]
-
-Tue Aug 18 20:05:49 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): ensure the memory is really
-	  allocated. [Bug #11457]
-
-Tue Aug 18 17:19:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (IS_BEG): include labeled argument state, which was
-	  EXPR_LABELARG.  [ruby-dev:49221] [Bug #11456]
-
-Tue Aug 18 16:16:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (RClass): define only in C, `__attribute__`
-	  between `struct` and the name can't compile with g++.
-	  [ruby-core:70297] [Bug #11426]
-
-Mon Aug 17 20:56:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y: fix syntax error at do-block after a conditional
-	  operator.  separate label-allowed and after-a-label states from
-	  others as bit flags.  [ruby-dev:48790] [Bug #10653]
-
-Mon Aug 17 11:57:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_each_codepoint): raise an exception at incomplete
-	  character before EOF when conversion takes place.  [Bug #11444]
-
-Sun Aug 16 17:33:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update latest version of bundled gems.
-	  It includes minitest-5.8.0 and test-unit 3.1.3.
-
-Sun Aug 16 17:24:10 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): check if RCLASS_EXT is valid
-	  before marking. This fixes the following test failure
-	  introduced in r51126:
-
-	    make test-all TESTOPTS='--gc-stress ruby/test_refinement.rb'
-
-Sat Aug 15 10:51:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (API#SetValue): data size should
-	  be in bytes, not in chars.  [ruby-core:70365] [Bug #11439]
-
-Sat Aug 15 10:15:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_each_codepoint): read more data when read partially.
-	  [ruby-core:70379] [Bug #11444]
-
-Sat Aug 15 04:33:39 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* hash.c (any_hash): skip rb_objid_hash for static syms
-	  (rb_num_hash_start): extract from rb_ident_hash
-	  (rb_objid_hash): call rb_num_hash_start
-	  (rb_ident_hash): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:70181] [Feature #11405]
-
-Sat Aug 15 04:16:13 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_mark): reduce NULL checks
-
-Fri Aug 14 18:50:57 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_VISI_SET): cast visi to int
-	  (METHOD_ENTRY_FLAGS_SET): ditto
-
-Fri Aug 14 18:43:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* process.c (close_unless_reserved): add extra check
-	  (dup2_with_divert): remove
-	  (redirect_dup2): use dup2 without divert
-	  (before_exec_non_async_signal_safe): adjust call + comment
-	  (rb_f_exec): stop timer thread for all OSes
-	  (rb_exec_without_timer_thread): remove
-	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): adjust call
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_stop_timer_thread): always close pipes
-	* thread_pthread.c (struct timer_thread_pipe): add writing field,
-	  mark owner_process volatile for signal handlers
-	  (rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread_fd): check valid FD
-	  (rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread): set writing flag to prevent close
-	  (rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread_low): ditto
-	  (CLOSE_INVALIDATE): new macro
-	  (close_invalidate): new function
-	  (close_communication_pipe): removed
-	  (setup_communication_pipe_internal): make errors non-fatal
-	  (setup_communication_pipe): ditto
-	  (thread_timer): close reading ends inside timer thread
-	  (rb_thread_create_timer_thread): make errors non-fatal
-	  (native_stop_timer_thread): close write ends only, always,
-	   wait for signal handlers to finish
-	  (rb_divert_reserved_fd): remove
-	* thread_win32.c (native_stop_timer_thread): adjust (untested)
-	  (rb_divert_reserved_fd): remove
-	* vm_core.h: adjust prototype
-	  [ruby-core:70386] [Bug #11336]
-
-Fri Aug 14 18:40:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (API#SetValue): add terminator
-	  size, not 1 byte.  [ruby-core:70365] [Bug #11439]
-
-Thu Aug 13 22:49:42 2015  Juanito Fatas  <katehuang0320@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/timeout.rb (Timeout#timeout): freeze a string message to
-	  reduce string allocations.  [Fix GH-996]
-
-Thu Aug 13 17:42:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes): move the definition
-	  to iseq.h because this function is shared with iseq.c and compile.c.
-
-Thu Aug 13 14:36:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c (rb_num_to_dbl): move from num2dbl_with_to_f in math.c.
-
-Thu Aug 13 09:01:25 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* load.c (features_index_add): avoid repeat calculation
-
-Wed Aug 12 21:57:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* id_table.c: IMPL() macro accept op as _opname instead of opname
-	  because jemalloc seems to replace the word `free' to `je_free'.
-
-Wed Aug 12 21:51:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* id_table.c (mix_id_table_insert): fix memory leak.
-
-Wed Aug 12 21:17:38 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_memsize): reimplement for wrapper
-	  (param_keyword_size): extracted from iseq_memsize
-	  (iseqw_mark): new mark function
-	  (iseqw_data_type): new data type
-	  (iseqw_new): wrap as iseqw_data_type
-	  (iseqw_check): adjust for wrapper
-	  (Init_ISeq): remove iseqw_iseq_key initialization
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: new test
-	  [ruby-core:70344] [Feature #11435]
-
-Wed Aug 12 21:15:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes): extract from compile.c
-	* compile.c (iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash): use above function
-
-Wed Aug 12 18:00:17 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (move_refined_method): same as the last commit.
-
-Wed Aug 12 17:57:53 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c, gc.c vm.c: use ID_TABLE_* instead of ST_*
-	  (such as ST_CONTINUE) for enum rb_id_table_iterator_result.
-
-Wed Aug 12 17:05:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* id_table.h: introduce ID key table.
-	  [Feature #11420]
-
-	  This table only manage ID->VALUE table to reduce overhead of st.
-
-	  Some functions prefixed rb_id_table_* are provided.
-
-	* id_table.c: implement rb_id_table_*.
-
-	  There are several algorithms to implement it.
-
-	  Now, there are roughly 4 types:
-
-	    * st
-	    * array
-	    * hash (implemented by  Yura Sokolov)
-	    * mix of array and hash
-
-	  The macro ID_TABLE_IMPL can choose implementation.
-	  You can see detailes about them at the head of id_table.c.
-
-	  At the default, I choose 34 (mix of list and hash).
-	  This is not final decision.
-	  Please report your suitable parameters or
-	  your data structure.
-
-	  * symbol.c: introduce rb_id_serial_t and rb_id_to_serial()
-	    to represent ID by serial number.
-
-	  * internal.h: use id_table for method tables.
-
-	  * class.c, gc.c, marshal.c, vm.c, vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Aug 12 05:19:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* parse.y (rb_parser_compile_cstr): remove volatile arg
-	  (rb_parser_compile_string): ditto
-	  (rb_parser_compile_file): ditto
-	  (rb_parser_compile_string_path): ditto
-	  (rb_parser_compile_file_path): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:70323] [Misc #11431]
-
-Tue Aug 11 22:59:57 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* numeric.c (Init_Numeric): Fix document for Float::MIN and
-	  Float::EPSILON.
-
-Tue Aug 11 15:22:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (ALLOCV_N): check integer overflow, as well
-	  as ruby_xmalloc2.  pointed out by Paul <pawlkt AT gmail.com>.
-
-Tue Aug 11 14:57:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_repeated_permutation): fix buffer size, ALLOCV_N
-	  already multiplies element size.
-
-Tue Aug 11 12:13:20 2015  Jeremy Evans  <merch-redmine@jeremyevans.net>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: Fix LocalJumpErrors being raised
-	  in OpenSSL tests. [ruby-core:70020][Bug #11368]
-
-Tue Aug 11 11:54:13 2015  Alexey Lipnyagov  <liptonshmidt@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: Fix documentation for String#slice
-	  [ruby-core:70298][Bug #11427]
-
-Tue Aug 11 11:53:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (superclass): make superclass rule optional and allow
-	  any contents without a terminator.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
-
-Tue Aug 11 10:58:42 2015  Juanito Fatas  <juanitofatas@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: [DOC] Make #end_with? example doc symmetry
-	  with #start_with? [fix GH-992][ci skip]
-
-Tue Aug 11 10:51:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: Add test for `Array#flatten` with level 1
-	  [fix GH-986] Patch @yui-knk
-
-Tue Aug 11 10:48:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enum.c: added doc for Enumerable#zip
-	  [fix GH-985] Patch by @yui-knk
-	* test/ruby/test_enum.rb: added tests for Enumerable#zip
-	  [fix GH-985] Patch @yui-knk
-
-Tue Aug 11 10:33:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c: typo fix [fix GH-993][ci skip] Patch by @0x0dea
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun Aug  9 14:15:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c (Init_vm_objects, rb_vm_fstring_table): use frozen_strings
-	  table in rb_vm_t.  [ruby-core:70274] [Bug #11423]
-
-Sat Aug  8 03:59:51 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* object.c: [DOC] Improve grammar for Module#===
-	  Patch by @SkyBirdSoar in documenting-ruby/ruby#52:
-	  https://github.com/documenting-ruby/ruby/pull/52
-
-Sat Aug  8 03:39:33 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c: [DOC] Improve description of symbol key syntax
-	  Patch by Raphael Das Gupta in documenting-ruby/ruby#51:
-	  https://github.com/documenting-ruby/ruby/pull/51
-
-Fri Aug  7 21:04:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_params): turn in_def and in_single into bit
-	  flags and reduce the size by 2-words.
-
-	* parse.y (parser_params): remove redundant prefixes.
-
-	* parse.y (yylex): non-pure parser has not been supported since
-	  merger of ripper.  change argument types from void pointers.
-
-Fri Aug  7 17:07:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (method_super_method): uncallable method entry does not
-	  have the defined class, use the owner instead.
-	  [ruby-core:70254] [Bug #11419]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb (test_super_method_unbound): add test
-	  by Akira Matsuda.
-
-Thu Aug  6 10:49:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* node.c (rb_alloc_tmp_buffer): round up the size and check the
-	  range.
-
-	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE, ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS): add
-	  atomic operations for VALUE.
-
-Thu Aug  6 08:15:49 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move
-	  SSLSocket#sysclose to Ruby.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_close): ditto
-
-Thu Aug  6 07:57:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move nonblock
-	  enable to SSLSocket#initialize and remove Nonblock module.
-
-Thu Aug  6 07:53:47 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move
-	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#initialize to Ruby.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: ditto
-
-Thu Aug  6 02:25:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* node.c (rb_alloc_tmp_buffer): use NODE_ALLOCA to mark locations
-	  like as builtin alloca.  [ruby-core:70251] [Bug #11418]
-
-Wed Aug  5 14:37:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c (rb_econv_open0): rb_econv_t::source_encoding_name
-	  and rb_econv_t::destination_encoding_name should refer static
-	  strings always or NULL.  [ruby-core:70247] [Bug #11416]
-
-Tue Aug  4 16:53:43 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): extract callback
-	  lookup to private Ruby methods. This means we can keep the default
-	  DH callback logic hidden from consumers.  Also, since the SSLSocket
-	  always has a context, we can remove conditionals about that
-	  instance.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: move callback lookup methods to private Ruby
-	  methods.
-
-Tue Aug  4 16:40:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: should not expect a method table ordering.
-	  [Feature #11414]
-
-Tue Aug 04 15:30:04 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_block_clear_env_self): clear by Qfalse instead of Qnil.
-	  [Bug #11409]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_eval.rb: add tests for this issue,
-	  written by @0x0dea.
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/988
-
-Tue Aug  4 12:12:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c: wrap long lines
-
-Tue Aug  4 09:32:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c: Removing duplicate doc [fix GH-987][ci skip]
-	  Patch by @ronakjangir47
-
-Tue Aug  4 09:21:58 2015  Richard Schneeman  <richard.schneeman+foo@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/contributing.rdoc: fixed wrong instructions with OS X
-	  [fix GH-989][ci skip] Patch by @schneems
-
-Mon Aug  3 10:08:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c (rb_memsearch): should match only char boundaries in wide
-	  character encodings.  [ruby-core:70220] [Bug #11413]
-
-Sun Aug  2 07:01:17 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb (gets):
-	  avoid comparing fixnum with nil
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: test gets with limit when EOF is hit
-	  Thanks to Bar Hofesh <bar.hofesh@safe-t.com> for the bug report
-	  and testing.
-	  [ruby-core:70149] [Bug #11400]
-
-Sat Aug  1 17:13:15 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse::Inflater#finish):
-	  fix a bug that empty gzipped response body causes Zlib::BufError.
-	  [ruby-core:68846] [Bug #11058]
-
-	* test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb: tests for the above.
-
-Sat Aug  1 17:05:18 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse#inflater):
-	  fix TypeError. An exception object might be nil.
-	  [ruby-core:68846] [Bug #11058]
-
-Sat Aug  1 09:09:46 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_setup): Implement
-	  SSLContext#options and options= using SSL_CTX_set_options and
-	  SSL_CTX_get_options. This reduces the number of ivars we need and
-	  simplifies `ossl_sslctx_setup`.
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): Default `options`
-	  to SSL_OP_ALL
-
-Sat Aug  1 06:54:36 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): OpenSSL declares these
-	  constants as longs, so we should follow that and use LONG2NUM.
-	  http://git.io/vOqxD
-
-Sat Aug  1 04:06:29 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback): change callback
-	  to return the Ruby dh (or ecdh) object that the caller cares about
-	  instead of doing rb_iv_get / set to communicate.  This means we can
-	  remove an rb_iv_get call, and only use the set calls for their
-	  intended purpose (to prevent the object from being GC'd).
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_dh_callback): ditto
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_ecdh_callback): ditto
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_ecdh_callback): ditto
-
-Sat Aug  1 03:49:31 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback): Similarly to the
-	  tmp_ecdh_callback, the SSLSocket instance always holds a reference
-	  to the SSLContext object (it's always set in `initialize`).  The
-	  SSLContext holds a reference to the tmp_dh_callback.  Ask the
-	  context for the callback instead of storing the callback in two
-	  places.
-
-Sat Aug  1 03:43:10 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback): create an array
-	  and use `rb_apply` to clean up calls to `rb_protect`.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_dh_callback): ditto
-
-Sat Aug  1 03:27:12 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_ecdh_callback): The SSL socket
-	  always holds a reference to the SSLContext object, which will have
-	  the callback object.  Ask the context for the callback instead of
-	  storing the callback in two places.
-
-Sat Aug  1 03:14:07 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): convert
-	  `tmp_dh_callback` to Ruby, and call it when setting up an SSL
-	  connection.  This allows us to move the "default" behavior to the
-	  reader method.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: call the tmp_dh_callback instead of
-	  accessing the SSLContext's internals.
-
-Fri Jul 31 23:34:27 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* .travis.yml: update libssl before running tests.
-	  Thanks to Chris Sinjakli <chris@sinjakli.co.uk> for figuring out the
-	  travis settings!
-
-Fri Jul 31 21:34:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* load.c (rb_require_internal): use rb_load_internal0 not to raise
-	  a exception to be caught.
-
-Thu Jul 30 13:19:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_const_get_0): warn deprecated constant reference.
-
-	* variable.c (rb_mod_deprecate_constant): mark constants to be
-	  warned as deprecated.  [Feature #11398]
-
-Thu Jul 30 11:53:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt): make identity hash, to
-	  compare masking classes just by their IDs.
-
-Thu Jul 30 11:52:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): stop separating exits at loading
-	  from exits from execution.  TAG_FATAL is the only case that
-	  `errinfo` is a Fixnum, and should continue to exit by JUMP_TAG
-	  but not raising as an ordinary exception.
-	  [ruby-core:70169] [Bug #11404]
-
-Thu Jul 30 10:42:27 2015  Alex Dowad  <alexinbeijing@gmail.com>
-
-	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): extra check before returning
-	  TAG_RAISE when a non-local transfer of control happens while
-	  loading and parsing a Ruby source file.
-	  [ruby-core:70169] [Bug #11404]
-
-Thu Jul 30 08:48:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* st.c (find_entry): constify st_table*
-	  (find_packed_index_from): ditto
-	  (find_packed_index): ditto
-	  (get_keys): ditto
-	  (get_values): ditto
-
-Thu Jul 30 04:29:25 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym.rb: new benchmark
-	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym_long.rb: ditto
-	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_fix.rb: ditto
-
-Wed Jul 29 21:38:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (any_hash), symbol.c (dsymbol_alloc): fix dynamic symbol
-	  hash value by restricting in Fixnum range, that is `long`.
-
-Wed Jul 29 17:25:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_obj_hash): move in order to share with rb_any_hash.
-
-Wed Jul 29 16:00:22 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (str_buf_cat): consider empty non-embed string case,
-	  not to loop infinitely.  [ruby-core:70074] [Bug #11383]
-
-Wed Jul 29 15:25:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (send_internal): set method_missing_reason before
-	  invoking overriding method_missing method so that the default
-	  method_missing can achieve it properly.
-	  [ruby-core:68515] [Bug #10969]
-
-Wed Jul 29 14:54:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_sym_hash): return same value as rb_any_hash() of
-	  Symbol.  [Bug #9381]
-
-	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): fix Float hash.  rb_dbl_hash() returns a
-	  Fixnum, but not a long.  [Bug #9381]
-
-Wed Jul 29 11:07:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* internal.h (LIKELY, UNLIKELY): make a boolean to enforce 1 or 0.
-
-Wed Jul 29 10:44:43 2015  Alex Dowad  <alexinbeijing@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c: document argument passed to finalizer proc.
-	  [fix GH-976][ci skip] Patch by @alexdowad
-
-Wed Jul 29 10:36:58 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_extract_modeenc): add option parameter `flags'
-	  to append extra oflags to normal mode.
-	  [Feature #11253] [ruby-core:69539]
-
-Wed Jul 29 04:54:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: pre-generate test key
-	  [ruby-core:70151] [Bug #11397]
-
-Tue Jul 28 10:32:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* internal.h (struct RClass): moved from ruby/ruby.h to hide the
-	  internals.
-
-Tue Jul 28 08:48:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE): attribute declaration for
-	  types.
-
-Tue Jul 28 07:23:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* symbol.h (struct RSymbol): add hashval field
-	* symbol.c (dsymbol_alloc): setup hashval field once
-	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): return RSymbol->hashval directly
-	* common.mk: hash.o depends on symbol.h
-	  Thanks to Bruno Escherl <bruno@escherl.net> for the bug report
-	  [ruby-core:70129] [Bug #11396]
-
-Tue Jul 28 03:26:15 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): raise a more
-	  helpful exception when verifying the peer connection and an
-	  anonymous cipher has been selected. [ruby-core:68330] [Bug #10910]
-	  Thanks to Chris Sinjakli <chris@sinjakli.co.uk> for the patch.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): test for change
-
-Mon Jul 27 13:24:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* template/id.h.tmpl (ID2ATTRSET): remove an unused macro.
-
-Mon Jul 27 12:21:15 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: run tests on non-Unix platforms.
-
-Sun Jul 26 19:21:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_alpn_protocol): fix condition
-	  to compile, needs ALPN to be available.  [Feature #9390]
-
-Sun Jul 26 11:29:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* signal.c (default_handler, Init_signal): discard SIGSYS, ENOSYS
-	  should raise a SystemCallError always instead.
-
-Sun Jul 26 10:26:35 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_servername_cb): set the ssl context
-	  object returned by the servername callback on to the socket as an
-	  instance variable.  If the callback allocated a new context object
-	  and didn't keep a reference to it, it could be GC'd out from under
-	  the socket object.
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): test for change.
-
-Sun Jul 26 10:07:26 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): add test coverage around
-	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#servername_cb
-
-Sun Jul 26 09:10:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update latest version of bundled power_assert.
-
-Sun Jul 26 08:49:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: backport rubygems upstream
-	  change for OpenSSL key length. see detail to
-	  https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/1290
-
-Sun Jul 26 08:33:03 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb: implement DEFAULT_512 and
-	  DEFAULT_1024 constants in Ruby.
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): Ask PKey for the
-	  default DH callback since it already must check whether openssl has
-	  been compiled with DH support.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (OSSL_PKEY_BN): Remove C definitions of
-	  DEFAULT_512 and DEFAULT_1024
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (Init_ossl_dh): ditto
-
-	* test/openssl/test_pkey_dh.rb (class OpenSSL): add test to ensure the
-	  Ruby definitions are the same as the C definitions were.
-
-Sun Jul 26 08:14:59 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): support
-	  specifically setting the tmp_dh_callback to nil.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): ditto
-
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (module OpenSSL): add a test
-
-Sun Jul 26 07:47:14 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move the default
-	  tmp_dh_callback Ruby code and set it as a default in `initialize`.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (static unsigned char DEFAULT_DH_512_GEN):
-	  move this constant to Ruby.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (static unsigned char DEFAULT_DH_1024_GEN):
-	  ditto
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (Init_ossl_dh): ditto
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_dh_callback): ditto
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_setup): tmp_dh_callback should
-	  always be set, so we can remove this conditional
-
-Sun Jul 26 06:22:24 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: add a test ensuring that the default DH
-	  callback is used when no DH callback is specified.
-
-Sun Jul 26 04:08:27 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): add missing
-	  instance variables to squash warnings with alpn.
-
-Sun Jul 26 03:42:19 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move
-	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#initialize implementation to pure Ruby.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_initialize): ditto
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): ditto
-
-Sat Jul 25 21:03:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): get rid of blocking when
-	  no entropy is available.  based on the patch by mame in
-	  [ruby-core:70114].  [Bug #11395]
-
-Sat Jul 25 11:05:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (str_replace_shared_without_enc): fill the terminator
-	  of embedded strings in wide char encodings.
-
-Sat Jul 25 06:38:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: size should be unsigned.
-	  * rb_call_info_t::index
-	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::stack_max
-	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::local_size
-	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::param::size
-	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::local_table_size
-	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::is_size
-	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::callinfo_size
-
-	* iseq.h: same for iseq_catch_table::size.
-
-	* compile.c: catch up these fix.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* proc.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_args.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-Sat Jul 25 06:00:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::line_info_table.
-
-	* iseq.c: catch up this fix.
-
-Sat Jul 25 05:56:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::param::opt_table and
-	  rb_iseq_constant_body::param::keyword.
-
-	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
-
-Sat Jul 25 04:47:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::catch_table.
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_set_exception_table): catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_exec): ditto.
-
-Fri Jul 24 21:29:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* st.c (EQUAL, st_delete_safe): fix arguments order to compare
-	  function, searching key is the first and stored key is the
-	  second always.
-
-Fri Jul 24 21:27:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (fstr_update_callback): fstring must not be a shared
-	  string, or the content without RSTRING_FSTR may be freed.
-	  [ruby-dev:49188] [Bug #11386]
-
-Fri Jul 24 20:09:43 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (RingIPv6#prepare_ipv6): prevent to use
-	  IPv6 loopback interface for
-	  Rinda::TestRingFinger#test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast and
-	  Rinda::TestRingFinger#test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast_hops.
-	  The tests are skipped if there are no IPv6 devices other than the
-	  loopback device. [Bug #11394] [ruby-dev:49199]
-
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast): ditto
-	  for Rinda::TestRingServer#test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast.
-
-	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_ring_server_ipv6_multicast): ditto
-	  for Rinda::TestRingServer#test_ring_server_ipv6_multicast.
-
-Fri Jul 24 16:35:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (fstr_update_callback): pool bare strings only.
-
-	* string.c (rb_fstring): return the original string with sharing a
-	  fstring if it has extra attributes, not the fstring itself.
-	  [ruby-dev:49188] [Bug #11386]
-
-Fri Jul 24 16:35:34 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_s_extname): [DOC] add an example.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_path.rb (test_extname): add tests.  [Fix GH-978]
-	  * path starts with dot ('.a.rb')
-	  * path includes dir name ('a/b/d/test.rb')
-	  * path includes dir name and dir name starts with dot
-	    ('.a/b/d/test.rb')
-
-Thu Jul 23 18:50:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::local_table and
-	  rb_iseq_param_keyword::table and
-	  rb_iseq_param_keyword::default_values.
-
-	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Jul 23 17:30:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::iseq_encoded and
-	  rb_control_frame_t::pc.
-
-	* compile.c (rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code): catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_exec.c (vm_exec_core): ditto.
-
-Thu Jul 23 10:25:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: add raw FL macros, which assume always the
-	  argument object is not a special constant.
-
-	* internal.h (STR_EMBED_P, STR_SHARED_P): valid only for T_STRING.
-
-	* string.c: deal with taint flags directly across String instances.
-
-Thu Jul 23 09:05:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (lambda_body): pop cmdarg stack for lookahead
-	  token.  [ruby-core:70067] [Bug #11380]
-
-Thu Jul 23 04:03:03 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: fix tests by not setting the instance
-	  variable on the frozen ssl instance.
-
-Thu Jul 23 03:32:26 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: add ECDH callback support. [Feature #11356]
-
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: test for ECDH callback support
-
-Thu Jul 23 03:29:49 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: add ALPN support. [Feature #9390]
-
-	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: detect ALPN support in OpenSSL
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: test for ALPN
-
-Wed Jul 22 23:44:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_reverse): reversed string is not a substring,
-	  and should not set coderange of the original string.
-	  [ruby-dev:49189] [Bug #11387]
-
-Wed Jul 22 20:17:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: modify layout of rb_iseq_constant_body.
-
-	  Move frequent accessing fields to upper part.
-
-Wed Jul 22 19:57:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove unused declaration of
-	  iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack.
-
-Wed Jul 22 19:52:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: separate rb_iseq_body into rb_iseq_constant_body and
-	  rb_iseq_variable_body (rb_iseq_t::variable_body).
-
-	  rb_iseq_variable_body can be modified after compilation.
-
-	* compile.c: use rb_iseq_t::variable_body.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* thread.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Jul 22 17:50:35 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb: refine code style.
-	  [fix GH-959][ci skip] Patch by @bogdanvlviv
-
-Wed Jul 22 15:48:47 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_range.rb: Add test case for Range#end with
-	  exclude_end true case. [fix GH-968] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Wed Jul 22 09:45:31 2015  Maksim Sitnikov  <sitnikovme@undev.ru>
-
-	* numeric.c (num_coerce): [DOC] fix doc for Numeric#coerce,
-	  missing '+'.  [Fix GH-974]
-
-Wed Jul 22 07:24:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* make rb_iseq_t T_IMEMO object (type is imemo_iseq).
-
-	  All contents of previous rb_iseq_t is in rb_iseq_t::body.
-	  Remove rb_iseq_t::self because rb_iseq_t is an object.
-
-	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence is wrapper object points T_IMEMO/iseq.
-	  So RubyVM::ISeq.of(something) method returns different wrapper
-	  objects but they point the same T_IMEMO/iseq object.
-
-	  This patch is big, but most of difference is replacement of
-	  iseq->xxx to iseq->body->xxx.
-
-	  (previous) rb_iseq_t::compile_data is also located to
-	  rb_iseq_t::compile_data.
-	  It was moved from rb_iseq_body::compile_data.
-
-	  Now rb_iseq_t has empty two pointers.
-	  I will split rb_iseq_body data into static data and dynamic data.
-
-	* compile.c: rename some functions/macros.
-	  Now, we don't need to separate iseq and iseqval (only VALUE).
-
-	* eval.c (ruby_exec_internal): `n' is rb_iseq_t (T_IMEMO/iseq).
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (count_imemo_objects): count T_IMEMO/iseq.
-
-	* gc.c: check T_IMEMO/iseq.
-
-	* internal.h: add imemo_type::imemo_iseq.
-
-	* iseq.c: define RubyVM::InstructionSequence as T_OBJECT.
-	  Methods are implemented by functions named iseqw_....
-
-	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): rb_iseq_new_top() returns
-	  rb_iseq_t (T_IMEMO/iesq).
-
-	* method.h (rb_add_method_iseq): accept rb_iseq_t (T_IMEMO/iseq).
-
-	* vm_core.h (GetISeqPtr): removed because it is not T_DATA now.
-
-	* vm_core.h (struct rb_iseq_body): remove padding for
-	  [Bug #10037][ruby-core:63721].
-
-Wed Jul 22 07:15:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (total_i): no need to skip singleton classes.
-
-Wed Jul 22 06:37:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_call_info_t::kw_arg,
-	  rb_control_frame_t::iseq and rb_control_frame_t::block_iseq.
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_free): catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Jul 22 06:25:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_call_info_t::blockiseq and rb_block_t::iseq.
-
-	* vm.c, vm_insnhelper.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_data_to_ary): constify the first iseq parameter.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_make_proc_with_iseq): ditto.
-
-Wed Jul 22 06:17:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: constify rb_method_iseq_t::iseqptr.
-
-	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_min_max_arity): catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (def_iseq_ptr): constify.
-
-Wed Jul 22 03:37:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (internal_object_p): Now a singleton classes appear by
-	  ObjectSpace.each_object. [Bug #11360]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb: add a test about it.
-
-Tue Jul 21 21:21:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (do_select): replace switch and goto with a loop to
-	  suppress maybe-uninitialized warnings by gcc6.
-
-	* thread.c (set_unblock_function, rb_wait_for_single_fd): ditto.
-
-Tue Jul 21 20:32:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_range.rb: Add test for Range#hash
-	  [fix GH-969] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Tue Jul 21 19:43:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* compile.c: constify the first parameter (iseq).
-	  * iseq_add_mark_object()
-	  * iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time()
-
-	* iseq.c, iseq.h (rb_iseq_add_mark_object): ditto.
-
-Tue Jul 21 16:18:48 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: increase buffer sizes
-	  to OpenBSD limits. Thanks to Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net>
-	  [ruby-core:70058]
-
-Tue Jul 21 16:08:53 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* load.c (ruby_dln_librefs): make static
-
-Tue Jul 21 13:36:54 2015  yuuji.yaginuma  <yuuji.yaginuma@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb (complete): [DOC] fix typo.  [Fix GH-973]
-
-Tue Jul 21 05:20:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (nogvl_wait_for_single_fd): new function for Linux
-	  (maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read): Linux-specific version
-	  (nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write): use nogvl_wait_for_single_fd
-	  [ruby-core:70051] [Feature #11377]
-
-Mon Jul 20 15:04:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parser_initialize): avoid redundant zero-ing
-
-Mon Jul 20 12:12:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* parse.y (struct parser_params): pack: 88 => 256 bytes on 64-bit
-	  [ruby-core:70034] [Feature #11371]
-
-Sun Jul 19 14:29:18 2015  windwiny  <windwiny.ubt@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/pty/pty.c: [DOC] fix example typo, an old name at move from
-	  PTY.open.  [Fix GH-972]
-
-Sat Jul 18 21:29:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (vm_check_ints_blocking): gather common statements at
-	  the end, and prefer LIKELY for Visual C optimization.
-
-Sat Jul 18 20:44:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): do not raise any exceptions but
-	  return the result tag state.
-
-	* load.c (rb_load_protect): reduce nested EXEC_TAGs.
-
-Sat Jul 18 19:52:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.c (run_finalizer): set and restore safe level here to reduce
-	  nested EXEC_TAGs.
-
-Sat Jul 18 18:45:22 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): error_handle() returns exit status to the
-	  system, not internal error state, do not convert the exit status
-	  again.
-
-Sat Jul 18 10:29:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: test thread+sigs work after failed exec
-
-Sat Jul 18 07:20:18 2015  Jeremy Evans  <code@jeremyevans.net>
-
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock: use smaller buffer for sendmsg
-	  [ruby-core:70016] [Bug #11364]
-
-Sat Jul 18 07:04:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* signal.c (trap_handler): cleanup to use RSTRING_GETMEM + memcmp
-
-Sat Jul 18 02:53:06 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (argf_read_nonblock): support `exception: false'
-	  (io_nonblock_eof): new function
-	  (io_read_nonblock): use io_nonblock_eof
-	  (argf_getpartial): accept kwargs hash for `exception: false'
-	* test/ruby/test_argf.rb (test_read_nonblock): new test
-	* NEWS: add item for ARGF.read_nonblock
-	  [ruby-core:70000] [Feature #11358]
-
-Fri Jul 17 23:51:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_eval_cmd): $SAFE=4 has been deprecated.
-
-Fri Jul 17 22:18:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): use enum ruby_tag_type names.
-
-	* vm_core.h (ruby_tag_type): move from eval_intern.h for compiling
-	  break/next/redo/return.
-
-Fri Jul 17 15:39:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/encoding.h (ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAN_P): predicate that
-	  tells if the coderange is clean, that is 7bit or valid, and no
-	  needs to scrub.
-
-	* re.c (rb_reg_expr_str): use ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAN_P.
-
-	* string.c (enc_strlen, rb_enc_cr_str_buf_cat, rb_str_scrub):
-	  ditto.
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_enumerate_chars): ditto, and suppress a warning
-	  by gcc6.
-
-Fri Jul 17 15:36:52 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_range.rb (test_first_last): Add test for
-	  `Range.new`.  [Fix GH-971]
-
-Fri Jul 17 15:36:40 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_range.rb (test_first_last): Add assertions to
-	  test of `Range#last` with exclude_end true case.  [Fix GH-970]
-
-Fri Jul 17 09:59:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_alone): simplify
-
-Fri Jul 17 09:58:32 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb: remove enumerator require
-	* test/pathname/test_pathname.rb: ditto
-
-Fri Jul 17 05:33:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_compile_with_option): reuse result of previous
-	  GET_THREAD() call
-	* thread.c (thread_create_core): ditto
-	  (rb_mutex_trylock): ditto
-	  (rb_mutex_lock): ditto
-	* process.c (rb_waitpid): avoid multiple eval from RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_check_ints): ditto
-
-Thu Jul 16 19:12:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* thread.c (mutex_alloc): remove needless volatile
-
-Thu Jul 16 22:05:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_t::parent_iseq.
-
-	  rb_iseq_t::local_iseq is not constant data because
-	  local_iseq::flip_cnt can be modified (commented).
-
-	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Jul 16 21:47:47 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* process.c (redirect_dup2): when the new FD of dup2() conflicts
-	  with one of the timer thread FDs, the internal FD is diverted.
-	  [Bug #11336] [ruby-core:69886] [Bug #11350] [ruby-core:69961]
-
-	* process.c (dup2_with_divert): new function for the above purpose.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (rb_divert_reserved_fd): new function for
-	  diverting reserved FD. If the given FD is the same as one of the
-	  reserved FDs, the reserved FD number is internally changed.
-	  It returns -1 when error. Otherwise, returns 0. It also returns
-	  0 if there is no need to change reserved FD number.
-
-	* thread_win32.c (rb_divert_reserved_fd): always returns 0 because
-	  of no reserved FDs.
-
-	* internal.h (rb_divert_reserved_fd): prototype declaration.
-	  It is Ruby internal use only.
-
-Thu Jul 16 21:47:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_disasm): rename rb_iseq_t *iseqdat to iseq
-	  and VALUE *iseq to code.
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_disasm_insn): ditto.
-
-Thu Jul 16 14:34:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c (REWIND_CFP): keep the arguments region inside the valid
-	  value stack.  [ruby-core:69969] [Bug #11352]
-
-Thu Jul 16 11:38:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* process.c (close_unless_reserved): declare type of `fd' arg
-
-Thu Jul 16 08:47:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* load.c (rb_construct_expanded_load_path): fstring expanded path
-	  (get_loaded_features_index): fstring feature path
-	  (rb_provide_feature): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69871] [Feature #11331]
-
-Thu Jul 16 02:56:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* thread.c (thread_initialize): avoid RSTRING_PTR and NUMT2INT
-
-Thu Jul 16 01:00:46 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb (test_exec_close_reserved_fd): test for
-	  [Bug #11353]
-
-Thu Jul 16 00:35:42 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* .gitignore: ignore version.i.
-
-Wed Jul 15 23:40:32 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb (test_deadlock_by_signal_at_forking):
-	  use RUBY (= EnvUtil.rubybin)
-
-Wed Jul 15 23:01:22 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* process.c (redirect_close, parent_redirect_close): should not close
-	  reserved FD. It should be closed in the exec system call due to the
-	  O_CLOEXEC or FD_CLOEXEC flag. [Bug #11353] [ruby-core:69977]
-
-	* process.c (close_unless_reserved): new function to close FD unless
-	  it is reserved for internal communication.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (rb_reserved_fd_p): should check owner_process pid
-	  to avoid false positive in forked child process.
-
-Wed Jul 15 18:31:18 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_mark): remove redundant check
-	* vm.c (env_mark): ditto
-
-Wed Jul 15 17:27:40 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_mark): remove check for data pointer
-	* proc.c (binding_mark): ditto
-	* vm.c (rb_thread_mark): ditto
-	* vm_trace.c (tp_mark): ditto
-
-Wed Jul 15 16:55:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* encoding.c (enc_autoload): drop dummy encoding flag from
-	  the loaded encoding index.  this flag is used only in this
-	  source.
-
-Wed Jul 15 14:39:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): add comments about env layout.
-	  Do not use `i' to specify `new_ep'.
-
-	* vm.c (rb_proc_create, rb_vm_make_proc_lambda): envval is not used.
-
-Wed Jul 15 08:59:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.h (RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL): evaluate the argument only once
-	  to get rid of inadvertent side effects.
-
-Wed Jul 15 02:53:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h, vm.c: remove rb_proc_t::envval because we can know it via
-	  rb_proc_t::block::ep.
-
-	  rb_vm_proc_envval(const rb_proc_t *proc) returns an Env object which
-	  the Proc object use.
-
-	* proc.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_dump.c (rb_vmdebug_proc_dump_raw): ditto.
-
-Wed Jul 15 02:27:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h, vm.c: remove rb_env_t::prev_envval because we can know it
-	  via env->ep.
-
-	  rb_vm_env_prev_envval(env) returns prev_envval via env->ep.
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_env_local_variables): change parameter type
-	  from VALUE (T_DATA/env) to `const rb_env_t *' to make same as
-	  rb_vm_env_prev_envval().
-
-	* proc.c: catch up these changes.
-
-	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm.c: rename macros.
-
-	  * ENV_IN_HEAP_P() to VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P() because it uses ep.
-	  * ENV_VAL() to VM_ENV_EP_ENVVAL() because it is too short.
-
-Wed Jul 15 01:09:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c: refactoring Proc/Env related code.
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove blockprocval field from rb_proc_t and rb_binding_t.
-	  Instead of this field, mark given block in Proc at rb_env_t::env.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): make an Env object with this layout.
-	  And also simplify parameters.
-
-	* proc.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_env_t::local_size because it is not used.
-
-	* vm_dump.c (rb_vmdebug_env_dump_raw): catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_make_env_object): remove rb_vm_make_env_object()
-	  because it is only referred from vm.c.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): catch up this fix.
-
-Wed Jul 15 00:03:36 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* gc.c (__has_feature): move into internal.h.
-
-	* internal.h (__has_feature): ditto.
-
-	* internal.h (__has_extension): new macro.
-
-	* internal.h (STATIC_ASSERT): use _Static_assert with
-	  clang. [ruby-core:69931] [Bug #11343]
-
-Wed Jul 15 00:00:00 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): fix compile error with
-	  clang. [ruby-core:69931] [Bug #11343]
-
-Tue Jul 14 11:22:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#register):
-	  notify the handler thread of new timeout registration.
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#initialize):
-	  make sleep intervals adaptive than fixed period intervals.
-
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb (WEBrick::GenericServer#start): flush
-	  shutdown pipe.
-
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb (WEBrick::GenericServer#stop): request the
-	  server to stop immediately by sending data via shutdown pipe.
-
-Mon Jul 13 23:58:08 2015  Stefano Tortarolo  <stefano.tortarolo@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/webrick/httpproxy.rb (WEBrick::HTTPProxyServer#do_CONNECT):
-	  fix typos in debugger statements.  [Fix GH-967]
-
-Mon Jul 13 19:11:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/timeout.rb (timeout): warn as deprecated for a long time.
-
-Mon Jul 13 01:37:27 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.c: [DOC] Backport ruby/openssl@dbb3fdb [Bug #11345]
-	  Thanks to Tomoya Chiba for the report and help with patch.
-
-Sun Jul 12 09:20:02 2015  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c: [DOC] typo (Errno::AGAIN -> Errno::EAGAIN)
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c: ditto
-
-	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c: ditto
-
-	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c: ditto
-
-	* ext/socket/unixserver.c: ditto
-
-	* io.c: ditto
-
-Sun Jul 12 06:42:23 2015  ksss  <co000ri@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/stringio/test_stringio.rb (test_sysread): add a test for
-	  StringIO#sysread.  [Fix GH-966]
-
-Sat Jul 11 21:16:34 2015  ksss  <co000ri@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (Init_stringio): [DOC] Fix an example,
-	  StringIO#puts should be set "\n" at last.  [Fix GH-965]
-
-Sat Jul 11 12:45:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/timeout.rb (Timeout#timeout): remove regexp with wrong line
-	  number and fix caller depth.
-
-Fri Jul 10 22:05:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/timeout.rb (ExitException): removed internal exception class
-	  and use Timeout::Error instead, as using throw/catch to isolate
-	  each timeouts now.  [ruby-dev:49179] [Bug #11344]
-
-Fri Jul 10 17:41:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (is_case_sensitive): get attributes by the file descriptor
-	  of open directory, instead of using mount point name.
-
-Fri Jul 10 10:46:02 2015  ksss  <co000ri@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (writable): remove unnecessary check for
-	  deprecated safe level 4.  [Fix GH-963]
-
-Thu Jul  9 15:07:12 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (waitpid): return immediately if interrupted.
-	  reported by <takkanm AT gmail.com> [ruby-dev:49176] [Bug #11340]
-
-Thu Jul  9 13:03:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): use CI_SET_FASTPATH().
-
-Thu Jul  9 11:07:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_call_info_t::klass because
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t has information about defined class.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_method): don't set ci->klass because
-	  it is removed.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_equal_opt): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_superclass): removed because it is too
-	  simple to write code directly.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): don't use vm_search_superclass().
-	  This fix avoid searching current callable `me' twice.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): ditto.
-
-Thu Jul  9 10:03:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http/responses.rb: Added 308 status to CODE_TO_OBJ list.
-	  [fix GH-961] Patch by @billinghamj
-
-Thu Jul  9 09:34:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_control_frame_t): fix comments (layout index).
-
-Thu Jul  9 09:25:50 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* parse.y: Improve duplicate key warning with patch by @andremedeiros
-	  [Fix GH-938] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/938 [Bug #11327]
-
-Wed Jul  8 07:43:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/csv.rb: typo fix [ci skip][fix GH-958] Patch by @henrik
-
-Wed Jul  8 04:42:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_data_to_ary): dump kw_arg as symbol
-	* test/-ext-/iseq_load/test_iseq_load.rb: test kw_arg roundtrip
-	  [ruby-core:69891] [Bug #11338]
-
-Tue Jul  7 18:18:41 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): fix compile error.
-
-Tue Jul  7 16:47:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* compile.c (COMPILE_ERROR): reduce GET_THREAD() calls
-
-Tue Jul  7 16:39:04 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): return -1 for error
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes): try urandom on syscall failure
-
-Tue Jul  7 15:02:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_str_normalize_ospath): skip invalid byte sequence not
-	  to loop infinitely.  this case usually does not happen as the
-	  input name should come from real file systems.
-
-Tue Jul  7 14:40:08 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_backtrace.c: remove debug flag introduced accidentally.
-
-Tue Jul  7 12:05:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* cont.c (cont_free): remove mysterious fflush()
-	  introduced at r19890, maybe accidentally.
-
-Tue Jul  7 11:45:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_method_call): because data->me should be non-NULL,
-	  do not check data->me
-
-	* proc.c (method_inspect): ditto.
-
-Tue Jul  7 11:37:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_iseq_t::orig because rb_iseq_clone()
-	  no longer exists.
-
-	* iseq.c: don't use rb_iseq_t::orig.
-
-Tue Jul 07 11:25:57 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c, internal.h (rb_iseq_clone): removed because we don't need to
-	  clone iseq any more.
-
-	* class.c (clone_method): share iseq between cloned methods. All of
-	  method dependent information are able to refer from method entry.
-
-Tue Jul  7 04:42:25 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* string.c (Init_String): use rb_str_freeze for String#freeze
-	  to resize internal buffer
-	  [ruby-core:69870] [Feature #11330]
-
-Tue Jul  7 04:12:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_define_method): remove an unused local variable.
-
-Tue Jul  7 03:57:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_iseq_t::defined_method_id because it is not
-	  needed.
-
-	* eval.c (frame_func_id): simplify. rb_callable_method_entry_t
-	  has enough information.
-
-	* eval.c (frame_called_id): ditto.
-
-	* iseq.c (prepare_iseq_build): catch up this fix.
-
-	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): ditto.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_define_method): ditto.
-
-Tue Jul  7 03:47:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove a useless declaration.
-
-Tue Jul  7 03:33:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_iseq_t::klass to reduce dynamic data.
-
-	* internal.h, iseq.c (rb_iseq_klass): remove it because
-	  rb_iseq_t::klass is removed.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_super_outside): do not see cfp->iseq, but
-	  check callable method entry on a frame.
-	  This fix simplify the logic to search super class.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: support super() from Proc.
-	  Now, [Bug #4881] and [Bug #3136] was solved.
-
-	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): catch up this change.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_define_method): ditto.
-
-	* vm_backtrace.c (rb_profile_frames): now, each `frame' objects
-	  are rb_callable_method_entry_t data or iseq VALUEs.
-
-	  This fix introduce minor compatibility issue that
-	  rb_profile_frame_label() always returns
-	  rb_profile_frame_base_label().
-
-	* test/-ext-/debug/test_profile_frames.rb: catch up this change.
-
-Tue Jul  7 01:52:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* cont.c (fiber_init): initialize control frame correctly.
-	  This fix does not affect any ordinal execution, but
-	  affects debug prints.
-
-Mon Jul  6 17:59:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): do not skip calling
-	  same methods in super.
-	  [Bug #3351]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_super.rb: fix a test.
-
-Mon Jul  6 17:59:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: removed deprecated safe level.
-
-Mon Jul  6 17:16:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h, proc.c (rb_method_entry_location): make it static
-	  and remove prefix `rb_' because it is used only in proc.c.
-
-Mon Jul  6 16:42:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/memory_status.rb: removed redundant path.
-
-Mon Jul  6 01:18:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb: make @@project_dir one level
-	  upper as this file had moved one level deeper.
-
-Sun Jul  5 23:54:10 2015  mizokami  <suzunatsu@yahoo.com>
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb: [DOC] Fix typo.
-
-Sun Jul  5 18:25:37 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_profile_record_get): fix spelling error in keys
-
-Sun Jul  5 14:49:01 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* README.md: fix a typo pointed out by raoulvdberge.
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/953#commitcomment-11998186
-
-Sun Jul  5 12:56:20 2015  Irvi Firqotul Aini  <viarc7@gmail.com>
-
-	* README.md: Added link HowToReport bugs.
-
-Sun Jul  5 10:51:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_sort_bang): the original array may not be
-	  embedded even if a substitution array is embedded, as it is
-	  embedded when the original array is short enough but not
-	  embedded.  [ruby-dev:49166] [Bug #11332]
-
-Sun Jul  5 09:31:40 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: test for fd=3 usability in child
-
-Sat Jul  4 19:43:31 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Add test case for empty array and first method with args.
-	  Patch by @yui-knk [fix GH-955]
-
-Sat Jul  4 19:39:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Add test for `Enumerable#sort` with block. Patch by @yui-knk
-	  [fix GH-954]
-
-Sat Jul  4 14:38:43 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* enum.c (zip_ary): remove volatile, use RB_GC_GUARD
-	  (zip_i): ditto
-
-Sat Jul  4 10:42:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb (teardown): do not delete features
-	  loaded from the original load paths, the same libraries should
-	  be loaded again when the same features are required.
-	  [ruby-dev:49031] [Bug #11222]
-
-Sat Jul  4 09:38:52 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* vm.c (rb_vm_mark): reduce branches for always-set VM fields
-	  (rb_vm_add_root_module): ditto
-
-Fri Jul 03 20:05:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: introduce rb_callable_method_entry_t to remove
-	  rb_control_frame_t::klass.
-	  [Bug #11278], [Bug #11279]
-
-	  rb_method_entry_t data belong to modules/classes.
-	  rb_method_entry_t::owner points defined module or class.
-
-	    module M
-	      def foo; end
-	    end
-
-	  In this case, owner is M.
-
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t data belong to only classes.
-	  For modules, MRI creates corresponding T_ICLASS internally.
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t can also belong to T_ICLASS.
-
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t::defined_class points T_CLASS or
-	  T_ICLASS.
-	  rb_method_entry_t data for classes (not for modules) are also
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t data because it is completely same data.
-	  In this case, rb_method_entry_t::owner == rb_method_entry_t::defined_class.
-
-	  For example, there are classes C and D, and includes M,
-
-	    class C; include M; end
-	    class D; include M; end
-
-	  then, two T_ICLASS objects for C's super class and D's super class
-	  will be created.
-
-	  When C.new.foo is called, then M#foo is searched and
-	  rb_callable_method_t data is used by VM to invoke M#foo.
-
-	  rb_method_entry_t data is only one for M#foo.
-	  However, rb_callable_method_entry_t data are two (and can be more).
-	  It is proportional to the number of including (and prepending)
-	  classes (the number of T_ICLASS which point to the module).
-
-	  Now, created rb_callable_method_entry_t are collected when
-	  the original module M was modified. We can think it is a cache.
-
-	  We need to select what kind of method entry data is needed.
-	  To operate definition, then you need to use rb_method_entry_t.
-
-	  You can access them by the following functions.
-
-	  * rb_method_entry(VALUE klass, ID id);
-	  * rb_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-	  * rb_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-	  * rb_resolve_refined_method(VALUE refinements, const rb_method_entry_t *me);
-
-	  To invoke methods, then you need to use rb_callable_method_entry_t
-	  which you can get by the following APIs corresponding to the
-	  above listed functions.
-
-	  * rb_callable_method_entry(VALUE klass, ID id);
-	  * rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-	  * rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-	  * rb_resolve_refined_method_callable(VALUE refinements, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me);
-
-	  VM pushes rb_callable_method_entry_t, so that rb_vm_frame_method_entry()
-	  returns rb_callable_method_entry_t.
-	  You can check a super class of current method by
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t::defined_class.
-
-	* method.h: renamed from rb_method_entry_t::klass to
-	  rb_method_entry_t::owner.
-
-	* internal.h: add rb_classext_struct::callable_m_tbl to cache
-	  rb_callable_method_entry_t data.
-
-	  We need to consider about this field again because it is only
-	  active for T_ICLASS.
-
-	* class.c (method_entry_i): ditto.
-
-	* class.c (rb_define_attr): rb_method_entry() does not takes
-	  defined_class_ptr.
-
-	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): mark RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL() for T_ICLASS.
-
-	* cont.c (fiber_init): rb_control_frame_t::klass is removed.
-
-	* proc.c: fix `struct METHOD' data structure because
-	  rb_callable_method_t has all information.
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove several fields.
-	  * rb_control_frame_t::klass.
-	  * rb_block_t::klass.
-
-	  And catch up changes.
-
-	* eval.c: catch up changes.
-
-	* gc.c: ditto.
-
-	* insns.def: ditto.
-
-	* vm.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_args.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_backtrace.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Fri Jul  3 14:30:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/file.c: some mingw compilers need a tweek for the
-	  declarations of _wfreopen_s.  [Bug #11320]
-
-Fri Jul  3 12:25:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c (rb_econv_set_replacement): target encoding name can
-	  be empty now.  [ruby-core:69841] [Bug #11324]
-
-Fri Jul  3 07:21:06 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb: new benchmark
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (no_exception_p): new function
-	  (ossl_start_ssl): adjust for no_exception_p
-	  (ossl_ssl_connect): adjust ossl_start_ssl call
-	  (ossl_ssl_connect_nonblock): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_accept): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_accept_nonblock): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_read_internal): adjust for no_exception_p
-	  (ossl_ssl_write_internal): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_write): adjust ossl_write_internal call
-	  (ossl_ssl_write_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_read_nonblock):
-	  delay exception check
-	* io.c (no_exception_p): new function
-	  (io_getpartial): call no_exception_p
-	  (io_readpartial): adjust for io_getpartial
-	  (get_kwargs_exception): remove
-	  (io_read_nonblock): adjust for io_getpartial,
-	  check no_exception_p on EOF
-	  (io_write_nonblock): call no_exception_p
-	  (rb_io_write_nonblock): do not check `exception: false'
-	  (argf_getpartial): adjust for io_getpartial
-	  [ruby-core:69778] [Feature #11318]
-
-Fri Jul  3 07:13:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): Win32 API does not set errno, get
-	  the last error by GetLastError() and map to errno.  [Bug #10015]
-
-Thu Jul  2 21:32:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): show warnings at errors.
-	  [Bug #10015]
-
-Thu Jul  2 18:39:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: remove `#define RGENGC_OBJ_INFO 1' line introduced to
-	  debug Bug #11244.
-
-Thu Jul  2 18:34:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): separated from rb_obj_info().
-	  Fill internal object information into passed buffer.
-
-	* gc.h: declare rb_raw_obj_info().
-
-Thu Jul  2 16:15:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): update path type by the target
-	  attributes if possible, to improve the performance.  [Bug #10015]
-
-Thu Jul  2 14:45:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* st.c: get rid of VC++'s warnings of C4700 (uninitialized local
-	  variable used).  I think that these are wrong, but should shut them
-	  up.
-
-Thu Jul  2 14:15:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems.rb (Gem.load_path_insert_index): search
-	  @gem_prelude_index first.
-
-	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb (Gem::TestCase#setup): keep already
-	  expanded paths to preserve instance variables.
-
-Thu Jul  2 14:12:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby.c (process_options): also copy initial load path marks at
-	  setting load paths encoding.
-
-Thu Jul  2 12:26:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_server.rb (process_based_port): use
-	  dynamically chosen port numbers to get rid of conflicts.
-
-Thu Jul  2 11:58:59 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_specification.rb: skip tests which the
-	  platform does not permit the filename of its test file.
-
-Thu Jul  2 11:36:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_git_specification.rb: require
-	  rubygems/installer.rb before Gem::TestCase#setup runs, otherwise
-	  as Gem::TestCase#teardown restores $LOADED_FEATURES to the state
-	  at that time, the requiring the file in GitSpecification#install
-	  method causes a lot of constant redefinitions.
-
-Thu Jul  2 10:43:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: flags for common socket families
-	  (rsock_getfamily): update signature
-	* include/ruby/io.h: comment socket FMODE flags
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_getfamily): memoize family
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c: adjust rsock_getfamily calls
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69713] [Feature #11298]
-
-Thu Jul  2 10:30:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/resolver.rb: fixed NameError of Gem::Util::NULL_DEVICE.
-
-Thu Jul  2 09:51:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/resolver.rb: fix error of null device reference with DOSISH
-	  platform.
-
-Thu Jul  2 06:49:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems HEAD(c202db2).
-	  this version contains many enhancements see http://git.io/vtNwF
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Wed Jul  1 23:50:34 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb
-	(HTTPResponseTest#test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_uppercase):
-	fix a failure without zlib.
-
-Wed Jul  1 10:54:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Add test for Enumerable#none? [fix GH-950] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Wed Jul  1 09:30:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* struct.c (struct_set_members): hide internal back_members
-	  object, and members object does not need to be duped as it
-	  should be frozen and hidden.
-
-Wed Jul  1 09:28:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* struct.c (struct_member_pos): revert r51080 to fix other
-	  implicit conversions but cast the return value to fix the
-	  previous implicit conversion.
-
-Wed Jul  1 08:47:24 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* struct.c (struct_member_pos): avoid implicit conversion loses
-	  integer precision: 'long' to 'int'.
-
-Wed Jul  1 05:57:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_add_method_iseq): add RB_GC_GUARD
-	* class.c (clone_method): remove RB_GC_GUARD
-	* struct.c (define_aref_method): ditto
-	  (define_aset_method): ditto
-	* vm.c (vm_define_method):
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_clone): add RB_GC_GUARD
-
-Wed Jul  1 05:43:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* struct.c (AREF_HASH_THRESHOLD): new macro
-	  (id_back_members): new ID
-	  (struct_member_pos_ideal): new function
-	  (struct_member_pos_probe): ditto
-	  (struct_set_members): ditto
-	  (struct_member_pos): ditto
-	  (rb_struct_getmember): use struct_member_pos for O(1) access
-	  (rb_struct_aref_sym): ditto
-	  (rb_struct_aset_sym): ditto
-	  (setup_struct): call struct_set_members
-	  (struct_define_without_accessor): ditto
-	  (Init_Struct): initialize __members_back__
-	  [ruby-core:66851] [ruby-core:69705] [ruby-core:69821]
-
-Tue Jun 30 23:12:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_reopen): FilePathValue() ensures the path
-	  NUL-terminated and frozen, so it is unnecessary to make it shared.
-
-Tue Jun 30 23:11:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (check_dirname): ensure path name NUL-terminated for
-	  SHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING.
-
-	* io.c (rb_sysopen): ditto.
-
-Tue Jun 30 18:38:16 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_freopen): need to terminate by NUL.
-
-Tue Jun 30 17:28:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_reopen): freopen(3) with OS encoding path.
-	  [ruby-core:69780] [Bug #11320]
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_freopen): wrapper of wchar version freopen(3).
-	  use _wfreopen_s() if available.
-
-Tue Jun 30 08:24:08 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_oflags_modestr): handle O_TRUNC correctly
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb (test_reopen_stdio): new test
-	  Patch-by: cremno phobia <cremno@mail.ru>
-	  [ruby-core:69779] [Bug #11319]
-
-Tue Jun 30 02:47:02 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/st.h (struct st_table): hide struct list_head
-	* st.c (struct st_table_entry): adjust struct
-	  (head, tail): remove shortcut macros
-	  (st_head): new wrapper function
-	  (st_init_table_with_size): adjust to new struct and API
-	  (st_clear): ditto
-	  (add_direct): ditto
-	  (unpack_entries): ditto
-	  (rehash): ditto
-	  (st_copy): ditto
-	  (remove_entry): ditto
-	  (st_shift): ditto
-	  (st_foreach_check): ditto
-	  (st_foreach): ditto
-	  (get_keys): ditto
-	  (get_values): ditto
-	  (st_values_check): ditto
-	  (st_reverse_foreach_check): ditto (unused)
-	  (st_reverse_foreach): ditto (unused)
-	  [ruby-core:69726] [Misc #10278]
-
-Mon Jun 29 17:38:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* insns.def (defineclass): do not quote unprintable characters at
-	  raising an exception.
-
-Mon Jun 29 16:01:24 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http/response.rb (inflater): CONTENT_ENCODING can be upper
-	  case. [ruby-core:69670] [Bug #11285] patched by Andy Chu
-
-Mon Jun 29 14:50:08 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* eval.c (add_activated_refinement): should not include the original
-	  class.
-
-Mon Jun 29 12:09:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* README.md: tweak styles. [fix GH-945][ci skip] Patch by @bryndyment
-
-Mon Jun 29 07:23:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* template/sizes.c.tmpl: extract RUBY_DEFINT to define sizes of
-	  types checked by configure.in, and fix size of intptr_t in
-	  universal binary.
-
-Mon Jun 29 02:10:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* insns.def (defineclass): preserve encoding of name in error
-	  messages for super class mismatch.
-
-	* insns.def (defineclass): preserve encoding of name in error
-	  messages for non-class super.
-
-	* insns.def (defineclass): preserve encoding of name in error
-	  messages when already defined but type mismatch.
-
-Sun Jun 28 12:07:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* class.c (rb_define_class_id_under): raise TypeError exception
-	  same as ruby level class definition when superclass mismatch.
-
-Sun Jun 14 19:02:03 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (makeport): close the TCPServer
-	  when sending the port fails.
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: test for above.
-
-Fri Jun 26 12:48:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* transcode.c (load_transcoder_entry): fix transcoder loading race
-	  condition, by waiting in require.  [ruby-dev:49106] [Bug #11277]
-
-Fri Jun 26 07:53:56 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_minmax): simplify return value creation
-	* test/ruby/test_enum.rb: test behavior on empty
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_fetch_m): remove unnecessary volatile since r41597
-	  (env_reject_bang): trade volatile for GC guard
-	  (env_select): ditto
-	  (env_select_bang): ditto
-	  (env_keep_if): ditto
-	  (rb_env_clear): ditto
-
-Thu Jun 25 21:24:28 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/-ext-/popen_deadlock/test_popen_deadlock.rb: test [Bug #11265]
-
-	* ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/infinite_loop_dlsym.c: new ext to call
-	  dlsym(3) infinitely without GVL, used in the above test.
-
-	* ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/extconf.rb: extconf.rb for the above
-	  ext. Currently, only enabled on Solaris (main target) and Linux
-	  (as a reference platform and for debugging the ext).
-
-Thu Jun 25 19:24:25 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: not to use vfork on Solaris to avoid deadlock
-	  occurred in vfork(2) with multi-threading and dynamic linker
-	  on Solaris. [Bug #11265] [ruby-dev:49089]
-
-Thu Jun 25 18:25:41 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/lib/envutil.rb (Test::Unit::Assertions#assert_no_memory_leak):
-	  NO_MEMORY_LEAK_ENVS is moved to Memory::NO_MEMORY_LEAK_ENVS
-	  to reduce child executions during test-all on Solaris.
-
-	* test/lib/memory_status.rb (Memory::NO_MEMORY_LEAK_ENVS): ditto.
-
-Thu Jun 25 17:32:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_create): need to call
-	  method_definition_reset() if def is given.
-
-	  Actually, `me' is a new object, so we don't need to call it.
-	  It is just to make sure.
-
-	* vm_method.c (method_definition_reset): remove duplicated insertion.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_clone): assign dst->def here,
-	  not in method_definition_reset().
-
-Thu Jun 25 16:44:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c: make a rb_method_definition_t data (def) *after* making
-	  a rb_method_entry_t data (me).
-
-	  Normally, `me' points `def'. Some Ruby objects pointed from `def'
-	  and objects are marked by `me' (mark_method_entry() in gc.c).
-	  However, `def' is built before making a `me', then nobody can mark
-	  objects pointed from `def' before making (and pointing from) `me'.
-
-	  I hope this patch solve #11244.
-
-	* vm_method.c: remove `rb_' prefix from some static functions.
-
-	* method.h (rb_method_entry_create): constify
-
-	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): add checking `def' and
-	  `def->body.iseq.iseqptr' availability because they can be NULL.
-
-Thu Jun 25 14:14:16 2015  takiy33  <takiy33@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/test_prime.rb (test_eratosthenes_works_fine_after_timeout):
-	  use spaces instead of TABs in ruby codes.  [Fix GH-944]
-
-Thu Jun 25 07:08:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info, method_type_name): show method type name in a string
-	  instead of a number.
-
-Thu Jun 25 06:49:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): show more details for T_IMEMO/imemo_ment.
-
-Thu Jun 25 06:40:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_reset): need a WB for
-	  VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET.
-
-Thu Jun 25 03:33:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (RGENGC_OBJ_INFO, obj_info): add a macro to enable/disable
-	  rich obj_info() output.
-
-	  At the default, the value of RGENGC_OBJ_INFO is
-	  (RGENGC_DEBUG | RGENGC_CHECK_MODE).
-
-	* gc.c (RGENGC_OBJ_INFO): force enable it to debug #11244.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): print more details with obj_info().
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): remove useless debug prints.
-
-Thu Jun 25 02:40:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_read_internal):
-	  do not process kwargs in blocking mode
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: test sysread
-
-Wed Jun 24 16:54:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): add additional debug code for #11244.
-
-Wed Jun 24 16:05:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_justify): use RB_GC_GUARD
-
-Wed Jun 24 14:25:17 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): add a check code for #11244.
-
-	  It should be removed later. But we can remain this check
-	  because it is only a branch.
-
-Wed Jun 24 12:49:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_fstring_cstr): new function to make a fstring from
-	  a string literal.
-
-	* internal.h (rb_fstring_lit): new macro to make a fstring from a
-	  string literal.
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_strlen_lit): new macro to get the
-	  length of a string literal, borrowed from mruby/mruby@e4afd53.
-
-Wed Jun 24 12:21:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c: Update documentation for Regexp class.
-	  [fix GH-937][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
-
-Wed Jun 24 09:23:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (generic_ivar_set): remove FL_ABLE check
-	  (gen_ivar_copy): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69715]
-
-Wed Jun 24 08:28:15 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): reduce stack use
-	  [ruby-core:69595] [Feature #11263]
-
-Tue Jun 23 14:32:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (name_err_receiver): raise ArgumentError if no receiver
-	  is available on this exception object.  [Feature #10881]
-
-Tue Jun 23 09:48:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* dir.c (check_dirname): avoid volatile, use return value
-	  (dir_s_chroot, dir_s_mkdir, dir_s_rmdir): adjust callers
-
-Tue Jun 23 06:37:10 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* struct.c (struct_ivar_get): cache member definition in a subclass
-	  Thanks to Sokolov Yura aka funny_falcon <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
-	  in https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10585
-
-Tue Jun 23 04:58:06 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb: new benchmark
-	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb: ditto
-	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb: ditto
-	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb: ditto
-	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb: ditto
-	  Thanks to Sokolov Yura aka funny_falcon <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
-	  in https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10585
-
-Mon Jun 22 18:08:48 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit::Parallel#start_watchdog): removed
-	  because it has been meaningless since r36385. [Bug #11288]
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit::Parallel#_run_parallel): delete
-	  lines related to the removed start_watchdog method
-
-Sun Jun 21 23:52:46 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* NEWS: mention about Array#bsearch_index and Hash#fetch_values.
-
-Sun Jun 21 23:46:27 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* NEWS: add a reference to a ticket.
-
-Sun Jun 21 20:28:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* internal.h (roomof): extract from type_roomof, and move from
-	  bignum.c.
-
-Sun Jun 21 18:32:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_PTR_CAS): define by generic CAS macro, not
-	  via size_t, to suppress a warning by mingw gcc.
-
-Sun Jun 21 05:31:41 2015  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c(dump_object): Return empty JSON object when
-	  passed object is a special const, instead of SEGV.
-	  Based patch by Kohei Suzuki (eagletmt). [ruby-core:69692] [Bug #11291]
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb(test_dump_special_consts): Test for above fix.
-
-
-Sat Jun 20 03:56:58 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/make_encmake.rb: the list of encoding extension libraries must
-	  not include encinit.c itself.  It caused "undefined reference to
-	  Init_encinit".
-
-Sat Jun 20 02:03:53 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): new macro ALWAYS_NEED_ENVP
-	  to generate envp_str anytime on Solaris 10 (or earlier version
-	  of Solaris) to avoid calling execv() which is async-signal unsafe
-	  on Solaris 10. [Bug #11265] [ruby-dev:49089]
-
-	* process.c (exec_with_sh, proc_exec_cmd): On Solaris 10,
-	  because ALWAYS_NEED_ENVP is 1 and envp_str is always generated,
-	  execv() in exec_with_sh() and proc_exec_cmd() are never called.
-	  To guarantee this, execv() is replaced by a macro to print
-	  out error message on Solaris 10.
-
-	* process.c (proc_exec_sh): Because proc_exec_sh() may be called
-	  by rb_proc_exec() with envp_str = Qfalse, execl() is replaced
-	  by a macro that calls execle() with "extern char **environ"
-	  traditional global variable on Solaris 10.
-	  TODO: This may be unsafe and should be changed in the future.
-	  Although rb_proc_exec() is not used from inside current version
-	  of ruby, it may be called by third-party extensions.
-
-Sat Jun 20 01:10:13 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* NEWS: mention about $SAFE.
-
-Fri Jun 19 14:53:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): now requires a block direct to
-	  this method call.  [ruby-core:69655] [Bug #11283]
-
-Fri Jun 19 13:54:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): get rid of inadvertent ID
-	  creations at error.
-
-Fri Jun 19 07:58:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/extmk.rb: if no with-ext option is given, default to
-	  enable everything.  [ruby-dev:49108] [Bug #11280]
-
-Fri Jun 19 06:30:07 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* bootstraptest/test_method.rb: remove a test because $SAFE=2 was
-	  obsolete.
-
-	  Please check btest, too.
-
-Thu Jun 18 23:51:51 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* bin/erb: $SAFE=3 is obsolete.
-
-Thu Jun 18 23:45:11 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* safe.c: removed needless doc related $SAFE=2
-
-Thu Jun 18 23:38:07 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_safe_level): fix document.  $SAFE=3 is obsolete.
-	  [ci skip]
-
-Thu Jun 18 23:25:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/extmk.rb: configure intersection of with-ext and not
-	  without-ext, as withouts is no longer true by default if
-	  with-ext option is given.  [ruby-dev:49108] [Bug #11280]
-
-Thu Jun 18 23:20:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: $SAFE=2 is now obsolete.
-
-	* dir.c, ext/fiddle/handle.c, ext/socket/basicsocket.c, file.c
-	  gc.c, io.c, process.c, safe.c, signal.c, win32/file.c:
-	  removed code for $SAFE=2
-
-	* test/erb/test_erb.rb, test/fiddle/test_handle.rb
-	  test/ruby/test_env.rb: removed tests for $SAFE=2.
-
-Thu Jun 18 22:50:07 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/make_encmake.rb: added --transes and --no-transes options.
-
-Thu Jun 18 18:24:12 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/socket/test_unix.rb: replace sleep with select
-
-Thu Jun 18 17:59:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (rb_vm_control_frame_id_and_class): remove useless codes.
-	  `me' knows ID and owner class.
-
-Thu Jun 18 16:58:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: constify rb_method_alias_struct::original_me and
-	  rb_method_refined_struct::orig_me.
-
-	* class.c (move_refined_method): use RB_OBJ_WRITE() for
-	  me->def->body.refined.orig_me.
-
-Thu Jun 18 14:35:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (count_imemo_objects): support imemo_ment.
-
-Thu Jun 18 13:32:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* error.c (name_err_receiver): add NameError#receiver method.
-	  [Feature #10881]
-
-Thu Jun 18 10:00:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* safe.c: removed needless doc related $SAFE=3
-
-Thu Jun 18 09:59:23 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* safe.c: rename old method name for $SAFE=3
-
-Thu Jun 18 06:02:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* compile.c (get_exception_sym2type, iseq_build_from_ary_body):
-	  rely on %+PRIsVALUE instead of calling rb_inspect directly
-
-Wed Jun 17 20:59:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (ENC_MK): needs fake.rb if cross compilation.
-	  [ruby-dev:49098] [Bug #11272]
-
-Wed Jun 17 20:23:29 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check __float80.
-
-Wed Jun 17 15:15:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* safe.c (safe_setter): of course, don't have to warn the limitation of
-	  $SAFE=3 after it's removed.
-
-Wed Jun 17 14:29:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: $SAFE=3 is now obsolete.
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c, ext/socket/socket.c, ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
-	  ext/socket/udpsocket.c, gc.c, object.c, re.c, safe.c: removed code
-	  for $SAFE=3
-
-	* bootstraptest/test_method.rb, test/erb/test_erb.rb, test/ruby/test_dir.rb
-	  test/ruby/test_file.rb, test/ruby/test_method.rb, test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
-	  test/ruby/test_thread.rb: remove tests for $SAFE=3
-
-Wed Jun 17 12:13:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: added contributor name.
-
-Wed Jun 17 10:57:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/csv.rb: accept to use Range object for row selection.
-	  contributed by Mitsutaka Mimura.
-	  [Feature #11267][ruby-dev:49091]
-
-Wed Jun 17 09:50:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rdoc/servlet.rb (documentation_search, root_search):
-	  requires json for JSON.dump and fix sporadic failures due to
-	  the loading order.
-
-Tue Jun 16 19:19:53 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check several types defined in C99
-	  and x86_64 ABI.
-
-	* template/sizes.c.tmpl: Relax a pattern for types.
-
-Tue Jun 16 17:37:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: relax pattern because uncollectible
-	  flag and marked flag can be false at major GC.
-	  [Bug #10852]
-
-Tue Jun 16 04:50:44 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (bsock_recv): document outbuf
-	* ext/socket/unixsocket.c (unix_recvfrom): ditto
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_strbuf, recvfrom_locktmp): new functions
-	  (rsock_s_recvfrom): support destination buffer as 3rd arg
-	  (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-	* string.c (rb_str_locktmp_ensure): export for internal ext
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: test recv_nonblock
-	* test/socket/test_unix.rb: test recv
-	  [ruby-core:69543] [Feature #11242]
-
-Tue Jun 16 04:38:02 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal,
-	  bsock_recvmsg_internal):
-	  support "exception: false" kwarg
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock):
-	  ditto
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock): use rsock_opt_false_p
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h (rsock_opt_false_p): new function
-	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (bsock_recv_nonblock): update rdoc
-	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: new tests
-	  [ruby-core:69542] [Feature #11229]
-
-Mon Jun 15 14:33:02 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* lib/set.rb: Make Set#each and SortedSet#each generate a sized
-	  enumerator. [GH-931] by kachick (Kenichi Kamiya)
-
-	* test/test_set.rb: Import tests from Set into SortedSet. [GH-931]
-	  by kachick (Kenichi Kamiya)
-
-Mon Jun 15 02:26:34 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#connect): use connect_nonblock and
-	  io/wait to eliminate timeout use. fix GH-899
-
-Sat Jun 13 07:21:18 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread.c (thread_start_func_2): don't interrupt when last thread
-	  exit unless main thread is already exited. Otherwise main thread
-	  could be wrongly interrupted when it uses rb_thread_call_without_gvl().
-	  Patch by Takehiro Kubo. [Bug #11237][ruby-dev:49044][GH-898]
-
-	* test/-ext-/gvl/test_last_thread.rb: new test for the above fix.
-
-	* ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/call_without_gvl.c: new ext for
-	  the above test.
-	* ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/extconf.rb: ditto.
-
-Mon Jun 15 00:14:33 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb (descend): Blockless form supported.
-	  (ascend): Ditto.
-	  [ruby-core:68820] [Feature #11052] Patch by Piotr Szotkowski.
-
-Sun Jun 14 20:09:25 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* time.c (time_getlocaltime): [DOC] Add examples of valid utc_offset
-	  formats.
-	  [ruby-core:68306] [Misc #10905] Patch by Charles Korn.
-
-Sun Jun 14 18:49:56 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (parse_numeric_port): Detect
-	  port overflow.
-	  (numeric_getaddrinfo): Use parse_numeric_port.
-	  numeric_getaddrinfo fails if port is too big now.
-	  This makes rb_getaddrinfo invokes the real getaddrinfo()
-	  on such condition.
-	  This change is related to [ruby-core:69355] [Bug #11179].
-
-Sun Jun 14 17:26:03 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_chunk_while): New method Enumerable#chunk_while.
-	  [ruby-core:67738] [Feature #10769] proposed by Tsuyoshi Sawada.
-
-Sun Jun 14 17:20:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): try opening file without gvl not to
-	  lock entire process.  [Bug #11060]
-
-Sun Jun 14 10:43:50 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/runruby.rb: just remove the lines of RUBY_VERSION check and raise
-	  instead of replacing the check to `true`, for getting rid of a
-	  warning `possibly useless use of true in void context`.
-
-Sun Jun 14 10:13:55 2015  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
-
-	* lib/rexml/source.rb (REXML::IOSource#scan): Fix a typo in
-	  document. [fix GH-934]
-	  Patch by Anton Davydov. Thanks!!!
-
-Sun Jun 14 10:09:48 2015  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
-
-	* lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb (REXML::AttlistDecl): Fix a typo in
-	  document. [fix GH-934]
-	  Patch by Anton Davydov. Thanks!!!
-
-Sun Jun 14 06:24:57 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: add test for IO.binread fd leak.
-	  See r50881.
-
-Sun Jun 14 05:23:51 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_s_binread): close fd if seek offset is invalid.
-
-Sun Jun 14 04:40:32 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb (check): refactor.
-
-Sun Jun 14 04:34:14 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb: Return false for no leaks.
-	  Otherwise the GC could run for nothing.
-
-Sun Jun 14 04:15:40 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/delegate.rb: [DOC] Update SimpleDelegator example. [ci skip]
-
-Sat Jun 13 20:28:14 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_stat_ino): get inode from the interval of struct st.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (stati64_set_inode): get nFileIndexHigh/Low, and set it
-	  to the interval of struct st as inode.
-	  [Feature #11216]
-
-	* win32/win32.c (stati64_set_inode_handle): call stati64_set_inode.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_fstati64): call stati64_set_inode_handle.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (stati64_handle): call stati64_set_inode.
-
-Sat Jun 13 19:44:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/console/depend (.list.chksum): revert a part of r50859, because
-	  it was not mentioned at its commit log and it caused a build error on
-	  Windows ($(MAKE) is already quoted).
-
-Sat Jun 13 17:35:11 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_thread_t): add th->name.
-
-	* vm.c (th_init): initialize th->name.
-
-	* thread.c (Init_Thread): add Thread.name and name=. [Feature #11251]
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_inspect): show thread's name if set.
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_getname): defined.
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): ditto.
-
-Sat Jun 13 11:39:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/tempfile.rb: Fix typo. [fix GH-933] Patch by @Zorbash
-
-Sat Jun 13 11:38:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c: fix documentation on ocsp response cert status.
-	  [fix GH-932] Patch by @chrisholmes
-
-Sat Jun 13 11:35:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec: Fix require paths for released gem.
-	  [fix GH-929] Patch by @voxik
-	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: ditto.
-
-Sat Jun 13 00:45:08 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Return sized enumerators.
-	  Patch by Kenichi Kamiya [GH-931]
-
-Sat Jun 13 00:45:06 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Fix with_object with no block given
-
-Sat Jun 13 00:44:59 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Have with_index accept an offset parameter.
-	  Based on patch by T Yamada. [#11007]
-
-Fri Jun 12 22:21:12 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_extlibs.rb (TestExtLibs::check_existence): fix
-	  error. [Bug #11255] [ruby-dev:49079]
-
-Fri Jun 12 21:17:46 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* pack.c (pack_{un,}pack): new template character `j` and `J`, pointer
-	  with signed and unsigned integers.
-
-	* NEWS: mention about this feature.
-	  [Feature #11215] [ruby-dev:49015]
-
-Fri Jun 12 21:01:44 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (File::SHARE_DELETE): new flag to be able to delete opened file
-	  on Windows.
-
-	* include/win32/win32.c (O_SHARE_DELETE): new pseudo file mode flag.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_{w,}open): support above flag.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
-
-	* NEWS: mention about this feature.
-	  [Feature #11218] [ruby-dev:49022]
-
-Fri Jun 12 18:21:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ChangeLog: added missing commit message.
-
-Fri Jun 12 18:20:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* sample/exyacc.rb: Fix some typos. [fix GH-927] Patch by @davydovanton
-	* sample/list.rb: ditto.
-	* sample/trick2013/kinaba/remarks.markdown: ditto.
-
-Fri Jun 12 17:34:14 2015  Wojciech Mach  <wojtek@wojtekmach.pl>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_hash_fetch_values): add `Hash#fetch_values`.
-	  [Feature #10017] [Fix GH-776]
-
-Fri Jun 12 16:28:17 2015  Radan Skoric  <radan.skoric@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_bsearch_index): Implement Array#bsearch_index
-	  method, which is similar to bsearch and returns the index or
-	  nil.  [Feature #10730]
-
-Thu Jun 11 19:11:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: Fix indentation for rdoc.
-	  [Bug #11221][ruby-core:69465]
-
-Thu Jun 11 16:23:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC_SET): fix last commit (unbalanced parens).
-
-Thu Jun 11 15:14:16 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: define SET_THREAD_NAME if it has pthread_set_name_np
-	  for FreeBSD, and don't define it if both pthread_setname_np
-	  and pthread_set_name_np don't exist.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (SET_THREAD_NAME): don't define if they don't exist.
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (native_set_thread_name): run if SET_THREAD_NAME
-	  is defined.
-
-Thu Jun 11 15:53:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC_SET): should clear last bit.
-
-Thu Jun 11 14:34:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems.rb: bump version to 2.4.7 and 2.4.8. these versions fixed
-	  CVE-2015-3900.
-	* lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb: ditto.
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: added testcase for CVE-2015-3900
-
-Thu Jun 11 14:18:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rubygems.rb: bump version to 2.4.6. It's missing change at r49774.
-
-Thu Jun 11 13:50:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (ary_ensure_room_for_push): check if array size will
-	  exceed maximum size to get rid of buffer overflow.
-	  [ruby-dev:49043] [Bug #11235]
-
-	* array.c (ary_ensure_room_for_unshift, rb_ary_splice): ditto.
-
-Thu Jun 11 13:17:34 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/test_cmath.rb (TestCMath#test_trigonometric_functions): should
-	  not compare float values (in complex values) by `==`.
-
-Thu Jun 11 08:52:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: embed rb_method_entry_t::attr::flags (5 bits) into
-	  rb_method_entry_t::flags to make one word spare space.
-
-	  Add some macros to access these flags.
-
-	* vm_method.c: use these macros.
-
-	* internal.h: define IMEMO_FL_USHIFT and IMEMO_FL_USER[0-4]
-	  for T_IMEMO local flags.
-
-Thu Jun 11 08:27:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c: use VM_ASSERT instead of assert().
-
-	* vm_args.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Jun 11 08:16:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: define VM_ASSERT() for assertion
-	  enabled only when (VM_CHECK_MODE > 0).
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: move definition VM_CHECK_MODE
-	  from vm_insnhelper.c to vm_core.h.
-
-	* vm.c: remove <assert.h>
-
-Thu Jun 11 06:46:07 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (check_frame): check type of cref_or_me first.
-
-Thu Jun 11 04:34:39 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/test_cmath.rb: Add some assertions.
-
-Thu Jun 11 00:34:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* template/fake.rb.in: expanded macro result may have spaces
-	  between tokens.  [ruby-dev:49047] [Bug #11243]
-
-Wed Jun 10 22:27:32 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb: revert r50804 because of build failure when specifying
-	  LDFLAGS during configure, observed on Solaris with GCC 4.6.
-	  [Bug #11245]
-
-Wed Jun 10 21:59:51 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* README.ja.md: fix markup miss.
-
-Wed Jun 10 11:06:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* template/fake.rb.in: turn into erb template from autoconf
-	  template to fake more accurately.
-
-	* common.mk (fake.rb): needs preprocessed file now.
-
-	* version.c (Init_version): add dummy expression to
-	  RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION.
-
-Tue Jun  9 12:31:25 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Simplify and optimize EratosthenesSieve
-
-Tue Jun  9 11:45:00 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Simplify and optimize EratosthenesSieve
-	  based on patch by Ajay Kumar. [Fixes GH-921]
-
-Mon Jun  8 05:09:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): print method id for T_IMEMO/ment.
-
-Sun Jun  7 07:05:43 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Move test cases from test/ruby/test_complex.rb to test/test_cmath.rb
-
-Sat Jun  6 18:23:41 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: back to share rb_method_definition_t by
-	  rb_method_entry_t.
-
-	  r50728 changed sharing `def's to isolating `def's
-	  on alias and so on. However, this change conflicts
-	  future improvement plan. So I change back to sharing approach.
-
-	* method.h: move rb_method_definition_t::flags to
-	  rb_method_entry_t::attr::flags.
-
-	  rb_method_entry_t::attr is union with VALUE because this field
-	  should have same size of VALUE. rb_method_entry_t is T_IMEMO).
-
-	  And also add the following access macros to it's fields.
-
-	  * METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me)
-	  * METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC(me)
-	  * METHOD_ENTRY_SAFE(me)
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_addref): added instead of
-	  rb_method_definition_clone().
-
-	  Do not create new definition, but increment alias_count.
-
-	* class.c (clone_method): catch up this fix.
-
-	* class.c (method_entry_i): ditto.
-
-	* proc.c (mnew_internal): ditto.
-
-	* proc.c (mnew_missing): ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Sat Jun  6 15:59:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c: ins_methods_push() needs rb_method_visibility_t type on
-	  2nd arg.
-
-Sat Jun  6 15:05:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (ins_methods_push): Change type and name of parameters
-	  to make more clear.
-
-Sat Jun  6 08:52:13 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: try to avoid EMSGSIZE
-	  [ruby-core:69466]
-
-Sat Jun  6 07:58:30 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: remove struct mark_tbl_arg and pass objspace directly
-	  to avoid indirect access overhead.
-
-Sat Jun  6 07:08:45 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): drop redundant assignment
-
-Sat Jun  6 01:00:06 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): all arguments are
-	  parsed even on systems without HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL
-	  to prevent SEGV caused by passing Qnil to RARRAY_LENINT and
-	  to preserve behavior before r50776.
-	  [Bug #11224] [ruby-core:69468] [Bug #11225] [ruby-core:69469]
-
-Fri Jun  5 22:37:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (ins_methods_push): change 3rd parameter's type
-	  from long to rb_method_visibility_t.
-
-	* class.c (ins_methods_i): catch up this fix.
-
-	* class.c (method_entry_i): cast to st_data_t instead of `long'.
-
-Fri Jun  5 20:37:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: move definition of rb_cref_t to method.h.
-
-	* eval_intern.h: move definition of rb_scope_visibility_t
-	  to method.h.
-
-	* method.h: change rb_cref_t::scope_visi from VALUE to
-	  rb_scope_visibility_t.
-	  [Bug #11219]
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_new): accept rb_method_visibility_t directly.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref): don't use 0,
-	  but METHOD_VISI_UNDEF.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_scope_visibility_set): don't need to use cast.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_scope_module_func_set): ditto.
-
-Fri Jun  5 17:27:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): avoid msg_control
-	  ptr if msg_controllen is zero to fix portability problems.
-
-Fri Jun  5 09:17:45 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): fix build error
-	  from r50776
-
-Fri Jun  5 07:05:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* io.c (sym_wait_readable, sym_wait_writable): declare
-	  (io_getpartial): use sym_wait_readable
-	  (io_write_nonblock): use sym_wait_writable
-	  (Init_IO): initialize sym_wait_*able
-
-Fri Jun  5 06:43:00 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: note rb_get_kwargs changes keywords_hash
-	  [ruby-core:68507]
-
-Fri Jun  5 05:50:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): use rb_scan_args
-	  [ruby-core:69439] [Feature #11207]
-
-Fri Jun  5 02:20:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/lib/envutil.rb (assert_no_memory_leak): change default value
-	  of limit from 1.5 to 2.0. It is ad-hoc fix to solve test failure
-	  in travis-ci.
-
-Fri Jun  5 01:17:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): no need to use cast.
-
-Fri Jun  5 01:14:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): show additional messages on rb_bug().
-
-Fri Jun  5 01:06:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_add_method_iseq): use intermediate struct to
-	  avoid initializing struct with variables.
-	  [Bug #11217]
-
-	* method.h: add a comment about it.
-
-Fri Jun  5 00:55:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: constify rb_method_refined_t::orig_me.
-
-	  Also constify the following functions.
-
-	  * rb_resolve_refined_method()
-	  * rb_method_entry_with_refinements()
-	  * rb_method_entry_without_refinements()
-	  * rb_method_entry_copy()'s parameter.
-
-	* class.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Jun  4 12:47:54 SGT 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c: Revert r50763. because "reentered" is not typo.
-
-Thu Jun  4 11:12:29 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c: fix a typo. Patch by @davydovanton
-	  [fix GH-923]
-	* include/ruby/st.h: ditto.
-	* include/ruby/util.h: ditto.
-
-Thu Jun  4 10:54:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c: fix a typo. Patch by @manish-shrivastava
-	  [fix GH-922]
-
-Thu Jun  4 09:52:02 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: use io/nonblock instead of fcntl
-	  [ruby-core:69382] [Feature #11190]
-
-Thu Jun  4 07:22:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: introduce rb_method_refined_t for refined method entry.
-
-	* class.c (move_refined_method): catch up this fix.
-
-	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Jun  4 07:12:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (dirent_match): match short names only when FNM_SHORTNAME
-	  flag is given, for the backward compatibility, and the new
-	  behavior is often dangerous.  [ruby-core:69435] [Bug #11206]
-
-Thu Jun  4 05:44:01 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (special_generic_ivar): remove flag
-	  (givar_i, rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl): remove functions
-	  (rb_free_generic_ivar, rb_ivar_lookup, rb_ivar_delete,
-	   generic_ivar_set, rb_ivar_set, rb_ivar_defined,
-	   rb_copy_generic_ivar, rb_ivar_foreach, rb_ivar_count,
-	   rb_obj_remove_instance_variable):
-	   adjust for lack of ivar support in special constants
-	* test/ruby/test_variable.rb: test ivars for special consts
-	* internal.h: remove rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl decl
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_roots): remove rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl call
-	  [ruby-core:69441] [Feature #11208]
-
-Thu Jun  4 05:13:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (def_iseq_ptr): `iseqval' is not available any more.
-
-Thu Jun  4 04:50:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (method_entry_i): mtbl should not have `me' as NULL.
-
-Thu Jun  4 04:28:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (clone_method): do not use me->klass, but use explicitly
-	  passed argument.
-
-Thu Jun  4 04:10:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack): rename to rb_vm_rewrite_cref().
-
-	* class.c (clone_method): use renamed name.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref): do not use `node' in variable
-	  names.
-
-Wed Jun  3 23:03:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c: rename `rb_frame_...' to `rb_scope_...'.
-
-	* eval_intern.h: move decl. of rb_scope_visibility_set() to method.h.
-
-	* load.c: catch up this fix.
-
-Wed Jun  3 21:14:20 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check C99 standard integer types.
-
-Wed Jun  3 21:00:47 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* configure.in: Don't check __int128.
-
-	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check __int128.
-
-	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend: sizes.c depends on
-	  ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb.
-
-	* template/sizes.c.tmpl: Detect check_sizeof.
-
-Wed Jun  3 20:07:07 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (clone_method): remove redundant check for me->def != NULL.
-	  Now, all `me` have `me->def`.
-
-	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_location): ditto.
-
-	* vm.c (rb_vm_check_redefinition_opt_method): ditto.
-
-	* vm.c (add_opt_method): ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): ditto.
-
-Wed Jun  3 19:24:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: rename enum missing_reason to enum method_missing_reason.
-
-	* vm_core.h: use enum method_missing_reason for
-	  rb_thread_t::method_missing_reason.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Jun  3 16:17:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm.c: eagerly allocate `loading_table`.  This eliminates the need to
-	  do NULL checks when looking up the `loading_table` hash.
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/918
-
-	* load.c: remove various NULL checks
-
-Wed Jun  3 11:47:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: change fields order to gather frequent access fields.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): add LIKELY().
-
-Wed Jun 03 10:35:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: split rb_method_definition_t::flag to several flags.
-
-	  `flag' contains several categories of attributes and it makes us
-	  confusion (at least, I had confused).
-
-	  * rb_method_visibility_t (flags::visi)
-	    * NOEX_UNDEF     -> METHOD_VISI_UNDEF     = 0
-	    * NOEX_PUBLIC    -> METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC    = 1
-	    * NOEX_PRIVATE   -> METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE   = 2
-	    * NOEX_PROTECTED -> METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED = 3
-	  * NOEX_SAFE(flag)  -> safe (flags::safe, 3 bits)
-	  * NOEX_BASIC       -> basic (flags::basic, 1 bit)
-	  * NOEX_MODFUNC     -> rb_scope_visibility_t in CREF
-	  * NOEX_SUPER       -> MISSING_SUPER (enum missing_reason)
-	  * NOEX_VCALL       -> MISSING_VCALL (enum missing_reason)
-	  * NOEX_RESPONDS    -> BOUND_RESPONDS (macro)
-
-	  Now, NOEX_NOREDEF is not supported (I'm not sure it is needed).
-
-	  Background:
-	    I did not know what "NOEX" stands for.
-	    I asked Matz (who made this name) and his answer was "Nothing".
-	    "At first, it meant NO EXport (private), but the original
-	    meaning was gone."
-	    This is why I remove the mysterious word "NOEX" from MRI.
-
-	* vm_core.h: introduce `enum missing_reason' to represent
-	  method_missing (NoMethodError) reason.
-
-	* eval_intern.h: introduce rb_scope_visibility_t to represent
-	  scope visibility.
-	  It has 3 method visibilities (public/private/protected)
-	  and `module_function`.
-
-Wed Jun  3 08:06:30 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gem/bundled_gems: updated to test-unit 3.1.1 and minitest 5.7.0.
-
-Wed Jun  3 04:48:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): check respond_to_missing?
-	  at defined?(func()).
-	  [Bug #11212]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_defined.rb: add a test for this fix.
-
-Wed Jun  3 04:34:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): skip respond_to_missing? when
-	  a method is available.
-	  [Bug #11211]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_defined.rb: add a test for this fix.
-
-Wed Jun  3 04:14:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* insns.def (defined), vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined):
-	  move instruction body to the vm_defined() function.
-
-Wed Jun  3 02:29:25 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: Do not assume class variable order.
-	  Patch by @enebo.
-
-Wed Jun  3 01:10:38 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_set): remove a double assignment.
-	  Coverity Scan found this bug.
-
-Wed Jun  3 00:04:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): rename parameter names.
-
-Tue Jun  2 23:27:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: remove rb_method_iseq_t::iseqval.
-	  While making a r50728, iseqval is needed (to mark correctly),
-	  but now just iseqptr is enough.
-
-	* class.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* gc.c: ditto.
-
-	* proc.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Tue Jun  2 21:29:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_curry): remove a debug line.
-
-Tue Jun  2 12:43:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: make rb_method_entry_t a VALUE.
-	  Motivation and new data structure are described in [Bug #11203].
-
-	  This patch also solve the following issues.
-
-	  * [Bug #11200] Memory leak of method entries
-	  * [Bug #11046] __callee__ returns incorrect method name in orphan
-	                 proc
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test for [Bug #11046].
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_control_frame_t::me. me is located at value
-	  stack.
-
-	* vm_core.h, gc.c, vm_method.c: remove unlinked_method... codes
-	  because method entries are simple VALUEs.
-
-	* method.h: Now, all method entries has own independent method
-	  definitions. Strictly speaking, this change is not essential,
-	  but for future changes.
-
-	  * rb_method_entry_t::flag is move to rb_method_definition_t::flag.
-	  * rb_method_definition_t::alias_count is now
-	    rb_method_definition_t::alias_count_ptr, a pointer to the counter.
-
-	* vm_core.h, vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_frame_method_entry) added to
-	  search the current method entry from value stack.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (VM_CHECK_MODE): introduced to enable/disable
-	  assertions.
-
-Tue Jun  2 10:46:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: new test for sendmsg_nonblock
-
-Tue Jun  2 09:04:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/benchmark.rb: just use Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC
-	  [ruby-core:69390]
-
-Mon Jun  1 22:01:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (pkg_config): split --libs if --libs-only-l option
-	  is not available.  patch in [ruby-core:69428] by Hans Mackowiak.
-	  [ruby-core:69421] [Bug #11201]
-
-Mon Jun  1 21:18:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): remove a garbage character
-	  introduced at the last commit.
-
-Mon Jun  1 19:24:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_make): do not show warning message
-	  when method_entry is an alias.
-
-Mon Jun  1 15:47:16 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: move class related definitions.
-
-Mon Jun  1 15:43:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c: remove needless include pragma for method.h.
-
-	* struct.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Mon Jun  1 05:42:00 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* eval_intern.h, vm_method.c: move macros to functions.
-	  * SCOPE_TEST(f)  -> rb_frame_visibility_test(flag).
-	  * SCOPE_CHECK(f) -> rb_frame_visibility_check(flag).
-	  * SCOPE_SET(f)   -> rb_frame_visibility_set(flag).
-
-	* load.c (load_ext): use it.
-
-Mon Jun  1 04:47:37 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* ext/date/date_core.c: [DOC] Add comparison of Time and DateTime
-	  Patch provided by @pixeltrix
-
-Mon Jun  1 04:22:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h (VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY): introduce new frame type to
-	  recognize dummy frame.
-
-	* vm.c (th_init): use new frame type.
-
-	* vm_args.c (raise_argument_error): ditto.
-
-Mon Jun  1 04:15:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (rb_class_has_methods): added to reduce dependency
-	  to internal class data structure.
-
-	* internal.h: ditto.
-
-	* hash.c (has_extra_methods): use added function.
-
-Mon Jun  1 04:11:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c , gc.h (rb_obj_info): export obj_info(VALUE) for debugging.
-
-Mon Jun  1 03:52:55 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb: increase timeout seconds for GC stressful
-	  debugging.
-
-Sun May 31 04:18:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: fix typo of comments.
-
-Sun May 31 03:36:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: add VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS rb_method_definition_t::type
-	  to fix [Bug #11173].
-
-	  Now, inter class/method alias creates new method entry
-	  VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS, which has an original method entry.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (find_defined_class_by_owner): added.
-	  Search corresponding defined_class from owner class/module.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_get_without_cache): return me->klass
-	  directly for defined_class.
-
-	  Now, no need to check me->klass any more.
-
-	* vm_method.c (method_entry_set0): separated from method_entry_set().
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): make method entry has VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS.
-
-	* vm_method.c (release_method_definition): support VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_hash_method_definition): ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_eq): ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c (release_method_definition): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_method_cfunc_entry): ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): ditto.
-
-	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): ditto.
-
-	* proc.c (method_def_iseq): ditto.
-
-	* proc.c (method_cref): ditto.
-
-	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_min_max_arity): ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_alias.rb: add tests.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: fix a test to catch up current behavior.
-
-Sun May 31 03:34:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_unlink_method_entry): make it static.
-
-Sun May 31 03:26:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h, vm_method.c (rb_free_method_entry): constify a parameter.
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove useless declaration about rb_unlink_method_entry().
-
-Sat May 30 18:05:02 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/tempfile.rb (Remover#call): fixed wrong condition.  introduced at
-	  r50682.
-
-Sat May 30 16:12:35 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: use RB_GC_GUARD instead of volatile
-	  [ruby-core:69419] [Feature #11198]
-
-Sat May 30 15:59:10 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile#initialize): initialize @unlinked to fix
-	  test failures introduced at r50682.  I hope that check the results of
-	  tests before committing, at least the tests about the changed feature.
-
-Sat May 30 11:02:55 2015  Martin Englund <martin@englund.nu>
-
-	* doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc: change lingering dtrace probe documentation
-	  from function- to method-
-
-Sat May 30 10:26:09 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/tempfile.rb: refactoring.
-	  * use warn instead of STDERR.print
-	  * remove @tmpname and use @tmpfile.path
-	  * introduce @unlinked flag
-	  * Remover takes only @tmpfile
-	  * mode will be modified just before file reopen
-
-Sat May 30 09:02:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_generic_ivar_table): deprecate
-	* internal.h (rb_attr_delete): declare
-	* marshal.c (has_ivars): use rb_ivar_foreach
-	  (w_ivar): ditto
-	  (w_object): update for new interface
-	* time.c (time_mload): use rb_attr_delete
-	* variable.c (generic_ivar_delete): implement
-	  (rb_ivar_delete): ditto
-	  (rb_attr_delete): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69323] [Feature #11170]
-
-Sat May 30 09:14:28 2015  Scott Francis  <scott.francis@shopify.com>
-
-	* cont.c (cont_free): check if ruby_current_thread is still valid.
-	  [Fix GH-914]
-
-Sat May 30 08:36:04 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (static int special_generic_ivar): move
-	  (rb_generic_ivar_table): rewrite for compatibility
-	  (gen_ivtbl_bytes): new function
-	  (generic_ivar_get): update to use ivar index
-	  (generic_ivar_update): ditto
-	  (generic_ivar_set): ditto
-	  (generic_ivar_defined): ditto
-	  (generic_ivar_remove): ditto
-	  (rb_mark_generic_ivar): ditto
-	  (givar_i): ditto
-	  (rb_free_generic_ivar): ditto
-	  (rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl): ditto
-	  (rb_generic_ivar_memsize): ditto
-	  (rb_copy_generic_ivar): ditto
-	  (rb_ivar_set): ditto
-	  (rb_ivar_foreach): ditto
-	  (rb_ivar_count): ditto
-	  (givar_mark_i): remove
-	  (gen_ivtbl_mark): new function
-	  (gen_ivar_each): ditto
-	  (iv_index_tbl_extend): update for struct ivar_update
-	  (iv_index_tbl_newsize): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69323] [Feature #11170]
-
-Sat May 30 08:10:46 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (iv_index_tbl_make): extract from rb_ivar_set
-	  (iv_index_tbl_extend): ditto
-	  (iv_index_tbl_newsize): ditto
-	  (rb_ivar_set): use extracted functions
-	  [ruby-core:69323] (Part 1)
-
-Fri May 29 17:39:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* tool/make_hgraph.rb: added.
-
-Fri May 29 14:39:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): out of range NTH_REF is always
-	  nil.
-
-	* parse.y (parse_numvar): check overflow of NTH_REF and range.
-	  [ruby-core:69393] [Bug #11192]
-
-	* util.c (ruby_scan_digits): make public and add length parameter.
-
-Fri May 29 11:18:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal,
-	  bsock_recvmsg_internal):
-	  avoid redundant fcntl on Linux
-	  [ruby-core:69154] [Feature #11145]
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h (MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE): new macro
-
-Fri May 29 10:30:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/net/resolv.rb (request): use monotonic clock
-	* lib/net/http.rb (begin_transport, end_transport): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69384] [Feature #11124]
-
-Fri May 29 04:37:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: add two methods to debug internals.
-
-	  * ObjectSpace.internal_class_of: return RBASIC_CLASS(obj).
-	  * ObjectSpace.internal_super_of: return RCLASS_SUPER(cls).
-
-	* NEWS: add information about both methods.
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add tests for both methods.
-
-Thu May 28 06:55:53 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/tk/sample/figmemo_sample.rb (open_file),
-	  ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb (TkTextIO): fix typo in messages.
-	  [Fix GH-916]
-
-Wed May 27 09:50:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c (ossl_asn1_traverse, ossl_asn1_decode,
-	  ossl_asn1_decode_all): use RB_GC_GUARD instead of volatile
-	  [ruby-core:69371] [Bug #11185]
-
-Wed May 27 09:27:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/drb/drb.rb (set_sockopt): remove redundant fcntl call
-	* lib/drb/unix.rb (set_sockopt): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:69128] [Feature #11137]
-
-Tue May 26 22:10:43 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): should resolve refined methods.
-	  [ruby-core:69360] [Bug #11182]
-
-Tue May 26 21:35:13 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* include/ruby/defines.h (RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE): fix condition.
-
-Mon May 25 22:35:58 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (rel): after the relations is changed,
-	  @changesets is no longer right.
-
-Mon May 25 11:27:14 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (setup_overlapped): seek to the file end only when
-	  writing (mode:a), not reading (mode:a+, read).
-
-Mon May 25 00:27:37 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* numeric.c (Numeric#negative?): [DOC] Fix call-seq.
-	  Patch by @yui-knk. [Fixes GH-908]
-
-Sun May 24 01:35:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* debug.c (ruby_debug_print_id): use rb_id2name() for fprintf().
-
-Sat May 23 18:38:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* man/*.1: updated dates in man pages.
-	  [ruby-dev:48988] [Bug #11171]
-
-Sat May 23 03:10:58 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_write_console): should return the count of
-	  actually eaten characters, include escape sequences.
-
-Fri May 22 22:36:14 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/prime.rb: Remove obsolete Prime.new
-	  patch by Ajay Kumar. [Fixes GH-891]
-
-Fri May 22 21:13:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_sym_count): move `rb_sym_all_symbols`
-	  to a symbol.c specific section.  a part of patch by Lourens
-	  Naude.
-
-Fri May 22 20:56:33 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* complex.c (f_complex_polar): simple bug reproduced only when y is
-	  a float but x is not a float.
-
-Fri May 22 19:42:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_spawn_process): do not discard global escape
-	  status.  [ruby-core:69304] [Bug #11166]
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_spawn): extract the start procedure in a
-	  parent process with ensuring the end procedure.
-
-Fri May 22 16:48:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* NEWS: added news for net-telnet and rake
-
-Thu May 21 20:27:07 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS): cmp -b is GNU extension.
-	  darwin uses GNU cmp, and FreeBSD and Solaris are not.
-	  Note that accidentally equals to expected result.
-
-Thu May 21 18:00:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c: constify.
-
-	* iseq.h: ditto.
-
-	* method.h: ditto.
-
-	* proc.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_method.c: ditto.
-
-Thu May 21 17:44:53 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c: fix issues caused by binding created from Method#to_proc.
-	  [Bug #11163]
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_new_toplevel): export as rb_vm_cref_new_toplevel().
-
-	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add some assertions.
-
-Thu May 21 17:29:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/matrix.rb: added documentation for Matrix#empty and Matrix#/
-	  [Feature #10070][ruby-dev:48433] Patch by @gogotanaka
-
-Thu May 21 17:02:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c: rename functions.
-	  * method_get_def() -> method_def()
-	  * method_get_iseq() -> method_def_iseq()
-	  * method_get_cref() -> method_cref()
-
-Thu May 21 16:52:44 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_method_get_iseq): rename to rb_method_iseq.
-
-	* iseq.c: catch up this fix.
-
-	* iseq.h: commit ditto.
-
-Thu May 21 15:41:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/telnet.rb: gemify net-telnet.
-	  [Feature #11083]
-	* gems/bundled_gems: added net-telnet to bundled gems.
-
-Thu May 21 15:37:32 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* vm_method.c: Remove private attribute warning [Bug #10967]
-	  Patch by @spastorino [Fixes GH-849]
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/849
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: Update test for changes
-
-Thu May 21 10:59:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c (method_proc): rename to method_to_proc.
-
-Thu May 21 10:51:54 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
-
-	* io.c (rb_f_select): [DOC] Fixes for grammar and style.
-	  [Fix GH-906]
-
-Thu May 21 08:25:19 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* variable.c (Init_var_tables): init generic_iv_tbl
-	  (rb_generic_ivar_table, generic_ivar_get, generic_ivar_set,
-	   generic_ivar_defined, generic_ivar_remove,
-	   rb_mark_generic_ivar, givar_i, rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl,
-	   rb_free_generic_ivar, rb_copy_generic_ivar, rb_ivar_foreach,
-	   rb_ivar_count): remove checks for uninitialize generic_iv_tbl
-	[ruby-core:69155] [Feature #11146]
-
-Thu May 21 04:11:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (exception_type2symbol): show correct bug message.
-
-Wed May 20 23:19:05 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/base64.rb: Fix rdoc-formatting for padding argument.
-	  [fix GH-905][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
-
-Wed May 20 13:16:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (DEPRECATED_BY): deprecate warning with preferable
-	  alternative.
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE): allow attribute arguments in
-	  the macro.
-
-Wed May 20 11:23:24 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_dump.c (rb_print_backtrace): return value of libexec's backtrace
-	  is size_t, so simply cast as int.
-
-Tue May 19 18:54:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_compile_with_option): check source type, must be
-	  an IO or a String.  [ruby-core:69219] [Bug #11159]
-
-Tue May 19 17:15:03 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/benchmark.rb: Update Benchmark documentation and formatting.
-	  [fix GH-903][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
-
-Tue May 19 13:10:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* numeric.c (num_positive_p): should false on Bignum 0.
-	  http://twitter.com/rafaelfranca/status/600509783427391488
-	  [ruby-core:69173] [Feature #11151]
-
-Tue May 19 11:22:28 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb (initialize_pattern):
-	  URI::Generic.build should accept port as a string.
-	  pattern[:PORT] is not defined for long.
-	  by Dave Slutzkin <daveslutzkin@fastmail.fm>
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/804 fix GH-804
-
-Tue May 19 11:18:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (rb_data_typed_object_alloc),
-	  (rb_data_object_alloc): add old names for source level backward
-	  compatibilities.
-
-	* gc.c (rb_data_object_alloc, rb_data_typed_object_alloc): add
-	  aliases for binary level backward compatibilities.
-
-Tue May 19 09:54:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (Data_Make_Struct0): needs function pointer
-	  casts to fix function overloading in C++.
-
-Tue May 19 09:43:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (Data_Make_Struct0, TypedData_Make_Struct0):
-	  explicit cast from void* is necessary as implicit cast is
-	  disallowed in C++.
-
-Mon May 18 15:31:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_f_notimplement): should not respond to
-	  not-implemented methods.  as the address inside a DLL and the
-	  imported address are different on Windows, use an exported
-	  variable to share the same address.
-
-Mon May 18 13:55:01 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/monitor.rb (mon_try_enter, mon_enter): should reset @mon_count
-	  just in case the previous owner thread dies without mon_exit.
-	  [fix GH-874] Patch by @chrisberkhout
-
-Sun May 17 17:21:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (set_non_blocking): use IO#nonblock=
-	* (set_close_on_exec): use IO#close_on_exec=
-	  [Feature #11136]
-
-Sun May 17 15:01:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* numeric.c (num_positive_p, num_negative_p): add methods
-	  Numeric#positive? and Numeric#negative?.
-	  [ruby-core:69173] [Feature #11151]
-
-	* numeric.c (flo_positive_p, flo_negative_p): specialized
-	  functions for Float.
-
-	* complex.c (Init_Complex): Complex do not have positive? and
-	  negative? methods
-
-Sun May 17 14:57:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb (accept_client): avoid redundant fcntl call
-	  [Feature #11137]
-
-Sun May 17 12:13:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (cloexec_accept): support nonblock flag and
-	  use SOCK_NONBLOCK if possible
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock):
-	  update cloexec_accept call
-	* ext/socket/init.c (accept_blocking): ditto for blocking
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: check nonblock? on accepted socket
-	  [Feature #11138]
-
-Sun May 17 03:58:59 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* load.c (loaded_feature_path): stop returning false negatives for
-	  filenames which are trailing substrings of file extensions.  For
-	  example, 'b', which a trailing substring of ".rb" should not return
-	  false. [Bug #11155][ruby-core:69206]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb: test for fix
-
-Sat May 16 21:41:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c: added documentation for character sequence \' with String#sub
-	  [Bug #11132][ruby-core:69121][fix GH-900][ci skip] Patch by @shishir127
-
-Sat May 16 21:38:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enum.c: fix a sample code. Patch by @eagletmt
-	  [fix GH-901][ci skip]
-
-Sat May 16 21:17:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_data_object_wrap, rb_data_typed_object_wrap): rename
-	  alloc as wrap.  these functions do not allocate data pointers
-	  but just wrap the given pointers.
-
-Sat May 16 19:59:24 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_accept): simplified.
-
-Fri May 15 18:28:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_assoc, rb_ary_rassoc): [DOC] the result when key
-	  was found is the existing element, not a new array.  reported by
-	  Giau Nguyen <giaunv AT nustechnology.com>.
-
-Fri May 15 08:24:28 2015  Takeyuki FUJIOKA  <xibbar@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/cgi/cookie.rb: Implement HttpOnly flag for cookies.
-	  [fix GH-887] Patch by @martinpovolny
-
-Fri May 15 06:54:19 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c: Change autoload to call `require` through Ruby rather
-	  than directly calling `rb_require_safe`.  This allows things like
-	  RubyGems to intercept file loading done though `autoload`.
-	  [Feature #11140]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb: Test for change.
-
-Wed Apr  8 19:18:02 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h)  <her@sorah.jp>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_grep_v, grep_i, grep_iter_i, Init_enum):
-	  Implement Enumerable#grep_v. [Feature #11049]
-
-Thu May 14 15:54:13 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb: Remove condition of RUBY_VERSION <= 1.9.
-	  [Feature #11082]
-
-Wed May 13 17:10:37 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_to_a): revert r50457.
-	  it requires recursion check.
-	  then, it doesn't make performance improvement.
-	  [Bug #11130] [Feature #9118]
-
-Wed May 13 11:13:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (parse_gvar): separate message for gvar without
-	  non-space characters from message for invalid identifiers.
-
-Tue May 12 22:18:27 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_to_a): fix incompatibility introduced in r50457.
-	  [Bug #11130]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_enum.rb: test for above.
-
-Tue May 12 17:08:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* method.h: remove unused declaration.
-
-Mon May 11 10:58:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: Update minitest-5.6.1 and power_assert-0.2.3.
-
-Mon May 11 00:20:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h (Data_Make_Struct, TypedData_Make_Struct):
-	  allocate wrapper data object before allocating DATA_PTR to get
-	  rid of possible memory leak when the former failed.
-
-Sun May 10 21:32:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): call dmark function for non-NULL
-	  pointers only, so that DATA_PTR can be NULL safely now.
-
-Sun May 10 16:23:58 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_binding): fix segmentation fault on marking phase.
-	  envptr of newenvval should not be NULL.
-
-	  You can reproduce by
-	   make test-all TESTS='--gc-stress -n test_to_proc_binding ruby/test_method.rb'
-
-Sun May 10 12:41:18 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (rb_gzreader_external_encoding):
-	  define GzipReader#external_encoding.
-	  [Bug #10900]
-
-	* test/zlib/test_zlib.rb: test for above.
-
-Sun May 10 11:57:48 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.c: fix typo "indicies".
-	  the patch is from davydovanton <antondavydov.o at gmail.com>.
-	  [fix GH-892]
-
-	* lib/rubygems/indexer.rb: ditto.
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_indexer.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun May 10 11:44:37 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_crypt): Raise ArgumentError when
-	  string passed to String#crypt contains null.
-	  the patch is from jrusnack <jrusnack at redhat.com>.
-	  [Bug #10988] [fix GH-853]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: test for above.
-
-Sun May 10 11:23:03 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_to_a): Use size to set array capa when possible.
-	  the patch is from HonoreDB <aweiner at mdsol.com>.
-	  [fix GH-444]
-
-Sat May  9 06:48:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): GC guard
-	  [Bug #11123]
-
-Fri May  8 22:57:24 2015  takiy33  <takiy33@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/matrix/test_matrix.rb (test_determinant): refactor test on
-	  Matrix#determinant, by merging with test_det for an alias method
-	  det.  [Fix GH-897]
-
-Fri May  8 15:43:11 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/imap.rb (body_ext_mpart): should work even if body-fld-dsp
-	  is omitted.  [ruby-core:69093] [Bug #11128]
-
-Fri May  8 15:05:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/control_expressions.rdoc: fix a missing "a"
-	  [fix GH-888][ci skip] Patch by @riffraff
-
-Fri May  8 12:11:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_method_call_status): resolve refined method entry
-	  to check if undefined.  [ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]
-
-Thu May  7 22:22:59 2015  Sho Hashimoto  <sho-h@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c: [DOC] fix Binding#local_variable_set example. [ci skip]
-
-Thu May  7 11:32:57 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Makefile.in (rbconfig.rb): add rule to make.
-
-Thu May  7 05:14:39 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (connect_nonblock): use IO#wait_writable
-	* lib/drb/drb.rb (DRB::DRbTCPSocket#alive?): use IO#wait_readable
-	* lib/webrick/httpserver.rb (run): ditto
-	* lib/resolv.rb (request): ditto for single socket case
-	  [ruby-core:68943] [Feature #11081]
-
-Wed May  6 22:49:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_method_call_status): undefined refined method is
-	  not callable unless using.  [ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]
-
-Sun May  3 22:40:06 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c: need to include sys/statvfs.h
-	  to use statvfs().
-
-	* ext/-test-/file/extconf.rb: check the existence of
-	  sys/statvfs.h
-
-Sun May  3 21:59:48 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/yaml.rb: fix typo. [ci skip][fix GH-890]
-	  Patch by @miketheman
-
-Sun May  3 10:02:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* range.c (linear_object_p, range_include): test if covered for
-	  linear objects.  [ruby-core:69052] [Bug #11113]
-
-Fri May  1 13:30:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dln.c (dln_load): check if a different libruby is loaded by the
-	  extension library, and then bail out to get rid of very
-	  frequently reported stale bug reports.
-
-Thu Apr 30 19:51:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): revert r46873 and r46875, not to
-	  allow to execute private readers by pretending op assign.
-	  [ruby-core:68984] [Bug #11096]
-
-Thu Apr 30 17:02:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* rational.c: Added documentation for rational literal.
-	  [Bug #11075][fix GH-885][ci skip] Patch by @shishir127
-
-Thu Apr 30 16:39:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/ipsocket.c (init_inetsock_internal): preserve errno
-	  before other library calls and use rb_syserr_fail.
-	  [ruby-core:68531] [Bug #10975]
-
-Thu Apr 30 16:22:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (lambda): push and reset cmdarg_stack in lambda body.
-	  [ruby-core:69017] [Bug #11107]
-
-Sun Apr 26 07:36:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enc/utf_8.c (code_to_mbclen, code_to_mbc): reject values larger
-	  than UTF-8 max codepoints.  [Feature #11094]
-
-Sat Apr 25 14:26:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (str_buf_cat): expand later so that the buffer can be
-	  larger for further use.  [Bug #11080] [Bug #11095]
-
-Fri Apr 24 23:48:45 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* misc/ruby-electric.el: Import version 2.2.3 from
-	  https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el.
-
-Fri Apr 24 10:40:02 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_{getc,putc}): removed.  they are needed for old
-	  ruby (before 1.8), but not now.
-
-Fri Apr 24 08:40:13 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c: remove bcc related code.
-
-	* include/ruby/win32.h: ditto.
-
-Fri Apr 24 08:21:07 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_acrt_lowio_lock_fh): wrap _pioinfo(i)->lock.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_acrt_lowio_unlock_fh): ditto.
-
-Fri Apr 24 06:47:19 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (_filbuf): msvc14 doesn't have it, use _fgetc_nolock.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (_flsbuf): msvc14 doesn't have it, use _fputc_nolock.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (vcruntime_file): define vcruntime_file on msvc14
-	  because it doesn't export FILE's internal structure.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (FILE_COUNT): added to abstract FILE->_cnt.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (FILE_READPTR): added to abstract FILE->_ptr.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (FILE_FILENO): added to abstract FILE->_file.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (init_stdhandle): use FILE_FILENO.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_getc): use FILE_COUNT and FILE_READPTR.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_putc): ditto.
-
-Fri Apr 24 06:37:07 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (dupfd): use _set_osfhnd.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wopen): use _set_osflags.
-
-Thu Apr 24 05:38:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_roots): fox to work PRINT_ROOT_TICKS.
-
-Fri Apr 24 04:49:05 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/Makefile.sub: MSVC14 have struct timespec.
-
-	* win32/rtname.cmd: support vcruntime140.dll.
-
-	* time.c (localtime_with_gmtoff_zone): MSVC14 doesn't have tzname and
-	  daylight but have _tzname and _daylight.
-
-Thu Apr 23 11:35:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_obj_instance_eval, rb_obj_instance_exec): allow
-	  symbols to just instance_eval/exec, except for definition of
-	  singletons.  [ruby-core:68961] [Bug #11086]
-
-Thu Apr 23 10:01:36 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/delegate.rb: fix a typo.
-	  [fix GH-881][ci skip] Patch by @Zorbash
-
-Wed Apr 22 18:36:50 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/imap.rb (move, uid_move): support the MOVE command defined
-	  in RFC6851.  Patch by ojab ojab.
-	  [ruby-core:68960] [Feature #11077]
-
-Tue Apr 22 12:42:12 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: add tests for Kernel#String and Kernel#Array.
-	  [fix GH-879][fix GH-880] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Tue Apr 21 20:46:02 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: renamed tests to explicitly class name.
-	  [fix GH-877] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Tue Apr 21 05:31:00 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (connect_internal): avoid common exceptions
-	  from connect_nonblock. [ruby-core:68909]
-
-Mon Apr 20 23:46:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wreadlink): follow the official format of
-	  REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER structure.
-
-Mon Apr 20 20:23:04 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk ($(arch)-fake.rb): revert r50354 because bsdmake seems not
-	  to handle such substitution.
-
-	* tool/expand-config.rb: convert path separators here.
-
-Mon Apr 20 16:52:20 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/fake.rb: don't fake libdir.  use libdirname instead.
-
-Mon Apr 20 16:49:52 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (MakeMakefile#configuration): DESTDIR should never affect
-	  top_srcdir and builddir.
-
-Mon Apr 20 16:18:17 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk ($(arch)-fake.rb): fix the path separator up for Windows.
-
-Mon Apr 20 15:02:47 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wreadlink): fixed a bug that a junction misses
-	  its drive letter.
-
-Mon Apr 20 12:54:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/*: use license instead of licence.
-	  [fix GH-876][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
-	* lib/net/https.rb: ditto.
-
-Mon Apr 20 12:42:40 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb: fix a typo.
-	  [fix GH-876][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
-	* tool/bisect.sh: ditto.
-	* tool/update-deps: ditto.
-
-Mon Apr 20 11:10:46 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock): do not raise EISCONN
-	  [ruby-core:68926] [Feature #11072]
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: check non-EISCONN on 2nd connect
-
-Sun Apr 19 12:19:17 2015  Chad Brewbaker  <crb002@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/{etc,openssl,tk}: Adding parens and comparisons around
-	  assignments to get rid of Wparentheses warnings.  [Fix GH-875]
-
-Sun Apr 19 10:42:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (get_env_cstr): environment variables must be ASCII
-	  compatible, as dummy encodings and wide char encodings are
-	  unsupported now.
-
-Sat Apr 18 15:18:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/json/parser/parser.rl: raise with messages in UTF-8
-	  encoding.  [ruby-core:67386] [Bug #10705]
-
-Fri Apr 17 11:58:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (STR_SET_EMBED): clear NOFREE flag at embedding as
-	  embedded strings no longer refer static strings.
-	  [ruby-core:68436] [Bug #10942]
-
-Thu Apr 16 05:15:50 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* NEWS: note IO#wait_readable change in r50263
-
-Thu Apr 16 05:09:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/net/protocol.rb (rbuf_fill): use IO#wait_*able
-	* lib/net/http/generic_request.rb (wait_for_continue): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:68891] [Feature #11056]
-
-Wed Apr 15 18:43:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_trace.c (rb_tracepoint_new): fix documentation.
-	  Commented by @emilsoman.
-
-Wed Apr 15 17:36:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_trace.c (rb_tracepoint_new): Add documentation for
-	  rb_tracepoint_new C level API [ci skip]
-	  Provided by @emilsoman. [fix GH-869]
-
-Wed Apr 15 10:37:40 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/contributors.rdoc: fix a typo. Patch by @davydovanton
-	  [fix GH-872][ci skip]
-	* doc/syntax/methods.rdoc: ditto.
-	* ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c: ditto.
-	* ext/socket/ipsocket.c: ditto.
-	* ext/tk/*: ditto.
-
-Wed Apr 15 07:51:23 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
-
-	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: Added description of TypedData_XXX.
-	  Deprecated the old DATA_XXX.
-	  Reviewed by ko1 and nobu.
-	  Fixes [ruby-dev:40881] #3064
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: ditto.
-
-Wed Apr 15 07:34:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): keep sp safe zone to get rid
-	  of crash by -fstack-check.  [ruby-core:68740] [Bug #11030]
-
-Tue Apr 14 16:03:49 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/merger.rb (versionup): should also increment revision when
-	  changing teeny.
-
-Tue Apr 14 11:24:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/-test-/printf/printf.c (uint_to_str): renamed to get rid of
-	  conflict on cygwin.  [ruby-core:68877] [Bug #11065]
-
-Tue Apr 14 08:59:04 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* gc.c: [DOC] Improve documentation for ObjectSpace.count_objects
-	  with regards to `:TOTAL` key, with patch by @schneems [Fixes GH-871]
-	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/871 [Bug #11067]
-
-Mon Apr 13 22:44:07 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/lib/envutil.rb (File.mkfifo): Defined using mkfifo command.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: Use File.mkfifo.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: Ditto.
-
-Mon Apr 13 21:20:20 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: stricter hostname verification
-	  following RFC 6125. with the patch provided by Tony Arcieri and
-	  Hiroshi Nakamura [ruby-core:61545] [Bug #9644]
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: add tests for above.
-
-Sun Apr 12 18:40:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json/json.gemspec: bump version to 1.8.2.
-	* ext/json/lib/json/version.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun Apr 12 18:12:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json/json.gemspec, lib/rdoc/rdoc.gemspec: added gemspec directly.
-	* defs/default_gems, tool/rbinstall.rb: removed default_gems definition.
-	  it make simple installation for default gems.
-
-Sun Apr 12 17:35:17 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json/*, test/json/*: Reverted r50231.  Because it's not
-	  working with cross-compile environment.
-
-Sun Apr 12 15:34:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (arg): fix segfault by null caused by syntax error.
-	  [ruby-core:68851] [Bug #10957]
-
-Sun Apr 12 15:11:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb: use explicitly exception class and reverted
-	  to require JSON library for rubygems tests with Ruby 2.2.0 or earlier.
-
-Sun Apr 12 15:10:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_wait_readable): simply returns that IO is
-	  readable without blocking, but no longer returns EOF.
-
-	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_ready_p, io_wait_readable): try polling
-	  first and check FIONREAD optionally to see if EOF.
-	  [ruby-core:36805] [Feature #4849]
-
-Sun Apr 12 14:53:23 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb: fixed json load error for rubygems tests.
-
-Sun Apr 12 14:13:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c: Document require name for ObjectSpace methods.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-860] Patch by @schneems
-
-Sun Apr 12 13:54:05 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: New test that open(fifo) doesn't block other
-	  threads.
-
-Sun Apr 12 13:52:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/coverage/coverage.c: Remove extension from require argument.
-	  [ci skip][fix GH-870] Patch by @yui-knk
-
-Sun Apr 12 10:29:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_connect_nonblock):
-	  support `exception: false'
-	* (get_no_exception): move function location
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock):
-	  support `exception: false'
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (test_connect_accept_nonblock_no_exception):
-	  test `exception: false' on connect,
-	  rename from `test_accept_nonblock_no_exception'
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb (test_connect_nonblock_no_exception):
-	  new test
-
-Sun Apr 12 09:57:16 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test a block device on GNU/Linux.
-
-Sun Apr 12 09:24:03 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test a file not owned.
-
-Sun Apr 12 09:05:44 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/depend: Fix "Wrong mix of special targets" error with
-	  OpenBSD make.
-
-Sun Apr 12 09:04:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Windows doesn't support Unix file
-	  modes.
-
-Sun Apr 12 08:56:44 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c: OpenBSD needs sys/param.h before sys/mount.h.
-
-Sun Apr 12 08:52:01 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test suid, sgid and sticky file.
-
-Sat Apr 11 23:48:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* template/fake.rb.in: Don't assign baseruby, Because it's affect to
-	  Makefile of native gem like json on bundled gems.
-
-Sat Apr 11 23:33:22 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_f_test): Consider nsec for "=", "<" and ">" for "test"
-	  method.
-
-Sat Apr 11 23:26:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb: support destdir for native extension gem.
-
-Sat Apr 11 21:02:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
-	  (TestFileExhaustive#test_stat_socket_p): r50226 accidentally missed
-	  the guard for non-unix environments.
-
-Sat Apr 11 20:14:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json/*, test/json/*, defs/default_gems: Gemify JSON library.
-	  [fix GH-867][Feature #11057]
-	* test/ruby/test_extlibs.rb: removed json gem from existence extensions.
-	* gems/bundled_gems: added json gem into bundled gem.
-	* lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb: ignored no json environment.
-	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb, test/rubygems/*: ditto.
-	* lib/rdoc/test_case.rb, test/rdoc/*: ditto.
-
-Sat Apr 11 15:56:58 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Create sample files lazily.
-
-Sat Apr 11 14:03:47 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test character device using
-	  /dev/null.
-
-Sat Apr 11 10:59:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (append_cppflags, append_cflags, append_ldflags):
-	  utility methods to append compiler options.
-
-Sat Apr 11 08:22:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rdoc/text.rb: removed duplicated code.
-
-Sat Apr 11 04:46:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/net/protocol.rb (rbuf_fill): avoid exception with read_nonblock
-	  [ruby-core:68787] [Feature #11044]
-
-Fri Apr 10 23:57:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (need_normalization): use getattrlist() if fgetattrlist()
-	  is unavailable, on OSX 10.5.  [ruby-core:68829] [Bug #11054]
-
-Fri Apr 10 22:29:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_compile): pass the given werror flag to try_do
-	  to check if stderr is empty.
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cflags, try_ldflags): default werror to true.
-
-	* win32/Makefile.sub (WERRORFLAG): remove useless option.  VC does
-	  not make warnings of unknown command option an error.
-
-Fri Apr 10 19:34:24 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test socket.
-
-Fri Apr 10 19:38:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: remove debug prints.
-
-Fri Apr 10 19:35:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: add ObjectSpace.count_imemo_objects method
-	  to count imemo objects for each type.
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add a test.
-
-	* NEWS: describe about this addition.
-
-Fri Apr 10 19:34:24 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test anonymous pipe.
-
-Fri Apr 10 19:31:56 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test named pipe.
-
-Fri Apr 10 19:10:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (setup_hash): unify common routine.
-
-Fri Apr 10 18:29:49 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): Handle EINTR.
-
-Fri Apr 10 17:27:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm.c (vm_exec): check other events when RETURN is thrown.
-	  [Bug #10724]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
-
-Fri Apr 10 11:44:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/date/extconf.rb: check warnings.
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cflags): pass options to try_compile.
-
-	* win32/Makefile.sub (WERRORFLAG): make unknown command line
-	  options an error.
-
-Fri Apr 10 08:00:17 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: unfortunately, windows is not POSIX...
-	  cygwin has mkfifo command, but it does not affect system-wide.
-
-Fri Apr 10 02:18:53 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: Use mkfifo command instead of mknod
-	  command to create a named pipe.  mkfifo command is defined by POSIX.
-
-Fri Apr 10 01:29:05 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* process.c: Release GVL when opening a file in spawn() to avoid whole
-	  process blocking when opening a named pipe.
-	  (open_func): New function.
-	  (rb_execarg_parent_start1): Extracted from rb_execarg_parent_start and
-	  use rb_thread_call_without_gvl2 to release GVL when opening a file.
-	  (rb_execarg_parent_start): Invoke rb_execarg_parent_start1 via
-	  rb_protect and invoke rb_execarg_parent_end when error.
-
-Thu Apr  9 22:19:19 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* process.c (redirect_open): Removed.
-
-Thu Apr  9 21:38:20 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* internal.h (rb_execarg_parent_end): Declared.
-
-	* process.c: "spawn" opens files in the parent process.
-	  (check_exec_redirect): Add an placeholder for fd in parameters
-	  for fd_open.
-	  (check_exec_fds_1): Delete fd_open condition.
-	  (check_exec_fds): Don't call check_exec_fds_1 with fd_open.
-	  (rb_execarg_parent_start): Open files specified as "spawn" options
-	  and add "dup2" options.
-	  (rb_execarg_parent_end): New function to close opened fds.
-	  (run_exec_open): Removed.
-	  (rb_execarg_run_options): Don't call run_exec_open.
-	  (rb_spawn_internal): Call rb_execarg_parent_end.
-
-	* io.c (pipe_open): Call rb_execarg_parent_end.
-
-	* ext/pty/pty.c (establishShell): Call rb_execarg_parent_end.
-
-Thu Apr  9 20:52:31 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* internal.h (rb_execarg_parent_start): Renamed from rb_execarg_fixup.
-
-	* process.c: Follows the above change.
-
-	* io.c: Ditto.
-
-	* ext/pty/pty.c: Ditto.
-
-Thu Apr  9 20:35:12 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* process.c (fd_clear_cloexec): Extracted from run_exec_dup2.
-
-Thu Apr  9 09:26:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ccan/list/list.h: sync with ccan upstream
-	  [ccan commit c2fbfe5282ba264f3485586e7efa8a5967f2d386]
-
-Thu Apr  9 08:24:03 2015  Masahiro Tomita  <tommy@tmtm.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (addrinfo_mload): fix memory leak of
-	  addrinfo.  [ruby-dev:48923] [Bug #11051]
-
-Wed Apr  8 17:45:02 2015  Shannon Skipper  <shannonskipper@gmail.com>
-
-	* version.c (Init_version): the version of the engine or
-	  interpreter.  [Fix GH-858]
-
-Wed Apr  8 16:15:30 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@cookpad.com>
-
-	* bigdecimal: conform to ruby's license.  [ruby-core:68466] [Bug #10952]
-
-Wed Apr  8 14:57:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wreadlink): should treat junctions like as
-	  symlinks.
-
-Wed Apr  8 14:03:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb: fix syntax error.
-
-Wed Apr  8 13:01:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): Symbols are compared by the identities
-	  always.  [ruby-core:68767] [Bug #11035]
-
-Tue Apr  7 10:22:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* internal.h: fix typo. Patch by @sferik [fix GH-865]
-
-Mon Apr  6 22:52:35 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* enum.c: Enumerable#chunk and Enumerable#slice_before no longer takes
-	  the initial_state argument.  [Feature #10958]
-
-Mon Apr  6 16:09:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_args.c: protect value stack from calling other methods
-	  during complex parameter setting process (splat, kw, and so on).
-	  [Bug #11027]
-
-	* vm_core.h: remove rb_thread_t::mark_stack_len.
-	  With this modification, we don't need to use th->mark_stack_len.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_keyword.rb: add a test.
-
-	* cont.c (cont_capture): catch up this fix.
-
-	* vm.c (rb_thread_mark): ditto.
-
-Mon Apr  6 11:26:42 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb (http_options): prevent content auto decoding
-	  because this is a downloader.
-
-Sun Apr  5 09:55:18 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/contributing.rdoc: update Maintainers list.
-
-Sun Apr  5 09:11:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb: fix bin script permission of bundled gems.
-
-Sun Apr  5 08:46:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb: support --program-suffix option.
-
-Sat Apr  4 21:31:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rake/*: Gemify rake [fix GH-862][Feature #11025]
-	* test/rake/*: ditto.
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb: ditto.
-
-Sat Apr  4 11:30:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_setbyte): check the argument first not to
-	  discard shared string and code range unnecessarily until
-	  actually changing the contents.  pointed out by headius.
-
-Sat Apr  4 08:16:43 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (edit_path): use path which is absolute ftp url
-	  on using ftp_proxy.
-
-Fri Apr  3 11:43:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_cfunc): update invoker arguments.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_cfunc_latter): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_call_cfunc_push_frame): ditto, and prefix
-	  with rb_.
-
-Thu Apr  2 16:26:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk, tool/mkconfig.rb: check the running ruby version in
-	  rbconfig.rb with the program version, as RUBY_VERSION has never
-	  been affected by --with-ruby-version option.
-	  [ruby-core:68639] [Bug #11002]
-
-	* configure.in (LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS): compatibility_version must be
-	  valid version numbers, not an arbitrary string.
-
-Wed Apr  1 11:09:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (push_glob): remove indirect links of arguments for
-	  trampoline.
-
-Wed Apr  1 09:59:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/fileutils.rb (FileUtils#mv): show the exact target path in
-	  the error message instead of the destination parent directory
-	  name.  patched by Joao Britto <jabcalves AT gmail.com> at
-	  [ruby-core:68706].  [Bug #11021]
-
-Tue Mar 31 15:25:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/ChangeLog-0.06_to_0.52: added archived Changelog.
-	  [ruby-list:50105]
-	* doc/ChangeLog-0.50_to_0.60: ditto.
-	* doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1: ditto.
-
-Mon Mar 30 22:02:55 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
-
-	* README.EXT.ja: add redirect [ruby-core:68631]
-
-Mon Mar 30 14:42:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (fileattr_to_unixmode, winnt_lstat): deal with
-	  symbolic link than directory, and set executable bits.
-
-Mon Mar 30 11:27:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (copy_stream_body): use the arguments without conversion if
-	  having read, readpartial, and write methods, than conversion by
-	  to_path method.  [ruby-core:68676] [Bug #11015]
-
-Sun Mar 29 21:08:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c (objspace_allrefs_destruct_i): fix a typo.
-	  [Bug #11013]
-
-Sun Mar 29 11:51:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_binding): replicate env from method object, and
-	  allocate the local variable area for the iseq local table.
-	  [ruby-core:68673] [Bug #11012]
-
-Sat Mar 28 09:19:41 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/date/extconf.rb: try_cflags("-std=iso9899:1999") [Bug #10906]
-	  ruby itself (including numeric.c) is built with strict compile
-	  options including -std=iso9899:1999, but ext/date is not.
-	  By the way -std=iso9899:1999 is not only a warning option but also
-	  changes behavior like MACRO definitions for example INFINITY.
-	  gcc on Solaris affect this.
-
-Fri Mar 27 16:34:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk: revert using BOOTSTRAPRUBY for enc.mk, as
-	  enc/depend uses CONFIG.  [ruby-core:68647] [Bug #11004]
-
-Thu Mar 26 10:05:13 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/test_observer.rb: add tests for Observable module.
-	  [fix GH-859] Patch by @brightbits
-
-Thu Mar 26 06:35:10 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* README.EXT: add redirect [ruby-core:68631]
-
-Wed Mar 25 16:46:49 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/extconf.rb: Solaris 11 has struct tcp_info.tcpi_ca_state,
-	  but it is a dummy.
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c: Solaris 11 doesn't have u_intN_t.
-
-	* ext/socket/option.c: Solaris 11 needs inspect_tcpi_msec.
-
-	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c: Solaris 11 has AF_PACKET but doesn't have
-	  related macros.
-
-Wed Mar 25 17:03:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c (get_fsname): try magic number only if
-	  f_type is included.  [ruby-dev:48913] [Bug #11000]
-
-Wed Mar 25 11:20:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb: make more realistic data.
-	  [ruby-core:68632] [[Bug #10999]
-
-Wed Mar 25 10:39:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* .document: removed needless entries.
-
-Wed Mar 25 08:07:28 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: fix spelling of filename
-	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: ditto.
-
-Tue Mar 25 06:55:43 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* complex.c (k_inexact_p, k_exact_zero_p): use k_exact_zero_p macro
-	  to remove k_inexact_p macro.
-
-	* complex.c (k_exact_one_p): remove unused macro k_exact_one_p.
-
-Tue Mar 24 22:23:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/extension.rdoc: move from toplevel document and added extname.
-	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: ditto.
-
-Tue Mar 24 22:06:58 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/standard_library.rdoc: strip.
-
-Tue Mar 24 22:06:27 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/standard_library.rdoc: move Thread to Extensions.
-
-Tue Mar 24 21:59:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/contributing.rdoc: update Maintainers list.
-
-Tue Mar 24 19:10:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational): fix messages for rb_bug().
-	  Remove `rb_' prefix.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_incremental): ditto.
-
-Tue Mar 24 17:34:01 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* README.ja.md: should be chunibyo.
-
-Tue Mar 24 17:30:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c (get_fsname): return filesystem name by
-	  statfs/statvfs.  [ruby-core:68624] [Bug #10998]
-
-Tue Mar 24 16:46:02 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: now doesn't required spaces just after
-	  `!`.
-
-Mon Mar 23 23:18:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (dir_close): don't raise on double close for consistent to
-	  IO#close.  [Feature #10950]
-
-Mon Mar 23 21:22:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_readlink): move from file.c for better buffer
-	  allocation and the result encoding.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (wreadlink, rb_w32_ureadlink): implement readlink().
-
-Mon Mar 23 14:40:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (winnt_stat): stat with following symbolic links.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (winnt_lstat): rename old winnt_stat, which does
-	  not follow symbolic links.
-
-Mon Mar 23 01:44:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* marshal.c (r_symreal): register symbol names as strings first so
-	  that r_symlink always returns valid names.
-	  [ruby-core:68587] [Bug #10991]
-
-	* marshal.c (r_ivar, r_object0): now need to intern symbol names.
-
-	* marshal.c (r_object0): compare with symbol names.
-
-Sun Mar 22 22:07:40 2015  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
-
-	* doc/etc.rd.ja: Fix wrong coding for Emacs.
-
-Sun Mar 22 09:53:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/make-snapshot (package): add default CONFIGURE name to
-	  follow r50039.
-
-	* tool/make-snapshot (package): substitute configuration variables
-	  in Makefile.in instead of passing by the command line, and make
-	  temporary Makefile instead of a pipe.
-
-Sun Mar 22 08:09:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (ext/ripper/ripper.c, ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c):
-	  strip autogenerated dependencies which have invalid syntax in
-	  other than nmake.
-
-Sat Mar 21 15:01:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_set_winsize): use handle for
-	  writing.  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo seems failing on a handle
-	  for reading.
-
-	* io.c: [DOC] update the example of IO#winsize to use $stdout
-	  instead of $stdin, which does not work on Windows.  a patch by
-	  Jan Lelis <mail AT janlelis.de> at [ruby-core:68574].
-	  [Bug #10986]
-
-Fri Mar 20 18:41:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* proc.c (respond_to_missing_p): check if the receiver responds to
-	  the given method by respond_to_missing?.
-
-	* proc.c (mnew_missing): create Method object for method_missing.
-	  [ruby-core:68564] [Bug #10985]
-
-Fri Mar 20 17:43:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* .travis.yml: enabled email notification.
-
-Fri Mar 20 17:39:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* .travis.yml: removed Ruby 1.9.3 build on Travis CI
-
-Fri Mar 20 12:38:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): obj_info() can receive internal objects.
-
-	* gc.c (check_rvalue_consistency): obj_info() returns const char *.
-
-Fri Mar 20 12:14:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): show class name and T_DATA type_name.
-
-Thu Mar 19 22:12:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute): `dest' can be WB unprotected.
-
-Thu Mar 19 21:25:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute): demote `dest' object.
-
-Thu Mar 19 16:18:00 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c, internal.h: export rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency().
-
-Thu Mar 19 16:15:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): show allocation site if GC_DEBUG is not 0.
-
-Thu Mar 19 16:12:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (newobj_of): fix RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK logics.
-	  * skip on incremental marking because not sure what happen :p
-	  * rb_gc_writebarrier_remember() is enough to mark children.
-
-Thu Mar 19 16:08:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute): need demote for old objects.
-
-Thu Mar 19 10:31:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* random.c (fill_random_bytes): release the handle in the static
-	  variable, not a local variable.
-
-Thu Mar 19 06:30:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* object.c (rb_obj_clone): do not touch age (FL_PROMOTED[01]) because
-	  rb_obj_alloc() can return old object in debug.
-
-Thu Mar 19 06:29:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: flag name was changed
-	  (long_lived -> uncollectible).
-
-Thu Mar 19 05:30:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* iseq.c (iseq_mark): skip some marking if iseq->orig is available.
-
-	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_clone): need WB for iseq1->klass = iseq0->klass
-	  (done in MEMCPY).
-
-Thu Mar 19 04:55:53 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h (IMEMO_DEBUG): added.
-
-	* internal.h: remove unused FL_IMEMO_MARK_V[0-3].
-
-	* gc.c (rb_imemo_new_debug): added.
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): show imemo type name.
-
-Thu Mar 19 04:52:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK): add check mechanism.
-
-	  If RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK > 0, then create old objects
-	  (not new objects) periodically.
-
-	  Create one old objects per RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK objects are
-	  created.
-
-Thu Mar 19 04:46:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_sort_by): add WBs.
-
-Thu Mar 19 03:37:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (check_rvalue_consistency): refactoring.
-	  * not inline on RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0.
-	  * check SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) first.
-	  * add a check that remembered_bit is only TRUE when old (age == 3).
-
-	* gc.c (RVALUE_DEMOTE): should clear RVALUE_REMEMBERED bit.
-
-	  remembered_bit should be TRUE only for old (age == 3) objects.
-
-	  Actually there are no effect because demoted objects will be
-	  uncollectible WB unprotected objects (marked at the beginning of
-	  every minor GC).
-
-Thu Mar 19 02:52:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: rename terminologies.
-	  * long_lived -> uncollectible:
-	    because this bitmap does not mean "long lived objects in past",
-	    but means "prohibit collection these objects until next major GC".
-
-	    Uncollectible objects consist of two types objects, one is old
-	    objects (WB protected objects which age == 3) and another is
-	    uncollectible WB unprotected objects which are referred from old
-	    objects
-
-	  * remembered_wb_unprotected_objects ->
-	    uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects:
-	    because uncollectible objects does not mean remembered objects.
-
-Wed Mar 18 17:21:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational): add an alternative write
-	  barrier (WB) implementation.
-	  When finding reference from [Old obj] to [New obj] by WB, current
-	  implementation marks [Old obj] as remembered old objects and marks
-	  children of [Old obj] at the beginning of marking.
-
-	  Added (but disabled) code changes current behaviour. This fix promote
-	  [New obj] to old and marks as a remembered old object. We can assume
-	  "new objects referred from old objects are maybe long-lived old
-	  objects".
-
-	  Disadvantage of added algorithm is we may promote unwilling
-	  short-lived objects. For example, consider many new objects push and
-	  pop to an old stack object. All of new objects (short-lived objects)
-	  promote to old objects unexpectedly.
-
-	  To compare these behaviour, I add this new code (but disabled it).
-
-Wed Mar 18 17:14:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (RVALUE_PROMOTE_RAW): rename to RVALUE_OLD_LONG_LIVED_SET()
-	  to make clear.
-
-Wed Mar 18 17:10:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (check_rvalue_consistency): do not need to check is_sweeping().
-
-Wed Mar 18 14:13:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb: run GC to finish "marking" phase.
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb: ditto.
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb: add parameter
-	  full_mark: false to invoke only minor GC.
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb: ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 18 12:07:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* string.c: add a comment about RSTRING_FSTR.
-
-Wed Mar 18 12:01:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): use same hash values with Float#hash so
-	  that -0.0 and +0.0 will be identical.
-	  [ruby-core:68541] [Bug #10979]
-
-Wed Mar 18 05:34:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* string.c: introduce STR_FAKESTR to show string is FAKESTR or not.
-
-	* string.c (STR_SET_SHARED): ignore FAKESTR because only Ruby objects
-	  can use write barrier.
-
-Tue Mar 17 18:59:16 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: use rb_gc_writebrrier() simply.
-	  For incremental GC, we need to get a pointer to the objspace.
-	  We can share this pointer for the following WB process.
-	  And considering icache hit ratio, process in the GC.
-
-	* gc.c (rb_gc_writebarrier): added.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational, gc_writebarrier_incremental):
-	  make them NOINLINE because inlining them into rb_gc_writebarrier()
-	  makes a prologue code of rb_gc_writebarrier() longer (storing callee
-	  save registers).
-
-	  This patch improve the performance of WB on micro-benchmarks.
-
-	  name                   ruby 2.1   trunk   modified
-	  vm1_gc_wb_ary*            0.511   0.632      0.532
-	  vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted*   0.578   0.701      0.674
-	  vm1_gc_wb_obj*            0.419   0.575      0.492
-	  vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted*   0.537   0.664      0.618
-	                                                 (sec)
-
-Tue Mar 17 18:51:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary(_promoted).rb: separate fastpath and
-	  slowpath for WB.
-
-	  Before this change bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb tried to check the performance
-	  for WB slowpath (making a reference from oldobj to newobj). However,
-	  from Ruby 2.2, 3 GCs are needed to promote new objects because
-	  only 3 age objects are promoted objects.
-
-	  To compare fastpath and slowpath, introduce new "promoted" version
-	  benchmark.
-
-	  bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb is for fastpath and
-	  bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb is for slowpath.
-
-	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj(_promoted).rb: ditto.
-
-Tue Mar 17 17:23:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (glob_helper): distinguish not-yet-stated and DT_UNKNOWN
-	  by readdir, and traverse recursively for the former.  Linux
-	  readdir returns DT_UNKNOWN on some filesystems, e.g., smbfs,
-	  iso9660.
-
-Mon Mar 16 17:43:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb: Fix regression bug in WEBrick's
-	  :DoNotReverseLookup config option implementation.
-	  [fix GH-731] Patch by @vais
-	* test/webrick/test_do_not_reverse_lookup.rb: ditto.
-
-Sat Mar 14 20:05:23 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c (math_gamma): optimization for passed small integer.
-
-Sat Mar 14 18:07:23 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enum.c: [DOC] Fixes Enumerable#member? documentation
-	  [fix GH-756][ci skip] Patch by @shamanime
-
-Sat Mar 14 12:23:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (glob_helper): use d_type to reduce lstat system calls.
-
-	* win32/dir.h (struct direct): add d_type instead of d_isdir and
-	  d_isrep.  SYMLINKD is unreliable, since the target can be
-	  replaced after a link was created.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (readdir_internal): set d_type.
-
-Sat Mar 14 02:14:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (primary): empty parentheses at cmdarg can be null.
-	  [ruby-core:68477] [Bug #10957]
-
-Fri Mar 13 15:04:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_close): don't raise on double
-	  close for consistent to IO#close.
-
-Fri Mar 13 15:03:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_close_read, rb_io_close_write): don't raise after
-	  close same as IO#close.
-
-Fri Mar 13 12:29:07 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/readline/test_readline.rb: Restore environment variables:
-	  COLUMNS LINES
-
-Fri Mar 13 11:37:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: needs --enable-shared when linked to
-	  libruby or fiddle.so.  since --with-static-linked-ext does no
-	  longer link extensions to ruby program with --enable-shared, the
-	  only combination needs --enable-static is --disable-shared and
-	  --with-static-linked-ext.  [ruby-dev:48901] [Bug #10960]
-
-Fri Mar 13 07:02:20 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock): use rb_hash_lookup2
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (get_no_exception): new function
-	  (ossl_ssl_accept_nonblock): use get_no_exception
-	  (ossl_ssl_read_internal): ditto
-	  (ossl_ssl_write_nonblock): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:68511]
-
-Fri Mar 13 07:01:38 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: predefine wait_*able symbols
-
-Thu Mar 12 22:59:53 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb: Check environment variables.
-
-Thu Mar 12 05:54:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock):
-	  support exception: false
-	  [ruby-core:66385] [Feature #10532]
-	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_init_socket_init): define new symbols
-	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototype
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_accept_nonblock): support exception: false
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_accept_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/socket/socket.c (Init_socket): adjust accept_nonblock definition
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): ditto
-	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c (rsock_init_tcpserver): ditto
-	* ext/socket/unixserver.c (rsock_init_unixserver): ditto
-	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c (tcp_accept_nonblock): adjust
-	  rsock_s_accept_nonblock call
-	* ext/socket/unixserver.c (unix_accept_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_start_ssl): support no_exception
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_connect): adjust ossl_start_ssl call
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_connect_nonblock): ditto
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_accept): ditto
-	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb (test_accept_nonblock): test for
-	  "exception :false"
-	* test/socket/test_tcp.rb (test_accept_nonblock): new test
-	* test/socket/test_unix.rb (test_accept_nonblock): ditto
-	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (test_accept_nonblock_no_exception): ditto
-
-Thu Mar 12 10:53:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h, node.h: move a definition of `struct rb_global_entry'
-	  and related functions from node.h to internal.h.
-
-	* variable.c: remove unused include pragma.
-
-	* common.mk: remove unused dependency.
-
-Thu Mar 12 10:32:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* common.mk: remove unused dependency.
-
-Thu Mar 12 08:20:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* load.c: removed unused header file "node.h".
-
-	* method.h: ditto.
-
-	* symbol.c: ditto.
-
-Thu Mar 12 08:14:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE should be 0.
-
-Thu Mar 12 07:44:17 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: use T_IMEMO to represent `struct MEMO' value.
-	  memo->v1 and memo->v2 is WB protected values.
-	  So use MEMO_V1/V2_SET() macros to set these values.
-	  memo->u3 is ambiguous (sometimes a VALUE, sometimes an integer
-	  value), so use gc_mark_maybe() in gc.c to mark it.
-
-	  Rename NEW_MEMO() to MEMO_NEW().
-
-	  Move MEMO_FOR and NEW_MEMO_FOR macros from node.h.
-
-	  Export a rb_imemo_new() function for ext/ripper.
-
-	* node.h: remove NODE_MEMO.
-
-	* enum.c: catch up these change.
-
-	* enumerator.c: ditto.
-
-	* load.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (count_nodes): ditto.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark imemo_memo type.
-
-	* parse.y (new_args_gen): use T_IMEMO.
-	  (I'm not sure it is working correctly...)
-
-Wed Mar 11 22:36:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* eval.c (frame_called_id): it should use vm_ifunc type.
-
-	* eval.c (frame_func_id): ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 11 22:27:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* node.h: remove NODE_IFUNC, NEW_IFUNC.
-
-	* internal.h: use T_IMEMO for IFUNC.
-
-	  rename `struct IFUNC' to `struct vm_ifunc' and move the definition
-	  from vm_insnhelper.h. Add imemo_ifunc.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark imemo_ifunc type T_IMEMO object.
-
-	* compile.c: catch up these changes.
-
-	* proc.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_core.h (RUBY_VM_IFUNC_P): ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 11 21:53:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h, eval_intern.h: move CREF accessors.
-
-	  List IMEMO supported types in internal.h.
-
-Wed Mar 11 21:45:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h: use T_IMEMO to create THROW_DATA.
-
-	  Add THROW_DATA_NEW().
-
-	* internal.h: move definition of `struct THROW_DATA'
-	  from vm_insnhelper.h to internal.h.
-
-	  Rename `THROW_DATA' to `vm_throw_data'.
-
-	* eval_intern.h (THROW_DATA_P): move to internal.h.
-	  THROW_DATA is no longer T_NODE, so check T_IMEMO.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark THROW_DATA.
-
-	* vm.c: catch up these changes.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 11 21:21:56 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: use T_IMEMO to create SVAR.
-
-	* internal.h, vm_insnhelper.h: move definition `struct SVAR'
-	  from vm_insnhelper.h to internal.h. And rename it to struct vm_svar.
-
-	  new imemo_type imemo_svar is added.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark imemo_svar.
-
-	* node.c (rb_gc_mark_node): remove useless marking.
-
-Wed Mar 11 19:35:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: introduce new type T_IMEMO.
-	  T_IMEMO is Internal Memo type, internal use only.
-	  T_IMEMO has same purpose of NODE_MEMO.
-
-	  To insert T_IMEMO, type numbers are modified a little.
-
-	* internal.h: define struct RIMemo. Each RIMemo objects
-	  has imemo_type. We can observe it by the imemo_type() function.
-
-	* gc.c (rb_imemo_new): added.
-
-	* node.h: remove NODE_CREF and NEW_CREF().
-
-	* node.c (rb_gc_mark_node): ditto.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_new): use rb_imem_new().
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: use RIMemo objects for CREF.
-
-	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: support T_IMEMO.
-
-Wed Mar 11 17:03:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c: fix memory leak by prepend method.
-
-	  It is easy to reproduce with such script:
-
-	    module M; def bar; end; end
-	    loop{
-	      Class.new do
-	        def foo; end
-	        prepend M
-	      end
-	    }
-
-	* gc.c (obj_free): free T_ICLASS::m_tbl if it is created by prepend.
-	  To recognize it, check RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN flag.
-
-	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): T_ICLASS objects only need to mark
-	  T_ICLASS::m_tbl if RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN is set.
-
-	* gc.c (obj_memsize_of): count T_ICLASS if RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN is set.
-
-	* internal.h (RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN): add to set RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN.
-
-	  TODO: The word `origin' seems not good name. We need to invent
-	  another good name.
-
-	* class.c: use RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN().
-
-	* class.c (class_alloc): zero clear rb_classext_t.
-
-Wed Mar 11 13:28:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: check also procstat_getvmmap, which is not
-	  available on FreeBSD 9.  [ruby-core:68468] [Bug #10954]
-
-	* vm_dump.c (procstat_vm): use kinfo_getvmmap instead if
-	  procstat_getvmmap is not available.
-
-Wed Mar 11 09:15:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: define struct MEMO.
-
-	* enum.c: use MEMO.
-
-	* enumerator.c: ditto.
-
-	* load.c: ditto.
-
-	* node.h: return (struct MEMO *) pointer.
-
-Wed Mar 11 06:26:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h (THROW_DATA_STATE): return int, not VALUE.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h (THROW_DATA_STATE_SET): accept int value.
-
-Wed Mar 11 05:06:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_catch_protect): use THROW_DATA_VAL().
-
-Wed Mar 11 04:56:04 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h: define struct IFUNC.
-
-	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): use it.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_yield_with_cfunc): ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 11 03:52:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* eval_intern.h (THROW_DATA_P): use RB_TYPE_P() instead of
-	  BUILTIN_TYPE().
-
-	* thread.c (thread_join): use THROW_DATA_P().
-
-Wed Mar 11 03:48:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* proc.c: use RUBY_VM_IFUNC_P() to recognize IFUNC or not.
-
-	* vm.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_core.h (RUBY_VM_IFUNC_P): use RB_TYPE_P() instead of
-	  BUILTIN_TYPE().
-
-Wed Mar 11 03:21:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h: define struct THROW_DATA to represent
-	  throwing data. Also define accessor functions.
-
-	* eval_intern.h: move related changes into vm_insnhelper.h.
-	  Now these MACROs (functions) are only used in vm*.c.
-
-	  There is only THROW_DATA_P(err) to check this data type or not.
-
-	* vm.c: catch up these changes.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
-
-Wed Mar 11 00:57:00 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/rubygems/test_gem_security_trust_dir.rb: The return value of
-	  File::Stat#mode is OS dependent. In AIX, 0200000 is set.
-
-Tue Mar 10 20:03:41 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb: Invoke setup_shutdown_pipe in start method
-	  instead of listen method.
-	  [ruby-core:68476] [Bug #10956] Reported by Shintaro Kojima.
-
-Tue Mar 10 17:27:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* thread.c (thread_join): Fixnum (except TAG_FATAL) and
-	  NODE should not be reached here.
-
-Mon Mar  9 21:42:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (ep_cref): rename to lep_cref() because it should be
-	  local ep.
-
-Mon Mar  9 16:34:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_close): don't raise on double
-	  close for consistent to IO#close.
-
-Mon Mar 09 06:44:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h: define struct SVAR for SVAR.
-	  This data type is also same layout of NODE (NODE_IF).
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: catch up this change.
-
-Mon Mar  9 06:43:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (lep_svar_set): add WBs.
-
-Mon Mar  9 06:19:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: define rb_cref_t and change to use it.
-
-	  rb_cref_t is data type of CREF. Now, the body is still NODE.
-	  It is easy to understand what is CREF and what is pure NODE.
-
-Mon Mar  9 06:00:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.h (COPY_CREF_OMOD): fix translation miss.
-
-Mon Mar  9 04:47:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: define CREF accessor macros.
-	  * CREF_CLASS(cref)
-	  * CREF_NEXT(cref)
-	  * CREF_VISI(cref)
-	  * CREF_VISI_SET(cref, v)
-	  * CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref)
-	  * CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL(cref)
-	  * CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL_SET(cref)
-	  * CREF_OMOD_SHARED(cref)
-	  * CREF_OMOD_SHARED_SET(cref)
-	  * CREF_OMOD_SHARED_UNSET(cref)
-
-	  This is process to change CREF data type from NODE.
-
-Sun Mar  8 22:50:57 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (rb_gzfile_close): Don't raise on double
-	  close for consistent to IO#close.
-
-Sun Mar  8 16:57:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (glob_helper): match patterns against legacy short names
-	  too, not only ordinary names.  [ruby-core:67954] [Bug #10819]
-
-	* win32/dir.h (struct direct): add short name members.
-
-	* win32/win32.c (opendir_internal, readdir_internal): ditto.
-
-Sat Mar  7 09:36:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c: document that first element is kept when using
-	  Array#uniq and #uniq! [fix GH-845][ci skip]
-	  Patch by @riffraff
-
-Sat Mar  7 09:28:02 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread.c: Mutex#owned? is no longer experimental since 2.1.0
-	  [fix GH-839][ci skip] Patch by @takiy33
-
-Sat Mar  7 09:18:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/merger.rb: Added documentation to version method.
-	  [fix GH-847][ci skip] Patch by @magikid
-
-Fri Mar  6 22:50:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* class.c (rb_prepend_module): need a WB for klass -> origin.
-
-Fri Mar  6 20:18:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* fix namespace issue on singleton class expressions. [Bug #10943]
-
-	* vm_core.h, method.h: remove rb_iseq_t::cref_stack. CREF is stored
-	  to rb_method_definition_t::body.iseq_body.cref.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: modify SVAR usage.
-	  When calling ISEQ type method, push CREF information onto method
-	  frame, SVAR located place. Before this fix, SVAR is simply nil.
-	  After this patch, CREF (or NULL == Qfalse for not iseq methods)
-	  is stored at the method invocation.
-
-	  When SVAR is required, then put NODE_IF onto SVAR location,
-	  and NDOE_IF::nd_reserved points CREF itself.
-
-	* vm.c (vm_cref_new, vm_cref_dump, vm_cref_new_toplevel): added.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_push_frame): accept CREF.
-
-	* method.h, vm_method.c (rb_add_method_iseq): added. This function
-	  accepts iseq and CREF.
-
-	* class.c (clone_method): use rb_add_method_iseq().
-
-	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): mark method_entry::body.iseq_body.cref.
-
-	* iseq.c: remove CREF related codes.
-
-	* insns.def (getinlinecache/setinlinecache): CREF should be cache key
-	  because a different CREF has a different namespace.
-
-	* node.c (rb_gc_mark_node): mark NODE_IF::nd_reserved for SVAR.
-
-	* proc.c: catch up changes.
-
-	* struct.c: ditto.
-
-	* insns.def: ditto.
-
-	* vm_args.c (raise_argument_error): ditto.
-
-	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_class.rb: add a test.
-
-Fri Mar  6 18:19:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb: on vboxsf (on VirtualBox
-	  on Windows 7), file name and permissions are strange (can access
-	  by short file name and so on).
-
-	  Simply skip on such tests on such FS. To detect strange FS, this
-	  patch use a part of code `File.executable?(__FILE__)`.
-	  Please correct them if there are better ways.
-
-Fri Mar  6 17:31:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb: do not change directory.
-
-	  Run system command in the directory mounted by vboxsf on Windows 7
-	  and get warning like that "warning: Insecure world writable dir...".
-
-Fri Mar  6 10:31:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (vm_call_super): search next super class from the
-	  original class, to get rid of infinite recursion with
-	  prepending.  a patch by Seiei Higa <hanachin AT gmail.com> at
-	  [ruby-core:68434].  [ruby-core:68093] [Bug #10847]
-
-Fri Mar  6 08:45:26 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* lib/matrix.rb: Add Vector#round. Patch by Jordan Stephens.
-	  [Fixes GH-802]
-
-Fri Mar  6 07:33:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (obj_info): show node name too.
-
-Fri Mar  6 07:00:44 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* internal.h: remove struct method_table_wrapper.
-	  struct method_table_wrapper was introduced to avoid duplicate marking
-	  for method tables.
-
-	  For example, `module M1; def foo; end; end` make one method table
-	  (mtbl) contains a method `foo`. M1 (T_MODULE) points mtbl.
-	  Classes C1 and C2 includes M1, then two T_ICLASS objects are created
-	  and they points mtbl too. In this case, three objects (one T_MODULE
-	  and two T_ICLASS objects) points same mtbl. On marking phase, these
-	  three objects mark same mtbl. To avoid such duplication, struct
-	  method_table_wrapper was introduced.
-
-	  However, created two T_ICLASS objects have same or shorter lifetime
-	  than M1 (T_MODULE) object. So that we only need to mark mtbl from M1,
-	  not from T_ICLASS objects. This patch tries marking only from M1.
-	  In other words, original module (M1) has responsibility to mark mtbl.
-	  Because of no duplicate marking, we don't need method_table_wrapper
-	  any more.
-
-	  Note that one `Module#prepend` call creates two T_ICLASS objects.
-	  One for referring to a prepending Module object, same as
-	  `Module#include`. We don't need to care this T_ICLASS.
-	  One for moving original mtbl from a prepending class. We need to
-	  mark such mtbl from this T_ICLASS object. To mark the mtbl,
-	  we need to use `RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass)` on marking from a prepended
-	  class `klass`.
-
-	* class.c: ditto.
-
-	* eval.c (rb_using_refinement): ditto.
-
-	* gc.c: ditto.
-
-	* include/ruby/ruby.h: define m_tbl directly. The definition of
-	  struct RClass should be moved to (srcdir)/internal.h.
-
-	* method.h: remove decl of rb_free_m_tbl_wrapper().
-
-	* object.c: use RCLASS_M_TBL() directly.
-
-Fri Mar  6 02:50:12 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): need to check the return value of
-	  GLOB_REALLOC().
-
-Fri Mar  6 02:26:03 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): shouldn't create Ruby object before
-	  the object system is loaded.
-	  [ruby-core:68430] [Bug #10941]
-
-Wed Mar  5 16:58:43 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* hash.c: [DOC] #delete method actually returns nil, if the key
-	  is not found. [fix GH-844][ci skip] Patch by @ivdma
-
-Wed Mar  5 12:22:23 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c: refactoring: remove unnecessary variable d0 to unify code
-	  appearance.
-
-Thu Mar  5 11:50:54 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): A binding should keep
-	  refinements activation information and the refinements should be
-	  activated in subsequent eval calls with the binding.
-	  [ruby-core:67945] [Bug #10818]
-
-Thu Mar  5 11:16:55 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: There is no need anymore to suppress
-	  warnings.
-
-Thu Mar  5 08:31:02 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* random.c (random_raw_seed): Avoid calling fill_random_bytes()
-	  if the requested size is 0. AIX returns -1 for 0-byte read from
-	  /dev/urandom, while other UNIX returns 0. With this change,
-	  Random.raw_seed(0) consistently returns "" in any UNIX.
-
-Wed Mar  4 12:43:32 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_math.rb (assert_float_and_int): Refactor test cases
-	  by introducing assert_float_and_int. [misc #10810]
-
-Wed Mar  4 11:52:30 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* symbol.c (Init_sym): make dsym_fstrs a hash compared by identity
-	  as the keys are unique fstrings, to get rid of running hash and
-	  compare methods and causing new object allocation during garbage
-	  collection phase.  [ruby-dev:48891] [Bug #10933]
-
-Wed Mar  4 10:16:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* enum.c: Fix typo in slice_after's exception message.
-	  [fix GH-842][ci skip] Patch by @jsyeo
-
-Wed Mar  4 10:15:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/syntax/methods.rdoc: add some missing spaces and
-	  fix a grammatical error in method docs.
-	  [fix GH-843][ci skip] Patch by @nikolas
-
-Wed Mar  4 02:13:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (backport_command_string): pick up only
-	  when the revision exists in trunk.
-
-Wed Mar  4 00:44:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_io_blocking_region): assigned variables
-	  inside EXEC_TAG() should be volatile.
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt): ditto.
-
-	* thread.c (exec_recursive): ditto.
-
-Wed Mar  4 00:29:18 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: now can specify shorten form of commands.
-
-Tue Mar  3 23:41:42 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (Readline.readline): drop untreated control
-	  characters.
-
-Tue Mar  3 22:25:24 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/envutil.rb (EnvUtil.invoke_ruby): need to rescue because
-	  Signal.signame may raise exception.
-
-Tue Mar  3 16:57:39 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: use 'b' instead of 's' for showing
-	  Backport options for merger.rb.
-
-Tue Mar  3 16:55:23 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: show selected ticket number at prompt.
-
-Tue Mar  3 14:47:30 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c (num2dbl_with_to_f): direct casting from Rational to double.
-	  [Feature #10909]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_math.rb: add tests for the above change.
-
-Tue Mar  3 07:52:20 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb: avoid a false positive in AIX.
-
-Tue Mar  3 00:59:39 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* configure.in: set PRELOADENV in Solaris to avoid "wrong ELF class"
-	  error. [Bug #10926] [ruby-dev:48888]
-	* configure.in: set LIBPATHENV for 32-bit compile in Solaris
-	  in addition to 64-bit.
-
-Mon Mar  2 15:36:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: do not check _setjmp unless _longjmp is available,
-	  so that configure results will not be changed by cache.
-
-Mon Mar  2 14:44:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE): restore unsigned type from
-	  cached variable only if the target type is not available.
-
-Mon Mar  2 13:04:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* signal.c (sig_signame): return nil if the argument is a valid
-	  signal number.
-
-Mon Mar  2 12:05:04 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb (create_ftp_server): set SO_OOBINLINE
-	  for receiving OOB data which is sent with MSG_OOB flag in
-	  portable way. [Bug #10915] [ruby-dev:48885]
-	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb (test_abort, test_status): use gets
-	  for receiving OOB data in portable way.
-
-Mon Mar  2 11:43:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE): restore unsigned type from
-	  cached variable.
-
-Mon Mar  2 06:01:41 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_nread): wrap return value with INT2FIX
-	  Thanks to Yura Sokolov <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
-	  [ruby-core:68369] [Bug#10923]
-	* test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb (test_nread_buffered):
-	  fix broken test
-
-Sun Mar  1 20:21:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE): restore convertible type from
-	  cached variable, so that configured results will be stable.
-
-Sun Mar  1 18:10:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (rb_cv_broken_memmem): check before adding the
-	  result HAVE_MEMMEM macro to confdefs.h, so that configured
-	  results will be stable.
-
-Sun Mar  1 11:17:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gc.c (id2ref): prohibit from accessing internal objects.
-	  [ruby-core:68348] [Bug #10918]
-
-Sun Mar  1 09:06:11 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/time.rb (strptime): Support %s.%N.
-	  [ruby-core:68301] [Bug #10904] Patch by Sadayuki Furuhashi.
-
-Sat Feb 28 17:18:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* enum.c (enum_each_slice, enum_each_cons): limit elements size by
-	  the enumerator size.  suggested by Hans Mackowiak <hanmac AT
-	  gmx.de> at [ruby-core:68335]
-
-Sat Feb 28 15:44:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_dump.c (rb_vm_bugreport): get rid of making new strings
-	  inside signal context.
-
-	* variable.c (rb_tmp_class_path): defer making temporary class
-	  path string.
-
-	* variable.c (rb_search_class_path): search class path or return
-	  Qnil or Qfalse if unnamed, not creating a temporary path.
-
-Sat Feb 28 15:02:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* variable.c (rb_tmp_class_path): preserve name encoding of an
-	  anonymous instance of module/class subclass.
-
-Sat Feb 28 08:24:30 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/pty/pty.c: AIX supports autopush.
-	  Patch by Perry Smith [ruby-core:58539] [Bug #9144]
-
-Fri Feb 27 22:00:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.4.6 and HEAD(800f2e6).
-	  Fixed #1159, #1171, #1173 on rubygems/rubygems
-	* test/rubygems: ditto.
-
-Fri Feb 27 20:55:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rake: Update to rake (9237e74), typo fix and remove needless
-	  private syntax.
-	* test/rake: ditto.
-
-Fri Feb 27 17:06:44 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_core.h: define vm_svar_index.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c, vm.c, compile.c: use vm_svar_index names.
-
-	* iseq.h: remove DEFAULT_SPECIAL_VAR_COUNT.
-	  use VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START instead.
-
-Fri Feb 27 13:57:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* io.c (setup_narg): wipe away expanded part of buffer to get rid
-	  of revealing uncleaned data.  reported by Dongkwan Kim <dkay AT
-	  kaist.ac.kr>.
-
-Wed Feb 25 22:25:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* spec/default.mspec: use default configuration file name.
-	  https://github.com/ruby/rubyspec/commit/cc69f337b06362e5607ffa3e3ad40ef7494960cf
-
-Wed Feb 25 22:21:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* spec/default.mspec: remove specific version number.
-	  https://github.com/ruby/rubyspec/commit/7a909e925c1baa9c700bd44af9241aef6e596714
-
-Wed Feb 25 22:04:04 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/win32/Win32API.rb (initialize): accept both a string and an array
-	  for the arguments of the imported function.
-	  reported by Aaron Stone [ruby-core:68208] [Bug #10876] [Fixes GH-835]
-
-Wed Feb 25 18:12:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* signal.c (sighandler): preserve errno
-	  Patch by Steven Stewart-Gallus <sstewartgallus00@mylangara.bc.ca>
-	  [ruby-core:68172] [Bug #10866]
-
-Wed Feb 25 15:59:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (push_pattern, push_glob): make globbed file names same
-	  encoding to the given pattern.
-
-Wed Feb 25 15:27:16 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/merger.rb: support 2.1+ versioning scheme.
-
-Tue Feb 25 08:49:12 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/cmath.rb (log): raise ArgumentError when more than 2 arguments
-	  are passed. [ruby-core:66143] [Bug #10487]
-
-Tue Feb 25 02:15:17 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_math.rb: Use assert_infinity instead of assert_equal(1.0/0, ...).
-
-	* test/ruby/test_math.rb: Add tests for overriding Integer#to_f.
-	  [ruby-core:67919] [Misc #10809]
-
-Tue Feb 24 22:58:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* complex.c (nucomp_mul): calculate as rotation in complex plane
-	  if matrix calculation resulted in NaN.
-
-Tue Feb 24 21:45:39 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_math.rb(test_cbrt): Add an assertion for Math.cbrt(1.0/0)
-	  and move #test_cbrt to more proper place.
-
-Tue Feb 24 19:09:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (lep_svar_place, lep_svar_get): do not create
-	  additional T_NODE object (svars holder) when only getting
-	  svars.
-
-Tue Feb 24 11:49:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* time.c (time_zone_name): should be US-ASCII only if all 7-bits,
-	  otherwise locale encoding.  [ruby-core:68230] [Bug #10887]
-
-Tue Feb 24 09:47:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (chompped_length): enable smart chomp for all non-dummy
-	  encoding strings, not only default_rs.
-	  [ruby-core:68258] [Bug #10893]
-
-Mon Feb 23 23:19:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): support :chdir option.
-
-	* tool/vcs.rb (VCS::GIT.get_revisions): use :chdir option instead
-	  of -C option which is not supported by older git.
-	  [ruby-dev:48880] [Bug #10890]
-
-Mon Feb 23 15:26:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* string.c (rb_str_split_m): raise ArgumentError at broken string
-	  not RegexpError, as Regexp is not involved in.
-	  [ruby-core:68229] [Bug #10886]
-
-Mon Feb 23 07:25:29 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* time.c: Zone encoding should be US-ASCII if all 7-bits. Fix r46907.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_time.rb, test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb: Update tests.
-
-Sun Feb 22 18:33:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* common.mk: use ruby organization for rubyspec.
-
-Sun Feb 22 15:56:06 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack): copy nd_refinements
-	  of original crefs. It fixes segmentation fault when calling
-	  refined method in duplicate module. [ruby-dev:48878] [Bug #10885]
-
-	* vm_core.h, class.c: change accordingly.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test for above.
-
-Sun Feb 22 10:43:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_objspace_call_finalizer): control GC execution during
-	  force firnalizations at the end of interpreter process.
-	  [Bug #10768]
-
-	  1) Prohibit incremental GC while running Ruby-level finalizers
-	     to avoid any danger.
-	  2) Prohibit GC while invoking T_DATA/T_FILE data structure
-	     because these operations break object relations consistency.
-
-	  This patch can introduce another memory consuming issue because
-	  Ruby-level finalizers can run after (2), GC is disabled.
-	  However, basically object consistency was broken at (2) as I
-	  described above. So that running Ruby-level finalizers contains
-	  danger originally. Because of this point, I need to suggest to
-	  remove these 3 lines (invoking remaining finalizers). And add a
-	  rule to add that finalizers should not add new finalizers, or
-	  say there is no guarantee to invoke finalizers that added by
-	  another finalizer.
-
-Sun Feb 22 04:07:05 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c: [DOC] RDoc formatting fixes for
-	  ASN1::ObjectId with patch from @vbatts [Fixes GH-834]
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c: ditto.
-
-Sat Feb 21 19:51:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c (match_aref): RMatch::regexp is Qnil after matching by a
-	  string since r45451.  [ruby-core:68209] [Bug #10877]
-
-Sat Feb 21 16:18:42 2015  Stefan Schuler  <mail@stefanschuessler.de>
-
-	* compar.c (Init_Comparable): [DOC] Replace camelcase variable name.
-	  [Fix GH-833]
-
-Fri Feb 20 17:27:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* file.c (rb_file_identical_p): fix handle leak, ensure to close
-	  the handle of the first argument.
-
-Fri Feb 20 17:19:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (different_device_p): compare by volume serial
-	  numbers, not by path names.  [ruby-core:68162] [Bug #10865]
-
-Thu Feb 19 01:58:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): neither the drive
-	  of base directory nor the current drive are involved in the
-	  result if different than the drive of path.
-	  [ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]
-
-Wed Feb 18 10:48:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/win32.c (wrename): return EXDEV if moving a directory to
-	  another drive, since MoveFileExW does not set proper error code.
-	  [ruby-core:68162] [Bug #10865]
-
-Wed Feb 18 03:13:52 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump psych version.
-	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: ditto
-	* ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c: add latest libyaml change.
-	* test/psych/helper.rb: support newer minitest
-	* test/psych/test_to_yaml_properties.rb: ditto
-
-Tue Feb 17 11:47:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Resource#==, #hash): elements
-	  returned by Kernel#instance_variables are Symbols now.
-	  [ruby-core:68128] [Bug #10857]
-
-Tue Feb 17 10:59:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc: Fix documentation for "calling_methods"
-	  Patch by @sos4nt [fix GH-830][ci skip]
-
-Tue Feb 17 10:53:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): do not make invalid
-	  (or ADS) path if the path has a drive letter, the result also
-	  should have be under it.  [ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]
-
-Tue Feb 17 10:47:20 2015  Iain Beeston  <iain.beeston@gmail.com>
-
-	* hash.c: Added docs to explain that #include? and #member? do not
-	  check member equality
-	* lib/set.rb: ditto
-
-Mon Feb 16 20:58:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* compile.c (compile_massign): optimization for special case,
-	  assignments by aset or attrset.
-	  http://kokizzu.blogspot.jp/2015/02/c-java-hhvm-ruby-nodejsrhinojscspidermo.html
-	  http://www.atdot.net/~ko1/diary/201502.html#d16
-
-Sun Feb 15 10:41:23 2015  Sho Hashimoto  <sho-h@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/standard_library.rdoc: [DOC] delete removed libraries.
-	  [misc #10843] [ci skip]
-
-Sat Feb 14 12:20:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* random.c (rand_random_number): add a method to return a random
-	  number like SecureRandom to Random::Formatter.
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb (random_bytes): move to Random::Formatter,
-	  the base method of the module.
-
-Sat Feb 14 12:01:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* random.c (random_raw_seed): extract platform dependent random
-	  seed initialization function as a new method Random.raw_seed.
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb (SecureRandom): use Random.raw_seed.
-
-Sat Feb 14 00:49:37 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/coverage/coverage.c: Add Coverage.peek_result.  Allows you to
-	  capture coverage information without stopping the coverage tool.
-	  [ruby-core:67940] [Feature #10816]
-
-	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: test for change.
-
-Fri Feb 13 21:52:05 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
-
-	* string.c (str_discard): does not free for STR_NOFREE string.
-	  [Bug #10853][ruby-core:68110]
-
-	* bootstraptest/test_string.rb: test for above.
-
-Fri Feb 13 21:16:00 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
-
-	* lib/base64.rb: make urlsafe mode user-friendly.
-
-	* lib/base64.rb (Base64.urlsafe_encode64): a new option "padding" to
-	  suppress the padding character ("=").
-
-	* lib/base64.rb (Base64.urlsafe_decode64): now it accepts not only
-	  correctly-padded input but also unpadded input.
-	  [Feature #10740][ruby-core:67570]
-
-	* test/base64/test_base64.rb: Test for above
-
-Fri Feb 13 14:19:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json: merge upstream from flori/json
-	  change usage of TypedData. [Feature #10739][ruby-core:67564]
-
-Thu Feb 12 18:34:01 2015  multisnow  <infinity.blick.winkel@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: check RAND_edg to support libressl.
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c (ossl_rand_egd): define only if RAND_edg
-	  is available.  [Fix GH-829]
-
-Thu Feb 12 10:46:14 2015  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
-
-	* proc.c (proc_call):  Improve Proc#call documentation.  Patch by
-	  Hsing-Hui Hsu.  [fix GH-761]
-
-Thu Feb 12 04:33:02 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
-
-	* compar.c (cmp_equal): no more error hiding for Comparable#==.
-	  It now behaves as other Comparable methods. See #7688.
-
-	* test/ruby/test_comparable.rb: update related test.
-
-Thu Feb 12 03:28:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/set.rb (initialize): internal hash defaults to false
-
-	* lib/set.rb (include?): use Hash#[] for optimized dispatch.
-	  Patch by Ismael Abreu <ismaelga@gmail.com>
-	  [ruby-core:67664] [Misc #10754]
-
-Wed Feb 11 11:09:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/digest/digest_conf.rb (digest_conf): check for CommonDigest.
-
-	* ext/digest/*/*cc.h: for Apple CommonCrypto/CommonDigest.h.
-
-	* ext/digest/digest.h (DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL): macro for
-	  finish functions, by inverting arguments order.
-
-	* ext/digest/digest_conf.rb (digest_conf): extract common
-	  configurations.
-
-Wed Feb 11 11:01:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/json/generator/generator.c (generate_json): get rid of
-	  unnecessary recursive calls which can cause infinite recursion.
-	  T_STRING may not have rb_cString.
-
-Wed Feb 11 07:53:35 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* test/win32ole/test_word.rb: use skip method to skip test.
-
-Tue Feb 10 11:38:28 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): stop method search when a method
-	  is not found in a refinement, to support undef in refinements.
-	  [ruby-core:66741] [Bug #10578]
-
-Tue Feb 10 11:19:11 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/net/ftp.rb (chdir, delete, gettextfile, mdtm, mkdir, nlst,
-	  putbinaryfile, puttextfile, rename, rmdir, size): support
-	  Pathname. Patch by Joe Rafaniello. [fix GH-828]
-
-Mon Feb  9 16:36:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/make-snapshot (package): get rid of loading unbundled and
-	  unexpected libraries.  [ruby-core:67977] [Bug #10822]
-
-Sun Feb  8 20:09:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/net/http/header.rb: pass header names as symbols.
-	  Patch by @DamirSvrtan [fix GH-805]
-	* test/net/http/test_httpheader.rb: added test.
-
-Sun Feb  8 13:04:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c (get_addr): reject too long hostname to
-	  get rid of GHOST vulnerability on very old platforms.
-
-	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (make_hostent_internal): ditto, paranoic
-	  check for the canonical name.
-
-Sun Feb  8 12:48:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (Win32::Registry::API): use wide
-	  versions of RegDeleteValue and RegDeleteKey.
-	  [ruby-core:67958] [Bug #10820]
-
-Sat Feb  7 22:13:08 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* test/win32ole/test_win32ole_record.rb: remove test using .NET
-	  Framework 3.5 because it is not included in Windows 8/8.1.
-
-Sat Feb  7 19:25:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (has_magic): always get long path name on Windows even if
-	  no tilde is there.  [ruby-core:68011] [Bug #10819]
-
-	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): FindFirstFile ignore redirection
-	  character, check if exists before call it.  cf. [Bug #8597]
-
-Sat Feb  7 13:30:11 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* test/win32ole/test_win32ole_record.rb
-	  (test_ole_instance_variable_get): correct VT_RECORD type and
-	  instance variables.
-
-Fri Feb  6 17:47:05 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: register nodes when
-	  dumping objects with custom coders. [ruby-core:66215] [Bug #10496]
-
-	* test/psych/test_coder.rb: test for fix
-
-Fri Feb  6 16:58:31 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: fix support for regular
-	  expressions with newlines. tenderlove/psych#222
-
-	* test/psych/test_yaml.rb: test for change.
-
-Fri Feb  6 10:31:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_call_info_kw_arg_struct): make keywords a symbols
-	  list to get rid of inadvertent creation by variable keyword
-	  arguments.  [ruby-core:68031] [Bug #10831]
-
-Thu Feb  5 22:42:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rubygems:  Update to RubyGems HEAD(5c3b6f3).
-	  Fixed #1156, #1142, #1115, #1142, #1139 on rubygems/rubygems
-	* test/rubygems:  ditto.
-
-Thu Feb  5 13:41:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_eval.c (send_internal), vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_opt_send):
-	  convert String method name into a Symbol, as method_missing
-	  method expects its first argument to be a Symbol.  [Bug #10828]
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (ci_missing_reason): return the reason of method
-	  missing in call info.
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_opt_send): re-apply r49500 with the
-	  proper missing reason.  [Bug #10828]
-
-Thu Feb  5 10:31:46 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* class.c (rb_obj_singleton_methods): should use RTEST() to convert
-	  VALUE to int.
-
-Thu Feb  5 03:59:33 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c: Fix symbol leak with +send+ [Bug #10828]
-
-Wed Feb  4 20:26:54 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (Init_win32ole): should not use atexit to
-	  free allocated hash table to avoid error on Cygwin.
-
-Wed Feb  4 15:34:25 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* class.c (method_entry_i, class_instance_method_list,
-	  rb_obj_singleton_methods): should not include methods of
-	  superclasses if recur is false. [ruby-dev:48854] [Bug #10826]
-
-Wed Feb  4 16:32:40 2015  Matt Hoyle  <matt@deployable.co>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (VpSetPTR): fix a typo, 'expoennt'
-	  to 'exponent'.  [ruby-core:67980] [Bug #10823] [Fix GH-825]
-
-Wed Feb  4 15:55:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c: include ruby/ruby.h for PRIdPTRDIFF when a
-	  macro `DEBUG` is defined.  based on the patch by Owen Rodley in
-	  [ruby-core:67987]. [Bug #10825]
-
-Wed Feb  4 11:12:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Makefile.in (probes.stamp): rebuild dtrace dependent objects
-	  only when `dtrace -G` modifies its input files.
-
-Tue Feb  3 19:27:16 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* common.mk (ruby-glommed.o): dependency on $(OBJ) should be written
-	  in common.mk (in which OBJ is defined) because of Makefile include
-	  and parse order. This partly reverts r49419.
-	  [ruby-dev:48849] [Bug #10808]
-
-	* Makefile.in (ruby-glommed.o): ditto.
-
-	* Makefile.in (ruby-glommed.o): remove excess $(DTRACE_OBJ) because
-	  it is included in $(OBJS) since r49451.
-
-	* Makefile.in (probes.o): should depend on $(DTRACE_DEPENDENT_OBJS)
-
-Tue Feb  3 17:15:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cppflags, try_cflags, try_ldflags): get rid of
-	  interference by modifying global variables in have_devel? method.
-	  [ruby-core:67962] [Bug #10821]
-
-Tue Feb  3 15:23:58 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_method.c (remove_method): When remove refined
-	  method, raise a NameError if the method is not
-	  defined in refined class.
-
-	  But if the method is defined in refined class,
-	  it should keep refined method and remove original
-	  method.
-
-	  Patch by Seiei Higa. [ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]
-
-Tue Feb  3 14:04:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (glob_helper): obtain real name with FindFirstFile API
-	  instead of matching all entries, on Windows.
-	  [ruby-core:67954] [Bug #10819]
-
-Tue Feb  3 12:26:35 2015  Katsuhiko Nishimra  <ktns.87@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): set the default cxxflags, which is
-	  referred from the default CXXFLAGS, for extension libraries.
-	  [Fix GH-823]
-
-Tue Feb  3 05:52:00 2015  Aman Gupta <ruby@tmm1.net>
-
-	* gc.c (rb_objspace_free): cause rb_bug if lazy sweep is in progress
-	  during rb_objspace_free. Adds extra protection for r46340.
-	  Patch by Vicent Marti. [Bug #10768] [ruby-core:67734]
-	* gc.c (rb_objspace_call_finalizer): Ensure GC is completed after
-	  finalizers have run. We already call gc_rest() before invoking
-	  finalizers, but finalizer can allocate new objects and start new GC
-	  cycle, so we call gc_rest() again after finalizers are complete.
-
-Mon Feb  2 10:51:34 2015  Ari Pollak  <ajp@aripollak.com>
-
-	* doc/security.rdoc (Symbols): update about Symbol GC.  Symbols
-	  explicitly converted from Strings now can be collected, but
-	  reflection/metaprogramming still can cause memory flooding.
-	  [Fix GH-725]
-
-Sun Feb  1 13:46:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb (bin-comm): drop batch file installation.
-	  Windows 95 support has not been supported already.
-	  [Feature #10806]
-
-Sat Jan 31 12:06:23 2015  Scott Francis  <scott.francis@shopify.com>
-
-	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): fix intermittent SIGBUS on
-	  Linux, by reserving the stack virtual address space at process
-	  start up so that it will not clash with the heap space.
-	  [Fix GH-822]
-
-Fri Jan 30 17:28:29 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c (num2dbl_with_to_f): make faster when Bignum passed by
-	  direct conversion using rb_big2dbl().  [Feature #10800]
-
-Thu Jan 29 23:30:00 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (rb_rational_num): add fallback function
-	  for rubies lower than 2.2.0.
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (rb_rational_den): ditto.
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb: check the existences of struct RRational,
-	  rb_rational_num, and rb_rational_den.
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.bundle: bump version.
-
-Thu Jan 29 20:28:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/make-snapshot: removed md5 digest with package information
-
-Thu Jan 29 10:41:52 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* math.c (Get_Double): direct casting from Fixnum to double.
-	  [Feature #10785]
-
-Thu Jan 29 02:34:27 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: fix parsing hashes with
-	  instance variables when it is referenced multiple times.
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version
-	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: bump version
-	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for fix
-
-Thu Jan 29 02:06:09 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* thread.c (struct join_arg): restructure and make smaller
-	  (thread_join_sleep): avoid timeofday() call if forever
-	  (thread_join): pass join_arg.delay directly
-	  (rb_thread_inspect_msg): remove, inline into rb_thread_inspect
-	  (rb_thread_inspect): reduce branching and string creation
-	* thread_pthread.c (native_set_thread_name): create string directly
-	  to avoid reparsing. [Misc #10723]
-
-Wed Jan 28 21:32:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* thread.c: Improve documentation for Thread#value
-	  [Bug #10694][ruby-core:67324][ci skip]
-
-Tue Jan 27 16:04:19 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: added `!` command.
-
-Tue Jan 27 15:58:23 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: added history feature for platforms which
-	  lack readline.
-
-Mon Jan 26 22:09:35 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* .gitignore: ignored temporary file with git.
-
-Mon Jan 26 18:06:03 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* misc/ruby-electric.el: Import version 2.2.2 from
-	  https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el.
-
-Mon Jan 26 11:37:49 2015  Dave Stevens  <dave@crowdlab.com>
-
-	* string.c (str_make_independent_expand): terminate String when
-	  moved from heap to embedded.  [Fix GH-821].
-
-Sun Jan 25 12:04:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (flatten): no need to call to_ary method on elements
-	  beyond the given level.  [ruby-core:67637] [Bug #10748]
-
-Sun Jan 25 00:42:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl: assemble without directory prefix.
-	  workaround of a bug of VC12 ml, by unak at [ruby-core:67792].
-	  [ruby-core:67789] [Bug #10780]
-
-Sat Jan 24 19:56:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dln_find.c (dln_find_1): search regular files only.  based on
-	  the patch by Alex Coomans in [ruby-core:67766].  [Bug #10776]
-
-Fri Jan 23 23:57:05 2015  Misumi Rize  <r@ayase-e.li>
-
-	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_throw_start): search the target to break
-	  from a block with nested rescue, from the nested blocks.
-	  [ruby-core:67765] [Bug #10775] [Fix GH-820]
-
-Fri Jan 23 20:00:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* marshal.c (w_object, marshal_dump): use identity tables for
-	  arbitrary VALUE keys, because of performance of FLONUM.
-	  [Bug #10761]
-
-	* marshal.c (obj_alloc_by_klass, marshal_load): ditto.
-
-Fri Jan 23 17:12:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_flo.rb: new benchmark for [Bug #10761]
-
-Thu Jan 22 18:03:19 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (find_svn_log): use double quotes instead
-	  of single quotes because cmd.exe doesn't handle them.
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (done): the 2nd element of matched data
-	  is the offset of the end of matched string, not length.
-
-Thu Jan 22 16:45:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* st.c (st_numhash): mix float value for flonum
-	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): ditto
-	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb: new benchmark
-	* benchmark/bm_hash_ident_flo.rb: ditto
-	  [Bug #10761]
-
-Wed Jan 21 22:33:51 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
-
-	* misc/ruby-electric.el: Import version 2.2.1 from
-	  https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el.  Improve compatibility
-	  with and optimize for Emacs 24.4.
-
-Wed Jan 21 09:40:52 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* file.c: Document other cases of missing birthtime on OS with patch
-	  provided by @sho-h similar to GH-817. [ci skip] [DOC]
-
-Wed Jan 21 09:09:19 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* NEWS: References to tickets added.
-	  [ruby-core:67701] [Bug #10760] Suggested by Zachary Scott.
-
-Tue Jan 20 22:59:54 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/vcs.rb: fix the exception given remote-url of svn.
-
-Tue Jan 20 12:58:33 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: now can change the page of `ls`.
-
-Tue Jan 20 12:28:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (readline): fallback to normal gets on
-	  Windows because IO.console.getch is not always do as expected.
-
-Tue Jan 20 11:31:07 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: update usage.
-
-Tue Jan 20 11:23:47 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (mygets): to support Backspace
-	  implement gets by itself.
-
-Tue Jan 20 02:54:11 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
-
-	* file.c: NotImplementedError is raised if birthtime is unavailable.
-	  Patch by @y-yagi san and [Fixes GH-817] [ci skip] [DOC]
-
-	* ext/pathname/pathname.c: ditto.
-
-Mon Jan 19 22:08:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* class.c (include_modules_at): allow to prepend each module up to
-	  once for each classe.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
-
-Sun Jan 18 18:32:20 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* math.c (math_atan2): revive documentation before r49220.
-	  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/nagachika/20150112/ruby_trunk_changes_49213_49226
-
-Sun Jan 18 15:57:32 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm_method.c (check_definition): Module#public_method_defined?,
-	  Module#private_method_defined?, Module#protected_method_defined?
-	  should not use refinements. [ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]
-
-Sun Jan 18 15:50:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_dump.c (rb_vm_bugreport): check by configured result instead
-	  of system name for old FreeBSD.  based on a patch by Steve Wills
-	  at [ruby-core:67655].  [Bug #10752]
-
-Sun Jan 18 12:56:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* Makefile.in (VPATH, NEWLINE_C), common.mk (common-srcs): make
-	  and use newline.c under enc/trans directory, not toplevel.  no
-	  longer search enc directory implicitly.
-
-	* configure.in, enc/Makefile.in (BUILTIN_ENCS, BUILTIN_TRANSES):
-	  prefix respective directory names to builtin encodings and
-	  transcoder source names.
-
-Sun Jan 18 11:49:46 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_invoke): avoid SEGV when VT_RECORD
-	  variable is passed by reference. [ruby-dev:48803] [Bug #10697]
-
-Sat Jan 17 23:59:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb (visit_String):
-	  anchors like `\Z` are not valid inside character class.  use
-	  negative-lookahead instead.
-	  Fixes: https://github.com/tenderlove/psych/issues/221
-
-Sat Jan 17 23:42:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in: get rid of pattern substitution, which is not
-	  supported by ash, and ash on NetBSD parses whole source first
-	  and fails to start.  [ruby-dev:48823] [Bug #10750]
-
-Fri Jan 16 18:42:58 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: support adding related revisions
-	  to issues.
-
-Fri Jan 16 17:20:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	vm.c, vm_core.h: constify VM_CF_LEP, VM_CF_PREV_EP, VM_CF_BLOCK_PTR
-	and rb_vm_control_frame_block_ptr.
-
-Fri Jan 16 15:41:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version
-
-	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: ditto
-
-Fri Jan 16 15:37:49 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: only dump hash
-	  subclasses. Thanks Joe Eli McIlvain <joe.eli.mac@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for change
-
-Fri Jan 16 15:35:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: fix line width wrapping
-	  for long strings.  Thanks Jakub Jirutka <jakub@jirutka.cz>
-
-	* test/psych/test_string.rb: test for change
-
-Fri Jan 16 11:44:44 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
-
-	* eval_intern.h, vm.c, vm_eval.c, vm_insnhelper.c:
-	  change throw mechanism (not save target ep, but save target cfp).
-	  It fixes `unexpected break' bug that occurs when
-	  TracePoint#binding is called.
-	  [ruby-dev:48797] [Bug #10689]
-
-	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
-
-Thu Jan 15 23:55:15 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* io.c (rb_io_close_m): Don't raise when the IO object is closed.
-	  [ruby-core:67444] [Feature #10718]
-
-Thu Jan 15 21:34:57 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
-
-	* proc.c (rb_obj_singleton_method): Kernel#singleton_method should
-	  not use refinements, as well as Kernel#method.
-	  [ruby-core:67603] [Bug #10744]
-
-Thu Jan 15 10:45:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_select_bang, ary_reject_bang): linear
-	  performance.  [ruby-core:67418] [Feature #10714]
-
-Wed Jan 14 18:06:06 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
-
-	* lib/uri/mailto.rb: raising URI::InvalidComponentError instead
-	  of failing with undefined method `split' for nil:NilClass for
-	  mailto: URIs without opaque part. [Bug #10738]
-	* test/uri/testuri.rb: Test for above
-
-Wed Jan 14 16:45:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb (RubyGems.download): verify downloaded gem
-	  packages.  LowSecurity to allow untrusted certificates now.
-
-Wed Jan 14 15:43:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/readline/readline.c (readline_s_refresh_line): initialize
-	  before rl_refresh_line(), as some function make the internal
-	  state non-clean but rl_refresh_line() does not re-initialize it.
-	  [ruby-core:43957] [Bug #6232]
-
-Tue Jan 13 21:59:24 2015  Michal Papis  <mpapis@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb (gem): fix changing permissions of installed
-	  bundled gems.  [Fix GH-812]
-
-Tue Jan 13 21:57:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* common.mk (distclean-local): remove autom4te.cache generated by
-	  autoconf.
-
-	* common.mk (realclean-local): remove id sources and dummy header
-	  for dtrace.  [ruby-core:67562] [Bug #10737]
-
-Tue Jan 13 21:08:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json, test/json: merge JSON HEAD(259dee6)
-	  separate implementation of Typed_Data macro.
-	  https://github.com/flori/json/compare/v1.8.1...v1.8.2
-
-Tue Jan 13 14:16:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/net/http/test_http.rb: get rid of accessing DNS actually
-	  for some servers returning wrong results.
-	  [ruby-core:67454] [Bug #10721]
-
-Mon Jan 12 23:21:57 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* gems/bundled_gems: update test-unit to 3.0.9.
-
-Mon Jan 12 18:35:44 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* numeric.c (bit_coerce): use original value for error message
-	  [ruby-core:67405] [Bug #10711]
-	* test/ruby/test_numeric.rb (test_coerce): check error message
-
-Mon Jan 12 18:01:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/rdoc/text.rb (expand_tabs): get rid of infinite loop with
-	  CR.  should check if substitution occurred too.
-	  [ruby-dev:48813] [Bug #10732]
-
-Mon Jan 12 16:45:46 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): raise a NameError when creating alias to
-	  a refined method if the original method of the refined method is
-	  not defined.  [ruby-core:67523] [Bug #10731]
-
-Mon Jan 12 13:53:17 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* math.c (math_atan2): improve documentation.
-	  [Feature #10323][ruby-core:65400][ci skip]
-
-Mon Jan 12 13:50:49 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: fixes documentation like labeled lists,
-	  code examples etc. [ruby-core:66730][Bug #10576][ci skip]
-
-Mon Jan 12 13:36:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/optparse.rb: improvements for OptionParser documentation.
-	  [misc #10608][ruby-core:66901][ci skip]
-
-Mon Jan 12 13:33:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_each): documented return value.
-	  [misc #10469][ruby-core:66063]
-
-Sun Jan 11 15:11:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/webrick/test_utils.rb (test_create_listeners): use
-	  dynamically chosen port number, not hardcoded port number.
-	  [ruby-core:67508]
-
-Sat Jan 10 12:57:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: fix document of method signatures.
-	  [Bug #10668][ruby-core:67186][ci skip]
-
-Sat Jan 10 12:32:44 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* eval_error.c (error_print): pos and len parameters of rb_str_substr()
-	  are counted by characters, not bytes.  use rb_str_subseq() instead.
-	  [Bug #10727] [ruby-core:67473]
-
-Sat Jan 10 10:58:55 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* complex.c: removed commented-out code.
-
-Sat Jan 10 10:57:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* rational.c: removed commented-out code.
-	  [Feature #10376][ruby-core:65643]
-
-Sat Jan 10 10:12:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* array.c (rb_ary_select_bang): keep the array consistent by
-	  removing unselected values soon.  [ruby-dev:48805] [Bug #10722]
-
-Fri Jan  9 23:20:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/rubygems:  Update to RubyGems HEAD(e53c54a).
-	* test/rubygems:  ditto.
-
-Fri Jan  9 11:13:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (assocs, assoc): eliminate splatting empty literal
-	  hashes.  [ruby-core:67446] [Bug #10719]
-
-	* compile.c (compile_array_): support splatted hash in hash type.
-
-Fri Jan  9 10:57:09 2015  Vit Ondruch  <vondruch@redhat.com>
-
-	* configure.in (RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE): Remove superfluous semicolon
-	  which causes a syntax error with autoconf 2.63.
-	  [ruby-core:67429] [Bug #10716]
-
-Fri Jan  9 07:23:32 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: correctly quote non-ascii
-	  letters. Thanks @jirutka for the patch.
-
-	* test/psych/test_string.rb: test for change
-
-Fri Jan  9 07:13:55 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: call `allocate` on hash
-	  subclasses.  Fixes github.com/tenderlove/psych/issues/196
-
-	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for change
-
-Fri Jan  9 06:58:43 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: revive hashes with ivars
-
-	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: dump hashes with ivars.
-	  Fixes github.com/psych/issues/43
-
-	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for change
-
-Thu Jan  8 17:05:00 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry): if no super class, no original
-	  method entry.  [ruby-core:67389] [Bug #10707]
-
-Thu Jan  8 16:31:43 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
-
-	* vm_method.c (rb_export_method): bail out if the original method
-	  is undefined when the method is refined.
-	  [ruby-core:67387] [Bug #10706]
-
-Thu Jan  8 12:53:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (glob_helper): match in case-folding only if the directory
-	  resides on a case-insensitive file system, on OSX.
-	  [ruby-core:67364] [Bug #10700]
-
-Thu Jan  8 11:39:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* .travis.yml: Remove redundant configuration option.
-	  [fix GH-809] Patch by @gxworld
-
-Thu Jan  8 07:17:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb: consider ENETUNREACH as ResolvTimeout
-	  [ruby-core:67411] [Bug #10712]
-
-Thu Jan  8 00:13:52 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/open3.rb: Open3 properly passes non-keyword hash args to spawn.
-	  Fixed by Josh Cheek.  [Fix GH-808]
-	  Related to [ruby-core:67347] [Bug #10699]
-
-Wed Jan  7 19:19:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (dir_initialize): workaround of opendir failure at symlink
-	  directories on Windows via CIFS.
-
-Wed Jan  7 18:52:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* dir.c (need_normalization): not only HFS+, CIFS (SMB) is also
-	  decomposed.  [Bug #10704]
-
-	* dir.c (NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH): Unicode decomposition seems to
-	  perform in an upper layer than file systems on OSX, as all path
-	  names are always decomposed regardless of file system types.
-
-Tue Jan  6 21:41:04 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* time.c (timelocalw): Set tm_isdst field -1 if vtm->isdst is
-	  VTM_ISDST_INITVAL.  This bug is introduced at packing struct
-	  vtm (r45155).
-	  [ruby-core:67345] [Bug #10698] Reported by Boris Ruf.
-
-Tue Jan  6 03:10:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
-
-	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb: fix syntax.
-
-Tue Jan  6 00:16:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb (test_NEXT): use -test-/dln/empty
-	  which is always a shared object and is not used by others.
-	  [ruby-dev:48629] [Bug #10384]
-
-Mon Jan  5 14:58:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: added timeout for AIX environment.
-	  [ruby-core:62983][Bug #9917]
-
-Sun Jan  4 22:33:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (ExcludesOption): add "excludes" support
-	  to test suite, for alternative implementations and platforms.
-	  [Feature #10682]
-
-Sun Jan  4 22:32:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit): reorder modules and merge
-	  each modules.
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit): split the large class into
-	  each modules.
-
-Sun Jan  4 21:32:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (f_label): return tLABEL value as it is.
-	  [ruby-core:67315] [Bug #10693]
-
-Sun Jan  4 14:02:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb (run): expand the file name to be
-	  loaded, so that relative paths work in parallel mode.
-
-Sun Jan  4 13:36:56 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/test_tempfile.rb: use assert_file for more descriptive message.
-	  following r49131.
-
-Sun Jan  4 13:05:09 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: improve docs for String#<=>. [ruby-core:65399][Feature #10322]
-	  Patch by gogo tanaka.
-
-Sun Jan  4 12:42:24 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c: improve docs for Array#reject. [ruby-core:65324][misc #10307]
-	  Patched by Nebu Pookins.
-
-Sun Jan  4 12:24:11 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
-
-	* string.c: improve docs for String#strip and variations.
-	  [ruby-core:66081][Bug #10476]
-
-Sun Jan  4 09:21:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/drb/drb.rb: removed unused argument. Patch by @vipulnsward
-	  [fix GH-515]
-
-Sun Jan  4 09:18:31 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/tempfile.rb: provide default basename parameter.
-	  [fix GH-523] Patch by @dissolved
-	* test/test_tempfile.rb: ditto.
-
-Sun Jan  4 00:43:41 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
-
-	* README.ja.md: add guidance of mailing list and bugs.r-l.o.
-
-Sat Jan  3 23:56:28 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
-
-	* hash.c: fix docs for Hash#invert. [ruby-core:66917] [Bug #10612]
-
-Sat Jan  3 19:52:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_str_new_literal): define on all
-	  platforms, not only gcc.
-
-Sat Jan  3 18:53:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb (parse_ctype): limit split word
-	  number as the rest are not used.
-
-Sat Jan  3 18:19:50 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb: r49110 broke Fiddle::Import with
-	  type_alias.
-	* test/fiddle/test_cparser.rb: added type_alias test for parse_ctype
-	  and parse_struct_signature.
-
-Sat Jan  3 11:50:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: avoid to build failure of Windows environment.
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c: ditto.
-
-Sat Jan  3 11:27:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* array.c: Improve performance of Array#shift. use shared instead of
-	  MEMMOVE if with arguments. Patch by @ksss [fix GH-537]
-	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: ditto.
-	* benchmark/bm_array_shift.rb: Added benchmark of GH-537 issue.
-
-Sat Jan  3 10:38:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb: More descriptive error message when net/http fails
-	  to connect to a server. Patch by @xaviershay [fix GH-700]
-	* test/net/http/test_http.rb: ditto.
-
-Sat Jan  3 10:14:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: Make `SSL_SESSION_cmp` use `CRYPTO_memcmp`
-	  [fix GH-591] Patch by @PiPeep
-	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c: ditto.
-
-Sat Jan  3 09:54:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb: Support for Fiddle::CParser
-	  to handle rich signatures including parameter names and function
-	  pointer types. Patch by @theryan [fix GH-590]
-	* test/fiddle/test_cparser.rb: ditto.
-
-Sat Jan  3 09:01:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* NEWS: added compatibility entry of r49101.
-
-Fri Jan  2 21:06:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#send_request): there is no response body
-	  with HEAD request. Patch by @rodrigosaito [fix GH-520]
-
-Fri Jan  2 21:04:36 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/net/http/test_http.rb (_test_send_request__HEAD): Added
-	  failing test for send_request with HEAD method.
-
-Fri Jan  2 18:41:20 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* eval.c (ruby_init): Print ruby_setup() error only in debug mode.
-	  Unsuppressable error message is not a good idea.
-	  Note that the message is printed sometimes with following
-	  code (highly timing dependent, though):
-	  pid = spawn("ruby -e ''"); Process.kill(:TERM, pid)
-
-Fri Jan  2 16:18:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: Refactor invalid testcase.
-	  [fix GH-472][ruby-core:59035][Bug #9240]
-
-Fri Jan  2 15:53:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/webrick/utils.rb: removed unused argument variable.
-	  [fix GH-356] Patch by @vipulnsward
-	* lib/webrick/server.rb: ditto.
-	* lib/webrick/ssl.rb: ditto.
-	* test/webrick/test_utils.rb: added test for WEBrick::Utils#create_listeners.
-
-Fri Jan  2 15:35:53 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/securerandom.rb: improve syntax and grammar of documentation.
-	  [fix GH-796][ci skip] Patch by @Erol
-
-Fri Jan  2 15:10:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* test/openssl/test_ssl_session.rb (OpenSSL#test_ctx_client_session_cb):
-	  fix test failure with OpenSSL disabled SSLv3 protocol.
-	  [ruby-core:63772] [Bug #10046]
-
-Fri Jan  2 09:08:31 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Label::Str#==): Check class equality.
-	  (Resolv::DNS::Name#initialize): Normalize labels as
-	  Resolv::DNS::Label::Str objects.
-
-Thu Jan  1 21:41:49 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* doc/regexp.rdoc: fix regexp docs for whitespace character.
-	  [ruby-dev:48765] [Bug #10624]
-
-Thu Jan  1 17:50:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: try locale encoding name.
-	  [ruby-core:67109] [Bug #10643]
-
-Thu Jan  1 11:07:12 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* symbol.c (rb_gc_free_dsymbol): delete from global fstr hash
-	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb (test_symbol_fstr_leak): test for bug
-	  [ruby-core:67268] [Bug #10686]
-
-Thu Jan  1 09:14:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* vm_args.c (keyword_hash_p): fix non-symbol keys hash.
-	  rb_extract_keywords() returns 0 not Qnil when no symbol keys is
-	  included.  [ruby-core:67264] [Bug #10685]
-
-Wed Dec 31 17:48:43 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Label::Str#initialize): Set encoding
-	  ASCII-8BIT before downcase.  case insensitivity of DNS labels doesn't
-	  apply non-ASCII characters.  [RFC 4343]
-
-Wed Dec 31 16:48:44 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (gettable_gen): disable warnings of possible reference
-	  to a local variable defined in a past scope.
-	  [ruby-core:67162] [Bug #10661]
-
-Wed Dec 31 13:43:48 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name#==): Compare an array of Label:Str
-	  objects.  Label#Str#== is case-insensitive.
-
-Tue Dec 30 16:16:12 2014  Ben Miller  <bmiller@rackspace.com>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name#==): DNS is case-insensitive, so the
-	  comparison should be case-insensitive as well.
-	  [ruby-core:66498] [Bug #10550]
-
-Tue Dec 30 16:03:45 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name): names with different dots
-	  should be different.
-
-Tue Dec 30 13:16:56 2014  Martin Duerst  <bernhard+git@lsmod.de>
-
-	* lib/uri/common.rb: Initialize HTML5ASCIIINCOMPAT to empty Array
-	  to avoid error during bootstrap when encodings are not yet defined.
-	  [Bug #10678]
-
-Tue Dec 30 09:29:26 2014  Bernhard M. Wiedemann  <bernhard+git@lsmod.de>
-
-	* ext/dbm/dbm.c (Init_dbm): [DOC] as UNIX permissions are octal
-	  numbers, needs to be prefixed by 0.  [Fix GH-800]
-
-Tue Dec 30 08:57:39 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* lib/unicode_normalize.rb: typo fix. [ci skip]
-	  [ruby-dev:48794][misc #10675]
-
-Mon Dec 29 19:38:01 2014  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* version.h (RUBY_VERSION): 2.3.0 development has started.
-
-Mon Dec 29 18:58:46 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* re.c (unescape_nonascii): append escape sequence as-is not
-	  unescaped character, to get rid of unexpected meta-character.
-	  [ruby-core:67193] [Bug #10670]
-
-Mon Dec 29 14:27:33 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Symbols): now Symbols created by
-	  interpolation can be garbage collected.  patch by Yihang Ho in
-	  [ruby-core:67194].  [Bug #10671]
-
-Mon Dec 29 11:18:17 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* thread.c (rb_thread_variable_get): fix dynamic symbol keys.
-	  rb_check_id() returns non-zero only for static symbols, whereas
-	  thread local variable keys can be dynamic symbols.
-	  [ruby-core:67185] [Bug #10667]
-
-Mon Dec 29 10:37:27 2014  Thiago Lewin  <thiago_lewin@yahoo.com.br>
-
-	* io.c (rb_f_select): [DOC] workaround for YARD doc.  [Fix GH-799]
-
-	* process.c (proc_detach): [DOC] fix missing closing parenthesis.
-	  [Fix GH-799]
-
-Mon Dec 29 07:27:23 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/json, test/json: merge JSON HEAD(17fe8e7)
-	  https://github.com/flori/json/compare/v1.8.1...17fe8e7
-
-Sun Dec 28 23:49:37 2014  Michal Papis  <mpapis@gmail.com>
-
-	* rbinstall.rb: fix target location for installing bundled gems.
-	  install to the prepared directory instead of default Gem.dir,
-	  not to be affected GEM_HOME environment variable.  [Fix GH-798]
-
-Sun Dec 28 18:19:28 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* test/-ext-/iseq_load/test_iseq_load.rb
-	  (test_next_in_block_in_block): test using ISeq#eval
-	  (test_break_ensure): ditto
-	  [ruby-core:66988]
-
-Sun Dec 28 16:25:12 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* cygwin/GNUmakefile.in (EXTOBJS): override to add resource files
-	  always.  [ruby-core:67153] [Bug #10657]
-
-Sun Dec 28 13:54:26 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* parse.y (f_kwrest, new_args_tail_gen): unnamed rest keyword and
-	  keywords bits arguments should be unique.  since internal IDs
-	  depend on the local variable index in the current scope, new ID
-	  should be made before popping those vtables.
-	  [ruby-core:67157] [Bug #10659]
-
-Sat Dec 27 20:12:55 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/json/generator/generator.c (JSON_Generator_State_type): add
-	  #ifdef for backward compatibility.
-
-	* ext/json/parser/parser.rl (JSON_Parser_type): ditto.
-
-	* ext/json/generator/generator.h (ZALLOC): add fallback definition.
-
-	* ext/json/parser/parser.h (ZALLOC): ditto.
-
-Sat Dec 27 16:54:05 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
-
-	* process.c: Unused code removed.
-	  It seems waitpid() is universally available on POSIX platforms.
-
-Sat Dec 27 15:08:27 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
-
-	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_living_threads_insert): preserve order
-	  [Bug #10660] [ruby-core:67154] [ruby-core:67159]
-
-Sat Dec 27 13:08:20 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/socket/socket.c: improved document for YARD doc.
-	  [fix GH-795][ci skip] Patch by @tlewin
-
-Sat Dec 27 10:11:21 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb: fix to invoke correct function
-	  of tcllib. Patch by @zalt50 [fix GH-787]
-
-Sat Dec 27 10:03:41 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
-
-	* tool/make-snapshot: show sha1 digest when making packages.
-	  it's request from https://github.com/ruby/www.ruby-lang.org/issues/921
-	  [fix GH-794]
-
-Fri Dec 26 15:32:16 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c (ip_invoke_core): remove probably duplicate
-	  dead code.
-
-Fri Dec 26 15:28:27 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c (ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_const_get): simply use
-	  rb_path2class() to get a class/module from its name.
-
-Fri Dec 26 15:20:54 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* marshal.c (w_long): append at once by w_nbyte() instead of
-	  appending byte by byte.
-
-Fri Dec 26 15:13:13 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/json/parser/parser.rl (unescape_unicode): check if valid
-	  before bit-or assignments.
-	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
-
-	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c (nkf_iconv_t): fix a missing semicolon.
-	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
-
-	* process.c (rb_spawn_process): get rid of usage of uninitialized
-	  variable.
-	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
-
-	* regexec.c (match_at): ditto.
-
-	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_wc2mb_alloc, ole_vstr2wc, ole_mb2wc):
-	  ditto.
-
-	* dir.c (ruby_glob0): no need to check never-NULL pointer.
-	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
-
-	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): ditto.
-
-	* win32/file.c (code_page_i): handle realloc failure.
-	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
-
-	* win32/stub.c (stub_sysinit): ditto.
-
-	* fix printf format conversion specifiers.
-	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
-
-Fri Dec 26 01:41:40 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/rbinstall.rb: skip installing bundle gems if zlib is unavailable.
-	  [Bug #10647] [ruby-dev:48787]
-
-Fri Dec 26 01:24:42 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb: support old versions of ruby.
-
-	* tool/downloader.rb: now can download gems by http if openssl is not
-	  available (this may be danger!)
-
-Fri Dec 26 00:13:48 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* test/ruby/test_extlibs.rb: check existence of extension libraries
-	  which not depend on outer libraries. (experimental)
-
-Thu Dec 25 21:58:15 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: make PIC objects if it will be linked as
-	  a shared object eventually.  [ruby-core:67128]
-
-Thu Dec 25 19:01:13 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-3.2.1-mswin.patch: support mswin32.
-
-Thu Dec 25 17:30:40 2014  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
-
-	* gc.c (wmap_final_func): fix memory size shortage when realloc wmap.
-	  Fix SEGV during finalize of WeakRef on Solaris (though the SEGV
-	  could occur on all OS/platforms). [ruby-dev:48779] [Bug #10646]
-
-Thu Dec 25 17:27:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* configure.in (NET_LUID): include winsock2.h instead of windows.h.
-	  patch by Jon Forums in [ruby-core:67125].  [Bug #10640]
-
-Thu Dec 25 16:14:10 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_dev): send the given arguments
-	  to the opened console.  as a special case, do nothing if :close
-	  is given.
-
-	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb (LeakChecker#check_fd_leak): close if
-	  console.
-
-For the changes before 2.2.0, see doc/ChangeLog-2.2.0
-For the changes before 2.1.0, see doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
-For the changes before 2.0.0, see doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
-For the changes before 1.9.3, see doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
-For the changes before 1.8.0, see doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
-
-Local variables:
-coding: us-ascii
-add-log-time-format: (lambda ()
-  (let* ((time (current-time))
-	 (system-time-locale "C")
-	 (diff (+ (cadr time) 32400))
-	 (lo (% diff 65536))
-	 (hi (+ (car time) (/ diff 65536))))
-  (format-time-string "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y" (list hi lo) t)))
-indent-tabs-mode: t
-tab-width: 8
-change-log-indent-text: 2
-end:
-vim: tabstop=8 shiftwidth=2
diff --git a/LEGAL b/LEGAL
index 2607f0082a..2a7964e771 100644
--- a/LEGAL
+++ b/LEGAL
@@ -1,116 +1,342 @@
-LEGAL NOTICE INFORMATION
-------------------------
+# -*- rdoc -*-
+
+= LEGAL NOTICE INFORMATION
+--------------------------
 
 All the files in this distribution are covered under either the Ruby's
 license (see the file COPYING) or public-domain except some files
 mentioned below.
 
-ccan/build_assert/build_assert.h
-ccan/check_type/check_type.h
-ccan/container_of/container_of.h
-ccan/str/str.h
+[addr2line.c]
 
-  These files are licensed under the CC0.
+  A part of this file is from FreeBSD.
 
-    http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero/
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1986, 1988, 1991, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
-ccan/list/list.h
+    (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 
-  This file is licensed under the MIT License.
+    All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
+    to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
+    Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
+    the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 
-    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+       without specific prior written permission.
 
-    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-    THE SOFTWARE.
-
-include/ruby/oniguruma.h:
-regcomp.c:
-regenc.[ch]:
-regerror.c:
-regexec.c:
-regint.h:
-regparse.[ch]:
-enc/ascii.c
-enc/big5.c
-enc/cp949.c
-enc/emacs_mule.c
-enc/encdb.c
-enc/euc_jp.c
-enc/euc_kr.c
-enc/euc_tw.c
-enc/gb18030.c
-enc/gb2312.c
-enc/gbk.c
-enc/iso_8859_1.c
-enc/iso_8859_10.c
-enc/iso_8859_11.c
-enc/iso_8859_13.c
-enc/iso_8859_14.c
-enc/iso_8859_15.c
-enc/iso_8859_16.c
-enc/iso_8859_2.c
-enc/iso_8859_3.c
-enc/iso_8859_4.c
-enc/iso_8859_5.c
-enc/iso_8859_6.c
-enc/iso_8859_7.c
-enc/iso_8859_8.c
-enc/iso_8859_9.c
-enc/koi8_r.c
-enc/koi8_u.c
-enc/shift_jis.c
-enc/unicode.c
-enc/us_ascii.c
-enc/utf_16be.c
-enc/utf_16le.c
-enc/utf_32be.c
-enc/utf_32le.c
-enc/utf_8.c
-enc/windows_1251.c
-
-Oniguruma  ----   (C) K.Kosako <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
-
-http://www.geocities.jp/kosako3/oniguruma/
-http://www.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/oniguruma/
-http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/devel/oniguruma/
-
-   When this software is partly used or it is distributed with Ruby,
-   this of Ruby follows the license of Ruby.
-
-configure:
+	@(#)subr_prf.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+
+
+[ccan/build_assert/build_assert.h]
+[ccan/check_type/check_type.h]
+[ccan/container_of/container_of.h]
+[ccan/str/str.h]
+
+  These files are licensed under the {CC0}[https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero/].
+
+[ccan/list/list.h]
+
+  This file is licensed under the {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License].
+
+[coroutine]
+
+  Unless otherwise specified, these files are licensed under the
+  {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License].
+
+[include/ruby/onigmo.h]
+[include/ruby/oniguruma.h]
+[regcomp.c]
+[regenc.c]
+[regenc.h]
+[regerror.c]
+[regexec.c]
+[regint.h]
+[regparse.c]
+[regparse.h]
+[enc/ascii.c]
+[enc/big5.c]
+[enc/cp949.c]
+[enc/emacs_mule.c]
+[enc/encdb.c]
+[enc/euc_jp.c]
+[enc/euc_kr.c]
+[enc/euc_tw.c]
+[enc/gb18030.c]
+[enc/gb2312.c]
+[enc/gbk.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_1.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_10.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_11.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_13.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_14.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_15.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_16.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_2.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_3.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_4.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_5.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_6.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_7.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_8.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_9.c]
+[enc/koi8_r.c]
+[enc/koi8_u.c]
+[enc/shift_jis.c]
+[enc/unicode.c]
+[enc/us_ascii.c]
+[enc/utf_16be.c]
+[enc/utf_16le.c]
+[enc/utf_32be.c]
+[enc/utf_32le.c]
+[enc/utf_8.c]
+[enc/windows_1251.c]
+[enc/windows_31j.c]
+
+  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) LICENSE
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2002-2009::  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    Copyright (c) 2011-2014::  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+  Oniguruma LICENSE
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2002-2009::  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+  * https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/
+  * https://github.com/kkos/oniguruma
+  * https://svnweb.freebsd.org/ports/head/devel/oniguruma/
+
+    When this software is partly used or it is distributed with Ruby,
+    this of Ruby follows the license of Ruby.
+
+[enc/windows_1250.c]
+[enc/windows_1252.c]
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2007::  Byte      <byte AT mail DOT kna DOT ru>
+                               K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+[enc/cesu_8.c]
+[enc/windows_1253.c]
+[enc/windows_1254.c]
+[enc/windows_1257.c]
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2002-2007::  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+[enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src]
+[enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src]
+
+  These files have this explanatory texts.
+
+  >>>
+    This mapping data was created from files provided by Unicode, Inc.
+    (The Unicode Consortium). The files were used to create a product supporting
+    Unicode, as explicitly permitted in the files' copyright notices.
+    Please note that Unicode, Inc. never made any claims as to fitness of these
+    files for any particular purpose, and has ceased to publish the files many
+    years ago.
+
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0201-KANA%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0208\@1990%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0201-KANA.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0208@1990.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src]
+
+  These files are copyrighted as the following.
+
+  >>>
+    © 2015 Unicode®, Inc.
+
+    For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/terms_of_use.html
+
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-1%UCS@BMP.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-1%UCS@SIP.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-2%UCS@BMP.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-2%UCS@SIP.src]
+
+  These files are copyrighted as the following.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: earthian@tama.or.jp, All Rights Reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: I'O, All Rights Reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 2006:: Project X0213, All Rights Reserved.
+    You can use, modify, distribute this table freely.
+
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@BMP%JISX0213-1.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@BMP%JISX0213-2.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@SIP%JISX0213-1.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@SIP%JISX0213-2.src]
+
+  These files are copyrighted as the following.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: earthian@tama.or.jp, All Rights Reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: I'O, All Rights Reserved.
+    You can use, modify, distribute this table freely.
+
+[enc/trans/ucm/glibc-BIG5-2.3.3.ucm]
+[enc/trans/ucm/glibc-BIG5HKSCS-2.3.3.ucm]
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001-2005:: International Business Machines
+                              Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
+
+[enc/trans/ucm/windows-950-2000.ucm]
+[enc/trans/ucm/windows-950_hkscs-2001.ucm]
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001-2002:: International Business Machines
+                              Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
+
+
+[configure]
 
   This file is free software.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1992, 93, 94, 95, 96 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1992-1996, 1998-2012:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
     This configure script is free software; the Free Software Foundation
     gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.
 
-tool/config.guess:
-tool/config.sub:
+[aclocal.m4]
+
+  This file is free software.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1996-2020:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+    This file is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+    gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+    with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+[tool/config.guess]
+[tool/config.sub]
 
   As long as you distribute these files with the file configure, they
   are covered under the Ruby's license.
 
-      Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
-      Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright 1992-2018:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
     This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
     under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
     (at your option) any later version.
 
     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
@@ -119,54 +345,57 @@ tool/config.sub:
     General Public License for more details.
 
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+    along with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
     As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you
     distribute this file as part of a program that contains a
     configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under
-    the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program.
+    the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that
+    program.  This Exception is an additional permission under section 7
+    of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3").
 
-parse.c:
+[parse.c]
+[parse.h]
 
-  This file is licensed under the GPL, but is incorporated into Ruby and
+  These files are licensed under the GPL, but are incorporated into Ruby and
   redistributed under the terms of the Ruby license, as permitted by the
   exception to the GPL below.
 
-     Copyright (C) 1984, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
-     Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1984, 1989-1990, 2000-2015, 2018:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
-     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
-     any later version.
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
 
-     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-     GNU General Public License for more details.
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
 
-     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
-     Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.  */
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-  /* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
-     part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
-     under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
-     parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
-     as a parser skeleton.  Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
-     the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
-     special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
-     Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
-     License without this special exception.
+    As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
+    part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
+    under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
+    parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
+    as a parser skeleton.  Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
+    the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
+    special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
+    Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
+    License without this special exception.
 
-     This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
-     version 2.2 of Bison.  */
+    This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
+    version 2.2 of Bison.
 
-util.c (partly):
+[missing/dtoa.c]
 
-    Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies.
+  This file is under these licenses.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001:: by Lucent Technologies.
 
     Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
     purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
@@ -179,71 +408,73 @@ util.c (partly):
     REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY
     OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 
-win32/win32.[ch]:
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2004-2008:: David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG>
+                              All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+[win32/win32.c]
+[include/ruby/win32.h]
 
   You can apply the Artistic License to these files. (or GPL,
   alternatively)
 
-    Copyright (c) 1993, Intergraph Corporation
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1993:: Intergraph Corporation
 
     You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
     License or the Artistic License, as specified in the perl README file.
 
-util.c (partly):
-
-   Copyright (c) 2004-2008 David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG>
-   All rights reserved.
-
-   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-   are met:
-   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-   SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-random.c
+[missing/mt19937.c]
 
   This file is under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/2/10.
-    Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.
+  >>>
+    A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/2/10.::
+    Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.  
     This is a faster version by taking Shawn Cokus's optimization,
     Matthe Bellew's simplification, Isaku Wada's real version.
 
     Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed)
     or init_by_array(init_key, key_length).
 
-    Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
-    All rights reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002:: Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+                                All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     are met:
 
-      1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-	 notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 
-      2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-	 notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-	 documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
-      3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
-	 products derived from this software without specific prior written
-	 permission.
+    3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+       products derived from this software without specific prior written
+       permission.
 
     THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
@@ -262,12 +493,15 @@ random.c
     http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/emt.html
     email: matumoto@math.keio.ac.jp
 
-vm_dump.c:procstat_vm
+  The Wayback Machine url: http://web.archive.org/web/19990429082237/http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/emt.html
+
+[missing/procstat_vm.c]
 
   This file is under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    Copyright (c) 2007 Robert N. M. Watson
-    All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2007:: Robert N. M. Watson
+                         All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
@@ -292,181 +526,102 @@ vm_dump.c:procstat_vm
 
     $FreeBSD: head/usr.bin/procstat/procstat_vm.c 261780 2014-02-11 21:57:37Z jhb $
 
-vsnprintf.c:
+[vsnprintf.c]
 
-  This file is under the old-style BSD license.  Note that the
-  paragraph 3 below is now null and void.
+  This file is under the {old-style BSD license}[rdoc-label:label-Old-style+BSD+license].
 
-    Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
-         The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1990, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
     This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
     Chris Torek.
 
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-       without specific prior written permission.
-
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-    SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-    IMPORTANT NOTE:
-    --------------
-    From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
-    paragraph 3 above is now null and void.
-
-st.[ch]:
-missing/alloca.c:
-missing/dup2.c:
-missing/erf.c:
-missing/finite.c:
-missing/hypot.c:
-missing/isinf.c:
-missing/isnan.c:
-missing/lgamma_r.c:
-missing/memcmp.c:
-missing/memmove.c:
-missing/strchr.c:
-missing/strstr.c:
-missing/strtol.c:
-missing/tgamma.c:
-ext/digest/sha1/sha1.[ch]:
+[st.c]
+[strftime.c]
+[include/ruby/st.h]
+[missing/acosh.c]
+[missing/alloca.c]
+[missing/dup2.c]
+[missing/erf.c]
+[missing/finite.c]
+[missing/hypot.c]
+[missing/isinf.c]
+[missing/isnan.c]
+[missing/lgamma_r.c]
+[missing/memcmp.c]
+[missing/memmove.c]
+[missing/strchr.c]
+[missing/strerror.c]
+[missing/strstr.c]
+[missing/tgamma.c]
+[ext/date/date_strftime.c]
+[ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c]
+[ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h]
 
   These files are all under public domain.
 
-missing/crypt.c:
+[missing/crypt.c]
 
-  This file is under the old-style BSD license.  Note that the
-  paragraph 3 below is now null and void.
+  This file is under the {old-style BSD license}[rdoc-label:label-Old-style+BSD+license].
 
-    Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
-    	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1989, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
     This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
     Tom Truscott.
 
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-       without specific prior written permission.
+[missing/setproctitle.c]
 
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-    SUCH DAMAGE.
+  This file is under the {old-style BSD license}[rdoc-label:label-Old-style+BSD+license].
 
-missing/setproctitle.c
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2003:: Damien Miller
+    Copyright (c) 1983, 1995-1997:: Eric P. Allman
+    Copyright (c) 1988, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
-  This file is under the old-style BSD license.  Note that the
-  paragraph 3 below is now null and void.
+[missing/strlcat.c]
+[missing/strlcpy.c]
 
-    Copyright 2003 Damien Miller
-    Copyright (c) 1983, 1995-1997 Eric P. Allman
-    Copyright (c) 1988, 1993
-    	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+  These files are under an ISC-style license.
 
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-       without specific prior written permission.
-
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-    SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-missing/strlcat.c
-missing/strlcpy.c
-
-  These files are under the new-style BSD license.
-
-    Copyright (c) 1998 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
-    All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1998, 2015:: Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
 
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
-       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+    Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+    purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
-    INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
-    AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
-    THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
-    EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
-    PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
-    OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
-    WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
-    OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
-    ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+    WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+    MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+    ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+    WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+    ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 
-missing/langinfo.c
+[missing/langinfo.c]
 
   This file is from http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/langinfo.c.
   Ruby uses a modified version. The file contains the following
   author/copyright notice:
 
-  Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk -- 2002-03-11
-  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
-  for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted. The author
-  disclaims all warranties with regard to this software.
+  >>>
+    Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk -- 2002-03-11::
+    Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+    for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted. The author
+    disclaims all warranties with regard to this software.
 
-ext/digest/md5/md5.[ch]:
+[ext/digest/md5/md5.c]
+[ext/digest/md5/md5.h]
 
   These files are under the following license.  Ruby uses modified
   versions of them.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Aladdin Enterprises.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1999, 2000:: Aladdin Enterprises.  All rights reserved.
 
     This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
     warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
@@ -487,23 +642,27 @@ ext/digest/md5/md5.[ch]:
     L. Peter Deutsch
     ghost@aladdin.com
 
-ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.[ch]:
+[ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c]
+[ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h]
 
   These files have the following copyright information, and by the
   author we are allowed to use it under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    AUTHOR:   Antoon Bosselaers, ESAT-COSIC
+  >>>
+    AUTHOR::  Antoon Bosselaers, ESAT-COSIC
               (Arranged for libc by Todd C. Miller)
-    DATE:     1 March 1996
+    DATE::    1 March 1996
 
-    Copyright (c) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
+    Copyright (c):: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
     1996, All Rights Reserved
 
-ext/digest/sha2/sha2.[ch]:
+[ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c]
+[ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h]
 
   These files are under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    Copyright 2000 Aaron D. Gifford.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2000:: Aaron D. Gifford.  All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
@@ -529,29 +688,123 @@ ext/digest/sha2/sha2.[ch]:
     OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/config.h:
-ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c:
-ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c:
+[ext/json/generator/generator.c]
+
+  The file contains the following copyright notice.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2001-2004:: Unicode, Inc.
+
+    Disclaimer::
+
+      This source code is provided as is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are
+      made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any
+      kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine
+      applicability of information provided. If this file has been
+      purchased on magnetic or optical media from Unicode, Inc., the
+      sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media
+      within 90 days of receipt.
+
+    Limitations on Rights to Redistribute This Code::
+
+      Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
+      supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
+      Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form
+      for internal or external distribution as long as this notice
+      remains attached.
+
+[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/config.h]
+[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c]
+[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c]
 
   These files are under the following license.  So to speak, it is
   copyrighted semi-public-domain software.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1987, Fujitsu LTD. (Itaru ICHIKAWA)
-       Everyone is permitted to do anything on this program
-       including copying, modifying, improving,
-       as long as you don't try to pretend that you wrote it.
-       i.e., the above copyright notice has to appear in all copies.
-       Binary distribution requires original version messages.
-       You don't have to ask before copying, redistribution or publishing.
-       THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1987:: Fujitsu LTD. (Itaru ICHIKAWA)
+
+    Everyone is permitted to do anything on this program
+    including copying, modifying, improving,
+    as long as you don't try to pretend that you wrote it.
+    i.e., the above copyright notice has to appear in all copies.
+    Binary distribution requires original version messages.
+    You don't have to ask before copying, redistribution or publishing.
+    THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+[ext/psych]
+[test/psych]
 
-ext/socket/addrinfo.h:
-ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c:
-ext/socket/getnameinfo.c:
+  The files under these directories are under the following license, except for
+  ext/psych/yaml.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2009:: Aaron Patterson, et al.
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+    this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in
+    the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+    use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+    of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+    so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+    copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+    SOFTWARE.
+
+[ext/psych/yaml]
+
+  The files under this directory are under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2006:: Kirill Simonov
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+    this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+    the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+    use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+    of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+    so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+    copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+    SOFTWARE.
+
+[ext/pty/pty.c]
+
+  >>>
+    C) Copyright 1998:: by Akinori Ito.
+
+    This software may be redistributed freely for this purpose, in full
+    or in part, provided that this entire copyright notice is included
+    on any copies of this software and applications and derivations thereof.
+
+    This software is provided on an "as is" basis, without warranty of any
+    kind, either expressed or implied, as to any matter including, but not
+    limited to warranty of fitness of purpose, or merchantability, or
+    results obtained from use of this software.
+
+[ext/socket/addrinfo.h]
+[ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c]
+[ext/socket/getnameinfo.c]
 
   These files are under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 WIDE Project.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999:: WIDE Project.
     All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -578,17 +831,221 @@ ext/socket/getnameinfo.c:
     OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-ext/win32ole/win32ole.c:
+[ext/win32ole/win32ole.c]
 
   You can apply the Artistic License to this file. (or GPL,
   alternatively)
 
-    (c) 1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    (c) 1995:: Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
     Developed by ActiveWare Internet Corp., http://www.ActiveWare.com
 
-    Other modifications Copyright (c) 1997, 1998 by Gurusamy Sarathy
+    Other modifications Copyright (c) 1997, 1998:: by Gurusamy Sarathy
     <gsar@umich.edu> and Jan Dubois <jan.dubois@ibm.net>
 
     You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
     License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file
     of the Perl distribution.
+
+  The Wayback Machine url: http://web.archive.org/web/19970607104352/http://www.activeware.com:80/
+
+[lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/fonts.css]
+
+  This file is licensed under the {SIL Open Font License}[http://scripts.sil.org/OFL].
+
+[spec/mspec]
+[spec/ruby]
+
+  The files under these directories are under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2008:: Engine Yard, Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+    obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+    files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+    restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+    copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+    conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+    included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+    NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+    HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+    WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+    OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+[lib/rubygems.rb]
+[lib/rubygems]
+[test/rubygems]
+
+  RubyGems is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    RubyGems is copyrighted free software by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim
+    Weirich and others.  You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    either the terms of the {MIT license}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License], or the conditions
+    below:
+
+    1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
+       software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
+       original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
+
+    2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
+       you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+       a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
+          make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
+          modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
+          the author to include your modifications in the software.
+
+       b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
+          organization.
+
+       c. give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
+          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+       d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+    3. You may distribute the software in object code or executable
+       form, provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+       a. distribute the executables and library files of the software,
+          together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
+          on where to get the original distribution.
+
+       b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
+          the software.
+
+       c. give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
+          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+       d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+    4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
+       software (possibly commercial).
+
+    5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
+       output from the software do not automatically fall under the
+       copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
+       and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
+       software.
+
+    6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+       IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+       WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+       PURPOSE.
+
+[lib/bundler]
+[lib/bundler.rb]
+[lib/bundler.gemspec]
+[spec/bundler]
+[man/bundle-*,gemfile.*]
+
+  Bundler is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Portions copyright (c) 2010:: Andre Arko
+    Portions copyright (c) 2009:: Engine Yard
+
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
+
+[lib/did_you_mean]
+[lib/did_you_mean.rb]
+[test/did_you_mean]
+
+  did_you_mean is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2014-2016 Yuki Nishijima
+
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
+
+[benchmark/so_ackermann.rb]
+[benchmark/so_array.rb]
+[benchmark/so_binary_trees.rb]
+[benchmark/so_concatenate.rb]
+[benchmark/so_count_words.yml]
+[benchmark/so_exception.rb]
+[benchmark/so_fannkuch.rb]
+[benchmark/so_fasta.rb]
+[benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml]
+[benchmark/so_lists.rb]
+[benchmark/so_mandelbrot.rb]
+[benchmark/so_matrix.rb]
+[benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nbody.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nsieve.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nsieve_bits.rb]
+[benchmark/so_object.rb]
+[benchmark/so_partial_sums.rb]
+[benchmark/so_pidigits.rb]
+[benchmark/so_random.rb]
+[benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml]
+[benchmark/so_sieve.rb]
+[benchmark/so_spectralnorm.rb]
+
+  These files are very old copy of then-called "The Great Computer Language
+  Shootout".  LEGAL SITUATION OF THESE FILES ARE UNCLEAR because the original
+  site has been lost.  Upstream diverged to delete several benchmarks listed
+  above.
+
+== MIT License
+>>>
+      Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+      a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+      "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+      without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+      distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+      permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+      the following conditions:
+
+      The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+      included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+      THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+      EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+      MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+      NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+      LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+      OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+      WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+== Old-style BSD license
+>>>
+      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+      modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+      are met:
+      1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+      2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+         documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+      3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+         may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+         without specific prior written permission.
+
+      THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+      ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+      IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+      ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+      FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+      DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+      OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+      HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+      LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+      OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+      SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+      IMPORTANT NOTE::
+
+      From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
+      paragraph 3 above is now null and void.
diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in
deleted file mode 100644
index ff475091ab..0000000000
--- a/Makefile.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,554 +0,0 @@
-SHELL = /bin/sh
-NULLCMD = @NULLCMD@
-n=$(NULLCMD)
-ECHO1 = $(V:1=$n)
-RUNCMD = $(SHELL)
-CDPATH = .
-CHDIR = @CHDIR@
-exec = exec
-NULL = /dev/null
-PATH_SEPARATOR = @PATH_SEPARATOR@
-
-#### Start of system configuration section. ####
-
-srcdir = @srcdir@
-top_srcdir = $(srcdir)
-hdrdir = $(srcdir)/include
-PLATFORM_DIR = @PLATFORM_DIR@
-
-CC = @CC@
-CPP = @CPP@
-LD = @LD@
-YACC = bison
-PURIFY =
-AUTOCONF = autoconf
-CONFIGURE = @CONFIGURE@
-@SET_MAKE@
-MKFILES = @MAKEFILES@
-BASERUBY = @BASERUBY@
-HAVE_BASERUBY = @HAVE_BASERUBY@
-TEST_RUNNABLE = @TEST_RUNNABLE@
-CROSS_COMPILING = @CROSS_COMPILING@
-DOXYGEN = @DOXYGEN@
-
-prefix = @prefix@
-exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
-bindir = @bindir@
-sbindir = @sbindir@
-libdir = @libdir@
-libexecdir = @libexecdir@
-datarootdir = @datarootdir@
-datadir = @datadir@
-arch = @arch@
-sitearch = @sitearch@
-sitedir = @sitedir@
-archlibdir = @archlibdir@
-ruby_version = @ruby_version@
-
-TESTUI = console
-TESTS =
-INSTALLDOC = @INSTALLDOC@
-DOCTARGETS = @RDOCTARGET@ @CAPITARGET@
-
-EXTOUT = @EXTOUT@
-arch_hdrdir = $(EXTOUT)/include/$(arch)
-VPATH = $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby:$(hdrdir)/ruby:$(srcdir):$(srcdir)/missing
-
-empty =
-CC_VERSION = @CC_VERSION@
-OUTFLAG = @OUTFLAG@$(empty)
-COUTFLAG = @COUTFLAG@$(empty)
-ARCH_FLAG = @ARCH_FLAG@
-CFLAGS_NO_ARCH = @CFLAGS@
-CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS_NO_ARCH) $(ARCH_FLAG)
-cflags = @cflags@
-optflags = @optflags@
-debugflags = @debugflags@
-warnflags = @warnflags@ @strict_warnflags@
-cppflags = @cppflags@
-INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir)
-XCFLAGS = @XCFLAGS@
-CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@ $(INCFLAGS)
-LDFLAGS = @STATIC@ $(CFLAGS) @LDFLAGS@
-EXTLDFLAGS = @EXTLDFLAGS@
-XLDFLAGS = @XLDFLAGS@ $(EXTLDFLAGS)
-EXTLIBS =
-LIBS = @LIBS@ $(EXTLIBS)
-MISSING = @LIBOBJS@ @ALLOCA@
-LDSHARED = @LIBRUBY_LDSHARED@
-DLDFLAGS = @LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS@ $(XLDFLAGS) $(ARCH_FLAG)
-SOLIBS = @SOLIBS@
-MAINLIBS = @MAINLIBS@
-ARCHMINIOBJS = @MINIOBJS@
-DLNOBJ = @DLNOBJ@
-ENCOBJS = @ENCOBJS@
-EXTOBJS = @EXTOBJS@
-BUILTIN_ENCOBJS = @BUILTIN_ENCOBJS@
-BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS = @BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS@
-BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS = @BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS@
-POSTLINK = @POSTLINK@
-
-RUBY_BASE_NAME=@RUBY_BASE_NAME@
-RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION=@RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION@
-RUBY_INSTALL_NAME=@RUBY_INSTALL_NAME@
-RUBY_SO_NAME=@RUBY_SO_NAME@
-EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
-LIBEXT = @LIBEXT@
-PROGRAM=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
-RUBY = $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-MINIRUBY = @MINIRUBY@\
-	$(MINIRUBYOPT)
-# RUNRUBY_COMMAND:: runruby.rb or baseruby. do not append options directly
-RUNRUBY_COMMAND = @RUNRUBY_COMMAND@
-# RUNRUBY:: run ruby with RUN_OPTS which is passed to ruby
-RUNRUBY = @RUNRUBY@ $(RUN_OPTS)
-# RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER:: debugging option for runruby.rb
-RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER = --debugger='gdb -x run.gdb --quiet --args'
-XRUBY = @XRUBY@
-BTESTRUBY = @BTESTRUBY@\
-	$(MINIRUBYOPT)
-INSTALL = @INSTALL@
-INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
-INSTALL_SCRIPT = @INSTALL_SCRIPT@
-INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@
-XRUBY_LIBDIR = @XRUBY_LIBDIR@
-XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR = @XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR@
-XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR = @XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR@
-BOOTSTRAPRUBY = @BOOTSTRAPRUBY@
-
-#### End of system configuration section. ####
-
-MAJOR=	@MAJOR@
-MINOR=	@MINOR@
-TEENY=	@TEENY@
-
-LIBRUBY_A     = @LIBRUBY_A@
-LIBRUBY_SO    = @LIBRUBY_SO@
-LIBRUBY_ALIASES= @LIBRUBY_ALIASES@
-LIBRUBY	      = @LIBRUBY@
-LIBRUBYARG    = @LIBRUBYARG@
-LIBRUBYARG_STATIC = @LIBRUBYARG_STATIC@
-LIBRUBYARG_SHARED = @LIBRUBYARG_SHARED@
-LIBRUBY_RELATIVE = @LIBRUBY_RELATIVE@
-LIBRUBY_A_OBJS = @LIBRUBY_A_OBJS@
-
-DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS = $(DTRACE_REBUILD:yes=$(DTRACE_DEPENDENT_OBJS))
-
-DTRACE_DEPENDENT_OBJS = array.$(OBJEXT) \
-			eval.$(OBJEXT) \
-			gc.$(OBJEXT) \
-			hash.$(OBJEXT) \
-			load.$(OBJEXT) \
-			object.$(OBJEXT) \
-			parse.$(OBJEXT) \
-			string.$(OBJEXT) \
-			symbol.$(OBJEXT) \
-			vm.$(OBJEXT)
-
-THREAD_MODEL  = @THREAD_MODEL@
-
-PREP          = @PREP@
-ARCHFILE      = @ARCHFILE@
-SETUP         =
-EXTSTATIC     = @EXTSTATIC@
-ENCSTATIC     = @ENCSTATIC@
-SET_LC_MESSAGES = env LC_MESSAGES=C
-
-MAKEDIRS      = @MKDIR_P@
-CP            = cp
-MV            = mv
-RM            = rm -f
-RMDIR         = @RMDIR@
-RMDIRS        = @RMDIRS@
-RMALL         = @RMALL@
-NM            = @NM@
-AR            = @AR@
-ARFLAGS       = rcu
-RANLIB        = @RANLIB@
-AS            = @AS@
-ASFLAGS       = @ASFLAGS@ $(INCFLAGS)
-IFCHANGE      = $(srcdir)/tool/ifchange
-SET_LC_MESSAGES = env LC_MESSAGES=C
-OBJDUMP       = @OBJDUMP@
-OBJCOPY       = @OBJCOPY@
-VCS           = @VCS@
-VCSUP         = @VCSUP@
-DTRACE        = @DTRACE@
-DTRACE_EXT    = @DTRACE_EXT@
-DTRACE_OBJ    = @DTRACE_OBJ@
-DTRACE_REBUILD= @DTRACE_REBUILD@
-DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ = $(DTRACE_REBUILD:yes=ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT))
-
-OBJEXT        = @OBJEXT@
-ASMEXT        = S
-DLEXT         = @DLEXT@
-MANTYPE	      = @MANTYPE@
-SYMBOL_PREFIX = @SYMBOL_PREFIX@
-
-INSTALLED_LIST= .installed.list
-
-NEWLINE_C     = enc/trans/newline.c
-MINIPRELUDE_C = miniprelude.c
-PRELUDE_C     = prelude.c
-RBCONFIG      = .rbconfig.time
-
-SRC_FILE      = $<
-OS_SRC_FILE   = $<
-DEST_FILE     = $@
-OS_DEST_FILE  = $@
-
-MESSAGE_BEGIN = @for line in
-MESSAGE_END = ; do echo "$$line"; done
-ECHO_BEGIN = @sep=''; for word in
-ECHO_END = ; do echo @ECHO_N@ "$$sep'$$word'@ECHO_C@"; sep=' '; done; echo
-
-DESTDIR       = @DESTDIR@
-
-configure_args = @configure_args@
-#### End of variables
-
-.SUFFIXES: .inc .h .c .y .i .$(DTRACE_EXT)
-
-all:
-
-# Prevent GNU make v3 from overflowing arg limit on SysV.
-.NOEXPORT:
-
-miniruby$(EXEEXT):
-		@-if test -f $@; then $(MV) -f $@ $@.old; $(RM) $@.old; fi
-		$(ECHO) linking $@
-		$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(NORMALMAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(COMMONOBJS) $(MAINLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
-
-$(PROGRAM):
-		@$(RM) $@
-		$(ECHO) linking $@
-		$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(MAINOBJ) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(MAINLIBS) $(LIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
-		$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
-
-# We must `rm' the library each time this rule is invoked because "updating" a
-# MAB library on Apple/NeXT (see --enable-fat-binary in configure) is not
-# supported.
-$(LIBRUBY_A):
-		@$(RM) $@
-		$(ECHO) linking static-library $@
-		$(Q) $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS) $(INITOBJS)
-		@-$(RANLIB) $@ 2> /dev/null || true
-		$(ECHO) verifying static-library $@
-		@$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)conftest$(EXEEXT)
-		@$(RM) conftest$(EXEEXT) conftest.c
-
-$(LIBRUBY_SO):
-		@-$(PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE)
-		$(ECHO) linking shared-library $@
-		$(Q) $(LDSHARED) $(DLDFLAGS) $(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(SOLIBS) $(EXTSOLIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
-		-$(Q) $(OBJCOPY) -w -L '$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)Init_*' -L '$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)ruby_static_id_*' \
-			-L '$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)*_threadptr_*' $@
-		$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
-		@-$(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV.each{|link| File.delete link rescue nil; \
-						  File.symlink "$(LIBRUBY_SO)", link}' \
-				$(LIBRUBY_ALIASES) || true
-
-ruby_pc = @ruby_pc@
-$(ruby_pc):
-		@./config.status --file=$@:$(srcdir)/template/ruby.pc.in
-
-ruby-runner.c: template/ruby-runner.c.in
-		@./config.status --file=$@:$(srcdir)/template/$(@F).in
-
-ruby-runner$(EXEEXT): ruby-runner.c
-	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DRUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ ruby-runner.c
-
-$(RBCONFIG): $(PREP)
-
-rbconfig.rb: $(RBCONFIG)
-
-install-cross: $(arch)-fake.rb $(RBCONFIG) rbconfig.rb $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h \
-	$(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(ARCHFILE)
-	$(ECHO) installing cross-compiling stuff
-	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch) $(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)/$(arch)/ruby
-	$(Q) sed '/^\$$:\.unshift/q' $(arch)-fake.rb > fake.rb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -p \
-	-e '~/^\s*CONFIG\["LDFLAGS"\]/ and' \
-	-e '$$_[/(?=\s*"$$)/] = %q[ #{(CONFIG["LIBPATHFLAG"]%File.dirname(__FILE__)).strip}]' \
-	rbconfig.rb > fake-rbconfig.rb
-	$(INSTALL_SCRIPT) fake.rb $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)/fake.rb
-	$(INSTALL_SCRIPT) fake-rbconfig.rb $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)/rbconfig.rb
-	@$(RM) fake.rb fake-rbconfig.rb
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h $(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)/$(arch)/ruby
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby/win32.h $(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)/ruby
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)
-	$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)
-
-Makefile:	$(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in
-
-$(MKFILES): config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
-		@[ -f $@ ] && mv $@ $@.old
-		MAKE=$(MAKE) $(SHELL) ./config.status $@
-		@cmp $@ $@.old > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo $@ unchanged && exit 0; \
-		{ \
-		    echo "all:; -@rm -f conftest.mk"; \
-		    echo "conftest.mk: .force; @echo AUTO_REMAKE"; \
-		    echo ".force:"; \
-		} > conftest.mk || exit 1; \
-		$(MAKE) -f conftest.mk | grep '^AUTO_REMAKE$$' >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-		{ echo "$@ updated, restart."; exit 1; }
-
-uncommon.mk: $(srcdir)/common.mk
-		sed 's/{\$$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g' $< > $@
-
-.PHONY: reconfig
-reconfig-args = $(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE) $(configure_args)
-config.status-args = ./config.status --recheck
-reconfig-exec-0 = test -t 1 && { CONFIGURE_TTY=yes; export CONFIGURE_TTY; }; exec 3>&1; exit `exec 4>&1; { "$$@" 3>&- 4>&-; echo $$? 1>&4; } | fgrep -v '(cached)' 1>&3 3>&- 4>&-`
-reconfig-exec-1 = set -x; "$$@"
-
-reconfig config.status:	$(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE) $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in \
-			$(srcdir)/include/ruby/version.h
-	@PWD= MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)"; export MINIRUBY; \
-	set $(SHELL) $($@-args); $(reconfig-exec-$(V))
-
-$(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE): $(srcdir)/configure.in $(srcdir)/aclocal.m4
-	$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && exec $(AUTOCONF) -o $(@F)
-
-incs: id.h
-all-incs: probes.h
-
-# Things which should be considered:
-# * with gperf v.s. without gperf
-# * committers may have various versions of gperf
-# * ./configure v.s. ../ruby/configure
-# * GNU make v.s. HP-UX make	# HP-UX make invokes the action if lex.c and keywords has same mtime.
-# * svn checkout generate a file with mtime as current time
-# * ext4 and XFS has a mtime with fractional part
-lex.c: defs/keywords
-	@\
-	if cmp -s $(srcdir)/defs/lex.c.src $?; then \
-	  [ $(Q) ] && echo copying $@ || set -x; \
-	  $(CP) $(srcdir)/lex.c.blt $@; \
-	else \
-	  [ $(Q) ] && echo generating $@ || set -x; \
-	  gperf -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N rb_reserved_word -k1,3,$$ $? \
-	  | sed 's/(long)&((\(struct stringpool_t\) *\*)0)->\(stringpool_[a-z0-9]*\)/offsetof(\1, \2)/g' \
-	  > $@.tmp && \
-	  $(MV) $@.tmp $@ && \
-	  $(CP) $? $(srcdir)/defs/lex.c.src && \
-	  $(CP) $@ $(srcdir)/lex.c.blt; \
-	fi
-
-NAME2CTYPE_OPTIONS = -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -T -H uniname2ctype_hash -Q uniname2ctype_pool -N uniname2ctype_p
-
-enc/unicode/name2ctype.h: enc/unicode/name2ctype.kwd
-	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	@set +e; \
-	if cmp -s $(?:.kwd=.src) $?; then \
-	  set -x; \
-	  $(CP) $(?:.kwd=.h.blt) $@; \
-	else \
-	  trap '$(RM) $@-1.h $@-2.h' 0 && \
-	  set -x; \
-	  sed '/^#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES/,/^#endif/d' $? | gperf $(NAME2CTYPE_OPTIONS) > $@-1.h && \
-	  sed '/^#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES/d;/^#endif/d' $? | gperf $(NAME2CTYPE_OPTIONS) > $@-2.h && \
-	  diff -DUSE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES $@-1.h $@-2.h > $@.tmp || :; \
-	  $(MV) $@.tmp $@ && \
-	  $(CP) $? $(?:.kwd=.src) && \
-	  $(CP) $@ $(?:.kwd=.h.blt); \
-	fi
-
-JIS_PROPS_OPTIONS = -k1,3 -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -t --ignore-case -H onig_jis_property_hash -Q onig_jis_property_pool -N onig_jis_property
-
-enc/jis/props.h: enc/jis/props.kwd
-	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	@set +e; \
-	if cmp -s $(?:.kwd=.src) $?; then \
-	  set -x; \
-	  $(CP) $(?:.kwd=.h.blt) $@; \
-	else \
-	  set -x; \
-	  gperf $(JIS_PROPS_OPTIONS) $? | \
-	  sed 's/(int)(long)&((\([a-zA-Z_0-9 ]*[a-zA-Z_0-9]\) *\*)0)->\([a-zA-Z0-9_]*\),/(char)offsetof(\1, \2),/g' > $@ && \
-	  $(CP) $? $(?:.kwd=.src) && \
-	  $(CP) $@ $(?:.kwd=.h.blt); \
-	fi
-
-.c.@OBJEXT@:
-	@$(ECHO) compiling $<
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c $<
-
-.s.@OBJEXT@:
-	@$(ECHO) assembling $<
-	$(Q) $(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
-
-.c.S:
-	@$(ECHO) translating $<
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -S $<
-
-.c.i:
-	@$(ECHO) preprocessing $<
-	$(Q) $(CPP) $(warnflags) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -E $< > $@
-
-.d.h:
-	@$(ECHO) translating probes $<
-	$(Q) $(DTRACE) -o $@.tmp -h -C $(INCFLAGS) -s $<
-	$(Q) sed -e 's/RUBY_/RUBY_DTRACE_/g' -e 's/PROBES_H_TMP/RUBY_PROBES_H/' -e 's/(char \*/(const char */g' -e 's/, char \*/, const char */g' $@.tmp > $@
-	$(Q) $(RM) $@.tmp
-
-.dmyh.h:
-	@$(ECHO) copying dummy $(DEST_FILE)
-	$(Q) $(CP) $(OS_SRC_FILE) $(OS_DEST_FILE)
-
-probes.stamp: $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS)
-	$(Q) if test -f $@ -o -f probes.$(OBJEXT); then \
-	  $(RM) $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS) $@; \
-	  $(ECHO0) "rebuilding objects which were modified by \"dtrace -G\""; \
-	  $(MAKE) $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS); \
-	fi
-	$(Q) touch $@
-
-probes.@OBJEXT@: $(srcdir)/probes.d $(DTRACE_REBUILD:yes=probes.stamp)
-	@$(ECHO) processing probes in object files
-	$(Q) $(RM) $@
-	$(Q) $(DTRACE) -G -C $(INCFLAGS) -s $(srcdir)/probes.d -o $@ $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS)
-
-# DTrace static library hacks described here:
-# http://mail.opensolaris.org/pipermail/dtrace-discuss/2005-August/000207.html
-ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT):
-	@$(ECHO) generating a glommed object with DTrace probes for static library
-	$(Q) $(LD) -r -o $@ $(OBJS)
-
-clean-local::
-	$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.c ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT) ext/ripper/y.output \
-		enc/encinit.c enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT)
-	-$(Q)$(RM) $(pkgconfig_DATA)
-
-distclean-local::
-	$(Q)$(RM) ext/config.cache $(RBCONFIG) Doxyfile
-	-$(Q)$(RM) run.gdb
-	-$(Q)$(RM) $(INSTALLED_LIST) $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h verconf.h
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIRS) $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby 2> /dev/null || true
-
-clean-ext distclean-ext realclean-ext::
-	@cd ext 2>/dev/null || exit 0; set dummy `echo "${EXTS}" | tr , ' '`; shift; \
-	test "$$#" = 0 && set .; \
-	set dummy `\
-	    find "$$@" -name Makefile -print | sed 's:^\./::;s:/Makefile$$::' | sort; \
-	`; shift; \
-	cd ..; \
-	for dir do \
-	    echo $(@:-ext=)ing "$$dir"; \
-	    (cd "ext/$$dir" && exec $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $(@:-ext=)) && \
-	    case "$@" in \
-	    *distclean-ext*|*realclean-ext*) \
-		$(RMDIRS) "ext/$$dir" 2> /dev/null || true;; \
-	    esac; \
-	done
-	-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)
-
-distclean-ext realclean-ext::
-	-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.c
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) ext 2> /dev/null || true
-
-clean-extout:
-
-clean-enc distclean-enc realclean-enc:
-	@test -f "$(ENC_MK)" || exit 0; \
-	echo $(@:-enc=ing) encodings; \
-	exec $(MAKE) -f $(ENC_MK) $(MFLAGS) $(@:-enc=)
-
-ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT): ext/extinit.c $(SETUP)
-	$(ECHO) compiling $@
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c ext/extinit.c
-
-enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT): enc/encinit.c $(SETUP)
-
-up::
-	@$(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)" && LC_TIME=C exec $(VCSUP)
-
-after-update:: update-config_files common-srcs
-
-update-mspec:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d spec/mspec ]; then \
-	  echo updating mspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd spec/mspec && \
-	  exec git pull; \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving mspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone $(MSPEC_GIT_URL) spec/mspec; \
-	fi
-
-update-rubyspec: update-mspec
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d spec/rubyspec ]; then \
-	  echo updating rubyspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd spec/rubyspec && \
-	  exec git pull; \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving rubyspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone $(RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL) spec/rubyspec; \
-	fi
-
-test-rubyspec-precheck:
-	@if [ ! -d $(srcdir)/spec/rubyspec ]; then echo No rubyspec here.  make update-rubyspec first.; exit 1; fi
-
-update-doclie:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d coverage/doclie ]; then \
-	  echo updating doclie ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd coverage/doclie && \
-	  git fetch && \
-	  exec git checkout $(DOCLIE_GIT_REF); \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving doclie ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone --branch $(DOCLIE_GIT_REF) $(DOCLIE_GIT_URL) coverage/doclie; \
-	fi
-
-update-simplecov-html:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d coverage/simplecov-html ]; then \
-	  echo updating simplecov-html ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd coverage/simplecov-html && \
-	  git fetch && \
-	  exec git checkout $(SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF); \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving simplecov-html ...; \
-	  exec git clone --branch $(SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF) $(SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL) coverage/simplecov-html; \
-	fi
-
-update-simplecov:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d coverage/simplecov ]; then \
-	  echo updating simplecov ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd coverage/simplecov && \
-	  git fetch && \
-	  exec git checkout $(SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF); \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving simplecov ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone --branch $(SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF) $(SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL) coverage/simplecov; \
-	fi
-
-update-coverage: update-simplecov update-simplecov-html update-doclie
-
-INSNS	= opt_sc.inc optinsn.inc optunifs.inc insns.inc insns_info.inc \
-	  vmtc.inc vm.inc
-
-$(INSNS): $(srcdir)/insns.def vm_opts.h \
-	  $(srcdir)/defs/opt_operand.def $(srcdir)/defs/opt_insn_unif.def \
-	  $(srcdir)/tool/instruction.rb $(srcdir)/tool/insns2vm.rb
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -Ku $(srcdir)/tool/insns2vm.rb $(INSNS2VMOPT) $@
-
-verconf.h: $(RBCONFIG)
-
-loadpath: verconf.h
-	@$(CPP) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(srcdir)/loadpath.c | \
-	sed -e '1,/^const char ruby_initial_load_paths/d;/;/,$$d' \
-	    -e '/^ /!d;s/ *"\\0"$$//;s/" *"//g'
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
deleted file mode 100644
index be722bc9de..0000000000
--- a/NEWS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,404 +0,0 @@
-# -*- rdoc -*-
-
-= NEWS for Ruby 2.3.0
-
-This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
-releases except for bug fixes.
-
-Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or
-reference information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes
-with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
-(e.g. <tt>https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER</tt>)
-
-== Changes since the 2.2.0 release
-
-=== Language changes
-
-* frozen-string-literal pragma:
-
-  * new pragma, frozen-string-literal has been experimentally introduced.
-    [Feature #8976]
-  * besides, --enable/--disable=frozen-string-literal options also have
-    been introduced. [Feature #8976]
-  * command line options --debug or --debug=frozen-string-literal enable
-    additional debugging mode which shows created location with at frozen
-    object error (RuntimeError).
-    [Feature #11725]
-
-* safe navigation operator:
-
-  * new method call syntax, `object&.foo', method #foo is called on
-    `object' if it is not nil.
-    this is similar to `try!' in Active Support, except:
-    * method name is syntactically required
-          obj.try! {} # valid
-          obj&. {}    # syntax error
-    * arguments are evaluated only if a call is made:
-          obj.try!(:foo, bar())  # bar() is always evaluated
-          obj&.foo(bar())        # bar() is conditionally evaluated
-    * attribute assignment is valid
-          obj&.attr += 1
-    [Feature #11537]
-
-* the did_you_mean gem:
-
-  * When a NameError or NoMethodError occurs because of a typo in the name,
-    the did_you_mean gem automatically suggests other names similar to the
-    method name.
-
-      "Yuki".starts_with?("Y")
-      # => NoMethodError: undefined method `starts_with?' for "Yuki":String
-      #    Did you mean?  start_with?
-
-* indented here document:
-
-  * new string literal, here document starts with `<<~`.
-    refer doc/syntax/literals.rdoc for more details.
-    [Feature #9098]
-
-=== Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
-
-* ARGF
-
-  * ARGF.read_nonblock supports `exception: false' like IO#read_nonblock.
-    [Feature #11358]
-
-* Array
-
-  * Array#bsearch_index [Feature #10730]
-  * Array#dig [Feature #11643]
-
-* Comparable
-
-  * Comparable#== no longer rescues exceptions [Feature #7688]
-
-* Encoding
-
-  * new Encoding::IBM037 (alias ebcdic-cp-us; dummy)
-
-* Enumerable
-
-  * Enumerable#grep_v is added as inverse version of Enumerable#grep.
-    [Feature #11049]
-  * Enumerable#chunk_while [Feature #10769]
-
-* Enumerator::Lazy
-
-  * Enumerator::Lazy#grep_v [Feature #11773]
-
-* File
-
-  * File.mkfifo [Feature #11536]
-  * Add File::TMPFILE corresponding to O_TMPFILE
-
-* Hash
-
-  * Hash#fetch_values [Feature #10017]
-  * Hash#dig [Feature #11643]
-  * Hash#<=, Hash#<, Hash#>=, Hash#> [Feature #10984]
-  * Hash#to_proc [Feature #11653]
-
-* IO
-
-  * new mode flag File::SHARE_DELETE is available.
-    this flag means to permit deleting opened file on Windows, but currently
-    this affect only files opened as binary.  [Feature #11218]
-
-  * new option parameter `flags' is added.
-    this parameter is bitwise-ORed to oflags generated by normal mode argument.
-    [Feature #11253]
-
-  * IO#advise no longer raises Errno::ENOSYS in cases where it was
-    detected at build time but not available at runtime.  [Feature #11806]
-
-* Kernel
-
-  * Kernel#loop, when stopped by a StopIteration exception, returns
-    what the enumerator has returned instead of nil. [Feature #11498]
-
-* Module
-  * Module#deprecate_constant [Feature #11398]
-
-* NameError
-  * NameError#receiver is added to take the receiver object. [Feature #10881]
-
-* Numeric
-
-  * Numeric#positive? and Numeric#negative? are added, which return
-    true when the receiver is positive and negative respectively.
-    [Feature #11151]
-
-* Proc
-
-  * Proc#call (and also #[], #===, #yield) are optimized.
-    Backtrace doesn't show each method (show block lines directly).
-    TracePoint also ignores these calls. [Feature #11569]
-
-* Queue (Thread::Queue)
-
-  * Queue#close is added to notice a termination. [Feature #10600]
-
-* Regexp/String: Updated Unicode version from 7.0.0 to 8.0.0
-
-* RubyVM::InstructionSequence
-  * add the following methods as a primitive tool of iseq loader.
-    See sample/iseq_loader.rb for usage.
-    Note that loader does not have verifier so it is easy to cause
-    critical problem by loading modified/broken binary data.
-    See [Feature #11788] for more details. (experimental feature)
-    * RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_binary(extra_data = nil)
-    * RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(binary)
-    * RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary_extra_data(binary)
-
-* String
-
-  * String#+@ and String#-@ are added to get mutable/frozen strings.
-    [Feature #11782]
-
-  * String.new now accepts new option parameter `encoding'.
-    [Feature #11785]
-
-* Struct
-  * Struct#dig [Feature #11688]
-
-* Thread
-  * Thread#name, Thread#name= are added to handle thread names [Feature #11251]
-
-=== Core classes compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
-
-* Array
-  * Array#select!, Array#keep_if, Array#reject!, and Array#delete_if
-    no longer changes the receiver array instantly every time the
-    block is called.  [Feature #10714]
-
-  * Array#flatten and Array#flatten! no longer try to call #to_ary
-    method on elements beyond the given level.  [Bug #10748]
-
-  * Array#inspect doesn't raise error even if its content returns
-    a string which is not compatible with Encoding.default_external
-    as inspected result. [Feature #11801]
-
-* Enumerable
-  * Enumerable#chunk and Enumerable#slice_before no longer takes the
-    initial_state argument.  [Feature #10958]
-    Use a local variable instead to maintain a state.
-
-* File::Stat
-  * On Windows File::Stat#ino always returned 0, but now returns
-    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION.nFileIndexHigh/Low.  [Feature #11216]
-
-* Hash
-  * Hash#inspect doesn't raise error even if its content returns
-    a string which is not compatible with Encoding.default_external
-    as inspected result. [Feature #11801]
-
-* IO
-  * IO#close doesn't raise when the IO object is closed.  [Feature #10718]
-  * IO#each_codepoint raises an exception at incomplete character
-    before EOF when conversion takes place.  [Bug #11444]
-
-* Module
-  * Module#define_method and Object.define_singleton_method now
-    require method body, Proc, Method, or a block, and raise
-    ArgumentError if no block is given directly.  [Bug #11283]
-
-* pack/unpack (Array/String)
-  * j and J directives for pointer width integer type.  [Feature #11215]
-
-
-=== Stdlib updates (outstanding ones only)
-
-* Logger
-
-  * Logger#level= now supports symbol and string levels such as :debug, :info,
-    :warn, :error, :fatal (case insensitive) [Feature #11695]
-  * Logger#reopen is added to reopen a log device. [Feature #11696]
-
-* io/wait
-  * IO#wait_readable no longer checks FIONREAD, it may be used for
-    non-bytestream IO such as listen sockets.
-
-* Net::FTP
-  * Net::FTP#mlst is added.
-  * Net::FTP#mlsd is added.
-
-* nkf
-  * Merge nkf 2.1.4.
-
-* ObjectSpace (objspace)
-  * ObjectSpace.count_symbols is added.
-  * ObjectSpace.count_imemo_objects is added.
-  * ObjectSpace.internal_class_of is added.
-  * ObjectSpace.internal_super_of is added.
-
-* OpenSSL
-  * OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#accept_nonblock and
-    OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#connect_nonblock supports `exception: false`.
-    [Feature #10532]
-
-* Pathname
-  * Pathname#descend and Pathname#ascend supported blockless form.
-    [Feature #11052]
-
-* Socket
-  * Socket#connect_nonblock, Socket#accept_nonblock,
-    TCPServer#accept_nonblock, UNIXServer#accept_nonblock,
-    BasicSocket#recv_nonblock, BasicSocket#recvmsg_nonblock,
-    BasicSocket#sendmsg_nonblock all support `exception: false` to return
-    :wait_readable or :wait_writable symbols instead of raising
-    IO::WaitReadable or IO::WaitWritable exceptions
-    [Feature #10532] [Feature #11229]
-  * BasicSocket#recv and BasicSocket#recv_nonblock allow an output
-    String buffer argument like IO#read and IO#read_nonblock to reduce
-    GC overhead [Feature #11242]
-
-* StringIO
-  * In read-only mode, StringIO#set_encoding no longer sets the encoding
-    of its buffer string.  Setting the encoding of the string directly
-    without StringIO#set_encoding may cause unpredictable behavior now.
-    [Bug #11827]
-
-* timeout
-  * Object#timeout is now warned as deprecated when called.
-
-=== Stdlib compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
-
-* ext/coverage/coverage.c
-  * Coverage.peek_result: new method to allow coverage to be captured without
-    stopping the coverage tool.  [Feature #10816]
-
-* Fiddle
-  * Fiddle::Function#call releases the GVL.  [Feature #11607]
-
-* io-console
-  * Update to io-console 0.4.5, and change the license to BSD 2-clause
-    "Simplified" License.
-
-* lib/base64.rb
-  * Base64.urlsafe_encode64: added a "padding" option to suppress
-    the padding character ("=").  [Feature #10740]
-  * Base64.urlsafe_decode64: now it accepts not only correctly-padded
-    input but also unpadded input.  [Feature #10740]
-
-* lib/drb/drb.rb
-  * removed unused argument. https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/515
-
-* lib/matrix.rb
-  * Add Vector#round. https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/802
-
-* lib/webrick/utils.rb
-  * removed unused argument. https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/356
-
-* Net::FTP
-  * Connections are in passive mode per default now.  The default mode can
-    be changed by Net::FTP.default_passive=.  [Feature #11612]
-
-* Net::HTTP
-  * default value of Net::HTTP#open_timeout is now 60 (was nil).
-
-* Net::Telnet
-  * Net::Telnet is extracted to net-telnet gem. It's unmaintain code.
-    [Feature #11083]
-
-* Psych
-  * Updated to Psych 2.0.17
-
-* Rake
-  * Rake is removed from stdlib.  [Feature #11025]
-
-* RDoc
-  * Updated to RDoc 4.2.1.  For full release notes see:
-
-    https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/blob/master/History.rdoc#421--2015-12-22
-
-* RubyGems
-  * Updated to RubyGems 2.5.1.  For full release notes see:
-
-    http://docs.seattlerb.org/rubygems/History_txt.html#label-2.5.0+-2F+2015-11-03
-    and
-    http://docs.seattlerb.org/rubygems/History_txt.html#label-2.5.1+-2F+2015-12-10
-
-=== Built-in global variables compatibility issues
-
-* $SAFE
-  * $SAFE=2 and $SAFE=3 are obsolete.  If $SAFE is set to 2 or larger,
-    an ArgumentError is raised.  [Feature #5455]
-
-=== C API updates
-
-* rb_define_class_id_under() now raises a TypeError exception when the
-  class is already defined but its superclass does not match the given
-  superclass, as well as definitions in ruby level.
-
-* rb_timespec_now() is added to fetch current datetime as struct timespec.
-  [Feature #11558]
-
-* rb_time_timespec_new() is added to create a time object with epoch,
-  nanosecond, and UTC/localtime/time offset arguments.  [Feature #11558]
-
-* rb_autoload() deprecated, use rb_funcall() instead.  [Feature #11664]
-
-* rb_compile_error_with_enc(), rb_compile_error(), and rb_compile_bug()
-  deprecated.  these functions are exposed but only for internal use.
-  external libraries should not use them.
-
-=== Supported platform changes
-
-* OS/2 is no longer supported
-
-* BeOS is no longer supported
-
-* Borland-C is no longer supported
-
-* Haiku now stable and best effort
-
-=== Implementation improvements
-
-* Optimize Proc#call to eliminate method frame construction.
-  [Feature #11569]
-
-* Reconsidering method entry data structure.
-  [Bug #11278]
-
-* Introducing new table data structure for ID keys tables used by
-  method table and so on. New table structure is simple and fast
-  than st_table. [Feature #11420]
-
-* Machine code level tuning for object allocation and method calling
-  code. r52099, r52254
-
-* RubyVM::InstructionSequence is extended for future improvement.
-  [Feature #11788]
-
-* Case dispatch is now optimized for all special constant literals
-  including nil, true, and false.  Previously, only literal strings,
-  symbols, integers and floats compiled to optimized case dispatch.
-  [Feature #11769]
-
-* Instance variables on non-pure Ruby classes (T_DATA, T_FILE,
-  etc..) is less expensive to store than before. [Feature #11170]
-
-* All accesses to members of big Struct objects are performed in
-  constant-time.  Previously, Struct elements beyond the first 10
-  10 elements used a linear scan. [Feature #10585]
-
-* The Set class got several speed up.
-  [Misc #10754], [r52591]
-
-* Socket and I/O-related improvements
-
-  * Calling overhead of most of new keyword-using I/O methods in
-    [Feature #11229] is reduced by avoiding the inefficient C API
-    to parse keywords.  [Feature #11339]
-
-  * The standard library is updated to use the improved
-    exception-free non-blocking I/O from [Feature #11229].
-    This has the additional benefit of quieter $DEBUG output in
-    addition to reducing expensive exceptions. [Feature #11044]
-
-  * (Linux-only) waiting on a single FD anywhere in the stdlib no longer
-    uses select(2), making it immune to slowdowns with high-numbered FDs.
-    [Feature #11081] [Feature #11377]
-
-* CGI.escapeHTML is optimized with C extention.
-  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1164
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2dcfacb6e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+# NEWS for Ruby 3.0.0
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes
+since the **2.7.0** release, except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or reference
+information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes with all
+sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
+(e.g. `https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER`).
+
+## Language changes
+
+* Keyword arguments are now separated from positional arguments.
+  Code that resulted in deprecation warnings in Ruby 2.7 will now
+  result in ArgumentError or different behavior. [[Feature #14183]]
+
+* Procs accepting a single rest argument and keywords are no longer
+  subject to autosplatting.  This now matches the behavior of Procs
+  accepting a single rest argument and no keywords.
+  [[Feature #16166]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    pr = proc{|*a, **kw| [a, kw]}
+
+    pr.call([1])
+    # 2.7 => [[1], {}]
+    # 3.0 => [[[1]], {}]
+
+    pr.call([1, {a: 1}])
+    # 2.7 => [[1], {:a=>1}] # and deprecation warning
+    # 3.0 => [[[1, {:a=>1}]], {}]
+    ```
+
+* Arguments forwarding (`...`) now supports leading arguments.
+  [[Feature #16378]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    def method_missing(meth, ...)
+      send(:"do_#{meth}", ...)
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Pattern matching (`case/in`) is no longer experimental. [[Feature #17260]]
+
+* One-line pattern matching is redesigned.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+    * `=>` is added. It can be used like a rightward assignment.
+      [[Feature #17260]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        0 => a
+        p a #=> 0
+
+        {b: 0, c: 1} => {b:}
+        p b #=> 0
+        ```
+
+    * `in` is changed to return `true` or `false`. [[Feature #17371]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        # version 3.0
+        0 in 1 #=> false
+
+        # version 2.7
+        0 in 1 #=> raise NoMatchingPatternError
+        ```
+
+* Find-pattern is added.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+  [[Feature #16828]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    case ["a", 1, "b", "c", 2, "d", "e", "f", 3]
+    in [*pre, String => x, String => y, *post]
+      p pre  #=> ["a", 1]
+      p x    #=> "b"
+      p y    #=> "c"
+      p post #=> [2, "d", "e", "f", 3]
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Endless method definition is added.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+  [[Feature #16746]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    def square(x) = x * x
+    ```
+
+* Interpolated String literals are no longer frozen when
+  `# frozen-string-literal: true` is used. [[Feature #17104]]
+
+* Magic comment `shareable_constant_value` added to freeze constants.
+  See {Magic Comments}[rdoc-ref:doc/syntax/comments.rdoc@Magic+Comments] for more details.
+  [[Feature #17273]]
+
+* A {static analysis}[rdoc-label:label-Static+analysis] foundation is
+  introduced.
+    * {RBS}[rdoc-label:label-RBS] is introduced. It is a type definition
+      language for Ruby programs.
+    * {TypeProf}[rdoc-label:label-TypeProf] is experimentally bundled. It is a
+      type analysis tool for Ruby programs.
+
+* Deprecation warnings are no longer shown by default (since Ruby 2.7.2).
+  Turn them on with `-W:deprecated` (or with `-w` to show other warnings too).
+  [[Feature #16345]]
+
+* $SAFE and $KCODE are now normal global variables with no special behavior.
+  C-API methods related to $SAFE have been removed.
+  [[Feature #16131]] [[Feature #17136]]
+
+* yield in singleton class definitions in methods is now a SyntaxError
+  instead of a warning. yield in a class definition outside of a method
+  is now a SyntaxError instead of a LocalJumpError.  [[Feature #15575]]
+
+* When a class variable is overtaken by the same definition in an
+  ancestor class/module, a RuntimeError is now raised (previously,
+  it only issued a warning in verbose mode).  Additionally, accessing a
+  class variable from the toplevel scope is now a RuntimeError.
+  [[Bug #14541]]
+
+* Assigning to a numbered parameter is now a SyntaxError instead of
+  a warning.
+
+## Command line options
+
+### `--help` option
+
+When the environment variable `RUBY_PAGER` or `PAGER` is present and has
+a non-empty value, and the standard input and output are tty, the `--help`
+option shows the help message via the pager designated by the value.
+[[Feature #16754]]
+
+### `--backtrace-limit` option
+
+The `--backtrace-limit` option limits the maximum length of a backtrace.
+[[Feature #8661]]
+
+## Core classes updates
+
+Outstanding ones only.
+
+* Array
+
+    * The following methods now return Array instances instead of
+      subclass instances when called on subclass instances:
+      [[Bug #6087]]
+
+        * Array#drop
+        * Array#drop_while
+        * Array#flatten
+        * Array#slice!
+        * Array#slice / Array#[]
+        * Array#take
+        * Array#take_while
+        * Array#uniq
+        * Array#*
+
+    * Can be sliced with Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+
+        ```ruby
+        dirty_data = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
+        dirty_data[(1..).step(2)] # take each second element
+        # => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]
+        ```
+
+* Binding
+
+    * Binding#eval when called with one argument will use "(eval)"
+      for `__FILE__` and 1 for `__LINE__` in the evaluated code.
+      [[Bug #4352]] [[Bug #17419]]
+
+* ConditionVariable
+
+    * ConditionVariable#wait may now invoke the `block`/`unblock` scheduler
+      hooks in a non-blocking context. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Dir
+
+    * Dir.glob and Dir.[] now sort the results by default, and
+      accept the `sort:` keyword option.  [[Feature #8709]]
+
+* ENV
+
+    * ENV.except has been added, which returns a hash excluding the
+      given keys and their values.  [[Feature #15822]]
+
+    * Windows: Read ENV names and values as UTF-8 encoded Strings
+      [[Feature #12650]]
+
+* Encoding
+
+    * Added new encoding IBM720.  [[Feature #16233]]
+
+    * Changed default for Encoding.default_external to UTF-8 on Windows
+      [[Feature #16604]]
+
+* Fiber
+
+    * Fiber.new(blocking: true/false) allows you to create non-blocking
+      execution contexts. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Fiber#blocking? tells whether the fiber is non-blocking. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Fiber#backtrace and Fiber#backtrace_locations provide per-fiber backtrace.
+      [[Feature #16815]]
+
+    * The limitation of Fiber#transfer is relaxed. [[Bug #17221]]
+
+* GC
+
+    * GC.auto_compact= and GC.auto_compact have been added to control
+      when compaction runs.  Setting `auto_compact=` to true will cause
+      compaction to occur during major collections.  At the moment,
+      compaction adds significant overhead to major collections, so please
+      test first!  [[Feature #17176]]
+
+* Hash
+
+    * Hash#transform_keys and Hash#transform_keys! now accept a hash that maps
+      keys to new keys.  [[Feature #16274]]
+
+    * Hash#except has been added, which returns a hash excluding the
+      given keys and their values.  [[Feature #15822]]
+
+* IO
+
+    * IO#nonblock? now defaults to `true`. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable, IO#read, IO#write and other
+      related methods (e.g. IO#puts, IO#gets) may invoke the scheduler hook
+      `#io_wait(io, events, timeout)` in a non-blocking execution context.
+      [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Kernel
+
+    * Kernel#clone when called with the `freeze: false` keyword will call
+      `#initialize_clone` with the `freeze: false` keyword.
+      [[Bug #14266]]
+
+    * Kernel#clone when called with the `freeze: true` keyword will call
+      `#initialize_clone` with the `freeze: true` keyword, and will
+      return a frozen copy even if the receiver is unfrozen.
+      [[Feature #16175]]
+
+    * Kernel#eval when called with two arguments will use "(eval)"
+      for `__FILE__` and 1 for `__LINE__` in the evaluated code.
+      [[Bug #4352]]
+
+    * Kernel#lambda now warns if called without a literal block.
+      [[Feature #15973]]
+
+    * Kernel.sleep invokes the scheduler hook `#kernel_sleep(...)` in a
+      non-blocking execution context. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Module
+
+    * Module#include and Module#prepend now affect classes and modules
+      that have already included or prepended the receiver, mirroring the
+      behavior if the arguments were included in the receiver before
+      the other modules and classes included or prepended the receiver.
+      [[Feature #9573]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        class C; end
+        module M1; end
+        module M2; end
+        C.include M1
+        M1.include M2
+        p C.ancestors #=> [C, M1, M2, Object, Kernel, BasicObject]
+        ```
+
+    * Module#public, Module#protected, Module#private, Module#public_class_method,
+      Module#private_class_method, toplevel "private" and "public" methods
+      now accept single array argument with a list of method names. [[Feature #17314]]
+
+    * Module#attr_accessor, Module#attr_reader, Module#attr_writer and Module#attr
+      methods now return an array of defined method names as symbols.
+      [[Feature #17314]]
+
+    * Module#alias_method now returns the defined alias as a symbol.
+      [[Feature #17314]]
+
+* Mutex
+
+    * `Mutex` is now acquired per-`Fiber` instead of per-`Thread`. This change
+      should be compatible for essentially all usages and avoids blocking when
+      using a scheduler. [[Feature #16792]]
+
+* Proc
+
+    * Proc#== and Proc#eql? are now defined and will return true for
+      separate Proc instances if the procs were created from the same block.
+      [[Feature #14267]]
+
+* Queue / SizedQueue
+
+    * Queue#pop, SizedQueue#push and related methods may now invoke the
+      `block`/`unblock` scheduler hooks in a non-blocking context.
+      [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Ractor
+
+    * New class added to enable parallel execution. See rdoc-ref:ractor.md for
+      more details.
+
+* Random
+
+    * `Random::DEFAULT` now refers to the `Random` class instead of being a `Random` instance,
+      so it can work with `Ractor`.
+      [[Feature #17322]]
+
+    * `Random::DEFAULT` is deprecated since its value is now confusing and it is no longer global,
+      use `Kernel.rand`/`Random.rand` directly, or create a `Random` instance with `Random.new` instead.
+      [[Feature #17351]]
+
+
+* String
+
+    * The following methods now return or yield String instances
+      instead of subclass instances when called on subclass instances:
+      [[Bug #10845]]
+
+        * String#*
+        * String#capitalize
+        * String#center
+        * String#chomp
+        * String#chop
+        * String#delete
+        * String#delete_prefix
+        * String#delete_suffix
+        * String#downcase
+        * String#dump
+        * String#each_char
+        * String#each_grapheme_cluster
+        * String#each_line
+        * String#gsub
+        * String#ljust
+        * String#lstrip
+        * String#partition
+        * String#reverse
+        * String#rjust
+        * String#rpartition
+        * String#rstrip
+        * String#scrub
+        * String#slice!
+        * String#slice / String#[]
+        * String#split
+        * String#squeeze
+        * String#strip
+        * String#sub
+        * String#succ / String#next
+        * String#swapcase
+        * String#tr
+        * String#tr_s
+        * String#upcase
+
+* Symbol
+
+    * Symbol#to_proc now returns a lambda Proc.  [[Feature #16260]]
+
+    * Symbol#name has been added, which returns the name of the symbol
+      if it is named.  The returned string is frozen.  [[Feature #16150]]
+
+* Fiber
+
+    * Introduce Fiber.set_scheduler for intercepting blocking operations and
+      Fiber.scheduler for accessing the current scheduler. See
+      rdoc-ref:fiber.md for more details about what operations are supported and
+      how to implement the scheduler hooks. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Fiber.blocking? tells whether the current execution context is
+      blocking. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Thread#join invokes the scheduler hooks `block`/`unblock` in a
+      non-blocking execution context. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Thread
+
+    * Thread.ignore_deadlock accessor has been added for disabling the
+      default deadlock detection, allowing the use of signal handlers to
+      break deadlock. [[Bug #13768]]
+
+* Warning
+
+    * Warning#warn now supports a category keyword argument.
+      [[Feature #17122]]
+
+## Stdlib updates
+
+Outstanding ones only.
+
+* BigDecimal
+
+    * Update to BigDecimal 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Bundler
+
+    * Update to Bundler 2.2.3
+
+* CGI
+
+    * Update to 0.2.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* CSV
+
+    * Update to CSV 3.1.9
+
+* Date
+
+    * Update to Date 3.1.1
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Digest
+
+    * Update to Digest 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Etc
+
+    * Update to Etc 1.2.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Fiddle
+
+    * Update to Fiddle 1.0.5
+
+* IRB
+
+    * Update to IRB 1.2.6
+
+* JSON
+
+    * Update to JSON 2.5.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Set
+
+    * Update to set 1.0.0
+
+    * SortedSet has been removed for dependency and performance reasons.
+
+    * Set#join is added as a shorthand for `.to_a.join`.
+
+    * Set#<=> is added.
+
+* Socket
+
+    * Add :connect_timeout to TCPSocket.new [[Feature #17187]]
+
+* Net::HTTP
+
+    * Net::HTTP#verify_hostname= and Net::HTTP#verify_hostname have been
+      added to skip hostname verification.  [[Feature #16555]]
+
+    * Net::HTTP.get, Net::HTTP.get_response, and Net::HTTP.get_print
+      can take the request headers as a Hash in the second argument when the
+      first argument is a URI.  [[Feature #16686]]
+
+* Net::SMTP
+
+    * Add SNI support.
+
+    * Net::SMTP.start arguments are keyword arguments.
+
+    * TLS should not check the host name by default.
+
+* OpenStruct
+
+    * Initialization is no longer lazy. [[Bug #12136]]
+
+    * Builtin methods can now be overridden safely. [[Bug #15409]]
+
+    * Implementation uses only methods ending with `!`.
+
+    * Ractor compatible.
+
+    * Improved support for YAML. [[Bug #8382]]
+
+    * Use officially discouraged. Read OpenStruct@Caveats section.
+
+* Pathname
+
+    * Ractor compatible.
+
+* Psych
+
+    * Update to Psych 3.3.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Reline
+
+    * Update to Reline 0.1.5
+
+* RubyGems
+
+    * Update to RubyGems 3.2.3
+
+* StringIO
+
+    * Update to StringIO 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* StringScanner
+
+    * Update to StringScanner 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+## Compatibility issues
+
+Excluding feature bug fixes.
+
+* Regexp literals and all Range objects are frozen. [[Feature #8948]] [[Feature #16377]] [[Feature #15504]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    /foo/.frozen? #=> true
+    (42...).frozen? # => true
+    ```
+
+* EXPERIMENTAL: Hash#each consistently yields a 2-element array. [[Bug #12706]]
+
+    * Now `{ a: 1 }.each(&->(k, v) { })` raises an ArgumentError
+      due to lambda's arity check.
+
+* When writing to STDOUT redirected to a closed pipe, no broken pipe
+  error message will be shown now.  [[Feature #14413]]
+
+* `TRUE`/`FALSE`/`NIL` constants are no longer defined.
+
+* Integer#zero? overrides Numeric#zero? for optimization.  [[Misc #16961]]
+
+* Enumerable#grep and Enumerable#grep_v when passed a Regexp and no block no longer modify
+  Regexp.last_match. [[Bug #17030]]
+
+* Requiring 'open-uri' no longer redefines `Kernel#open`.
+  Call `URI.open` directly or `use URI#open` instead. [[Misc #15893]]
+
+* SortedSet has been removed for dependency and performance reasons.
+
+## Stdlib compatibility issues
+
+* Default gems
+
+    * The following libraries are promoted to default gems from stdlib.
+
+        * English
+        * abbrev
+        * base64
+        * drb
+        * debug
+        * erb
+        * find
+        * net-ftp
+        * net-http
+        * net-imap
+        * net-protocol
+        * open-uri
+        * optparse
+        * pp
+        * prettyprint
+        * resolv-replace
+        * resolv
+        * rinda
+        * set
+        * securerandom
+        * shellwords
+        * tempfile
+        * tmpdir
+        * time
+        * tsort
+        * un
+        * weakref
+
+    * The following extensions are promoted to default gems from stdlib.
+
+        * digest
+        * io-nonblock
+        * io-wait
+        * nkf
+        * pathname
+        * syslog
+        * win32ole
+
+* Bundled gems
+
+    * net-telnet and xmlrpc have been removed from the bundled gems.
+      If you are interested in maintaining them, please comment on
+      your plan to https://github.com/ruby/xmlrpc
+      or https://github.com/ruby/net-telnet.
+
+* SDBM has been removed from the Ruby standard library. [[Bug #8446]]
+
+    * The issues of sdbm will be handled at https://github.com/ruby/sdbm
+
+* WEBrick has been removed from the Ruby standard library. [[Feature #17303]]
+
+    * The issues of WEBrick will be handled at https://github.com/ruby/webrick
+
+## C API updates
+
+* C API functions related to $SAFE have been removed.
+  [[Feature #16131]]
+
+* C API header file `ruby/ruby.h` was split. [[GH-2991]]
+
+    This should have no impact on extension libraries,
+    but users might experience slow compilations.
+
+* Memory view interface [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+    * The memory view interface is a C-API set to exchange a raw memory area,
+      such as a numeric array or a bitmap image, between extension libraries.
+      The extension libraries can share also the metadata of the memory area
+      that consists of the shape, the element format, and so on.
+      Using these kinds of metadata, the extension libraries can share even
+      a multidimensional array appropriately.
+      This feature is designed by referring to Python's buffer protocol.
+      [[Feature #13767]] [[Feature #14722]]
+
+* Ractor related C APIs are introduced (experimental) in "include/ruby/ractor.h".
+
+## Implementation improvements
+
+* New method cache mechanism for Ractor. [[Feature #16614]]
+
+    * Inline method caches pointed from ISeq can be accessed by multiple Ractors
+      in parallel and synchronization is needed even for method caches. However,
+      such synchronization can be overhead so introducing new inline method cache
+      mechanisms, (1) Disposable inline method cache (2) per-Class method cache
+      and (3) new invalidation mechanism. (1) can avoid per-method call
+      synchronization because it only uses atomic operations.
+      See the ticket for more details.
+
+* The number of hashes allocated when using a keyword splat in
+  a method call has been reduced to a maximum of 1, and passing
+  a keyword splat to a method that accepts specific keywords
+  does not allocate a hash.
+
+* `super` is optimized when the same type of method is called in the previous call
+  if it's not refinements or an attr reader or writer.
+
+### JIT
+
+* Performance improvements of JIT-ed code
+
+    * Microarchitectural optimizations
+
+        * Native functions shared by multiple methods are deduplicated on JIT compaction.
+
+        * Decrease code size of hot paths by some optimizations and partitioning cold paths.
+
+    * Instance variables
+
+        * Eliminate some redundant checks.
+
+        * Skip checking a class and a object multiple times in a method when possible.
+
+        * Optimize accesses in some core classes like Hash and their subclasses.
+
+    * Method inlining support for some C methods
+
+        * `Kernel`: `#class`, `#frozen?`
+
+        * `Integer`: `#-@`, `#~`, `#abs`, `#bit_length`, `#even?`, `#integer?`, `#magnitude`,
+          `#odd?`, `#ord`, `#to_i`, `#to_int`, `#zero?`
+
+        * `Struct`: reader methods for 10th or later members
+
+    * Constant references are inlined.
+
+    * Always generate appropriate code for `==`, `nil?`, and `!` calls depending on
+      a receiver class.
+
+    * Reduce the number of PC accesses on branches and method returns.
+
+    * Optimize C method calls a little.
+
+* Compilation process improvements
+
+    * It does not keep temporary files in /tmp anymore.
+
+    * Throttle GC and compaction of JIT-ed code.
+
+    * Avoid GC-ing JIT-ed code when not necessary.
+
+    * GC-ing JIT-ed code is executed in a background thread.
+
+    * Reduce the number of locks between Ruby and JIT threads.
+
+## Static analysis
+
+### RBS
+
+* RBS is a new language for type definition of Ruby programs.
+  It allows writing types of classes and modules with advanced
+  types including union types, overloading, generics, and
+  _interface types_ for duck typing.
+
+* Ruby ships with type definitions for core/stdlib classes.
+
+* `rbs` gem is bundled to load and process RBS files.
+
+### TypeProf
+
+* TypeProf is a type analysis tool for Ruby code based on abstract interpretation.
+
+    * It reads non-annotated Ruby code, tries inferring its type signature, and prints
+      the analysis result in RBS format.
+
+    * Though it supports only a subset of the Ruby language yet, we will continuously
+      improve the coverage of language features, analysis performance, and usability.
+
+```ruby
+# test.rb
+def foo(x)
+  if x > 10
+    x.to_s
+  else
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+foo(42)
+```
+
+```
+$ typeprof test.rb
+# Classes
+class Object
+  def foo : (Integer) -> String?
+end
+```
+
+## Miscellaneous changes
+
+* Methods using `ruby2_keywords` will no longer keep empty keyword
+  splats, those are now removed just as they are for methods not
+  using `ruby2_keywords`.
+
+* When an exception is caught in the default handler, the error
+  message and backtrace are printed in order from the innermost.
+  [[Feature #8661]]
+
+* Accessing an uninitialized instance variable no longer emits a
+  warning in verbose mode. [[Feature #17055]]
+
+[Bug #4352]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/4352
+[Bug #6087]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/6087
+[Bug #8382]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8382
+[Bug #8446]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8446
+[Feature #8661]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8661
+[Feature #8709]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8709
+[Feature #8948]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8948
+[Feature #9573]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9573
+[Bug #10845]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10845
+[Bug #12136]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12136
+[Feature #12650]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12650
+[Bug #12706]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12706
+[Feature #13767]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13767
+[Bug #13768]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13768
+[Feature #14183]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14183
+[Bug #14266]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14266
+[Feature #14267]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14267
+[Feature #14413]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14413
+[Bug #14541]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14541
+[Feature #14722]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14722
+[Bug #15409]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15409
+[Feature #15504]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15504
+[Feature #15575]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15575
+[Feature #15822]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15822
+[Misc #15893]:    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15893
+[Feature #15921]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15921
+[Feature #15973]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15973
+[Feature #16131]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16131
+[Feature #16150]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16150
+[Feature #16166]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16166
+[Feature #16175]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16175
+[Feature #16233]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16233
+[Feature #16260]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16260
+[Feature #16274]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16274
+[Feature #16345]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16345
+[Feature #16377]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16377
+[Feature #16378]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16378
+[Feature #16555]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16555
+[Feature #16604]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16604
+[Feature #16614]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16614
+[Feature #16686]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16686
+[Feature #16746]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16746
+[Feature #16754]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16754
+[Feature #16786]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16786
+[Feature #16792]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16792
+[Feature #16815]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16815
+[Feature #16828]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16828
+[Misc #16961]:    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16961
+[Bug #17030]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17030
+[Feature #17055]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17055
+[Feature #17104]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17104
+[Feature #17122]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17122
+[Feature #17136]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17136
+[Feature #17176]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17176
+[Feature #17187]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17187
+[Bug #17221]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17221
+[Feature #17260]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17260
+[Feature #17273]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17273
+[Feature #17303]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17303
+[Feature #17314]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17314
+[Feature #17322]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17322
+[Feature #17351]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17351
+[Feature #17371]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17371
+[Bug #17419]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17419
+[GH-2991]:        https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2991
diff --git a/README.ja.md b/README.ja.md
index eee54a9171..6663b94680 100644
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/macOS/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"macOS")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MinGW/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MinGW")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MJIT/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MJIT")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Ubuntu")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
+
 # Rubyとは
 
 Rubyはシンプルかつ強力なオブジェクト指向スクリプト言語です． Rubyは純粋なオブジェクト指向言語として設計されているので，
@@ -10,83 +18,86 @@ Rubyはテキスト処理関係の能力などに優れ，Perlと同じくらい
 
 *   シンプルな文法
 *   普通のオブジェクト指向機能(クラス，メソッドコールなど)
-*   特殊なオブジェクト指向機能(Mixin, 特異メソッドなど)
+*   特殊なオブジェクト指向機能(Mixin，特異メソッドなど)
 *   演算子オーバーロード
 *   例外処理機能
 *   イテレータとクロージャ
 *   ガーベージコレクタ
 *   ダイナミックローディング (アーキテクチャによる)
-*   移植性が高い．多くのUnix-like/POSIX互換プラットフォーム上で動くだけでなく，Windows， Mac OS
-    X，BeOSなどの上でも動く cf.
-    http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/SupportedPlatformsJa
+*   移植性が高い．多くのUnix-like/POSIX互換プラットフォーム上で動くだけでなく，Windows， macOS，
+    Haikuなどの上でも動く cf.
+    https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/doc/contributing.rdoc#platform-maintainers
 
 
 ## 入手法
 
-### FTPで
+サードパーティーツールを使った方法を含むRubyのインストール方法の一覧は
+
+https://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/downloads/
+
+を参照してください．
 
-以下の場所においてあります．
+### Git
 
-ftp://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/
+ミラーをGitHubに公開しています． 以下のコマンドでリポジトリを取得できます．
 
-### Subversionで
+    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-開発先端のソースコードは次のコマンドで取得できます．
+他のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
 
-    $ svn co http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/ ruby
+    $ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-他に開発中のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
+Rubyリポジトリの本来のmasterは https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git にあります．
+コミッタはこちらを使います．
 
-    $ svn ls http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
+### Subversion
 
-### Gitで
+古いRubyのバージョンのソースコードは次のコマンドでも取得できます．
 
-SubversionのミラーをGitHubに公開しています． 以下のコマンドでリポジトリを取得できます．
+    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_2_6/ ruby
+
+他のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
+
+    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
 ## ホームページ
 
 RubyのホームページのURLは
 
-http://www.ruby-lang.org/
+https://www.ruby-lang.org/
 
 です．
 
 ## メーリングリスト
 
-Rubyのメーリングリストがあります．参加希望の方は
-
-mailto:ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org
-
-まで本文に
+Rubyのメーリングリストがあります．参加希望の方は [ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org] まで本文に
 
     subscribe
 
 と書いて送って下さい．
 
-Ruby開発者向けメーリングリストもあります．こちらではrubyのバグ，将来の仕様拡張など実装上の問題について議論されています． 参加希望の方は
-
-mailto:ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org
-
-までruby-listと同様の方法でメールしてください．
+Ruby開発者向けメーリングリストもあります．こちらではrubyのバグ，将来の仕様拡張など実装上の問題について議論されています．
+参加希望の方は [ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org] までruby-listと同様の方法でメールしてください．
 
 Ruby拡張モジュールについて話し合うruby-extメーリングリストと数学関係の話題について話し合うruby-mathメーリングリストと
 英語でrubyについて話し合うruby-talkメーリングリストもあります．参加方法はどれも同じです．
 
+[ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org]: mailto:ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org?subject=Join%20Ruby%20Mailing%20List&body=subscribe
+[ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org]: mailto:ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org?subject=Join%20Ruby%20Mailing%20List&body=subscribe
+
 ## コンパイル・インストール
 
 以下の手順で行ってください．
 
-1.  もし `configure` ファイルが見つからない，もしくは `configure.in` より古いようなら， `autoconf` を実行して
-    新しく `configure` を生成する
+1.  (Gitリポジトリから取得したソースをビルドする場合) `./autogen.sh` を実行して新しく `configure` を生成する
 
 2.  `configure` を実行して `Makefile` などを生成する
 
     環境によってはデフォルトのCコンパイラ用オプションが付きます． `configure` オプションで `optflags=..`
     `warnflags=..` 等で上書きできます．
 
-3.  (必要ならば)`defines.h` を編集する
+3.  (必要ならば)`include/ruby/defines.h` を編集する
 
     多分，必要無いと思います．
 
@@ -95,7 +106,8 @@ Ruby拡張モジュールについて話し合うruby-extメーリングリス�
     `ext/Setup` に記述したモジュールは静的にリンクされます．
 
     ダイナミックローディングをサポートしていないアーキテクチャでは `Setup` の1行目の「`option nodynamic`」という行のコ
-    メントを外す必要があります．また，このアーキテクチャで拡張モジュールを利用するためには，あらかじめ静的にリンクをしておく必要があります．
+    メントを外す必要があります．
+    また，このアーキテクチャで拡張モジュールを利用するためには，あらかじめ静的にリンクをしておく必要があります．
 
 5.  `make` を実行してコンパイルする
 
@@ -151,14 +163,14 @@ UNIXであれば `configure` がほとんどの差異を吸収してくれるは
 
 ## 配布条件
 
-`COPYING.ja` ファイルを参照してください．
+[COPYING.ja](COPYING.ja) ファイルを参照してください．
 
 ## フィードバック
 
 Rubyに関する質問は Ruby-Talk（英語）や Ruby-List（日本語） (https://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/community/mailing-lists) や，
-stackoverflow (http://ja.stackoverflow.com/) などのWebサイトに投稿してください．
+stackoverflow (https://ja.stackoverflow.com/) などのWebサイトに投稿してください．
 
-バグ報告は http://bugs.ruby-lang.org で受け付けています．
+バグ報告は https://bugs.ruby-lang.org で受け付けています．
 
 
 ## 著者
@@ -166,6 +178,3 @@ stackoverflow (http://ja.stackoverflow.com/) などのWebサイトに投稿し�
 Rubyのオリジナル版は，1995年にまつもとゆきひろ氏によって設計・開発されました．
 
 <mailto:matz@ruby-lang.org>
-
----
-created at: Thu Aug  3 11:57:36 JST 1995
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 14fb7aa213..bd7c7813a7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,23 +1,31 @@
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/macOS/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"macOS")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MinGW/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MinGW")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MJIT/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MJIT")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Ubuntu")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
+
 # What's Ruby
 
-Ruby is the interpreted scripting language for quick and easy object-oriented
-programming.  It has many features to process text files and to do system
-management tasks (as in Perl).  It is simple, straight-forward, and
-extensible.
+Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often
+used for web development. It also offers many scripting features
+to process plain text and serialized files, or manage system tasks.
+It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.
 
 ## Features of Ruby
 
 *   Simple Syntax
 *   **Normal** Object-oriented Features (e.g. class, method calls)
-*   **Advanced** Object-oriented Features (e.g. Mix-in, Singleton-method)
+*   **Advanced** Object-oriented Features (e.g. mix-in, singleton-method)
 *   Operator Overloading
 *   Exception Handling
 *   Iterators and Closures
 *   Garbage Collection
 *   Dynamic Loading of Object Files (on some architectures)
 *   Highly Portable (works on many Unix-like/POSIX compatible platforms as
-    well as Windows, Mac OS X, BeOS, etc.) cf.
-    http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/SupportedPlatforms
+    well as Windows, macOS, etc.) cf.
+    https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/doc/contributing.rdoc#label-Platform+Maintainers
 
 
 ## How to get Ruby
@@ -25,63 +33,64 @@ extensible.
 For a complete list of ways to install Ruby, including using third-party tools
 like rvm, see:
 
-http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/
+https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/
 
-The Ruby distribution files can be found on the following FTP site:
+### Git
 
-ftp://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/
+The mirror of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following command:
 
-The trunk of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following
-command:
+    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-    $ svn co http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/ ruby
+There are some other branches under development. Try the following command
+to see the list of branches:
 
-Or if you are using git then use the following command:
+    $ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source)
+if you are a committer.
 
-There are some other branches under development.  Try the following command
-to see the list of branches:
+### Subversion
 
-    $ svn ls http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
+Stable branches for older Ruby versions can be checked out with also the
+following command:
 
-Or if you are using git then use the following command:
+    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_2_6/ ruby
 
-    $ git ls-remote git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+Try the following command to see the list of branches:
+
+    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
 
-## Ruby home page
 
-The URL of the Ruby home page is:
+## Ruby home page
 
-http://www.ruby-lang.org/
+https://www.ruby-lang.org/
 
 ## Mailing list
 
-There is a mailing list to talk about Ruby. To subscribe this list, please
+There is a mailing list to discuss Ruby. To subscribe to this list, please
 send the following phrase:
 
     subscribe
 
-in the mail body (not subject) to the address
-<mailto:ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org>.
+in the mail body (not subject) to the address [ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org].
 
-## How to compile and install
+[ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org]: mailto:ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org?subject=Join%20Ruby%20Mailing%20List&body=subscribe
 
-This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
+## How to compile and install
 
-1.  If you want to use Microsoft Visual C++ to compile ruby, read
-    win32/README.win32 instead of this document.
+1.  If you want to use Microsoft Visual C++ to compile Ruby, read
+    [win32/README.win32](win32/README.win32) instead of this document.
 
-2.  If `./configure` does not exist or is older than configure.in, run
-    `autoconf` to (re)generate configure.
+2.  Run `./autogen.sh` to generate configure, when you build the source checked
+    out from the Git repository.
 
 3.  Run `./configure`, which will generate `config.h` and `Makefile`.
 
     Some C compiler flags may be added by default depending on your
-    environment.  Specify `optflags=..` and `warnflags=..` as necessary to
+    environment. Specify `optflags=..` and `warnflags=..` as necessary to
     override them.
 
-4.  Edit `defines.h` if you need. Usually this step will not be needed.
+4.  Edit `include/ruby/defines.h` if you need. Usually this step will not be needed.
 
 5.  Remove comment mark(`#`) before the module names from `ext/Setup` (or add
     module names if not present), if you want to link modules statically.
@@ -94,13 +103,16 @@ This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
 
 6.  Run `make`.
 
+    * On Mac, set RUBY\_CODESIGN environment variable with a signing identity.
+      It uses the identity to sign `ruby` binary. See also codesign(1).
+
 7.  Optionally, run '`make check`' to check whether the compiled Ruby
     interpreter works well. If you see the message "`check succeeded`", your
-    ruby works as it should (hopefully).
+    Ruby works as it should (hopefully).
 
-8.  Run '`make install`'
+8.  Run '`make install`'.
 
-    This command will create following directories and install files onto
+    This command will create the following directories and install files into
     them.
 
     *   `${DESTDIR}${prefix}/bin`
@@ -127,10 +139,9 @@ This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
     **NOTE**: teeny of the API version may be different from one of Ruby's
     program version
 
-    You may have to be a super user to install ruby.
+    You may have to be a super user to install Ruby.
 
-
-If you fail to compile ruby, please send the detailed error report with the
+If you fail to compile Ruby, please send the detailed error report with the
 error log and machine/OS type, to help others.
 
 Some extension libraries may not get compiled because of lack of necessary
@@ -139,26 +150,24 @@ to remove old configuration after installing them in such case.
 
 ## Copying
 
-See the file `COPYING`.
+See the file [COPYING](COPYING).
 
 ## Feedback
 
 Questions about the Ruby language can be asked on the Ruby-Talk mailing list
-(http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/community/mailing-lists) or on websites like
-(http://stackoverflow.com).
+(https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/community/mailing-lists) or on websites like
+(https://stackoverflow.com).
 
-Bug reports should be filed at http://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read [HowToReport] for more information.
+Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read [HowToReport] for more information.
 
 [HowToReport]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/HowToReport
 
-##Contributing
-
-See the file `CONTRIBUTING.md`
+## Contributing
 
+See the file [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
 ## The Author
 
-Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in
-1995.
+Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in 1995.
 
-<mailto:matz@ruby-lang.org>
+<matz@ruby-lang.org>
diff --git a/aclocal.m4 b/aclocal.m4
index 30fccd52fe..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/aclocal.m4
+++ b/aclocal.m4
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# -*- autoconf -*-
-
-AC_DEFUN([_COLORIZE_RESULT_PREPARE], [
-    msg_checking= msg_result_yes= msg_result_no= msg_result_other= msg_reset=
-    AS_IF([test "x${CONFIGURE_TTY}" = xyes -o -t 1], [
-	msg_begin="`tput smso 2>/dev/null`"
-    	AS_CASE(["$msg_begin"], ['@<:@'*m],
-	    [msg_begin="`echo "$msg_begin" | sed ['s/[0-9]*m$//']`"
-	    msg_checking="${msg_begin}33m"
-	    AS_IF([test ${TEST_COLORS:+set}], [
-		msg_result_yes=[`expr ":$TEST_COLORS:" : ".*:pass=\([^:]*\):"`]
-		msg_result_no=[`expr ":$TEST_COLORS:" : ".*:fail=\([^:]*\):"`]
-		msg_result_other=[`expr ":$TEST_COLORS:" : ".*:skip=\([^:]*\):"`]
-	    ])
-	    msg_result_yes="${msg_begin}${msg_result_yes:-32;1}m"
-	    msg_result_no="${msg_begin}${msg_result_no:-31;1}m"
-	    msg_result_other="${msg_begin}${msg_result_other:-33;1}m"
-	    msg_reset="${msg_begin}m"
-	    ])
-	AS_UNSET(msg_begin)
-	])
-    AS_REQUIRE_SHELL_FN([colorize_result],
-	[AS_FUNCTION_DESCRIBE([colorize_result], [MSG], [Colorize result])],
-        [AS_CASE(["$[]1"],
-            [yes], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_yes}$[]1${msg_reset}]")],
-            [no], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_no}$[]1${msg_reset}]")],
-            [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_other}$[]1${msg_reset}]")])])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([COLORIZE_RESULT], [AC_REQUIRE([_COLORIZE_RESULT_PREPARE])dnl
-    AS_LITERAL_IF([$1],
-	[m4_case([$1],
-		[yes], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_yes}$1${msg_reset}"])],
-		[no], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_no}$1${msg_reset}"])],
-		[AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_other}$1${msg_reset}"])])],
-	[colorize_result "$1"]) dnl
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([AC_CHECKING],[dnl
-AC_REQUIRE([_COLORIZE_RESULT_PREPARE])dnl
-AS_MESSAGE([checking ${msg_checking}$1${msg_reset}...])])
-
-AC_DEFUN([AC_MSG_RESULT], [dnl
-{ _AS_ECHO_LOG([result: $1])
-COLORIZE_RESULT([$1]); dnl
-}])
diff --git a/addr2line.c b/addr2line.c
index c8faf48d62..0029cffbca 100644
--- a/addr2line.c
+++ b/addr2line.c
@@ -8,14 +8,26 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-empty-initializer"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgcc-compat"
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/defines.h"
 #include "ruby/missing.h"
 #include "addr2line.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
-#ifdef USE_ELF
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBPROC_H
+#include <libproc.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+
+#if defined(USE_ELF) || defined(HAVE_MACH_O_LOADER_H)
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <limits.h>
@@ -28,19 +40,11 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#ifdef __OpenBSD__
-#include <elf_abi.h>
-#else
-#include <elf.h>
-#endif
-
 /* Make alloca work the best possible way.  */
 #ifdef __GNUC__
-# ifndef atarist
-#  ifndef alloca
-#   define alloca __builtin_alloca
-#  endif
-# endif	/* atarist */
+# ifndef alloca
+#  define alloca __builtin_alloca
+# endif
 #else
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
 #  include <alloca.h>
@@ -59,24 +63,20 @@ void *alloca();
 # include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
-#define DW_LNS_copy                     0x01
-#define DW_LNS_advance_pc               0x02
-#define DW_LNS_advance_line             0x03
-#define DW_LNS_set_file                 0x04
-#define DW_LNS_set_column               0x05
-#define DW_LNS_negate_stmt              0x06
-#define DW_LNS_set_basic_block          0x07
-#define DW_LNS_const_add_pc             0x08
-#define DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc         0x09
-#define DW_LNS_set_prologue_end         0x0a /* DWARF3 */
-#define DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin       0x0b /* DWARF3 */
-#define DW_LNS_set_isa                  0x0c /* DWARF3 */
+#ifdef HAVE_MACH_O_LOADER_H
+# include <crt_externs.h>
+# include <mach-o/fat.h>
+# include <mach-o/loader.h>
+# include <mach-o/nlist.h>
+# include <mach-o/stab.h>
+#endif
 
-/* Line number extended opcode name. */
-#define DW_LNE_end_sequence             0x01
-#define DW_LNE_set_address              0x02
-#define DW_LNE_define_file              0x03
-#define DW_LNE_set_discriminator        0x04  /* DWARF4 */
+#ifdef USE_ELF
+# ifdef __OpenBSD__
+#  include <elf_abi.h>
+# else
+#  include <elf.h>
+# endif
 
 #ifndef ElfW
 # if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
@@ -92,13 +92,44 @@ void *alloca();
 #  define ELF_ST_TYPE ELF32_ST_TYPE
 # endif
 #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SHF_COMPRESSED
+# if defined(ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB) && defined(HAVE_LIBZ)
+   /* FreeBSD 11.0 lacks ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB */
+#  include <zlib.h>
+#  define SUPPORT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_LINE
+# endif
+#else /* compatibility with glibc < 2.22 */
+# define SHF_COMPRESSED 0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef PATH_MAX
 #define PATH_MAX 4096
 #endif
 
-int kprintf(const char *fmt, ...);
+#define DW_LNS_copy                     0x01
+#define DW_LNS_advance_pc               0x02
+#define DW_LNS_advance_line             0x03
+#define DW_LNS_set_file                 0x04
+#define DW_LNS_set_column               0x05
+#define DW_LNS_negate_stmt              0x06
+#define DW_LNS_set_basic_block          0x07
+#define DW_LNS_const_add_pc             0x08
+#define DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc         0x09
+#define DW_LNS_set_prologue_end         0x0a /* DWARF3 */
+#define DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin       0x0b /* DWARF3 */
+#define DW_LNS_set_isa                  0x0c /* DWARF3 */
 
-typedef struct {
+/* Line number extended opcode name. */
+#define DW_LNE_end_sequence             0x01
+#define DW_LNE_set_address              0x02
+#define DW_LNE_define_file              0x03
+#define DW_LNE_set_discriminator        0x04  /* DWARF4 */
+
+PRINTF_ARGS(static int kprintf(const char *fmt, ...), 1, 2);
+
+typedef struct line_info {
     const char *dirname;
     const char *filename;
     const char *path; /* object path */
@@ -107,19 +138,56 @@ typedef struct {
     uintptr_t base_addr;
     uintptr_t saddr;
     const char *sname; /* function name */
+
+    struct line_info *next;
 } line_info_t;
-typedef struct obj_info obj_info_t;
-struct obj_info {
+
+struct dwarf_section {
+    char *ptr;
+    size_t size;
+    uint64_t flags;
+};
+
+typedef struct obj_info {
     const char *path; /* object path */
-    int fd;
-    void *mapped;
+    char *mapped;
     size_t mapped_size;
+    void *uncompressed;
     uintptr_t base_addr;
-    obj_info_t *next;
+    uintptr_t vmaddr;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_abbrev;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_info;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_line;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_ranges;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_str;
+    struct obj_info *next;
+} obj_info_t;
+
+#define DWARF_SECTION_COUNT 5
+
+static struct dwarf_section *
+obj_dwarf_section_at(obj_info_t *obj, int n)
+{
+    struct dwarf_section *ary[] = {
+        &obj->debug_abbrev,
+        &obj->debug_info,
+        &obj->debug_line,
+        &obj->debug_ranges,
+        &obj->debug_str
+    };
+    if (n < 0 || DWARF_SECTION_COUNT <= n) {
+        abort();
+    }
+    return ary[n];
+}
+
+struct debug_section_definition {
+    const char *name;
+    struct dwarf_section *dwarf;
 };
 
 /* Avoid consuming stack as this module may be used from signal handler */
-static char binary_filename[PATH_MAX];
+static char binary_filename[PATH_MAX + 1];
 
 static unsigned long
 uleb128(char **p)
@@ -179,8 +247,7 @@ get_nth_dirname(unsigned long dir, char *p)
 }
 
 static void
-fill_filename(int file, char *include_directories, char *filenames,
-	      line_info_t *line)
+fill_filename(int file, char *include_directories, char *filenames, line_info_t *line, obj_info_t *obj)
 {
     int i;
     char *p = filenames;
@@ -190,8 +257,8 @@ fill_filename(int file, char *include_directories, char *filenames,
 	filename = p;
 	if (!*p) {
 	    /* Need to output binary file name? */
-	    kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s\n",
-		    file, binary_filename);
+	    kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
+		    file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
 	    return;
 	}
 	while (*p) p++;
@@ -215,100 +282,128 @@ fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
 	  obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
     int i;
-    addr += obj->base_addr;
+    addr += obj->base_addr - obj->vmaddr;
     for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
 	uintptr_t a = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
 	/* We assume one line code doesn't result >100 bytes of native code.
        We may want more reliable way eventually... */
 	if (addr < a && a < addr + 100) {
-	    fill_filename(file, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i]);
+	    fill_filename(file, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj);
 	    lines[i].line = line;
 	}
     }
 }
 
-static void
-parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
-		obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
-{
-    char *p, *cu_end, *cu_start, *include_directories, *filenames;
-    unsigned long unit_length;
-    int default_is_stmt, line_base;
-    unsigned int header_length, minimum_instruction_length, line_range,
-		 opcode_base;
-    /* unsigned char *standard_opcode_lengths; */
-
-    /* The registers. */
-    unsigned long addr = 0;
-    unsigned int file = 1;
-    unsigned int line = 1;
-    /* unsigned int column = 0; */
-    int is_stmt;
-    /* int basic_block = 0; */
-    /* int end_sequence = 0; */
-    /* int prologue_end = 0; */
-    /* int epilogue_begin = 0; */
-    /* unsigned int isa = 0; */
-
-    p = *debug_line;
+struct LineNumberProgramHeader {
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint16_t version;
+    uint8_t format; /* 4 or 8 */
+    uint64_t header_length;
+    uint8_t minimum_instruction_length;
+    uint8_t maximum_operations_per_instruction;
+    uint8_t default_is_stmt;
+    int8_t line_base;
+    uint8_t line_range;
+    uint8_t opcode_base;
+    /* uint8_t standard_opcode_lengths[opcode_base-1]; */
+    const char *include_directories;
+    const char *filenames;
+    const char *cu_start;
+    const char *cu_end;
+};
 
-    unit_length = *(unsigned int *)p;
-    p += sizeof(unsigned int);
-    if (unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
-	unit_length = *(unsigned long *)p;
-	p += sizeof(unsigned long);
+static int
+parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
+{
+    const char *p = *pp;
+    header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+    header->format = 4;
+    if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+	header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+	p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->format = 8;
     }
 
-    cu_end = p + unit_length;
-
-    /*dwarf_version = *(unsigned short *)p;*/
-    p += 2;
+    header->cu_end = p + header->unit_length;
 
-    header_length = *(unsigned int *)p;
-    p += sizeof(unsigned int);
+    header->version = *(uint16_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint16_t);
+    if (header->version > 4) return -1;
 
-    cu_start = p + header_length;
+    header->header_length = header->format == 4 ? *(uint32_t *)p : *(uint64_t *)p;
+    p += header->format;
+    header->cu_start = p + header->header_length;
 
-    minimum_instruction_length = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
+    header->minimum_instruction_length = *(uint8_t *)p++;
 
-    is_stmt = default_is_stmt = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
-
-    line_base = *(signed char *)p;
-    p++;
-
-    line_range = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
+    if (header->version >= 4) {
+        /* maximum_operations_per_instruction = *(uint8_t *)p; */
+        if (*p != 1) return -1; /* For non-VLIW architectures, this field is 1 */
+        p++;
+    }
 
-    opcode_base = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
+    header->default_is_stmt = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    header->line_base = *(int8_t *)p++;
+    header->line_range = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    header->opcode_base = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    /* header->standard_opcode_lengths = (uint8_t *)p - 1; */
+    p += header->opcode_base - 1;
 
-    /* standard_opcode_lengths = (unsigned char *)p - 1; */
-    p += opcode_base - 1;
+    header->include_directories = p;
 
-    include_directories = p;
+    /* temporary measure for compress-debug-sections */
+    if (p >= header->cu_end) return -1;
 
     /* skip include directories */
     while (*p) {
-	while (*p) p++;
+	p = memchr(p, '\0', header->cu_end - p);
+	if (!p) return -1;
 	p++;
     }
     p++;
 
-    filenames = p;
+    header->filenames = p;
+
+    *pp = header->cu_start;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
+		obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+{
+    const char *p = (const char *)*debug_line;
+    struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
+
+    /* The registers. */
+    unsigned long addr = 0;
+    unsigned int file = 1;
+    unsigned int line = 1;
+    /* unsigned int column = 0; */
+    int is_stmt;
+    /* int basic_block = 0; */
+    /* int end_sequence = 0; */
+    /* int prologue_end = 0; */
+    /* int epilogue_begin = 0; */
+    /* unsigned int isa = 0; */
 
-    p = cu_start;
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+        return -1;
+    is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 
 #define FILL_LINE()						    \
     do {							    \
 	fill_line(num_traces, traces, addr, file, line,		    \
-		  include_directories, filenames,		    \
+                  (char *)header.include_directories,               \
+                  (char *)header.filenames,                         \
 		  obj, lines, offset);				    \
 	/*basic_block = prologue_end = epilogue_begin = 0;*/	    \
     } while (0)
 
-    while (p < cu_end) {
+    while (p < header.cu_end) {
 	unsigned long a;
 	unsigned char op = *p++;
 	switch (op) {
@@ -316,19 +411,19 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    FILL_LINE();
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_advance_pc:
-	    a = uleb128(&p);
+	    a = uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    addr += a;
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_advance_line: {
-	    long a = sleb128(&p);
+	    long a = sleb128((char **)&p);
 	    line += a;
 	    break;
 	}
 	case DW_LNS_set_file:
-	    file = (unsigned int)uleb128(&p);
+	    file = (unsigned int)uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_set_column:
-	    /*column = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
+	    /*column = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_negate_stmt:
 	    is_stmt = !is_stmt;
@@ -337,12 +432,13 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    /*basic_block = 1; */
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_const_add_pc:
-	    a = ((255 - opcode_base) / line_range) *
-		minimum_instruction_length;
+	    a = ((255UL - header.opcode_base) / header.line_range) *
+		header.minimum_instruction_length;
 	    addr += a;
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc:
-	    a = *(unsigned char *)p++;
+	    a = *(uint16_t *)p;
+	    p += sizeof(uint16_t);
 	    addr += a;
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_set_prologue_end:
@@ -352,7 +448,7 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    /* epilogue_begin = 1; */
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_set_isa:
-	    /* isa = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
+	    /* isa = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    break;
 	case 0:
 	    a = *(unsigned char *)p++;
@@ -365,7 +461,7 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 		file = 1;
 		line = 1;
 		/* column = 0; */
-		is_stmt = default_is_stmt;
+		is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 		/* end_sequence = 0; */
 		/* isa = 0; */
 		break;
@@ -379,7 +475,7 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 		break;
 	    case DW_LNE_set_discriminator:
 		/* TODO:currently ignore */
-		uleb128(&p);
+		uleb128((char **)&p);
 		break;
 	    default:
 		kprintf("Unknown extended opcode: %d in %s\n",
@@ -387,33 +483,34 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    }
 	    break;
 	default: {
-	    unsigned long addr_incr;
-	    unsigned long line_incr;
-	    a = op - opcode_base;
-	    addr_incr = (a / line_range) * minimum_instruction_length;
-	    line_incr = line_base + (a % line_range);
-	    addr += (unsigned int)addr_incr;
-	    line += (unsigned int)line_incr;
+            uint8_t adjusted_opcode = op - header.opcode_base;
+            uint8_t operation_advance = adjusted_opcode / header.line_range;
+            /* NOTE: this code doesn't support VLIW */
+            addr += operation_advance * header.minimum_instruction_length;
+            line += header.line_base + (adjusted_opcode % header.line_range);
 	    FILL_LINE();
 	}
 	}
     }
-    *debug_line = p;
+    *debug_line = (char *)p;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static void
+static int
 parse_debug_line(int num_traces, void **traces,
 		 char *debug_line, unsigned long size,
 		 obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
     char *debug_line_end = debug_line + size;
     while (debug_line < debug_line_end) {
-	parse_debug_line_cu(num_traces, traces, &debug_line, obj, lines, offset);
+	if (parse_debug_line_cu(num_traces, traces, &debug_line, obj, lines, offset))
+	    return -1;
     }
     if (debug_line != debug_line_end) {
 	kprintf("Unexpected size of .debug_line in %s\n",
 		binary_filename);
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 /* read file and fill lines */
@@ -422,22 +519,38 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	   obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset);
 
 static void
-append_obj(obj_info_t **objp) {
+append_obj(obj_info_t **objp)
+{
     obj_info_t *newobj = calloc(1, sizeof(obj_info_t));
     if (*objp) (*objp)->next = newobj;
     *objp = newobj;
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_ELF
+/* Ideally we should check 4 paths to follow gnu_debuglink:
+ *
+ *   - /usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ab/cdef1234.debug
+ *   - /usr/bin/ruby.debug
+ *   - /usr/bin/.debug/ruby.debug
+ *   - /usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ruby.debug.
+ *
+ * but we handle only two cases for now as the two formats are
+ * used by some linux distributions.
+ *
+ * See GDB's info for detail.
+ * https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/Separate-Debug-Files.html
+ */
+
+// check the path pattern of "/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ruby.debug"
 static void
-follow_debuglink(char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
+follow_debuglink(const char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
 		 obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
-    /* Ideally we should check 4 paths to follow gnu_debuglink,
-       but we handle only one case for now as this format is used
-       by some linux distributions. See GDB's info for detail. */
     static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug";
-    char *p, *subdir;
+    const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
+    char *p;
     obj_info_t *o1 = *objp, *o2;
+    size_t len;
 
     p = strrchr(binary_filename, '/');
     if (!p) {
@@ -445,11 +558,44 @@ follow_debuglink(char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
     }
     p[1] = '\0';
 
-    subdir = (char *)alloca(strlen(binary_filename) + 1);
-    strcpy(subdir, binary_filename);
-    strcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir);
-    strlcat(binary_filename, subdir, PATH_MAX);
-    strlcat(binary_filename, debuglink, PATH_MAX);
+    len = strlen(binary_filename);
+    if (len >= PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len)
+	len = PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len - 1;
+    memmove(binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len, binary_filename, len);
+    memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
+    len += global_debug_dir_len;
+    strlcpy(binary_filename + len, debuglink, PATH_MAX - len);
+
+    append_obj(objp);
+    o2 = *objp;
+    o2->base_addr = o1->base_addr;
+    o2->path = o1->path;
+    fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 0, objp, lines, offset);
+}
+
+// check the path pattern of "/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ab/cdef1234.debug"
+static void
+follow_debuglink_build_id(const char *build_id, size_t build_id_size, int num_traces, void **traces,
+                          obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+{
+    static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/";
+    const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
+    char *p;
+    obj_info_t *o1 = *objp, *o2;
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (PATH_MAX < global_debug_dir_len + 1 + build_id_size * 2 + 6) return;
+
+    memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
+    p = binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len;
+    for (i = 0; i < build_id_size; i++) {
+        static const char tbl[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+        unsigned char n = build_id[i];
+        *p++ = tbl[n / 16];
+        *p++ = tbl[n % 16];
+        if (i == 0) *p++ = '/';
+    }
+    strcpy(p, ".debug");
 
     append_obj(objp);
     o2 = *objp;
@@ -457,6 +603,1054 @@ follow_debuglink(char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
     o2->path = o1->path;
     fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 0, objp, lines, offset);
 }
+#endif
+
+enum
+{
+    DW_TAG_compile_unit = 0x11,
+    DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine = 0x1d,
+    DW_TAG_subprogram = 0x2e,
+};
+
+/* Attributes encodings */
+enum
+{
+    DW_AT_sibling = 0x01,
+    DW_AT_location = 0x02,
+    DW_AT_name = 0x03,
+    /* Reserved 0x04 */
+    /* Reserved 0x05 */
+    /* Reserved 0x06 */
+    /* Reserved 0x07 */
+    /* Reserved 0x08 */
+    DW_AT_ordering = 0x09,
+    /* Reserved 0x0a */
+    DW_AT_byte_size = 0x0b,
+    /* Reserved 0x0c */
+    DW_AT_bit_size = 0x0d,
+    /* Reserved 0x0e */
+    /* Reserved 0x0f */
+    DW_AT_stmt_list = 0x10,
+    DW_AT_low_pc = 0x11,
+    DW_AT_high_pc = 0x12,
+    DW_AT_language = 0x13,
+    /* Reserved 0x14 */
+    DW_AT_discr = 0x15,
+    DW_AT_discr_value = 0x16,
+    DW_AT_visibility = 0x17,
+    DW_AT_import = 0x18,
+    DW_AT_string_length = 0x19,
+    DW_AT_common_reference = 0x1a,
+    DW_AT_comp_dir = 0x1b,
+    DW_AT_const_value = 0x1c,
+    DW_AT_containing_type = 0x1d,
+    DW_AT_default_value = 0x1e,
+    /* Reserved 0x1f */
+    DW_AT_inline = 0x20,
+    DW_AT_is_optional = 0x21,
+    DW_AT_lower_bound = 0x22,
+    /* Reserved 0x23 */
+    /* Reserved 0x24 */
+    DW_AT_producer = 0x25,
+    /* Reserved 0x26 */
+    DW_AT_prototyped = 0x27,
+    /* Reserved 0x28 */
+    /* Reserved 0x29 */
+    DW_AT_return_addr = 0x2a,
+    /* Reserved 0x2b */
+    DW_AT_start_scope = 0x2c,
+    /* Reserved 0x2d */
+    DW_AT_bit_stride = 0x2e,
+    DW_AT_upper_bound = 0x2f,
+    /* Reserved 0x30 */
+    DW_AT_abstract_origin = 0x31,
+    DW_AT_accessibility = 0x32,
+    DW_AT_address_class = 0x33,
+    DW_AT_artificial = 0x34,
+    DW_AT_base_types = 0x35,
+    DW_AT_calling_convention = 0x36,
+    DW_AT_count = 0x37,
+    DW_AT_data_member_location = 0x38,
+    DW_AT_decl_column = 0x39,
+    DW_AT_decl_file = 0x3a,
+    DW_AT_decl_line = 0x3b,
+    DW_AT_declaration = 0x3c,
+    DW_AT_discr_list = 0x3d,
+    DW_AT_encoding = 0x3e,
+    DW_AT_external = 0x3f,
+    DW_AT_frame_base = 0x40,
+    DW_AT_friend = 0x41,
+    DW_AT_identifier_case = 0x42,
+    /* Reserved 0x43 */
+    DW_AT_namelist_item = 0x44,
+    DW_AT_priority = 0x45,
+    DW_AT_segment = 0x46,
+    DW_AT_specification = 0x47,
+    DW_AT_static_link = 0x48,
+    DW_AT_type = 0x49,
+    DW_AT_use_location = 0x4a,
+    DW_AT_variable_parameter = 0x4b,
+    DW_AT_virtuality = 0x4c,
+    DW_AT_vtable_elem_location = 0x4d,
+    DW_AT_allocated = 0x4e,
+    DW_AT_associated = 0x4f,
+    DW_AT_data_location = 0x50,
+    DW_AT_byte_stride = 0x51,
+    DW_AT_entry_pc = 0x52,
+    DW_AT_use_UTF8 = 0x53,
+    DW_AT_extension = 0x54,
+    DW_AT_ranges = 0x55,
+    DW_AT_trampoline = 0x56,
+    DW_AT_call_column = 0x57,
+    DW_AT_call_file = 0x58,
+    DW_AT_call_line = 0x59,
+    DW_AT_description = 0x5a,
+    DW_AT_binary_scale = 0x5b,
+    DW_AT_decimal_scale = 0x5c,
+    DW_AT_small = 0x5d,
+    DW_AT_decimal_sign = 0x5e,
+    DW_AT_digit_count = 0x5f,
+    DW_AT_picture_string = 0x60,
+    DW_AT_mutable = 0x61,
+    DW_AT_threads_scaled = 0x62,
+    DW_AT_explicit = 0x63,
+    DW_AT_object_pointer = 0x64,
+    DW_AT_endianity = 0x65,
+    DW_AT_elemental = 0x66,
+    DW_AT_pure = 0x67,
+    DW_AT_recursive = 0x68,
+    DW_AT_signature = 0x69,
+    DW_AT_main_subprogram = 0x6a,
+    DW_AT_data_bit_offset = 0x6b,
+    DW_AT_const_expr = 0x6c,
+    DW_AT_enum_class = 0x6d,
+    DW_AT_linkage_name = 0x6e,
+    DW_AT_string_length_bit_size = 0x6f,
+    DW_AT_string_length_byte_size = 0x70,
+    DW_AT_rank = 0x71,
+    DW_AT_str_offsets_base = 0x72,
+    DW_AT_addr_base = 0x73,
+    DW_AT_rnglists_base = 0x74,
+    /* Reserved 0x75 */
+    DW_AT_dwo_name = 0x76,
+    DW_AT_reference = 0x77,
+    DW_AT_rvalue_reference = 0x78,
+    DW_AT_macros = 0x79,
+    DW_AT_call_all_calls = 0x7a,
+    DW_AT_call_all_source_calls = 0x7b,
+    DW_AT_call_all_tail_calls = 0x7c,
+    DW_AT_call_return_pc = 0x7d,
+    DW_AT_call_value = 0x7e,
+    DW_AT_call_origin = 0x7f,
+    DW_AT_call_parameter = 0x80,
+    DW_AT_call_pc = 0x81,
+    DW_AT_call_tail_call = 0x82,
+    DW_AT_call_target = 0x83,
+    DW_AT_call_target_clobbered = 0x84,
+    DW_AT_call_data_location = 0x85,
+    DW_AT_call_data_value = 0x86,
+    DW_AT_noreturn = 0x87,
+    DW_AT_alignment = 0x88,
+    DW_AT_export_symbols = 0x89,
+    DW_AT_deleted = 0x8a,
+    DW_AT_defaulted = 0x8b,
+    DW_AT_loclists_base = 0x8c,
+    DW_AT_lo_user = 0x2000,
+    DW_AT_hi_user = 0x3fff
+};
+
+/* Attribute form encodings */
+enum
+{
+    DW_FORM_addr = 0x01,
+    /* Reserved 0x02 */
+    DW_FORM_block2 = 0x03,
+    DW_FORM_block4 = 0x04,
+    DW_FORM_data2 = 0x05,
+    DW_FORM_data4 = 0x06,
+    DW_FORM_data8 = 0x07,
+    DW_FORM_string = 0x08,
+    DW_FORM_block = 0x09,
+    DW_FORM_block1 = 0x0a,
+    DW_FORM_data1 = 0x0b,
+    DW_FORM_flag = 0x0c,
+    DW_FORM_sdata = 0x0d,
+    DW_FORM_strp = 0x0e,
+    DW_FORM_udata = 0x0f,
+    DW_FORM_ref_addr = 0x10,
+    DW_FORM_ref1 = 0x11,
+    DW_FORM_ref2 = 0x12,
+    DW_FORM_ref4 = 0x13,
+    DW_FORM_ref8 = 0x14,
+    DW_FORM_ref_udata = 0x15,
+    DW_FORM_indirect = 0x16,
+    DW_FORM_sec_offset = 0x17,
+    DW_FORM_exprloc = 0x18,
+    DW_FORM_flag_present = 0x19,
+    DW_FORM_strx = 0x1a,
+    DW_FORM_addrx = 0x1b,
+    DW_FORM_ref_sup4 = 0x1c,
+    DW_FORM_strp_sup = 0x1d,
+    DW_FORM_data16 = 0x1e,
+    DW_FORM_line_strp = 0x1f,
+    DW_FORM_ref_sig8 = 0x20,
+    DW_FORM_implicit_const = 0x21,
+    DW_FORM_loclistx = 0x22,
+    DW_FORM_rnglistx = 0x23,
+    DW_FORM_ref_sup8 = 0x24,
+    DW_FORM_strx1 = 0x25,
+    DW_FORM_strx2 = 0x26,
+    DW_FORM_strx3 = 0x27,
+    DW_FORM_strx4 = 0x28,
+    DW_FORM_addrx1 = 0x29,
+    DW_FORM_addrx2 = 0x2a,
+    DW_FORM_addrx3 = 0x2b,
+    DW_FORM_addrx4 = 0x2c
+};
+
+enum {
+    VAL_none = 0,
+    VAL_cstr = 1,
+    VAL_data = 2,
+    VAL_uint = 3,
+    VAL_int = 4
+};
+
+# define ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE 256
+typedef struct {
+    obj_info_t *obj;
+    char *file;
+    char *current_cu;
+    uint64_t current_low_pc;
+    char *debug_line_cu_end;
+    char *debug_line_files;
+    char *debug_line_directories;
+    char *p;
+    char *cu_end;
+    char *pend;
+    char *q0;
+    char *q;
+    int format; // 4 or 8
+    uint8_t address_size;
+    int level;
+    char *abbrev_table[ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE];
+} DebugInfoReader;
+
+typedef struct {
+    ptrdiff_t pos;
+    int tag;
+    int has_children;
+} DIE;
+
+typedef struct {
+    union {
+        char *ptr;
+        uint64_t uint64;
+        int64_t int64;
+    } as;
+    uint64_t off;
+    uint64_t at;
+    uint64_t form;
+    size_t size;
+    int type;
+} DebugInfoValue;
+
+/* TODO: Big Endian */
+#define MERGE_2INTS(a,b,sz) (((uint64_t)(b)<<sz)|(a))
+
+static uint16_t
+get_uint16(const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    return (uint16_t)MERGE_2INTS(p[0],p[1],8);
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+get_uint32(const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    return (uint32_t)MERGE_2INTS(get_uint16(p),get_uint16(p+2),16);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+get_uint64(const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    return MERGE_2INTS(get_uint32(p),get_uint32(p+4),32);
+}
+
+static uint8_t
+read_uint8(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 1);
+    return *p;
+}
+
+static uint16_t
+read_uint16(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 2);
+    return get_uint16(p);
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+read_uint24(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 3);
+    return (*p << 16) | get_uint16(p+1);
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+read_uint32(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 4);
+    return get_uint32(p);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_uint64(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 8);
+    return get_uint64(p);
+}
+
+static uintptr_t
+read_uintptr(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + SIZEOF_VOIDP);
+#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
+    return get_uint64(p);
+#else
+    return get_uint32(p);
+#endif
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_uint(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    if (reader->format == 4) {
+        return read_uint32(&reader->p);
+    } else { /* 64 bit */
+        return read_uint64(&reader->p);
+    }
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_uleb128(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    return uleb128(&reader->p);
+}
+
+static int64_t
+read_sleb128(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    return sleb128(&reader->p);
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_reader_init(DebugInfoReader *reader, obj_info_t *obj)
+{
+    reader->file = obj->mapped;
+    reader->obj = obj;
+    reader->p = obj->debug_info.ptr;
+    reader->pend = obj->debug_info.ptr + obj->debug_info.size;
+    reader->debug_line_cu_end = obj->debug_line.ptr;
+    reader->current_low_pc = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+di_read_debug_abbrev_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    uint64_t prev = 0;
+    char *p = reader->q0;
+    for (;;) {
+        uint64_t abbrev_number = uleb128(&p);
+        if (abbrev_number <= prev) break;
+        if (abbrev_number < ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE) {
+            reader->abbrev_table[abbrev_number] = p;
+        }
+        prev = abbrev_number;
+        uleb128(&p); /* tag */
+        p++; /* has_children */
+        /* skip content */
+        for (;;) {
+            uint64_t at = uleb128(&p);
+            uint64_t form = uleb128(&p);
+            if (!at && !form) break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+di_read_debug_line_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    const char *p;
+    struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
+
+    p = (const char *)reader->debug_line_cu_end;
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+        return -1;
+
+    reader->debug_line_cu_end = (char *)header.cu_end;
+    reader->debug_line_directories = (char *)header.include_directories;
+    reader->debug_line_files = (char *)header.filenames;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+set_uint_value(DebugInfoValue *v, uint64_t n)
+{
+    v->as.uint64 = n;
+    v->type = VAL_uint;
+}
+
+static void
+set_int_value(DebugInfoValue *v, int64_t n)
+{
+    v->as.int64 = n;
+    v->type = VAL_int;
+}
+
+static void
+set_cstr_value(DebugInfoValue *v, char *s)
+{
+    v->as.ptr = s;
+    v->off = 0;
+    v->type = VAL_cstr;
+}
+
+static void
+set_cstrp_value(DebugInfoValue *v, char *s, uint64_t off)
+{
+    v->as.ptr = s;
+    v->off = off;
+    v->type = VAL_cstr;
+}
+
+static void
+set_data_value(DebugInfoValue *v, char *s)
+{
+    v->as.ptr = s;
+    v->type = VAL_data;
+}
+
+static const char *
+get_cstr_value(DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    if (v->as.ptr) {
+        return v->as.ptr + v->off;
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    switch (form) {
+      case DW_FORM_addr:
+        if (reader->address_size == 4) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
+            abort();
+        }
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block2:
+        v->size = read_uint16(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block4:
+        v->size = read_uint32(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_string:
+        v->size = strlen(reader->p);
+        set_cstr_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size + 1;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block:
+        v->size = uleb128(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block1:
+        v->size = read_uint8(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_flag:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_sdata:
+        set_int_value(v, read_sleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strp:
+        set_cstrp_value(v, reader->obj->debug_str.ptr, read_uint(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_udata:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_addr:
+        if (reader->address_size == 4) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
+            abort();
+        }
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_udata:
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_indirect:
+        /* TODO: read the referred value */
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_sec_offset:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader)); /* offset */
+        /* addrptr: debug_addr */
+        /* lineptr: debug_line */
+        /* loclist: debug_loclists */
+        /* loclistptr: debug_loclists */
+        /* macptr: debug_macro */
+        /* rnglist: debug_rnglists */
+        /* rnglistptr: debug_rnglists */
+        /* stroffsetsptr: debug_str_offsets */
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_exprloc:
+        v->size = (size_t)read_uleb128(reader);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_flag_present:
+        set_uint_value(v, 1);
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx:
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx:
+        /* TODO: read .debug_addr */
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_sup4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strp_sup:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader));
+        /* *p = reader->sup_file + reader->sup_str->sh_offset + ret; */
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data16:
+        v->size = 16;
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_line_strp:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader));
+        /* *p = reader->file + reader->line->sh_offset + ret; */
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_sig8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_implicit_const:
+        set_int_value(v, sleb128(&reader->q));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_loclistx:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_rnglistx:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_sup8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx3:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx3:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case 0:
+        goto fail;
+        break;
+    }
+    return;
+
+  fail:
+    fprintf(stderr, "%d: unsupported form: %#"PRIx64"\n", __LINE__, form);
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+/* find abbrev in current compilation unit */
+static char *
+di_find_abbrev(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t abbrev_number)
+{
+    char *p;
+    if (abbrev_number < ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE) {
+        return reader->abbrev_table[abbrev_number];
+    }
+    p = reader->abbrev_table[ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    /* skip 255th record */
+    uleb128(&p); /* tag */
+    p++; /* has_children */
+    /* skip content */
+    for (;;) {
+        uint64_t at = uleb128(&p);
+        uint64_t form = uleb128(&p);
+        if (!at && !form) break;
+    }
+    for (uint64_t n = uleb128(&p); abbrev_number != n; n = uleb128(&p)) {
+        if (n == 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr,"%d: Abbrev Number %"PRId64" not found\n",__LINE__, abbrev_number);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        uleb128(&p); /* tag */
+        p++; /* has_children */
+        /* skip content */
+        for (;;) {
+            uint64_t at = uleb128(&p);
+            uint64_t form = uleb128(&p);
+            if (!at && !form) break;
+        }
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+hexdump0(const unsigned char *p, size_t n)
+{
+    size_t i;
+    fprintf(stderr, "     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  E  F\n");
+    for (i=0; i < n; i++){
+        switch (i & 15) {
+          case 0:
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02zd: %02X ", i/16, p[i]);
+            break;
+          case 15:
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02X\n", p[i]);
+            break;
+          default:
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02X ", p[i]);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if ((i & 15) != 15) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    }
+}
+#define hexdump(p,n) hexdump0((const unsigned char *)p, n)
+
+static void
+div_inspect(DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    switch (v->type) {
+      case VAL_uint:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:%lx\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.uint64);
+        break;
+      case VAL_int:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:%ld\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,(int64_t)v->as.uint64);
+        break;
+      case VAL_cstr:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:'%s'\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.ptr);
+        break;
+      case VAL_data:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size);
+        hexdump(v->as.ptr, 16);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static DIE *
+di_read_die(DebugInfoReader *reader, DIE *die)
+{
+    uint64_t abbrev_number = uleb128(&reader->p);
+    if (abbrev_number == 0) {
+        reader->level--;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    reader->q = di_find_abbrev(reader, abbrev_number);
+
+    die->pos = reader->p - reader->obj->debug_info.ptr - 1;
+    die->tag = (int)uleb128(&reader->q); /* tag */
+    die->has_children = *reader->q++; /* has_children */
+    if (die->has_children) {
+        reader->level++;
+    }
+    return die;
+}
+
+static DebugInfoValue *
+di_read_record(DebugInfoReader *reader, DebugInfoValue *vp)
+{
+    uint64_t at = uleb128(&reader->q);
+    uint64_t form = uleb128(&reader->q);
+    if (!at || !form) return NULL;
+    vp->at = at;
+    vp->form = form;
+    debug_info_reader_read_value(reader, form, vp);
+    return vp;
+}
+
+static void
+di_skip_records(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    for (;;) {
+        DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+        uint64_t at = uleb128(&reader->q);
+        uint64_t form = uleb128(&reader->q);
+        if (!at || !form) return;
+        debug_info_reader_read_value(reader, form, &v);
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t low_pc;
+    uint64_t high_pc;
+    uint64_t ranges;
+    bool low_pc_set;
+    bool high_pc_set;
+    bool ranges_set;
+} ranges_t;
+
+static void
+ranges_set(ranges_t *ptr, DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    switch (v->at) {
+      case DW_AT_low_pc:
+        ptr->low_pc = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->low_pc_set = true;
+        break;
+      case DW_AT_high_pc:
+        if (v->form == DW_FORM_addr) {
+            ptr->high_pc = v->as.uint64;
+        }
+        else {
+            ptr->high_pc = ptr->low_pc + v->as.uint64;
+        }
+        ptr->high_pc_set = true;
+        break;
+      case DW_AT_ranges:
+        ptr->ranges = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->ranges_set = true;
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static uintptr_t
+ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr)
+{
+    if (ptr->high_pc_set) {
+        if (ptr->ranges_set || !ptr->low_pc_set) {
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        if (ptr->low_pc <= addr && addr <= ptr->high_pc) {
+            return (uintptr_t)ptr->low_pc;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (ptr->ranges_set) {
+        /* TODO: support base address selection entry */
+        char *p = reader->obj->debug_ranges.ptr + ptr->ranges;
+        uint64_t base = ptr->low_pc_set ? ptr->low_pc : reader->current_low_pc;
+        for (;;) {
+            uintptr_t from = read_uintptr(&p);
+            uintptr_t to = read_uintptr(&p);
+            if (!from && !to) break;
+            if (from == UINTPTR_MAX) {
+                /* base address selection entry */
+                base = to;
+            }
+            else if (base + from <= addr && addr < base + to) {
+                return from;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else if (ptr->low_pc_set) {
+        if (ptr->low_pc == addr) {
+            return (uintptr_t)ptr->low_pc;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+ranges_inspect(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr)
+{
+    if (ptr->high_pc_set) {
+        if (ptr->ranges_set || !ptr->low_pc_set) {
+            fprintf(stderr,"low_pc_set:%d high_pc_set:%d ranges_set:%d\n",ptr->low_pc_set,ptr->high_pc_set,ptr->ranges_set);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr,"low_pc:%"PRIx64" high_pc:%"PRIx64"\n",ptr->low_pc,ptr->high_pc);
+    }
+    else if (ptr->ranges_set) {
+        char *p = reader->obj->debug_ranges.ptr + ptr->ranges;
+        fprintf(stderr,"low_pc:%"PRIx64" ranges:%"PRIx64" %lx ",ptr->low_pc,ptr->ranges, p-reader->obj->mapped);
+        for (;;) {
+            uintptr_t from = read_uintptr(&p);
+            uintptr_t to = read_uintptr(&p);
+            if (!from && !to) break;
+            fprintf(stderr,"%"PRIx64"-%"PRIx64" ",ptr->low_pc+from,ptr->low_pc+to);
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr,"\n");
+    }
+    else if (ptr->low_pc_set) {
+        fprintf(stderr,"low_pc:%"PRIx64"\n",ptr->low_pc);
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr,"empty\n");
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+di_read_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint16_t version;
+    uint64_t debug_abbrev_offset;
+    reader->format = 4;
+    reader->current_cu = reader->p;
+    unit_length = read_uint32(&reader->p);
+    if (unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+        unit_length = read_uint64(&reader->p);
+        reader->format = 8;
+    }
+    reader->cu_end = reader->p + unit_length;
+    version = read_uint16(&reader->p);
+    if (version > 5) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (version == 5) {
+        /* unit_type = */ read_uint8(&reader->p);
+        reader->address_size = read_uint8(&reader->p);
+        debug_abbrev_offset = read_uint(reader);
+    }
+    else {
+        debug_abbrev_offset = read_uint(reader);
+        reader->address_size = read_uint8(&reader->p);
+    }
+    reader->q0 = reader->obj->debug_abbrev.ptr + debug_abbrev_offset;
+
+    reader->level = 0;
+    di_read_debug_abbrev_cu(reader);
+    if (di_read_debug_line_cu(reader)) return -1;
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER_BUILD_DATE)
+    /* Though DWARF specifies "the applicable base address defaults to the base
+       address of the compilation unit", but GCC seems to use zero as default */
+#else
+    do {
+        DIE die;
+
+        if (!di_read_die(reader, &die)) continue;
+
+        if (die.tag != DW_TAG_compile_unit) {
+            di_skip_records(reader);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        /* enumerate abbrev */
+        for (;;) {
+            DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+            if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
+            switch (v.at) {
+              case DW_AT_low_pc:
+                reader->current_low_pc = v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    } while (0);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+read_abstract_origin(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t abstract_origin, line_info_t *line)
+{
+    char *p = reader->p;
+    char *q = reader->q;
+    int level = reader->level;
+    DIE die;
+
+    reader->p = reader->current_cu + abstract_origin;
+    if (!di_read_die(reader, &die)) goto finish;
+
+    /* enumerate abbrev */
+    for (;;) {
+        DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+        if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
+        switch (v.at) {
+          case DW_AT_name:
+            line->sname = get_cstr_value(&v);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+  finish:
+    reader->p = p;
+    reader->q = q;
+    reader->level = level;
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
+         line_info_t *lines, int offset) {
+    while (reader->p < reader->cu_end) {
+        DIE die;
+        ranges_t ranges = {};
+        line_info_t line = {};
+
+        if (!di_read_die(reader, &die)) continue;
+        /* fprintf(stderr,"%d:%tx: <%d>\n",__LINE__,die.pos,reader->level,die.tag); */
+
+        if (die.tag != DW_TAG_subprogram && die.tag != DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine) {
+          skip_die:
+            di_skip_records(reader);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* enumerate abbrev */
+        for (;;) {
+            DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+            /* ptrdiff_t pos = reader->p - reader->p0; */
+            if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
+            /* fprintf(stderr,"\n%d:%tx: AT:%lx FORM:%lx\n",__LINE__,pos,v.at,v.form); */
+            /* div_inspect(&v); */
+            switch (v.at) {
+              case DW_AT_name:
+                line.sname = get_cstr_value(&v);
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_call_file:
+                fill_filename((int)v.as.uint64, reader->debug_line_directories, reader->debug_line_files, &line, reader->obj);
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_call_line:
+                line.line = (int)v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_low_pc:
+              case DW_AT_high_pc:
+              case DW_AT_ranges:
+                ranges_set(&ranges, &v);
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_declaration:
+                goto skip_die;
+              case DW_AT_inline:
+                /* 1 or 3 */
+                break; /* goto skip_die; */
+              case DW_AT_abstract_origin:
+                read_abstract_origin(reader, v.as.uint64, &line);
+                break; /* goto skip_die; */
+            }
+        }
+        /* ranges_inspect(reader, &ranges); */
+        /* fprintf(stderr,"%d:%tx: %x ",__LINE__,diepos,die.tag); */
+        for (int i=offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
+            uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
+            uintptr_t offset = addr - reader->obj->base_addr + reader->obj->vmaddr;
+            uintptr_t saddr = ranges_include(reader, &ranges, offset);
+            if (saddr) {
+                /* fprintf(stderr, "%d:%tx: %d %lx->%lx %x %s: %s/%s %d %s %s %s\n",__LINE__,die.pos, i,addr,offset, die.tag,line.sname,line.dirname,line.filename,line.line,reader->obj->path,line.sname,lines[i].sname); */
+                if (lines[i].sname) {
+                    line_info_t *lp = malloc(sizeof(line_info_t));
+                    memcpy(lp, &lines[i], sizeof(line_info_t));
+                    lines[i].next = lp;
+                    lp->dirname = line.dirname;
+                    lp->filename = line.filename;
+                    lp->line = line.line;
+                    lp->saddr = 0;
+                }
+                lines[i].path = reader->obj->path;
+                lines[i].base_addr = line.base_addr;
+                lines[i].sname = line.sname;
+                lines[i].saddr = saddr + reader->obj->base_addr - reader->obj->vmaddr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_ELF
+static unsigned long
+uncompress_debug_section(ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, char *file, char **ptr)
+{
+    *ptr = NULL;
+#ifdef SUPPORT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_LINE
+    ElfW(Chdr) *chdr = (ElfW(Chdr) *)(file + shdr->sh_offset);
+    unsigned long destsize = chdr->ch_size;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if (chdr->ch_type != ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB) {
+	/* unsupported compression type */
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    *ptr = malloc(destsize);
+    if (!*ptr) return 0;
+    ret = uncompress((Bytef *)*ptr, &destsize,
+	    (const Bytef*)chdr + sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)),
+            shdr->sh_size - sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)));
+    if (ret != Z_OK) goto fail;
+    return destsize;
+
+fail:
+    free(*ptr);
+    *ptr = NULL;
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
 
 /* read file and fill lines */
 static uintptr_t
@@ -465,10 +1659,10 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 {
     int i, j;
     char *shstr;
-    char *section_name;
     ElfW(Ehdr) *ehdr;
     ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, *shstr_shdr;
-    ElfW(Shdr) *debug_line_shdr = NULL, *gnu_debuglink_shdr = NULL;
+    ElfW(Shdr) *gnu_debuglink_shdr = NULL;
+    ElfW(Shdr) *note_gnu_build_id = NULL;
     int fd;
     off_t filesize;
     char *file;
@@ -504,6 +1698,7 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	kprintf("mmap: %s\n", strerror(e));
 	goto fail;
     }
+    close(fd);
 
     ehdr = (ElfW(Ehdr) *)file;
     if (memcmp(ehdr->e_ident, "\177ELF", 4) != 0) {
@@ -511,11 +1706,8 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	 * Huh? Maybe filename was overridden by setproctitle() and
 	 * it match non-elf file.
 	 */
-	close(fd);
 	goto fail;
     }
-
-    obj->fd = fd;
     obj->mapped = file;
     obj->mapped_size = (size_t)filesize;
 
@@ -525,7 +1717,7 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
     shstr = file + shstr_shdr->sh_offset;
 
     for (i = 0; i < ehdr->e_shnum; i++) {
-	section_name = shstr + shdr[i].sh_name;
+        char *section_name = shstr + shdr[i].sh_name;
 	switch (shdr[i].sh_type) {
 	  case SHT_STRTAB:
 	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".strtab")) {
@@ -543,13 +1735,40 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	    /* if (!strcmp(section_name, ".dynsym")) */
 	    dynsym_shdr = shdr + i;
 	    break;
+          case SHT_NOTE:
+            if (!strcmp(section_name, ".note.gnu.build-id")) {
+                note_gnu_build_id = shdr + i;
+            }
+            break;
 	  case SHT_PROGBITS:
-	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".debug_line")) {
-		debug_line_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    }
-	    else if (!strcmp(section_name, ".gnu_debuglink")) {
+	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".gnu_debuglink")) {
 		gnu_debuglink_shdr = shdr + i;
 	    }
+            else {
+                const char *debug_section_names[] = {
+                    ".debug_abbrev",
+                    ".debug_info",
+                    ".debug_line",
+                    ".debug_ranges",
+                    ".debug_str"
+                };
+
+                for (j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
+                    struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, j);
+
+                    if (strcmp(section_name, debug_section_names[j]) != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                    s->ptr = file + shdr[i].sh_offset;
+                    s->size = shdr[i].sh_size;
+                    s->flags = shdr[i].sh_flags;
+                    if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
+                        s->size = uncompress_debug_section(&shdr[i], file, &s->ptr);
+                        if (!s->size) goto fail;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
 	    break;
 	}
     }
@@ -561,20 +1780,22 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	    char *strtab = file + dynstr_shdr->sh_offset;
 	    ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + dynsym_shdr->sh_offset);
 	    int symtab_count = (int)(dynsym_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
-	    for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
-		ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
-		Dl_info info;
-		void *h, *s;
-		if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC || sym->st_size <= 0) continue;
-		h = dlopen(NULL, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_LOCAL);
-		if (!h) continue;
-		s = dlsym(h, strtab + sym->st_name);
-		if (!s) continue;
-		if (dladdr(s, &info)) {
-		    dladdr_fbase = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
+            void *handle = dlopen(NULL, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_LOCAL);
+            if (handle) {
+                for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
+                    ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
+                    Dl_info info;
+                    void *s;
+                    if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC || sym->st_size == 0) continue;
+                    s = dlsym(handle, strtab + sym->st_name);
+                    if (s && dladdr(s, &info)) {
+                        obj->base_addr = dladdr_fbase;
+                        dladdr_fbase = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                dlclose(handle);
+            }
 	    if (ehdr->e_type == ET_EXEC) {
 		obj->base_addr = 0;
 	    }
@@ -585,33 +1806,48 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	}
     }
 
-    if (!symtab_shdr) {
-	symtab_shdr = dynsym_shdr;
-	strtab_shdr = dynstr_shdr;
-    }
-
-    if (symtab_shdr && strtab_shdr) {
-	char *strtab = file + strtab_shdr->sh_offset;
-	ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + symtab_shdr->sh_offset);
-	int symtab_count = (int)(symtab_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
-	for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
-	    ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
-	    uintptr_t saddr = (uintptr_t)sym->st_value + obj->base_addr;
-	    if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC || sym->st_size <= 0) continue;
-	    for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
-		uintptr_t d = (uintptr_t)traces[i] - saddr;
-		if (lines[i].line > 0 || d <= 0 || d > (uintptr_t)sym->st_size)
-		    continue;
-		/* fill symbol name and addr from .symtab */
-		lines[i].sname = strtab + sym->st_name;
-		lines[i].saddr = saddr;
-		lines[i].path  = obj->path;
-		lines[i].base_addr = obj->base_addr;
-	    }
-	}
+    if (obj->debug_info.ptr && obj->debug_abbrev.ptr) {
+        DebugInfoReader reader;
+        debug_info_reader_init(&reader, obj);
+        i = 0;
+        while (reader.p < reader.pend) {
+            /* fprintf(stderr, "%d:%tx: CU[%d]\n", __LINE__, reader.p - reader.obj->debug_info.ptr, i++); */
+            if (di_read_cu(&reader)) goto use_symtab;
+            debug_info_read(&reader, num_traces, traces, lines, offset);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        /* This file doesn't have dwarf, use symtab or dynsym */
+use_symtab:
+        if (!symtab_shdr) {
+            /* This file doesn't have symtab, use dynsym instead */
+            symtab_shdr = dynsym_shdr;
+            strtab_shdr = dynstr_shdr;
+        }
+
+        if (symtab_shdr && strtab_shdr) {
+            char *strtab = file + strtab_shdr->sh_offset;
+            ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + symtab_shdr->sh_offset);
+            int symtab_count = (int)(symtab_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
+            for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
+                ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
+                uintptr_t saddr = (uintptr_t)sym->st_value + obj->base_addr;
+                if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC) continue;
+                for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
+                    uintptr_t d = (uintptr_t)traces[i] - saddr;
+                    if (lines[i].line > 0 || d > (uintptr_t)sym->st_size)
+                        continue;
+                    /* fill symbol name and addr from .symtab */
+                    if (!lines[i].sname) lines[i].sname = strtab + sym->st_name;
+                    lines[i].saddr = saddr;
+                    lines[i].path  = obj->path;
+                    lines[i].base_addr = obj->base_addr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    if (!debug_line_shdr) {
+    if (!obj->debug_line.ptr) {
 	/* This file doesn't have .debug_line section,
 	   let's check .gnu_debuglink section instead. */
 	if (gnu_debuglink_shdr && check_debuglink) {
@@ -619,18 +1855,244 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 			     num_traces, traces,
 			     objp, lines, offset);
 	}
+        if (note_gnu_build_id && check_debuglink) {
+            ElfW(Nhdr) *nhdr = (ElfW(Nhdr)*) (file + note_gnu_build_id->sh_offset);
+            const char *build_id = (char *)(nhdr + 1) + nhdr->n_namesz;
+            follow_debuglink_build_id(build_id, nhdr->n_descsz,
+			       num_traces, traces,
+			       objp, lines, offset);
+        }
 	goto finish;
     }
 
-    parse_debug_line(num_traces, traces,
-		     file + debug_line_shdr->sh_offset,
-		     debug_line_shdr->sh_size,
-		     obj, lines, offset);
+    if (parse_debug_line(num_traces, traces,
+            obj->debug_line.ptr,
+            obj->debug_line.size,
+            obj, lines, offset) == -1)
+        goto fail;
+
 finish:
     return dladdr_fbase;
 fail:
     return (uintptr_t)-1;
 }
+#else /* Mach-O */
+/* read file and fill lines */
+static uintptr_t
+fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
+        obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+{
+# ifdef __LP64__
+#  define LP(x) x##_64
+# else
+#  define LP(x) x
+# endif
+    int fd;
+    off_t filesize;
+    char *file, *p = NULL;
+    obj_info_t *obj = *objp;
+    struct LP(mach_header) *header;
+    uintptr_t dladdr_fbase = 0;
+
+    {
+        char *s = binary_filename;
+        char *base = strrchr(binary_filename, '/')+1;
+        size_t max = PATH_MAX;
+        size_t size = strlen(binary_filename);
+        size_t basesize = size - (base - binary_filename);
+        s += size;
+        max -= size;
+        p = s;
+        size = strlcpy(s, ".dSYM/Contents/Resources/DWARF/", max);
+        if (size == 0) goto fail;
+        s += size;
+        max -= size;
+        if (max <= basesize) goto fail;
+        memcpy(s, base, basesize);
+        s[basesize] = 0;
+
+        fd = open(binary_filename, O_RDONLY);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            *p = 0; /* binary_filename becomes original file name */
+            fd = open(binary_filename, O_RDONLY);
+            if (fd < 0) {
+                goto fail;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    filesize = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (filesize < 0) {
+        int e = errno;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("lseek: %s\n", strerror(e));
+        goto fail;
+    }
+#if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    if (filesize > (off_t)SIZE_MAX) {
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("Too large file %s\n", binary_filename);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+#endif
+    lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    /* async-signal unsafe */
+    file = (char *)mmap(NULL, (size_t)filesize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+    if (file == MAP_FAILED) {
+        int e = errno;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("mmap: %s\n", strerror(e));
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    close(fd);
+
+    obj->mapped = file;
+    obj->mapped_size = (size_t)filesize;
+
+    header = (struct LP(mach_header) *)file;
+    if (header->magic == LP(MH_MAGIC)) {
+        /* non universal binary */
+        p = file;
+    }
+    else if (header->magic == FAT_CIGAM) {
+        struct LP(mach_header) *mhp = _NSGetMachExecuteHeader();
+        struct fat_header *fat = (struct fat_header *)file;
+        char *q = file + sizeof(*fat);
+        uint32_t nfat_arch = __builtin_bswap32(fat->nfat_arch);
+        /* fprintf(stderr,"%d: fat:%s %d\n",__LINE__, binary_filename,nfat_arch); */
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nfat_arch; i++) {
+            struct fat_arch *arch = (struct fat_arch *)q;
+            cpu_type_t cputype = __builtin_bswap32(arch->cputype);
+            cpu_subtype_t cpusubtype = __builtin_bswap32(arch->cpusubtype);
+            uint32_t offset = __builtin_bswap32(arch->offset);
+            /* fprintf(stderr,"%d: fat %d %x/%x %x/%x\n",__LINE__, i, mhp->cputype,mhp->cpusubtype, cputype,cpusubtype); */
+            if (mhp->cputype == cputype &&
+                    (cpu_subtype_t)(mhp->cpusubtype & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_MASK) == cpusubtype) {
+                p = file + offset;
+                file = p;
+                header = (struct LP(mach_header) *)p;
+                if (header->magic == LP(MH_MAGIC)) {
+                    goto found_mach_header;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            q += sizeof(*arch);
+        }
+        kprintf("'%s' is not a Mach-O universal binary file!\n",binary_filename);
+        close(fd);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    else {
+        kprintf("'%s' is not a "
+# ifdef __LP64__
+                "64"
+# else
+                "32"
+# endif
+                "-bit Mach-O file!\n",binary_filename);
+        close(fd);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+found_mach_header:
+    p += sizeof(*header);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)header->ncmds; i++) {
+        struct load_command *lcmd = (struct load_command *)p;
+        switch (lcmd->cmd) {
+          case LP(LC_SEGMENT):
+            {
+                static const char *debug_section_names[] = {
+                    "__debug_abbrev",
+                    "__debug_info",
+                    "__debug_line",
+                    "__debug_ranges",
+                    "__debug_str"
+                };
+                struct LP(segment_command) *scmd = (struct LP(segment_command) *)lcmd;
+                if (strcmp(scmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) {
+                    obj->vmaddr = scmd->vmaddr;
+                }
+                else if (strcmp(scmd->segname, "__DWARF") == 0) {
+                    p += sizeof(struct LP(segment_command));
+                    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < scmd->nsects; i++) {
+                        struct LP(section) *sect = (struct LP(section) *)p;
+                        p += sizeof(struct LP(section));
+                        for (int j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
+                            struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, j);
+
+                            if (strcmp(sect->sectname, debug_section_names[j]) != 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                            s->ptr = file + sect->offset;
+                            s->size = sect->size;
+                            s->flags = sect->flags;
+                            if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
+                                goto fail;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case LC_SYMTAB:
+            {
+                struct symtab_command *cmd = (struct symtab_command *)lcmd;
+                struct LP(nlist) *nl = (struct LP(nlist) *)(file + cmd->symoff);
+                char *strtab = file + cmd->stroff, *sname = 0;
+                uint32_t j;
+                uintptr_t saddr = 0;
+                /* kprintf("[%2d]: %x/symtab %p\n", i, cmd->cmd, p); */
+                for (j = 0; j < cmd->nsyms; j++) {
+                    uintptr_t symsize, d;
+                    struct LP(nlist) *e = &nl[j];
+                        /* kprintf("[%2d][%4d]: %02x/%x/%x: %s %llx\n", i, j, e->n_type,e->n_sect,e->n_desc,strtab+e->n_un.n_strx,e->n_value); */
+                    if (e->n_type != N_FUN) continue;
+                    if (e->n_sect) {
+                        saddr = (uintptr_t)e->n_value + obj->base_addr - obj->vmaddr;
+                        sname = strtab + e->n_un.n_strx;
+                        /* kprintf("[%2d][%4d]: %02x/%x/%x: %s %llx\n", i, j, e->n_type,e->n_sect,e->n_desc,strtab+e->n_un.n_strx,e->n_value); */
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    for (int k = offset; k < num_traces; k++) {
+                        d = (uintptr_t)traces[k] - saddr;
+                        symsize = e->n_value;
+                        /* kprintf("%lx %lx %lx\n",saddr,symsize,traces[k]); */
+                        if (lines[k].line > 0 || d > (uintptr_t)symsize)
+                            continue;
+                        /* fill symbol name and addr from .symtab */
+                        if (!lines[k].sname) lines[k].sname = sname;
+                        lines[k].saddr = saddr;
+                        lines[k].path  = obj->path;
+                        lines[k].base_addr = obj->base_addr;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        p += lcmd->cmdsize;
+    }
+
+    if (obj->debug_info.ptr && obj->debug_abbrev.ptr) {
+        DebugInfoReader reader;
+        debug_info_reader_init(&reader, obj);
+        while (reader.p < reader.pend) {
+            if (di_read_cu(&reader)) goto fail;
+            debug_info_read(&reader, num_traces, traces, lines, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (parse_debug_line(num_traces, traces,
+            obj->debug_line.ptr,
+            obj->debug_line.size,
+            obj, lines, offset) == -1)
+        goto fail;
+
+    return dladdr_fbase;
+fail:
+    return (uintptr_t)-1;
+}
+#endif
 
 #define HAVE_MAIN_EXE_PATH
 #if defined(__FreeBSD__)
@@ -642,17 +2104,22 @@ fail:
  * and returns strlen(binary_filename).
  * it is NUL terminated.
  */
-#if defined(__linux__)
-ssize_t
+#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+static ssize_t
 main_exe_path(void)
 {
-# define PROC_SELF_EXE "/proc/self/exe"
+# if defined(__linux__)
+#  define PROC_SELF_EXE "/proc/self/exe"
+# elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+#  define PROC_SELF_EXE "/proc/curproc/exe"
+# endif
     ssize_t len = readlink(PROC_SELF_EXE, binary_filename, PATH_MAX);
+    if (len < 0) return 0;
     binary_filename[len] = 0;
     return len;
 }
 #elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
-ssize_t
+static ssize_t
 main_exe_path(void)
 {
     int mib[4] = {CTL_KERN, KERN_PROC, KERN_PROC_PATHNAME, -1};
@@ -665,10 +2132,66 @@ main_exe_path(void)
     len--; /* sysctl sets strlen+1 */
     return len;
 }
+#elif defined(HAVE_LIBPROC_H)
+static ssize_t
+main_exe_path(void)
+{
+    int len = proc_pidpath(getpid(), binary_filename, PATH_MAX);
+    if (len == 0) return 0;
+    binary_filename[len] = 0;
+    return len;
+}
 #else
 #undef HAVE_MAIN_EXE_PATH
 #endif
 
+static void
+print_line0(line_info_t *line, void *address)
+{
+    uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)address;
+    uintptr_t d = addr - line->saddr;
+    if (!address) {
+        /* inlined */
+        if (line->dirname && line->dirname[0]) {
+            kprintf("%s(%s) %s/%s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname, line->dirname, line->filename, line->line);
+        }
+        else {
+            kprintf("%s(%s) %s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname, line->filename, line->line);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!line->path) {
+        kprintf("[0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", addr);
+    }
+    else if (!line->saddr || !line->sname) {
+        kprintf("%s(0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, addr-line->base_addr, addr);
+    }
+    else if (line->line <= 0) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr);
+    }
+    else if (!line->filename) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"] ???:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr, line->line);
+    }
+    else if (line->dirname && line->dirname[0]) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"] %s/%s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr, line->dirname, line->filename, line->line);
+    }
+    else {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"] %s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr, line->filename, line->line);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+print_line(line_info_t *line, void *address)
+{
+    print_line0(line, address);
+    if (line->next) {
+        print_line(line->next, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
 void
 rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
 {
@@ -720,8 +2243,11 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
 	    path = info.dli_fname;
 	    obj->path = path;
 	    lines[i].path = path;
-	    strcpy(binary_filename, path);
-	    fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, i);
+            lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
+            lines[i].saddr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_saddr;
+	    strlcpy(binary_filename, path, PATH_MAX);
+	    if (fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, i) == (uintptr_t)-1)
+		break;
 	}
 next_line:
 	continue;
@@ -729,46 +2255,36 @@ next_line:
 
     /* output */
     for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
-	line_info_t *line = &lines[i];
-	uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
-	uintptr_t d = addr - line->saddr;
-	if (!line->path) {
-	    kprintf("[0x%lx]\n", addr);
-	}
-	else if (!line->saddr || !line->sname) {
-	    kprintf("%s [0x%lx]\n", line->path, addr);
-	}
-	else if (line->line <= 0) {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx]\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr);
-	}
-	else if (!line->filename) {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx] ???:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr, line->line);
-	}
-	else if (line->dirname && line->dirname[0]) {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx] %s/%s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr, line->dirname, line->filename, line->line);
-	}
-	else {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx] %s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr, line->filename, line->line);
-	}
+        print_line(&lines[i], traces[i]);
+
 	/* FreeBSD's backtrace may show _start and so on */
-	if (line->sname && strcmp("main", line->sname) == 0)
+	if (lines[i].sname && strcmp("main", lines[i].sname) == 0)
 	    break;
     }
 
     /* free */
     while (obj) {
 	obj_info_t *o = obj;
-	obj = o->next;
-	if (o->fd) {
-	    munmap(o->mapped, o->mapped_size);
-	    close(o->fd);
+        for (i=0; i < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; i++) {
+            struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, i);
+            if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
+                free(s->ptr);
+            }
+        }
+	if (obj->mapped_size) {
+	    munmap(obj->mapped, obj->mapped_size);
 	}
+	obj = o->next;
 	free(o);
     }
+    for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
+        line_info_t *line = lines[i].next;
+        while (line) {
+            line_info_t *l = line;
+            line = line->next;
+            free(l);
+        }
+    }
     free(lines);
     free(dladdr_fbases);
 }
@@ -812,10 +2328,9 @@ next_line:
 
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #define MAXNBUF (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT + 1)
-extern int rb_toupper(int c);
-#define    toupper(c)  rb_toupper(c)
+static inline int toupper(int c) { return ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') ? (c&0x5f) : c; }
 #define    hex2ascii(hex)  (hex2ascii_data[hex])
-char const hex2ascii_data[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+static const char hex2ascii_data[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 static inline int imax(int a, int b) { return (a > b ? a : b); }
 static int kvprintf(char const *fmt, void (*func)(int), void *arg, int radix, va_list ap);
 
@@ -829,7 +2344,7 @@ static void putce(int c)
     (void)ret;
 }
 
-int
+static int
 kprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
diff --git a/addr2line.h b/addr2line.h
index d99f010934..f09b665800 100644
--- a/addr2line.h
+++ b/addr2line.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
+#define RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
 /**********************************************************************
 
   addr2line.h -
@@ -8,10 +10,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifndef RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
-#define RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
-
-#ifdef USE_ELF
+#if (defined(USE_ELF) || defined(HAVE_MACH_O_LOADER_H))
 
 void
 rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces);
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ad4972f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+---
+version: '{build}'
+init:
+  - git config --global user.name git
+  - git config --global user.email svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+clone_depth: 10
+platform:
+  - x64
+environment:
+  ruby_version: "24-%Platform%"
+  zlib_version: "1.2.12"
+  matrix:
+    - build: vs
+      vs: 120
+      ssl: OpenSSL
+      APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2013
+      GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
+    - build: vs
+      vs: 140
+      ssl: OpenSSL-v111
+      APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
+      GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
+  RELINE_TEST_ENCODING: "Windows-31J"
+  UPDATE_UNICODE: "UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
+for:
+-
+  matrix:
+    only:
+      - build: vs
+  install:
+    - ver
+    - chcp
+    - SET BITS=%Platform:x86=32%
+    - SET BITS=%BITS:x=%
+    - SET OPENSSL_DIR=C:\%ssl%-Win%BITS%
+    - CALL SET vcvars=%%^VS%VS%COMNTOOLS^%%..\..\VC\vcvarsall.bat
+    - SET vcvars
+    - '"%vcvars%" %Platform:x64=amd64%'
+    - SET ruby_path=C:\Ruby%ruby_version:-x86=%
+    - SET PATH=\usr\local\bin;%ruby_path%\bin;%PATH%;C:\msys64\mingw64\bin;C:\msys64\usr\bin
+    - ruby --version
+    - 'cl'
+    - echo> Makefile srcdir=.
+    - echo>> Makefile MSC_VER=0
+    - echo>> Makefile RT=none
+    - echo>> Makefile RT_VER=0
+    - echo>> Makefile BUILTIN_ENCOBJS=nul
+    - type win32\Makefile.sub >> Makefile
+    - nmake %mflags% touch-unicode-files
+    - nmake %mflags% %UPDATE_UNICODE% incs
+    - nmake %mflags% extract-extlibs
+    - del Makefile
+    - mkdir \usr\local\bin
+    - mkdir \usr\local\include
+    - mkdir \usr\local\lib
+    - SET ZLIB_ZIP=.downloaded-cache\zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
+    - if not exist %ZLIB_ZIP% curl -fsSL -o %ZLIB_ZIP% --retry 10 https://zlib.net/zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
+    - 7z x -aos -o%APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\ext\zlib %ZLIB_ZIP%
+    - for %%I in (%OPENSSL_DIR%\*.dll) do mklink /h \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
+    - attrib +r /s /d
+    - mkdir %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
+  build_script:
+    - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
+    - cd %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
+    - ..\win32\configure.bat --without-ext=+,dbm,gdbm,readline --with-opt-dir=/usr/local --with-openssl-dir=%OPENSSL_DIR:\=/%
+    - nmake -l
+    - nmake install-nodoc
+    - \usr\bin\ruby -v -e "p :locale => Encoding.find('locale'), :filesystem => Encoding.find('filesystem')"
+    - if not "%GEMS_FOR_TEST%" == "" \usr\bin\gem install --no-document %GEMS_FOR_TEST%
+    - \usr\bin\ruby -ropenssl -e "puts 'Build    ' + OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION, 'Runtime  ' + OpenSSL::OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION"
+  test_script:
+    - set /a JOBS=%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS%
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" btest
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" test-basic
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor -j%JOBS% --exclude readline --exclude win32ole --exclude test_bignum --exclude test_syntax --exclude test_open-uri --exclude test_bundled_ca" test-all
+    # separately execute tests without -j which may crash worker with -j.
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor" test-all TESTS="../test/win32ole ../test/ruby/test_bignum.rb ../test/ruby/test_syntax.rb ../test/open-uri/test_open-uri.rb ../test/rubygems/test_bundled_ca.rb"
+    - nmake -l test-spec MSPECOPT=-fs # not using `-j` because sometimes `mspec -j` silently dies on Windows
+notifications:
+  - provider: Webhook
+    method: POST
+    url:
+      secure: CcFlJNDJ/a6to7u3Z4Fnz6dScEPNx7hTha2GkSRlV+1U6dqmxY/7uBcLXYb9gR3jfQk6w+2o/HrjNAyXMNGU/JOka3s2WRI4VKitzM+lQ08owvJIh0R7LxrGH0J2e81U # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+    body: >-
+      {{^isPullRequest}}
+        {
+          "ci": "AppVeyor CI",
+          "env": "Visual Studio 2013 / 2015",
+          "url": "{{buildUrl}}",
+          "commit": "{{commitId}}",
+          "branch": "{{branch}}"
+        }
+      {{/isPullRequest}}
+    on_build_success: false
+    on_build_failure: true
+    on_build_status_changed: false
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index 729de9c081..b48a6431e7 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -11,45 +11,87 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compar.h"
+#include "internal/enum.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
 #include "probes.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "transient_heap.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
 
-#ifndef ARRAY_DEBUG
+#if !ARRAY_DEBUG
+# undef NDEBUG
 # define NDEBUG
 #endif
-#include <assert.h>
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cArray;
 
-static ID id_cmp, id_div, id_power;
+/* for OPTIMIZED_CMP: */
+#define id_cmp idCmp
 
 #define ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE 16
 #define ARY_MAX_SIZE (LONG_MAX / (int)sizeof(VALUE))
+#define SMALL_ARRAY_LEN 16
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+static int
+should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY);
+}
 
-# define ARY_SHARED_P(ary) \
-    (assert(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
-     FL_TEST((ary),ELTS_SHARED)!=0)
-# define ARY_EMBED_P(ary) \
-    (assert(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
-     FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)!=0)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+static int
+should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return !FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG);
+}
+
+#define ARY_SHARED_P(ary) \
+  (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
+   assert(should_not_be_shared_and_embedded((VALUE)ary)), \
+   FL_TEST_RAW((ary),ELTS_SHARED)!=0)
+
+#define ARY_EMBED_P(ary) \
+  (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
+   assert(should_not_be_shared_and_embedded((VALUE)ary)), \
+   FL_TEST_RAW((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) != 0)
 
 #define ARY_HEAP_PTR(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.ptr)
 #define ARY_HEAP_LEN(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.len)
+#define ARY_HEAP_CAPA(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(!ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(a)), \
+                          RARRAY(a)->as.heap.aux.capa)
+
 #define ARY_EMBED_PTR(a) (assert(ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.ary)
 #define ARY_EMBED_LEN(a) \
     (assert(ARY_EMBED_P(a)), \
      (long)((RBASIC(a)->flags >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
 	 (RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)))
-#define ARY_HEAP_SIZE(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.aux.capa * sizeof(VALUE))
+#define ARY_HEAP_SIZE(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a)), ARY_CAPA(a) * sizeof(VALUE))
+
+#define ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a) (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(a))), \
+                            !FL_TEST_RAW((a), ELTS_SHARED|RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
 
-#define ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a) (!FL_TEST((a), ELTS_SHARED|RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
 #define FL_SET_EMBED(a) do { \
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a)); \
     FL_SET((a), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG); \
+    RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(a); \
+    ary_verify(a); \
 } while (0)
+
 #define FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG|RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK)
 #define FL_SET_SHARED(ary) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
@@ -98,7 +140,7 @@ static ID id_cmp, id_div, id_power;
 } while (0)
 
 #define ARY_CAPA(ary) (ARY_EMBED_P(ary) ? RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX : \
-		       ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa)
+                       ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary))
 #define ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, n) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary)); \
@@ -106,33 +148,116 @@ static ID id_cmp, id_div, id_power;
     RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n); \
 } while (0)
 
-#define ARY_SHARED(ary) (assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared)
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary) (assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root)
 #define ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, value) do { \
     const VALUE _ary_ = (ary); \
     const VALUE _value_ = (value); \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(_ary_)); \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_P(_ary_)); \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(_value_)); \
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(_ary_, &RARRAY(_ary_)->as.heap.aux.shared, _value_); \
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(_ary_, &RARRAY(_ary_)->as.heap.aux.shared_root, _value_); \
 } while (0)
 #define RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG FL_USER5
-#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) (FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG))
-#define ARY_SHARED_NUM(ary) \
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
+                                FL_TEST_RAW((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG))
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) \
     (assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa)
-#define ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ary) (ARY_SHARED_NUM(ary) == 1)
-#define ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(ary, value) do { \
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary) (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) == 1)
+#define ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary, value) do { \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)); \
     RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (value); \
 } while (0)
 #define FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(ary) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
+    assert(!RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)); \
     FL_SET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG); \
 } while (0)
 
-#define ARY_SET(a, i, v) RARRAY_ASET((assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a)), (a)), (i), (v))
+static inline void
+ARY_SET(VALUE a, long i, VALUE v)
+{
+    assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a));
+    assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(a));
+
+    RARRAY_ASET(a, i, v);
+}
+#undef RARRAY_ASET
+
+
+#if ARRAY_DEBUG
+#define ary_verify(ary) ary_verify_(ary, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+static VALUE
+ary_verify_(VALUE ary, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    assert(RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY));
+
+    if (FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+        VALUE root = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+        const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+        const VALUE *root_ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(root);
+        long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary), root_len = RARRAY_LEN(root);
+        assert(FL_TEST(root, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG));
+        assert(root_ptr <= ptr && ptr + len <= root_ptr + root_len);
+        ary_verify(root);
+    }
+    else if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+        assert(!RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
+        assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+        assert(RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+    }
+    else {
+#if 1
+        const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+        long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        volatile VALUE v;
+        if (len > 1) len = 1; /* check only HEAD */
+        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+            v = ptr[i]; /* access check */
+        }
+        v = v;
+#endif
+    }
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        assert(rb_transient_heap_managed_ptr_p(RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    rb_transient_heap_verify();
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_verify(VALUE ary)
+{
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+#else
+#define ary_verify(ary) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+VALUE *
+rb_ary_ptr_use_start(VALUE ary)
+{
+#if ARRAY_DEBUG
+    FL_SET_RAW(ary, RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG);
+#endif
+    return (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_ptr_use_end(VALUE ary)
+{
+#if ARRAY_DEBUG
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(ary, RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
 
 void
-rb_mem_clear(register VALUE *mem, register long size)
+rb_mem_clear(VALUE *mem, long size)
 {
     while (size--) {
 	*mem++ = Qnil;
@@ -142,7 +267,7 @@ rb_mem_clear(register VALUE *mem, register long size)
 static void
 ary_mem_clear(VALUE ary, long beg, long size)
 {
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	rb_mem_clear(ptr + beg, size);
     });
 }
@@ -158,7 +283,7 @@ memfill(register VALUE *mem, register long size, register VALUE val)
 static void
 ary_memfill(VALUE ary, long beg, long size, VALUE val)
 {
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	memfill(ptr + beg, size, val);
 	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ary, Qundef, val);
     });
@@ -167,28 +292,22 @@ ary_memfill(VALUE ary, long beg, long size, VALUE val)
 static void
 ary_memcpy0(VALUE ary, long beg, long argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE buff_owner_ary)
 {
-#if 1
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(buff_owner_ary));
 
     if (argc > (int)(128/sizeof(VALUE)) /* is magic number (cache line size) */) {
-	rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(buff_owner_ary);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	    MEMCPY(ptr+beg, argv, VALUE, argc);
-	});
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(buff_owner_ary);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+            MEMCPY(ptr+beg, argv, VALUE, argc);
+        });
     }
     else {
-	int i;
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-		RB_OBJ_WRITE(buff_owner_ary, &ptr[i+beg], argv[i]);
-	    }
-	});
+        int i;
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+            for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+                RB_OBJ_WRITE(buff_owner_ary, &ptr[i+beg], argv[i]);
+            }
+        });
     }
-#else
-    /* giveup write barrier (traditional way) */
-    RARRAY_PTR(buff_owner_ary);
-    MEMCPY(RARRAY_PTR(ary)+beg, argv, VALUE, argc);
-#endif
 }
 
 static void
@@ -197,49 +316,175 @@ ary_memcpy(VALUE ary, long beg, long argc, const VALUE *argv)
     ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, argc, argv, ary);
 }
 
+static VALUE *
+ary_heap_alloc(VALUE ary, size_t capa)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr = rb_transient_heap_alloc(ary, sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
+
+    if (ptr != NULL) {
+        RARY_TRANSIENT_SET(ary);
+    }
+    else {
+        RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+        ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+    }
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static void
+ary_heap_free_ptr(VALUE ary, const VALUE *ptr, long size)
+{
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        /* ignore it */
+    }
+    else {
+        ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ptr, size);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ary_heap_free(VALUE ary)
+{
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+    }
+    else {
+        ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ary_heap_realloc(VALUE ary, size_t new_capa)
+{
+    size_t old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
+
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        if (new_capa <= old_capa) {
+            /* do nothing */
+        }
+        else {
+            VALUE *new_ptr = rb_transient_heap_alloc(ary, sizeof(VALUE) * new_capa);
+
+            if (new_ptr == NULL) {
+                new_ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, new_capa);
+                RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+            }
+
+            MEMCPY(new_ptr, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), VALUE, old_capa);
+            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, new_ptr);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, new_capa, old_capa);
+    }
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+static inline void
+rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(VALUE ary, int transient, int promote)
+{
+    if (transient) {
+        VALUE *new_ptr;
+        const VALUE *old_ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+        long capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
+        long len  = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+
+        if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
+            capa = len;
+        }
+
+        assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary));
+        assert(RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
+        assert(!ARY_PTR_USING_P(ary));
+
+        if (promote) {
+            new_ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+            RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+        }
+        else {
+            new_ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
+        }
+
+        MEMCPY(new_ptr, old_ptr, VALUE, capa);
+        /* do not use ARY_SET_PTR() because they assert !frozen */
+        RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = new_ptr;
+    }
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE ary, int promote)
+{
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(ary, RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary), promote);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_detransient(VALUE ary)
+{
+    assert(RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(ary, TRUE, TRUE);
+}
+#else
+void
+rb_ary_detransient(VALUE ary)
+{
+    /* do nothing */
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 ary_resize_capa(VALUE ary, long capacity)
 {
     assert(RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= capacity);
     assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary));
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+
     if (capacity > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
             long len = ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary);
-            VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, (capacity));
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capacity);
+
             MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
             ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
             ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
         }
         else {
-	    SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, capacity, RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa);
+            ary_heap_realloc(ary, capacity);
         }
-        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, (capacity));
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capacity);
     }
     else {
         if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-            long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+            long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+            long old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
+            const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
 
-	    if (len > capacity) len = capacity;
+            if (len > capacity) len = capacity;
             MEMCPY((VALUE *)RARRAY(ary)->as.ary, ptr, VALUE, len);
+            ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, ptr, old_capa);
+
             FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
             ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
-	    ruby_xfree((VALUE *)ptr);
         }
     }
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 static inline void
 ary_shrink_capa(VALUE ary)
 {
     long capacity = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
-    long old_capa = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa;
+    long old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
     assert(old_capa >= capacity);
-    if (old_capa > capacity)
-	REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, capacity);
+    if (old_capa > capacity) ary_heap_realloc(ary, capacity);
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -255,19 +500,21 @@ ary_double_capa(VALUE ary, long min)
     }
     new_capa += min;
     ary_resize_capa(ary, new_capa);
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 static void
-rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared)
+rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    if (shared) {
-	long num = ARY_SHARED_NUM(shared) - 1;
+    if (shared_root) {
+        long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root) - 1;
 	if (num == 0) {
-	    rb_ary_free(shared);
-	    rb_gc_force_recycle(shared);
+            rb_ary_free(shared_root);
+            rb_gc_force_recycle(shared_root);
 	}
 	else if (num > 0) {
-	    ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(shared, num);
+            ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num);
 	}
     }
 }
@@ -275,8 +522,8 @@ rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared)
 static void
 rb_ary_unshare(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE shared = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared;
-    rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
+    VALUE shared_root = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+    rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
     FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
 }
 
@@ -289,65 +536,77 @@ rb_ary_unshare_safe(VALUE ary)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_increment_share(VALUE shared)
+rb_ary_increment_share(VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    long num = ARY_SHARED_NUM(shared);
+    long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root);
     if (num >= 0) {
-	ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(shared, num + 1);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num + 1);
     }
-    return shared;
+    return shared_root;
 }
 
 static void
-rb_ary_set_shared(VALUE ary, VALUE shared)
+rb_ary_set_shared(VALUE ary, VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    rb_ary_increment_share(shared);
+    rb_ary_increment_share(shared_root);
     FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
-    ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, shared);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_create);
+    ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, shared_root);
 }
 
 static inline void
 rb_ary_modify_check(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_check_frozen(ary);
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 void
-rb_ary_modify(VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_cancel_sharing(VALUE ary)
 {
-    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	long shared_len, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
+        long shared_len, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
+
+        ary_verify(shared_root);
+
         if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	    const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+            const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
             FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
             FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
-	    MEMCPY((VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), ptr, VALUE, len);
-            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
+            MEMCPY((VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), ptr, VALUE, len);
+            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
         }
-	else if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(shared) && len > ((shared_len = RARRAY_LEN(shared))>>1)) {
-	    long shift = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared);
-	    FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
-	    ARY_SET_PTR(ary, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared));
-	    ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, shared_len);
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-		MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+shift, VALUE, len);
-	    });
-	    FL_SET_EMBED(shared);
-	    rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
-	}
+        else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root) && len > ((shared_len = RARRAY_LEN(shared_root))>>1)) {
+            long shift = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root);
+            FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
+            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root));
+            ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, shared_len);
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+                MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+shift, VALUE, len);
+            });
+            FL_SET_EMBED(shared_root);
+            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
+        }
         else {
-            VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);
-            MEMCPY(ptr, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, len);
+            MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             rb_ary_unshare(ary);
             ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
             ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
         }
 
-	rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(ary);
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(ary);
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_modify(VALUE ary)
+{
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    rb_ary_cancel_sharing(ary);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -362,11 +621,14 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
     }
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (new_len > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	    VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
-	    if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(shared)) {
-		if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared) + new_len <= RARRAY_LEN(shared)) {
+            VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
+            if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root)) {
+                if (ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root) + new_len <= RARRAY_LEN(shared_root)) {
 		    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-		    return shared;
+
+                    ary_verify(ary);
+                    ary_verify(shared_root);
+                    return shared_root;
 		}
 		else {
 		    /* if array is shared, then it is likely it participate in push/shift pattern */
@@ -375,28 +637,37 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
 		    if (new_len > capa - (capa >> 6)) {
 			ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
 		    }
+                    ary_verify(ary);
 		    return ary;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
+        ary_verify(ary);
+        rb_ary_modify(ary);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     }
-    rb_ary_modify(ary);
     capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
     if (new_len > capa) {
 	ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
     }
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *      ary.freeze -> ary
+ *    array.freeze -> self
  *
- *  Calls Object#freeze on +ary+ to prevent any further
- *  modification. A RuntimeError will be raised if a modification
- *  attempt is made.
+ *  Freezes +self+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = []
+ *    a.frozen? # => false
+ *    a.freeze
+ *    a.frozen? # => true
  *
+ *  An attempt to modify a frozen \Array raises FrozenError.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -405,21 +676,6 @@ rb_ary_freeze(VALUE ary)
     return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.frozen?  -> true or false
- *
- *  Return +true+ if this array is frozen (or temporarily frozen
- *  while being sorted). See also Object#frozen?
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_ary_frozen_p(VALUE ary)
-{
-    if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
 /* This can be used to take a snapshot of an array (with
    e.g. rb_ary_replace) and check later whether the array has been
    modified from the snapshot.  The snapshot is cheap, though if
@@ -432,7 +688,7 @@ rb_ary_shared_with_p(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary1) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary1) &&
 	!ARY_EMBED_P(ary2) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary2) &&
-	RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.aux.shared == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.aux.shared &&
+        RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.aux.shared_root == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.aux.shared_root &&
 	RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.len == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.len) {
 	return Qtrue;
     }
@@ -473,7 +729,7 @@ ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
 
     ary = ary_alloc(klass);
     if (capa > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+        ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
         ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
         ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
@@ -514,12 +770,70 @@ VALUE
     return ary;
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(VALUE klass, long n, const VALUE *elts)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    ary = ary_new(klass, n);
+    if (n > 0 && elts) {
+	ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
+	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_ary_new_from_values(long n, const VALUE *elts)
 {
+    return rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(rb_cArray, n, elts);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ec_ary_alloc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass)
+{
+    RB_EC_NEWOBJ_OF(ec, ary, struct RArray, klass, T_ARRAY | RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
+    /* Created array is:
+     *   FL_SET_EMBED((VALUE)ary);
+     *   ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN((VALUE)ary, 0);
+     */
+    return (VALUE)ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ec_ary_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
+{
+    VALUE ary,*ptr;
+
+    if (capa < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
+    }
+    if (capa > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
+    }
+
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(ARRAY, capa);
+
+    ary = ec_ary_alloc(ec, klass);
+
+    if (capa > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
+        FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
+        ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
+        ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ec_ary_new_from_values(rb_execution_context_t *ec, long n, const VALUE *elts)
+{
     VALUE ary;
 
-    ary = rb_ary_new2(n);
+    ary = ec_ary_new(ec, rb_cArray, n);
     if (n > 0 && elts) {
 	ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
 	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
@@ -531,7 +845,9 @@ rb_ary_new_from_values(long n, const VALUE *elts)
 VALUE
 rb_ary_tmp_new(long capa)
 {
-    return ary_new(0, capa);
+    VALUE ary = ary_new(0, capa);
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
+    return ary;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -540,6 +856,7 @@ rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(long capa)
     VALUE ary = ary_new(0, capa);
     ary_memfill(ary, 0, capa, Qnil);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, capa);
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -547,7 +864,29 @@ void
 rb_ary_free(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary)) {
-	ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+        if (USE_DEBUG_COUNTER &&
+            !ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) &&
+            ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary) > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_extracapa);
+        }
+
+        if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_transient);
+        }
+        else {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_ptr);
+            ary_heap_free(ary);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_embed);
+    }
+
+    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared);
+    }
+    if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) && ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary)) {
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_root_occupied);
     }
 }
 
@@ -555,7 +894,7 @@ RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED size_t
 rb_ary_memsize(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary)) {
-	return RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa * sizeof(VALUE);
+	return ARY_CAPA(ary) * sizeof(VALUE);
     }
     else {
 	return 0;
@@ -567,39 +906,52 @@ ary_discard(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_free(ary);
     RBASIC(ary)->flags |= RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG;
-    RBASIC(ary)->flags &= ~RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK;
+    RBASIC(ary)->flags &= ~(RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK | RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
 {
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
+    ary_verify(ary);
+
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	return ARY_SHARED(ary);
+        return ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
     }
     else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
 	return ary;
     }
     else if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) {
+        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
 	ary_shrink_capa(ary);
 	FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
-	ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(ary, 1);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary, 1);
 	return ary;
     }
     else {
 	long capa = ARY_CAPA(ary), len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        const VALUE *ptr;
 	NEWOBJ_OF(shared, struct RArray, 0, T_ARRAY | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
-        FL_UNSET_EMBED(shared);
+        VALUE vshared = (VALUE)shared;
+
+        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
+        ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
 
-	ARY_SET_LEN((VALUE)shared, capa);
-	ARY_SET_PTR((VALUE)shared, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
-	ary_mem_clear((VALUE)shared, len, capa - len);
-	FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(shared);
-	ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM((VALUE)shared, 1);
+        FL_UNSET_EMBED(vshared);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(vshared, capa);
+        ARY_SET_PTR(vshared, ptr);
+        ary_mem_clear(vshared, len, capa - len);
+        FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(vshared);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(vshared, 1);
 	FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
-	ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, (VALUE)shared);
-	OBJ_FREEZE(shared);
-	return (VALUE)shared;
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_create);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, vshared);
+        OBJ_FREEZE(vshared);
+
+        ary_verify(vshared);
+        ary_verify(ary);
+
+        return vshared;
     }
 }
 
@@ -610,7 +962,7 @@ ary_make_substitution(VALUE ary)
 
     if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
 	VALUE subst = rb_ary_new2(len);
-	ary_memcpy(subst, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+        ary_memcpy(subst, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(subst, len);
         return subst;
     }
@@ -625,35 +977,37 @@ rb_assoc_new(VALUE car, VALUE cdr)
     return rb_ary_new3(2, car, cdr);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-to_ary(VALUE ary)
+VALUE
+rb_to_array_type(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", idTo_ary);
 }
+#define to_ary rb_to_array_type
 
 VALUE
 rb_check_array_type(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_check_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", idTo_ary);
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_check_to_array(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", idTo_a);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Array.try_convert(obj) -> array or nil
+ *    Array.try_convert(object) -> object, new_array, or nil
  *
- *  Tries to convert +obj+ into an array, using +to_ary+ method.  Returns the
- *  converted array or +nil+ if +obj+ cannot be converted for any reason.
- *  This method can be used to check if an argument is an array.
+ *  If +object+ is an \Array object, returns +object+.
  *
- *     Array.try_convert([1])   #=> [1]
- *     Array.try_convert("1")   #=> nil
+ *  Otherwise if +object+ responds to <tt>:to_ary</tt>,
+ *  calls <tt>object.to_ary</tt> and returns the result.
  *
- *     if tmp = Array.try_convert(arg)
- *       # the argument is an array
- *     elsif tmp = String.try_convert(arg)
- *       # the argument is a string
- *     end
+ *  Returns +nil+ if +object+ does not respond to <tt>:to_ary</tt>
  *
+ *  Raises an exception unless <tt>object.to_ary</tt> returns an \Array object.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -664,58 +1018,46 @@ rb_ary_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Array.new(size=0, default=nil)
- *     Array.new(array)
- *     Array.new(size) {|index| block }
- *
- *  Returns a new array.
- *
- *  In the first form, if no arguments are sent, the new array will be empty.
- *  When a +size+ and an optional +default+ are sent, an array is created with
- *  +size+ copies of +default+.  Take notice that all elements will reference the
- *  same object +default+.
- *
- *  The second form creates a copy of the array passed as a parameter (the
- *  array is generated by calling to_ary on the parameter).
- *
- *    first_array = ["Matz", "Guido"]
- *
- *    second_array = Array.new(first_array) #=> ["Matz", "Guido"]
- *
- *    first_array.equal? second_array       #=> false
- *
- *  In the last form, an array of the given size is created.  Each element in
- *  this array is created by passing the element's index to the given block
- *  and storing the return value.
- *
- *    Array.new(3){ |index| index ** 2 }
- *    # => [0, 1, 4]
- *
- *  == Common gotchas
- *
- *  When sending the second parameter, the same object will be used as the
- *  value for all the array elements:
- *
- *     a = Array.new(2, Hash.new)
- *     # => [{}, {}]
- *
- *     a[0]['cat'] = 'feline'
- *     a # => [{"cat"=>"feline"}, {"cat"=>"feline"}]
- *
- *     a[1]['cat'] = 'Felix'
- *     a # => [{"cat"=>"Felix"}, {"cat"=>"Felix"}]
- *
- *  Since all the Array elements store the same hash, changes to one of them
- *  will affect them all.
- *
- *  If multiple copies are what you want, you should use the block
- *  version which uses the result of that block each time an element
- *  of the array needs to be initialized:
- *
- *     a = Array.new(2) { Hash.new }
- *     a[0]['cat'] = 'feline'
- *     a # => [{"cat"=>"feline"}, {}]
- *
+ *    Array.new -> new_empty_array
+ *    Array.new(array) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size, default_value) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size) {|index| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array.
+ *
+ *  With no block and no arguments, returns a new empty \Array object.
+ *
+ *  With no block and a single \Array argument +array+,
+ *  returns a new \Array formed from +array+:
+ *    a = Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2])
+ *    a.class # => Array
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  With no block and a single \Integer argument +size+,
+ *  returns a new \Array of the given size
+ *  whose elements are all +nil+:
+ *    a = Array.new(3)
+ *    a # => [nil, nil, nil]
+ *
+ *  With no block and arguments +size+ and +default_value+,
+ *  returns an \Array of the given size;
+ *  each element is that same +default_value+:
+ *    a = Array.new(3, 'x')
+ *    a # => ['x', 'x', 'x']
+ *
+ *  With a block and argument +size+,
+ *  returns an \Array of the given size;
+ *  the block is called with each successive integer +index+;
+ *  the element for that +index+ is the return value from the block:
+ *    a = Array.new(3) {|index| "Element #{index}" }
+ *    a # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]
+ *
+ *  Raises ArgumentError if +size+ is negative.
+ *
+ *  With a block and no argument,
+ *  or a single argument +0+,
+ *  ignores the block and returns a new empty \Array.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -726,8 +1068,8 @@ rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (argc == 0) {
-	if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary) && RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) != 0) {
-	    ruby_sized_xfree((void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+        if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary) && ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary) != NULL) {
+            ary_heap_free(ary);
 	}
         rb_ary_unshare_safe(ary);
         FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
@@ -778,7 +1120,7 @@ rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 /*
  * Returns a new array populated with the given objects.
  *
- *   Array.[]( 1, 'a', /^A/ ) # => [1, "a", /^A/]
+ *   Array.[]( 1, 'a', /^A/)  # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  *   Array[ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]    # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  *   [ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]         # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  */
@@ -834,7 +1176,7 @@ ary_make_partial(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len)
 
     if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
         VALUE result = ary_alloc(klass);
-	ary_memcpy(result, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) + offset);
+        ary_memcpy(result, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + offset);
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, len);
         return result;
     }
@@ -843,20 +1185,69 @@ ary_make_partial(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len)
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(result);
 
         shared = ary_make_shared(ary);
-        ARY_SET_PTR(result, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+        ARY_SET_PTR(result, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
         ARY_SET_LEN(result, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
         rb_ary_set_shared(result, shared);
 
         ARY_INCREASE_PTR(result, offset);
         ARY_SET_LEN(result, len);
+
+        ary_verify(shared);
+        ary_verify(result);
         return result;
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
+ary_make_partial_step(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len, long step)
+{
+    assert(offset >= 0);
+    assert(len >= 0);
+    assert(offset+len <= RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    assert(step != 0);
+
+    const VALUE *values = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+    const long orig_len = len;
+
+    if ((step > 0 && step >= len) || (step < 0 && (step < -len))) {
+        VALUE result = ary_new(klass, 1);
+        VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(result);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr, values[offset]);
+        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, 1);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    long ustep = (step < 0) ? -step : step;
+    len = (len + ustep - 1) / ustep;
+
+    long i;
+    long j = offset + ((step > 0) ? 0 : (orig_len - 1));
+    VALUE result = ary_new(klass, len);
+    if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(result);
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr+i, values[j]);
+            j += step;
+        }
+        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, len);
+    }
+    else {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(result, ptr, {
+            for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr+i, values[j]);
+                j += step;
+            }
+        });
+        ARY_SET_LEN(result, len);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
 ary_make_shared_copy(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_obj_class(ary), 0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_cArray, 0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
 }
 
 enum ary_take_pos_flags
@@ -868,13 +1259,17 @@ enum ary_take_pos_flags
 static VALUE
 ary_take_first_or_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary, enum ary_take_pos_flags last)
 {
-    VALUE nv;
     long n;
     long len;
     long offset = 0;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
-    n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    /* the case optional argument is omitted should be handled in
+     * callers of this function.  if another arity case is added,
+     * this arity check needs to rewrite. */
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(argc == 1);
+
+    n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (n > len) {
 	n = len;
@@ -890,26 +1285,28 @@ ary_take_first_or_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary, enum ary_take_pos
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary << obj            -> ary
+ *    array << object -> self
  *
- *  Append---Pushes the given object on to the end of this array. This
- *  expression returns the array itself, so several appends
- *  may be chained together.
- *
- *     [ 1, 2 ] << "c" << "d" << [ 3, 4 ]
- *             #=>  [ 1, 2, "c", "d", [ 3, 4 ] ]
+ *  Appends +object+ to +self+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]
  *
+ *  Appends +object+ as one element, even if it is another \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a << [3, 4]
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [3, 4]]
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
 {
-    long idx = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    long idx = RARRAY_LEN((ary_verify(ary), ary));
     VALUE target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, 1);
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	RB_OBJ_WRITE(target_ary, &ptr[idx], item);
     });
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -925,18 +1322,22 @@ rb_ary_cat(VALUE ary, const VALUE *argv, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.push(obj, ... )   -> ary
- *
- *  Append --- Pushes the given object(s) on to the end of this array. This
- *  expression returns the array itself, so several appends
- *  may be chained together. See also Array#pop for the opposite
- *  effect.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.push("d", "e", "f")
- *             #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]
- *     [1, 2, 3,].push(4).push(5)
- *             #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    array.push(*objects) -> self
+ *
+ *  Appends trailing elements.
+ *
+ *  Appends each argument in +objects+ to +self+;  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.push(:baz, :bat) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]
+ *
+ *  Appends each argument as one element, even if it is another \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.push([:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad])
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]]
+ *
+ *  Array#append is an alias for \Array#push.
+ *
+ *  Related: #pop, #shift, #unshift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -960,25 +1361,36 @@ rb_ary_pop(VALUE ary)
     }
     --n;
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return RARRAY_AREF(ary, n);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.pop    -> obj or nil
- *     ary.pop(n) -> new_ary
+ *    array.pop -> object or nil
+ *    array.pop(n) -> new_array
  *
- *  Removes the last element from +self+ and returns it, or
- *  +nil+ if the array is empty.
+ *  Removes and returns trailing elements.
  *
- *  If a number +n+ is given, returns an array of the last +n+ elements
- *  (or less) just like <code>array.slice!(-n, n)</code> does. See also
- *  Array#push for the opposite effect.
+ *  When no argument is given and +self+ is not empty,
+ *  removes and returns the last element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.pop # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar"]
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.pop     #=> "d"
- *     a.pop(2)  #=> ["b", "c"]
- *     a         #=> ["a"]
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the array is empty.
+ *
+ *  When a non-negative \Integer argument +n+ is given and is in range,
+ *  removes and returns the last +n+ elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.pop(2) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is positive and out of range,
+ *  removes and returns all elements:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.pop(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Related: #push, #shift, #unshift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -993,6 +1405,7 @@ rb_ary_pop_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_LAST);
     ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -RARRAY_LEN(result));
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -1007,10 +1420,11 @@ rb_ary_shift(VALUE ary)
     top = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
     if (!ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (len < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 		MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+1, VALUE, len-1);
 	    }); /* WB: no new reference */
             ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -1);
+            ary_verify(ary);
 	    return top;
 	}
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); /* ARY_EMBED_LEN_MAX < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE */
@@ -1018,36 +1432,45 @@ rb_ary_shift(VALUE ary)
 	ARY_SET(ary, 0, Qnil);
 	ary_make_shared(ary);
     }
-    else if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED(ary))) {
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, ptr[0] = Qnil);
+    else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary))) {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, ptr[0] = Qnil);
     }
     ARY_INCREASE_PTR(ary, 1);		/* shift ptr */
     ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -1);
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
+
     return top;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.shift    -> obj or nil
- *     ary.shift(n) -> new_ary
+ *     array.shift -> object or nil
+ *     array.shift(n) -> new_array
  *
- *  Removes the first element of +self+ and returns it (shifting all
- *  other elements down by one). Returns +nil+ if the array
- *  is empty.
+ *  Removes and returns leading elements.
  *
- *  If a number +n+ is given, returns an array of the first +n+ elements
- *  (or less) just like <code>array.slice!(0, n)</code> does. With +ary+
- *  containing only the remainder elements, not including what was shifted to
- *  +new_ary+. See also Array#unshift for the opposite effect.
+ *  When no argument is given, removes and returns the first element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.shift # => :foo
+ *    a # => ['bar', 2]
  *
- *     args = [ "-m", "-q", "filename" ]
- *     args.shift     #=> "-m"
- *     args           #=> ["-q", "filename"]
+ *  Returns +nil+ if +self+ is empty.
  *
- *     args = [ "-m", "-q", "filename" ]
- *     args.shift(2)  #=> ["-m", "-q"]
- *     args           #=> ["filename"]
+ *  When positive \Integer argument +n+ is given, removes the first +n+ elements;
+ *  returns those elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.shift(2) # => [:foo, 'bar']
+ *    a # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is as large as or larger than <tt>self.length</tt>,
+ *  removes all elements; returns those elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.shift(3) # => [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is zero, returns a new empty \Array; +self+ is unmodified.
+ *
+ *  Related: #push, #pop, #unshift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1063,51 +1486,80 @@ rb_ary_shift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_FIRST);
     n = RARRAY_LEN(result);
-    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED(ary))) {
-	  setup_occupied_shared:
-	    ary_mem_clear(ary, 0, n);
-	}
-        ARY_INCREASE_PTR(ary, n);
+    rb_ary_behead(ary,n);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+behead_shared(VALUE ary, long n)
+{
+    assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary))) {
+        ary_mem_clear(ary, 0, n);
+    }
+    ARY_INCREASE_PTR(ary, n);
+    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -n);
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+behead_transient(VALUE ary, long n)
+{
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+        MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+n, VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(ary)-n);
+    }); /* WB: no new reference */
+    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -n);
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_ary_behead(VALUE ary, long n)
+{
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        return ary;
+    }
+    else if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        return behead_shared(ary, n);
+    }
+    else if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) >= ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
+        ary_make_shared(ary);
+        return behead_shared(ary, n);
     }
     else {
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-		MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+n, VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(ary)-n);
-	    }); /* WB: no new reference */
-	}
-	else {
-	    ary_make_shared(ary);
-	    goto setup_occupied_shared;
-	}
+        return behead_transient(ary, n);
     }
-    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -n);
+}
 
-    return result;
+static VALUE
+make_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, const VALUE *head, VALUE *sharedp, int argc, long capa, long len)
+{
+    if (head - sharedp < argc) {
+        long room = capa - len - argc;
+
+        room -= room >> 4;
+        MEMMOVE((VALUE *)sharedp + argc + room, head, VALUE, len);
+        head = sharedp + argc + room;
+    }
+    ARY_SET_PTR(ary, head - argc);
+    assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary)));
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
+ary_modify_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
 {
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     long new_len = len + argc;
     long capa;
     const VALUE *head, *sharedp;
 
-    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
-    }
-
-    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
-	capa = RARRAY_LEN(shared);
-	if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(shared) && capa > new_len) {
-	    head = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-	    sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared);
-	    goto makeroom_if_need;
-	}
-    }
-
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
     if (capa - (capa >> 6) <= new_len) {
@@ -1116,45 +1568,69 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
 
     /* use shared array for big "queues" */
     if (new_len > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 4) {
-	/* make a room for unshifted items */
+        ary_verify(ary);
+
+        /* make a room for unshifted items */
 	capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
 	ary_make_shared(ary);
 
-	head = sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-	goto makeroom;
-      makeroom_if_need:
-	if (head - sharedp < argc) {
-	    long room;
-	  makeroom:
-	    room = capa - new_len;
-	    room -= room >> 4;
-	    MEMMOVE((VALUE *)sharedp + argc + room, head, VALUE, len);
-	    head = sharedp + argc + room;
-	}
-	ARY_SET_PTR(ary, head - argc);
-	assert(ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED(ary)));
-	return ARY_SHARED(ary);
+        head = sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+        return make_room_for_unshift(ary, head, (void *)sharedp, argc, capa, len);
     }
     else {
 	/* sliding items */
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	    MEMMOVE(ptr + argc, ptr, VALUE, len);
 	});
 
+        ary_verify(ary);
 	return ary;
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
+{
+    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    long new_len = len + argc;
+
+    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
+    }
+    else if (! ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        return ary_modify_for_unshift(ary, argc);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
+        long capa = RARRAY_LEN(shared_root);
+
+        if (! ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root)) {
+            return ary_modify_for_unshift(ary, argc);
+        }
+        else if (new_len > capa) {
+            return ary_modify_for_unshift(ary, argc);
+        }
+        else {
+            const VALUE * head = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+            void *sharedp = (void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root);
+
+            rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+            return make_room_for_unshift(ary, head, sharedp, argc, capa, len);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.unshift(obj, ...)  -> ary
+ *    array.unshift(*objects) -> self
  *
- *  Prepends objects to the front of +self+, moving other elements upwards.
- *  See also Array#shift for the opposite effect.
+ *  Prepends the given +objects+ to +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.unshift(:bam, :bat) # => [:bam, :bat, :foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *     a = [ "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.unshift("a")   #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *     a.unshift(1, 2)  #=> [ 1, 2, "a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *  Array#prepend is an alias for Array#unshift.
+ *
+ *  Related: #push, #pop, #shift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1195,14 +1671,11 @@ rb_ary_elt(VALUE ary, long offset)
 VALUE
 rb_ary_entry(VALUE ary, long offset)
 {
-    if (offset < 0) {
-	offset += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    }
-    return rb_ary_elt(ary, offset);
+    return rb_ary_entry_internal(ary, offset);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_ary_subseq(VALUE ary, long beg, long len)
+rb_ary_subseq_step(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, long step)
 {
     VALUE klass;
     long alen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
@@ -1213,93 +1686,169 @@ rb_ary_subseq(VALUE ary, long beg, long len)
     if (alen < len || alen < beg + len) {
 	len = alen - beg;
     }
-    klass = rb_obj_class(ary);
+    klass = rb_cArray;
     if (len == 0) return ary_new(klass, 0);
+    if (step == 0)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "slice step cannot be zero");
+    if (step == 1)
+        return ary_make_partial(ary, klass, beg, len);
+    else
+        return ary_make_partial_step(ary, klass, beg, len, step);
+}
 
-    return ary_make_partial(ary, klass, beg, len);
+VALUE
+rb_ary_subseq(VALUE ary, long beg, long len)
+{
+    return rb_ary_subseq_step(ary, beg, len, 1);
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary[index]                -> obj     or nil
- *     ary[start, length]        -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary[range]                -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary.slice(index)          -> obj     or nil
- *     ary.slice(start, length)  -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary.slice(range)          -> new_ary or nil
- *
- *  Element Reference --- Returns the element at +index+, or returns a
- *  subarray starting at the +start+ index and continuing for +length+
- *  elements, or returns a subarray specified by +range+ of indices.
- *
- *  Negative indices count backward from the end of the array (-1 is the last
- *  element).  For +start+ and +range+ cases the starting index is just before
- *  an element.  Additionally, an empty array is returned when the starting
- *  index for an element range is at the end of the array.
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if the index (or starting index) are out of range.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a[2] +  a[0] + a[1]    #=> "cab"
- *     a[6]                   #=> nil
- *     a[1, 2]                #=> [ "b", "c" ]
- *     a[1..3]                #=> [ "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a[4..7]                #=> [ "e" ]
- *     a[6..10]               #=> nil
- *     a[-3, 3]               #=> [ "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     # special cases
- *     a[5]                   #=> nil
- *     a[6, 1]                #=> nil
- *     a[5, 1]                #=> []
- *     a[5..10]               #=> []
- *
+ *    array[index] -> object or nil
+ *    array[start, length] -> object or nil
+ *    array[range] -> object or nil
+ *    array[aseq] -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(index) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(start, length) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(range) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(aseq) -> object or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  When a single \Integer argument +index+ is given, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0] # => :foo
+ *    a[2] # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts relative to the end of +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-1] # => 2
+ *    a[-2] # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When two \Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given,
+ *  returns a new \Array of size +length+ containing successive elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0, 2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a[1, 2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start + length</tt> is greater than <tt>self.length</tt>,
+ *  returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a[1, 3] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a[2, 2] # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start == self.size</tt> and <tt>length >= 0</tt>,
+ *  returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When a single \Range argument +range+ is given,
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above
+ *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0..1] # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a[1..2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Special case: If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, calculates the end index from the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0..-1] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a[0..-3] # => [:foo]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is negative, calculates the start index from the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-1..2] # => [2]
+ *    a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a[-3..2] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than the array size, returns +nil+.
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[4..1] # => nil
+ *    a[4..0] # => nil
+ *    a[4..-1] # => nil
+ *
+ *  When a single Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence argument +aseq+ is given,
+ *  returns an Array of elements corresponding to the indexes produced by
+ *  the sequence.
+ *    a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
+ *    a[(1..).step(2)] # => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]
+ *
+ *  Unlike slicing with range, if the start or the end of the arithmetic sequence
+ *  is larger than array size, throws RangeError.
+ *    a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
+ *    a[(1..11).step(2)]
+ *    # RangeError (((1..11).step(2)) out of range)
+ *    a[(7..).step(2)]
+ *    # RangeError (((7..).step(2)) out of range)
+ *
+ *  If given a single argument, and its type is not one of the listed, tries to
+ *  convert it to Integer, and raises if it is impossible:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into Integer):
+ *    a[:foo]
+ *
+ *  Array#slice is an alias for Array#[].
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE arg;
-    long beg, len;
-
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     if (argc == 2) {
-	beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
-	if (beg < 0) {
-	    beg += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	}
-	return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
+	return rb_ary_aref2(ary, argv[0], argv[1]);
     }
-    if (argc != 1) {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", NULL, NULL);
+    return rb_ary_aref1(ary, argv[0]);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e)
+{
+    long beg = NUM2LONG(b);
+    long len = NUM2LONG(e);
+    if (beg < 0) {
+	beg += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
-    arg = argv[0];
+    return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_ary_aref1(VALUE ary, VALUE arg)
+{
+    long beg, len, step;
+
     /* special case - speeding up */
     if (FIXNUM_P(arg)) {
 	return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(arg));
     }
-    /* check if idx is Range */
-    switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg, &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
+    /* check if idx is Range or ArithmeticSequence */
+    switch (rb_arithmetic_sequence_beg_len_step(arg, &beg, &len, &step, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
       case Qfalse:
-	break;
+        break;
       case Qnil:
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
       default:
-	return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
+        return rb_ary_subseq_step(ary, beg, len, step);
     }
+
     return rb_ary_entry(ary, NUM2LONG(arg));
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.at(index)   ->   obj  or nil
- *
- *  Returns the element at +index+. A negative index counts from the end of
- *  +self+. Returns +nil+ if the index is out of range. See also
- *  Array#[].
+ *    array.at(index) -> object
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a.at(0)     #=> "a"
- *     a.at(-1)    #=> "e"
+ *  Returns the element at \Integer offset +index+; does not modify +self+.
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.at(0) # => :foo
+ *    a.at(2) # => 2
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1310,19 +1859,33 @@ rb_ary_at(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.first     ->   obj or nil
- *     ary.first(n)  ->   new_ary
+ *    array.first -> object or nil
+ *    array.first(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given, returns the first element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first # => :foo
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When non-negative \Integer argument +n+ is given,
+ *  returns the first +n+ elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first(2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>n >= array.size</tt>, returns all elements:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  Returns the first element, or the first +n+ elements, of the array.
- *  If the array is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the
- *  second form returns an empty array. See also Array#last for
- *  the opposite effect.
+ *  If <tt>n == 0</tt> returns an new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first(0) # []
  *
- *     a = [ "q", "r", "s", "t" ]
- *     a.first     #=> "q"
- *     a.first(2)  #=> ["q", "r"]
+ *  Related: #last.
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -1337,17 +1900,32 @@ rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.last     ->  obj or nil
- *     ary.last(n)  ->  new_ary
+ *    array.last  -> object or nil
+ *    array.last(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from +self+; +self+ is not modified.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given, returns the last element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When non-negative \Innteger argument +n+ is given,
+ *  returns the last +n+ elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last(2) # => ["bar", 2]
  *
- *  Returns the last element(s) of +self+. If the array is empty,
- *  the first form returns +nil+.
+ *  If <tt>n >= array.size</tt>, returns all elements:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  See also Array#first for the opposite effect.
+ *  If <tt>n == 0</tt>, returns an new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last(0) # []
  *
- *     a = [ "w", "x", "y", "z" ]
- *     a.last     #=> "z"
- *     a.last(2)  #=> ["y", "z"]
+ *  Related: #first.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1365,25 +1943,35 @@ rb_ary_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.fetch(index)                    -> obj
- *     ary.fetch(index, default)           -> obj
- *     ary.fetch(index) { |index| block }  -> obj
- *
- *  Tries to return the element at position +index+, but throws an IndexError
- *  exception if the referenced +index+ lies outside of the array bounds.  This
- *  error can be prevented by supplying a second argument, which will act as a
- *  +default+ value.
- *
- *  Alternatively, if a block is given it will only be executed when an
- *  invalid +index+ is referenced.  Negative values of +index+ count from the
- *  end of the array.
- *
- *     a = [ 11, 22, 33, 44 ]
- *     a.fetch(1)               #=> 22
- *     a.fetch(-1)              #=> 44
- *     a.fetch(4, 'cat')        #=> "cat"
- *     a.fetch(100) { |i| puts "#{i} is out of bounds" }
- *                              #=> "100 is out of bounds"
+ *    array.fetch(index) -> element
+ *    array.fetch(index, default_value) -> element
+ *    array.fetch(index) {|index| ... } -> element
+ *
+ *  Returns the element at offset  +index+.
+ *
+ *  With the single \Integer argument +index+,
+ *  returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(1) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(-1) # => 2
+ *    a.fetch(-2) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  With arguments +index+ and +default_value+,
+ *  returns the element at offset +index+ if index is in range,
+ *  otherwise returns +default_value+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(1, nil) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  With argument +index+ and a block,
+ *  returns the element at offset +index+ if index is in range
+ *  (and the block is not called); otherwise calls the block with index and returns its return value:
+ *
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(1) {|index| raise 'Cannot happen' } # => "bar"
+ *    a.fetch(50) {|index| "Value for #{index}" } # => "Value for 50"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1416,36 +2004,44 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.find_index(obj)             ->  int or nil
- *     ary.find_index { |item| block } ->  int or nil
- *     ary.find_index                  ->  Enumerator
- *     ary.index(obj)             ->  int or nil
- *     ary.index { |item| block } ->  int or nil
- *     ary.index                  ->  Enumerator
+ *    array.index(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    array.index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    array.index -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Returns the _index_ of the first object in +ary+ such that the object is
- *  <code>==</code> to +obj+.
+ *  Returns the index of a specified element.
  *
- *  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
- *  first object for which the block returns +true+.  Returns +nil+ if no
- *  match is found.
+ *  When argument +object+ is given but no block,
+ *  returns the index of the first element +element+
+ *  for which <tt>object == element</tt>:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.index('bar') # => 1
  *
- *  See also Array#rindex.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such element found.
  *
- *  An Enumerator is returned if neither a block nor argument is given.
+ *  When both argument +object+ and a block are given,
+ *  calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  returns the index of the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.index {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.index("b")              #=> 1
- *     a.index("z")              #=> nil
- *     a.index { |x| x == "b" }  #=> 1
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the block never returns a truthy value.
+ *
+ *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.index
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:index>
+ *    e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1
+ *
+ *  Array#find_index is an alias for Array#index.
+ *
+ *  Related: #rindex.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    const VALUE *ptr;
     VALUE val;
-    long i, len;
+    long i;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
 	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
@@ -1460,52 +2056,49 @@ rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     val = argv[0];
     if (rb_block_given_p())
 	rb_warn("given block not used");
-    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	VALUE e = ptr[i];
-	switch (rb_equal_opt(e, val)) {
-	  case Qundef:
-	    if (!rb_equal(e, val)) break;
-	  case Qtrue:
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
 	    return LONG2NUM(i);
-	  case Qfalse:
-	    continue;
 	}
-	len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rindex(obj)             ->  int or nil
- *     ary.rindex { |item| block } ->  int or nil
- *     ary.rindex                  ->  Enumerator
+ *    array.rindex(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    array.rindex {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    array.rindex -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the index of the last element for which <tt>object == element</tt>.
  *
- *  Returns the _index_ of the last object in +self+ <code>==</code> to +obj+.
+ *  When argument +object+ is given but no block, returns the index of the last such element found:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.rindex('bar') # => 3
  *
- *  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
- *  first object for which the block returns +true+, starting from the last
- *  object.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such object found.
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no match is found.
+ *  When a block is given but no argument, calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  returns the index of the last element for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.rindex {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3
  *
- *  See also Array#index.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the block never returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  If neither block nor argument is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new \Enumerator:
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.rindex("b")             #=> 3
- *     a.rindex("z")             #=> nil
- *     a.rindex { |x| x == "b" } #=> 3
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    e = a.rindex
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, "bar"]:rindex>
+ *    e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3
+ *
+ *  Related: #index.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    const VALUE *ptr;
     VALUE val;
     long i = RARRAY_LEN(ary), len;
 
@@ -1524,21 +2117,14 @@ rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     val = argv[0];
     if (rb_block_given_p())
 	rb_warn("given block not used");
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
     while (i--) {
-	VALUE e = ptr[i];
-	switch (rb_equal_opt(e, val)) {
-	  case Qundef:
-	    if (!rb_equal(e, val)) break;
-	  case Qtrue:
+	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
 	    return LONG2NUM(i);
-	  case Qfalse:
-	    continue;
-	}
-	if (i > (len = RARRAY_LEN(ary))) {
-	    i = len;
 	}
-	ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+        if (i > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+            break;
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1553,10 +2139,10 @@ rb_ary_to_ary(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static void
-rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE rpl)
+rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, const VALUE *rptr, long rlen)
 {
-    long rlen;
     long olen;
+    long rofs;
 
     if (len < 0) rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "negative length (%ld)", len);
     olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
@@ -1571,14 +2157,11 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE rpl)
 	len = olen - beg;
     }
 
-    if (rpl == Qundef) {
-	rlen = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	rpl = rb_ary_to_ary(rpl);
-	rlen = RARRAY_LEN(rpl);
-	olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);	/* ary may be resized in rpl.to_ary too */
+    {
+        const VALUE *optr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+	rofs = (rptr >= optr && rptr < optr + olen) ? rptr - optr : -1;
     }
+
     if (beg >= olen) {
 	VALUE target_ary;
 	if (beg > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
@@ -1588,7 +2171,8 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE rpl)
 	len = beg + rlen;
 	ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, beg - olen);
 	if (rlen > 0) {
-	    ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, rlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(rpl), target_ary);
+            if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + rofs;
+	    ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, rlen, rptr, target_ary);
 	}
 	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
     }
@@ -1605,16 +2189,23 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE rpl)
 	}
 
 	if (len != rlen) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr,
-			   MEMMOVE(ptr + beg + rlen, ptr + beg + len,
-				   VALUE, olen - (beg + len)));
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
+                                     MEMMOVE(ptr + beg + rlen, ptr + beg + len,
+                                             VALUE, olen - (beg + len)));
 	    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, alen);
 	}
 	if (rlen > 0) {
-	    MEMMOVE(RARRAY_PTR(ary) + beg, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(rpl), VALUE, rlen);
+            if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + rofs;
+            /* give up wb-protected ary */
+            RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(ARRAY, ary);
+
+            /* do not use RARRAY_PTR() because it can causes GC.
+             * ary can contain T_NONE object because it is not cleared.
+             */
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
+                                     MEMMOVE(ptr + beg, rptr, VALUE, rlen));
 	}
     }
-    RB_GC_GUARD(rpl);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1670,47 +2261,128 @@ rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len)
     }
     else {
 	if (olen > len + ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, len, RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa);
+            ary_heap_realloc(ary, len);
 	    ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
 	}
 	ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(VALUE ary, long key, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_ary_store(ary, key, val);
+    return val;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
+{
+    VALUE rpl = rb_ary_to_ary(val);
+    rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(rpl), RARRAY_LEN(rpl));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(rpl);
+    return val;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary[index]         = obj                      ->  obj
- *     ary[start, length] = obj or other_ary or nil  ->  obj or other_ary or nil
- *     ary[range]         = obj or other_ary or nil  ->  obj or other_ary or nil
- *
- *  Element Assignment --- Sets the element at +index+, or replaces a subarray
- *  from the +start+ index for +length+ elements, or replaces a subarray
- *  specified by the +range+ of indices.
- *
- *  If indices are greater than the current capacity of the array, the array
- *  grows automatically.  Elements are inserted into the array at +start+ if
- *  +length+ is zero.
- *
- *  Negative indices will count backward from the end of the array.  For
- *  +start+ and +range+ cases the starting index is just before an element.
- *
- *  An IndexError is raised if a negative index points past the beginning of
- *  the array.
- *
- *  See also Array#push, and Array#unshift.
- *
- *     a = Array.new
- *     a[4] = "4";                 #=> [nil, nil, nil, nil, "4"]
- *     a[0, 3] = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ] #=> ["a", "b", "c", nil, "4"]
- *     a[1..2] = [ 1, 2 ]          #=> ["a", 1, 2, nil, "4"]
- *     a[0, 2] = "?"               #=> ["?", 2, nil, "4"]
- *     a[0..2] = "A"               #=> ["A", "4"]
- *     a[-1]   = "Z"               #=> ["A", "Z"]
- *     a[1..-1] = nil              #=> ["A", nil]
- *     a[1..-1] = []               #=> ["A"]
- *     a[0, 0] = [ 1, 2 ]          #=> [1, 2, "A"]
- *     a[3, 0] = "B"               #=> [1, 2, "A", "B"]
+ *    array[index] = object -> object
+ *    array[start, length] = object -> object
+ *    array[range] = object -> object
+ *
+ *  Assigns elements in +self+; returns the given +object+.
+ *
+ *  When \Integer argument +index+ is given, assigns +object+ to an element in +self+.
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is non-negative, assigns +object+ the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => ["foo", "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is greater than <tt>self.length</tt>, extends the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-1] = 'two' # => "two"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", "two"]
+ *
+ *  When \Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given and +object+ is not an \Array,
+ *  removes <tt>length - 1</tt> elements beginning at offset +start+,
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => ["foo", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-2, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is non-negative and outside the array (<tt> >= self.size</tt>),
+ *  extends the array with +nil+, assigns +object+ at offset +start+,
+ *  and ignores +length+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero, shifts elements at and following offset +start+
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1, 0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is too large for the existing array, does not extend the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1, 5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  When \Range argument +range+ is given and +object+ is an \Array,
+ *  removes <tt>length - 1</tt> elements beginning at offset +start+,
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => ["foo", 2]
+ *
+ *  if <tt>range.begin</tt> is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-2..2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If the array length is less than <tt>range.begin</tt>,
+ *  assigns +object+ at offset <tt>range.begin</tt>, and ignores +length+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[6..50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is zero, shifts elements at and following offset +start+
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, assigns +object+ at offset +start+,
+ *  retains <tt>range.end.abs -1</tt> elements past that, and removes those beyond:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..-1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..-2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", 2]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..-3] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is too large for the existing array,
+ *  replaces array elements, but does not extend the array with +nil+ values:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1718,45 +2390,55 @@ rb_ary_aset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long offset, beg, len;
 
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (argc == 3) {
-	rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
 	beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
 	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
-	rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[2]);
-	return argv[2];
+        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[2]);
     }
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 2);
-    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
 	offset = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
-	goto fixnum;
+        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
     }
     if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[0], &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
 	/* check if idx is Range */
-	rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[1]);
-	return argv[1];
+        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[1]);
     }
 
     offset = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-fixnum:
-    rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
-    return argv[1];
+    return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.insert(index, obj...)  -> ary
- *
- *  Inserts the given values before the element with the given +index+.
+ *    array.insert(index, *objects) -> self
  *
- *  Negative indices count backwards from the end of the array, where +-1+ is
- *  the last element. If a negative index is used, the given values will be
- *  inserted after that element, so using an index of +-1+ will insert the
- *  values at the end of the array.
+ *  Inserts given +objects+ before or after the element at \Integer index +offset+;
+ *  returns +self+.
  *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d }
- *     a.insert(2, 99)         #=> ["a", "b", 99, "c", "d"]
- *     a.insert(-2, 1, 2, 3)   #=> ["a", "b", 99, "c", 1, 2, 3, "d"]
+ *  When +index+ is non-negative, inserts all given +objects+
+ *  before the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(1, :bat, :bam) # => [:foo, :bat, :bam, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Extends the array if +index+ is beyond the array (<tt>index >= self.size</tt>):
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(5, :bat, :bam)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, :bat, :bam]
+ *
+ *  Does nothing if no objects given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(1)
+ *    a.insert(50)
+ *    a.insert(-50)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  When +index+ is negative, inserts all given +objects+
+ *  _after_ the element at offset <tt>index+self.size</tt>:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(-2, :bat, :bam)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", :bat, :bam, 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1766,15 +2448,20 @@ rb_ary_insert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-    if (argc == 1) return ary;
     pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+    if (argc == 1) return ary;
     if (pos == -1) {
 	pos = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
-    if (pos < 0) {
+    else if (pos < 0) {
+	long minpos = -RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
+	if (pos < minpos) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
+		     pos, minpos);
+	}
 	pos++;
     }
-    rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, 0, rb_ary_new4(argc - 1, argv + 1));
+    rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, 0, argv + 1, argc - 1);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -1789,27 +2476,48 @@ ary_enum_length(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.each { |item| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.each                   -> Enumerator
+ *    array.each {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.each -> Enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the given block once for each element in +self+, passing that element
- *  as a parameter.  Returns the array itself.
+ *  Iterates over array elements.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+ *  When a block given, passes each successive array element to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.each {|x| print x, " -- " }
+ *  Output:
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *    String bar
+ *    Integer 2
  *
- *  produces:
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
  *
- *     a -- b -- c --
+ *  Output:
+ *    foo
+ *    bar
+ *
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.each
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each>
+ *    a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *    String bar
+ *    Integer 2
+ *
+ *  Related: #each_index, #reverse_each.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
 {
     long i;
-
+    ary_verify(ary);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
@@ -1819,20 +2527,41 @@ rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.each_index { |index| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.each_index                    -> Enumerator
+ *    array.each_index {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.each_index -> Enumerator
+ *
+ *  Iterates over array indexes.
  *
- *  Same as Array#each, but passes the +index+ of the element instead of the
- *  element itself.
+ *  When a block given, passes each successive array index to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each_index {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}" }
  *
- *  An Enumerator is returned if no block is given.
+ *  Output:
+ *    0 foo
+ *    1 bar
+ *    2 2
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.each_index {|x| print x, " -- " }
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each_index {|index| puts index; a.clear if index > 0 }
  *
- *  produces:
+ *  Output:
+ *    0
+ *    1
  *
- *     0 -- 1 -- 2 --
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.each_index
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each_index>
+ *    a1 = e.each {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}"}
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    0 foo
+ *    1 bar
+ *    2 2
+ *
+ *  Related: #each, #reverse_each.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1849,17 +2578,40 @@ rb_ary_each_index(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reverse_each { |item| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.reverse_each                   -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Same as Array#each, but traverses +self+ in reverse order.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.reverse_each {|x| print x, " " }
- *
- *  produces:
- *
- *     c b a
+ *    array.reverse_each {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.reverse_each -> Enumerator
+ *
+ *  Iterates backwards over array elements.
+ *
+ *  When a block given, passes, in reverse order, each element to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.reverse_each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    Integer 2
+ *    String bar
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.reverse_each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    2
+ *    bar
+ *
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.reverse_each
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reverse_each>
+ *    a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+ *  Output:
+ *    Integer 2
+ *    String bar
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *
+ *  Related: #each, #each_index.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1882,12 +2634,9 @@ rb_ary_reverse_each(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.length -> int
- *
- *  Returns the number of elements in +self+. May be zero.
+ *    array.length -> an_integer
  *
- *     [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ].length   #=> 5
- *     [].length                  #=> 0
+ *  Returns the count of elements in +self+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1899,11 +2648,10 @@ rb_ary_length(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.empty?   -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ contains no elements.
+ *    array.empty?  -> true or false
  *
- *     [].empty?   #=> true
+ *  Returns +true+ if the count of elements in +self+ is zero,
+ *  +false+ otherwise.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1919,15 +2667,18 @@ rb_ary_dup(VALUE ary)
 {
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(len);
-    ary_memcpy(dup, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+    ary_memcpy(dup, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
     ARY_SET_LEN(dup, len);
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    ary_verify(dup);
     return dup;
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_resurrect(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_ary_new4(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+    return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_cArray, 0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
 }
 
 extern VALUE rb_output_fs;
@@ -1952,7 +2703,7 @@ recursive_join(VALUE obj, VALUE argp, int recur)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static void
+static long
 ary_join_0(VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long max, VALUE result)
 {
     long i;
@@ -1961,10 +2712,39 @@ ary_join_0(VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long max, VALUE result)
     if (max > 0) rb_enc_copy(result, RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0));
     for (i=0; i<max; i++) {
 	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) break;
 	if (i > 0 && !NIL_P(sep))
 	    rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
 	rb_str_buf_append(result, val);
-	if (OBJ_TAINTED(val)) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+static void
+ary_join_1_str(VALUE dst, VALUE src, int *first)
+{
+    rb_str_buf_append(dst, src);
+    if (*first) {
+        rb_enc_copy(dst, src);
+        *first = FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ary_join_1_ary(VALUE obj, VALUE ary, VALUE sep, VALUE result, VALUE val, int *first)
+{
+    if (val == ary) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array join");
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE args[4];
+
+        *first = FALSE;
+        args[0] = val;
+        args[1] = sep;
+        args[2] = result;
+        args[3] = (VALUE)first;
+        rb_exec_recursive(recursive_join, obj, (VALUE)args);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1979,44 +2759,19 @@ ary_join_1(VALUE obj, VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long i, VALUE result, int *first)
 
 	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
-	  str_join:
-	    rb_str_buf_append(result, val);
-	    *first = FALSE;
+            ary_join_1_str(result, val, first);
 	}
 	else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_ARRAY)) {
-	    obj = val;
-	  ary_join:
-	    if (val == ary) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array join");
-	    }
-	    else {
-		VALUE args[4];
-
-		args[0] = val;
-		args[1] = sep;
-		args[2] = result;
-		args[3] = (VALUE)first;
-		rb_exec_recursive(recursive_join, obj, (VALUE)args);
-	    }
+            ary_join_1_ary(val, ary, sep, result, val, first);
 	}
-	else {
-	    tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
-	    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-		val = tmp;
-		goto str_join;
-	    }
-	    tmp = rb_check_convert_type(val, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-	    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-		obj = val;
-		val = tmp;
-		goto ary_join;
-	    }
-	    val = rb_obj_as_string(val);
-	    if (*first) {
-		rb_enc_copy(result, val);
-		*first = FALSE;
-	    }
-	    goto str_join;
+        else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_string_type(val))) {
+            ary_join_1_str(result, tmp, first);
+        }
+        else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_array_type(val))) {
+            ary_join_1_ary(val, ary, sep, result, tmp, first);
+        }
+        else {
+            ary_join_1_str(result, rb_obj_as_string(val), first);
 	}
     }
 }
@@ -2025,11 +2780,9 @@ VALUE
 rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 {
     long len = 1, i;
-    int taint = FALSE;
     VALUE val, tmp, result;
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return rb_usascii_str_new(0, 0);
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(ary)) taint = TRUE;
 
     if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
 	StringValue(sep);
@@ -2041,10 +2794,11 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 
 	if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
 	    int first;
-	    result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (RARRAY_LEN(ary)-i)*10);
+            long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+            if (i > n) i = n;
+            result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
 	    rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
-	    if (taint) OBJ_TAINT(result);
-	    ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
+            i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
 	    first = i == 0;
 	    ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
 	    return result;
@@ -2053,8 +2807,9 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 	len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     }
 
-    result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-    if (taint) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+    result = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    rb_str_set_len(result, 0);
+
     ary_join_0(ary, sep, RARRAY_LEN(ary), result);
 
     return result;
@@ -2062,24 +2817,38 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.join(separator=$,)    -> str
- *
- *  Returns a string created by converting each element of the array to
- *  a string, separated by the given +separator+.
- *  If the +separator+ is +nil+, it uses current $,.
- *  If both the +separator+ and $, are nil, it uses empty string.
- *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].join        #=> "abc"
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].join("-")   #=> "a-b-c"
+ *    array.join ->new_string
+ *    array.join(separator = $,) -> new_string
+ *
+ *  Returns the new \String formed by joining the array elements after conversion.
+ *  For each element +element+
+ *  - Uses <tt>element.to_s</tt> if +element+ is not a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
+ *  - Uses recursive <tt>element.join(separator)</tt> if +element+ is a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
+ *
+ *  With no argument, joins using the output field separator, <tt>$,</tt>:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    $, # => nil
+ *    a.join # => "foobar2"
+ *
+ *  With \string argument +separator+, joins using that separator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.join("\n") # => "foo\nbar\n2"
+ *
+ *  Joins recursively for nested Arrays:
+ *   a = [:foo, [:bar, [:baz, :bat]]]
+ *   a.join # => "foobarbazbat"
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE sep;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &sep);
-    if (NIL_P(sep)) sep = rb_output_fs;
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0 || NIL_P(sep = argv[0])) {
+        sep = rb_output_fs;
+        if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
+            rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "$, is set to non-nil value");
+        }
+    }
 
     return rb_ary_join(ary, sep);
 }
@@ -2087,7 +2856,6 @@ rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 inspect_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 {
-    int tainted = OBJ_TAINTED(ary);
     long i;
     VALUE s, str;
 
@@ -2095,24 +2863,24 @@ inspect_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE dummy, int recur)
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("[");
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	s = rb_inspect(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	if (OBJ_TAINTED(s)) tainted = TRUE;
 	if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
 	else rb_enc_copy(str, s);
 	rb_str_buf_append(str, s);
     }
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "]");
-    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.inspect  -> string
- *     ary.to_s     -> string
+ *    array.inspect -> new_string
  *
- *  Creates a string representation of +self+.
+ *  Returns the new \String formed by calling method <tt>#inspect</tt>
+ *  on each array element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.inspect # => "[:foo, \"bar\", 2]"
  *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].to_s     #=> "[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]"
+ *  Array#to_s is an alias for Array#inspect.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2130,11 +2898,20 @@ rb_ary_to_s(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.to_a     -> ary
- *
- *  Returns +self+.
- *
- *  If called on a subclass of Array, converts the receiver to an Array object.
+ *    to_a -> self or new_array
+ *
+ *  When +self+ is an instance of \Array, returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.to_a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Otherwise, returns a new \Array containing the elements of +self+:
+ *    class MyArray < Array; end
+ *    a = MyArray.new(['foo', 'bar', 'two'])
+ *    a.instance_of?(Array) # => false
+ *    a.kind_of?(Array) # => true
+ *    a1 = a.to_a
+ *    a1 # => ["foo", "bar", "two"]
+ *    a1.class # => Array # Not MyArray
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2150,22 +2927,36 @@ rb_ary_to_a(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.to_h     -> hash
- *
- *  Returns the result of interpreting <i>ary</i> as an array of
- *  <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs.
- *
- *     [[:foo, :bar], [1, 2]].to_h
- *       # => {:foo => :bar, 1 => 2}
+ *    array.to_h -> new_hash
+ *    array.to_h {|item| ... } -> new_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash formed from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, calls the block with each array element;
+ *  the block must return a 2-element \Array whose two elements
+ *  form a key-value pair in the returned \Hash:
+ *    a = ['foo', :bar, 1, [2, 3], {baz: 4}]
+ *    h = a.to_h {|item| [item, item] }
+ *    h # => {"foo"=>"foo", :bar=>:bar, 1=>1, [2, 3]=>[2, 3], {:baz=>4}=>{:baz=>4}}
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, +self+ must be an \Array of 2-element sub-arrays,
+ *  each sub-array is formed into a key-value pair in the new \Hash:
+ *    [].to_h # => {}
+ *    a = [['foo', 'zero'], ['bar', 'one'], ['baz', 'two']]
+ *    h = a.to_h
+ *    h # => {"foo"=>"zero", "bar"=>"one", "baz"=>"two"}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
 {
     long i;
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    int block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	const VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+	const VALUE e = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+	const VALUE elt = block_given ? rb_yield_force_blockarg(e) : e;
 	const VALUE key_value_pair = rb_check_array_type(elt);
 	if (NIL_P(key_value_pair)) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %"PRIsVALUE" at %ld (expected array)",
@@ -2182,7 +2973,7 @@ rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.to_ary -> ary
+ *    array.to_ary -> self
  *
  *  Returns +self+.
  */
@@ -2211,9 +3002,9 @@ rb_ary_reverse(VALUE ary)
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (len > 1) {
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, p1, {
-	    p2 = p1 + len - 1;	/* points last item */
-	    ary_reverse(p1, p2);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, p1, {
+            p2 = p1 + len - 1;	/* points last item */
+            ary_reverse(p1, p2);
 	}); /* WB: no new reference */
     }
     return ary;
@@ -2221,13 +3012,11 @@ rb_ary_reverse(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reverse!   -> ary
- *
- *  Reverses +self+ in place.
+ *    array.reverse! -> self
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.reverse!       #=> ["c", "b", "a"]
- *     a                #=> ["c", "b", "a"]
+ *  Reverses +self+ in place:
+ *    a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
+ *    a.reverse! # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2238,12 +3027,12 @@ rb_ary_reverse_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reverse    -> new_ary
+ *    array.reverse -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new array containing +self+'s elements in reverse order.
- *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].reverse   #=> ["c", "b", "a"]
- *     [ 1 ].reverse               #=> [1]
+ *  Returns a new \Array with the elements of +self+ in reverse order.
+ *    a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
+ *    a1 = a.reverse
+ *    a1 # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2253,8 +3042,8 @@ rb_ary_reverse_m(VALUE ary)
     VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(len);
 
     if (len > 0) {
-	const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-	VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(dup) + len - 1;
+        const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+        VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(dup) + len - 1;
 	do *p2-- = *p1++; while (--len > 0);
     }
     ARY_SET_LEN(dup, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
@@ -2267,73 +3056,127 @@ rotate_count(long cnt, long len)
     return (cnt < 0) ? (len - (~cnt % len) - 1) : (cnt % len);
 }
 
+static void
+ary_rotate_ptr(VALUE *ptr, long len, long cnt)
+{
+    if (cnt == 1) {
+        VALUE tmp = *ptr;
+        memmove(ptr, ptr + 1, sizeof(VALUE)*(len - 1));
+        *(ptr + len - 1) = tmp;
+    } else if (cnt == len - 1) {
+        VALUE tmp = *(ptr + len - 1);
+        memmove(ptr + 1, ptr, sizeof(VALUE)*(len - 1));
+        *ptr = tmp;
+    } else {
+        --len;
+        if (cnt < len) ary_reverse(ptr + cnt, ptr + len);
+        if (--cnt > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + cnt);
+        if (len > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + len);
+    }
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_ary_rotate(VALUE ary, long cnt)
 {
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
 
     if (cnt != 0) {
-	VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_PTR(ary);
-	long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-
-	if (len > 0 && (cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len)) > 0) {
-	    --len;
-	    if (cnt < len) ary_reverse(ptr + cnt, ptr + len);
-	    if (--cnt > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + cnt);
-	    if (len > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + len);
-	    return ary;
-	}
+        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        if (len > 1 && (cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len)) > 0) {
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, ary_rotate_ptr(ptr, len, cnt));
+            return ary;
+        }
     }
-
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rotate!(count=1)   -> ary
- *
- *  Rotates +self+ in place so that the element at +count+ comes first, and
- *  returns +self+.
- *
- *  If +count+ is negative then it rotates in the opposite direction, starting
- *  from the end of the array where +-1+ is the last element.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.rotate!        #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
- *     a                #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
- *     a.rotate!(2)     #=> ["d", "a", "b", "c"]
- *     a.rotate!(-3)    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    array.rotate! -> self
+ *    array.rotate!(count) -> self
+ *
+ *  Rotates +self+ in place by moving elements from one end to the other; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no argument given, rotates the first element to the last position:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.rotate! # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]
+ *
+ *  When given a non-negative \Integer +count+,
+ *  rotates +count+ elements from the beginning to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(2)
+ *    a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is large, uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(20)
+ *    a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is zero, returns +self+ unmodified:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(0)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  When given a negative Integer +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
+ *  from end to beginning:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(-2)
+ *    a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is small (far from zero), uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(-5)
+ *    a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_rotate_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    long n = 1;
-
-    switch (argc) {
-      case 1: n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-      case 0: break;
-      default: rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
-    }
+    long n = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);
     rb_ary_rotate(ary, n);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rotate(count=1)    -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array by rotating +self+ so that the element at +count+ is
- *  the first element of the new array.
- *
- *  If +count+ is negative then it rotates in the opposite direction, starting
- *  from the end of +self+ where +-1+ is the last element.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.rotate         #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
- *     a                #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *     a.rotate(2)      #=> ["c", "d", "a", "b"]
- *     a.rotate(-3)     #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
+ *    array.rotate -> new_array
+ *    array.rotate(count) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array formed from +self+ with elements
+ *  rotated from one end to the other.
+ *
+ *  When no argument given, returns a new \Array that is like +self+,
+ *  except that the first element has been rotated to the last position:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a1 = a.rotate
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]
+ *
+ *  When given a non-negative \Integer +count+,
+ *  returns a new \Array with +count+ elements rotated from the beginning to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(2)
+ *    a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is large, uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(20)
+ *    a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is zero, returns a copy of +self+, unmodified:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(0)
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  When given a negative \Integer +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
+ *  from end to beginning:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(-2)
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is small (far from zero), uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(-5)
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2341,19 +3184,14 @@ rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE rotated;
     const VALUE *ptr;
-    long len, cnt = 1;
-
-    switch (argc) {
-      case 1: cnt = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-      case 0: break;
-      default: rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
-    }
+    long len;
+    long cnt = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);
 
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     rotated = rb_ary_new2(len);
     if (len > 0) {
 	cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len);
-	ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+        ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
 	len -= cnt;
 	ary_memcpy(rotated, 0, len, ptr + cnt);
 	ary_memcpy(rotated, len, cnt, ptr);
@@ -2364,26 +3202,9 @@ rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 struct ary_sort_data {
     VALUE ary;
-    int opt_methods;
-    int opt_inited;
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt;
 };
 
-enum {
-    sort_opt_Fixnum,
-    sort_opt_String,
-    sort_optimizable_count
-};
-
-#define STRING_P(s) (RB_TYPE_P((s), T_STRING) && CLASS_OF(s) == rb_cString)
-
-#define SORT_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type) (1U << TOKEN_PASTE(sort_opt_,type))
-#define SORT_OPTIMIZABLE(data, type) \
-    (((data)->opt_inited & SORT_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) ? \
-     ((data)->opt_methods & SORT_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) : \
-     (((data)->opt_inited |= SORT_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)), \
-      rb_method_basic_definition_p(TOKEN_PASTE(rb_c,type), id_cmp) && \
-      ((data)->opt_methods |= SORT_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type))))
-
 static VALUE
 sort_reentered(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -2399,9 +3220,12 @@ sort_1(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     struct ary_sort_data *data = dummy;
     VALUE retval = sort_reentered(data->ary);
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
+    VALUE args[2];
     int n;
 
-    retval = rb_yield_values(2, a, b);
+    args[0] = a;
+    args[1] = b;
+    retval = rb_yield_values2(2, args);
     n = rb_cmpint(retval, a, b);
     sort_reentered(data->ary);
     return n;
@@ -2415,14 +3239,17 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
     int n;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && SORT_OPTIMIZABLE(data, Fixnum)) {
+    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Integer)) {
 	if ((long)a > (long)b) return 1;
 	if ((long)a < (long)b) return -1;
 	return 0;
     }
-    if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && SORT_OPTIMIZABLE(data, String)) {
+    if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, String)) {
 	return rb_str_cmp(a, b);
     }
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Float)) {
+	return rb_float_cmp(a, b);
+    }
 
     retval = rb_funcallv(a, id_cmp, 1, &b);
     n = rb_cmpint(retval, a, b);
@@ -2433,23 +3260,38 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sort!                   -> ary
- *     ary.sort! { |a, b| block }  -> ary
- *
- *  Sorts +self+ in place.
- *
- *  Comparisons for the sort will be done using the <code><=></code> operator
- *  or using an optional code block.
- *
- *  The block must implement a comparison between +a+ and +b+ and return
- *  an integer less than 0 when +b+ follows +a+, +0+ when +a+ and +b+
- *  are equivalent, or an integer greater than 0 when +a+ follows +b+.
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#sort_by.
- *
- *     a = [ "d", "a", "e", "c", "b" ]
- *     a.sort!                    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *     a.sort! { |x,y| y <=> x }  #=> ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *    array.sort! -> self
+ *    array.sort! {|a, b| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Returns +self+ with its elements sorted in place.
+ *
+ *  With no block, compares elements using operator <tt><=></tt>
+ *  (see Comparable):
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a.sort!
+ *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *
+ *  With a block, calls the block with each element pair;
+ *  for each element pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return an integer:
+ *  - Negative when +b+ is to follow +a+.
+ *  - Zero when +a+ and +b+ are equivalent.
+ *  - Positive when +a+ is to follow +b+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a.sort! {|a, b| a <=> b }
+ *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *    a.sort! {|a, b| b <=> a }
+ *    a # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *
+ *  When the block returns zero, the order for +a+ and +b+ is indeterminate,
+ *  and may be unstable:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a.sort! {|a, b| 0 }
+ *    a # => ["d", "e", "c", "a", "b"]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2461,14 +3303,13 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
 	VALUE tmp = ary_make_substitution(ary); /* only ary refers tmp */
 	struct ary_sort_data data;
 	long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-
 	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(tmp);
 	data.ary = tmp;
-	data.opt_methods = 0;
-	data.opt_inited = 0;
+	data.cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
+	data.cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
 	RARRAY_PTR_USE(tmp, ptr, {
-	    ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
-		       rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
+            ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
+                       rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
 	}); /* WB: no new reference */
 	rb_ary_modify(ary);
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(tmp)) {
@@ -2494,44 +3335,61 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
                     rb_ary_unshare(ary);
                 }
                 else {
-		    ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+                    ary_heap_free(ary);
                 }
-                ARY_SET_PTR(ary, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp));
+                ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ARY_HEAP_PTR(tmp));
                 ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
-                ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, RARRAY_LEN(tmp));
+                ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, ARY_HEAP_LEN(tmp));
             }
             /* tmp was lost ownership for the ptr */
             FL_UNSET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
             FL_SET_EMBED(tmp);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(tmp, 0);
             FL_SET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
-	}
+        }
         /* tmp will be GC'ed. */
         RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(tmp, rb_cArray); /* rb_cArray must be marked */
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sort                   -> new_ary
- *     ary.sort { |a, b| block }  -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array created by sorting +self+.
- *
- *  Comparisons for the sort will be done using the <code><=></code> operator
- *  or using an optional code block.
- *
- *  The block must implement a comparison between +a+ and +b+ and return
- *  an integer less than 0 when +b+ follows +a+, +0+ when +a+ and +b+
- *  are equivalent, or an integer greater than 0 when +a+ follows +b+.
- *
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#sort_by.
- *
- *     a = [ "d", "a", "e", "c", "b" ]
- *     a.sort                    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *     a.sort { |x,y| y <=> x }  #=> ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *    array.sort -> new_array
+ *    array.sort {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array whose elements are those from +self+, sorted.
+ *
+ *  With no block, compares elements using operator <tt><=></tt>
+ *  (see Comparable):
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a1 = a.sort
+ *    a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *
+ *  With a block, calls the block with each element pair;
+ *  for each element pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return an integer:
+ *  - Negative when +b+ is to follow +a+.
+ *  - Zero when +a+ and +b+ are equivalent.
+ *  - Positive when +a+ is to follow +b+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a1 = a.sort {|a, b| a <=> b }
+ *    a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *    a2 = a.sort {|a, b| b <=> a }
+ *    a2 # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *
+ *  When the block returns zero, the order for +a+ and +b+ is indeterminate,
+ *  and may be unstable:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a1 = a.sort {|a, b| 0 }
+ *    a1 # =>  ["c", "e", "b", "d", "a"]
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#sort_by.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2546,55 +3404,93 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| block }  -> elem
+ *    array.bsearch {|element| ... } -> object
+ *    array.bsearch -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns an element from +self+ selected by a binary search.
+ *  +self+ should be sorted, but this is not checked.
  *
  *  By using binary search, finds a value from this array which meets
- *  the given condition in O(log n) where n is the size of the array.
- *
- *  You can use this method in two use cases: a find-minimum mode and
- *  a find-any mode.  In either case, the elements of the array must be
- *  monotone (or sorted) with respect to the block.
- *
- *  In find-minimum mode (this is a good choice for typical use case),
- *  the block must return true or false, and there must be an index i
- *  (0 <= i <= ary.size) so that:
- *
- *  - the block returns false for any element whose index is less than
- *    i, and
- *  - the block returns true for any element whose index is greater
- *    than or equal to i.
- *
- *  This method returns the i-th element.  If i is equal to ary.size,
- *  it returns nil.
- *
- *     ary = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >=   4 } #=> 4
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >=   6 } #=> 7
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >=  -1 } #=> 0
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >= 100 } #=> nil
- *
- *  In find-any mode (this behaves like libc's bsearch(3)), the block
- *  must return a number, and there must be two indices i and j
- *  (0 <= i <= j <= ary.size) so that:
- *
- *  - the block returns a positive number for ary[k] if 0 <= k < i,
- *  - the block returns zero for ary[k] if i <= k < j, and
- *  - the block returns a negative number for ary[k] if
- *    j <= k < ary.size.
- *
- *  Under this condition, this method returns any element whose index
- *  is within i...j.  If i is equal to j (i.e., there is no element
- *  that satisfies the block), this method returns nil.
- *
- *     ary = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
- *     # try to find v such that 4 <= v < 8
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| 1 - x / 4 } #=> 4 or 7
- *     # try to find v such that 8 <= v < 10
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| 4 - x / 2 } #=> nil
- *
- *  You must not mix the two modes at a time; the block must always
- *  return either true/false, or always return a number.  It is
- *  undefined which value is actually picked up at each iteration.
+ *  the given condition in <tt>O(log n)</tt> where +n+ is the size of the array.
+ *
+ *  There are two search modes:
+ *  - <b>Find-minimum mode</b>: the block should return +true+ or +false+.
+ *  - <b>Find-any mode</b>: the block should return a numeric value.
+ *
+ *  The block should not mix the modes by and sometimes returning +true+ or +false+
+ *  and sometimes returning a numeric value, but this is not checked.
+ *
+ *  <b>Find-Minimum Mode</b>
+ *
+ *  In find-minimum mode, the block always returns +true+ or +false+.
+ *  The further requirement (though not checked) is that
+ *  there are no indexes +i+ and +j+ such that:
+ *  - <tt>0 <= i < j <= self.size</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns +true+ for <tt>self[i]</tt> and +false+ for <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  In find-minimum mode, method bsearch returns the first element for which the block returns true.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= 4 } # => 4
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= 6 } # => 7
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= -1 } # => 0
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= 100 } # => nil
+ *
+ *  Less formally: the block is such that all +false+-evaluating elements
+ *  precede all +true+-evaluating elements.
+ *
+ *  These make sense as blocks in find-minimum mode:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= 4 } # => [false, true, true, true, true]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= 6 } # => [false, false, true, true, true]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= -1 } # => [true, true, true, true, true]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= 100 } # => [false, false, false, false, false]
+ *
+ *  This would not make sense:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|x| x == 7 } # => [false, false, true, false, false]
+ *
+ *  <b>Find-Any Mode</b>
+ *
+ *  In find-any mode, the block always returns a numeric value.
+ *  The further requirement (though not checked) is that
+ *  there are no indexes +i+ and +j+ such that:
+ *  - <tt>0 <= i < j <= self.size</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns a negative value for <tt>self[i]</tt>
+ *    and a positive value for <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns a negative value for <tt>self[i]</tt> and zero <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns zero for <tt>self[i]</tt> and a positive value for <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  In find-any mode, method bsearch returns some element
+ *  for which the block returns zero, or +nil+ if no such element is found.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| 7 <=> element } # => 7
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| -1 <=> element } # => nil
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| 5 <=> element } # => nil
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| 15 <=> element } # => nil
+ *
+ *  Less formally: the block is such that:
+ *  - All positive-evaluating elements precede all zero-evaluating elements.
+ *  - All positive-evaluating elements precede all negative-evaluating elements.
+ *  - All zero-evaluating elements precede all negative-evaluating elements.
+ *
+ *  These make sense as blocks in find-any mode:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|element| 7 <=> element } # => [1, 1, 0, -1, -1]
+ *    a.map {|element| -1 <=> element } # => [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1]
+ *    a.map {|element| 5 <=> element } # => [1, 1, -1, -1, -1]
+ *    a.map {|element| 15 <=> element } # => [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+ *
+ *  This would not make sense:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|element| element <=> 7 } # => [-1, -1, 0, 1, 1]
+ *
+ *  Returns an enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.bsearch # => #<Enumerator: [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]:bsearch>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2610,15 +3506,11 @@ rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.bsearch_index {|x| block }  -> int or nil
+ *    array.bsearch_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    array.bsearch_index -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  By using binary search, finds an index of a value from this array which
- *  meets the given condition in O(log n) where n is the size of the array.
- *
- *  It supports two modes, depending on the nature of the block and they are
- *  exactly the same as in the case of #bsearch method with the only difference
- *  being that this method returns the index of the element instead of the
- *  element itself. For more details consult the documentation for #bsearch.
+ *  Searches +self+ as described at method #bsearch,
+ *  but returns the _index_ of the found element instead of the element itself.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2677,14 +3569,26 @@ sort_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, dummy))
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sort_by! { |obj| block }    -> ary
- *     ary.sort_by!                    -> Enumerator
+ *    array.sort_by! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.sort_by! -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Sorts the elements of +self+ in place,
+ *  using an ordering determined by the block; returns self.
  *
- *  Sorts +self+ in place using a set of keys generated by mapping the
- *  values in +self+ through the given block.
+ *  Calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  sorts elements based on the values returned from the block.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  For duplicates returned by the block, the ordering is indeterminate, and may be unstable.
  *
+ *  This example sorts strings based on their sizes:
+ *    a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
+ *    a.sort_by! {|element| element.size }
+ *    a # => ["d", "cc", "bbb", "aaaa"]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *
+ *    a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
+ *    a.sort_by! # => #<Enumerator: ["aaaa", "bbb", "cc", "d"]:sort_by!>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2702,23 +3606,21 @@ rb_ary_sort_by_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.collect { |item| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.map     { |item| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.collect                   -> Enumerator
- *     ary.map                       -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Invokes the given block once for each element of +self+.
+ *    array.map {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.map -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Creates a new array containing the values returned by the block.
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with each element of +self+;
+ *  returns a new \Array whose elements are the return values from the block:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.map {|element| element.class }
+ *    a1 # => [Symbol, String, Integer]
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#collect.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.map
+ *    a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map>
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.collect { |x| x + "!" }         #=> ["a!", "b!", "c!", "d!"]
- *     a.map.with_index { |x, i| x * i } #=> ["", "b", "cc", "ddd"]
- *     a                                 #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *  Array#collect is an alias for Array#map.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2730,7 +3632,7 @@ rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     collect = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(collect, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        rb_ary_push(collect, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
     }
     return collect;
 }
@@ -2738,23 +3640,20 @@ rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.collect! {|item| block }   -> ary
- *     ary.map!     {|item| block }   -> ary
- *     ary.collect!                   -> Enumerator
- *     ary.map!                       -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Invokes the given block once for each element of +self+, replacing the
- *  element with the value returned by the block.
+ *    array.map! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.map! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#collect.
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with each element;
+ *  replaces the element with the block's return value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.map! { |element| element.class } # => [Symbol, String, Integer]
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.map!
+ *    a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map!>
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.map! {|x| x + "!" }
- *     a #=>  [ "a!", "b!", "c!", "d!" ]
- *     a.collect!.with_index {|x, i| x[0...i] }
- *     a #=>  ["", "b", "c!", "d!"]
+ *  Array#collect! is an alias for Array#map!.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2796,47 +3695,98 @@ rb_get_values_at(VALUE obj, long olen, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE (*func
     return result;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+append_values_at_single(VALUE result, VALUE ary, long olen, VALUE idx)
+{
+    long beg, len;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(idx)) {
+	beg = FIX2LONG(idx);
+    }
+    /* check if idx is Range */
+    else if (rb_range_beg_len(idx, &beg, &len, olen, 1)) {
+	if (len > 0) {
+            const VALUE *const src = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+	    const long end = beg + len;
+	    const long prevlen = RARRAY_LEN(result);
+	    if (beg < olen) {
+		rb_ary_cat(result, src + beg, end > olen ? olen-beg : len);
+	    }
+	    if (end > olen) {
+		rb_ary_store(result, prevlen + len - 1, Qnil);
+	    }
+	}
+	return result;
+    }
+    else {
+	beg = NUM2LONG(idx);
+    }
+    return rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_entry(ary, beg));
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.values_at(selector, ...)  -> new_ary
+ *    array.values_at(*indexes) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array whose elements are the elements
+ *  of +self+ at the given \Integer +indexes+.
+ *
+ *  For each positive +index+, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, 2) # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  Returns an array containing the elements in +self+ corresponding to the
- *  given +selector+(s).
+ *  The given +indexes+ may be in any order, and may repeat:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(2, 0, 1, 0, 2) # => [2, :foo, "bar", :foo, 2]
  *
- *  The selectors may be either integer indices or ranges.
+ *  Assigns +nil+ for an +index+ that is too large:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, 3, 1, 3) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil]
  *
- *  See also Array#select.
+ *  Returns a new empty \Array if no arguments given.
  *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d e f }
- *     a.values_at(1, 3, 5)          # => ["b", "d", "f"]
- *     a.values_at(1, 3, 5, 7)       # => ["b", "d", "f", nil]
- *     a.values_at(-1, -2, -2, -7)   # => ["f", "e", "e", nil]
- *     a.values_at(4..6, 3...6)      # => ["e", "f", nil, "d", "e", "f"]
+ *  For each negative +index+, counts backward from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(-1, -3) # => [2, :foo]
+ *
+ *  Assigns +nil+ for an +index+ that is too small:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, -5, 1, -6, 2) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil, 2]
+ *
+ *  The given +indexes+ may have a mixture of signs:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, -2, 1, -1) # => [:foo, "bar", "bar", 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_get_values_at(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary), argc, argv, rb_ary_entry);
+    long i, olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(argc);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+	append_values_at_single(result, ary, olen, argv[i]);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(ary);
+    return result;
 }
 
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.select { |item| block } -> new_ary
- *     ary.select                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Returns a new array containing all elements of +ary+
- *  for which the given +block+ returns a true value.
+ *    array.select {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.select -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with each element of +self+;
+ *  returns a new \Array containing those elements of +self+
+ *  for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a1 = a.select {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *     [1,2,3,4,5].select { |num|  num.even?  }   #=> [2, 4]
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.select # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select>
  *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d e f }
- *     a.select { |v| v =~ /[aeiou]/ }  #=> ["a", "e"]
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#select.
+ *  Array#filter is an alias for Array#select.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2886,33 +3836,39 @@ select_bang_ensure(VALUE a)
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     long i1 = arg->len[0], i2 = arg->len[1];
 
-    if (i2 < i1) {
+    if (i2 < len && i2 < i1) {
+	long tail = 0;
+        rb_ary_modify(ary);
 	if (i1 < len) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-		    MEMMOVE(ptr + i2, ptr + i1, VALUE, len - i1);
+	    tail = len - i1;
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+		    MEMMOVE(ptr + i2, ptr + i1, VALUE, tail);
 		});
 	}
-	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len - i1 + i2);
+	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i2 + tail);
     }
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.select!  {|item| block } -> ary or nil
- *     ary.select!                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Invokes the given block passing in successive elements from +self+,
- *  deleting elements for which the block returns a +false+ value.
+ *    array.select! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    array.select! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  The array may not be changed instantly every time the block is called.
+ *  Calls the block, if given  with each element of +self+;
+ *  removes from +self+ those elements for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+.
  *
- *  If changes were made, it will return +self+, otherwise it returns +nil+.
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements were removed:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.select! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *  See also Array#keep_if
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements were removed.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.select! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select!>
  *
+ *  Array#filter! is an alias for Array#select!.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2930,18 +3886,17 @@ rb_ary_select_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.keep_if { |item| block } -> ary
- *     ary.keep_if                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Deletes every element of +self+ for which the given block evaluates to
- *  +false+.
+ *    array.keep_if {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.keep_if -> new_enumeration
  *
- *  See also Array#select!
+ *  Retains those elements for which the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  deletes all other elements; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.keep_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d e f }
- *     a.keep_if { |v| v =~ /[aeiou]/ }  #=> ["a", "e"]
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.keep_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:keep_if>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2967,22 +3922,34 @@ ary_resize_smaller(VALUE ary, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.delete(obj)            -> item or nil
- *     ary.delete(obj) { block }  -> item or result of block
- *
- *  Deletes all items from +self+ that are equal to +obj+.
- *
- *  Returns the last deleted item, or +nil+ if no matching item is found.
- *
- *  If the optional code block is given, the result of the block is returned if
- *  the item is not found.  (To remove +nil+ elements and get an informative
- *  return value, use Array#compact!)
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.delete("b")                   #=> "b"
- *     a                               #=> ["a", "c"]
- *     a.delete("z")                   #=> nil
- *     a.delete("z") { "not found" }   #=> "not found"
+ *    array.delete(obj) -> deleted_object
+ *    array.delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } -> deleted_object or block_return
+ *
+ *  Removes zero or more elements from +self+; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given,
+ *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == obj</tt>;
+ *  returns the last deleted element:
+ *    s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
+ *    a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
+ *    a.delete('bar') # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
+ *
+ *  When a block is given,
+ *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == obj</tt>.
+ *
+ *  If any such elements are found, ignores the block
+ *  and returns the last deleted element:
+ *    s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
+ *    a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
+ *    deleted_obj = a.delete('bar') {|obj| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  If no such elements are found, returns the block's return value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete(:nosuch) {|obj| "#{obj} not found" } # => "nosuch not found"
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3012,6 +3979,7 @@ rb_ary_delete(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
 
     ary_resize_smaller(ary, i2);
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return v;
 }
 
@@ -3052,27 +4020,33 @@ rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE ary, long pos)
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     del = RARRAY_AREF(ary, pos);
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	MEMMOVE(ptr+pos, ptr+pos+1, VALUE, len-pos-1);
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+        MEMMOVE(ptr+pos, ptr+pos+1, VALUE, len-pos-1);
     });
     ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -1);
-
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return del;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.delete_at(index)  -> obj or nil
+ *    array.delete_at(index) -> deleted_object or nil
+ *
+ *  Deletes an element from +self+, per the given \Integer +index+.
+ *
+ *  When +index+ is non-negative, deletes the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_at(1) # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  Deletes the element at the specified +index+, returning that element, or
- *  +nil+ if the +index+ is out of range.
+ *  If index is too large, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  See also Array#slice!
+ *  When +index+ is negative, counts backward from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_at(-2) # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *     a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
- *     a.delete_at(2)    #=> "cat"
- *     a                 #=> ["ant", "bat", "dog"]
- *     a.delete_at(99)   #=> nil
+ *  If +index+ is too small (far from zero), returns nil.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3081,66 +4055,118 @@ rb_ary_delete_at_m(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
     return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(pos));
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long pos, long len)
+{
+    const long orig_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (pos < -orig_len) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (pos < 0) {
+        pos += orig_len;
+    }
+    else if (orig_len < pos) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (orig_len < pos + len) {
+        len = orig_len - pos;
+    }
+    if (len == 0) {
+        return rb_ary_new2(0);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE arg2 = rb_ary_new4(len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)+pos);
+        rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len, 0, 0);
+        return arg2;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.slice!(index)         -> obj or nil
- *     ary.slice!(start, length) -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary.slice!(range)         -> new_ary or nil
- *
- *  Deletes the element(s) given by an +index+ (optionally up to +length+
- *  elements) or by a +range+.
- *
- *  Returns the deleted object (or objects), or +nil+ if the +index+ is out of
- *  range.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.slice!(1)     #=> "b"
- *     a               #=> ["a", "c"]
- *     a.slice!(-1)    #=> "c"
- *     a               #=> ["a"]
- *     a.slice!(100)   #=> nil
- *     a               #=> ["a"]
+ *    array.slice!(n) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice!(start, length) -> new_array or nil
+ *    array.slice!(range) -> new_array or nil
+ *
+ *  Removes and returns elements from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When the only argument is an \Integer +n+,
+ *  removes and returns the _nth_ element in +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(1) # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(-1) # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When the only arguments are Integers +start+ and +length+,
+ *  removes +length+ elements from +self+ beginning at offset  +start+;
+ *  returns the deleted objects in a new Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(0, 2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start + length</tt> exceeds the array size,
+ *  removes and returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(1, 50) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a # => [:foo]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start == a.size</tt> and +length+ is non-negative,
+ *  returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When the only argument is a \Range object +range+,
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.slice!(1..2) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a # => [:foo]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than the array size, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(0..-2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is negative,
+ *  calculates the start index backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(-2..2) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a # => [:foo]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_slice_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE arg1, arg2;
-    long pos, len, orig_len;
+    VALUE arg1;
+    long pos, len;
 
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    arg1 = argv[0];
+
     if (argc == 2) {
 	pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
 	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
-      delete_pos_len:
-	if (len < 0) return Qnil;
-	orig_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	if (pos < 0) {
-	    pos += orig_len;
-	    if (pos < 0) return Qnil;
-	}
-	else if (orig_len < pos) return Qnil;
-	if (orig_len < pos + len) {
-	    len = orig_len - pos;
-	}
-	if (len == 0) return rb_ary_new2(0);
-	arg2 = rb_ary_new4(len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary)+pos);
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(arg2, rb_obj_class(ary));
-	rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len, Qundef);
-	return arg2;
+        return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
     }
 
-    if (argc != 1) {
-	/* error report */
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", NULL, NULL);
-    }
-    arg1 = argv[0];
-
     if (!FIXNUM_P(arg1)) {
 	switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
 	  case Qtrue:
 	    /* valid range */
-	    goto delete_pos_len;
+            return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
 	  case Qnil:
 	    /* invalid range */
 	    return Qnil;
@@ -3160,7 +4186,8 @@ ary_reject(VALUE orig, VALUE result)
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(orig); i++) {
 	VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(orig, i);
-	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) {
+
+        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) {
 	    rb_ary_push(result, v);
 	}
     }
@@ -3189,7 +4216,6 @@ static VALUE
 ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
     struct select_bang_arg args;
-
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     args.ary = ary;
     args.len[0] = args.len[1] = 0;
@@ -3198,37 +4224,44 @@ ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reject! { |item| block }  -> ary or nil
- *     ary.reject!                   -> Enumerator
+ *    array.reject! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    array.reject! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Deletes every element of +self+ for which the block evaluates to +true+,
- *  if no changes were made returns +nil+.
+ *  Removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  The array may not be changed instantly every time the block is called.
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
+ *    a.reject! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#reject and Array#delete_if.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.reject! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject!>
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
+    rb_ary_modify(ary);
     return ary_reject_bang(ary);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reject  {|item| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.reject                   -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Returns a new array containing the items in +self+ for which the given
- *  block is not +true+. The ordering of non-rejected elements is maintained.
- *
- *  See also Array#delete_if
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *    array.reject {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.reject -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array whose elements are all those from +self+
+ *  for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
+ *    a1 = a.reject {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.reject # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3244,25 +4277,23 @@ rb_ary_reject(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.delete_if { |item| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.delete_if                   -> Enumerator
+ *    array.delete_if {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.delete_if -> Enumerator
  *
- *  Deletes every element of +self+ for which block evaluates to +true+.
+ *  Removes each element in +self+ for which the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
+ *    a.delete_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  The array is changed instantly every time the block is called, not after
- *  the iteration is over.
- *
- *  See also Array#reject!
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     scores = [ 97, 42, 75 ]
- *     scores.delete_if {|score| score < 80 }   #=> [97]
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:delete_if>
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_delete_if(VALUE ary)
 {
+    ary_verify(ary);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     ary_reject_bang(ary);
     return ary;
@@ -3272,7 +4303,8 @@ static VALUE
 take_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, cbarg))
 {
     VALUE *args = (VALUE *)cbarg;
-    if (args[1]-- == 0) rb_iter_break();
+    if (args[1] == 0) rb_iter_break();
+    else args[1]--;
     if (argc > 1) val = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
     rb_ary_push(args[0], val);
     return Qnil;
@@ -3296,26 +4328,51 @@ take_items(VALUE obj, long n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.zip(arg, ...)                  -> new_ary
- *     ary.zip(arg, ...) { |arr| block }  -> nil
- *
- *  Converts any arguments to arrays, then merges elements of +self+ with
- *  corresponding elements from each argument.
- *
- *  This generates a sequence of <code>ary.size</code> _n_-element arrays,
- *  where _n_ is one more than the count of arguments.
- *
- *  If the size of any argument is less than the size of the initial array,
- *  +nil+ values are supplied.
- *
- *  If a block is given, it is invoked for each output +array+, otherwise an
- *  array of arrays is returned.
- *
- *     a = [ 4, 5, 6 ]
- *     b = [ 7, 8, 9 ]
- *     [1, 2, 3].zip(a, b)   #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]
- *     [1, 2].zip(a, b)      #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8]]
- *     a.zip([1, 2], [8])    #=> [[4, 1, 8], [5, 2, nil], [6, nil, nil]]
+ *    array.zip(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    array.zip(*other_arrays) {|other_array| ... } -> nil
+ *
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Array +new_array+ of size <tt>self.size</tt>
+ *  whose elements are Arrays.
+ *
+ *  Each nested array <tt>new_array[n]</tt> is of size <tt>other_arrays.size+1</tt>,
+ *  and contains:
+ *  - The _nth_ element of +self+.
+ *  - The _nth_ element of each of the +other_arrays+.
+ *
+ *  If all +other_arrays+ and +self+ are the same size:
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
+ *    d = a.zip(b, c)
+ *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
+ *
+ *  If any array in +other_arrays+ is smaller than +self+,
+ *  fills to <tt>self.size</tt> with +nil+:
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1]
+ *    d = a.zip(b, c)
+ *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, nil], [:a3, nil, nil]]
+ *
+ *  If any array in +other_arrays+ is larger than +self+,
+ *  its trailing elements are ignored:
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3, :b4]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3, :c4, :c5]
+ *    d = a.zip(b, c)
+ *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, calls the block with each of the sub-arrays (formed as above); returns nil
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
+ *    a.zip(b, c) {|sub_array| p sub_array} # => nil
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    [:a0, :b0, :c0]
+ *    [:a1, :b1, :c1]
+ *    [:a2, :b2, :c2]
+ *    [:a3, :b3, :c3]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3378,15 +4435,12 @@ rb_ary_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.transpose -> new_ary
- *
- *  Assumes that +self+ is an array of arrays and transposes the rows and
- *  columns.
+ *    array.transpose -> new_array
  *
- *     a = [[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]]
- *     a.transpose   #=> [[1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]]
- *
- *  If the length of the subarrays don't match, an IndexError is raised.
+ *  Transposes the rows and columns in an \Array of Arrays;
+ *  the nested Arrays must all be the same size:
+ *    a = [[:a0, :a1], [:b0, :b1], [:c0, :c1]]
+ *    a.transpose # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3419,15 +4473,11 @@ rb_ary_transpose(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.replace(other_ary)  -> ary
- *     ary.initialize_copy(other_ary)	-> ary
- *
- *  Replaces the contents of +self+ with the contents of +other_ary+,
- *  truncating or expanding if necessary.
+ *    array.replace(other_array) -> self
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a.replace([ "x", "y", "z" ])   #=> ["x", "y", "z"]
- *     a                              #=> ["x", "y", "z"]
+ *  Replaces the content of +self+ with the content of +other_array+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.replace(['foo', :bar, 3]) # => ["foo", :bar, 3]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3438,104 +4488,245 @@ rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
     if (copy == orig) return copy;
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(orig) <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-        VALUE shared = 0;
+        VALUE shared_root = 0;
 
         if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(copy)) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(copy, ptr, ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, ARY_HEAP_SIZE(copy)));
+            ary_heap_free(copy);
 	}
         else if (ARY_SHARED_P(copy)) {
-            shared = ARY_SHARED(copy);
+            shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(copy);
             FL_UNSET_SHARED(copy);
         }
         FL_SET_EMBED(copy);
-	ary_memcpy(copy, 0, RARRAY_LEN(orig), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
-        if (shared) {
-            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
+        ary_memcpy(copy, 0, RARRAY_LEN(orig), RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(orig));
+        if (shared_root) {
+            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
         }
         ARY_SET_LEN(copy, RARRAY_LEN(orig));
     }
     else {
-        VALUE shared = ary_make_shared(orig);
+        VALUE shared_root = ary_make_shared(orig);
         if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(copy)) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(copy, ptr, ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, ARY_HEAP_SIZE(copy)));
+            ary_heap_free(copy);
         }
         else {
             rb_ary_unshare_safe(copy);
         }
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
-        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
-        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, RARRAY_LEN(orig));
-        rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared);
+        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ARY_HEAP_PTR(orig));
+        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, ARY_HEAP_LEN(orig));
+        rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared_root);
     }
+    ary_verify(copy);
     return copy;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.clear    -> ary
+ *     array.clear -> self
  *
- *  Removes all elements from +self+.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a.clear    #=> [ ]
+ *  Removes all elements from +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.clear # => []
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
 	    rb_ary_unshare(ary);
 	    FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+            ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
 	}
     }
-    else if (ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2);
+    else {
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
+        if (ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
+            ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2);
+        }
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.fill(obj)                                 -> ary
- *     ary.fill(obj, start [, length])               -> ary
- *     ary.fill(obj, range )                         -> ary
- *     ary.fill { |index| block }                    -> ary
- *     ary.fill(start [, length] ) { |index| block } -> ary
- *     ary.fill(range) { |index| block }             -> ary
- *
- *  The first three forms set the selected elements of +self+ (which
- *  may be the entire array) to +obj+.
- *
- *  A +start+ of +nil+ is equivalent to zero.
- *
- *  A +length+ of +nil+ is equivalent to the length of the array.
- *
- *  The last three forms fill the array with the value of the given block,
- *  which is passed the absolute index of each element to be filled.
- *
- *  Negative values of +start+ count from the end of the array, where +-1+ is
- *  the last element.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.fill("x")              #=> ["x", "x", "x", "x"]
- *     a.fill("z", 2, 2)        #=> ["x", "x", "z", "z"]
- *     a.fill("y", 0..1)        #=> ["y", "y", "z", "z"]
- *     a.fill { |i| i*i }       #=> [0, 1, 4, 9]
- *     a.fill(-2) { |i| i*i*i } #=> [0, 1, 8, 27]
+ *    array.fill(obj) -> self
+ *    array.fill(obj, start) -> self
+ *    array.fill(obj, start, length) -> self
+ *    array.fill(obj, range) -> self
+ *    array.fill {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.fill(start) {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.fill(start, length) {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.fill(range) {|index| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Replaces specified elements in +self+ with specified objects; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  With argument +obj+ and no block given, replaces all elements with that one object:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(:X) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+ and \Integer +start+, and no block given,
+ *  replaces elements based on the given start.
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is in range (<tt>0 <= start < array.size</tt>),
+ *  replaces all elements from offset +start+ through the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is too large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), does nothing:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 4) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 5) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end (starting index is <tt>start + array.size</tt>):
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is too small (less than and far from zero), replaces all elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -6) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -50) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+, \Integer +start+, and \Integer +length+, and no block given,
+ *  replaces elements based on the given +start+ and +length+.
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is in range, replaces +length+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 1, 1) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -2, 1) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), extends +self+ with +nil+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 5, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 5, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero or negative, replaces no elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 1, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(:X, 1, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+ and \Range +range+, and no block given,
+ *  replaces elements based on the given range.
+ *
+ *  If the range is positive and ascending (<tt>0 < range.begin <= range.end</tt>),
+ *  replaces elements from <tt>range.begin</tt> to <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (1..1)) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.first</tt> is negative, replaces no elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (-1..1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.last</tt> is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (0..-2)) # => [:X, :X, :X, "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (1..-2)) # => ["a", :X, :X, "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.last</tt> and <tt>range.last</tt> are both negative,
+ *  both count from the end of the array:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (-1..-1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", :X]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (-2..-2)) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]
+ *
+ *  With no arguments and a block given, calls the block with each index;
+ *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  With argument +start+ and a block given, calls the block with each index
+ *  from offset +start+ to the end; replaces the corresponding element
+ *  with the block's return value:
+ *
+ *  If start is in range (<tt>0 <= start < array.size</tt>),
+ *  replaces from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is too large(<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), does nothing:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  If start is too small (<tt>start <= -array.size</tt>, replaces all elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-6) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-50) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +start+ and +length+, and a block given,
+ *  calls the block for each index specified by start length;
+ *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value.
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is in range, replaces +length+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If start is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-2, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), extends +self+ with +nil+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(5, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(5, 2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "new_5", "new_6"]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero or less, replaces no elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(1, -1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+ and +range+, and a block given,
+ *  calls the block with each index in the given range;
+ *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value.
+ *
+ *  If the range is positive and ascending (<tt>range 0 < range.begin <= range.end</tt>,
+ *  replaces elements from <tt>range.begin</tt> to <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1..1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +range.first+ is negative, does nothing:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-1..1) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.last</tt> is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(0..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.first</tt> and <tt>range.last</tt> are both negative,
+ *  both count from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-1..-1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "new_3"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-2..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE item, arg1, arg2;
+    VALUE item = Qundef, arg1, arg2;
     long beg = 0, end = 0, len = 0;
-    int block_p = FALSE;
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	block_p = TRUE;
 	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg1, &arg2);
 	argc += 1;		/* hackish */
     }
@@ -3577,7 +4768,7 @@ rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, end);
     }
 
-    if (block_p) {
+    if (item == Qundef) {
 	VALUE v;
 	long i;
 
@@ -3595,25 +4786,14 @@ rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary + other_ary   -> new_ary
- *
- *  Concatenation --- Returns a new array built by concatenating the
- *  two arrays together to produce a third array.
- *
- *     [ 1, 2, 3 ] + [ 4, 5 ]    #=> [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     c = a + [ "d", "e", "f" ]
- *     c                         #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f" ]
- *     a                         #=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+ *    array + other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  Note that
- *     x += y
- *  is the same as
- *     x = x + y
- *  This means that it produces a new array. As a consequence,
- *  repeated use of <code>+=</code> on arrays can be quite inefficient.
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all elements of +array+
+ *  followed by all elements of +other_array+:
+ *    a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
+ *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  See also Array#concat.
+ *  Related: #concat.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3628,53 +4808,72 @@ rb_ary_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     len = xlen + ylen;
     z = rb_ary_new2(len);
 
-    ary_memcpy(z, 0, xlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(x));
-    ary_memcpy(z, xlen, ylen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(y));
+    ary_memcpy(z, 0, xlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(x));
+    ary_memcpy(z, xlen, ylen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(y));
     ARY_SET_LEN(z, len);
     return z;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_append(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    long n = RARRAY_LEN(y);
+    if (n > 0) {
+        rb_ary_splice(x, RARRAY_LEN(x), 0, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(y), n);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(y);
+    return x;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.concat(other_ary)   -> ary
- *
- *  Appends the elements of +other_ary+ to +self+.
- *
- *     [ "a", "b" ].concat( ["c", "d"] ) #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
- *     a.concat( [ 4, 5 ] )
- *     a                                 #=> [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+ *    array.concat(*other_arrays) -> self
  *
- *  See also Array#+.
+ *  Adds to +array+ all elements from each \Array in +other_arrays+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [0, 1]
+ *    a.concat([2, 3], [4, 5]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_ary_concat(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_concat_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    rb_ary_modify_check(x);
-    y = to_ary(y);
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(y) > 0) {
-	rb_ary_splice(x, RARRAY_LEN(x), 0, y);
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	rb_ary_concat(ary, argv[0]);
     }
-    return x;
+    else if (argc > 1) {
+	int i;
+	VALUE args = rb_ary_tmp_new(argc);
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+	    rb_ary_concat(args, argv[i]);
+	}
+	ary_append(ary, args);
+    }
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ary;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_ary_concat(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return ary_append(x, to_ary(y));
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary * int     -> new_ary
- *     ary * str     -> new_string
+ *    array * n -> new_array
+ *    array * string_separator -> new_string
  *
- *  Repetition --- With a String argument, equivalent to
- *  <code>ary.join(str)</code>.
- *
- *  Otherwise, returns a new array built by concatenating the +int+ copies of
- *  +self+.
- *
- *
- *     [ 1, 2, 3 ] * 3    #=> [ 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 ]
- *     [ 1, 2, 3 ] * ","  #=> "1,2,3"
+ *  When non-negative argument \Integer +n+ is given,
+ *  returns a new \Array built by concatenating the +n+ copies of +self+:
+ *    a = ['x', 'y']
+ *    a * 3 # => ["x", "y", "x", "y", "x", "y"]
  *
+ *  When \String argument +string_separator+ is given,
+ *  equivalent to <tt>array.join(string_separator)</tt>:
+ *    [0, [0, 1], {foo: 0}] * ', ' # => "0, 0, 1, {:foo=>0}"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3691,7 +4890,7 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
 
     len = NUM2LONG(times);
     if (len == 0) {
-	ary2 = ary_new(rb_obj_class(ary), 0);
+        ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, 0);
 	goto out;
     }
     if (len < 0) {
@@ -3702,45 +4901,37 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
     }
     len *= RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
-    ary2 = ary_new(rb_obj_class(ary), len);
+    ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, len);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary2, len);
 
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     t = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (0 < t) {
 	ary_memcpy(ary2, 0, t, ptr);
 	while (t <= len/2) {
-	    ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
+            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2));
             t *= 2;
         }
         if (t < len) {
-	    ary_memcpy(ary2, t, len-t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
+            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, len-t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2));
         }
     }
   out:
-    OBJ_INFECT(ary2, ary);
-
     return ary2;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.assoc(obj)   -> element_ary  or  nil
- *
- *  Searches through an array whose elements are also arrays comparing +obj+
- *  with the first element of each contained array using <code>obj.==</code>.
+ *    array.assoc(obj) -> found_array or nil
  *
- *  Returns the first contained array that matches (that is, the first
- *  associated array), or +nil+ if no match is found.
+ *  Returns the first element in +self+ that is an \Array
+ *  whose first element <tt>==</tt> +obj+:
+ *    a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
+ *    a.assoc(4) # => [4, 5, 6]
  *
- *  See also Array#rassoc
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such element is found.
  *
- *     s1 = [ "colors", "red", "blue", "green" ]
- *     s2 = [ "letters", "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     s3 = "foo"
- *     a  = [ s1, s2, s3 ]
- *     a.assoc("letters")  #=> [ "letters", "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.assoc("foo")      #=> nil
+ *  Related: #rassoc.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3760,20 +4951,16 @@ rb_ary_assoc(VALUE ary, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rassoc(obj) -> element_ary or nil
+ *    array.rassoc(obj) -> found_array or nil
  *
- *  Searches through the array whose elements are also arrays.
+ *  Returns the first element in +self+ that is an \Array
+ *  whose second element <tt>==</tt> +obj+:
+ *    a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
+ *    a.rassoc(4) # => [2, 4]
  *
- *  Compares +obj+ with the second element of each contained array using
- *  <code>obj.==</code>.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such element is found.
  *
- *  Returns the first contained array that matches +obj+.
- *
- *  See also Array#assoc.
- *
- *     a = [ [ 1, "one"], [2, "two"], [3, "three"], ["ii", "two"] ]
- *     a.rassoc("two")    #=> [2, "two"]
- *     a.rassoc("four")   #=> nil
+ *  Related: #assoc.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3800,6 +4987,7 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
     if (recur) return Qtrue; /* Subtle! */
 
+    /* rb_equal() can evacuate ptrs */
     p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1);
     p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2);
     len1 = RARRAY_LEN(ary1);
@@ -3812,8 +5000,8 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 		    return Qfalse;
 		if (len1 < i)
 		    return Qtrue;
-		p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) + i;
-		p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2) + i;
+                p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) + i;
+                p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2) + i;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		return Qfalse;
@@ -3827,16 +5015,19 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary == other_ary   ->   bool
+ *    array == other_array -> true or false
  *
- *  Equality --- Two arrays are equal if they contain the same number of
- *  elements and if each element is equal to (according to Object#==) the
- *  corresponding element in +other_ary+.
+ *  Returns +true+ if both <tt>array.size == other_array.size</tt>
+ *  and for each index +i+ in +array+, <tt>array[i] == other_array[i]</tt>:
+ *    a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2.0]
+ *    a1 == a0 # => true
+ *    [] == [] # => true
  *
- *     [ "a", "c" ]    == [ "a", "c", 7 ]     #=> false
- *     [ "a", "c", 7 ] == [ "a", "c", 7 ]     #=> true
- *     [ "a", "c", 7 ] == [ "a", "d", "f" ]   #=> false
+ *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
  *
+ *  This method is different from method Array#eql?,
+ *  which compares elements using <tt>Object#eql?</tt>.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3850,7 +5041,7 @@ rb_ary_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 	return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
-    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
+    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2)) return Qtrue;
     return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_equal, ary1, ary2, ary2);
 }
 
@@ -3869,10 +5060,18 @@ recursive_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.eql?(other)  -> true or false
+ *    array.eql? other_array -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other_array+ are the same size,
+ *  and if, for each index +i+ in +self+, <tt>self[i].eql? other_array[i]</tt>:
+ *    a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1.eql?(a0) # => true
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other+ are the same object,
- *  or are both arrays with the same content (according to Object#eql?).
+ *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
+ *
+ *  This method is different from method {Array#==}[#method-i-3D-3D],
+ *  which compares using method <tt>Object#==</tt>.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3881,20 +5080,19 @@ rb_ary_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) return Qfalse;
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
-    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
+    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2)) return Qtrue;
     return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, ary1, ary2, ary2);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.hash   -> fixnum
- *
- *  Compute a hash-code for this array.
+ *    array.hash -> integer
  *
- *  Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash code (and will
- *  compare using #eql?).
+ *  Returns the integer hash value for +self+.
  *
- *  See also Object#hash.
+ *  Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash code (and will compare using eql?):
+ *    [0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 2].hash # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 3].hash # => false
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3911,19 +5109,17 @@ rb_ary_hash(VALUE ary)
 	h = rb_hash_uint(h, NUM2LONG(n));
     }
     h = rb_hash_end(h);
-    return LONG2FIX(h);
+    return ST2FIX(h);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.include?(object)   -> true or false
+ *    array.include?(obj) -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the given +object+ is present in +self+ (that is, if any
- *  element <code>==</code> +object+), otherwise returns +false+.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.include?("b")   #=> true
- *     a.include?("z")   #=> false
+ *  Returns +true+ if for some index +i+ in +self+, <tt>obj == self[i]</tt>;
+ *  otherwise +false+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(2) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(3) # => false
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3934,17 +5130,27 @@ rb_ary_includes(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	switch (rb_equal_opt(e, item)) {
-	  case Qundef:
-	    if (rb_equal(e, item)) return Qtrue;
-	    break;
-	  case Qtrue:
+	if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
 	    return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_includes_by_eql(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
+{
+    long i;
+    VALUE e;
+
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	if (rb_eql(item, e)) {
+	    return Qtrue;
+	}
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
 
 static VALUE
 recursive_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
@@ -3968,32 +5174,24 @@ recursive_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary <=> other_ary   ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
- *
- *  Comparison --- Returns an integer (+-1+, +0+, or <code>+1</code>) if this
- *  array is less than, equal to, or greater than +other_ary+.
- *
- *  Each object in each array is compared (using the <=> operator).
+ *    array <=> other_array -> -1, 0, or 1
  *
- *  Arrays are compared in an "element-wise" manner; the first element of +ary+
- *  is compared with the first one of +other_ary+ using the <=> operator, then
- *  each of the second elements, etc...
- *  As soon as the result of any such comparison is non zero (i.e. the two
- *  corresponding elements are not equal), that result is returned for the
- *  whole array comparison.
+ *  Returns -1, 0, or 1 as +self+ is less than, equal to, or greater than +other_array+.
+ *  For each index +i+ in +self+, evaluates <tt>result = self[i] <=> other_array[i]</tt>.
  *
- *  If all the elements are equal, then the result is based on a comparison of
- *  the array lengths. Thus, two arrays are "equal" according to Array#<=> if,
- *  and only if, they have the same length and the value of each element is
- *  equal to the value of the corresponding element in the other array.
+ *  Returns -1 if any result is -1:
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 3] # => -1
  *
- *  +nil+ is returned if the +other_ary+ is not an array or if the comparison
- *  of two elements returned +nil+.
- *
- *     [ "a", "a", "c" ]    <=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]   #=> -1
- *     [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ] <=> [ 1, 2 ]            #=> +1
- *     [ 1, 2 ]             <=> [ 1, :two ]         #=> nil
+ *  Returns 1 if any result is 1:
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 1] # => 1
  *
+ *  When all results are zero:
+ *  - Returns -1 if +array+ is smaller than +other_array+:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3] # => -1
+ *  - Returns 1 if +array+ is larger than +other_array+:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1] # => 1
+ *  - Returns 0 if +array+ and +other_array+ are the same size:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2] # => 0
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4020,17 +5218,16 @@ ary_add_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	if (rb_hash_lookup2(hash, elt, Qundef) == Qundef) {
-	    rb_hash_aset(hash, elt, elt);
-	}
+	rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, elt, elt);
     }
     return hash;
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-ary_tmp_hash_new(void)
+ary_tmp_hash_new(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    long size = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(size);
 
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(hash);
     return hash;
@@ -4039,7 +5236,7 @@ ary_tmp_hash_new(void)
 static VALUE
 ary_make_hash(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new(ary);
     return ary_add_hash(hash, ary);
 }
 
@@ -4050,9 +5247,7 @@ ary_add_hash_by(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
 	VALUE v = rb_ary_elt(ary, i), k = rb_yield(v);
-	if (rb_hash_lookup2(hash, k, Qundef) == Qundef) {
-	    rb_hash_aset(hash, k, v);
-	}
+	rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, k, v);
     }
     return hash;
 }
@@ -4060,36 +5255,34 @@ ary_add_hash_by(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 ary_make_hash_by(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new(ary);
     return ary_add_hash_by(hash, ary);
 }
 
 static inline void
 ary_recycle_hash(VALUE hash)
 {
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl) {
-	st_table *tbl = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
-	RHASH(hash)->ntbl = 0;
+    assert(RBASIC_CLASS(hash) == 0);
+    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        st_table *tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
 	st_free_table(tbl);
+        RHASH_ST_CLEAR(hash);
     }
-    RB_GC_GUARD(hash);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary - other_ary    -> new_ary
- *
- *  Array Difference
- *
- *  Returns a new array that is a copy of the original array, removing any
- *  items that also appear in +other_ary+. The order is preserved from the
- *  original array.
- *
- *  It compares elements using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *    array - other_array -> new_array
  *
- *     [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 ] - [ 1, 2, 4 ]  #=>  [ 3, 3, 5 ]
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing only those elements from +array+
+ *  that are not found in \Array +other_array+;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>;
+ *  the order from +array+ is preserved:
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1] # => [0, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3] - [3, 0] # => [1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2] - [4] # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  If you need set-like behavior, see the library class Set.
+ *  Related: Array#difference.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4099,11 +5292,21 @@ rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     VALUE hash;
     long i;
 
-    hash = ary_make_hash(to_ary(ary2));
+    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
     ary3 = rb_ary_new();
 
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+	    VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i);
+	    if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, elt)) continue;
+	    rb_ary_push(ary3, elt);
+	}
+	return ary3;
+    }
+
+    hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
-	if (st_lookup(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), 0)) continue;
+        if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), NULL)) continue;
 	rb_ary_push(ary3, rb_ary_elt(ary1, i));
     }
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
@@ -4112,18 +5315,70 @@ rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary & other_ary      -> new_ary
+ *    array.difference(*other_arrays) -> new_array
  *
- *  Set Intersection --- Returns a new array containing elements common to the
- *  two arrays, excluding any duplicates. The order is preserved from the
- *  original array.
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing only those elements from +self+
+ *  that are not found in any of the Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>;  order from +self+ is preserved:
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1]) # => [0, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3]) # => [2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].difference([4]) # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  It compares elements using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
  *
- *     [ 1, 1, 3, 5 ] & [ 1, 2, 3 ]                 #=> [ 1, 3 ]
- *     [ 'a', 'b', 'b', 'z' ] & [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]   #=> [ 'a', 'b' ]
+ *  Related: Array#-.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_difference_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE ary_diff;
+    long i, length;
+    volatile VALUE t0;
+    bool *is_hash = ALLOCV_N(bool, t0, argc);
+    ary_diff = rb_ary_new();
+    length = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
+        is_hash[i] = (length > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]) > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN);
+        if (is_hash[i]) argv[i] = ary_make_hash(argv[i]);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        int j;
+        VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+        for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
+            if (is_hash[j]) {
+                if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(argv[j], RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), NULL))
+                    break;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(argv[j], elt)) break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (j == argc) rb_ary_push(ary_diff, elt);
+    }
+
+    ALLOCV_END(t0);
+
+    return ary_diff;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array & other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  See also Array#uniq.
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing each element found in both +array+ and \Array +other_array+;
+ *  duplicates are omitted; items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 0, 1] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]
+ *
+ *  Preserves order from +array+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2] & [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#intersection.
  */
 
 
@@ -4131,20 +5386,29 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE hash, ary3, v;
-    st_table *table;
     st_data_t vv;
     long i;
 
     ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
     ary3 = rb_ary_new();
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+	    v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
+	    if (!rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) continue;
+	    if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary3, v)) continue;
+	    rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
+	}
+	return ary3;
+    }
+
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
-    table = rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash);
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
 	v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
 	vv = (st_data_t)v;
-	if (st_delete(table, &vv, 0)) {
+        if (rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &vv, 0)) {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
 	}
     }
@@ -4153,6 +5417,37 @@ rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     return ary3;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.intersection(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing each element found both in +self+
+ *  and in all of the given Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  duplicates are omitted; items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
+ *
+ *  Preserves order from +self+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].intersection([2, 1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#&.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_intersection_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        result = rb_ary_and(result, argv[i]);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 static int
 ary_hash_orset(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 {
@@ -4161,40 +5456,465 @@ ary_hash_orset(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static void
+rb_ary_union(VALUE ary_union, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+        if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary_union, elt)) continue;
+        rb_ary_push(ary_union, elt);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+rb_ary_union_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE ary2)
+{
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary2); i++) {
+        VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary2, i);
+        if (!rb_hash_stlike_update(hash, (st_data_t)elt, ary_hash_orset, (st_data_t)elt)) {
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, elt);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary | other_ary     -> new_ary
- *
- *  Set Union --- Returns a new array by joining +ary+ with +other_ary+,
- *  excluding any duplicates and preserving the order from the original array.
+ *    array | other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  It compares elements using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *  Returns the union of +array+ and \Array +other_array+;
+ *  duplicates are removed; order is preserved;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1] | [2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 1] | [2, 2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2] | [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ] | [ "c", "d", "a" ]    #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *
- *  See also Array#uniq.
+ *  Related: Array#union.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_or(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE hash, ary3;
-    long i;
 
     ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) + RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+	ary3 = rb_ary_new();
+        rb_ary_union(ary3, ary1);
+        rb_ary_union(ary3, ary2);
+	return ary3;
+    }
+
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary1);
+    rb_ary_union_hash(hash, ary2);
 
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary2); i++) {
-	VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary2, i);
-	if (!st_update(RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash), (st_data_t)elt, ary_hash_orset, (st_data_t)elt)) {
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, elt);
-	}
-    }
     ary3 = rb_hash_values(hash);
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
     return ary3;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.union(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array that is the union of +self+ and all given Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  duplicates are removed;  order is preserved;  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].union([4, 5], [6, 7]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+ *    [0, 1, 1].union([2, 1], [3, 1]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].union([3, 2], [1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#|.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_union_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    int i;
+    long sum;
+    VALUE hash, ary_union;
+
+    sum = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
+        sum += RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]);
+    }
+
+    if (sum <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+        ary_union = rb_ary_new();
+
+        rb_ary_union(ary_union, ary);
+        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) rb_ary_union(ary_union, argv[i]);
+
+        return ary_union;
+    }
+
+    hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) rb_ary_union_hash(hash, argv[i]);
+
+    ary_union = rb_hash_values(hash);
+    ary_recycle_hash(hash);
+    return ary_union;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_generic(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(vmax, id_cmp, 1, &v), vmax, v) < 0) {
+            vmax = v;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_opt_fixnum(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(vmax));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(v)) {
+            if ((long)vmax < (long)v) {
+                vmax = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_max_generic(ary, i, vmax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_opt_float(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(vmax));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v)) {
+            if (rb_float_cmp(vmax, v) < 0) {
+                vmax = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_max_generic(ary, i, vmax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(STRING_P(vmax));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (STRING_P(v)) {
+            if (rb_str_cmp(vmax, v) < 0) {
+                vmax = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_max_generic(ary, i, vmax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.max -> element
+ *    array.max {|a, b| ... } -> element
+ *    array.max(n) -> new_array
+ *    array.max(n) {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns one of the following:
+ *  - The maximum-valued element from +self+.
+ *  - A new \Array of maximum-valued elements selected from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
+ *  with an \Integer.
+ *
+ *  With no argument and no block, returns the element in +self+
+ *  having the maximum value per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].max # => 2
+ *
+ *  With an argument \Integer +n+ and no block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in descending order per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].max(3) # => [3, 2, 1]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].max(6) # => [3, 2, 1]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, the block must return an \Integer.
+ *
+ *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns the element having the maximum value per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "000"
+ *
+ *  With an argument +n+ and a block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in descending order per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["000", "00"]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
+    VALUE result = Qundef, v;
+    VALUE num;
+    long i;
+
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
+       return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 1, 1);
+
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	   if (result == Qundef || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
+	       result = v;
+	   }
+	}
+    }
+    else if (n > 0) {
+        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
+        if (n > 1) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+                return ary_max_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+                return ary_max_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+                return ary_max_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else {
+                return ary_max_generic(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_generic(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(vmin, id_cmp, 1, &v), vmin, v) > 0) {
+            vmin = v;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_opt_fixnum(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(vmin));
+
+    VALUE a;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        a = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(a)) {
+            if ((long)vmin > (long)a) {
+                vmin = a;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_min_generic(ary, i, vmin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_opt_float(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(vmin));
+
+    VALUE a;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        a = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a)) {
+            if (rb_float_cmp(vmin, a) > 0) {
+                vmin = a;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_min_generic(ary, i, vmin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(STRING_P(vmin));
+
+    VALUE a;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        a = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (STRING_P(a)) {
+            if (rb_str_cmp(vmin, a) > 0) {
+                vmin = a;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_min_generic(ary, i, vmin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.min -> element
+ *    array.min { |a, b| ... } -> element
+ *    array.min(n) -> new_array
+ *    array.min(n) { |a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns one of the following:
+ *  - The minimum-valued element from +self+.
+ *  - A new \Array of minimum-valued elements selected from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
+ *  with an \Integer.
+ *
+ *  With no argument and no block, returns the element in +self+
+ *  having the minimum value per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].min # => 0
+ *
+ *  With \Integer argument +n+ and no block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in ascending order per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(3) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(6) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, the block must return an Integer.
+ *
+ *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns the element having the minimum value per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].min { |a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "0"
+ *
+ *  With an argument +n+ and a block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in ascending order per the block:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(3) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(6) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
+    VALUE result = Qundef, v;
+    VALUE num;
+    long i;
+
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
+       return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 0, 1);
+
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	   if (result == Qundef || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
+	       result = v;
+	   }
+	}
+    }
+    else if (n > 0) {
+        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
+        if (n > 1) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+                return ary_min_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+                return ary_min_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+                return ary_min_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else {
+                return ary_min_generic(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.minmax -> [min_val, max_val]
+ *    array.minmax {|a, b| ... } -> [min_val, max_val]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new 2-element \Array containing the minimum and maximum values
+ *  from +self+, either per method <tt><=></tt> or per a given block:.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
+ *  with an \Integer;
+ *  returns a new 2-element \Array containing the minimum and maximum values
+ *  from +self+, per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].minmax # => [0, 2]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, the block must return an \Integer;
+ *  the block is called <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns a new 2-element \Array containing the minimum and maximum values
+ *  from +self+, per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].minmax {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["0", "000"]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_minmax(VALUE ary)
+{
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
+    }
+    return rb_assoc_new(rb_ary_min(0, 0, ary), rb_ary_max(0, 0, ary));
+}
+
 static int
 push_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ary)
 {
@@ -4204,31 +5924,31 @@ push_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.uniq!                -> ary or nil
- *     ary.uniq! { |item| ... } -> ary or nil
- *
- *  Removes duplicate elements from +self+.
- *
- *  If a block is given, it will use the return value of the block for
- *  comparison.
+ *    array.uniq! -> self or nil
+ *    array.uniq! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
  *
- *  It compares values using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *  Removes duplicate elements from +self+, the first occurrence always being retained;
+ *  returns +self+ if any elements removed, +nil+ otherwise.
  *
- *  +self+ is traversed in order, and the first occurrence is kept.
+ *  With no block given, identifies and removes elements using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  to compare.
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no changes are made (that is, no duplicates are found).
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
+ *    a.uniq! # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "a", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.uniq!   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  *
- *     b = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     b.uniq!   # => nil
+ *  With a block given, calls the block for each element;
+ *  identifies (using method <tt>eql?</tt>) and removes
+ *  elements for which the block returns duplicate values.
  *
- *     c = [["student","sam"], ["student","george"], ["teacher","matz"]]
- *     c.uniq! { |s| s.first } # => [["student", "sam"], ["teacher", "matz"]]
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *    a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
+ *    a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => ['a', 'aa', 'aaa']
  *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -4254,7 +5974,7 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 	FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
     }
     ary_resize_capa(ary, hash_size);
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), push_value, ary);
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, push_value, ary);
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
 
     return ary;
@@ -4262,23 +5982,22 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.uniq                -> new_ary
- *     ary.uniq { |item| ... } -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array by removing duplicate values in +self+.
- *
- *  If a block is given, it will use the return value of the block for comparison.
- *
- *  It compares values using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
- *
- *  +self+ is traversed in order, and the first occurrence is kept.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "a", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.uniq   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
- *
- *     b = [["student","sam"], ["student","george"], ["teacher","matz"]]
- *     b.uniq { |s| s.first } # => [["student", "sam"], ["teacher", "matz"]]
- *
+ *    array.uniq -> new_array
+ *    array.uniq {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing those elements from +self+ that are not duplicates,
+ *  the first occurrence always being retained.
+ *
+ *  With no block given, identifies and omits duplicates using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  to compare.
+ *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
+ *    a.uniq # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  With a block given, calls the block for each element;
+ *  identifies (using method <tt>eql?</tt>) and omits duplicate values,
+ *  that is, those elements for which the block returns the same value:
+ *    a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
+ *    a.uniq {|element| element.size } # => ["a", "aa", "aaa"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4286,9 +6005,11 @@ rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE hash, uniq;
 
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1)
-        return rb_ary_dup(ary);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1) {
+        hash = 0;
+        uniq = rb_ary_dup(ary);
+    }
+    else if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
 	uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
     }
@@ -4296,22 +6017,20 @@ rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
 	hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
 	uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
     }
-    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(uniq, rb_obj_class(ary));
-    ary_recycle_hash(hash);
+    if (hash) {
+        ary_recycle_hash(hash);
+    }
 
     return uniq;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.compact!    -> ary  or  nil
- *
- *  Removes +nil+ elements from the array.
+ *    array.compact! -> self or nil
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no changes were made, otherwise returns the array.
+ *  Removes all +nil+ elements from +self+.
  *
- *     [ "a", nil, "b", nil, "c" ].compact! #=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].compact!           #=> nil
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed, otherwise +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4321,14 +6040,14 @@ rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
     long n;
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
-    p = t = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary); /* WB: no new reference */
+    p = t = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary); /* WB: no new reference */
     end = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
     while (t < end) {
 	if (NIL_P(*t)) t++;
 	else *p++ = *t++;
     }
-    n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+    n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == n) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
@@ -4339,12 +6058,11 @@ rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.compact     -> new_ary
+ *    array.compact -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a copy of +self+ with all +nil+ elements removed.
- *
- *     [ "a", nil, "b", nil, "c", nil ].compact
- *                       #=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all non-+nil+ elements from +self+:
+ *    a = [nil, 0, nil, 1, nil, 2, nil]
+ *    a.compact # => [0, 1, 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4357,23 +6075,26 @@ rb_ary_compact(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.count                   -> int
- *     ary.count(obj)              -> int
- *     ary.count { |item| block }  -> int
+ *    array.count -> an_integer
+ *    array.count(obj) -> an_integer
+ *    array.count {|element| ... } -> an_integer
  *
- *  Returns the number of elements.
+ *  Returns a count of specified elements.
  *
- *  If an argument is given, counts the number of elements which equal +obj+
- *  using <code>==</code>.
+ *  With no argument and no block, returns the count of all elements:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].count # => 3
+ *    [].count # => 0
  *
- *  If a block is given, counts the number of elements for which the block
- *  returns a true value.
+ *  With argument +obj+, returns the count of elements <tt>eql?</tt> to +obj+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 0].count(0) # => 2
+ *    [0, 1, 2].count(3) # => 0
  *
- *     ary = [1, 2, 4, 2]
- *     ary.count                  #=> 4
- *     ary.count(2)               #=> 2
- *     ary.count { |x| x%2 == 0 } #=> 3
+ *  With no argument and a block given, calls the block with each element;
+ *  returns the count of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element > 1} # => 2
  *
+ *  With argument +obj+ and a block given, issues a warning, ignores the block,
+ *  and returns the count of elements <tt>eql?</tt> to +obj+:
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4381,7 +6102,7 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long i, n = 0;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
 	VALUE v;
 
 	if (!rb_block_given_p())
@@ -4393,9 +6114,8 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	VALUE obj;
+        VALUE obj = argv[0];
 
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &obj);
 	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	    rb_warn("given block not used");
 	}
@@ -4408,18 +6128,43 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-flatten(VALUE ary, int level, int *modified)
+flatten(VALUE ary, int level)
 {
-    long i = 0;
-    VALUE stack, result, tmp, elt;
-    st_table *memo;
+    long i;
+    VALUE stack, result, tmp = 0, elt, vmemo;
+    st_table *memo = 0;
     st_data_t id;
 
-    stack = ary_new(0, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE);
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (i == RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+        return ary;
+    }
+
     result = ary_new(0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-    memo = st_init_numtable();
-    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
-    *modified = 0;
+    ary_memcpy(result, 0, i, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
+    ARY_SET_LEN(result, i);
+
+    stack = ary_new(0, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE);
+    rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
+    rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i + 1));
+
+    if (level < 0) {
+	vmemo = rb_hash_new();
+	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(vmemo);
+	memo = st_init_numtable();
+	rb_hash_st_table_set(vmemo, memo);
+	st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+	st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)tmp, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+    }
+
+    ary = tmp;
+    i = 0;
 
     while (1) {
 	while (i < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
@@ -4430,19 +6175,24 @@ flatten(VALUE ary, int level, int *modified)
 	    }
 	    tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
 	    if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
+		if (memo) {
+		    RB_GC_GUARD(vmemo);
+		    st_clear(memo);
+		}
 		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "flatten reentered");
 	    }
 	    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
 		rb_ary_push(result, elt);
 	    }
 	    else {
-		*modified = 1;
-		id = (st_data_t)tmp;
-		if (st_lookup(memo, id, 0)) {
-		    st_free_table(memo);
-		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+		if (memo) {
+		    id = (st_data_t)tmp;
+		    if (st_is_member(memo, id)) {
+			st_clear(memo);
+			rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+		    }
+		    st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
 		}
-		st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
 		rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
 		rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i));
 		ary = tmp;
@@ -4452,37 +6202,49 @@ flatten(VALUE ary, int level, int *modified)
 	if (RARRAY_LEN(stack) == 0) {
 	    break;
 	}
-	id = (st_data_t)ary;
-	st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
+	if (memo) {
+	    id = (st_data_t)ary;
+	    st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
+	}
 	tmp = rb_ary_pop(stack);
 	i = NUM2LONG(tmp);
 	ary = rb_ary_pop(stack);
     }
 
-    st_free_table(memo);
+    if (memo) {
+	st_clear(memo);
+    }
 
-    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(result, rb_obj_class(ary));
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(result, rb_cArray);
     return result;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.flatten!        -> ary or nil
- *     ary.flatten!(level) -> ary or nil
- *
- *  Flattens +self+ in place.
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no modifications were made (i.e., the array contains no
- *  subarrays.)
- *
- *  The optional +level+ argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
- *     a.flatten!   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     a.flatten!   #=> nil
- *     a            #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
- *     a.flatten!(1) #=> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+ *    array.flatten! -> self or nil
+ *    array.flatten!(level) -> self or nil
+ *
+ *  Replaces each nested \Array in +self+ with the elements from that \Array;
+ *  returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
+ *
+ *  With non-negative \Integer argument +level+, flattens recursively through +level+ levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten!(1) # => nil
+ *
+ *  With no argument, a +nil+ argument, or with negative argument +level+, flattens all levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten! # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten! # => nil
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten!(-1) # => nil
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4491,14 +6253,13 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     int mod = 0, level = -1;
     VALUE result, lv;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &lv);
+    lv = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil);
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
     if (level == 0) return Qnil;
 
-    result = flatten(ary, level, &mod);
-    if (mod == 0) {
-	ary_discard(result);
+    result = flatten(ary, level);
+    if (result == ary) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
     if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_obj_freeze(result);
@@ -4510,89 +6271,68 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.flatten -> new_ary
- *     ary.flatten(level) -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array that is a one-dimensional flattening of +self+
- *  (recursively).
- *
- *  That is, for every element that is an array, extract its elements into
- *  the new array.
- *
- *  The optional +level+ argument determines the level of recursion to
- *  flatten.
- *
- *     s = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *     t = [ 4, 5, 6, [7, 8] ]   #=> [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]
- *     a = [ s, t, 9, 10 ]       #=> [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]], 9, 10]
- *     a.flatten                 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
- *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
- *     a.flatten(1)              #=> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+ *    array.flatten -> new_array
+ *    array.flatten(level) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array that is a recursive flattening of +self+:
+ *  - Each non-Array element is unchanged.
+ *  - Each \Array is replaced by its individual elements.
+ *
+ *  With non-negative \Integer argument +level+, flattens recursively through +level+ levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(0) # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *
+ *  With no argument, a +nil+ argument, or with negative argument +level+, flattens all levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_flatten(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    int mod = 0, level = -1;
-    VALUE result, lv;
+    int level = -1;
+    VALUE result;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &lv);
-    if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
-    if (level == 0) return ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0])) {
+        level = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
+        if (level == 0) return ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
+    }
 
-    result = flatten(ary, level, &mod);
-    OBJ_INFECT(result, ary);
+    result = flatten(ary, level);
+    if (result == ary) {
+        result = ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
+    }
 
     return result;
 }
 
-#define OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts) \
-    (argc > 0 && !NIL_P((opts) = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1])) && (--argc, 1))
-static ID id_random;
-
 #define RAND_UPTO(max) (long)rb_random_ulong_limited((randgen), (max)-1)
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.shuffle!              -> ary
- *     ary.shuffle!(random: rng) -> ary
- *
- *  Shuffles elements in +self+ in place.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *     a.shuffle!                #=> [2, 3, 1]
- *     a                         #=> [2, 3, 1]
- *
- *  The optional +rng+ argument will be used as the random number generator.
- *
- *     a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
- */
-
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_shuffle_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_shuffle_bang(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
 {
-    VALUE opts, randgen = rb_cRandom;
     long i, len;
 
-    if (OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts)) {
-	VALUE rnd;
-	ID keyword_ids[1];
-
-	keyword_ids[0] = id_random;
-	rb_get_kwargs(opts, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &rnd);
-	if (rnd != Qundef) {
-	    randgen = rnd;
-	}
-    }
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 0);
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     i = len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
 	while (i) {
 	    long j = RAND_UPTO(i);
 	    VALUE tmp;
-	    if (len != RARRAY_LEN(ary) || ptr != RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "modified during shuffle");
+            if (len != RARRAY_LEN(ary) || ptr != RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "modified during shuffle");
 	    }
 	    tmp = ptr[--i];
 	    ptr[i] = ptr[j];
@@ -4602,76 +6342,24 @@ rb_ary_shuffle_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     return ary;
 }
 
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.shuffle              -> new_ary
- *     ary.shuffle(random: rng) -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array with elements of +self+ shuffled.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *     a.shuffle                 #=> [2, 3, 1]
- *     a                         #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *
- *  The optional +rng+ argument will be used as the random number generator.
- *
- *     a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
- */
-
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_shuffle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_shuffle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
 {
     ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
-    rb_ary_shuffle_bang(argc, argv, ary);
+    rb_ary_shuffle_bang(ec, ary, randgen);
     return ary;
 }
 
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sample                  -> obj
- *     ary.sample(random: rng)     -> obj
- *     ary.sample(n)               -> new_ary
- *     ary.sample(n, random: rng)  -> new_ary
- *
- *  Choose a random element or +n+ random elements from the array.
- *
- *  The elements are chosen by using random and unique indices into the array
- *  in order to ensure that an element doesn't repeat itself unless the array
- *  already contained duplicate elements.
- *
- *  If the array is empty the first form returns +nil+ and the second form
- *  returns an empty array.
- *
- *  The optional +rng+ argument will be used as the random number generator.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]
- *     a.sample         #=> 7
- *     a.sample(4)      #=> [6, 4, 2, 5]
- */
-
-
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE to_array)
 {
-    VALUE nv, result;
-    VALUE opts, randgen = rb_cRandom;
+    VALUE result;
     long n, len, i, j, k, idx[10];
     long rnds[numberof(idx)];
+    long memo_threshold;
 
-    if (OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts)) {
-	VALUE rnd;
-	ID keyword_ids[1];
-
-	keyword_ids[0] = id_random;
-	rb_get_kwargs(opts, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &rnd);
-	if (rnd != Qundef) {
-	    randgen = rnd;
-	}
-    }
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (!to_array) {
 	if (len < 2)
 	    i = 0;
 	else
@@ -4679,7 +6367,6 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 	return rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
     }
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
     n = NUM2LONG(nv);
     if (n < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative sample number");
     if (n > len) n = len;
@@ -4701,7 +6388,7 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
       case 1:
 	i = rnds[0];
-	return rb_ary_new_from_values(1, &RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+	return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
       case 2:
 	i = rnds[0];
 	j = rnds[1];
@@ -4718,6 +6405,11 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	}
 	return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, j), RARRAY_AREF(ary, k));
     }
+    memo_threshold =
+	len < 2560 ? len / 128 :
+	len < 5120 ? len / 64 :
+	len < 10240 ? len / 32 :
+	len / 16;
     if (n <= numberof(idx)) {
 	long sorted[numberof(idx)];
 	sorted[0] = idx[0] = rnds[0];
@@ -4731,12 +6423,44 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	    sorted[j] = idx[i] = k;
 	}
 	result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(result, ptr_result, {
 	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
 		ptr_result[i] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx[i]);
 	    }
 	});
     }
+    else if (n <= memo_threshold / 2) {
+	long max_idx = 0;
+#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+	VALUE vmemo = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, 0);
+	st_table *memo = st_init_numtable_with_size(n);
+	DATA_PTR(vmemo) = memo;
+	result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+	RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
+	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+		long r = RAND_UPTO(len-i) + i;
+		ptr_result[i] = r;
+		if (r > max_idx) max_idx = r;
+	    }
+	    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+	    if (len <= max_idx) n = 0;
+	    else if (n > len) n = len;
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr_ary, {
+		for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+		    long j2 = j = ptr_result[i];
+		    long i2 = i;
+		    st_data_t value;
+		    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)i, &value)) i2 = (long)value;
+		    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)j, &value)) j2 = (long)value;
+		    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)j, (st_data_t)i2);
+		    ptr_result[i] = ptr_ary[j2];
+		}
+	    });
+	});
+	DATA_PTR(vmemo) = 0;
+	st_free_table(memo);
+    }
     else {
 	result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
 	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(result);
@@ -4765,47 +6489,55 @@ rb_ary_cycle_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 	n = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(self) == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (n == Qnil) return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+    if (n == Qnil) return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
     mul = NUM2LONG(n);
     if (mul <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     n = LONG2FIX(mul);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_ary_length(self), '*', 1, &n);
+    return rb_fix_mul_fix(rb_ary_length(self), n);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.cycle(n=nil) { |obj| block }  -> nil
- *     ary.cycle(n=nil)                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Calls the given block for each element +n+ times or forever if +nil+ is
- *  given.
- *
- *  Does nothing if a non-positive number is given or the array is empty.
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if the loop has finished without getting interrupted.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     a = ["a", "b", "c"]
- *     a.cycle { |x| puts x }     # print, a, b, c, a, b, c,.. forever.
- *     a.cycle(2) { |x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c.
- *
+ *    array.cycle {|element| ... } -> nil
+ *    array.cycle(count) {|element| ... } -> nil
+ *    array.cycle -> new_enumerator
+ *    array.cycle(count) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  When called with positive \Integer argument +count+ and a block,
+ *  calls the block with each element, then does so again,
+ *  until it has done so +count+ times; returns +nil+:
+ *    output = []
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(2) {|element| output.push(element) } # => nil
+ *    output # => [0, 1, 0, 1]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is zero or negative, does not call the block:
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(0) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(-1) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, and argument is omitted or +nil+, cycles forever:
+ *    # Prints 0 and 1 forever.
+ *    [0, 1].cycle {|element| puts element }
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(nil) {|element| puts element }
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle(2)>
+ *    [0, 1].cycle # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle>
+ *    [0, 1].cycle.first(5) # => [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long n, i;
-    VALUE nv = Qnil;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_cycle_size);
-    if (NIL_P(nv)) {
+    if (argc == 0 || NIL_P(argv[0])) {
         n = -1;
     }
     else {
-        n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+        n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
         if (n <= 0) return Qnil;
     }
 
@@ -4817,8 +6549,6 @@ rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-#define tmpbuf(n, size) rb_str_tmp_new((n)*(size))
-#define tmpbuf_discard(s) (rb_str_resize((s), 0L), RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(s, rb_cString))
 #define tmpary(n) rb_ary_tmp_new(n)
 #define tmpary_discard(a) (ary_discard(a), RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(a, rb_cArray))
 
@@ -4831,11 +6561,9 @@ static int
 yield_indexed_values(const VALUE values, const long r, const long *const p)
 {
     const VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
-    VALUE *const result_array = RARRAY_PTR(result);
-    const VALUE *const values_array = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(values);
     long i;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) result_array[i] = values_array[p[i]];
+    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) ARY_SET(result, i, RARRAY_AREF(values, p[i]));
     ARY_SET_LEN(result, r);
     rb_yield(result);
     return !RBASIC(values)->klass;
@@ -4844,8 +6572,8 @@ yield_indexed_values(const VALUE values, const long r, const long *const p)
 /*
  * Compute permutations of +r+ elements of the set <code>[0..n-1]</code>.
  *
- * When we have a complete permutation of array indexes, copy the values
- * at those indexes into a new array and yield that array.
+ * When we have a complete permutation of array indices, copy the values
+ * at those indices into a new array and yield that array.
  *
  * n: the size of the set
  * r: the number of elements in each permutation
@@ -4890,15 +6618,21 @@ permute0(const long n, const long r, long *const p, char *const used, const VALU
 
 /*
  * Returns the product of from, from-1, ..., from - how_many + 1.
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer_symbol
+ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer_symbol
  */
 static VALUE
 descending_factorial(long from, long how_many)
 {
-    VALUE cnt = LONG2FIX(how_many >= 0);
-    while (how_many-- > 0) {
-	VALUE v = LONG2FIX(from--);
-	cnt = rb_funcallv(cnt, '*', 1, &v);
+    VALUE cnt;
+    if (how_many > 0) {
+	cnt = LONG2FIX(from);
+	while (--how_many > 0) {
+	    long v = --from;
+	    cnt = rb_int_mul(cnt, LONG2FIX(v));
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	cnt = LONG2FIX(how_many == 0);
     }
     return cnt;
 }
@@ -4906,16 +6640,23 @@ descending_factorial(long from, long how_many)
 static VALUE
 binomial_coefficient(long comb, long size)
 {
-    VALUE r, v;
+    VALUE r;
+    long i;
     if (comb > size-comb) {
 	comb = size-comb;
     }
     if (comb < 0) {
 	return LONG2FIX(0);
     }
-    r = descending_factorial(size, comb);
-    v = descending_factorial(comb, comb);
-    return rb_funcallv(r, id_div, 1, &v);
+    else if (comb == 0) {
+	return LONG2FIX(1);
+    }
+    r = LONG2FIX(size);
+    for (i = 1; i < comb; ++i) {
+	r = rb_int_mul(r, LONG2FIX(size - i));
+	r = rb_int_idiv(r, LONG2FIX(i + 1));
+    }
+    return r;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4929,42 +6670,78 @@ rb_ary_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.permutation { |p| block }          -> ary
- *     ary.permutation                        -> Enumerator
- *     ary.permutation(n) { |p| block }       -> ary
- *     ary.permutation(n)                     -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of length +n+ of the
- * elements of the array, then return the array itself.
- *
- * If +n+ is not specified, yield all permutations of all elements.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the
- * permutations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *   a = [1, 2, 3]
- *   a.permutation.to_a    #=> [[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]]
- *   a.permutation(1).to_a #=> [[1],[2],[3]]
- *   a.permutation(2).to_a #=> [[1,2],[1,3],[2,1],[2,3],[3,1],[3,2]]
- *   a.permutation(3).to_a #=> [[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]]
- *   a.permutation(0).to_a #=> [[]] # one permutation of length 0
- *   a.permutation(4).to_a #=> []   # no permutations of length 4
+ *    array.permutation {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.permutation(n) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.permutation -> new_enumerator
+ *    array.permutation(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of elements of +self+; returns +self+.
+ *  The order of permutations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and an in-range positive \Integer argument +n+ (<tt>0 < n <= self.size</tt>)
+ *  are given, calls the block with all +n+-tuple permutations of +self+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 0]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *    [2, 0]
+ *    [2, 1]
+ *  Another example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(3) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 2, 1]
+ *    [1, 0, 2]
+ *    [1, 2, 0]
+ *    [2, 0, 1]
+ *    [2, 1, 0]
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(0) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    []
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *  does not call the block:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    a.permutation(4) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  When a block given but no argument,
+ *  behaves the same as <tt>a.permutation(a.size)</tt>:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 2, 1]
+ *    [1, 0, 2]
+ *    [1, 2, 0]
+ *    [2, 0, 1]
+ *    [2, 1, 0]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation>
+ *    a.permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_permutation(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE num;
     long r, n, i;
 
     n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);                  /* Array length */
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_permutation_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
-    r = NIL_P(num) ? n : NUM2LONG(num);   /* Permutation size from argument */
+    r = n;
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0]))
+        r = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);            /* Permutation size from argument */
 
     if (r < 0 || n < r) {
 	/* no permutations: yield nothing */
@@ -5025,27 +6802,44 @@ rb_ary_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.combination(n) { |c| block }    -> ary
- *     ary.combination(n)                  -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yields all combinations of length +n+ of elements
- * from the array and then returns the array itself.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the
- * combinations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
- *     a.combination(1).to_a  #=> [[1],[2],[3],[4]]
- *     a.combination(2).to_a  #=> [[1,2],[1,3],[1,4],[2,3],[2,4],[3,4]]
- *     a.combination(3).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3],[1,2,4],[1,3,4],[2,3,4]]
- *     a.combination(4).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3,4]]
- *     a.combination(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one combination of length 0
- *     a.combination(5).to_a  #=> []   # no combinations of length 5
- *
+ *    array.combination(n) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.combination(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with combinations of elements of +self+;
+ *  returns +self+. The order of combinations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and an in-range positive \Integer argument +n+ (<tt>0 < n <= self.size</tt>)
+ *  are given, calls the block with all +n+-tuple combinations of +self+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *
+ *  Another example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(3) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a1 = a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    []
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *  does not call the block:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    a.combination(4) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5063,7 +6857,7 @@ rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
     }
     else if (n == 1) {
-	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
 	}
     }
@@ -5084,8 +6878,8 @@ rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
  * Compute repeated permutations of +r+ elements of the set
  * <code>[0..n-1]</code>.
  *
- * When we have a complete repeated permutation of array indexes, copy the
- * values at those indexes into a new array and yield that array.
+ * When we have a complete repeated permutation of array indices, copy the
+ * values at those indices into a new array and yield that array.
  *
  * n: the size of the set
  * r: the number of elements in each permutation
@@ -5120,39 +6914,71 @@ rb_ary_repeated_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
     long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     long k = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
-    VALUE v;
 
     if (k < 0) {
 	return LONG2FIX(0);
     }
-
-    v = LONG2NUM(k);
-    return rb_funcallv(LONG2NUM(n), id_power, 1, &v);
+    if (n <= 0) {
+	return LONG2FIX(!k);
+    }
+    return rb_int_positive_pow(n, (unsigned long)k);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.repeated_permutation(n) { |p| block } -> ary
- *     ary.repeated_permutation(n)               -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yield all repeated permutations of length +n+ of
- * the elements of the array, then return the array itself.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the repeated
- * permutations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *     a = [1, 2]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(1).to_a  #=> [[1], [2]]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(2).to_a  #=> [[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(3).to_a  #=> [[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,1],[1,2,2],
- *                                     #    [2,1,1],[2,1,2],[2,2,1],[2,2,2]]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one permutation of length 0
+ *    array.repeated_permutation(n) {|permutation| ... } -> self
+ *    array.repeated_permutation(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block with each repeated permutation of length +n+ of the elements of +self+;
+ *  each permutation is an \Array;
+ *  returns +self+. The order of the permutations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and a positive \Integer argument +n+ are given, calls the block with each
+ *  +n+-tuple repeated permutation of the elements of +self+.
+ *  The number of permutations is <tt>self.size**n</tt>.
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 1:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(1) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0]
+ *    [1]
+ *    [2]
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 2:
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 0]
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 0]
+ *    [1, 1]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *    [2, 0]
+ *    [2, 1]
+ *    [2, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is negative, does not call the block:
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>
+ *
+ *  Using Enumerators, it's convenient to show the permutations and counts
+ *  for some values of +n+:
+ *    e = a.repeated_permutation(0)
+ *    e.size # => 1
+ *    e.to_a # => [[]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_permutation(1)
+ *    e.size # => 3
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_permutation(2)
+ *    e.size # => 9
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 {
@@ -5222,29 +7048,55 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.repeated_combination(n) { |c| block } -> ary
- *     ary.repeated_combination(n)               -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yields all repeated combinations of length +n+ of
- * elements from the array and then returns the array itself.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the repeated
- * combinations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *   a = [1, 2, 3]
- *   a.repeated_combination(1).to_a  #=> [[1], [2], [3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(2).to_a  #=> [[1,1],[1,2],[1,3],[2,2],[2,3],[3,3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(3).to_a  #=> [[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,1,3],[1,2,2],[1,2,3],
- *                                   #    [1,3,3],[2,2,2],[2,2,3],[2,3,3],[3,3,3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(4).to_a  #=> [[1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,2],[1,1,1,3],[1,1,2,2],[1,1,2,3],
- *                                   #    [1,1,3,3],[1,2,2,2],[1,2,2,3],[1,2,3,3],[1,3,3,3],
- *                                   #    [2,2,2,2],[2,2,2,3],[2,2,3,3],[2,3,3,3],[3,3,3,3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one combination of length 0
- *
+ *    array.repeated_combination(n) {|combination| ... } -> self
+ *    array.repeated_combination(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block with each repeated combination of length +n+ of the elements of +self+;
+ *  each combination is an \Array;
+ *  returns +self+. The order of the combinations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and a positive \Integer argument +n+ are given, calls the block with each
+ *  +n+-tuple repeated combination of the elements of +self+.
+ *  The number of combinations is <tt>(n+1)(n+2)/2</tt>.
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 1:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_combination(1) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0]
+ *    [1]
+ *    [2]
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 2:
+ *    a.repeated_combination(2) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 0]
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 1]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *    [2, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is negative, does not call the block:
+ *    a.repeated_combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>
+ *
+ *  Using Enumerators, it's convenient to show the combinations and counts
+ *  for some values of +n+:
+ *    e = a.repeated_combination(0)
+ *    e.size # => 1
+ *    e.to_a # => [[]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_combination(1)
+ *    e.size # => 3
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_combination(2)
+ *    e.size # => 6
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5262,7 +7114,7 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
     }
     else if (n == 1) {
-	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
 	}
     }
@@ -5284,23 +7136,51 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.product(other_ary, ...)                -> new_ary
- *     ary.product(other_ary, ...) { |p| block }  -> ary
- *
- *  Returns an array of all combinations of elements from all arrays.
- *
- *  The length of the returned array is the product of the length of +self+ and
- *  the argument arrays.
- *
- *  If given a block, #product will yield all combinations and return +self+
- *  instead.
- *
- *     [1,2,3].product([4,5])     #=> [[1,4],[1,5],[2,4],[2,5],[3,4],[3,5]]
- *     [1,2].product([1,2])       #=> [[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]]
- *     [1,2].product([3,4],[5,6]) #=> [[1,3,5],[1,3,6],[1,4,5],[1,4,6],
- *                                #     [2,3,5],[2,3,6],[2,4,5],[2,4,6]]
- *     [1,2].product()            #=> [[1],[2]]
- *     [1,2].product([])          #=> []
+ *    array.product(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    array.product(*other_arrays) {|combination| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Computes and returns or yields all combinations of elements from all the Arrays,
+ *  including both +self+ and +other_arrays+.
+ *  - The number of combinations is the product of the sizes of all the arrays,
+ *    including both +self+ and +other_arrays+.
+ *  - The order of the returned combinations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, returns the combinations as an \Array of Arrays:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a1 = [3, 4]
+ *    a2 = [5, 6]
+ *    p = a.product(a1)
+ *    p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
+ *    p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]
+ *    p = a.product(a1, a2)
+ *    p.size # => 12 # a.size * a1.size * a2.size
+ *    p # => [[0, 3, 5], [0, 3, 6], [0, 4, 5], [0, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 6], [1, 4, 5], [1, 4, 6], [2, 3, 5], [2, 3, 6], [2, 4, 5], [2, 4, 6]]
+ *
+ *  If any argument is an empty \Array, returns an empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If no argument is given, returns an \Array of 1-element Arrays,
+ *  each containing an element of +self+:
+ *    a.product # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, yields each combination as an \Array; returns +self+:
+ *    a.product(a1) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 3]
+ *    [0, 4]
+ *    [1, 3]
+ *    [1, 4]
+ *    [2, 3]
+ *    [2, 4]
+ *
+ *  If any argument is an empty \Array, does not call the block:
+ *    a.product(a1, a2, []) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  If no argument is given, yields each element of +self+ as a 1-element \Array:
+ *    a.product {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0]
+ *    [1]
+ *    [2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5308,15 +7188,14 @@ rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     int n = argc+1;    /* How many arrays we're operating on */
     volatile VALUE t0 = tmpary(n);
-    volatile VALUE t1 = tmpbuf(n, sizeof(int));
+    volatile VALUE t1 = Qundef;
     VALUE *arrays = RARRAY_PTR(t0); /* The arrays we're computing the product of */
-    int *counters = (int*)RSTRING_PTR(t1); /* The current position in each one */
+    int *counters = ALLOCV_N(int, t1, n); /* The current position in each one */
     VALUE result = Qnil;      /* The array we'll be returning, when no block given */
     long i,j;
     long resultlen = 1;
 
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(t0);
-    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(t1);
 
     /* initialize the arrays of arrays */
     ARY_SET_LEN(t0, n);
@@ -5387,24 +7266,25 @@ rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     }
 done:
     tmpary_discard(t0);
-    tmpbuf_discard(t1);
+    ALLOCV_END(t1);
 
     return NIL_P(result) ? ary : result;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.take(n)               -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns first +n+ elements from the array.
- *
- *  If a negative number is given, raises an ArgumentError.
- *
- *  See also Array#drop
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.take(3)             #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *
+ *    array.take(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing the first +n+ element of +self+,
+ *  where +n+ is a non-negative \Integer;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.take(1) # => [0]
+ *    a.take(2) # => [0, 1]
+ *    a.take(50) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5419,19 +7299,22 @@ rb_ary_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.take_while { |obj| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.take_while                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Passes elements to the block until the block returns +nil+ or +false+, then
- *  stops iterating and returns an array of all prior elements.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *  See also Array#drop_while
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.take_while { |i| i < 3 }  #=> [1, 2]
- *
+ *    array.take_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.take_while -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing zero or more leading elements of +self+;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of +self+;
+ *  stops if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
+ *  returns a new Array containing those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.take_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.take_while {|element| true } # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *
+ *  With no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    [0, 1].take_while # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:take_while>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5448,18 +7331,17 @@ rb_ary_take_while(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.drop(n)               -> new_ary
+ *    array.drop(n) -> new_array
  *
- *  Drops first +n+ elements from +ary+ and returns the rest of the elements in
- *  an array.
- *
- *  If a negative number is given, raises an ArgumentError.
- *
- *  See also Array#take
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.drop(3)             #=> [4, 5, 0]
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all but the first +n+ element of +self+,
+ *  where +n+ is a non-negative \Integer;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
  *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(2) # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5478,20 +7360,20 @@ rb_ary_drop(VALUE ary, VALUE n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.drop_while { |obj| block }   -> new_ary
- *     ary.drop_while                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Drops elements up to, but not including, the first element for which the
- *  block returns +nil+ or +false+ and returns an array containing the
- *  remaining elements.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *  See also Array#take_while
+ *    array.drop_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.drop_while -> new_enumerator
+
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing zero or more trailing elements of +self+;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
  *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.drop_while {|i| i < 3 }   #=> [3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of +self+;
+ *  stops if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
+ *  returns a new Array _omitting_ those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [3, 4, 5]
  *
+ *  With no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    [0, 1].drop_while # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:drop_while>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5508,20 +7390,53 @@ rb_ary_drop_while(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.any? [{ |obj| block }]   -> true or false
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#any?
+ *    array.any? -> true or false
+ *    array.any? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.any?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if any element of +self+ meets a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has any truthy element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, 0, false].any? # => true
+ *    [nil, false].any? # => false
+ *    [].any? # => false
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns any truthy value, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 2 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if +obj+.<tt>===</tt> any element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].any?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].any?(/bar/) # => false
+ *    [].any?(/foo/) # => false
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any?(1) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any?(3) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#any?
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_any_p(VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
 
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     if (!len) return Qfalse;
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-	for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) if (RTEST(ptr[i])) return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+	    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
+	}
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     else {
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
@@ -5532,22 +7447,208 @@ rb_ary_any_p(VALUE ary)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   ary.dig(idx, ...)                 -> object
- *
- * Extracts the nested value specified by the sequence of <i>idx</i>
- * objects by calling +dig+ at each step, returning +nil+ if any
- * intermediate step is +nil+.
- *
- *   a = [[1, [2, 3]]]
- *
- *   a.dig(0, 1, 1)                    #=> 3
- *   a.dig(1, 2, 3)                    #=> nil
- *   a.dig(0, 0, 0)                    #=> NoMethodError, undefined method `dig' for 1:Fixnum
- *   [42, {foo: :bar}].dig(1, :foo)    #=> :bar
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.all? -> true or false
+ *    array.all? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.all?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if all elements of +self+ meet a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ contains only truthy elements,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, :foo].all? # => true
+ *    [0, nil, 2].all? # => false
+ *    [].all? # => true
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns only truthy values, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 3 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 2 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> every element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    ['food', 'fool', 'foot'].all?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].all?(/bar/) # => false
+ *    [].all?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [0, 0, 0].all?(0) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all?(1) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#all?
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_all_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (!len) return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (!RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.none? -> true or false
+ *    array.none? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.none?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if no element of +self+ meet a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has no truthy elements,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, false].none? # => true
+ *    [nil, 0, false].none? # => false
+ *    [].none? # => true
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns no truthy value, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 3 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 1 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> no element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/bar/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/foo/) # => false
+ *    [].none?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none?(3) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none?(1) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#none?
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (!len) return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.one? -> true or false
+ *    array.one? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.one?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if exactly one element of +self+ meets a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has exactly one truthy element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, 0].one? # => true
+ *    [0, 0].one? # => false
+ *    [nil, nil].one? # => false
+ *    [].one? # => false
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block a truthy value for exactly one element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 0 } # => false
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 2 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> exactly one element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one?(0) # => true
+ *    [0, 0, 1].one?(0) # => false
+ *    [1, 1, 2].one?(0) # => false
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].one?(/bar/) # => false
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].one?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [].one?(/foo/) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#one?
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_one_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    VALUE result = Qfalse;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (!len) return Qfalse;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
+                if (result) return Qfalse;
+                result = Qtrue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) {
+                if (result) return Qfalse;
+                result = Qtrue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
+                if (result) return Qfalse;
+                result = Qtrue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.dig(index, *identifiers) -> object
+ *
+ *  Finds and returns the object in nested objects
+ *  that is specified by +index+ and +identifiers+.
+ *  The nested objects may be instances of various classes.
+ *  See {Dig Methods}[rdoc-ref:doc/dig_methods.rdoc].
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [:foo, [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]]
+ *    a.dig(1) # => [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]
+ *    a.dig(1, 2) # => [:bat, :bam]
+ *    a.dig(1, 2, 0) # => :bat
+ *    a.dig(1, 2, 3) # => nil
+ */
+
+static VALUE
 rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
@@ -5557,13 +7658,196 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return rb_obj_dig(argc, argv, self, Qnil);
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+finish_exact_sum(long n, VALUE r, VALUE v, int z)
+{
+    if (n != 0)
+        v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
+    if (r != Qundef) {
+        v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
+    }
+    else if (!n && z) {
+        v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(0), v);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
 /*
- *  Arrays are ordered, integer-indexed collections of any object.
+ * call-seq:
+ *   array.sum(init = 0) -> object
+ *   array.sum(init = 0) {|element| ... } -> object
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, returns the object equivalent to:
+ *    sum = init
+ *    array.each {|element| sum += element }
+ *    sum
+ *  For example, <tt>[e1, e2, e3].sum</tt> returns </tt>init + e1 + e2 + e3</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a.sum # => 6
+ *    a.sum(100) # => 106
+ *
+ *  The elements need not be numeric, but must be <tt>+</tt>-compatible
+ *  with each other and with +init+:
+ *    a = ['abc', 'def', 'ghi']
+ *    a.sum('jkl') # => "jklabcdefghi"
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, it is called with each element
+ *  and the block's return value (instead of the element itself) is used as the addend:
+ *    a = ['zero', 1, :two]
+ *    s = a.sum('Coerced and concatenated: ') {|element| element.to_s }
+ *    s # => "Coerced and concatenated: zero1two"
+ *
+ *  Notes:
+ *  - Array#join and Array#flatten may be faster than Array#sum
+ *    for an \Array of Strings or an \Array of Arrays.
+ *  - Array#sum method may not respect method redefinition of "+" methods such as Integer#+.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE e, v, r;
+    long i, n;
+    int block_given;
+
+    v = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : LONG2FIX(0));
+
+    block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0)
+        return v;
+
+    n = 0;
+    r = Qundef;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (block_given)
+            e = rb_yield(e);
+        if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
+            n += FIX2LONG(e); /* should not overflow long type */
+            if (!FIXABLE(n)) {
+                v = rb_big_plus(LONG2NUM(n), v);
+                n = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_BIGNUM))
+            v = rb_big_plus(e, v);
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_RATIONAL)) {
+            if (r == Qundef)
+                r = e;
+            else
+                r = rb_rational_plus(r, e);
+        }
+        else
+            goto not_exact;
+    }
+    v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, argc!=0);
+    return v;
+
+  not_exact:
+    v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, i!=0);
+
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e)) {
+        /*
+         * Kahan-Babuska balancing compensated summation algorithm
+         * See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
+         */
+        double f, c;
+        double x, t;
+
+        f = NUM2DBL(v);
+        c = 0.0;
+        goto has_float_value;
+        for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+            if (block_given)
+                e = rb_yield(e);
+            if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e))
+              has_float_value:
+                x = RFLOAT_VALUE(e);
+            else if (FIXNUM_P(e))
+                x = FIX2LONG(e);
+            else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_BIGNUM))
+                x = rb_big2dbl(e);
+            else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_RATIONAL))
+                x = rb_num2dbl(e);
+            else
+                goto not_float;
+
+            if (isnan(f)) continue;
+            if (isnan(x)) {
+                f = x;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isinf(x)) {
+                if (isinf(f) && signbit(x) != signbit(f))
+                    f = NAN;
+                else
+                    f = x;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isinf(f)) continue;
+
+            t = f + x;
+            if (fabs(f) >= fabs(x))
+                c += ((f - t) + x);
+            else
+                c += ((x - t) + f);
+            f = t;
+        }
+        f += c;
+        return DBL2NUM(f);
+
+      not_float:
+        v = DBL2NUM(f);
+    }
+
+    goto has_some_value;
+    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (block_given)
+            e = rb_yield(e);
+      has_some_value:
+        v = rb_funcall(v, idPLUS, 1, e);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  An \Array is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects,
+ *  called _elements_.  Any object may be an \Array element.
  *
- *  Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.  A negative index is assumed
- *  to be relative to the end of the array---that is, an index of -1 indicates
- *  the last element of the array, -2 is the next to last element in the
- *  array, and so on.
+ *  == \Array Indexes
+ *
+ *  \Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.
+ *
+ *  A positive index is an offset from the first element:
+ *  - Index 0 indicates the first element.
+ *  - Index 1 indicates the second element.
+ *  - ...
+ *
+ *  A negative index is an offset, backwards, from the end of the array:
+ *  - Index -1 indicates the last element.
+ *  - Index -2 indicates the next-to-last element.
+ *  - ...
+ *
+ *  A non-negative index is <i>in range</i> if it is smaller than
+ *  the size of the array.  For a 3-element array:
+ *  - Indexes 0 through 2 are in range.
+ *  - Index 3 is out of range.
+ *
+ *  A negative index is <i>in range</i> if its absolute value is
+ *  not larger than the size of the array.  For a 3-element array:
+ *  - Indexes -1 through -3 are in range.
+ *  - Index -4 is out of range.
  *
  *  == Creating Arrays
  *
@@ -5590,11 +7874,12 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  This method is safe to use with mutable objects such as hashes, strings or
  *  other arrays:
  *
- *     Array.new(4) { Hash.new } #=> [{}, {}, {}, {}]
+ *     Array.new(4) {Hash.new}    #=> [{}, {}, {}, {}]
+ *     Array.new(4) {|i| i.to_s } #=> ["0", "1", "2", "3"]
  *
  *  This is also a quick way to build up multi-dimensional arrays:
  *
- *     empty_table = Array.new(3) { Array.new(3) }
+ *     empty_table = Array.new(3) {Array.new(3)}
  *     #=> [[nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil]]
  *
  *  An array can also be created by using the Array() method, provided by
@@ -5741,7 +8026,7 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  Note that this operation leaves the array unchanged.
  *
  *     arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     arr.each { |a| print a -= 10, " " }
+ *     arr.each {|a| print a -= 10, " "}
  *     # prints: -9 -8 -7 -6 -5
  *     #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *
@@ -5750,15 +8035,15 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  *     words = %w[first second third fourth fifth sixth]
  *     str = ""
- *     words.reverse_each { |word| str += "#{word} " }
+ *     words.reverse_each {|word| str += "#{word} "}
  *     p str #=> "sixth fifth fourth third second first "
  *
  *  The #map method can be used to create a new array based on the original
  *  array, but with the values modified by the supplied block:
  *
- *     arr.map { |a| 2*a }   #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
+ *     arr.map {|a| 2*a}     #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
  *     arr                   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     arr.map! { |a| a**2 } #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+ *     arr.map! {|a| a**2}   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
  *     arr                   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
  *
  *  == Selecting Items from an Array
@@ -5772,9 +8057,9 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  === Non-destructive Selection
  *
  *     arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.select { |a| a > 3 }     #=> [4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.reject { |a| a < 3 }     #=> [3, 4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.drop_while { |a| a < 4 } #=> [4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.select {|a| a > 3}       #=> [4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.reject {|a| a < 3}       #=> [3, 4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.drop_while {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *     arr                          #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
  *
  *  === Destructive Selection
@@ -5785,21 +8070,17 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  Similar to #select vs. #reject, #delete_if and #keep_if have the exact
  *  opposite result when supplied with the same block:
  *
- *     arr.delete_if { |a| a < 4 } #=> [4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.delete_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *     arr                         #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *
  *     arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.keep_if { |a| a < 4 } #=> [1, 2, 3]
+ *     arr.keep_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [1, 2, 3]
  *     arr                       #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *
  */
 
 void
 Init_Array(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     rb_cArray  = rb_define_class("Array", rb_cObject);
     rb_include_module(rb_cArray, rb_mEnumerable);
 
@@ -5814,7 +8095,6 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "to_a", rb_ary_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "to_h", rb_ary_to_h, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "to_ary", rb_ary_to_ary_m, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "frozen?",  rb_ary_frozen_p, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "==", rb_ary_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "eql?", rb_ary_eql, 1);
@@ -5826,18 +8106,23 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "fetch", rb_ary_fetch, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "first", rb_ary_first, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "last", rb_ary_last, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "concat", rb_ary_concat, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "concat", rb_ary_concat_multi, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "union", rb_ary_union_multi, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "difference", rb_ary_difference_multi, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "intersection", rb_ary_intersection_multi, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "<<", rb_ary_push, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "push", rb_ary_push_m, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "append", "push");
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "pop", rb_ary_pop_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shift", rb_ary_shift_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "unshift", rb_ary_unshift_m, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "prepend", "unshift");
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "insert", rb_ary_insert, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each", rb_ary_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each_index", rb_ary_each_index, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "reverse_each", rb_ary_reverse_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "length", rb_ary_length, 0);
-    rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "size", "length");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "size", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "empty?", rb_ary_empty_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find_index", rb_ary_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "index", rb_ary_index, -1);
@@ -5856,6 +8141,8 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "map!", rb_ary_collect_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "select", rb_ary_select, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "select!", rb_ary_select_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "filter", rb_ary_select, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "filter!", rb_ary_select_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "keep_if", rb_ary_keep_if, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "values_at", rb_ary_values_at, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "delete", rb_ary_delete, 1);
@@ -5884,6 +8171,10 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "&", rb_ary_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "|", rb_ary_or, 1);
 
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "max", rb_ary_max, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "min", rb_ary_min, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "minmax", rb_ary_minmax, 0);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "uniq", rb_ary_uniq, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "uniq!", rb_ary_uniq_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "compact", rb_ary_compact, 0);
@@ -5891,9 +8182,6 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten", rb_ary_flatten, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten!", rb_ary_flatten_bang, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "count", rb_ary_count, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shuffle!", rb_ary_shuffle_bang, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shuffle", rb_ary_shuffle, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "sample", rb_ary_sample, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "cycle", rb_ary_cycle, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "permutation", rb_ary_permutation, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "combination", rb_ary_combination, 1);
@@ -5907,11 +8195,14 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "drop_while", rb_ary_drop_while, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "bsearch", rb_ary_bsearch, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "bsearch_index", rb_ary_bsearch_index, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "any?", rb_ary_any_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "any?", rb_ary_any_p, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "all?", rb_ary_all_p, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "none?", rb_ary_none_p, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "one?", rb_ary_one_p, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "dig", rb_ary_dig, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "sum", rb_ary_sum, -1);
 
-    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
-    id_random = rb_intern("random");
-    id_div = rb_intern("div");
-    id_power = rb_intern("**");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "deconstruct", rb_ary_deconstruct, 0);
 }
+
+#include "array.rbinc"
diff --git a/array.rb b/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a43a3b27b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+class Array
+  # call-seq:
+  #    array.shuffle!(random: Random) -> array
+  #
+  # Shuffles the elements of +self+ in place.
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #    a.shuffle!    #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  #    a             #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  #
+  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
+  #    a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
+  def shuffle!(random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle_bang(random)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    array.shuffle(random: Random) -> new_ary
+  #
+  # Returns a new array with elements of +self+ shuffled.
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #    a.shuffle     #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  #    a             #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #
+  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
+  #    a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
+  def shuffle(random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle(random)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    array.sample(random: Random) -> object
+  #    array.sample(n, random: Random) -> new_ary
+  #
+  # Returns random elements from +self+.
+  #
+  # When no arguments are given, returns a random element from +self+:
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+  #    a.sample # => 3
+  #    a.sample # => 8
+  # If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
+  #
+  # When argument +n+ is given, returns a new \Array containing +n+ random
+  # elements from +self+:
+  #    a.sample(3) # => [8, 9, 2]
+  #    a.sample(6) # => [9, 6, 10, 3, 1, 4]
+  # Returns no more than <tt>a.size</tt> elements
+  # (because no new duplicates are introduced):
+  #    a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [6, 4, 1, 8, 5, 9, 10, 2, 3, 7]
+  # But +self+ may contain duplicates:
+  #    a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
+  #    a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]
+  # Returns a new empty \Array if +self+ is empty.
+  #
+  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+  #    a.sample(random: Random.new(1))     #=> 6
+  #    a.sample(4, random: Random.new(1))  #=> [6, 10, 9, 2]
+  def sample(n = (ary = false), random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_sample(random, n, ary)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2af0b3e530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+/* indent-tabs-mode: nil */
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/parse.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "node.h"
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+static VALUE rb_mAST;
+static VALUE rb_cNode;
+
+struct ASTNodeData {
+    rb_ast_t *ast;
+    const NODE *node;
+};
+
+static void
+node_gc_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)data->ast);
+}
+
+static size_t
+node_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
+    return rb_ast_memsize(data->ast);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_node_type = {
+    "AST/node",
+    {node_gc_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, node_memsize,},
+    0, 0,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static VALUE rb_ast_node_alloc(VALUE klass);
+
+static void
+setup_node(VALUE obj, rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+    data->ast = ast;
+    data->node = node;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_new_internal(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = rb_ast_node_alloc(rb_cNode);
+    setup_node(obj, ast, node);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array);
+
+static VALUE
+ast_parse_new(void)
+{
+    return rb_parser_set_context(rb_parser_new(), NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_parse_done(rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    if (!ast->body.root) {
+        rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+        rb_exc_raise(GET_EC()->errinfo);
+    }
+
+    return ast_new_internal(ast, (NODE *)ast->body.root);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_ast_parse_str(str);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
+
+    StringValue(str);
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_string_path(ast_parse_new(), Qnil, str, 1);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_parse_file(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE path)
+{
+    return rb_ast_parse_file(path);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path)
+{
+    VALUE f;
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
+    rb_encoding *enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
+
+    FilePathValue(path);
+    f = rb_file_open_str(path, "r");
+    rb_funcall(f, rb_intern("set_encoding"), 2, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), rb_str_new_cstr("-"));
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_file_path(ast_parse_new(), Qnil, f, 1);
+    rb_io_close(f);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+lex_array(VALUE array, int index)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_ary_entry(array, index);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) {
+        StringValue(str);
+        if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(rb_enc_get(str))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid source encoding");
+        }
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array)
+{
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
+
+    array = rb_check_array_type(array);
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_generic(ast_parse_new(), lex_array, Qnil, array, 1);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE node_children(rb_ast_t*, const NODE*);
+
+static VALUE
+node_find(VALUE self, const int node_id)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    long i;
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    if (nd_node_id(data->node) == node_id) return self;
+
+    ary = node_children(data->ast, data->node);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        VALUE child = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (CLASS_OF(child) == rb_cNode) {
+            VALUE result = node_find(child, node_id);
+            if (RTEST(result)) return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+extern VALUE rb_e_script;
+
+static VALUE
+script_lines(VALUE path)
+{
+    VALUE hash, lines;
+    ID script_lines;
+    CONST_ID(script_lines, "SCRIPT_LINES__");
+    if (!rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, script_lines)) return Qnil;
+    hash = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, script_lines);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH)) return Qnil;
+    lines = rb_hash_lookup(hash, path);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(lines, T_ARRAY)) return Qnil;
+    return lines;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body)
+{
+    VALUE path, node, lines;
+    int node_id;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = NULL;
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(body)) {
+        iseq = vm_proc_iseq(body);
+
+        if (!rb_obj_is_iseq((VALUE)iseq)) {
+            iseq = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        iseq = rb_method_iseq(body);
+    }
+
+    if (!iseq) return Qnil;
+
+    path = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
+    node_id = iseq->body->location.node_id;
+    if (!NIL_P(lines = script_lines(path))) {
+        node = rb_ast_parse_array(lines);
+    }
+    else if (RSTRING_LEN(path) == 2 && memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(path), "-e", 2) == 0) {
+        node = rb_ast_parse_str(rb_e_script);
+    }
+    else {
+        node = rb_ast_parse_file(path);
+    }
+
+    return node_find(node, node_id);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_node_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static const char*
+node_type_to_str(const NODE *node)
+{
+    return (ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)) + rb_strlen_lit("NODE_"));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_type(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(node_type_to_str(data->node));
+}
+
+#define NEW_CHILD(ast, node) node ? ast_new_internal(ast, node) : Qnil
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_new_from_node_args(rb_ast_t *ast, long n, ...)
+{
+    va_list ar;
+    VALUE ary;
+    long i;
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(n);
+
+    va_start(ar, n);
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        NODE *node;
+        node = va_arg(ar, NODE *);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node));
+    }
+    va_end(ar);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dump_block(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    do {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head));
+    } while (node->nd_next &&
+        nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_BLOCK &&
+        (node = node->nd_next, 1));
+    if (node->nd_next) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_next));
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dump_array(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head));
+
+    while (node->nd_next && nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_LIST) {
+        node = node->nd_next;
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head));
+    }
+    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_next));
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+var_name(ID id)
+{
+    if (!id) return Qnil;
+    if (!rb_id2str(id)) return Qnil;
+    return ID2SYM(id);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+no_name_rest(void)
+{
+    ID rest;
+    CONST_ID(rest, "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST");
+    return ID2SYM(rest);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rest_arg(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *rest_arg)
+{
+    return NODE_NAMED_REST_P(rest_arg) ? NEW_CHILD(ast, rest_arg) : no_name_rest();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+node_children(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    char name[DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT) + 2]; /* including '$' */
+
+    enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_BLOCK:
+        return dump_block(ast, node);
+      case NODE_IF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_cond, node->nd_body, node->nd_else);
+      case NODE_UNLESS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_cond, node->nd_body, node->nd_else);
+      case NODE_CASE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_CASE2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_CASE3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_WHEN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_head, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_IN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_head, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_WHILE:
+      case NODE_UNTIL:
+        return rb_ary_push(rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_cond, node->nd_body),
+                           (node->nd_state ? Qtrue : Qfalse));
+      case NODE_ITER:
+      case NODE_FOR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_iter, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_var);
+      case NODE_BREAK:
+      case NODE_NEXT:
+      case NODE_RETURN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_stts);
+      case NODE_REDO:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_RETRY:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_BEGIN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_RESCUE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_head, node->nd_resq, node->nd_else);
+      case NODE_RESBODY:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_args, node->nd_body, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_ENSURE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_ensr);
+      case NODE_AND:
+      case NODE_OR:
+        {
+            VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+            while (1) {
+                rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_1st));
+                if (!node->nd_2nd || nd_type(node->nd_2nd) != (int)type)
+                    break;
+                node = node->nd_2nd;
+            }
+            rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_2nd));
+            return ary;
+        }
+      case NODE_MASGN:
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_args)) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_value, node->nd_head, node->nd_args);
+        }
+        else {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head),
+                                        no_name_rest());
+        }
+      case NODE_LASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
+      case NODE_IASGN:
+      case NODE_CVASGN:
+      case NODE_GASGN:
+        if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(node)) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(node->nd_vid), ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD")));
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(node->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_CDECL:
+        if (node->nd_vid) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_else), ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args->nd_head),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args->nd_body));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(5, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv),
+                                    node->nd_next->nd_aid ? Qtrue : Qfalse,
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_next->nd_vid),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_next->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head), ID2SYM(idANDOP),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head), ID2SYM(idOROP),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_CDECL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_aid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_CALL:
+      case NODE_OPCALL:
+      case NODE_QCALL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args));
+      case NODE_FCALL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args));
+      case NODE_VCALL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+      case NODE_SUPER:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_args);
+      case NODE_ZSUPER:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_LIST:
+      case NODE_VALUES:
+        return dump_array(ast, node);
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_HASH:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_YIELD:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_LVAR:
+      case NODE_DVAR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, var_name(node->nd_vid));
+      case NODE_IVAR:
+      case NODE_CONST:
+      case NODE_CVAR:
+      case NODE_GVAR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+      case NODE_NTH_REF:
+        snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "$%ld", node->nd_nth);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)));
+      case NODE_BACK_REF:
+        name[0] = '$';
+        name[1] = (char)node->nd_nth;
+        name[2] = '\0';
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)));
+      case NODE_MATCH2:
+        if (node->nd_args) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_recv, node->nd_value, node->nd_args);
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_recv, node->nd_value);
+      case NODE_MATCH3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_recv, node->nd_value);
+      case NODE_MATCH:
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_XSTR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, node->nd_lit);
+      case NODE_ONCE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+      case NODE_DXSTR:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+        {
+            NODE *n = node->nd_next;
+            VALUE head = Qnil, next = Qnil;
+            if (n) {
+                head = NEW_CHILD(ast, n->nd_head);
+                next = NEW_CHILD(ast, n->nd_next);
+            }
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, node->nd_lit, head, next);
+        }
+      case NODE_EVSTR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_SPLAT:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_DEFN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_defn));
+      case NODE_DEFS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_defn));
+      case NODE_ALIAS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_1st, node->nd_2nd);
+      case NODE_VALIAS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias), ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
+      case NODE_UNDEF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_undef);
+      case NODE_CLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_cpath, node->nd_super, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_MODULE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_cpath, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_SCLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_recv, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+      case NODE_DOT2:
+      case NODE_DOT3:
+      case NODE_FLIP2:
+      case NODE_FLIP3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_beg, node->nd_end);
+      case NODE_SELF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_NIL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_ERRINFO:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_POSTEXE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_ATTRASGN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args));
+      case NODE_LAMBDA:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_OPT_ARG:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_KW_ARG:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_POSTARG:
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_1st)) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_1st, node->nd_2nd);
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, no_name_rest(),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_2nd));
+      case NODE_ARGS:
+        {
+            struct rb_args_info *ainfo = node->nd_ainfo;
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(10,
+                                        INT2NUM(ainfo->pre_args_num),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->pre_init),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->opt_args),
+                                        var_name(ainfo->first_post_arg),
+                                        INT2NUM(ainfo->post_args_num),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->post_init),
+                                        (ainfo->rest_arg == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA
+                                            ? ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA"))
+                                            : var_name(ainfo->rest_arg)),
+                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->kw_args)),
+                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->kw_rest_arg)),
+                                        var_name(ainfo->block_arg));
+        }
+      case NODE_SCOPE:
+        {
+            ID *tbl = node->nd_tbl;
+            int i, size = tbl ? (int)*tbl++ : 0;
+            VALUE locals = rb_ary_new_capa(size);
+            for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                rb_ary_push(locals, var_name(tbl[i]));
+            }
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, locals, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_body));
+        }
+      case NODE_ARYPTN:
+        {
+            struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = node->nd_apinfo;
+            VALUE rest = rest_arg(ast, apinfo->rest_arg);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, apinfo->pre_args),
+                                        rest,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, apinfo->post_args));
+        }
+      case NODE_FNDPTN:
+        {
+            struct rb_fnd_pattern_info *fpinfo = node->nd_fpinfo;
+            VALUE pre_rest = rest_arg(ast, fpinfo->pre_rest_arg);
+            VALUE post_rest = rest_arg(ast, fpinfo->post_rest_arg);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pconst),
+                                        pre_rest,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, fpinfo->args),
+                                        post_rest);
+        }
+      case NODE_HSHPTN:
+        {
+            VALUE kwrest = node->nd_pkwrestarg == NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD ? ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD")) :
+                                                                                 NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pkwrestarg);
+
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pkwargs),
+                                        kwrest);
+        }
+      case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
+      case NODE_LAST:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    rb_bug("node_children: unknown node: %s", ruby_node_name(type));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_children(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return node_children(data->ast, data->node);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_first_lineno(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_first_lineno(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_first_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_first_column(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_last_lineno(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_last_lineno(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_last_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_last_column(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_inspect(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE cname;
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    cname = rb_class_path(rb_obj_class(self));
+    str = rb_str_new2("#<");
+
+    rb_str_append(str, cname);
+    rb_str_catf(str, ":%s@%d:%d-%d:%d>",
+                node_type_to_str(data->node),
+                nd_first_lineno(data->node), nd_first_column(data->node),
+                nd_last_lineno(data->node), nd_last_column(data->node));
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+#include "ast.rbinc"
+
+void
+Init_ast(void)
+{
+    rb_mAST = rb_define_module_under(rb_cRubyVM, "AbstractSyntaxTree");
+    rb_cNode = rb_define_class_under(rb_mAST, "Node", rb_cObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cNode);
+}
diff --git a/ast.rb b/ast.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34fa645671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ast.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# for ast.c
+
+class RubyVM
+
+  # AbstractSyntaxTree provides methods to parse Ruby code into
+  # abstract syntax trees. The nodes in the tree
+  # are instances of RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node.
+  #
+  # This module is MRI specific as it exposes implementation details
+  # of the MRI abstract syntax tree.
+  #
+  # This module is experimental and its API is not stable, therefore it might
+  # change without notice. As examples, the order of children nodes is not
+  # guaranteed, the number of children nodes might change, there is no way to
+  # access children nodes by name, etc.
+  #
+  # If you are looking for a stable API or an API working under multiple Ruby
+  # implementations, consider using the _parser_ gem or Ripper. If you would
+  # like to make RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree stable, please join the discussion
+  # at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14844.
+  #
+  module AbstractSyntaxTree
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(string) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #
+    #  Parses the given _string_ into an abstract syntax tree,
+    #  returning the root node of that tree.
+    #
+    #  SyntaxError is raised if the given _string_ is invalid syntax.
+    #
+    #    RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2")
+    #    # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-1:9>
+    def self.parse string
+      Primitive.ast_s_parse string
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(pathname) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #
+    #   Reads the file from _pathname_, then parses it like ::parse,
+    #   returning the root node of the abstract syntax tree.
+    #
+    #   SyntaxError is raised if _pathname_'s contents are not
+    #   valid Ruby syntax.
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file("my-app/app.rb")
+    #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-31:3>
+    def self.parse_file pathname
+      Primitive.ast_s_parse_file pathname
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc)   -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #
+    #   Returns AST nodes of the given _proc_ or _method_.
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc {1 + 2})
+    #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:35-1:42>
+    #
+    #     def hello
+    #       puts "hello, world"
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method(:hello))
+    #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-3:3>
+    def self.of body
+      Primitive.ast_s_of body
+    end
+
+    # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node instances are created by parse methods in
+    # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.
+    #
+    # This class is MRI specific.
+    #
+    class Node
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.type -> symbol
+      #
+      #  Returns the type of this node as a symbol.
+      #
+      #    root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2")
+      #    root.type # => :SCOPE
+      #    lasgn = root.children[2]
+      #    lasgn.type # => :LASGN
+      #    call = lasgn.children[1]
+      #    call.type # => :OPCALL
+      def type
+        Primitive.ast_node_type
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.first_lineno -> integer
+      #
+      #  The line number in the source code where this AST's text began.
+      def first_lineno
+        Primitive.ast_node_first_lineno
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.first_column -> integer
+      #
+      #  The column number in the source code where this AST's text began.
+      def first_column
+        Primitive.ast_node_first_column
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.last_lineno -> integer
+      #
+      #  The line number in the source code where this AST's text ended.
+      def last_lineno
+        Primitive.ast_node_last_lineno
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.last_column -> integer
+      #
+      #  The column number in the source code where this AST's text ended.
+      def last_column
+        Primitive.ast_node_last_column
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.children -> array
+      #
+      #  Returns AST nodes under this one.  Each kind of node
+      #  has different children, depending on what kind of node it is.
+      #
+      #  The returned array may contain other nodes or <code>nil</code>.
+      def children
+        Primitive.ast_node_children
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.inspect -> string
+      #
+      #  Returns debugging information about this node as a string.
+      def inspect
+        Primitive.ast_node_inspect
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/autogen.sh b/autogen.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..44a1922cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/autogen.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+PWD=
+case "$0" in
+*/*) srcdir=`dirname $0`;;
+*) srcdir="";;
+esac
+
+exec ${AUTORECONF:-autoreconf} --install --symlink "$@" ${srcdir:+"$srcdir"}
diff --git a/basictest/runner.rb b/basictest/runner.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..0f398e7acc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/basictest/runner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#! ./miniruby
+
+exit if defined?(CROSS_COMPILING) and CROSS_COMPILING
+ruby = ENV["RUBY"]
+unless ruby
+  load './rbconfig.rb'
+  ruby = "./#{RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']}#{RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT']}"
+end
+unless File.exist? ruby
+  print "#{ruby} is not found.\n"
+  print "Try `make' first, then `make test', please.\n"
+  exit false
+end
+ARGV[0] and opt = ARGV[0][/\A--run-opt=(.*)/, 1] and ARGV.shift
+
+$stderr.reopen($stdout)
+error = ''
+
+srcdir = File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__))
+if env = ENV["RUBYOPT"]
+  ENV["RUBYOPT"] = env + " -W1"
+end
+`#{ruby} #{opt} -W1 #{srcdir}/basictest/test.rb #{ARGV.join(' ')}`.each_line do |line|
+  if line =~ /^end of test/
+    print "\ntest succeeded\n"
+    exit true
+  end
+  error << line if %r:^(basictest/test.rb|not): =~ line
+end
+puts
+print error
+print "test failed\n"
+exit false
diff --git a/basictest/test.rb b/basictest/test.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..52008b78db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/basictest/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2364 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env ruby
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+
+$testnum=0
+$ntest=0
+$failed = 0
+class Progress
+  def initialize
+    @color = nil
+    @tty = nil
+    @quiet = nil
+    @verbose = nil
+    ARGV.each do |arg|
+      case arg
+      when /\A--color(?:=(?:always|(auto)|(never)|(.*)))?\z/
+        warn "unknown --color argument: #$3" if $3
+        @color = $1 ? nil : !$2
+      when /\A--tty(=(?:yes|(no)|(.*)))?\z/
+        warn "unknown --tty argument: #$3" if $3
+        @tty = !$1 || !$2
+        true
+      when /\A-(q|-quiet)\z/
+        @quiet = true
+      when /\A-(v|-verbose)\z/
+        @verbose = true
+      end
+    end
+    @tty = STDERR.tty? && !STDOUT.tty? && /dumb/ !~ ENV["TERM"] if @tty.nil?
+    @eol = @tty && !@verbose ? "\r\e[K\r" : "\n"
+    case @color
+    when nil
+      @color = @tty
+    end
+    if @color
+      # dircolors-like style
+      colors = (colors = ENV['TEST_COLORS']) ? Hash[colors.scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/)] : {}
+      begin
+        File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../tool/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
+          colors[n] ||= c
+        end
+      rescue
+      end
+      @passed = "\e[;#{colors["pass"] || "32"}m"
+      @failed = "\e[;#{colors["fail"] || "31"}m"
+      @reset = "\e[m"
+    else
+      @passed = @failed = @reset = ""
+    end
+    extend(Rotator) if @tty
+  end
+
+  def passed_string
+    "."
+  end
+  def failed_string
+    "#{@failed}F#{@reset}"
+  end
+  def init_string
+  end
+  def finish_string
+    if @quiet
+      @eol
+    else
+      "#{@passed}#{@ok ? 'OK' : ''} #{$testnum}#{@reset}#{@eol}"
+    end
+  end
+  def pass
+    STDERR.print passed_string
+  end
+  def fail
+    @ok = false
+    STDERR.print failed_string
+  end
+  def init
+    @ok = true
+    STDERR.print init_string
+  end
+  def finish
+    STDERR.print finish_string
+  end
+
+  module Rotator
+    ROTATOR = %w[- \\ | /]
+    BS = "\b" * ROTATOR[0].size
+    def passed_string
+      "#{BS}#{ROTATOR[(@count += 1) % ROTATOR.size]}"
+    end
+    def failed_string
+      "#{BS}#{super}#{ROTATOR[@count % ROTATOR.size]}"
+    end
+    def init_string
+      @count = 0
+      " "
+    end
+    def finish_string
+      s = "#{BS}#{' ' * BS.size}#{BS}#{super}"
+      s.gsub!(/\n/, "\r\e[2K\r") if @quiet
+      s
+    end
+  end
+end
+PROGRESS = Progress.new
+
+def test_check(what)
+  unless $ntest.zero?
+    PROGRESS.finish
+  end
+  STDERR.print "#{$0}:#{what} "
+  PROGRESS.init
+  $what = what
+  $testnum = 0
+end
+
+def test_ok(cond,n=1)
+  $testnum+=1
+  $ntest+=1
+  where = (st = caller(n)) ? st[0] : "caller error! (n=#{n}, trace=#{caller(0).join(', ')}"
+  if cond
+    PROGRESS.pass
+    printf "ok %d (%s)\n", $testnum, where
+  else
+    PROGRESS.fail
+    printf "not ok %s %d -- %s\n", $what, $testnum, where
+    $failed+=1
+  end
+  STDOUT.flush
+  STDERR.flush
+end
+
+# make sure conditional operators work
+
+test_check "assignment"
+
+a=[]; a[0] ||= "bar";
+test_ok(a[0] == "bar")
+h={}; h["foo"] ||= "bar";
+test_ok(h["foo"] == "bar")
+
+aa = 5
+aa ||= 25
+test_ok(aa == 5)
+bb ||= 25
+test_ok(bb == 25)
+cc &&=33
+test_ok(cc == nil)
+cc = 5
+cc &&=44
+test_ok(cc == 44)
+
+a = nil; test_ok(a == nil)
+a = 1; test_ok(a == 1)
+a = []; test_ok(a == [])
+a = [1]; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = [nil]; test_ok(a == [nil])
+a = [[]]; test_ok(a == [[]])
+a = [1,2]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+a = [*[]]; test_ok(a == [])
+a = [*[1]]; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = [*[1,2]]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+a = *[]; test_ok(a == [])
+a = *[1]; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = *[nil]; test_ok(a == [nil])
+a = *[[]]; test_ok(a == [[]])
+a = *[1,2]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+a = *[*[]]; test_ok(a == [])
+a = *[*[1]]; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = *[*[1,2]]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+a, = nil; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = 1; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = []; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = [1]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = [nil]; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = [[]]; test_ok(a == [])
+a, = 1,2; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = [1,2]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = [*[]]; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = [*[1]]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = *[1,2]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = [*[1,2]]; test_ok(a == 1)
+
+a, = *[]; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = *[1]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = *[nil]; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = *[[]]; test_ok(a == [])
+a, = *[1,2]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = *[*[]]; test_ok(a == nil)
+a, = *[*[1]]; test_ok(a == 1)
+a, = *[*[1,2]]; test_ok(a == 1)
+
+*a = nil; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = 1; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = []; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = [1]; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = [nil]; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = [[]]; test_ok(a == [[]])
+*a = [1,2]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+*a = [*[]]; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = [*[1]]; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = [*[1,2]]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+*a = *[]; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = *[1]; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = *[nil]; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = *[[]]; test_ok(a == [[]])
+*a = *[1,2]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+*a = *[*[]]; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = *[*[1]]; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = *[*[1,2]]; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+a,b,*c = nil; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = 1; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = []; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = [1]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = [nil]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = [[]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = [1,2]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+a,b,*c = [*[]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = [*[1]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = [*[1,2]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+
+a,b,*c = *[]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[1]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[nil]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[[]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[1,2]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[*[]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[*[1]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = *[*[1,2]]; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+
+def f; yield nil; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield 1; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield []; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield [1]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [1])}
+def f; yield [nil]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [nil])}
+def f; yield [[]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [[]])}
+def f; yield [*[]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield [*[1]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [1])}
+def f; yield [*[1,2]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [1,2])}
+def f; yield *[]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[1]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield *[nil]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[[]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield *[*[]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[*[1]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield *[*[1,2]]; end; f {|a| test_ok(a == 1)}
+
+def f; yield; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield nil; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield 1; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield []; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield [1]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield [nil]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield [[]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield [*[]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield [*[1]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield [*[1,2]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+
+def f; yield *[]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[1]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield *[nil]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[[]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[*[]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == nil)}
+def f; yield *[*[1]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+def f; yield *[*[1,2]]; end; f {|a,| test_ok(a == 1)}
+
+def f; yield; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield nil; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [nil])}
+def f; yield 1; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [1])}
+def f; yield []; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[]])}
+def f; yield [1]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[1]])}
+def f; yield [nil]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[nil]])}
+def f; yield [[]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[[]]])}
+def f; yield [1,2]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[1,2]])}
+def f; yield [*[]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[]])}
+def f; yield [*[1]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[1]])}
+def f; yield [*[1,2]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[1,2]])}
+
+def f; yield *[]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield *[1]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [1])}
+def f; yield *[nil]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [nil])}
+def f; yield *[[]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [[]])}
+def f; yield *[*[]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [])}
+def f; yield *[*[1]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [1])}
+def f; yield *[*[1,2]]; end; f {|*a| test_ok(a == [1,2])}
+
+def f; yield; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield nil; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield 1; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield []; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield [1]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield [nil]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield [[]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])}
+def f; yield [*[]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield [*[1]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield [*[1,2]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])}
+
+def f; yield *[]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield *[1]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield *[nil]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield *[[]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield *[*[]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield *[*[1]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])}
+def f; yield *[*[1,2]]; end; f {|a,b,*c| test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])}
+
+def r; return; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == nil)
+def r; return nil; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == nil)
+def r; return 1; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == 1)
+def r; return []; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return [1]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return [nil]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [nil])
+def r; return [[]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [[]])
+def r; return [*[]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return [*[1]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return [*[1,2]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+def r; return *[]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return *[1]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return *[nil]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [nil])
+def r; return *[[]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [[]])
+def r; return *[*[]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return *[*[1]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; a = r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+def r; return *[[]]; end; a = *r(); test_ok(a == [[]])
+def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; a = *r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+def r; return; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [nil])
+def r; return nil; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [nil])
+def r; return 1; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return []; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return [1]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return [nil]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [nil])
+def r; return [[]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [[]])
+def r; return [1,2]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+def r; return [*[]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return [*[1]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return [*[1,2]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+def r; return *[]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return *[1]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return *[nil]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [nil])
+def r; return *[[]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [[]])
+def r; return *[1,2]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+def r; return *[*[]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [])
+def r; return *[*[1]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1])
+def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; *a = r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+def r; return *[[]]; end; *a = *r(); test_ok(a == [[]])
+def r; return *[1,2]; end; *a = *r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; *a = *r(); test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+def r; return; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return nil; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return 1; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+def r; return []; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return [1]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+def r; return [nil]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return [[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])
+def r; return [1,2]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+def r; return [*[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return [*[1]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+def r; return [*[1,2]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+
+def r; return *[]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return *[1]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+def r; return *[nil]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return *[[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])
+def r; return *[1,2]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+def r; return *[*[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+def r; return *[*[1]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+
+f = lambda {|r,| test_ok([] == r)}
+f.call([], *[])
+
+f = lambda {|r,*l| test_ok([] == r); test_ok([1] == l)}
+f.call([], *[1])
+
+f = lambda{|x| x}
+test_ok(f.call(42) == 42)
+test_ok(f.call([42]) == [42])
+test_ok(f.call([[42]]) == [[42]])
+test_ok(f.call([42,55]) == [42,55])
+
+f = lambda{|x,| x}
+test_ok(f.call(42) == 42)
+test_ok(f.call([42]) == [42])
+test_ok(f.call([[42]]) == [[42]])
+test_ok(f.call([42,55]) == [42,55])
+
+f = lambda{|*x| x}
+test_ok(f.call(42) == [42])
+test_ok(f.call([42]) == [[42]])
+test_ok(f.call([[42]]) == [[[42]]])
+test_ok(f.call([42,55]) == [[42,55]])
+test_ok(f.call(42,55) == [42,55])
+
+f = lambda { |a, b=42, *c| [a,b,c] }
+test_ok(f.call(1      ) == [1,42,[  ]] )
+test_ok(f.call(1,43   ) == [1,43,[  ]] )
+test_ok(f.call(1,43,44) == [1,43,[44]] )
+
+f = lambda { |a, b=(a|16), *c, &block| [a,b,c,block&&block[]] }
+test_ok(f.call(8      )     == [8,24,[  ],nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43   )     == [8,43,[  ],nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43,44)     == [8,43,[44],nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(8      ){45} == [8,24,[  ],45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43   ){45} == [8,43,[  ],45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43,44){45} == [8,43,[44],45 ] )
+
+f = lambda { |a, b=42, *c, d| [a,b,c,d] }
+test_ok(f.call(1      ,99) == [1,42,[  ],99] )
+test_ok(f.call(1,43   ,99) == [1,43,[  ],99] )
+test_ok(f.call(1,43,44,99) == [1,43,[44],99] )
+
+f = lambda { |a, b=(a|16), &block| [a,b,block&&block[]] }
+test_ok(f.call(8   )     == [8,24,nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43)     == [8,43,nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43)     == [8,43,nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(8   ){45} == [8,24,45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43){45} == [8,43,45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(8,43){45} == [8,43,45 ] )
+
+f = lambda { |a, b=42, d| [a,b,d] }
+test_ok(f.call(1   ,99) == [1,42,99] )
+test_ok(f.call(1,43,99) == [1,43,99] )
+test_ok(f.call(1,43,99) == [1,43,99] )
+
+f = lambda { |b=42, *c, &block| [b,c,block&&block[]] }
+test_ok(f.call(     )     == [42,[  ],nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(43   )     == [43,[  ],nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(43,44)     == [43,[44],nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(     ){45} == [42,[  ],45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(43   ){45} == [43,[  ],45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(43,44){45} == [43,[44],45 ] )
+
+f = lambda { |b=42, *c, d| [b,c,d] }
+test_ok(f.call(      99) == [42,[  ],99] )
+test_ok(f.call(43   ,99) == [43,[  ],99] )
+test_ok(f.call(43,44,99) == [43,[44],99] )
+
+f = lambda { |b=42, &block| [b,block&&block[]] }
+test_ok(f.call(  )     == [42,nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(43)     == [43,nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(43)     == [43,nil] )
+test_ok(f.call(  ){45} == [42,45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(43){45} == [43,45 ] )
+test_ok(f.call(43){45} == [43,45 ] )
+
+f = lambda { |b=42, d| [b,d] }
+test_ok(f.call(   99) == [42,99] )
+test_ok(f.call(43,99) == [43,99] )
+test_ok(f.call(43,99) == [43,99] )
+
+
+a,=*[1]
+test_ok(a == 1)
+a,=*[[1]]
+test_ok(a == [1])
+a,=*[[[1]]]
+test_ok(a == [[1]])
+
+x, (y, z) = 1, 2, 3
+test_ok([1,2,nil] == [x,y,z])
+x, (y, z) = 1, [2,3]
+test_ok([1,2,3] == [x,y,z])
+x, (y, z) = 1, [2]
+test_ok([1,2,nil] == [x,y,z])
+
+a = loop do break; end; test_ok(a == nil)
+a = loop do break nil; end; test_ok(a == nil)
+a = loop do break 1; end; test_ok(a == 1)
+a = loop do break []; end; test_ok(a == [])
+a = loop do break [1]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = loop do break [nil]; end; test_ok(a == [nil])
+a = loop do break [[]]; end; test_ok(a == [[]])
+a = loop do break [*[]]; end; test_ok(a == [])
+a = loop do break [*[1]]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = loop do break [*[1,2]]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+a = loop do break *[]; end; test_ok(a == [])
+a = loop do break *[1]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = loop do break *[nil]; end; test_ok(a == [nil])
+a = loop do break *[[]]; end; test_ok(a == [[]])
+a = loop do break *[*[]]; end; test_ok(a == [])
+a = loop do break *[*[1]]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+a = loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+*a = loop do break; end; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = loop do break nil; end; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = loop do break 1; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = loop do break []; end; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = loop do break [1]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = loop do break [nil]; end; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = loop do break [[]]; end; test_ok(a == [[]])
+*a = loop do break [1,2]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+*a = loop do break [*[]]; end; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = loop do break [*[1]]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = loop do break [*[1,2]]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+*a = loop do break *[]; end; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = loop do break *[1]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = loop do break *[nil]; end; test_ok(a == [nil])
+*a = loop do break *[[]]; end; test_ok(a == [[]])
+*a = loop do break *[1,2]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+*a = loop do break *[*[]]; end; test_ok(a == [])
+*a = loop do break *[*[1]]; end; test_ok(a == [1])
+*a = loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+*a = *loop do break *[[]]; end; test_ok(a == [[]])
+*a = *loop do break *[1,2]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+*a = *loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; test_ok(a == [1,2])
+
+a,b,*c = loop do break; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break nil; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break 1; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break []; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [1]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [nil]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [[]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [1,2]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [*[]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [*[1]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break [*[1,2]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[1]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[nil]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[[]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [[],nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[1,2]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[*[]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [nil,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[*[1]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,nil,[]])
+a,b,*c = loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; test_ok([a,b,c] == [1,2,[]])
+
+def r(val); a = yield(); test_ok(a == val, 2); end
+r(nil){next}
+r(nil){next nil}
+r(1){next 1}
+r([]){next []}
+r([1]){next [1]}
+r([nil]){next [nil]}
+r([[]]){next [[]]}
+r([]){next [*[]]}
+r([1]){next [*[1]]}
+r([1,2]){next [*[1,2]]}
+
+r([]){next *[]}
+r([1]){next *[1]}
+r([nil]){next *[nil]}
+r([[]]){next *[[]]}
+r([]){next *[*[]]}
+r([1]){next *[*[1]]}
+r([1,2]){next *[*[1,2]]}
+
+def r(val); *a = yield(); test_ok(a == val, 2); end
+r([nil]){next}
+r([nil]){next nil}
+r([1]){next 1}
+r([]){next []}
+r([1]){next [1]}
+r([nil]){next [nil]}
+r([[]]){next [[]]}
+r([1,2]){next [1,2]}
+r([]){next [*[]]}
+r([1]){next [*[1]]}
+r([1,2]){next [*[1,2]]}
+
+def r(val); *a = *yield(); test_ok(a == val, 2); end
+r([[]]){next *[[]]}
+r([1,2]){next *[1,2]}
+r([1,2]){next *[*[1,2]]}
+
+def r(val); a,b,*c = yield(); test_ok([a,b,c] == val, 2); end
+r([nil,nil,[]]){next}
+r([nil,nil,[]]){next nil}
+r([1,nil,[]]){next 1}
+r([nil,nil,[]]){next []}
+r([1,nil,[]]){next [1]}
+r([nil,nil,[]]){next [nil]}
+r([[],nil,[]]){next [[]]}
+r([1,2,[]]){next [1,2]}
+r([nil,nil,[]]){next [*[]]}
+r([1,nil,[]]){next [*[1]]}
+r([1,2,[]]){next [*[1,2]]}
+
+def r(val); a,b,*c = *yield(); test_ok([a,b,c] == val, 2); end
+r([[],nil,[]]){next *[[]]}
+r([1,2,[]]){next *[1,2]}
+r([1,2,[]]){next *[*[1,2]]}
+
+test_check "condition"
+
+$x = '0';
+
+$x == $x && test_ok(true)
+$x != $x && test_ok(false)
+$x == $x || test_ok(false)
+$x != $x || test_ok(true)
+
+# first test to see if we can run the tests.
+
+test_check "if/unless";
+
+$x = 'test';
+test_ok(if $x == $x then true else false end)
+$bad = false
+unless $x == $x
+  $bad = true
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+test_ok(unless $x != $x then true else false end)
+
+test_check "case"
+
+case 5
+when 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
+  test_ok(false)
+when 5
+  test_ok(true)
+end
+
+case 5
+when 5
+  test_ok(true)
+when 1..10
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+
+case 5
+when 1..10
+  test_ok(true)
+else
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+
+case 5
+when 5
+  test_ok(true)
+else
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+
+case "foobar"
+when /^f.*r$/
+  test_ok(true)
+else
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+
+test_check "while/until";
+
+while_tmp = "while_tmp.#{$$}"
+tmp = open(while_tmp, "w")
+tmp.print "tvi925\n";
+tmp.print "tvi920\n";
+tmp.print "vt100\n";
+tmp.print "Amiga\n";
+tmp.print "paper\n";
+tmp.close
+
+# test break
+
+tmp = open(while_tmp, "r")
+test_ok(tmp.kind_of?(File))
+
+while line = tmp.gets()
+  break if /vt100/ =~ line
+end
+
+test_ok(!tmp.eof? && /vt100/ =~ line)
+tmp.close
+
+# test next
+$bad = false
+tmp = open(while_tmp, "r")
+while line = tmp.gets()
+  next if /vt100/ =~ line
+  $bad = 1 if /vt100/ =~ line
+end
+test_ok(!(!tmp.eof? || /vt100/ =~ line || $bad))
+tmp.close
+
+# test redo
+$bad = false
+tmp = open(while_tmp, "r")
+while line = tmp.gets()
+  lastline = line
+  line = line.gsub(/vt100/, 'VT100')
+  if lastline != line
+    line.gsub!('VT100', 'Vt100')
+    redo
+  end
+  $bad = 1 if /vt100/ =~ line
+  $bad = 1 if /VT100/ =~ line
+end
+test_ok(tmp.eof? && !$bad)
+tmp.close
+
+sum=0
+for i in 1..10
+  sum += i
+  i -= 1
+  if i > 0
+    redo
+  end
+end
+test_ok(sum == 220)
+
+# test interval
+$bad = false
+tmp = open(while_tmp, "r")
+while line = tmp.gets()
+  break if 3
+  case line
+  when /vt100/, /Amiga/, /paper/
+    $bad = true
+  end
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+tmp.close
+
+File.unlink while_tmp or `/bin/rm -f "#{while_tmp}"`
+test_ok(!File.exist?(while_tmp))
+
+i = 0
+until i>4
+  i+=1
+end
+test_ok(i>4)
+
+
+# exception handling
+test_check "exception";
+
+begin
+  raise "this must be handled"
+  test_ok(false)
+rescue
+  test_ok(true)
+end
+
+$bad = true
+begin
+  raise "this must be handled no.2"
+rescue
+  if $bad
+    $bad = false
+    retry
+    test_ok(false)
+  end
+end
+test_ok(true)
+
+# exception in rescue clause
+$string = "this must be handled no.3"
+begin
+  begin
+    raise "exception in rescue clause"
+  rescue
+    raise $string
+  end
+  test_ok(false)
+rescue => e
+  test_ok($! == e)
+  test_ok(e.message == $string)
+  test_ok(e != $string)
+end
+
+# exception in ensure clause
+begin
+  begin
+    raise "this must be handled no.4"
+  ensure
+    raise "exception in ensure clause"
+  end
+  test_ok(false)
+rescue
+  test_ok(true)
+end
+
+$bad = true
+begin
+  begin
+    raise "this must be handled no.5"
+  ensure
+    $bad = false
+  end
+rescue
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+$bad = true
+begin
+  begin
+    raise "this must be handled no.6"
+  ensure
+    $bad = false
+  end
+rescue
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+$bad = true
+while true
+  begin
+    break
+  ensure
+    $bad = false
+  end
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+test_ok(catch(:foo) {
+     loop do
+       loop do
+	 throw :foo, true
+	 break
+       end
+       break
+       test_ok(false)			# should not reach here
+     end
+     false
+   })
+
+test_check "array"
+test_ok([1, 2] + [3, 4] == [1, 2, 3, 4])
+test_ok([1, 2] * 2 == [1, 2, 1, 2])
+test_ok([1, 2] * ":" == "1:2")
+
+test_ok([1, 2].hash == [1, 2].hash)
+
+test_ok([1,2,3] & [2,3,4] == [2,3])
+test_ok([1,2,3] | [2,3,4] == [1,2,3,4])
+test_ok([1,2,3] - [2,3] == [1])
+
+$x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+test_ok($x[2] == 2)
+test_ok($x[1..3] == [1, 2, 3])
+test_ok($x[1,3] == [1, 2, 3])
+
+$x[0, 2] = 10
+test_ok($x[0] == 10 && $x[1] == 2)
+
+$x[0, 0] = -1
+test_ok($x[0] == -1 && $x[1] == 10)
+
+$x[-1, 1] = 20
+test_ok($x[-1] == 20 && $x.pop == 20)
+
+# array and/or
+test_ok(([1,2,3]&[2,4,6]) == [2])
+test_ok(([1,2,3]|[2,4,6]) == [1,2,3,4,6])
+
+# compact
+$x = [nil, 1, nil, nil, 5, nil, nil]
+$x.compact!
+test_ok($x == [1, 5])
+
+# uniq
+$x = [1, 1, 4, 2, 5, 4, 5, 1, 2]
+$x.uniq!
+test_ok($x == [1, 4, 2, 5])
+
+# empty?
+test_ok(!$x.empty?)
+$x = []
+test_ok($x.empty?)
+
+# sort
+$x = ["it", "came", "to", "pass", "that", "..."]
+$x = $x.sort.join(" ")
+test_ok($x == "... came it pass that to")
+$x = [2,5,3,1,7]
+$x.sort!{|a,b| a<=>b}		# sort with condition
+test_ok($x == [1,2,3,5,7])
+$x.sort!{|a,b| b-a}		# reverse sort
+test_ok($x == [7,5,3,2,1])
+
+# split test
+$x = "The Book of Mormon"
+test_ok($x.split(//).reverse!.join == $x.reverse)
+test_ok($x.reverse == $x.reverse!)
+test_ok("1 byte string".split(//).reverse.join(":") == "g:n:i:r:t:s: :e:t:y:b: :1")
+$x = "a b c  d"
+test_ok($x.split == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+test_ok($x.split(' ') == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+test_ok(defined? "a".chomp)
+test_ok("abc".scan(/./) == ["a", "b", "c"])
+test_ok("1a2b3c".scan(/(\d.)/) == [["1a"], ["2b"], ["3c"]])
+# non-greedy match
+test_ok("a=12;b=22".scan(/(.*?)=(\d*);?/) == [["a", "12"], ["b", "22"]])
+
+$x = [1]
+test_ok(($x * 5).join(":") == '1:1:1:1:1')
+test_ok(($x * 1).join(":") == '1')
+test_ok(($x * 0).join(":") == '')
+
+*$x = *(1..7).to_a
+test_ok($x.size == 7)
+test_ok($x == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+
+$x = [1,2,3]
+$x[1,0] = $x
+test_ok($x == [1,1,2,3,2,3])
+
+$x = [1,2,3]
+$x[-1,0] = $x
+test_ok($x == [1,2,1,2,3,3])
+
+$x = [1,2,3]
+$x.concat($x)
+test_ok($x == [1,2,3,1,2,3])
+
+test_check "hash"
+$x = {1=>2, 2=>4, 3=>6}
+
+test_ok($x[1] == 2)
+
+test_ok(begin
+     for k,v in $x
+       raise if k*2 != v
+     end
+     true
+   rescue
+     false
+   end)
+
+test_ok($x.length == 3)
+test_ok($x.has_key?(1))
+test_ok($x.has_value?(4))
+test_ok($x.values_at(2,3) == [4,6])
+test_ok($x == {1=>2, 2=>4, 3=>6})
+
+$z = $x.keys.sort.join(":")
+test_ok($z == "1:2:3")
+
+$z = $x.values.sort.join(":")
+test_ok($z == "2:4:6")
+test_ok($x == $x)
+
+$x.shift
+test_ok($x.length == 2)
+
+$z = [1,2]
+$x[$z] = 256
+test_ok($x[$z] == 256)
+
+$x = Hash.new(0)
+$x[1] = 1
+test_ok($x[1] == 1)
+test_ok($x[2] == 0)
+
+$x = Hash.new([])
+test_ok($x[22] == [])
+test_ok($x[22].equal?($x[22]))
+
+$x = Hash.new{[]}
+test_ok($x[22] == [])
+test_ok(!$x[22].equal?($x[22]))
+
+$x = Hash.new{|h,k| $z = k; h[k] = k*2}
+$z = 0
+test_ok($x[22] == 44)
+test_ok($z == 22)
+$z = 0
+test_ok($x[22] == 44)
+test_ok($z == 0)
+$x.default = 5
+test_ok($x[23] == 5)
+
+$x = Hash.new
+def $x.default(k)
+  $z = k
+  self[k] = k*2
+end
+$z = 0
+test_ok($x[22] == 44)
+test_ok($z == 22)
+$z = 0
+test_ok($x[22] == 44)
+test_ok($z == 0)
+
+test_check "iterator"
+
+# yield at top level
+test_ok(!defined?(yield))
+
+$x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+$y = []
+
+# iterator over array
+for i in $x
+  $y.push i
+end
+test_ok($x == $y)
+
+# nested iterator
+def tt
+  1.upto(10) {|i|
+    yield i
+  }
+end
+
+i=0
+tt{|i| break if i == 5}
+test_ok(i == 0)
+
+def tt2(dummy)
+  yield 1
+end
+
+def tt3(&block)
+  tt2(raise(ArgumentError,""),&block)
+end
+
+$x = false
+begin
+  tt3{}
+rescue ArgumentError
+  $x = true
+rescue Exception
+end
+test_ok($x)
+
+def tt4 &block
+  tt2(raise(ArgumentError,""),&block)
+end
+$x = false
+begin
+  tt4{}
+rescue ArgumentError
+  $x = true
+rescue Exception
+end
+test_ok($x)
+
+# iterator break/redo/next/retry
+done = true
+loop{
+  break
+  done = false			# should not reach here
+}
+test_ok(done)
+
+done = false
+$bad = false
+loop {
+  break if done
+  done = true
+  next
+  $bad = true			# should not reach here
+}
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+done = false
+$bad = false
+loop {
+  break if done
+  done = true
+  redo
+  $bad = true			# should not reach here
+}
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+$x = []
+for i in 1 .. 7
+  $x.push i
+end
+test_ok($x.size == 7)
+test_ok($x == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+
+# append method to built-in class
+class Array
+  def iter_test1
+    collect{|e| [e, yield(e)]}.sort{|a,b|a[1]<=>b[1]}
+  end
+  def iter_test2
+    a = collect{|e| [e, yield(e)]}
+    a.sort{|a,b|a[1]<=>b[1]}
+  end
+end
+$x = [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
+test_ok($x.iter_test1{|x|x} == $x.iter_test2{|x|x})
+
+class IterTest
+  def initialize(e); @body = e; end
+
+  def each0(&block); @body.each(&block); end
+  def each1(&block); @body.each {|*x| block.call(*x) } end
+  def each2(&block); @body.each {|*x| block.call(x) } end
+  def each3(&block); @body.each {|x| block.call(*x) } end
+  def each4(&block); @body.each {|x| block.call(x) } end
+  def each5; @body.each {|*x| yield(*x) } end
+  def each6; @body.each {|*x| yield(x) } end
+  def each7; @body.each {|x| yield(*x) } end
+  def each8; @body.each {|x| yield(x) } end
+
+  def f(a)
+    a
+  end
+end
+test_ok(IterTest.new(nil).method(:f).to_proc.call([1]) == [1])
+m = /\w+/.match("abc")
+test_ok(IterTest.new(nil).method(:f).to_proc.call([m]) == [m])
+
+IterTest.new([0]).each0 {|x| test_ok(x == 0)}
+IterTest.new([1]).each1 {|x| test_ok(x == 1)}
+IterTest.new([2]).each2 {|x| test_ok(x == [2])}
+#IterTest.new([3]).each3 {|x| test_ok(x == 3)}
+IterTest.new([4]).each4 {|x| test_ok(x == 4)}
+IterTest.new([5]).each5 {|x| test_ok(x == 5)}
+IterTest.new([6]).each6 {|x| test_ok(x == [6])}
+#IterTest.new([7]).each7 {|x| test_ok(x == 7)}
+IterTest.new([8]).each8 {|x| test_ok(x == 8)}
+
+IterTest.new([[0]]).each0 {|x| test_ok(x == [0])}
+IterTest.new([[1]]).each1 {|x| test_ok(x == [1])}
+IterTest.new([[2]]).each2 {|x| test_ok(x == [[2]])}
+IterTest.new([[3]]).each3 {|x| test_ok(x == 3)}
+IterTest.new([[4]]).each4 {|x| test_ok(x == [4])}
+IterTest.new([[5]]).each5 {|x| test_ok(x == [5])}
+IterTest.new([[6]]).each6 {|x| test_ok(x == [[6]])}
+IterTest.new([[7]]).each7 {|x| test_ok(x == 7)}
+IterTest.new([[8]]).each8 {|x| test_ok(x == [8])}
+
+IterTest.new([[0,0]]).each0 {|*x| test_ok(x == [[0,0]])}
+IterTest.new([[8,8]]).each8 {|*x| test_ok(x == [[8,8]])}
+
+def m0(v)
+  v
+end
+
+def m1
+  m0(block_given?)
+end
+test_ok(m1{p 'test'})
+test_ok(!m1)
+
+def m
+  m0(block_given?,&Proc.new{})
+end
+test_ok(m1{p 'test'})
+test_ok(!m1)
+
+class C
+  include Enumerable
+  def initialize
+    @a = [1,2,3]
+  end
+  def each(&block)
+    @a.each(&block)
+  end
+end
+
+test_ok(C.new.collect{|n| n} == [1,2,3])
+
+test_ok(Proc == lambda{}.class)
+test_ok(Proc == Proc.new{}.class)
+lambda{|a|test_ok(a==1)}.call(1)
+def block_test(klass, &block)
+  test_ok(klass === block)
+end
+
+block_test(NilClass)
+block_test(Proc){}
+
+def call_argument_test(state, proc, *args)
+  x = state
+  begin
+    proc.call(*args)
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    x = !x
+  end
+  test_ok(x,2)
+end
+
+call_argument_test(true, lambda{||})
+call_argument_test(false, lambda{||}, 1)
+call_argument_test(true, lambda{|a,|}, 1)
+call_argument_test(false, lambda{|a,|})
+call_argument_test(false, lambda{|a,|}, 1,2)
+
+call_argument_test(true, Proc.new{||})
+call_argument_test(true, Proc.new{||}, 1)
+call_argument_test(true, Proc.new{|a,|}, 1)
+call_argument_test(true, Proc.new{|a,|})
+call_argument_test(true, Proc.new{|a,|}, 1,2)
+
+def block_get(&block)
+  block
+end
+
+test_ok(Proc == block_get{}.class)
+call_argument_test(true, block_get{||})
+call_argument_test(true, block_get{||}, 1)
+call_argument_test(true, block_get{|a,|}, 1)
+call_argument_test(true, block_get{|a,|})
+call_argument_test(true, block_get{|a,|}, 1,2)
+
+call_argument_test(true, block_get(&lambda{||}))
+call_argument_test(false, block_get(&lambda{||}),1)
+call_argument_test(true, block_get(&lambda{|a,|}),1)
+call_argument_test(false, block_get(&lambda{|a,|}),1,2)
+
+blk = block_get{11}
+test_ok(blk.class == Proc)
+test_ok(blk.to_proc.class == Proc)
+test_ok(blk.clone.call == 11)
+test_ok(block_get(&blk).class == Proc)
+
+lmd = lambda{44}
+test_ok(lmd.class == Proc)
+test_ok(lmd.to_proc.class == Proc)
+test_ok(lmd.clone.call == 44)
+test_ok(block_get(&lmd).class == Proc)
+
+test_ok(Proc.new{|a,| a}.yield(1,2,3) == 1)
+call_argument_test(true, Proc.new{|a,|}, 1,2)
+
+test_ok(Proc.new{|&b| b.call(10)}.call {|x| x} == 10)
+test_ok(Proc.new{|a,&b| b.call(a)}.call(12) {|x| x} == 12)
+
+def test_return1
+  Proc.new {
+    return 55
+  }.yield + 5
+end
+test_ok(test_return1() == 55)
+def test_return2
+  lambda {
+    return 55
+  }.call + 5
+end
+test_ok(test_return2() == 60)
+
+def proc_call(&b)
+  b.call
+end
+def proc_yield()
+  yield
+end
+def proc_return1
+  lambda{return 42}.call+1
+end
+test_ok(proc_return1() == 43)
+def proc_return2
+  ->{return 42}.call+1
+end
+test_ok(proc_return2() == 43)
+def proc_return3
+  proc_call{return 42}+1
+end
+test_ok(proc_return3() == 42)
+def proc_return4
+  proc_yield{return 42}+1
+end
+test_ok(proc_return4() == 42)
+
+def ljump_test(state, proc, *args)
+  x = state
+  begin
+    proc.call(*args)
+  rescue LocalJumpError
+    x = !x
+  end
+  test_ok(x,2)
+end
+
+ljump_test(false, block_get{break})
+ljump_test(true, lambda{break})
+
+def exit_value_test(&block)
+  block.call
+rescue LocalJumpError
+  $!.exit_value
+end
+
+test_ok(45 == exit_value_test{break 45})
+
+test_ok(55 == begin
+              block_get{break 55}.call
+            rescue LocalJumpError
+              $!.exit_value
+            end)
+
+def block_call(&block)
+  block.call
+end
+
+def test_b1
+  block_call{break 11}
+end
+test_ok(test_b1() == 11)
+
+def ljump_rescue(r)
+  begin
+    yield
+  rescue LocalJumpError => e
+    r if /from proc-closure/ =~ e.message
+  end
+end
+
+def test_b2
+  ljump_rescue(22) do
+    block_get{break 21}.call
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b2() == 22)
+
+def test_b3
+  ljump_rescue(33) do
+    Proc.new{break 31}.yield
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b3() == 33)
+
+def test_b4
+  lambda{break 44}.call
+end
+test_ok(test_b4() == 44)
+
+def test_b5
+  ljump_rescue(55) do
+    b = block_get{break 54}
+    block_call(&b)
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b5() == 55)
+
+def test_b6
+  b = lambda{break 67}
+  block_call(&b)
+  66
+end
+test_ok(test_b6() == 66)
+
+def util_r7
+  block_get{break 78}
+end
+
+def test_b7
+  b = util_r7()
+  ljump_rescue(77) do
+    block_call(&b)
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b7() == 77)
+
+def util_b8(&block)
+  block_call(&block)
+end
+
+def test_b8
+  util_b8{break 88}
+end
+test_ok(test_b8() == 88)
+
+def util_b9(&block)
+  lambda{block.call; 98}.call
+end
+
+def test_b9
+  util_b9{break 99}
+end
+test_ok(test_b9() == 99)
+
+def util_b10
+  util_b9{break 100}
+end
+
+def test_b10
+  util_b10()
+end
+test_ok(test_b10() == 100)
+
+def test_b11
+  ljump_rescue(111) do
+    loop do
+      Proc.new{break 110}.yield
+      break 112
+    end
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b11() == 111)
+
+def test_b12
+  loop do
+    break lambda{break 122}.call
+    break 121
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b12() == 122)
+
+def test_b13
+  ljump_rescue(133) do
+    while true
+      Proc.new{break 130}.yield
+      break 131
+    end
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b13() == 133)
+
+def test_b14
+  while true
+    break lambda{break 144}.call
+    break 143
+  end
+end
+test_ok(test_b14() == 144)
+
+def test_b15
+  [0].each {|c| yield 1 }
+  156
+end
+test_ok(test_b15{|e| break 155 } == 155)
+
+def marity_test(m)
+  method = method(m)
+  test_ok(method.arity == method.to_proc.arity, 2)
+end
+marity_test(:test_ok)
+marity_test(:marity_test)
+marity_test(:p)
+
+class ITER_TEST1
+   def a
+     block_given?
+   end
+end
+
+class ITER_TEST2 < ITER_TEST1
+   def a
+     test_ok(super)
+     super
+   end
+end
+test_ok(ITER_TEST2.new.a {})
+
+class ITER_TEST3
+  def foo x
+    return yield if block_given?
+    x
+  end
+end
+
+class ITER_TEST4 < ITER_TEST3
+  def foo x
+    test_ok(super == yield)
+    test_ok(super(x, &nil) == x)
+  end
+end
+
+ITER_TEST4.new.foo(44){55}
+
+class ITER_TEST5
+   def tt(aa)
+     aa
+   end
+
+   def uu(a)
+      class << self
+         define_method(:tt) do |sym|
+            super(sym)
+         end
+      end
+   end
+
+   def xx(*x)
+     x.size
+   end
+end
+
+a = ITER_TEST5.new
+a.uu(12)
+test_ok(a.tt(1) == 1)
+
+class ITER_TEST6 < ITER_TEST5
+   def xx(*a)
+      a << 12
+      super
+   end
+end
+
+test_ok(ITER_TEST6.new.xx([24]) == 2)
+
+test_check "float"
+test_ok(2.6.floor == 2)
+test_ok((-2.6).floor == -3)
+test_ok(2.6.ceil == 3)
+test_ok((-2.6).ceil == -2)
+test_ok(2.6.truncate == 2)
+test_ok((-2.6).truncate == -2)
+test_ok(2.6.round == 3)
+test_ok((-2.4).truncate == -2)
+test_ok((13.4 % 1 - 0.4).abs < 0.0001)
+nan = 0.0/0
+def nan_test(x,y)
+  test_ok(x != y)
+  test_ok((x < y) == false)
+  test_ok((x > y) == false)
+  test_ok((x <= y) == false)
+  test_ok((x >= y) == false)
+end
+nan_test(nan, nan)
+nan_test(nan, 0)
+nan_test(nan, 1)
+nan_test(nan, -1)
+nan_test(nan, 1000)
+nan_test(nan, -1000)
+nan_test(nan, 1_000_000_000_000)
+nan_test(nan, -1_000_000_000_000)
+nan_test(nan, 100.0);
+nan_test(nan, -100.0);
+nan_test(nan, 0.001);
+nan_test(nan, -0.001);
+nan_test(nan, 1.0/0);
+nan_test(nan, -1.0/0);
+
+#s = "3.7517675036461267e+17"
+#test_ok(s == sprintf("%.16e", s.to_f))
+f = 3.7517675036461267e+17
+test_ok(f == sprintf("%.16e", f).to_f)
+
+
+test_check "bignum"
+def fact(n)
+  return 1 if n == 0
+  f = 1
+  while n>0
+    f *= n
+    n -= 1
+  end
+  return f
+end
+$x = fact(40)
+test_ok($x == $x)
+test_ok($x == fact(40))
+test_ok($x < $x+2)
+test_ok($x > $x-2)
+test_ok($x == 815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000000)
+test_ok($x != 815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000001)
+test_ok($x+1 == 815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000001)
+test_ok($x/fact(20) == 335367096786357081410764800000)
+$x = -$x
+test_ok($x == -815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000000)
+test_ok(2-(2**32) == -(2**32-2))
+test_ok(2**32 - 5 == (2**32-3)-2)
+
+$good = true;
+for i in 1000..1014
+  $good = false if ((1 << i) != (2**i))
+end
+test_ok($good)
+
+$good = true;
+n1= 1 << 1000
+for i in 1000..1014
+  $good = false if ((1 << i) != n1)
+  n1 *= 2
+end
+test_ok($good)
+
+$good = true;
+n2=n1
+for i in 1..10
+  n1 = n1 / 2
+  n2 = n2 >> 1
+  $good = false if (n1 != n2)
+end
+test_ok($good)
+
+$good = true;
+for i in 4000..4096
+  n1 = 1 << i;
+  if (n1**2-1) / (n1+1) != (n1-1)
+    $good = false
+  end
+end
+test_ok($good)
+
+b = 10**80
+a = b * 9 + 7
+test_ok(7 == a.modulo(b))
+test_ok(-b + 7 == a.modulo(-b))
+test_ok(b + -7 == (-a).modulo(b))
+test_ok(-7 == (-a).modulo(-b))
+test_ok(7 == a.remainder(b))
+test_ok(7 == a.remainder(-b))
+test_ok(-7 == (-a).remainder(b))
+test_ok(-7 == (-a).remainder(-b))
+
+test_ok(10**40+10**20 == 10000000000000000000100000000000000000000)
+test_ok(10**40/10**20 == 100000000000000000000)
+
+a = 677330545177305025495135714080
+b = 14269972710765292560
+test_ok(a % b == 0)
+test_ok(-a % b == 0)
+
+def shift_test(a)
+  b = a / (2 ** 32)
+  c = a >> 32
+  test_ok(b == c)
+
+  b = a * (2 ** 32)
+  c = a << 32
+  test_ok(b == c)
+end
+
+shift_test(-4518325415524767873)
+shift_test(-0xfffffffffffffffff)
+
+test_check "string & char"
+
+test_ok("abcd" == "abcd")
+test_ok("abcd" =~ /abcd/)
+test_ok("abcd" === "abcd")
+# compile time string concatenation
+test_ok("ab" "cd" == "abcd")
+test_ok("#{22}aa" "cd#{44}" == "22aacd44")
+test_ok("#{22}aa" "cd#{44}" "55" "#{66}" == "22aacd445566")
+test_ok("abc" !~ /^$/)
+test_ok("abc\n" !~ /^$/)
+test_ok("abc" !~ /^d*$/)
+test_ok(("abc" =~ /d*$/) == 3)
+test_ok("" =~ /^$/)
+test_ok("\n" =~ /^$/)
+test_ok("a\n\n" =~ /^$/)
+test_ok("abcabc" =~ /.*a/ && $& == "abca")
+test_ok("abcabc" =~ /.*c/ && $& == "abcabc")
+test_ok("abcabc" =~ /.*?a/ && $& == "a")
+test_ok("abcabc" =~ /.*?c/ && $& == "abc")
+test_ok(/(.|\n)*?\n(b|\n)/ =~ "a\nb\n\n" && $& == "a\nb")
+
+test_ok(/^(ab+)+b/ =~ "ababb" && $& == "ababb")
+test_ok(/^(?:ab+)+b/ =~ "ababb" && $& == "ababb")
+test_ok(/^(ab+)+/ =~ "ababb" && $& == "ababb")
+test_ok(/^(?:ab+)+/ =~ "ababb" && $& == "ababb")
+
+test_ok(/(\s+\d+){2}/ =~ " 1 2" && $& == " 1 2")
+test_ok(/(?:\s+\d+){2}/ =~ " 1 2" && $& == " 1 2")
+
+$x = <<END;
+ABCD
+ABCD
+END
+$x.gsub!(/((.|\n)*?)B((.|\n)*?)D/, '\1\3')
+test_ok($x == "AC\nAC\n")
+
+test_ok("foobar" =~ /foo(?=(bar)|(baz))/)
+test_ok("foobaz" =~ /foo(?=(bar)|(baz))/)
+
+$foo = "abc"
+test_ok("#$foo = abc" == "abc = abc")
+test_ok("#{$foo} = abc" == "abc = abc")
+
+foo = "abc"
+test_ok("#{foo} = abc" == "abc = abc")
+
+test_ok('-' * 5 == '-----')
+test_ok('-' * 1 == '-')
+test_ok('-' * 0 == '')
+
+foo = '-'
+test_ok(foo * 5 == '-----')
+test_ok(foo * 1 == '-')
+test_ok(foo * 0 == '')
+
+$x = "a.gif"
+test_ok($x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, '\1') == "gif")
+test_ok($x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, 'b.\1') == "b.gif")
+test_ok($x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, '\2') == "")
+test_ok($x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, 'a\2b') == "ab")
+test_ok($x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, '<\&>') == "<a.gif>")
+
+# character constants(assumes ASCII)
+test_ok("a"[0] == ?a)
+test_ok(?a == ?a)
+test_ok(?\C-a == "\1")
+test_ok(?\M-a == "\341")
+test_ok(?\M-\C-a == "\201")
+test_ok("a".upcase![0] == ?A)
+test_ok("A".downcase![0] == ?a)
+test_ok("abc".tr!("a-z", "A-Z") == "ABC")
+test_ok("aabbcccc".tr_s!("a-z", "A-Z") == "ABC")
+test_ok("abcc".squeeze!("a-z") == "abc")
+test_ok("abcd".delete!("bc") == "ad")
+
+$x = "abcdef"
+$y = [ ?a, ?b, ?c, ?d, ?e, ?f ]
+$bad = false
+$x.each_byte {|i|
+  if i.chr != $y.shift
+    $bad = true
+    break
+  end
+}
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+s = "a string"
+s[0..s.size]="another string"
+test_ok(s == "another string")
+
+s = <<EOS
+#{
+[1,2,3].join(",")
+}
+EOS
+test_ok(s == "1,2,3\n")
+test_ok("Just".to_i(36) == 926381)
+test_ok("-another".to_i(36) == -23200231779)
+test_ok(1299022.to_s(36) == "ruby")
+test_ok(-1045307475.to_s(36) == "-hacker")
+test_ok("Just_another_Ruby_hacker".to_i(36) == 265419172580680477752431643787347)
+test_ok(-265419172580680477752431643787347.to_s(36) == "-justanotherrubyhacker")
+
+a = []
+(0..255).each {|n|
+  ch = [n].pack("C")
+  a.push ch if /a#{Regexp.quote ch}b/x =~ "ab"
+}
+test_ok(a.size == 0)
+
+test_check "assignment"
+a = nil
+test_ok(defined?(a))
+test_ok(a == nil)
+
+# multiple assignment
+a, b = 1, 2
+test_ok(a == 1 && b == 2)
+
+a, b = b, a
+test_ok(a == 2 && b == 1)
+
+a, = 1,2
+test_ok(a == 1)
+
+a, *b = 1, 2, 3
+test_ok(a == 1 && b == [2, 3])
+
+a, (b, c), d = 1, [2, 3], 4
+test_ok(a == 1 && b == 2 && c == 3 && d == 4)
+
+*a = 1, 2, 3
+test_ok(a == [1, 2, 3])
+
+*a = 4
+test_ok(a == [4])
+
+*a = nil
+test_ok(a == [nil])
+
+test_check "call"
+def aaa(a, b=100, *rest)
+  res = [a, b]
+  res += rest if rest
+  return res
+end
+
+# not enough argument
+begin
+  aaa()				# need at least 1 arg
+  test_ok(false)
+rescue
+  test_ok(true)
+end
+
+begin
+  aaa				# no arg given (exception raised)
+  test_ok(false)
+rescue
+  test_ok(true)
+end
+
+test_ok(aaa(1) == [1, 100])
+test_ok(aaa(1, 2) == [1, 2])
+test_ok(aaa(1, 2, 3, 4) == [1, 2, 3, 4])
+test_ok(aaa(1, *[2, 3, 4]) == [1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+test_check "proc"
+$proc = Proc.new{|i| i}
+test_ok($proc.call(2) == 2)
+test_ok($proc.call(3) == 3)
+
+$proc = Proc.new{|i| i*2}
+test_ok($proc.call(2) == 4)
+test_ok($proc.call(3) == 6)
+
+Proc.new{
+  iii=5				# nested local variable
+  $proc = Proc.new{|i|
+    iii = i
+  }
+  $proc2 = Proc.new {
+    $x = iii			# nested variables shared by procs
+  }
+  # scope of nested variables
+  test_ok(defined?(iii))
+}.call
+test_ok(!defined?(iii))		# out of scope
+
+loop{iii=5; test_ok(eval("defined? iii")); break}
+loop {
+  iii = 10
+  def dyna_var_check
+    loop {
+      test_ok(!defined?(iii))
+      break
+    }
+  end
+  dyna_var_check
+  break
+}
+$x=0
+$proc.call(5)
+$proc2.call
+test_ok($x == 5)
+
+if defined? Process.kill
+  test_check "signal"
+
+  $x = 0
+  trap "SIGINT", Proc.new{|sig| $x = 2}
+  Process.kill "SIGINT", $$
+  100.times {
+    sleep 0.1
+    break if $x != 0
+  }
+  test_ok($x == 2)
+
+  trap "SIGINT", Proc.new{raise "Interrupt"}
+
+  x = false
+  begin
+    Process.kill "SIGINT", $$
+    sleep 0.1
+  rescue
+    x = $!
+  end
+  test_ok(x && /Interrupt/ =~ x.message)
+end
+
+test_check "eval"
+test_ok(eval("") == nil)
+$bad=false
+eval 'while false; $bad = true; print "foo\n" end'
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+test_ok(eval('Object'))
+test_ok(eval('true'))
+test_ok(!eval('nil'))
+test_ok(!eval('false'))
+
+$foo = 'test_ok(true)'
+begin
+  eval $foo
+rescue
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+
+test_ok(eval("$foo") == 'test_ok(true)')
+test_ok(eval("true") == true)
+i = 5
+test_ok(eval("i == 5"))
+test_ok(eval("i") == 5)
+test_ok(eval("defined? i"))
+
+# eval with binding
+def test_ev
+  local1 = "local1"
+  lambda {
+    local2 = "local2"
+    return binding
+  }.call
+end
+
+$x = test_ev
+test_ok(eval("local1", $x) == "local1") # normal local var
+test_ok(eval("local2", $x) == "local2") # nested local var
+$bad = true
+begin
+  p eval("local1")
+rescue NameError		# must raise error
+  $bad = false
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+module EvTest
+  EVTEST1 = 25
+  evtest2 = 125
+  $x = binding
+end
+test_ok(eval("EVTEST1", $x) == 25)	# constant in module
+test_ok(eval("evtest2", $x) == 125)	# local var in module
+$bad = true
+begin
+  eval("EVTEST1")
+rescue NameError		# must raise error
+  $bad = false
+end
+test_ok(!$bad)
+
+x = binding #! YARV Limitation: Proc.new{}
+eval "i4 = 1", x
+test_ok(eval("i4", x) == 1)
+x = Proc.new{binding}.call #! YARV Limitation: Proc.new{Proc.new{}}.call
+eval "i4 = 22", x
+test_ok(eval("i4", x) == 22)
+$x = []
+x = Proc.new{binding}.call #! YARV Limitation: Proc.new{Proc.new{}}.call
+eval "(0..9).each{|i5| $x[i5] = Proc.new{i5*2}}", x
+test_ok($x[4].call == 8)
+
+x = binding
+eval "i = 1", x
+test_ok(eval("i", x) == 1)
+x = Proc.new{binding}.call
+eval "i = 22", x
+test_ok(eval("i", x) == 22)
+$x = []
+x = Proc.new{binding}.call
+eval "(0..9).each{|i5| $x[i5] = Proc.new{i5*2}}", x
+test_ok($x[4].call == 8)
+x = Proc.new{binding}.call
+eval "for i6 in 1..1; j6=i6; end", x
+test_ok(eval("defined? i6", x))
+test_ok(eval("defined? j6", x))
+
+Proc.new {
+  p = binding
+  eval "foo11 = 1", p
+  foo22 = 5
+  Proc.new{foo11=22}.call
+  Proc.new{foo22=55}.call
+  test_ok(eval("foo11", p) == eval("foo11"))
+  test_ok(eval("foo11") == 1)
+  test_ok(eval("foo22", p) == eval("foo22"))
+  test_ok(eval("foo22") == 55)
+}.call if false #! YARV Limitation
+
+#! YARV Limitation: p1 = Proc.new{i7 = 0; Proc.new{i7}}.call
+p1 = Proc.new{i7 = 0; binding}.call
+#! YARV Limitation: test_ok(p1.call == 0)
+eval "i7=5", p1
+#! YARV Limitation: test_ok(p1.call == 5)
+test_ok(!defined?(i7))
+
+if false #! YARV Limitation
+p1 = Proc.new{i7 = 0; Proc.new{i7}}.call
+i7 = nil
+test_ok(p1.call == 0)
+eval "i7=1", p1
+test_ok(p1.call == 1)
+eval "i7=5", p1
+test_ok(p1.call == 5)
+test_ok(i7 == nil)
+end
+
+test_check "system"
+test_ok(`echo foobar` == "foobar\n")
+test_ok(`./miniruby -e 'print "foobar"'` == 'foobar')
+
+script_tmp = "script_tmp.#{$$}"
+tmp = open(script_tmp, "w")
+tmp.print "print $zzz\n";
+tmp.close
+
+test_ok(`./miniruby -s #{script_tmp} -zzz` == 'true')
+test_ok(`./miniruby -s #{script_tmp} -zzz=555` == '555')
+
+tmp = open(script_tmp, "w")
+tmp.print "#! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s\n";
+tmp.print "print $zzz\n";
+tmp.close
+
+test_ok(`./miniruby #{script_tmp} -zzz=678` == '678')
+
+tmp = open(script_tmp, "w")
+tmp.print "this is a leading junk\n";
+tmp.print "#! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s\n";
+tmp.print "print $zzz\n";
+tmp.print "__END__\n";
+tmp.print "this is a trailing junk\n";
+tmp.close
+
+test_ok(`./miniruby -x #{script_tmp}` == '')
+test_ok(`./miniruby -x #{script_tmp} -zzz=555` == '555')
+
+tmp = open(script_tmp, "w")
+for i in 1..5
+  tmp.print i, "\n"
+end
+tmp.close
+
+`./miniruby -i.bak -pe '$_.sub!(/^[0-9]+$/){$&.to_i * 5}' #{script_tmp}`
+done = true
+tmp = open(script_tmp, "r")
+while tmp.gets
+  if $_.to_i % 5 != 0
+    done = false
+    break
+  end
+end
+tmp.close
+test_ok(done)
+
+File.unlink script_tmp or `/bin/rm -f "#{script_tmp}"`
+File.unlink "#{script_tmp}.bak" or `/bin/rm -f "#{script_tmp}.bak"`
+
+test_check "const"
+TEST1 = 1
+TEST2 = 2
+
+module Const
+  TEST3 = 3
+  TEST4 = 4
+end
+
+module Const2
+  TEST3 = 6
+  TEST4 = 8
+end
+
+include Const
+
+test_ok([TEST1,TEST2,TEST3,TEST4] == [1,2,3,4])
+
+include Const2
+STDERR.print "intentionally redefines TEST3, TEST4\n" if $VERBOSE
+test_ok([TEST1,TEST2,TEST3,TEST4] == [1,2,6,8])
+
+
+test_ok((String <=> Object) == -1)
+test_ok((Object <=> String) == 1)
+test_ok((Array <=> String) == nil)
+
+test_check "clone"
+foo = Object.new
+def foo.test
+  "test"
+end
+bar = foo.clone
+def bar.test2
+  "test2"
+end
+
+test_ok(bar.test2 == "test2")
+test_ok(bar.test == "test")
+test_ok(foo.test == "test")
+
+begin
+  foo.test2
+  test_ok false
+rescue NoMethodError
+  test_ok true
+end
+
+module M001; end
+module M002; end
+module M003; include M002; end
+module M002; include M001; end
+module M003; include M002; end
+
+test_ok(M003.ancestors == [M003, M002, M001])
+
+test_check "marshal"
+$x = [1,2,3,[4,5,"foo"],{1=>"bar"},2.5,fact(30)]
+$y = Marshal.dump($x)
+test_ok($x == Marshal.load($y))
+
+StrClone=String.clone;
+test_ok(Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(StrClone.new("abc"))).class == StrClone)
+
+[[1,2,3,4], [81, 2, 118, 3146]].each { |w,x,y,z|
+  a = (x.to_f + y.to_f / z.to_f) * Math.exp(w.to_f / (x.to_f + y.to_f / z.to_f))
+  ma = Marshal.dump(a)
+  b = Marshal.load(ma)
+  test_ok(a == b)
+}
+
+test_check "pack"
+
+$format = "c2x5CCxsdils_l_a6";
+# Need the expression in here to force ary[5] to be numeric.  This avoids
+# test2 failing because ary2 goes str->numeric->str and ary does not.
+ary = [1,-100,127,128,32767,987.654321098 / 100.0,12345,123456,-32767,-123456,"abcdef"]
+$x = ary.pack($format)
+ary2 = $x.unpack($format)
+
+test_ok(ary.length == ary2.length)
+test_ok(ary.join(':') == ary2.join(':'))
+test_ok($x =~ /def/)
+
+$x = [-1073741825]
+test_ok($x.pack("q").unpack("q") == $x)
+
+test_check "math"
+test_ok(Math.sqrt(4) == 2)
+
+include Math
+test_ok(sqrt(4) == 2)
+
+test_check "struct"
+struct_test = Struct.new("Test", :foo, :bar)
+test_ok(struct_test == Struct::Test)
+
+test = struct_test.new(1, 2)
+test_ok(test.foo == 1 && test.bar == 2)
+test_ok(test[0] == 1 && test[1] == 2)
+
+a, b = test.to_a
+test_ok(a == 1 && b == 2)
+
+test[0] = 22
+test_ok(test.foo == 22)
+
+test.bar = 47
+test_ok(test.bar == 47)
+
+test_check "variable"
+test_ok($$.instance_of?(Integer))
+
+# read-only variable
+begin
+  $$ = 5
+  test_ok false
+rescue NameError
+  test_ok true
+end
+
+foobar = "foobar"
+$_ = foobar
+test_ok($_ == foobar)
+
+class Gods
+  @@rule = "Uranus"
+  def ruler0
+    @@rule
+  end
+
+  def self.ruler1		# <= per method definition style
+    @@rule
+  end
+  class << self			# <= multiple method definition style
+    def ruler2
+      @@rule
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module Olympians
+  @@rule ="Zeus"
+  def ruler3
+    @@rule
+  end
+end
+
+class Titans < Gods
+  @@rule = "Cronus"		# modifies @@rule in Gods
+  include Olympians
+  def ruler4
+    @@rule
+  end
+end
+
+test_ok(Gods.new.ruler0 == "Cronus")
+test_ok(Gods.ruler1 == "Cronus")
+test_ok(Gods.ruler2 == "Cronus")
+test_ok(Titans.ruler1 == "Cronus")
+test_ok(Titans.ruler2 == "Cronus")
+atlas = Titans.new
+test_ok(atlas.ruler0 == "Cronus")
+test_ok(atlas.ruler3 == "Zeus")
+begin
+  atlas.ruler4
+rescue RuntimeError => e
+  test_ok(e.message.include?("class variable @@rule of Olympians is overtaken by Gods"))
+else
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+test_ok(atlas.ruler3 == "Zeus")
+
+test_check "trace"
+$x = 1234
+$y = 0
+trace_var :$x, Proc.new{$y = $x}
+$x = 40414
+test_ok($y == $x)
+
+untrace_var :$x
+$x = 19660208
+test_ok($y != $x)
+
+trace_var :$x, Proc.new{$x *= 2}
+$x = 5
+test_ok($x == 10)
+
+untrace_var :$x
+
+test_check "defined?"
+
+test_ok(defined?($x))		# global variable
+test_ok(defined?($x) == 'global-variable')# returns description
+
+foo=5
+test_ok(defined?(foo))		# local variable
+
+test_ok(defined?(Array))	# constant
+test_ok(defined?(Object.new))	# method
+test_ok(!defined?(Object.print))# private method
+test_ok(defined?(1 == 2))	# operator expression
+
+class Foo
+  def foo
+    p :foo
+  end
+  protected :foo
+  def bar(f)
+    test_ok(defined?(self.foo))
+    test_ok(defined?(f.foo))
+  end
+end
+f = Foo.new
+test_ok(defined?(f.foo) == nil)
+f.bar(f)
+
+def defined_test
+  return !defined?(yield)
+end
+
+test_ok(defined_test)		# not iterator
+test_ok(!defined_test{})	# called as iterator
+
+test_check "alias"
+class Alias0
+  def foo; "foo" end
+end
+class Alias1 < Alias0
+  alias bar foo
+  def foo; "foo+" + super end
+end
+class Alias2 < Alias1
+  alias baz foo
+  undef foo
+end
+
+x = Alias2.new
+test_ok(x.bar == "foo")
+test_ok(x.baz == "foo+foo")
+
+# test_check for cache
+test_ok(x.baz == "foo+foo")
+
+class Alias3 < Alias2
+  def foo
+    defined? super
+  end
+  def bar
+    defined? super
+  end
+  def quux
+    defined? super
+  end
+end
+x = Alias3.new
+test_ok(!x.foo)
+test_ok(x.bar)
+test_ok(!x.quux)
+
+test_check "path"
+test_ok(File.basename("a") == "a")
+test_ok(File.basename("a/b") == "b")
+test_ok(File.basename("a/b/") == "b")
+test_ok(File.basename("/") == "/")
+test_ok(File.basename("//") == "/")
+test_ok(File.basename("///") == "/")
+test_ok(File.basename("a/b////") == "b")
+test_ok(File.basename("a.rb", ".rb") == "a")
+test_ok(File.basename("a.rb///", ".rb") == "a")
+test_ok(File.basename("a.rb///", ".*") == "a")
+test_ok(File.basename("a.rb///", ".c") == "a.rb")
+test_ok(File.dirname("a") == ".")
+test_ok(File.dirname("/") == "/")
+test_ok(File.dirname("/a") == "/")
+test_ok(File.dirname("a/b") == "a")
+test_ok(File.dirname("a/b/c") == "a/b")
+test_ok(File.dirname("/a/b/c") == "/a/b")
+test_ok(File.dirname("/a/b/") == "/a")
+test_ok(File.dirname("/a/b///") == "/a")
+case Dir.pwd
+when %r'\A\w:'
+  test_ok(/\A\w:\/\z/ =~ File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+  test_ok(/\A\w:\/a\z/ =~ File.expand_path("a", "/"))
+  dosish = true
+when %r'\A//'
+  test_ok(%r'\A//[^/]+/[^/]+\z' =~ File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+  test_ok(%r'\A//[^/]+/[^/]+/a\z' =~ File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+  dosish = true
+else
+  test_ok(File.expand_path(".", "/") == "/")
+  test_ok(File.expand_path("sub", "/") == "/sub")
+end
+if dosish
+  test_ok(File.expand_path("/", "//machine/share/sub") == "//machine/share")
+  test_ok(File.expand_path("/dir", "//machine/share/sub") == "//machine/share/dir")
+  test_ok(File.expand_path("/", "z:/sub") == "z:/")
+  test_ok(File.expand_path("/dir", "z:/sub") == "z:/dir")
+end
+test_ok(File.expand_path(".", "//") == "//")
+test_ok(File.expand_path("sub", "//") == "//sub")
+
+# test_check "Proc#binding"
+ObjectSpace.each_object(Proc){|o|
+  begin
+    b = o.binding
+    eval 'self', b
+  rescue ArgumentError
+  end
+}
+
+test_check "gc"
+begin
+  1.upto(10000) {
+    tmp = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+  }
+  tmp = nil
+  test_ok true
+rescue
+  test_ok false
+end
+class S
+  def initialize(a)
+    @a = a
+  end
+end
+l=nil
+100000.times {
+  l = S.new(l)
+}
+GC.start
+test_ok true   # reach here or dumps core
+l = []
+100000.times {
+  l.push([l])
+}
+GC.start
+test_ok true   # reach here or dumps core
+
+ObjectSpace.each_object{|o|
+  o.class.name
+}
+
+test_ok true   # reach here or dumps core
+
+PROGRESS.finish
+if $failed > 0
+  printf "not ok/test: %d failed %d\n", $ntest, $failed
+else
+  printf "end of test(test: %d)\n", $ntest
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/README.md b/benchmark/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39a5aa139b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# ruby/benchmark
+
+This directory has benchmark definitions to be run with
+[benchmark\_driver.gem](https://github.com/benchmark-driver/benchmark-driver).
+
+## Normal usage
+
+Execute `gem install benchmark_driver` and run a command like:
+
+```bash
+# Run a benchmark script with the ruby in the $PATH
+benchmark-driver benchmark/app_fib.rb
+
+# Run benchmark scripts with multiple Ruby executables or options
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.rb -e /path/to/ruby -e '/path/to/ruby --jit'
+
+# Or compare Ruby versions managed by rbenv
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.rb --rbenv '2.5.1;2.6.0-preview2 --jit'
+
+# You can collect many metrics in many ways
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.rb --runner memory --output markdown
+
+# Some are defined with YAML for complex setup or accurate measurement
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.yml
+```
+
+See also:
+
+```console
+Usage: benchmark-driver [options] RUBY|YAML...
+    -r, --runner TYPE                Specify runner type: ips, time, memory, once (default: ips)
+    -o, --output TYPE                Specify output type: compare, simple, markdown, record (default: compare)
+    -e, --executables EXECS          Ruby executables (e1::path1 arg1; e2::path2 arg2;...)
+        --rbenv VERSIONS             Ruby executables in rbenv (x.x.x arg1;y.y.y arg2;...)
+        --repeat-count NUM           Try benchmark NUM times and use the fastest result or the worst memory usage
+        --repeat-result TYPE         Yield "best", "average" or "worst" result with --repeat-count (default: best)
+        --bundler                    Install and use gems specified in Gemfile
+        --filter REGEXP              Filter out benchmarks with given regexp
+        --run-duration SECONDS       Warmup estimates loop_count to run for this duration (default: 3)
+    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visilibity (max: 2)
+```
+
+## make benchmark
+
+Using `make benchmark`, `make update-benchmark-driver` automatically downloads
+the supported version of benchmark\_driver, and it runs benchmarks with the downloaded
+benchmark\_driver.
+
+```bash
+# Run all benchmarks with the ruby in the $PATH and the built ruby
+make benchmark
+
+# Or compare with specific ruby binary
+make benchmark COMPARE_RUBY="/path/to/ruby --jit"
+
+# Run vm benchmarks
+make benchmark ITEM=vm
+
+# Run some limited benchmarks in ITEM-matched files
+make benchmark ITEM=vm OPTS=--filter=block
+
+# You can specify the benchmark by an exact filename instead of using the default argument:
+# ARGS = $$(find $(srcdir)/benchmark -maxdepth 1 -name '*$(ITEM)*.yml' -o -name '*$(ITEM)*.rb')
+make benchmark ARGS=benchmark/erb_render.yml
+
+# You can specify any option via $OPTS
+make benchmark OPTS="--help"
+
+# With `make benchmark`, some special runner plugins are available:
+#   -r peak, -r size, -r total, -r utime, -r stime, -r cutime, -r cstime
+make benchmark ITEM=vm_bigarray OPTS="-r peak"
+```
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_answer.rb b/benchmark/app_answer.rb
index 3cd8a8fd37..3cd8a8fd37 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_answer.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_answer.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/app_aobench.rb b/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16296af12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+
+# AO render benchmark
+# Original program (C) Syoyo Fujita in Javascript (and other languages)
+#      https://code.google.com/p/aobench/
+# Ruby(yarv2llvm) version by Hideki Miura
+#
+
+IMAGE_WIDTH = 256
+IMAGE_HEIGHT = 256
+NSUBSAMPLES = 2
+NAO_SAMPLES = 8
+
+srand(0)
+
+class Vec
+  def initialize(x, y, z)
+    @x = x
+    @y = y
+    @z = z
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :x, :y, :z
+
+  def vadd(b)
+    Vec.new(@x + b.x, @y + b.y, @z + b.z)
+  end
+
+  def vsub(b)
+    Vec.new(@x - b.x, @y - b.y, @z - b.z)
+  end
+
+  def vcross(b)
+    Vec.new(@y * b.z - @z * b.y,
+            @z * b.x - @x * b.z,
+            @x * b.y - @y * b.x)
+  end
+
+  def vdot(b)
+    @x * b.x + @y * b.y + @z * b.z
+  end
+
+  def vlength
+    Math.sqrt(@x * @x + @y * @y + @z * @z)
+  end
+
+  def vnormalize
+    len = vlength
+    v = Vec.new(@x, @y, @z)
+    if len > 1.0e-17 then
+      v.x = v.x / len
+      v.y = v.y / len
+      v.z = v.z / len
+    end
+    v
+  end
+end
+
+
+class Sphere
+  def initialize(center, radius)
+    @center = center
+    @radius = radius
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :center, :radius
+
+  def intersect(ray, isect)
+    rs = ray.org.vsub(@center)
+    b = rs.vdot(ray.dir)
+    c = rs.vdot(rs) - (@radius * @radius)
+    d = b * b - c
+    if d > 0.0 then
+      t = - b - Math.sqrt(d)
+
+      if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
+        isect.t = t
+        isect.hit = true
+        isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + ray.dir.x * t,
+                          ray.org.y + ray.dir.y * t,
+                          ray.org.z + ray.dir.z * t)
+        n = isect.pl.vsub(@center)
+        isect.n = n.vnormalize
+      else
+        0.0
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+class Plane
+  def initialize(p, n)
+    @p = p
+    @n = n
+  end
+
+  def intersect(ray, isect)
+    d = -@p.vdot(@n)
+    v = ray.dir.vdot(@n)
+    v0 = v
+    if v < 0.0 then
+      v0 = -v
+    end
+    if v0 < 1.0e-17 then
+      return
+    end
+
+    t = -(ray.org.vdot(@n) + d) / v
+
+    if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
+      isect.hit = true
+      isect.t = t
+      isect.n = @n
+      isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + t * ray.dir.x,
+                        ray.org.y + t * ray.dir.y,
+                        ray.org.z + t * ray.dir.z)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+class Ray
+  def initialize(org, dir)
+    @org = org
+    @dir = dir
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :org, :dir
+end
+
+class Isect
+  def initialize
+    @t = 10000000.0
+    @hit = false
+    @pl = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+    @n = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :t, :hit, :pl, :n
+end
+
+def clamp(f)
+  i = f * 255.5
+  if i > 255.0 then
+    i = 255.0
+  end
+  if i < 0.0 then
+    i = 0.0
+  end
+  i.to_i
+end
+
+def otherBasis(basis, n)
+  basis[2] = Vec.new(n.x, n.y, n.z)
+  basis[1] = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+  if n.x < 0.6 and n.x > -0.6 then
+    basis[1].x = 1.0
+  elsif n.y < 0.6 and n.y > -0.6 then
+    basis[1].y = 1.0
+  elsif n.z < 0.6 and n.z > -0.6 then
+    basis[1].z = 1.0
+  else
+    basis[1].x = 1.0
+  end
+
+  basis[0] = basis[1].vcross(basis[2])
+  basis[0] = basis[0].vnormalize
+
+  basis[1] = basis[2].vcross(basis[0])
+  basis[1] = basis[1].vnormalize
+end
+
+class Scene
+  def initialize
+    @spheres = Array.new
+    @spheres[0] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-2.0, 0.0, -3.5), 0.5)
+    @spheres[1] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-0.5, 0.0, -3.0), 0.5)
+    @spheres[2] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(1.0, 0.0, -2.2), 0.5)
+    @plane = Plane.new(Vec.new(0.0, -0.5, 0.0), Vec.new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
+  end
+
+  def ambient_occlusion(isect)
+    basis = Array.new
+    otherBasis(basis, isect.n)
+
+    ntheta    = NAO_SAMPLES
+    nphi      = NAO_SAMPLES
+    eps       = 0.0001
+    occlusion = 0.0
+
+    p0 = Vec.new(isect.pl.x + eps * isect.n.x,
+                isect.pl.y + eps * isect.n.y,
+                isect.pl.z + eps * isect.n.z)
+    nphi.times do |j|
+      ntheta.times do |i|
+        r = rand
+        phi = 2.0 * 3.14159265 * rand
+        x = Math.cos(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
+        y = Math.sin(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
+        z = Math.sqrt(r)
+
+        rx = x * basis[0].x + y * basis[1].x + z * basis[2].x
+        ry = x * basis[0].y + y * basis[1].y + z * basis[2].y
+        rz = x * basis[0].z + y * basis[1].z + z * basis[2].z
+
+        raydir = Vec.new(rx, ry, rz)
+        ray = Ray.new(p0, raydir)
+
+        occisect = Isect.new
+        @spheres[0].intersect(ray, occisect)
+        @spheres[1].intersect(ray, occisect)
+        @spheres[2].intersect(ray, occisect)
+        @plane.intersect(ray, occisect)
+        if occisect.hit then
+          occlusion = occlusion + 1.0
+        else
+          0.0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    occlusion = (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f - occlusion) / (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f)
+
+    Vec.new(occlusion, occlusion, occlusion)
+  end
+
+  def render(w, h, nsubsamples)
+    cnt = 0
+    nsf = nsubsamples.to_f
+    h.times do |y|
+      w.times do |x|
+        rad = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+        # Subsampling
+        nsubsamples.times do |v|
+          nsubsamples.times do |u|
+
+            cnt = cnt + 1
+            wf = w.to_f
+            hf = h.to_f
+            xf = x.to_f
+            yf = y.to_f
+            uf = u.to_f
+            vf = v.to_f
+
+            px = (xf + (uf / nsf) - (wf / 2.0)) / (wf / 2.0)
+            py = -(yf + (vf / nsf) - (hf / 2.0)) / (hf / 2.0)
+
+            eye = Vec.new(px, py, -1.0).vnormalize
+
+            ray = Ray.new(Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), eye)
+
+            isect = Isect.new
+            @spheres[0].intersect(ray, isect)
+            @spheres[1].intersect(ray, isect)
+            @spheres[2].intersect(ray, isect)
+            @plane.intersect(ray, isect)
+            if isect.hit then
+              col = ambient_occlusion(isect)
+              rad.x = rad.x + col.x
+              rad.y = rad.y + col.y
+              rad.z = rad.z + col.z
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        r = rad.x / (nsf * nsf)
+        g = rad.y / (nsf * nsf)
+        b = rad.z / (nsf * nsf)
+        printf("%c", clamp(r))
+        printf("%c", clamp(g))
+        printf("%c", clamp(b))
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+alias printf_orig printf
+def printf *args
+  # $fp.printf(*args)
+end
+
+# File.open("ao.ppm", "w") do |fp|
+  # $fp = fp
+  printf("P6\n")
+  printf("%d %d\n", IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT)
+  printf("255\n")
+  Scene.new.render(IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, NSUBSAMPLES)
+# end
+
+undef printf
+alias printf printf_orig
diff --git a/benchmark/app_erb.yml b/benchmark/app_erb.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31e29b7644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/app_erb.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#
+# Create many HTML strings with ERB.
+#
+prelude: |
+  require 'erb'
+
+  data = <<erb
+  <html>
+    <head> <%= title %> </head>
+    <body>
+      <h1> <%= title %> </h1>
+      <p>
+        <%= content %>
+      </p>
+    </body>
+  </html>
+  erb
+
+  title = "hello world!"
+  content = "hello world!\n" * 10
+benchmark:
+  app_erb: ERB.new(data).result(binding)
+loop_count: 15000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_factorial.rb b/benchmark/app_factorial.rb
index 45f471dfdb..45f471dfdb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_factorial.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_factorial.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_fib.rb b/benchmark/app_fib.rb
index 34a7b2e725..34a7b2e725 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_fib.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_fib.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb b/benchmark/app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb
index f09574bbeb..f09574bbeb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_mandelbrot.rb b/benchmark/app_mandelbrot.rb
index 801b75e8e2..801b75e8e2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_mandelbrot.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_mandelbrot.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/app_pentomino.rb b/benchmark/app_pentomino.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47be7b203f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/app_pentomino.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/ruby
+# This program is contributed by Shin Nishiyama
+
+
+# modified by K.Sasada
+
+NP = 5
+ROW = 8 + NP
+COL = 8
+
+$p = []
+$b = []
+$no = 0
+
+def piece(n, a, nb)
+  nb.each{|x|
+    a[n] = x
+    if n == NP-1
+      $p << [a.sort]
+    else
+      nbc=nb.dup
+      [-ROW, -1, 1, ROW].each{|d|
+        if x+d > 0 and not a.include?(x+d) and not nbc.include?(x+d)
+          nbc << x+d
+        end
+      }
+      nbc.delete x
+      piece(n+1,a[0..n],nbc)
+    end
+  }
+end
+
+def kikaku(a)
+  a.collect {|x| x - a[0]}
+end
+def ud(a)
+  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ((x+NP)%ROW)-ROW*((x+NP)/ROW) }.sort)
+end
+def rl(a)
+  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)/ROW)+ROW-((x+NP)%ROW)}.sort)
+end
+def xy(a)
+  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)%ROW) + (x+NP)/ROW }.sort)
+end
+
+def mkpieces
+  piece(0,[],[0])
+  $p.each do |a|
+    a0 = a[0]
+    a[1] = ud(a0)
+    a[2] = rl(a0)
+    a[3] = ud(rl(a0))
+    a[4] = xy(a0)
+    a[5] = ud(xy(a0))
+    a[6] = rl(xy(a0))
+    a[7] = ud(rl(xy(a0)))
+    a.sort!
+    a.uniq!
+  end
+  $p.uniq!.sort! {|x,y| x[0] <=> y[0] }
+end
+
+def mkboard
+  (0...ROW*COL).each{|i|
+    if i % ROW >= ROW-NP
+      $b[i] = -2
+    else
+      $b[i] = -1
+    end
+    $b[3*ROW+3]=$b[3*ROW+4]=$b[4*ROW+3]=$b[4*ROW+4]=-2
+  }
+end
+
+def pboard
+  return # skip print
+  print "No. #$no\n"
+  (0...COL).each{|i|
+    print "|"
+    (0...ROW-NP).each{|j|
+      x = $b[i*ROW+j]
+      if x < 0
+        print "..|"
+      else
+        printf "%2d|",x+1
+      end
+    }
+    print "\n"
+  }
+  print "\n"
+end
+
+$pnum=[]
+def setpiece(a,pos)
+  if a.length == $p.length then
+    $no += 1
+    pboard
+    return
+  end
+  while $b[pos] != -1
+    pos += 1
+  end
+  ($pnum - a).each do |i|
+    $p[i].each do |x|
+      f = 0
+      x.each{|s|
+        if $b[pos+s] != -1
+          f=1
+          break
+        end
+      }
+      if f == 0 then
+        x.each{|s|
+          $b[pos+s] = i
+        }
+        a << i
+        setpiece(a.dup, pos)
+        a.pop
+        x.each{|s|
+          $b[pos+s] = -1
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+mkpieces
+mkboard
+$p[4] = [$p[4][0]]
+$pnum = (0...$p.length).to_a
+setpiece([],0)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_raise.rb b/benchmark/app_raise.rb
index 5db8f95d50..5db8f95d50 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_raise.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_raise.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_strconcat.rb b/benchmark/app_strconcat.rb
index 7eed7c1aed..7eed7c1aed 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_strconcat.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_strconcat.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_tak.rb b/benchmark/app_tak.rb
index efe5380f4e..efe5380f4e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_tak.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_tak.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_tarai.rb b/benchmark/app_tarai.rb
index 4c146f5ccf..4c146f5ccf 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_tarai.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_tarai.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_uri.rb b/benchmark/app_uri.rb
index 586edfd5dc..586edfd5dc 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_uri.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_uri.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/array_flatten.yml b/benchmark/array_flatten.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88ef544ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_flatten.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+prelude: |
+  small_flat_ary = 5.times.to_a
+  large_flat_ary = 100.times.to_a
+  small_pairs_ary = [[1, 2]] * 5
+  large_pairs_ary = [[1, 2]] * 100
+  mostly_flat_ary = 100.times.to_a.push([101, 102])
+
+benchmark:
+  small_flat_ary.flatten: small_flat_ary.flatten
+  small_flat_ary.flatten!: small_flat_ary.flatten!
+  large_flat_ary.flatten: large_flat_ary.flatten
+  large_flat_ary.flatten!: large_flat_ary.flatten!
+  small_pairs_ary.flatten: small_pairs_ary.flatten
+  small_pairs_ary.flatten!: small_pairs_ary.dup.flatten!
+  large_pairs_ary.flatten: large_pairs_ary.flatten
+  large_pairs_ary.flatten!: large_pairs_ary.dup.flatten!
+  mostly_flat_ary.flatten: mostly_flat_ary.flatten
+  mostly_flat_ary.flatten!: mostly_flat_ary.dup.flatten!
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/array_intersection.yml b/benchmark/array_intersection.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26705323fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_intersection.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  small1 = [1, 2, 3]
+  small2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  small3 = [2, 3, 4, 5]
+  small4 = [2]
+  big1 = [1, 2, 3, 4] * 64
+  big2 = [1, 2, 3] * 64
+  big3 = [1, 2] * 64
+
+benchmark:
+  small-&: small1 & small2 & small3 & small4
+  small-intersection: small1.intersection(small2, small3, small4)
+  big-&: big1 & big2 & big3
+  big-intersection: big1.intersection(big2, big3)
diff --git a/benchmark/array_max_float.yml b/benchmark/array_max_float.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ace1ae2e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_max_float.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.max: ary2.max
+  ary10.max: ary10.max
+  ary100.max: ary100.max
+  ary500.max: ary500.max
+  ary1000.max: ary1000.max
+  ary2000.max: ary2000.max
+  ary3000.max: ary3000.max
+  ary5000.max: ary5000.max
+  ary10000.max: ary10000.max
+  ary20000.max: ary20000.max
+  ary50000.max: ary50000.max
+  ary100000.max: ary100000.max
+
+loop_count: 10000
+
diff --git a/benchmark/array_max_int.yml b/benchmark/array_max_int.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acd83684d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_max_int.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000000 = 1000000.times.to_a.shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.max: ary2.max
+  ary10.max: ary10.max
+  ary100.max: ary100.max
+  ary500.max: ary500.max
+  ary1000.max: ary1000.max
+  ary2000.max: ary2000.max
+  ary3000.max: ary3000.max
+  ary5000.max: ary5000.max
+  ary10000.max: ary10000.max
+  ary20000.max: ary20000.max
+  ary50000.max: ary50000.max
+  ary100000.max: ary100000.max
+  ary1000000.max: ary1000000.max
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/array_max_str.yml b/benchmark/array_max_str.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aeed010f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_max_str.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.max: ary2.max
+  ary10.max: ary10.max
+  ary100.max: ary100.max
+  ary500.max: ary500.max
+  ary1000.max: ary1000.max
+  ary2000.max: ary2000.max
+  ary3000.max: ary3000.max
+  ary5000.max: ary5000.max
+  ary10000.max: ary10000.max
+  ary20000.max: ary20000.max
+  ary50000.max: ary50000.max
+  ary100000.max: ary100000.max
+
+loop_count: 10000
+
diff --git a/benchmark/array_min.yml b/benchmark/array_min.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53e5072b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_min.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000000 = 1000000.times.to_a.shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.min: ary2.min
+  ary10.min: ary10.min
+  ary100.min: ary100.min
+  ary500.min: ary500.min
+  ary1000.min: ary1000.min
+  ary2000.min: ary2000.min
+  ary3000.min: ary3000.min
+  ary5000.min: ary5000.min
+  ary10000.min: ary10000.min
+  ary20000.min: ary20000.min
+  ary50000.min: ary50000.min
+  ary100000.min: ary100000.min
+  ary1000000.min: ary1000000.min
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k_10.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_10.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f41ecc32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_10.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 10}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k_11.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_11.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18b1715319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_11.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 11}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k__100.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__100.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22863afe89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__100.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 100}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k__1k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__1k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cd79e6c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__1k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 1000}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k__6k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__6k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3d264249e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__6k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 6000}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k___10k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___10k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5dd55ec058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___10k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 10_000}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k___50k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___50k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1506732c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___50k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 50_000}
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_array_shift.rb b/benchmark/array_shift.rb
index 798bb9e3f4..798bb9e3f4 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_array_shift.rb
+++ b/benchmark/array_shift.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/array_small_and.rb b/benchmark/array_small_and.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e53a6edae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_small_and.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MIN_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MIN', 0).to_i
+MAX_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MAX', 16).to_i
+ITERATIONS = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_ITERATIONS', 100).to_i
+
+ARRAYS = (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size1|
+  (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size2|
+    [Array.new(size1) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }, Array.new(size2) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }]
+  end
+end
+
+ITERATIONS.times do
+  ARRAYS.each do |group|
+    group.each do |arr1, arr2|
+      arr1 & arr2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/array_small_diff.rb b/benchmark/array_small_diff.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9661ee48db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_small_diff.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MIN_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MIN', 0).to_i
+MAX_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MAX', 16).to_i
+ITERATIONS = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_ITERATIONS', 100).to_i
+
+ARRAYS = (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size1|
+  (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size2|
+    [Array.new(size1) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }, Array.new(size2) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }]
+  end
+end
+
+ITERATIONS.times do
+  ARRAYS.each do |group|
+    group.each do |arr1, arr2|
+      arr1 - arr2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/array_small_or.rb b/benchmark/array_small_or.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c58b5fd1ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_small_or.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MIN_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MIN', 0).to_i
+MAX_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MAX', 16).to_i
+ITERATIONS = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_ITERATIONS', 100).to_i
+
+ARRAYS = (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size1|
+  (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size2|
+    [Array.new(size1) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }, Array.new(size2) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }]
+  end
+end
+
+ITERATIONS.times do
+  ARRAYS.each do |group|
+    group.each do |arr1, arr2|
+      arr1 | arr2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sort_block.rb b/benchmark/array_sort_block.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3579786056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sort_block.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ary = Array.new(1000) { rand(1000) }
+10000.times { ary.sort { |a, b| a <=> b } }
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sort_float.rb b/benchmark/array_sort_float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a6e2f8bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sort_float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = Array.new(1000) { rand }
+10000.times { arr.sort }
diff --git a/benchmark/array_values_at_int.rb b/benchmark/array_values_at_int.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cb394cb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_values_at_int.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ary = Array.new(10000) {|i| i}
+100000.times { ary.values_at(500) }
diff --git a/benchmark/array_values_at_range.rb b/benchmark/array_values_at_range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b53806d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_values_at_range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ary = Array.new(10000) {|i| i}
+100000.times { ary.values_at(1..2000) }
diff --git a/benchmark/bighash.rb b/benchmark/bighash.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2ad5a5c94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/bighash.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+h = {}; 5000000.times {|n| h[n] = n }
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb b/benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bd6acfaf8..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-# AO render benchmark
-# Original program (C) Syoyo Fujita in Javascript (and other languages)
-#      https://code.google.com/p/aobench/
-# Ruby(yarv2llvm) version by Hideki Miura
-#
-
-IMAGE_WIDTH = 256
-IMAGE_HEIGHT = 256
-NSUBSAMPLES = 2
-NAO_SAMPLES = 8
-
-class Vec
-  def initialize(x, y, z)
-    @x = x
-    @y = y
-    @z = z
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :x, :y, :z
-
-  def vadd(b)
-    Vec.new(@x + b.x, @y + b.y, @z + b.z)
-  end
-
-  def vsub(b)
-    Vec.new(@x - b.x, @y - b.y, @z - b.z)
-  end
-
-  def vcross(b)
-    Vec.new(@y * b.z - @z * b.y,
-            @z * b.x - @x * b.z,
-            @x * b.y - @y * b.x)
-  end
-
-  def vdot(b)
-    @x * b.x + @y * b.y + @z * b.z
-  end
-
-  def vlength
-    Math.sqrt(@x * @x + @y * @y + @z * @z)
-  end
-
-  def vnormalize
-    len = vlength
-    v = Vec.new(@x, @y, @z)
-    if len > 1.0e-17 then
-      v.x = v.x / len
-      v.y = v.y / len
-      v.z = v.z / len
-    end
-    v
-  end
-end
-
-
-class Sphere
-  def initialize(center, radius)
-    @center = center
-    @radius = radius
-  end
-
-  attr_reader :center, :radius
-
-  def intersect(ray, isect)
-    rs = ray.org.vsub(@center)
-    b = rs.vdot(ray.dir)
-    c = rs.vdot(rs) - (@radius * @radius)
-    d = b * b - c
-    if d > 0.0 then
-      t = - b - Math.sqrt(d)
-
-      if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
-        isect.t = t
-        isect.hit = true
-        isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + ray.dir.x * t,
-                          ray.org.y + ray.dir.y * t,
-                          ray.org.z + ray.dir.z * t)
-        n = isect.pl.vsub(@center)
-        isect.n = n.vnormalize
-      else
-        0.0
-      end
-    end
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-class Plane
-  def initialize(p, n)
-    @p = p
-    @n = n
-  end
-
-  def intersect(ray, isect)
-    d = -@p.vdot(@n)
-    v = ray.dir.vdot(@n)
-    v0 = v
-    if v < 0.0 then
-      v0 = -v
-    end
-    if v0 < 1.0e-17 then
-      return
-    end
-
-    t = -(ray.org.vdot(@n) + d) / v
-
-    if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
-      isect.hit = true
-      isect.t = t
-      isect.n = @n
-      isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + t * ray.dir.x,
-                        ray.org.y + t * ray.dir.y,
-                        ray.org.z + t * ray.dir.z)
-    end
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-class Ray
-  def initialize(org, dir)
-    @org = org
-    @dir = dir
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :org, :dir
-end
-
-class Isect
-  def initialize
-    @t = 10000000.0
-    @hit = false
-    @pl = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-    @n = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :t, :hit, :pl, :n
-end
-
-def clamp(f)
-  i = f * 255.5
-  if i > 255.0 then
-    i = 255.0
-  end
-  if i < 0.0 then
-    i = 0.0
-  end
-  i.to_i
-end
-
-def otherBasis(basis, n)
-  basis[2] = Vec.new(n.x, n.y, n.z)
-  basis[1] = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-
-  if n.x < 0.6 and n.x > -0.6 then
-    basis[1].x = 1.0
-  elsif n.y < 0.6 and n.y > -0.6 then
-    basis[1].y = 1.0
-  elsif n.z < 0.6 and n.z > -0.6 then
-    basis[1].z = 1.0
-  else
-    basis[1].x = 1.0
-  end
-
-  basis[0] = basis[1].vcross(basis[2])
-  basis[0] = basis[0].vnormalize
-
-  basis[1] = basis[2].vcross(basis[0])
-  basis[1] = basis[1].vnormalize
-end
-
-class Scene
-  def initialize
-    @spheres = Array.new
-    @spheres[0] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-2.0, 0.0, -3.5), 0.5)
-    @spheres[1] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-0.5, 0.0, -3.0), 0.5)
-    @spheres[2] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(1.0, 0.0, -2.2), 0.5)
-    @plane = Plane.new(Vec.new(0.0, -0.5, 0.0), Vec.new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
-  end
-
-  def ambient_occlusion(isect)
-    basis = Array.new
-    otherBasis(basis, isect.n)
-
-    ntheta    = NAO_SAMPLES
-    nphi      = NAO_SAMPLES
-    eps       = 0.0001
-    occlusion = 0.0
-
-    p0 = Vec.new(isect.pl.x + eps * isect.n.x,
-                isect.pl.y + eps * isect.n.y,
-                isect.pl.z + eps * isect.n.z)
-    nphi.times do |j|
-      ntheta.times do |i|
-        r = rand
-        phi = 2.0 * 3.14159265 * rand
-        x = Math.cos(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
-        y = Math.sin(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
-        z = Math.sqrt(r)
-
-        rx = x * basis[0].x + y * basis[1].x + z * basis[2].x
-        ry = x * basis[0].y + y * basis[1].y + z * basis[2].y
-        rz = x * basis[0].z + y * basis[1].z + z * basis[2].z
-
-        raydir = Vec.new(rx, ry, rz)
-        ray = Ray.new(p0, raydir)
-
-        occisect = Isect.new
-        @spheres[0].intersect(ray, occisect)
-        @spheres[1].intersect(ray, occisect)
-        @spheres[2].intersect(ray, occisect)
-        @plane.intersect(ray, occisect)
-        if occisect.hit then
-          occlusion = occlusion + 1.0
-        else
-          0.0
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    occlusion = (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f - occlusion) / (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f)
-
-    Vec.new(occlusion, occlusion, occlusion)
-  end
-
-  def render(w, h, nsubsamples)
-    cnt = 0
-    nsf = nsubsamples.to_f
-    h.times do |y|
-      w.times do |x|
-        rad = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-
-        # Subsampling
-        nsubsamples.times do |v|
-          nsubsamples.times do |u|
-
-            cnt = cnt + 1
-            wf = w.to_f
-            hf = h.to_f
-            xf = x.to_f
-            yf = y.to_f
-            uf = u.to_f
-            vf = v.to_f
-
-            px = (xf + (uf / nsf) - (wf / 2.0)) / (wf / 2.0)
-            py = -(yf + (vf / nsf) - (hf / 2.0)) / (hf / 2.0)
-
-            eye = Vec.new(px, py, -1.0).vnormalize
-
-            ray = Ray.new(Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), eye)
-
-            isect = Isect.new
-            @spheres[0].intersect(ray, isect)
-            @spheres[1].intersect(ray, isect)
-            @spheres[2].intersect(ray, isect)
-            @plane.intersect(ray, isect)
-            if isect.hit then
-              col = ambient_occlusion(isect)
-              rad.x = rad.x + col.x
-              rad.y = rad.y + col.y
-              rad.z = rad.z + col.z
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        r = rad.x / (nsf * nsf)
-        g = rad.y / (nsf * nsf)
-        b = rad.z / (nsf * nsf)
-        printf("%c", clamp(r))
-        printf("%c", clamp(g))
-        printf("%c", clamp(b))
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-alias printf_orig printf
-def printf *args
-end
-
-# File.open("ao.ppm", "w") do |fp|
-  printf("P6\n")
-  printf("%d %d\n", IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT)
-  printf("255\n", IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT)
-  Scene.new.render(IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, NSUBSAMPLES)
-# end
-
-undef printf
-alias printf printf_orig
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_erb.rb b/benchmark/bm_app_erb.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 77c66a7949..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_erb.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Create many HTML strings with ERB.
-#
-
-require 'erb'
-
-data = DATA.read
-max = 15_000
-title = "hello world!"
-content = "hello world!\n" * 10
-
-max.times{
-  ERB.new(data).result(binding)
-}
-
-__END__
-
-<html>
-  <head> <%= title %> </head>
-  <body>
-    <h1> <%= title %> </h1>
-    <p>
-      <%= content %>
-    </p>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_pentomino.rb b/benchmark/bm_app_pentomino.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59c63f358e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_pentomino.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/local/bin/ruby
-# This program is contributed by Shin Nishiyama
-
-
-# modified by K.Sasada
-
-NP = 5
-ROW = 8 + NP
-COL = 8
-
-$p = []
-$b = []
-$no = 0
-
-def piece(n, a, nb)
-  nb.each{|x|
-    a[n] = x
-    if n == NP-1
-      $p << [a.sort]
-    else
-      nbc=nb.dup
-      [-ROW, -1, 1, ROW].each{|d|
-        if x+d > 0 and not a.include?(x+d) and not nbc.include?(x+d)
-          nbc << x+d
-        end
-      }
-      nbc.delete x
-      piece(n+1,a[0..n],nbc)
-    end
-  }
-end
-
-def kikaku(a)
-  a.collect {|x| x - a[0]}
-end
-def ud(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ((x+NP)%ROW)-ROW*((x+NP)/ROW) }.sort)
-end
-def rl(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)/ROW)+ROW-((x+NP)%ROW)}.sort)
-end
-def xy(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)%ROW) + (x+NP)/ROW }.sort)
-end
-
-def mkpieces
-  piece(0,[],[0])
-  $p.each do |a|
-    a0 = a[0]
-    a[1] = ud(a0)
-    a[2] = rl(a0)
-    a[3] = ud(rl(a0))
-    a[4] = xy(a0)
-    a[5] = ud(xy(a0))
-    a[6] = rl(xy(a0))
-    a[7] = ud(rl(xy(a0)))
-    a.sort!
-    a.uniq!
-  end
-  $p.uniq!.sort! {|x,y| x[0] <=> y[0] }
-end
-
-def mkboard
-  (0...ROW*COL).each{|i|
-    if i % ROW >= ROW-NP
-      $b[i] = -2
-    else
-      $b[i] = -1
-    end
-    $b[3*ROW+3]=$b[3*ROW+4]=$b[4*ROW+3]=$b[4*ROW+4]=-2
-  }
-end
-
-def pboard
-  return # skip print
-  print "No. #$no\n"
-  (0...COL).each{|i|
-    print "|"
-    (0...ROW-NP).each{|j|
-      x = $b[i*ROW+j]
-      if x < 0
-        print "..|"
-      else
-        printf "%2d|",x+1
-      end
-    }
-    print "\n"
-  }
-  print "\n"
-end
-
-$pnum=[]
-def setpiece(a,pos)
-  if a.length == $p.length then
-    $no += 1
-    pboard
-    return
-  end
-  while $b[pos] != -1
-    pos += 1
-  end
-  ($pnum - a).each do |i|
-    $p[i].each do |x|
-      f = 0
-      x.each{|s|
-        if $b[pos+s] != -1
-          f=1
-          break
-        end
-      }
-      if f == 0 then
-        x.each{|s|
-          $b[pos+s] = i
-        }
-        a << i
-        setpiece(a.dup, pos)
-        a.pop
-        x.each{|s|
-          $b[pos+s] = -1
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-mkpieces
-mkboard
-$p[4] = [$p[4][0]]
-$pnum = (0...$p.length).to_a
-setpiece([],0)
-
-
-__END__
-
-# original
-
-NP = 5
-ROW = 8 + NP
-COL = 8
-
-$p = []
-$b = []
-$no = 0
-
-def piece(n,a,nb)
-  for x in nb
-    a[n] = x
-    if n == NP-1
-      $p << [a.sort]
-    else
-      nbc=nb.dup
-      for d in [-ROW, -1, 1, ROW]
-        if x+d > 0 and not a.include?(x+d) and not nbc.include?(x+d)
-          nbc << x+d
-        end
-      end
-      nbc.delete x
-      piece(n+1,a[0..n],nbc)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-def kikaku(a)
-  a.collect {|x| x - a[0]}
-end
-def ud(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ((x+NP)%ROW)-ROW*((x+NP)/ROW) }.sort)
-end
-def rl(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)/ROW)+ROW-((x+NP)%ROW)}.sort)
-end
-def xy(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)%ROW) + (x+NP)/ROW }.sort)
-end
-
-def mkpieces
-  piece(0,[],[0])
-  $p.each do |a|
-    a0 = a[0]
-    a[1] = ud(a0)
-    a[2] = rl(a0)
-    a[3] = ud(rl(a0))
-    a[4] = xy(a0)
-    a[5] = ud(xy(a0))
-    a[6] = rl(xy(a0))
-    a[7] = ud(rl(xy(a0)))
-    a.sort!
-    a.uniq!
-  end
-  $p.uniq!.sort! {|x,y| x[0] <=> y[0] }
-end
-
-def mkboard
-  for i in 0...ROW*COL
-    if i % ROW >= ROW-NP
-      $b[i] = -2
-    else
-      $b[i] = -1
-    end
-    $b[3*ROW+3]=$b[3*ROW+4]=$b[4*ROW+3]=$b[4*ROW+4]=-2
-  end
-end
-
-def pboard
-  print "No. #$no\n"
-  for i in 0...COL
-    print "|"
-    for j in 0...ROW-NP
-      x = $b[i*ROW+j]
-      if x < 0
-        print "..|"
-      else
-        printf "%2d|",x+1
-      end
-    end
-    print "\n"
-  end
-  print "\n"
-end
-
-$pnum=[]
-def setpiece(a,pos)
-  if a.length == $p.length then
-    $no += 1
-    pboard
-    return
-  end
-  while $b[pos] != -1
-    pos += 1
-  end
-  ($pnum - a).each do |i|
-    $p[i].each do |x|
-      f = 0
-      for s in x do
-        if $b[pos+s] != -1
-          f=1
-          break
-        end
-      end
-      if f == 0 then
-        for s in x do
-          $b[pos+s] = i
-        end
-        a << i
-        setpiece(a.dup, pos)
-        a.pop
-        for s in x do
-          $b[pos+s] = -1
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-mkpieces
-mkboard
-$p[4] = [$p[4][0]]
-$pnum = (0...$p.length).to_a
-setpiece([],0)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_require.rb b/benchmark/bm_require.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b8abc88f41..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_require.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-$:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
-
-1.upto(10000) do |i|
-  require "c#{i}"
-end
-
-$:.pop
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb b/benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e54db6c6e5..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-$:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
-
-i=0
-t = Thread.new do
-  while true
-    i = i+1 # dummy loop
-  end
-end
-
-1.upto(100) do |i|
-  require "c#{i}"
-end
-
-$:.pop
-t.kill
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_ackermann.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_ackermann.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7db5be9050..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_ackermann.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: ackermann-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:40:41 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-
-def ack(m, n)
-    if m == 0 then
-        n + 1
-    elsif n == 0 then
-        ack(m - 1, 1)
-    else
-        ack(m - 1, ack(m, n - 1))
-    end
-end
-
-NUM = 9
-ack(3, NUM)
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_array.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_array.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b8fce8f99..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_array.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: ary-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:27 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# with help from Paul Brannan and Mark Hubbart
-
-n = 9000 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
-
-x = Array.new(n)
-y = Array.new(n, 0)
-
-n.times{|bi|
-  x[bi] = bi + 1
-}
-
-(0 .. 999).each do |e|
-  (n-1).step(0,-1) do |bi|
-    y[bi] += x.at(bi)
-  end
-end
-# puts "#{y.first} #{y.last}"
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_concatenate.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_concatenate.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 873214de7c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_concatenate.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: strcat-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:28 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# based on code from Aristarkh A Zagorodnikov and Dat Nguyen
-
-STUFF = "hello\n"
-i = 0
-while i<10
-  i += 1
-  hello = ''
-  4_000_000.times do |e|
-    hello << STUFF
-  end
-end
-# puts hello.length
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_count_words.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_count_words.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 65f6337a4a..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_count_words.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: wc-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:32 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# with help from Paul Brannan
-
-input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input'), 'rb')
-
-nl = nw = nc = 0
-while true
-  tmp = input.read(4096) or break
-  data = tmp << (input.gets || "")
-  nc += data.length
-  nl += data.count("\n")
-  ((data.strip! || data).tr!("\n", " ") || data).squeeze!
-  nw += data.count(" ") + 1
-end
-# STDERR.puts "#{nl} #{nw} #{nc}"
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_exception.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_exception.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index deb003a594..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_exception.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: except-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:33 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-
-$HI = 0
-$LO = 0
-NUM = 250000 # Integer(ARGV[0] || 1)
-
-
-class Lo_Exception < Exception
-  def initialize(num)
-    @value = num
-  end
-end
-
-class Hi_Exception < Exception
-  def initialize(num)
-    @value = num
-  end
-end
-
-def some_function(num)
-  begin
-    hi_function(num)
-  rescue
-    print "We shouldn't get here, exception is: #{$!.type}\n"
-  end
-end
-
-def hi_function(num)
-  begin
-    lo_function(num)
-  rescue Hi_Exception
-    $HI = $HI + 1
-  end
-end
-
-def lo_function(num)
-  begin
-    blowup(num)
-  rescue Lo_Exception
-    $LO = $LO + 1
-  end
-end
-
-def blowup(num)
-  if num % 2 == 0
-    raise Lo_Exception.new(num)
-  else
-    raise Hi_Exception.new(num)
-  end
-end
-
-
-i = 1
-max = NUM+1
-while i < max
-  i += 1
-  some_function(i+1)
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_fasta.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_fasta.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f759ba7ae..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_fasta.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# The Computer Language Shootout
-# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
-# Contributed by Sokolov Yura
-
-$last = 42.0
-def gen_random (max,im=139968,ia=3877,ic=29573)
-    (max * ($last = ($last * ia + ic) % im)) / im
-end
-
-alu =
-   "GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGG"+
-   "GAGGCCGAGGCGGGCGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTCGAGA"+
-   "CCAGCCTGGCCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAAT"+
-   "ACAAAAATTAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGCGCGCCTGTAATCCCA"+
-   "GCTACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCGCTTGAACCCGGG"+
-   "AGGCGGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCC"+
-   "AGCCTGGGCGACAGAGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAA"
-
-iub = [
-    ["a", 0.27],
-    ["c", 0.12],
-    ["g", 0.12],
-    ["t", 0.27],
-
-    ["B", 0.02],
-    ["D", 0.02],
-    ["H", 0.02],
-    ["K", 0.02],
-    ["M", 0.02],
-    ["N", 0.02],
-    ["R", 0.02],
-    ["S", 0.02],
-    ["V", 0.02],
-    ["W", 0.02],
-    ["Y", 0.02],
-]
-homosapiens = [
-    ["a", 0.3029549426680],
-    ["c", 0.1979883004921],
-    ["g", 0.1975473066391],
-    ["t", 0.3015094502008],
-]
-
-def make_repeat_fasta(id, desc, src, n)
-    puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
-    v = nil
-    width = 60
-    l = src.length
-    s = src * ((n / l) + 1)
-    s.slice!(n, l)
-    puts(s.scan(/.{1,#{width}}/).join("\n"))
-end
-
-def make_random_fasta(id, desc, table, n)
-    puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
-    rand, v = nil,nil
-    width = 60
-    chunk = 1 * width
-    prob = 0.0
-    table.each{|v| v[1]= (prob += v[1])}
-    for i in 1..(n/width)
-        puts((1..width).collect{
-            rand = gen_random(1.0)
-            table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
-        }.join)
-    end
-    if n%width != 0
-        puts((1..(n%width)).collect{
-            rand = gen_random(1.0)
-            table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
-        }.join)
-    end
-end
-
-
-n = (ARGV[0] or 250_000).to_i
-
-make_repeat_fasta('ONE', 'Homo sapiens alu', alu, n*2)
-make_random_fasta('TWO', 'IUB ambiguity codes', iub, n*3)
-make_random_fasta('THREE', 'Homo sapiens frequency', homosapiens, n*5)
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dadab3e79c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# The Computer Language Shootout
-# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org
-#
-# contributed by jose fco. gonzalez
-# modified by Sokolov Yura
-
-seq = String.new
-
-def frecuency( seq,length )
-    n, table = seq.length - length + 1, Hash.new(0)
-    f, i = nil, nil
-    (0 ... length).each do |f|
-        (f ... n).step(length) do |i|
-            table[seq[i,length]] += 1
-        end
-    end
-    [n,table]
-
-end
-
-def sort_by_freq( seq,length )
-    n,table = frecuency( seq,length )
-    a, b, v = nil, nil, nil
-    table.sort{|a,b| b[1] <=> a[1]}.each do |v|
-        puts "%s %.3f" % [v[0].upcase,((v[1]*100).to_f/n)]
-    end
-    puts
-end
-
-def find_seq( seq,s )
-    n,table = frecuency( seq,s.length )
-    puts "#{table[s].to_s}\t#{s.upcase}"
-end
-
-input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.100000'), 'rb')
-
-line = input.gets while line !~ /^>THREE/
-line = input.gets
-
-while (line !~ /^>/) & line do
-    seq << line.chomp
-    line = input.gets
-end
-
-[1,2].each {|i| sort_by_freq( seq,i ) }
-
-%w(ggt ggta ggtatt ggtattttaatt ggtattttaatttatagt).each{|s| find_seq( seq,s) }
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_matrix.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_matrix.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e2c5c8e559..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_matrix.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: matrix-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:14 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-
-n = 60 #Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
-
-size = 40
-
-def mkmatrix(rows, cols)
-    count = 1
-    mx = Array.new(rows)
-    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
-        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
-        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
-            row[j] = count
-            count += 1
-        end
-        mx[bi] = row
-    end
-    mx
-end
-
-def mmult(rows, cols, m1, m2)
-    m3 = Array.new(rows)
-    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
-        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
-        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
-            val = 0
-            (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |k|
-                val += m1.at(bi).at(k) * m2.at(k).at(j)
-            end
-            row[j] = val
-        end
-        m3[bi] = row
-    end
-    m3
-end
-
-m1 = mkmatrix(size, size)
-m2 = mkmatrix(size, size)
-mm = Array.new
-n.times do
-    mm = mmult(size, size, m1, m2)
-end
-# puts "#{mm[0][0]} #{mm[2][3]} #{mm[3][2]} #{mm[4][4]}"
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 17e9c046a8..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,564 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-#
-# The Computer Language Shootout
-#   http://shootout.alioth.debian.org
-#   contributed by Kevin Barnes (Ruby novice)
-
-# PROGRAM:  the main body is at the bottom.
-#   1) read about the problem here: http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-javaopt/
-#   2) see how I represent a board as a bitmask by reading the blank_board comments
-#   3) read as your mental paths take you
-
-def print *args
-end
-
-# class to represent all information about a particular rotation of a particular piece
-class Rotation
-  # an array (by location) containing a bit mask for how the piece maps at the given location.
-  # if the rotation is invalid at that location the mask will contain false
-  attr_reader :start_masks
-
-  # maps a direction to a relative location.  these differ depending on whether it is an even or
-  # odd row being mapped from
-  @@rotation_even_adder = { :west => -1, :east => 1, :nw => -7, :ne => -6, :sw => 5, :se => 6 }
-  @@rotation_odd_adder = { :west => -1, :east => 1, :nw => -6, :ne => -5, :sw => 6, :se => 7 }
-
-  def initialize( directions )
-    @even_offsets, @odd_offsets = normalize_offsets( get_values( directions ))
-
-    @even_mask = mask_for_offsets( @even_offsets)
-    @odd_mask = mask_for_offsets( @odd_offsets)
-
-    @start_masks = Array.new(60)
-
-    # create the rotational masks by placing the base mask at the location and seeing if
-    # 1) it overlaps the boundaries and 2) it produces a prunable board.  if either of these
-    # is true the piece cannot be placed
-    0.upto(59) do | offset |
-      mask = is_even(offset) ? (@even_mask << offset) : (@odd_mask << offset)
-      if (blank_board & mask == 0 && !prunable(blank_board | mask, 0, true)) then
-        imask = compute_required( mask, offset)
-        @start_masks[offset] = [ mask, imask, imask | mask ]
-      else
-        @start_masks[offset] = false
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def compute_required( mask, offset )
-    board = blank_board
-    0.upto(offset) { | i | board |= 1 << i }
-    board |= mask
-    return 0 if (!prunable(board | mask, offset))
-    board = flood_fill(board,58)
-    count = 0
-    imask = 0
-    0.upto(59) do | i |
-      if (board[i] == 0) then
-        imask |= (1 << i)
-        count += 1
-      end
-    end
-    (count > 0 && count < 5) ? imask : 0
-  end
-
-  def flood_fill( board, location)
-    return board if (board[location] == 1)
-    board |= 1 << location
-    row, col = location.divmod(6)
-    board = flood_fill( board, location - 1) if (col > 0)
-    board = flood_fill( board, location + 1) if (col < 4)
-    if (row % 2 == 0) then
-      board = flood_fill( board, location - 7) if (col > 0 && row > 0)
-      board = flood_fill( board, location - 6) if (row > 0)
-      board = flood_fill( board, location + 6) if (row < 9)
-      board = flood_fill( board, location + 5) if (col > 0 && row < 9)
-    else
-      board = flood_fill( board, location - 5) if (col < 4 && row > 0)
-      board = flood_fill( board, location - 6) if (row > 0)
-      board = flood_fill( board, location + 6) if (row < 9)
-      board = flood_fill( board, location + 7) if (col < 4 && row < 9)
-    end
-    board
-  end
-
-  # given a location, produces a list of relative locations covered by the piece at this rotation
-  def offsets( location)
-    if is_even( location) then
-      @even_offsets.collect { | value | value + location }
-    else
-      @odd_offsets.collect { | value | value + location }
-    end
-  end
-
-  # returns a set of offsets relative to the top-left most piece of the rotation (by even or odd rows)
-  # this is hard to explain. imagine we have this partial board:
-  #   0 0 0 0 0 x        [positions 0-5]
-  #    0 0 1 1 0 x       [positions 6-11]
-  #   0 0 1 0 0 x        [positions 12-17]
-  #    0 1 0 0 0 x       [positions 18-23]
-  #   0 1 0 0 0 x        [positions 24-29]
-  #    0 0 0 0 0 x       [positions 30-35]
-  #       ...
-  # The top-left of the piece is at position 8, the
-  # board would be passed as a set of positions (values array) containing [8,9,14,19,25] not necessarily in that
-  # sorted order.  Since that array starts on an odd row, the offsets for an odd row are: [0,1,6,11,17] obtained
-  # by subtracting 8 from everything.  Now imagine the piece shifted up and to the right so it's on an even row:
-  #   0 0 0 1 1 x        [positions 0-5]
-  #    0 0 1 0 0 x       [positions 6-11]
-  #   0 0 1 0 0 x        [positions 12-17]
-  #    0 1 0 0 0 x       [positions 18-23]
-  #   0 0 0 0 0 x        [positions 24-29]
-  #    0 0 0 0 0 x       [positions 30-35]
-  #       ...
-  # Now the positions are [3,4,8,14,19] which after subtracting the lowest value (3) gives [0,1,5,11,16] thus, the
-  # offsets for this particular piece are (in even, odd order) [0,1,5,11,16],[0,1,6,11,17] which is what
-  # this function would return
-  def normalize_offsets( values)
-    min = values.min
-    even_min = is_even(min)
-    other_min = even_min ? min + 6 : min + 7
-    other_values = values.collect do | value |
-      if is_even(value) then
-        value + 6 - other_min
-      else
-        value + 7 - other_min
-      end
-    end
-    values.collect! { | value | value - min }
-
-    if even_min then
-      [values, other_values]
-    else
-      [other_values, values]
-    end
-  end
-
-  # produce a bitmask representation of an array of offset locations
-  def mask_for_offsets( offsets )
-    mask = 0
-    offsets.each { | value | mask = mask + ( 1 << value ) }
-    mask
-  end
-
-  # finds a "safe" position that a position as described by a list of directions can be placed
-  # without falling off any edge of the board.  the values returned a location to place the first piece
-  # at so it will fit after making the described moves
-  def start_adjust( directions )
-    south = east = 0;
-    directions.each do | direction |
-      east += 1 if ( direction == :sw || direction == :nw || direction == :west )
-      south += 1 if ( direction == :nw || direction == :ne )
-    end
-    south * 6 + east
-  end
-
-  # given a set of directions places the piece (as defined by a set of directions) on the board at
-  # a location that will not take it off the edge
-  def get_values ( directions )
-    start = start_adjust(directions)
-    values = [ start ]
-    directions.each do | direction |
-      if (start % 12 >= 6) then
-        start += @@rotation_odd_adder[direction]
-      else
-        start += @@rotation_even_adder[direction]
-      end
-      values += [ start ]
-    end
-
-    # some moves take you back to an existing location, we'll strip duplicates
-    values.uniq
-  end
-end
-
-# describes a piece and caches information about its rotations to as to be efficient for iteration
-# ATTRIBUTES:
-#   rotations -- all the rotations of the piece
-#   type -- a numeic "name" of the piece
-#   masks -- an array by location of all legal rotational masks (a n inner array) for that location
-#   placed -- the mask that this piece was last placed at (not a location, but the actual mask used)
-class Piece
-  attr_reader :rotations, :type, :masks
-  attr_accessor :placed
-
-  # transform hashes that change one direction into another when you either flip or rotate a set of directions
-  @@flip_converter = { :west => :west, :east => :east, :nw => :sw, :ne => :se, :sw => :nw, :se => :ne }
-  @@rotate_converter = { :west => :nw, :east => :se, :nw => :ne, :ne => :east, :sw => :west, :se => :sw }
-
-  def initialize( directions, type )
-    @type = type
-    @rotations = Array.new();
-    @map = {}
-
-    generate_rotations( directions )
-    directions.collect! { | value | @@flip_converter[value] }
-    generate_rotations( directions )
-
-    # creates the masks AND a map that returns [location, rotation] for any given mask
-    # this is used when a board is found and we want to draw it, otherwise the map is unused
-    @masks = Array.new();
-    0.upto(59) do | i |
-      even = true
-      @masks[i] = @rotations.collect do | rotation |
-        mask = rotation.start_masks[i]
-        @map[mask[0]] = [ i, rotation ] if (mask)
-        mask || nil
-      end
-      @masks[i].compact!
-    end
-  end
-
-  # rotates a set of directions through all six angles and adds a Rotation to the list for each one
-  def generate_rotations( directions )
-    6.times do
-      rotations.push( Rotation.new(directions))
-      directions.collect! { | value | @@rotate_converter[value] }
-    end
-  end
-
-  # given a board string, adds this piece to the board at whatever location/rotation
-  # important: the outbound board string is 5 wide, the normal location notation is six wide (padded)
-  def fill_string( board_string)
-    location, rotation = @map[@placed]
-    rotation.offsets(location).each do | offset |
-      row, col = offset.divmod(6)
-      board_string[ row*5 + col, 1 ] = @type.to_s
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-# a blank bit board having this form:
-#
-#    0 0 0 0 0 1
-#     0 0 0 0 0 1
-#    0 0 0 0 0 1
-#     0 0 0 0 0 1
-#    0 0 0 0 0 1
-#     0 0 0 0 0 1
-#    0 0 0 0 0 1
-#     0 0 0 0 0 1
-#    0 0 0 0 0 1
-#     0 0 0 0 0 1
-#    1 1 1 1 1 1
-#
-# where left lest significant bit is the top left and the most significant is the lower right
-# the actual board only consists of the 0 places, the 1 places are blockers to keep things from running
-# off the edges or bottom
-def blank_board
-  0b111111100000100000100000100000100000100000100000100000100000100000
-end
-
-def full_board
-  0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
-end
-
-# determines if a location (bit position) is in an even row
-def is_even( location)
-  (location % 12) < 6
-end
-
-# support function that create three utility maps:
-#  $converter -- for each row an array that maps a five bit row (via array mapping)
-#                to the a a five bit representation of the bits below it
-#  $bit_count -- maps a five bit row (via array mapping) to the number of 1s in the row
-#  @@new_regions -- maps a five bit row (via array mapping) to an array of "region" arrays
-#                   a region array has three values the first is a mask of bits in the region,
-#                   the second is the count of those bits and the third is identical to the first
-#                   examples:
-#                           0b10010 => [ 0b01100, 2, 0b01100 ], [ 0b00001, 1, 0b00001]
-#                           0b01010 => [ 0b10000, 1, 0b10000 ], [ 0b00100, 1, 0b00100 ], [ 0b00001, 1, 0b00001]
-#                           0b10001 => [ 0b01110, 3, 0b01110 ]
-def create_collector_support
-  odd_map = [0b11, 0b110, 0b1100, 0b11000, 0b10000]
-  even_map = [0b1, 0b11, 0b110, 0b1100, 0b11000]
-
-  all_odds = Array.new(0b100000)
-  all_evens = Array.new(0b100000)
-  bit_counts = Array.new(0b100000)
-  new_regions = Array.new(0b100000)
-  0.upto(0b11111) do | i |
-    bit_count = odd = even = 0
-    0.upto(4) do | bit |
-      if (i[bit] == 1) then
-        bit_count += 1
-        odd |= odd_map[bit]
-        even |= even_map[bit]
-      end
-    end
-    all_odds[i] = odd
-    all_evens[i] = even
-    bit_counts[i] = bit_count
-    new_regions[i] = create_regions( i)
-  end
-
-  $converter = []
-  10.times { | row | $converter.push((row % 2 == 0) ? all_evens : all_odds) }
-  $bit_counts = bit_counts
-  $regions = new_regions.collect { | set | set.collect { | value | [ value, bit_counts[value], value] } }
-end
-
-# determines if a board is punable, meaning that there is no possibility that it
-# can be filled up with pieces.  A board is prunable if there is a grouping of unfilled spaces
-# that are not a multiple of five.  The following board is an example of a prunable board:
-#    0 0 1 0 0
-#     0 1 0 0 0
-#    1 1 0 0 0
-#     0 1 0 0 0
-#    0 0 0 0 0
-#       ...
-#
-# This board is prunable because the top left corner is only 3 bits in area, no piece will ever fit it
-# parameters:
-#   board -- an initial bit board (6 bit padded rows, see blank_board for format)
-#   location -- starting location, everything above and to the left is already full
-#   slotting -- set to true only when testing initial pieces, when filling normally
-#               additional assumptions are possible
-#
-# Algorithm:
-#    The algorithm starts at the top row (as determined by location) and iterates a row at a time
-#    maintainng counts of active open areas (kept in the collector array) each collector contains
-#    three values at the start of an iteration:
-#          0: mask of bits that would be adjacent to the collector in this row
-#          1: the number of bits collected so far
-#          2: a scratch space starting as zero, but used during the computation to represent
-#             the empty bits in the new row that are adjacent (position 0)
-#  The exact procedure is described in-code
-def prunable( board, location, slotting = false)
-  collectors = []
-  # loop across the rows
-  (location / 6).to_i.upto(9) do | row_on |
-    # obtain a set of regions representing the bits of the current row.
-    regions = $regions[(board >> (row_on * 6)) & 0b11111]
-    converter = $converter[row_on]
-
-    # track the number of collectors at the start of the cycle so that
-    # we don't compute against newly created collectors, only existing collectors
-    initial_collector_count = collectors.length
-
-    # loop against the regions.  For each region of the row
-    # we will see if it connects to one or more existing collectors.
-    # if it connects to 1 collector, the bits from the region are added to the
-    # bits of the collector and the mask is placed in collector[2]
-    # If the region overlaps more than one collector then all the collectors
-    # it overlaps with are merged into the first one (the others are set to nil in the array)
-    # if NO collectors are found then the region is copied as a new collector
-    regions.each do | region |
-      collector_found = nil
-      region_mask = region[2]
-      initial_collector_count.times do | collector_num |
-        collector = collectors[collector_num]
-        if (collector) then
-          collector_mask = collector[0]
-          if (collector_mask & region_mask != 0) then
-            if (collector_found) then
-              collector_found[0] |= collector_mask
-              collector_found[1] += collector[1]
-              collector_found[2] |= collector[2]
-              collectors[collector_num] = nil
-            else
-              collector_found = collector
-              collector[1] += region[1]
-              collector[2] |= region_mask
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      if (collector_found == nil) then
-        collectors.push(Array.new(region))
-      end
-    end
-
-    # check the existing collectors, if any collector overlapped no bits in the region its [2] value will
-    # be zero.  The size of any such reaason is tested if it is not a multiple of five true is returned since
-    # the board is prunable.  if it is a multiple of five it is removed.
-    # Collector that are still active have a new adjacent value [0] set based n the matched bits
-    # and have [2] cleared out for the next cycle.
-    collectors.length.times do | collector_num |
-      collector = collectors[collector_num]
-      if (collector) then
-        if (collector[2] == 0) then
-          return true if (collector[1] % 5 != 0)
-          collectors[collector_num] = nil
-        else
-          # if a collector matches all bits in the row then we can return unprunable early for the
-          # following reasons:
-          #    1) there can be no more unavailable bits bince we fill from the top left downward
-          #    2) all previous regions have been closed or joined so only this region can fail
-          #    3) this region must be good since there can never be only 1 region that is nuot
-          #       a multiple of five
-          # this rule only applies when filling normally, so we ignore the rule if we are "slotting"
-          # in pieces to see what configurations work for them (the only other time this algorithm is used).
-          return false if (collector[2] == 0b11111 && !slotting)
-          collector[0] = converter[collector[2]]
-          collector[2] = 0
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # get rid of all the empty converters for the next round
-    collectors.compact!
-  end
-  return false if (collectors.length <= 1) # 1 collector or less and the region is fine
-  collectors.any? { | collector | (collector[1] % 5) != 0 } # more than 1 and we test them all for bad size
-end
-
-# creates a region given a row mask.  see prunable for what a "region" is
-def create_regions( value )
-  regions = []
-  cur_region = 0
-  5.times do | bit |
-    if (value[bit] == 0) then
-      cur_region |= 1 << bit
-    else
-      if (cur_region != 0 ) then
-        regions.push( cur_region)
-        cur_region = 0;
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  regions.push(cur_region) if (cur_region != 0)
-  regions
-end
-
-# find up to the counted number of solutions (or all solutions) and prints the final result
-def find_all
-  find_top( 1)
-  find_top( 0)
-  print_results
-end
-
-# show the board
-def print_results
-  print "#{@boards_found} solutions found\n\n"
-  print_full_board( @min_board)
-  print "\n"
-  print_full_board( @max_board)
-  print "\n"
-end
-
-# finds solutions.  This special version of the main function is only used for the top level
-# the reason for it is basically to force a particular ordering on how the rotations are tested for
-# the first piece.  It is called twice, first looking for placements of the odd rotations and then
-# looking for placements of the even locations.
-#
-# WHY?
-#   Since any found solution has an inverse we want to maximize finding solutions that are not already found
-#   as an inverse.  The inverse will ALWAYS be 3 one of the piece configurations that is exactly 3 rotations away
-#   (an odd number).  Checking even vs odd then produces a higher probability of finding more pieces earlier
-#   in the cycle.  We still need to keep checking all the permutations, but our probability of finding one will
-#   diminsh over time.  Since we are TOLD how many to search for this lets us exit before checking all pieces
-#   this bennifit is very great when seeking small numbers of solutions and is 0 when looking for more than the
-#   maximum number
-def find_top( rotation_skip)
-  board = blank_board
-  (@pieces.length-1).times do
-    piece = @pieces.shift
-    piece.masks[0].each do | mask, imask, cmask |
-      if ((rotation_skip += 1) % 2 == 0) then
-        piece.placed = mask
-        find( 1, 1, board | mask)
-      end
-    end
-    @pieces.push(piece)
-  end
-  piece = @pieces.shift
-  @pieces.push(piece)
-end
-
-# the normail find routine, iterates through the available pieces, checks all rotations at the current location
-# and adds any boards found.  depth is achieved via recursion.  the overall approach is described
-# here: http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-javaopt/
-# parameters:
-#  start_location -- where to start looking for place for the next piece at
-#  placed -- number of pieces placed
-#  board -- current state of the board
-#
-# see in-code comments
-def find( start_location, placed, board)
-  # find the next location to place a piece by looking for an empty bit
-  while board[start_location] == 1
-    start_location += 1
-  end
-
-  @pieces.length.times do
-    piece = @pieces.shift
-    piece.masks[start_location].each do | mask, imask, cmask |
-      if ( board & cmask == imask) then
-        piece.placed = mask
-        if (placed == 9) then
-          add_board
-        else
-          find( start_location + 1, placed + 1, board | mask)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    @pieces.push(piece)
-  end
-end
-
-# print the board
-def print_full_board( board_string)
-  10.times do | row |
-    print " " if (row % 2 == 1)
-    5.times do | col |
-      print "#{board_string[row*5 + col,1]} "
-    end
-    print "\n"
-  end
-end
-
-# when a board is found we "draw it" into a string and then flip that string, adding both to
-# the list (hash) of solutions if they are unique.
-def add_board
-  board_string = "99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
-  @all_pieces.each {  | piece | piece.fill_string( board_string ) }
-  save( board_string)
-  save( board_string.reverse)
-end
-
-# adds a board string to the list (if new) and updates the current best/worst board
-def save( board_string)
-  if (@all_boards[board_string] == nil) then
-    @min_board = board_string if (board_string < @min_board)
-    @max_board = board_string if (board_string > @max_board)
-    @all_boards.store(board_string,true)
-    @boards_found += 1
-
-    # the exit motif is a time saver.  Ideally the function should return, but those tests
-    # take noticeable time (performance).
-    if (@boards_found == @stop_count) then
-      print_results
-      exit(0)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-##
-## MAIN BODY :)
-##
-create_collector_support
-@pieces = [
-  Piece.new( [ :nw, :ne, :east, :east ], 2),
-  Piece.new( [ :ne, :se, :east, :ne ], 7),
-  Piece.new( [ :ne, :east, :ne, :nw ], 1),
-  Piece.new( [ :east, :sw, :sw, :se ], 6),
-  Piece.new( [ :east, :ne, :se, :ne ], 5),
-  Piece.new( [ :east, :east, :east, :se ], 0),
-  Piece.new( [ :ne, :nw, :se, :east, :se ], 4),
-  Piece.new( [ :se, :se, :se, :west ], 9),
-  Piece.new( [ :se, :se, :east, :se ], 8),
-  Piece.new( [ :east, :east, :sw, :se ], 3)
-  ];
-
-@all_pieces = Array.new( @pieces)
-
-@min_board = "99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
-@max_board = "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-@stop_count = ARGV[0].to_i || 2089
-@all_boards = {}
-@boards_found = 0
-
-find_all ######## DO IT!!!
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nested_loop.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_nested_loop.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a0513f8c47..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nested_loop.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: nestedloop-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:22 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# from Avi Bryant
-
-n = 16 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
-x = 0
-n.times do
-    n.times do
-        n.times do
-            n.times do
-                n.times do
-                    n.times do
-                        x += 1
-                    end
-                end
-            end
-        end
-    end
-end
-# puts x
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_object.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_object.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e8607c7199..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_object.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: objinst-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:25 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# with help from Aristarkh Zagorodnikov
-
-class Toggle
-    def initialize(start_state)
-        @bool = start_state
-    end
-
-    def value
-        @bool
-    end
-
-    def activate
-        @bool = !@bool
-        self
-    end
-end
-
-class NthToggle < Toggle
-    def initialize(start_state, max_counter)
-        super start_state
-        @count_max = max_counter
-        @counter = 0
-    end
-
-    def activate
-        @counter += 1
-        if @counter >= @count_max
-            @bool = !@bool
-            @counter = 0
-        end
-        self
-    end
-end
-
-n = 1500000 # (ARGV.shift || 1).to_i
-
-toggle = Toggle.new 1
-5.times do
-    toggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
-end
-n.times do
-    toggle = Toggle.new 1
-end
-
-ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
-8.times do
-    ntoggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
-end
-n.times do
-    ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_pidigits.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_pidigits.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c7d6fbfb4d..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_pidigits.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-# The Great Computer Language Shootout
-# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
-#
-# contributed by Gabriele Renzi
-
-class PiDigitSpigot
-
-    def initialize()
-        @z = Transformation.new 1,0,0,1
-        @x = Transformation.new 0,0,0,0
-        @inverse = Transformation.new 0,0,0,0
-    end
-
-    def next!
-        @y = @z.extract(3)
-        if safe? @y
-            @z = produce(@y)
-            @y
-        else
-            @z = consume @x.next!()
-            next!()
-        end
-    end
-
-    def safe?(digit)
-        digit == @z.extract(4)
-    end
-
-    def produce(i)
-        @inverse.qrst(10,-10*i,0,1).compose(@z)
-    end
-
-    def consume(a)
-        @z.compose(a)
-    end
-end
-
-
-class Transformation
-    attr_reader :q, :r, :s, :t
-    def initialize (q, r, s, t)
-        @q,@r,@s,@t,@k = q,r,s,t,0
-    end
-
-    def next!()
-        @q = @k = @k + 1
-        @r = 4 * @k + 2
-        @s = 0
-        @t = 2 * @k + 1
-        self
-    end
-
-    def extract(j)
-        (@q * j + @r) / (@s * j + @t)
-    end
-
-    def compose(a)
-        self.class.new( @q * a.q,
-                        @q * a.r + r * a.t,
-                        @s * a.q + t * a.s,
-                        @s * a.r + t * a.t
-                    )
-    end
-
-    def qrst *args
-        initialize *args
-        self
-    end
-
-
-end
-
-
-WIDTH = 10
-n = 2_500 # Integer(ARGV[0])
-j = 0
-
-digits = PiDigitSpigot.new
-
-while n > 0
-    if n >= WIDTH
-        WIDTH.times {print digits.next!}
-        j += WIDTH
-    else
-        n.times {print digits.next!}
-        (WIDTH-n).times {print " "}
-        j += n
-    end
-    puts "\t:"+j.to_s
-    n -= WIDTH
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_reverse_complement.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_reverse_complement.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 82ea666994..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_reverse_complement.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# The Great Computer Language Shootout
-# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
-#
-# Contributed by Peter Bjarke Olsen
-# Modified by Doug King
-
-seq=Array.new
-
-def revcomp(seq)
-  seq.reverse!.tr!('wsatugcyrkmbdhvnATUGCYRKMBDHVN','WSTAACGRYMKVHDBNTAACGRYMKVHDBN')
-  stringlen=seq.length
-  0.step(stringlen-1,60) {|x| print seq.slice(x,60) , "\n"}
-end
-
-input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.2500000'), 'rb')
-
-while input.gets
-  if $_ =~ />/
-    if seq.length != 0
-      revcomp(seq.join)
-      seq=Array.new
-    end
-    puts $_
-  else
-    $_.sub(/\n/,'')
-    seq.push $_
-  end
-end
-revcomp(seq.join)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 16906f3605..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_reader :a, :b
-  def initialize
-    @a = nil
-    @b = nil
-  end
-end
-obj = C.new
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  j = obj.a
-  k = obj.b
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7a6b48c0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_accessor :a, :b
-  def initialize
-    @a = nil
-    @b = nil
-  end
-end
-obj = C.new
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  obj.a = 1
-  obj.b = 2
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_block.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_block.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9f56b15ea..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_block.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  yield
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  m{
-  }
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_const.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_const.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac59ebccf1..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_const.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-Const = 1
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  j = Const
-  k = Const
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ensure.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_ensure.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a1596145f2..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ensure.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # benchmark loop 1
-  i += 1
-  begin
-    begin
-    ensure
-    end
-  ensure
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_float_simple.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_float_simple.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d4581439ff..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_float_simple.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-i = 0.0; f = 0.0
-while i<30_000_000
-  i += 1
-  f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
-  f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
-  f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_lived.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_lived.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e78bca5668..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_lived.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b66052dee0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-def nested_hash h, n
-  if n == 0
-    ''
-  else
-    10.times{
-      h[Object.new] = nested_hash(h, n-1)
-    }
-  end
-end
-
-long_lived = Hash.new
-nested_hash long_lived, 6
-
-GC.start
-GC.start
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_long.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_long.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 298dbc845b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_long.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-long_lived = Array.new(1_000_000){|i| "#{i}"}
-GC.start
-GC.start
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_symbol.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_symbol.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b15c1b7bf..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_symbol.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# make many symbols
-50_000.times{|i| sym = "sym#{i}".to_sym}
-GC.start
-GC.start
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 881528845b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-short_lived_ary = []
-
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
-  GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false)
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  short_lived_ary[0] = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c8279c956..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-long_lived = []
-
-if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2.0"
-  3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false) }
-elsif
-  GC.start
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  long_lived[0] = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a4067af36b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_accessor :foo
-end
-short_lived_obj = C.new
-
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
-  GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false)
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  short_lived_obj.foo = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eee07a0248..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_accessor :foo
-end
-long_lived = C.new
-
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
-  3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false) }
-elsif
-  GC.start
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  long_lived.foo = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a73cf92f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-@a = 1
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  j = @a
-  k = @a
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bd81b06c34..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  @a = 1
-  @b = 2
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_length.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_length.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 353de3ab0e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_length.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-a = 'abc'
-b = [1, 2, 3]
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  a.length
-  b.length
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_init.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_init.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 36f2068811..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_init.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-def m v
-  unless v
-    # unreachable code
-    v1 = v2 = v3 = v4 = v5 = v6 = v7 = v8 = v9 = v10 =
-    v11 = v12 = v13 = v14 = v15 = v16 = v17 = v18 = v19 = v20 =
-    v21 = v22 = v23 = v24 = v25 = v26 = v27 = v28 = v29 = v30 =
-    v31 = v32 = v33 = v34 = v35 = v36 = v37 = v38 = v39 = v40 =
-    v41 = v42 = v43 = v44 = v45 = v46 = v47 = v48 = v49 = v50 = 1
-  end
-end
-
-i = 0
-
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  m i
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 222e864134..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  a = b = c = d = e = f = g = h = j = k = l = m = n = o = p = q = r = 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_neq.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_neq.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bbb4ae07a4..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_neq.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-obj1 = Object.new
-obj2 = Object.new
-
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  obj1 != obj2
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_not.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_not.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b09ecdcc21..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_not.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-obj = Object.new
-
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  !obj
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_rescue.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_rescue.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b0d3e2bdfa..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_rescue.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  begin
-  rescue
-  end
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_simplereturn.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_simplereturn.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 63f9f21675..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_simplereturn.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  return 1
-end
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  m
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_swap.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_swap.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 918f8b2112..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_swap.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-a = 1
-b = 2
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  a, b = b, a
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_yield.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_yield.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 775597cea6..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_yield.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  i = 0
-  while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-    i += 1
-    yield
-  end
-end
-
-m{}
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_array.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_array.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index df9037c83c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_array.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bigarray.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_bigarray.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b02509d6a2..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bigarray.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  a = [
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-  ]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bighash.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_bighash.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e3f437bb8..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bighash.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<60_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  a = {0=>0, 1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3, 4=>4, 5=>5, 6=>6, 7=>7, 8=>8, 9=>9, 10=>10, 11=>11, 12=>12, 13=>13, 14=>14, 15=>15, 16=>16, 17=>17, 18=>18, 19=>19, 20=>20, 21=>21, 22=>22, 23=>23, 24=>24, 25=>25, 26=>26, 27=>27, 28=>28, 29=>29, 30=>30, 31=>31, 32=>32, 33=>33, 34=>34, 35=>35, 36=>36, 37=>37, 38=>38, 39=>39, 40=>40, 41=>41, 42=>42, 43=>43, 44=>44, 45=>45, 46=>46, 47=>47, 48=>48, 49=>49, 50=>50, 51=>51, 52=>52, 53=>53, 54=>54, 55=>55, 56=>56, 57=>57, 58=>58, 59=>59, 60=>60, 61=>61, 62=>62, 63=>63, 64=>64, 65=>65, 66=>66, 67=>67, 68=>68, 69=>69, 70=>70, 71=>71, 72=>72, 73=>73, 74=>74, 75=>75, 76=>76, 77=>77, 78=>78, 79=>79, 80=>80, 81=>81, 82=>82, 83=>83, 84=>84, 85=>85, 86=>86, 87=>87, 88=>88, 89=>89, 90=>90, 91=>91, 92=>92, 93=>93, 94=>94, 95=>95, 96=>96, 97=>97, 98=>98, 99=>99, 100=>100, 101=>101, 102=>102, 103=>103, 104=>104, 105=>105, 106=>106, 107=>107, 108=>108, 109=>109, 110=>110, 111=>111, 112=>112, 113=>113, 114=>114, 115=>115, 116=>116, 117=>117, 118=>118, 119=>119, 120=>120, 121=>121, 122=>122, 123=>123, 124=>124, 125=>125, 126=>126, 127=>127, 128=>128, 129=>129, 130=>130, 131=>131, 132=>132, 133=>133, 134=>134, 135=>135, 136=>136, 137=>137, 138=>138, 139=>139, 140=>140, 141=>141, 142=>142, 143=>143, 144=>144, 145=>145, 146=>146, 147=>147, 148=>148, 149=>149, 150=>150, 151=>151, 152=>152, 153=>153, 154=>154, 155=>155, 156=>156, 157=>157, 158=>158, 159=>159, 160=>160, 161=>161, 162=>162, 163=>163, 164=>164, 165=>165, 166=>166, 167=>167, 168=>168, 169=>169, 170=>170, 171=>171, 172=>172, 173=>173, 174=>174, 175=>175, 176=>176, 177=>177, 178=>178, 179=>179, 180=>180, 181=>181, 182=>182, 183=>183, 184=>184, 185=>185, 186=>186, 187=>187, 188=>188, 189=>189, 190=>190, 191=>191, 192=>192, 193=>193, 194=>194, 195=>195, 196=>196, 197=>197, 198=>198, 199=>199, 200=>200, 201=>201, 202=>202, 203=>203, 204=>204, 205=>205, 206=>206, 207=>207, 208=>208, 209=>209, 210=>210, 211=>211, 212=>212, 213=>213, 214=>214, 215=>215, 216=>216, 217=>217, 218=>218, 219=>219, 220=>220, 221=>221, 222=>222, 223=>223, 224=>224, 225=>225, 226=>226, 227=>227, 228=>228, 229=>229, 230=>230, 231=>231, 232=>232, 233=>233, 234=>234, 235=>235, 236=>236, 237=>237, 238=>238, 239=>239, 240=>240, 241=>241, 242=>242, 243=>243, 244=>244, 245=>245, 246=>246, 247=>247, 248=>248, 249=>249, 250=>250, 251=>251, 252=>252, 253=>253, 254=>254, 255=>255, 256=>256, 257=>257, 258=>258, 259=>259, 260=>260, 261=>261, 262=>262, 263=>263, 264=>264, 265=>265, 266=>266, 267=>267, 268=>268, 269=>269, 270=>270, 271=>271, 272=>272, 273=>273, 274=>274, 275=>275, 276=>276, 277=>277, 278=>278, 279=>279, 280=>280, 281=>281, 282=>282, 283=>283, 284=>284, 285=>285, 286=>286, 287=>287, 288=>288, 289=>289, 290=>290, 291=>291, 292=>292, 293=>293, 294=>294, 295=>295, 296=>296, 297=>297, 298=>298, 299=>299, 300=>300, 301=>301, 302=>302, 303=>303, 304=>304, 305=>305, 306=>306, 307=>307, 308=>308, 309=>309, 310=>310, 311=>311, 312=>312, 313=>313, 314=>314, 315=>315, 316=>316, 317=>317, 318=>318, 319=>319, 320=>320, 321=>321, 322=>322, 323=>323, 324=>324, 325=>325, 326=>326, 327=>327, 328=>328, 329=>329, 330=>330, 331=>331, 332=>332, 333=>333, 334=>334, 335=>335, 336=>336, 337=>337, 338=>338, 339=>339, 340=>340, 341=>341, 342=>342, 343=>343, 344=>344, 345=>345, 346=>346, 347=>347, 348=>348, 349=>349, 350=>350, 351=>351, 352=>352, 353=>353, 354=>354, 355=>355, 356=>356, 357=>357, 358=>358, 359=>359, 360=>360, 361=>361, 362=>362, 363=>363, 364=>364, 365=>365, 366=>366, 367=>367, 368=>368, 369=>369, 370=>370, 371=>371, 372=>372, 373=>373, 374=>374, 375=>375, 376=>376, 377=>377, 378=>378, 379=>379, 380=>380, 381=>381, 382=>382, 383=>383, 384=>384, 385=>385, 386=>386, 387=>387, 388=>388, 389=>389, 390=>390, 391=>391, 392=>392, 393=>393, 394=>394, 395=>395, 396=>396, 397=>397, 398=>398, 399=>399, 400=>400, 401=>401, 402=>402, 403=>403, 404=>404, 405=>405, 406=>406, 407=>407, 408=>408, 409=>409, 410=>410, 411=>411, 412=>412, 413=>413, 414=>414, 415=>415, 416=>416, 417=>417, 418=>418, 419=>419, 420=>420, 421=>421, 422=>422, 423=>423, 424=>424, 425=>425, 426=>426, 427=>427, 428=>428, 429=>429, 430=>430, 431=>431, 432=>432, 433=>433, 434=>434, 435=>435, 436=>436, 437=>437, 438=>438, 439=>439, 440=>440, 441=>441, 442=>442, 443=>443, 444=>444, 445=>445, 446=>446, 447=>447, 448=>448, 449=>449, 450=>450, 451=>451, 452=>452, 453=>453, 454=>454, 455=>455, 456=>456, 457=>457, 458=>458, 459=>459, 460=>460, 461=>461, 462=>462, 463=>463, 464=>464, 465=>465, 466=>466, 467=>467, 468=>468, 469=>469, 470=>470, 471=>471, 472=>472, 473=>473, 474=>474, 475=>475, 476=>476, 477=>477, 478=>478, 479=>479, 480=>480, 481=>481, 482=>482, 483=>483, 484=>484, 485=>485, 486=>486, 487=>487, 488=>488, 489=>489, 490=>490, 491=>491, 492=>492, 493=>493, 494=>494, 495=>495, 496=>496, 497=>497, 498=>498, 499=>499, 500=>500,}
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index adc6e4df0a..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # while loop 2
-  case :foo
-  when :bar
-    raise
-  when :baz
-    raise
-  when :boo
-    raise
-  when :foo
-    i += 1
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c62b294e0e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-@ret = [ "foo", true, false, :sym, 6, nil, 0.1, 0xffffffffffffffff ]
-def foo(i)
-  @ret[i % @ret.size]
-end
-
-while i<6_000_000 # while loop 2
-  case foo(i)
-  when "foo" then :foo
-  when true then true
-  when false then false
-  when :sym then :sym
-  when 6 then :fix
-  when nil then nil
-  when 0.1 then :float
-  when 0xffffffffffffffff then :big
-  end
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_defined_method.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_defined_method.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 053ed6c912..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_defined_method.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-class Object
-  define_method(:m){}
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_dstr.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_dstr.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 58c0f7bbc3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_dstr.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-x = y = 'z'
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  str = "foo#{x}bar#{y}baz"
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_eval.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_eval.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 307cfc28ef..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_eval.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  eval("1")
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_method.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a8ccff7138..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  nil
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_missing.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_missing.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2badc73101..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_missing.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  def method_missing mid
-  end
-end
-
-obj = C.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m;
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_with_block.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_with_block.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b4efb4f520..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_with_block.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  nil
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{};
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_mutex.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_mutex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7362f738c5..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_mutex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread'
-
-m = Mutex.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m.synchronize{}
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_newlambda.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_newlambda.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6422c9b0d0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_newlambda.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  lambda {}
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c82c0e4bce..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-class C1
-  def m
-    1
-  end
-end
-class C2
-  def m
-    2
-  end
-end
-
-o1 = C1.new
-o2 = C2.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
-  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method_ov.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method_ov.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aa5fd1dd38..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method_ov.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-class C1
-  def m
-    1
-  end
-end
-class C2
-  def m
-    2
-  end
-end
-
-o1 = C1.new
-o2 = C2.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
-#  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_proc.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_proc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 65e5217371..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_proc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-def m &b
-  b
-end
-
-pr = m{
-  a = 1
-}
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  pr.call
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aa5387987f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-def rec n
-  if n > 0
-    rec n-1
-  else
-    raise
-  end
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-
-  begin
-    rec 1
-  rescue
-    # ignore
-  end
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise2.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise2.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f61c63157..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise2.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-def rec n
-  if n > 0
-    rec n-1
-  else
-    raise
-  end
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-
-  begin
-    rec 10
-  rescue
-    # ignore
-  end
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_regexp.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_regexp.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 55f9e957a3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_regexp.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-str = 'xxxhogexxx'
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  /hoge/ =~ str
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_send.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_send.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a3ab6fdab..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_send.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  def m
-  end
-end
-
-o = C.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  o.__send__ :m
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_string_literal.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_string_literal.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d73036849..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_string_literal.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_hi.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_hi.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 22cb26b0a5..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_hi.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.z # x[25]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_lo.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_lo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e61a7087e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_lo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.k # x[10]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a1c3d16f3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.k = i # x[10] = i
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fff940a80a..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:z]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e4085d59d..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:k]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c0cee4141..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:k] = i
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aref.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aref.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8eaa555b41..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aref.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.a
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ecd0f95669..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.a = i
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c88fee6bf..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:a]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33c36d20f1..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:a] = 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_super.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_super.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index afd8579e7b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_super.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-
-class C
-  def m
-    1
-  end
-end
-
-class CC < C
-  def m
-    super()
-  end
-end
-
-obj = CC.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  obj.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_unif1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_unif1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1774625942..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_unif1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-def m a, b
-end
-
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m 100, 200
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_zsuper.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_zsuper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a43e62217..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_zsuper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-
-class C
-  def m a
-    1
-  end
-end
-
-class CC < C
-  def m a
-    super
-  end
-end
-
-obj = CC.new
-
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  obj.m 10
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_alive_check1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_alive_check1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c993accdda..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_alive_check1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-5_000.times{
-  t = Thread.new{}
-  while t.alive?
-    Thread.pass
-  end
-}
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c9f85dfb7..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# one thread, one mutex (no contention)
-
-require 'thread'
-m = Mutex.new
-r = 0
-max = 2000
-lmax = max * max
-(1..1).map{
-  Thread.new{
-    i = 0
-    while i<lmax
-      i += 1
-      m.synchronize{
-        r += 1
-      }
-    end
-  }
-}.each{|e|
-  e.join
-}
-raise r.to_s if r != max * max
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex2.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex2.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 10de59054f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex2.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# two threads, one mutex
-
-require 'thread'
-m = Mutex.new
-r = 0
-max = 2000
-lmax = (max * max)/2
-(1..2).map{
-  Thread.new{
-    i = 0
-    while i<lmax
-      i += 1
-      m.synchronize{
-        r += 1
-      }
-    end
-  }
-}.each{|e|
-  e.join
-}
-raise r.to_s if r != max * max
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex3.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex3.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f9a44b39d..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex3.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# 1000 threads, one mutex
-
-require 'thread'
-m = Mutex.new
-r = 0
-max = 2000
-(1..max).map{
-  Thread.new{
-    i = 0
-    while i<max
-      i += 1
-      m.synchronize{
-        r += 1
-      }
-    end
-  }
-}.each{|e|
-  e.join
-}
-raise r.to_s if r != max * max
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b5b3c0bc85..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# Plenty Thtread.pass
-# A performance may depend on GVL implementation.
-
-tmax = (ARGV.shift || 2).to_i
-lmax = 200_000 / tmax
-
-(1..tmax).map{
-  Thread.new{
-    lmax.times{
-      Thread.pass
-    }
-  }
-}.each{|t| t.join}
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass_flood.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 27157d1a6f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-1000.times{
-  Thread.new{loop{Thread.pass}}
-}
-
-i = 0
-while i<10000
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_queue.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_queue.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 37381ae62b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_queue.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread'
-
-n = 1_000_000
-q = Queue.new
-consumer = Thread.new{
-  while q.pop
-    # consuming
-  end
-}
-
-producer = Thread.new{
-  n.times{
-    q.push true
-  }
-  q.push nil
-}
-
-consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af6abd08ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+prelude: require 'cgi/escape'
+benchmark:
+  - name: escape_html_blank
+    prelude: str = ""
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - name: escape_html_short_none
+    prelude: str = "abcde"
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - name: escape_html_short_one
+    prelude: str = "abcd<"
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - name: escape_html_short_all
+    prelude: str = "'&\"<>"
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 5000000
+  - name: escape_html_long_none
+    prelude: str = "abcde" * 300
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - name: escape_html_long_all
+    prelude: str = "'&\"<>" * 10
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - name: escape_html_real
+    prelude: | # http://example.com/
+      str = <<~HTML
+        <body>
+        <div>
+            <h1>Example Domain</h1>
+            <p>This domain is established to be used for illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
+            domain in examples without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
+            <p><a href="http://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
+        </div>
+        </body>
+      HTML
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_add.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_add.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0150c5e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_add.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_add: c = a + b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_div.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_div.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9f5e1d51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_div.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_div: c = a / b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_mul.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_mul.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59b096a6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_mul.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_mul: c = a * b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_new.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_new.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fcde3125b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_new.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_new: c = Complex(a, b)
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_power.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_power.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c40a31ab55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_power.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_power: c = a ** b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_sub.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_sub.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fafe7cdbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_sub.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_sub: c = a - b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/dir_empty_p.rb b/benchmark/dir_empty_p.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8329c757cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/dir_empty_p.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'tmpdir'
+max = 100_000
+Dir.mktmpdir('bm_dir_empty_p') do |dir|
+  max.times { Dir.empty?(dir) }
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/driver.rb b/benchmark/driver.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index defe3c30be..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/driver.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,400 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Ruby Benchmark driver
-#
-
-first = true
-
-begin
-  require 'optparse'
-rescue LoadError
-  if first
-    first = false
-    $:.unshift File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../lib')
-    retry
-  else
-    raise
-  end
-end
-
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'pp'
-
-class BenchmarkDriver
-  def self.benchmark(opt)
-    driver = self.new(opt[:execs], opt[:dir], opt)
-    begin
-      driver.run
-    ensure
-      driver.show_results
-    end
-  end
-
-  def self.load(input, type, opt)
-    attrs = [:executables, :results]
-    case type
-    when 'yaml'
-      require 'yaml'
-      h = YAML.load(input)
-    when 'json'
-      require 'json'
-      h = JSON.load(input)
-    else
-      h = eval(input.read)
-    end
-    obj = allocate
-    obj.instance_variable_set("@execs", h[:executables] || h["executables"])
-    obj.instance_variable_set("@results", h[:results] || h["results"])
-    obj.instance_variable_set("@opt", opt)
-    obj
-  end
-
-  def output *args
-    puts(*args)
-    @output and @output.puts(*args)
-  end
-
-  def message *args
-    output(*args) if @verbose
-  end
-
-  def message_print *args
-    if @verbose
-      print(*args)
-      STDOUT.flush
-      @output and @output.print(*args)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def progress_message *args
-    unless STDOUT.tty?
-      STDERR.print(*args)
-      STDERR.flush
-    end
-  end
-
-  def initialize execs, dir, opt = {}
-    @execs = execs.map{|e|
-      e.strip!
-      next if e.empty?
-
-      if /(.+)::(.+)/ =~ e
-        # ex) ruby-a::/path/to/ruby-a
-        label = $1.strip
-        path = $2
-        version = `#{path} -v`.chomp
-      else
-        path = e
-        version = label = `#{path} -v`.chomp
-      end
-      [path, label, version]
-    }.compact
-
-    @dir = dir
-    @repeat = opt[:repeat] || 1
-    @repeat = 1 if @repeat < 1
-    @pattern = opt[:pattern] || nil
-    @exclude = opt[:exclude] || nil
-    @verbose = opt[:quiet] ? false : (opt[:verbose] || false)
-    @output = opt[:output] ? open(opt[:output], 'w') : nil
-    @loop_wl1 = @loop_wl2 = nil
-    @ruby_arg = opt[:ruby_arg] || nil
-    @opt = opt
-
-    # [[name, [[r-1-1, r-1-2, ...], [r-2-1, r-2-2, ...]]], ...]
-    @results = []
-
-    if @verbose
-      @start_time = Time.now
-      message @start_time
-      @execs.each_with_index{|(path, label, version), i|
-        message "target #{i}: " + (label == version ? "#{label}" : "#{label} (#{version})") + " at \"#{path}\""
-      }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def adjusted_results name, results
-    s = nil
-    results.each_with_index{|e, i|
-      r = e.min
-      case name
-      when /^vm1_/
-        if @loop_wl1
-          r -= @loop_wl1[i]
-          r = 0 if r < 0
-          s = '*'
-        end
-      when /^vm2_/
-        if @loop_wl2
-          r -= @loop_wl2[i]
-          r = 0 if r < 0
-          s = '*'
-        end
-      end
-      yield r
-    }
-    s
-  end
-
-  def show_results
-    case @opt[:format]
-    when :tsv
-      strformat = "\t%1$s"
-      numformat = "\t%1$*2$.3f"
-      minwidth = 0
-      name_width = 0
-    when :markdown
-      markdown = true
-      strformat = "|%1$-*2$s"
-      numformat = "|%1$*2$.3f"
-    when :plain
-      strformat = " %1$-*2$s"
-      numformat = " %1$*2$.3f"
-    end
-
-    name_width ||= @results.map {|v,*| v.size}.max
-    minwidth ||= 7
-    width = @execs.map{|(_, v)| [v.size, minwidth].max}
-
-    output
-
-    if @verbose
-      message '-----------------------------------------------------------'
-      message 'raw data:'
-      message
-      message PP.pp(@results, "", 79)
-      message
-      message "Elapsed time: #{Time.now - @start_time} (sec)"
-    end
-
-    if rawdata_output = @opt[:rawdata_output]
-      h = {}
-      h[:cpuinfo] = File.read('/proc/cpuinfo') if File.exist?('/proc/cpuinfo')
-      h[:executables] = @execs
-      h[:results] = @results
-      if (type = File.extname(rawdata_output)).empty?
-        type = rawdata_output
-        rawdata_output = @output.path.sub(/\.[^.\/]+\z/, '') << '.' << rawdata_output
-      end
-      case type
-      when 'yaml'
-        require 'yaml'
-        h = YAML.dump(h)
-      when 'json'
-        require 'json'
-        h = JSON.pretty_generate(h)
-      else
-        require 'pp'
-        h = h.pretty_inspect
-      end
-      open(rawdata_output, 'w') {|f| f.puts h}
-    end
-
-    output '-----------------------------------------------------------'
-    output 'benchmark results:'
-
-    if @verbose and @repeat > 1
-      output "minimum results in each #{@repeat} measurements."
-    end
-
-    output "Execution time (sec)"
-    output if markdown
-    output ["name".ljust(name_width), @execs.map.with_index{|(_, v), i| sprintf(strformat, v, width[i])}].join("").rstrip
-    output ["-"*name_width, width.map{|n|":".rjust(n, "-")}].join("|") if markdown
-    @results.each{|v, result|
-      rets = []
-      s = adjusted_results(v, result){|r|
-        rets << sprintf(numformat, r, width[rets.size])
-      }
-      v += s if s
-      output [v.ljust(name_width), rets].join("")
-    }
-
-    if @execs.size > 1
-      output
-      output "Speedup ratio: compare with the result of `#{@execs[0][1]}' (greater is better)"
-      output if markdown
-      output ["name".ljust(name_width), @execs[1..-1].map.with_index{|(_, v), i| sprintf(strformat, v, width[i])}].join("").rstrip
-      output ["-"*name_width, width[1..-1].map{|n|":".rjust(n, "-")}].join("|") if markdown
-      @results.each{|v, result|
-        rets = []
-        first_value = nil
-        s = adjusted_results(v, result){|r|
-          if first_value
-            if r == 0
-              rets << "Error"
-            else
-              rets << sprintf(numformat, first_value/r, width[rets.size+1])
-            end
-          else
-            first_value = r
-          end
-        }
-        v += s if s
-        output [v.ljust(name_width), rets].join("")
-      }
-    end
-
-    if @opt[:output]
-      output
-      output "Log file: #{@opt[:output]}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def files
-    flag = {}
-    @files = Dir.glob(File.join(@dir, 'bm*.rb')).map{|file|
-      next if @pattern && /#{@pattern}/ !~ File.basename(file)
-      next if @exclude && /#{@exclude}/ =~ File.basename(file)
-      case file
-      when /bm_(vm[12])_/, /bm_loop_(whileloop2?).rb/
-        flag[$1] = true
-      end
-      file
-    }.compact
-
-    if flag['vm1'] && !flag['whileloop']
-      @files << File.join(@dir, 'bm_loop_whileloop.rb')
-    elsif flag['vm2'] && !flag['whileloop2']
-      @files << File.join(@dir, 'bm_loop_whileloop2.rb')
-    end
-
-    @files.sort!
-    progress_message "total: #{@files.size * @repeat} trial(s) (#{@repeat} trial(s) for #{@files.size} benchmark(s))\n"
-    @files
-  end
-
-  def run
-    files.each_with_index{|file, i|
-      @i = i
-      r = measure_file(file)
-
-      if /bm_loop_whileloop.rb/ =~ file
-        @loop_wl1 = r[1].map{|e| e.min}
-      elsif /bm_loop_whileloop2.rb/ =~ file
-        @loop_wl2 = r[1].map{|e| e.min}
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  def measure_file file
-    name = File.basename(file, '.rb').sub(/^bm_/, '')
-    prepare_file = File.join(File.dirname(file), "prepare_#{name}.rb")
-    load prepare_file if FileTest.exist?(prepare_file)
-
-    if @verbose
-      output
-      output '-----------------------------------------------------------'
-      output name
-      output
-      output File.read(file)
-      output
-    end
-
-    result = [name]
-    result << @execs.map{|(e, v)|
-      (0...@repeat).map{
-        message_print "#{v}\t"
-        progress_message '.'
-
-        m = measure(e, file)
-        message "#{m}"
-        m
-      }
-    }
-    @results << result
-    result
-  end
-
-  unless defined?(File::NULL)
-    if File.exist?('/dev/null')
-      File::NULL = '/dev/null'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def measure executable, file
-    cmd = "#{executable} #{@ruby_arg} #{file}"
-
-    m = Benchmark.measure{
-      system(cmd, out: File::NULL)
-    }
-
-    if $? != 0
-      output "\`#{cmd}\' exited with abnormal status (#{$?})"
-      0
-    else
-      m.real
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  opt = {
-    :execs => [],
-    :dir => File.dirname(__FILE__),
-    :repeat => 1,
-    :output => nil,
-    :raw_output => nil,
-    :format => :tsv,
-  }
-  formats = {
-    :tsv => ".tsv",
-    :markdown => ".md",
-    :plain => ".txt",
-  }
-
-  parser = OptionParser.new{|o|
-    o.on('-e', '--executables [EXECS]',
-      "Specify benchmark one or more targets (e1::path1; e2::path2; e3::path3;...)"){|e|
-       e.split(/;/).each{|path|
-         opt[:execs] << path
-       }
-    }
-    o.on('-d', '--directory [DIRECTORY]', "Benchmark suites directory"){|d|
-      opt[:dir] = d
-    }
-    o.on('-p', '--pattern [PATTERN]', "Benchmark name pattern"){|p|
-      opt[:pattern] = p
-    }
-    o.on('-x', '--exclude [PATTERN]', "Benchmark exclude pattern"){|e|
-      opt[:exclude] = e
-    }
-    o.on('-r', '--repeat-count [NUM]', "Repeat count"){|n|
-      opt[:repeat] = n.to_i
-    }
-    o.on('-o', '--output-file [FILE]', "Output file"){|f|
-      opt[:output] = f
-    }
-    o.on('--ruby-arg [ARG]', "Optional argument for ruby"){|a|
-      opt[:ruby_arg] = a
-    }
-    o.on('--rawdata-output [FILE]', 'output rawdata'){|r|
-      opt[:rawdata_output] = r
-    }
-    o.on('--load-rawdata=FILE', 'input rawdata'){|r|
-      opt[:rawdata_input] = r
-    }
-    o.on('-f', "--format=FORMAT", "output format (#{formats.keys.join(",")})", formats.keys){|r|
-      opt[:format] = r
-    }
-    o.on('-v', '--verbose'){|v|
-      opt[:verbose] = v
-    }
-    o.on('-q', '--quiet', "Run without notify information except result table."){|q|
-      opt[:quiet] = q
-      opt[:verbose] = false
-    }
-  }
-
-  parser.parse!(ARGV)
-  opt[:output] ||= "bmlog-#{Time.now.strftime('%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')}.#{$$}#{formats[opt[:format]]}"
-
-  if input = opt[:rawdata_input]
-    b = open(input) {|f|
-      BenchmarkDriver.load(f, File.extname(input)[1..-1], opt)
-    }
-    b.show_results
-  else
-    BenchmarkDriver.benchmark(opt)
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_flat_map.yml b/benchmark/enum_lazy_flat_map.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ee390a441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_flat_map.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  num = (1..).lazy.take(100)
+  ary2 = [[1,2]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary10 = [[*1..10]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary20 = [[*1..20]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary50 = [[*1..50]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary100 = [[*1..100]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+
+benchmark:
+  num3: num.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  num10: num.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary2:  ary2.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary10: ary10.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary20: ary20.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary50: ary50.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary100: ary100.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_100.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_100.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8832392e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_100.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+grep_data = (1..10).to_a * 1000
+N = 100
+enum = grep_data.lazy.grep_v(->(i){i == 0}).grep_v(->(i){i == 0})
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_20.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_20.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..329509fa8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_20.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+grep_data = (1..10).to_a * 1000
+N = 100
+enum = grep_data.lazy.grep_v(->(i){i > 2}).grep_v(->(i){i > 2})
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_50.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_50.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02ea4d4e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_50.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+grep_data = (1..10).to_a * 1000
+N = 100
+enum = grep_data.lazy.grep_v(->(i){i > 5}).grep_v(->(i){i > 5})
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_100.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_100.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e6434d9c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_100.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+uniq_data = (1..10_000).to_a
+N = 100
+enum = uniq_data.lazy.uniq {|i| i % 10000}.uniq {|i| i % 10000}
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_20.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_20.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75e6398fee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_20.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+uniq_data = (1..10_000).to_a
+N = 100
+enum = uniq_data.lazy.uniq {|i| i % 2000}.uniq {|i| i % 2000}
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_50.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_50.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59a39b78ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_50.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+uniq_data = (1..10_000).to_a
+N = 100
+enum = uniq_data.lazy.uniq {|i| i % 5000}.uniq {|i| i % 5000}
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_zip.yml b/benchmark/enum_lazy_zip.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4566ff0261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_zip.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+prelude: |
+  a = (1..3).lazy
+  b = a.map {|x| x}
+
+benchmark:
+  first_ary: a.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).first
+  first_nonary: a.zip("a".."c").first
+  first_noarg: a.zip.first
+
+  take3_ary: a.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).take(3).force
+  take3_nonary: a.zip("a".."c").take(3).force
+  take3_noarg: a.zip.take(3).force
+
+  chain-first_ary: b.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).first
+  chain-first_nonary: b.zip("a".."c").first
+  chain-first_noarg: b.zip.first
+
+  chain-take3_ary: b.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).take(3).force
+  chain-take3_nonary: b.zip("a".."c").take(3).force
+  chain-take3_noarg: b.zip.take(3).force
+
+  block: a.zip("a".."c") {|x, y| [x, y]}
diff --git a/benchmark/erb_render.yml b/benchmark/erb_render.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15f6c3880b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/erb_render.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'erb'
+
+  data = <<erb
+  <html>
+    <head> <%= title %> </head>
+    <body>
+      <h1> <%= title %> </h1>
+      <p>
+        <%= content %>
+      </p>
+    </body>
+  </html>
+  erb
+
+  title = "hello world!"
+  content = "hello world!\n" * 10
+
+  src = "def self.render(title, content); #{ERB.new(data).src}; end"
+  mod = Module.new
+  mod.instance_eval(src, "(ERB)")
+benchmark:
+  erb_render: mod.render(title, content)
+loop_count: 1500000
diff --git a/benchmark/fiber_chain.yml b/benchmark/fiber_chain.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a36c759f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/fiber_chain.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+prelude: |
+  def make_link(previous)
+    Fiber.new do
+      while message = previous.resume
+        Fiber.yield(message)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def make_chain(length = 1000, &block)
+    chain = Fiber.new(&block)
+
+    (length - 1).times do
+      chain = make_link(chain)
+    end
+
+    return chain
+  end
+
+  message = "Hello World!"
+
+  chain = make_chain do
+    while true
+      Fiber.yield(message)
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  make_chain: |
+    make_chain(100) do
+      while true
+        Fiber.yield(message)
+      end
+    end
+  resume_chain: |
+    chain.resume
+loop_count: 5000
diff --git a/benchmark/fiber_locals.yml b/benchmark/fiber_locals.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8588686477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/fiber_locals.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  th = Thread.current
+  th[:key] = :val
+benchmark:
+  key?: th.key?(:key)
+  []: th[:key]
+  keys: th.keys
+loop_count: 1_000_000
diff --git a/benchmark/file_chmod.rb b/benchmark/file_chmod.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cd4760c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_chmod.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# chmod file
+require 'tempfile'
+max = 200_000
+tmp = Tempfile.new('chmod')
+path = tmp.path
+max.times do
+  File.chmod(0777, path)
+end
+tmp.close!
diff --git a/benchmark/file_rename.rb b/benchmark/file_rename.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbb44aebac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_rename.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# rename file
+require 'tempfile'
+
+max = 100_000
+tmp = [ Tempfile.new('rename-a'), Tempfile.new('rename-b') ]
+a, b = tmp.map { |x| x.path }
+tmp.each { |t| t.close } # Windows can't rename files without closing them
+max.times do
+  File.rename(a, b)
+  File.rename(b, a)
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb b/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb
index 2eed7abc83..275f58b924 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-require_relative '../bm_app_aobench.rb'
+require_relative '../app_aobench'
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb b/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb
index af8ea722aa..83347cdd20 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-require_relative '../bm_so_binary_trees.rb'
+require_relative '../so_binary_trees'
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb b/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb
index 09a404466a..23d0b91c6c 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ require 'pp'
 require 'optparse'
 
 $list = true
-$gcprof = true
+$gcprof = false
 
 opt = OptionParser.new
 opt.on('-q'){$list = false}
 opt.on('-d'){$gcprof = false}
+opt.on('-p'){$gcprof = true}
 opt.parse!(ARGV)
 
 script = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), ARGV.shift)
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb b/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb
index 94ba74be89..8ebdff7d1d 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-require_relative '../bm_app_pentomino.rb'
+require_relative '../app_pentomino'
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym.rb
index af4f8c36d4..af4f8c36d4 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym_long.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym_long.rb
index 9d7759379e..9d7759379e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym_long.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym_long.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_fix.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_fix.rb
index 1346890582..1346890582 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_fix.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_fix.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_flo.rb
index 2217274c82..2217274c82 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_flo.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_miss.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_miss.rb
index b0913dd4bb..b0913dd4bb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_miss.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_miss.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_str.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_str.rb
index 19439b061b..19439b061b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_str.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_str.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym.rb
index f75d163fe6..f75d163fe6 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym_long.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym_long.rb
index 9dab8df7be..9dab8df7be 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym_long.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym_long.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_defaults.yml b/benchmark/hash_defaults.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..833f10e1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_defaults.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  h = Hash.new { :foo }
+benchmark:
+  default_aref: h[1]
+  default_method: h.default(1)
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_dup.yml b/benchmark/hash_dup.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65f521ec94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_dup.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  small_hash = { a: 1 }
+  larger_hash = 20.times.map { |i| [('a'.ord + i).chr.to_sym, i] }.to_h
+
+benchmark:
+  dup_small: small_hash.dup
+  dup_larger: larger_hash.dup
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_flatten.rb b/benchmark/hash_flatten.rb
index e944aae9f2..e944aae9f2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_flatten.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_flatten.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_flo.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_flo.rb
index 0c7edfed3e..0c7edfed3e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_flo.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_flo.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_num.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_num.rb
index b226736c6f..b226736c6f 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_num.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_num.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_obj.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_obj.rb
index 4b3b58edec..4b3b58edec 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_obj.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_obj.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_str.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_str.rb
index 8582b38e31..8582b38e31 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_str.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_str.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_sym.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_sym.rb
index 4c81e3d28e..4c81e3d28e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_sym.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_sym.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_keys.rb b/benchmark/hash_keys.rb
index 6863cd01f9..6863cd01f9 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_keys.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_keys.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_literal_small2.rb b/benchmark/hash_literal_small2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c188529260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_literal_small2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+1_000_000.times.map { { "foo" => "bar", "bar" => "baz" }  }
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_literal_small4.rb b/benchmark/hash_literal_small4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..739f71b5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_literal_small4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+1_000_000.times.map { { "foo" => "bar", "bar" => "baz", "baz" => "lol", "lol" => "lgtm" } }
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_literal_small8.rb b/benchmark/hash_literal_small8.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53d80af535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_literal_small8.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+1_000_000.times.map { { "foo" => "bar", "bar" => "baz", "baz" => "lol", "lol" => "lgtm", "lgtm" => "nope", "nope" => "ok", "ok" => "again", "again" => "wait" } }
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_long.rb b/benchmark/hash_long.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03d9109602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_long.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+k1 = "Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong";
+k2 = "Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping Pong Ping";
+h = {k1 => 0, k2 => 0};
+3000000.times{|i| k = i % 2 ? k2 : k1; h [k] = h[k] + 1}
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift.rb
index a645671a5b..a645671a5b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u16.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift_u16.rb
index ec800d0342..ec800d0342 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u16.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift_u16.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u24.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift_u24.rb
index de4e0fa696..de4e0fa696 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u24.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift_u24.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u32.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift_u32.rb
index 656aa55583..656aa55583 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u32.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift_u32.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_small2.rb b/benchmark/hash_small2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45485d9c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_small2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times.map{|i| a={}; 2.times{|j| a[j]=j}; a}
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_small4.rb b/benchmark/hash_small4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acd4084334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_small4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times.map{|i| a={}; 4.times{|j| a[j]=j}; a}
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_small8.rb b/benchmark/hash_small8.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cffcc91b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_small8.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times.map{|i| a={}; 8.times{|j| a[j]=j}; a}
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_to_proc.rb b/benchmark/hash_to_proc.rb
index 2b675bf509..2b675bf509 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_to_proc.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_to_proc.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_values.rb b/benchmark/hash_values.rb
index 069441302f..069441302f 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_values.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_values.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/int_quo.rb b/benchmark/int_quo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e22a3f8c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/int_quo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+5000000.times { 42.quo(3) }
diff --git a/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write.rb b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fd87250a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# The goal of this is to use a synthetic (non-IO) reader
+# to trigger the read/write loop of IO.copy_stream,
+# bypassing in-kernel mechanisms like sendfile for zero copy,
+# so we wrap the /dev/zero IO object:
+
+class Zero
+  def initialize
+    @n = 100000
+    @in = File.open('/dev/zero', 'rb')
+  end
+
+  def read(len, buf)
+    return if (@n -= 1) == 0
+    @in.read(len, buf)
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  src = Zero.new
+  dst = File.open(IO::NULL, 'wb')
+  n = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  # not *nix
+end if IO.respond_to?(:copy_stream) && IO.const_defined?(:NULL)
diff --git a/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write_socket.rb b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write_socket.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11f369bd0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write_socket.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# The goal of this is to use a synthetic (non-IO) reader
+# to trigger the read/write loop of IO.copy_stream,
+# bypassing in-kernel mechanisms like sendfile for zero copy,
+# so we wrap the /dev/zero IO object:
+class Zero
+  def initialize
+    @n = 100000
+    @in = File.open('/dev/zero', 'rb')
+  end
+
+  def read(len, buf)
+    return if (@n -= 1) == 0
+    @in.read(len, buf)
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  require 'socket'
+  src = Zero.new
+  rd, wr = UNIXSocket.pair
+  pid = fork do
+    wr.close
+    buf = String.new
+    while rd.read(16384, buf)
+    end
+  end
+  rd.close
+  IO.copy_stream(src, wr)
+rescue Errno::ENOENT, NotImplementedError, NameError
+  # not *nix: missing /dev/zero, fork, or UNIXSocket
+rescue LoadError # no socket?
+ensure
+  wr.close if wr
+  Process.waitpid(pid) if pid
+end if IO.respond_to?(:copy_stream)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_file_create.rb b/benchmark/io_file_create.rb
index 2f205c1333..2f205c1333 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_file_create.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_file_create.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_file_read.rb b/benchmark/io_file_read.rb
index b9e796ed30..b9e796ed30 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_file_read.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_file_read.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_file_write.rb b/benchmark/io_file_write.rb
index aa1be0e5fe..aa1be0e5fe 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_file_write.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_file_write.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex.rb
index da9357fdc6..da9357fdc6 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex2.rb b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex2.rb
index 56819d049b..56819d049b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/io_pipe_rw.rb b/benchmark/io_pipe_rw.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6862a8ae61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_pipe_rw.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Measure uncontended GVL performance via read/write with 1:1 threading
+# If we switch to M:N threading, this will benchmark something else...
+r, w = IO.pipe
+src = '0'.freeze
+dst = String.new
+i = 0
+while i < 1_000_000
+  i += 1
+  w.write(src)
+  r.read(1, dst)
+end
+w.close
+r.close
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_select.rb b/benchmark/io_select.rb
index 19248daeb1..19248daeb1 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_select.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_select.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_select2.rb b/benchmark/io_select2.rb
index 10e37d71b2..10e37d71b2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_select2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_select2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_select3.rb b/benchmark/io_select3.rb
index 7d0ba1f092..7d0ba1f092 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_select3.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_select3.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/irb_color.yml b/benchmark/irb_color.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebdc8d7e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/irb_color.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'irb/color'
+  code = <<~'CODE'
+    def self.foo # bar
+      :"erb #{ERB.new("<%= self %>", trim_mode: ?-).result}"
+    end
+  CODE
+benchmark:
+  irb_color_complete: |
+    IRB::Color.colorize_code(code, complete: true)
+  irb_color_incomplete: |
+    IRB::Color.colorize_code(code, complete: false)
+loop_count: 2000000
diff --git a/benchmark/irb_exec.yml b/benchmark/irb_exec.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28933f8b38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/irb_exec.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  require 'rbconfig'
+  irb_f = [File.join(File.dirname(RbConfig.ruby), 'irb'), '-f']
+benchmark:
+  irb_exec: |
+    IO.popen(irb_f, 'w') do |io|
+      io.write('exit')
+    end
+loop_count: 30
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_clone.yml b/benchmark/kernel_clone.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..069b23abcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_clone.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: "object = Object.new"
+benchmark:
+  clone: "object.clone"
+  clone_true: "object.clone(freeze: true)"
+  clone_false: "object.clone(freeze: false)"
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_float.yml b/benchmark/kernel_float.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..215f6750fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_float.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+benchmark:
+  float: "Float(42)"
+  float_true: "Float(42, exception: true)"
+  float_false: "Float(42, exception: false)"
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_tap.yml b/benchmark/kernel_tap.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dcbb31b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_tap.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  obj = Object.new
+  x = nil
+benchmark:
+  kernel_tap: obj.tap { |o| x = o }
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_then.yml b/benchmark/kernel_then.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85f7341e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_then.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+benchmark:
+  kernel_then: 1.then { |i| i + 1 }
+  kernel_then_enum: 1.then
+  kernel_yield_self: 1.yield_self { |i| i + 1 }
+  kernel_yield_self_enum: 1.yield_self
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/keyword_arguments.yml b/benchmark/keyword_arguments.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fce6bce0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/keyword_arguments.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  h = {a: 1}
+  def kw(a: 1) a end
+  def kws(**kw) kw end
+benchmark:
+  kw_to_kw: "kw(a: 1)"
+  kw_splat_to_kw: "kw(**h)"
+  kw_to_kw_splat: "kws(a: 1)"
+  kw_splat_to_kw_splat: "kws(**h)"
+  kw_and_splat_to_kw: "kw(a: 1, **h)"
+  kw_splats_to_kw: "kw(**h, **h)"
+  kw_and_splat_to_kw_splat: "kws(a: 1, **h)"
+  kw_splats_to_kw_splat: "kws(**h, **h)"
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/output/driver.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/output/driver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d22236e9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/output/driver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/output/simple'
+
+# This replicates the legacy benchmark/driver.rb behavior.
+class BenchmarkDriver::Output::Driver < BenchmarkDriver::Output::Simple
+  def initialize(*)
+    super
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    @strio  = StringIO.new
+    $stdout = IOMultiplexer.new(@stdout, @strio)
+  end
+
+  def with_benchmark(*)
+    super
+  ensure
+    logfile = "bmlog-#{Time.now.strftime('%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')}.#{$$}.log"
+    puts "\nLog file: #{logfile}"
+
+    $stdout = @stdout
+    File.write(logfile, @strio.tap(&:rewind).read)
+  end
+
+  class IOMultiplexer
+    def initialize(io1, io2)
+      @io1 = io1
+      @io2 = io2
+    end
+
+    [:write, :sync, :sync=, :puts, :print, :flush].each do |method|
+      define_method(method) do |*args|
+        @io1.send(method, *args)
+        @io2.send(method, *args)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :IOMultiplexer
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cstime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cstime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c3453e527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cstime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Cstime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'cstime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :cstime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cutime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cutime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e139962ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cutime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Cutime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'cutime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :cutime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d4693e8be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'erb'
+
+# A runner to measure after-JIT performance easily
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Mjit < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC]).extend(Module.new{
+    def parse(**)
+      jobs = super
+      jobs.map do |job|
+        job = job.dup
+        job.prelude = "#{job.prelude}\n#{<<~EOS}"
+          if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+            __bmdv_ruby_i = 0
+            while __bmdv_ruby_i < 10000 # jit_min_calls
+              #{job.script}
+              __bmdv_ruby_i += 1
+            end
+            RubyVM::MJIT.pause # compile
+            #{job.script}
+            RubyVM::MJIT.resume; RubyVM::MJIT.pause # recompile
+            #{job.script}
+            RubyVM::MJIT.resume; RubyVM::MJIT.pause # recompile 2
+          end
+        EOS
+        job
+      end
+    end
+  })
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eac3dfba84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'erb'
+
+# A special runner dedicated for measuring mjit_exec overhead.
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::MjitExec
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'Iteration per second', unit: 'i/s')
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(
+    :name,        # @param [String] name - This is mandatory for all runner
+    :metrics,     # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Metric>]
+    :num_methods, # @param [Integer] num_methods - The number of methods to be defined
+    :loop_count,  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+    :from_jit,    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] from_jit - Whether the mjit_exec() is from JIT or not
+    :to_jit,      # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] to_jit - Whether the mjit_exec() is to JIT or not
+  )
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  class << JobParser = Module.new
+    # @param [Array,String] num_methods
+    # @param [Integer] loop_count
+    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] from_jit
+    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] to_jit
+    def parse(num_methods:, loop_count:, from_jit:, to_jit:)
+      if num_methods.is_a?(String)
+        num_methods = eval(num_methods)
+      end
+
+      num_methods.map do |num|
+        if num_methods.size > 1
+          suffix = "[#{'%4d' % num}]"
+        else
+          suffix = "_#{num}"
+        end
+        Job.new(
+          name: "mjit_exec_#{from_jit ? 'JT' : 'VM'}2#{to_jit ? 'JT' : 'VM'}#{suffix}",
+          metrics: [METRIC],
+          num_methods: num,
+          loop_count: loop_count,
+          from_jit: from_jit,
+          to_jit: to_jit,
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
+  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
+    @config = config
+    @output = output
+    @contexts = contexts
+  end
+
+  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
+  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak::Job>] jobs
+  def run(jobs)
+    @output.with_benchmark do
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
+          @contexts.each do |context|
+            result = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: true, rest_on_average: :average) do
+              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
+            end
+            value, duration = result.value
+            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
+              @output.report(values: { METRIC => value }, duration: duration, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
+  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
+  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
+    if job.from_jit
+      if job.to_jit
+        benchmark = BenchmarkJT2JT.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+      else
+        raise NotImplementedError, "JT2VM is not implemented yet"
+      end
+    else
+      if job.to_jit
+        benchmark = BenchmarkVM2JT.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+      else
+        benchmark = BenchmarkVM2VM.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+      end
+    end
+
+    duration = Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-result', '.txt']) do |f|
+      with_script(benchmark.render(result: f.path)) do |path|
+        opt = []
+        if context.executable.command.any? { |c| c.start_with?('--jit') }
+          opt << '--jit-min-calls=2'
+        end
+        IO.popen([*context.executable.command, '--disable-gems', *opt, path], &:read)
+        if $?.success?
+          Float(f.read)
+        else
+          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    [job.loop_count.to_f / duration, duration]
+  end
+
+  def with_script(script)
+    if @config.verbose >= 2
+      sep = '-' * 30
+      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
+    end
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      f.puts script
+      f.close
+      return yield(f.path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [Integer] num_methods
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkVM2VM = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:)
+      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
+        % num_methods.times do |i|
+        def a<%= i %>
+          nil
+        end
+        % end
+        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+
+        def vm
+          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          i = 0
+          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
+        % 1000.times do |i|
+            a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
+          a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
+        end
+
+        vm # warmup call cache
+        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, vm)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkVM2VM
+
+  # @param [Integer] num_methods
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkVM2JT = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:)
+      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
+        % num_methods.times do |i|
+        def a<%= i %>
+          nil
+        end
+        a<%= i %>
+        a<%= i %> # --jit-min-calls=2
+        % end
+        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+
+        def vm
+          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          i = 0
+          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
+        % 1000.times do |i|
+            a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
+          a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
+        end
+
+        vm # warmup call cache
+        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, vm)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkVM2JT
+
+  # @param [Integer] num_methods
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkJT2JT = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:)
+      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
+        % num_methods.times do |i|
+        def a<%= i %>
+          nil
+        end
+        % end
+
+        # You may need to:
+        #   * Increase `JIT_ISEQ_SIZE_THRESHOLD` to 10000000 in mjit.h
+        #   * Always return false in `inlinable_iseq_p()` of mjit_compile.c
+        def jit
+          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          i = 0
+          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
+        % 1000.times do |i|
+            a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
+          a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
+        end
+
+        jit
+        jit
+        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, jit)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkJT2JT
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/peak.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/peak.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d04f2e51ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/peak.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job_parser'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(
+    name: 'Peak memory usage', unit: 'bytes', larger_better: false, worse_word: 'larger',
+  )
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
+  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
+    @config = config
+    @output = output
+    @contexts = contexts
+  end
+
+  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
+  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak::Job>] jobs
+  def run(jobs)
+    if jobs.any? { |job| job.loop_count.nil? }
+      jobs = jobs.map do |job|
+        job.loop_count ? job : Job.new(job.to_h.merge(loop_count: 1))
+      end
+    end
+
+    @output.with_benchmark do
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
+          job.runnable_contexts(@contexts).each do |context|
+            value = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: false) do
+              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
+            end
+            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
+              @output.report(values: { metric => value }, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
+  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
+  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
+    benchmark = BenchmarkScript.new(
+      preludes:   [context.prelude, job.prelude],
+      script:     job.script,
+      teardown:   job.teardown,
+      loop_count: job.loop_count,
+    )
+
+    memory_status = File.expand_path('../../../../tool/lib/memory_status', __dir__)
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      with_script(benchmark.render) do |path|
+        output = IO.popen([*context.executable.command, path, f.path, target, memory_status], &:read)
+        if $?.success?
+          Integer(f.read)
+        else
+          $stdout.print(output)
+          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Overridden by BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Size
+  def target
+    'peak'
+  end
+
+  # Overridden by BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Size
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  def with_script(script)
+    if @config.verbose >= 2
+      sep = '-' * 30
+      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
+    end
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      f.puts script
+      f.close
+      return yield(f.path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [String] prelude
+  # @param [String] script
+  # @param [String] teardown
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkScript = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:preludes, :script, :teardown, :loop_count) do
+    def render
+      prelude = preludes.reject(&:nil?).reject(&:empty?).join("\n")
+      <<-RUBY
+#{prelude}
+#{while_loop(script, loop_count)}
+#{teardown}
+
+result_file, target, memory_status = ARGV
+require_relative memory_status
+
+ms = Memory::Status.new
+case target.to_sym
+when :peak
+  key = ms.respond_to?(:hwm) ? :hwm : :peak
+when :size
+  key = ms.respond_to?(:rss) ? :rss : :size
+else
+  raise('unexpected target: ' + target)
+end
+
+File.write(result_file, ms[key])
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def while_loop(content, times)
+      if !times.is_a?(Integer) || times <= 0
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Unexpected times: #{times.inspect}")
+      end
+
+      if times > 1
+        <<-RUBY
+__bmdv_i = 0
+while __bmdv_i < #{times}
+  #{content}
+  __bmdv_i += 1
+end
+        RUBY
+      else
+        content
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkScript
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/size.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/size.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b31f901c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/size.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/peak'
+
+# Actually the same as BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Memory
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Size < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(
+    name: 'Max resident set size', unit: 'bytes', larger_better: false, worse_word: 'larger',
+  )
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak#target
+  def target
+    'size'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/stime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/stime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4577fb0bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/stime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Stime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'stime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :stime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/total.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/total.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64dc14f84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/total.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job_parser'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'Total time', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
+  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
+    @config = config
+    @output = output
+    @contexts = contexts
+  end
+
+  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
+  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total::Job>] jobs
+  def run(jobs)
+    if jobs.any? { |job| job.loop_count.nil? }
+      raise 'missing loop_count is not supported in Ruby repository'
+    end
+
+    @output.with_benchmark do
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
+          job.runnable_contexts(@contexts).each do |context|
+            duration = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: false) do
+              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
+            end
+            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
+              @output.report(values: { metric => duration }, duration: duration, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
+  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
+  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
+    benchmark = BenchmarkScript.new(
+      preludes:   [context.prelude, job.prelude],
+      script:     job.script,
+      teardown:   job.teardown,
+      loop_count: job.loop_count,
+    )
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      with_script(benchmark.render(result: f.path, target: target)) do |path|
+        IO.popen([*context.executable.command, path], &:read) # TODO: print stdout if verbose=2
+        if $?.success?
+          Float(f.read)
+        else
+          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method is overridden by some subclasses
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # This method is overridden by some subclasses
+  def target
+    :total
+  end
+
+  def with_script(script)
+    if @config.verbose >= 2
+      sep = '-' * 30
+      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
+    end
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      f.puts script
+      f.close
+      return yield(f.path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [String] prelude
+  # @param [String] script
+  # @param [String] teardown
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkScript = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:preludes, :script, :teardown, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:, target:)
+      prelude = preludes.reject(&:nil?).reject(&:empty?).join("\n")
+      <<-RUBY
+#{prelude}
+
+require 'benchmark'
+__bmdv_result = Benchmark.measure {
+  #{while_loop(script, loop_count)}
+}
+
+#{teardown}
+
+File.write(#{result.dump}, __bmdv_result.#{target})
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def while_loop(content, times)
+      if !times.is_a?(Integer) || times <= 0
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Unexpected times: #{times.inspect}")
+      elsif times == 1
+        return content
+      end
+
+      # TODO: execute in batch
+      <<-RUBY
+__bmdv_i = 0
+while __bmdv_i < #{times}
+  #{content}
+  __bmdv_i += 1
+end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkScript
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/utime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/utime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b61d83a188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/utime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Utime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'utime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :utime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/load.rb b/benchmark/lib/load.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31b770c484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/load.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# How to use this file:
+#   1. write a `$(srcdir)/test.rb` like:
+=begin
+require_relative 'benchmark/lib/load'
+
+Benchmark.driver(repeat_count: 5){|x|
+  x.executable name: 'clean-miniruby', command: %w'../clean-trunk/miniruby'
+  x.executable name: 'modif-miniruby', command: %w'./miniruby'
+
+  x.report %q{
+    h = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4}
+  }
+}
+=end
+#
+#  2. `make run`
+$:.unshift(File.join(__dir__, '../benchmark-driver/lib'))
+require 'benchmark_driver'
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_for.rb b/benchmark/loop_for.rb
index 0fc4cc1511..0fc4cc1511 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_for.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_for.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_generator.rb b/benchmark/loop_generator.rb
index d3375c744c..d3375c744c 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_generator.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_generator.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_times.rb b/benchmark/loop_times.rb
index 521f72ad1a..521f72ad1a 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_times.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_times.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop.rb b/benchmark/loop_whileloop.rb
index 0072822c06..0072822c06 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_whileloop.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop2.rb b/benchmark/loop_whileloop2.rb
index 47d02dffc4..47d02dffc4 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_whileloop2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/make_fasta_output.rb b/benchmark/make_fasta_output.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d787ae27..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/make_fasta_output.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# prepare 'fasta.output'
-
-def prepare_fasta_output n
-  filebase = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output')
-  script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
-  file = "#{filebase}.#{n}"
-
-  unless FileTest.exist?(file)
-    STDERR.puts "preparing #{file}"
-
-    open(file, 'w'){|f|
-      ARGV[0] = n
-      $stdout = f
-      load script
-      $stdout = STDOUT
-    }
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_flo.rb b/benchmark/marshal_dump_flo.rb
index 9b8d0c6afb..9b8d0c6afb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_flo.rb
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_flo.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb
index 8252ad90fa..8252ad90fa 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_time.rb b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_time.rb
index e29743b791..e29743b791 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_time.rb
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_time.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/match_gt4.rb b/benchmark/match_gt4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffda109912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/match_gt4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times { /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.") }
diff --git a/benchmark/match_small.rb b/benchmark/match_small.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b743d484a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/match_small.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times { 'haystack'.match(/hay/) }
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c303c7a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
+num_methods: [1]
+#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
+loop_count: 50000000
+from_jit: true
+to_jit: true
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..764883f070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
+num_methods: [1]
+#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
+loop_count: 50000000
+from_jit: false
+to_jit: true
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..030aa76c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
+num_methods: [1]
+#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
+loop_count: 50000000
+from_jit: false
+to_jit: false
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exivar.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exivar.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2584fa6410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exivar.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  class Bench < Hash
+    def initialize
+      @exivar = nil
+    end
+
+    def exivar
+      @exivar
+    end
+  end
+
+  bench = Bench.new
+
+benchmark:
+  mjit_exivar: bench.exivar
+
+loop_count: 200000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_integer.yml b/benchmark/mjit_integer.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edc3556479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_integer.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_abs(int)        int.abs        end
+  def mjit_bit_length(int) int.bit_length end
+  def mjit_comp(int)       ~int           end
+  def mjit_even?(int)      int.even?      end
+  def mjit_integer?(int)   int.integer?   end
+  def mjit_magnitude(int)  int.magnitude  end
+  def mjit_odd?(int)       int.odd?       end
+  def mjit_ord(int)        int.ord        end
+  def mjit_to_i(int)       int.to_i       end
+  def mjit_to_int(int)     int.to_int     end
+  def mjit_uminus(int)     -int           end
+  def mjit_zero?(int)      int.zero?      end
+
+benchmark:
+  - mjit_abs(-1)
+  - mjit_bit_length(100)
+  - mjit_comp(1)
+  - mjit_even?(2)
+  - mjit_integer?(0)
+  - mjit_magnitude(-1)
+  - mjit_odd?(1)
+  - mjit_ord(1)
+  - mjit_to_i(1)
+  - mjit_to_int(1)
+  - mjit_uminus(1)
+  - mjit_zero?(0)
+
+loop_count: 40000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_kernel.yml b/benchmark/mjit_kernel.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7720e65c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_kernel.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_class(obj)
+    obj.class
+  end
+
+  def mjit_frozen?(obj)
+    obj.frozen?
+  end
+
+  str = ""
+  fstr = "".freeze
+
+benchmark:
+  - mjit_class(self)
+  - mjit_class(1)
+  - mjit_frozen?(str)
+  - mjit_frozen?(fstr)
+
+loop_count: 40000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_leave.yml b/benchmark/mjit_leave.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ac68b164b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_leave.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def leave
+    nil
+  end
+benchmark:
+  mjit_leave: leave
+loop_count: 200000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_opt_cc_insns.yml b/benchmark/mjit_opt_cc_insns.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fed6d34bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_opt_cc_insns.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# opt_* insns using vm_method_cfunc_is with send-compatible operands:
+#   * opt_nil_p
+#   * opt_not
+#   * opt_eq
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_nil?(obj)
+    obj.nil?
+  end
+
+  def mjit_not(obj)
+    !obj
+  end
+
+  def mjit_eq(a, b)
+    a == b
+  end
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: mjit_nil?(1)
+    loop_count: 40000000
+  - script: mjit_not(1)
+    loop_count: 40000000
+  - script: mjit_eq(1, nil)
+    loop_count: 8000000
+  - script: mjit_eq(nil, 1)
+    loop_count: 8000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_struct_aref.yml b/benchmark/mjit_struct_aref.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfba1323f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_struct_aref.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_struct_aref(struct)
+    struct.aa
+  end
+  struct = Struct.new(:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3, :a4, :a5, :a6, :a7, :a8, :a9, :aa).new
+
+benchmark: mjit_struct_aref(struct)
+
+loop_count: 40000000
diff --git a/benchmark/nil_p.yml b/benchmark/nil_p.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79ba4f2177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/nil_p.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Niller; def nil?; true; end; end
+  xnil, notnil = nil, Object.new
+  niller = Niller.new
+benchmark:
+  - xnil.nil?
+  - notnil.nil?
+  - niller.nil?
+loop_count: 10000000
diff --git a/benchmark/num_zero_p.yml b/benchmark/num_zero_p.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2195963433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/num_zero_p.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+benchmark:
+  - 0.zero?
+  - 1.zero?
+  - 0r.zero?
+  - 1r.zero?
+  - 0i.zero?
+  - 1i.zero?
+loop_count: 50000000
diff --git a/benchmark/object_allocate.yml b/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93ff463e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Eight
+    8.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  class ThirtyTwo
+    32.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  class SixtyFour
+    64.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  class OneTwentyEight
+    128.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  # Disable GC to see raw throughput:
+  GC.disable
+benchmark:
+  allocate_8_deep: Eight.new
+  allocate_32_deep: ThirtyTwo.new
+  allocate_64_deep: SixtyFour.new
+  allocate_128_deep: OneTwentyEight.new
+loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/objspace_dump_all.yml b/benchmark/objspace_dump_all.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebab562d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/objspace_dump_all.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'objspace'
+  require 'tempfile'
+  $objs = 1_000.times.map { Object.new }
+  $strings = 1_000.times.map { |i| "string #{i}" }
+  $file = Tempfile.new('heap')
+  $dev_null = File.open(File::NULL, 'w+')
+
+benchmark:
+  dump_all_string: "ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string)"
+  dump_all_file: "ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: $file)"
+  dump_all_dev_null: "ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: $dev_null)"
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py b/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py
index 01593965d9..1ce9f76275 100644
--- a/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py
+++ b/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 def factL(n):
 	r = 1
-	for x in range(2, n):
+	for x in range(2, n+1):
 		r *= x
 	return r
 
diff --git a/benchmark/pm_array.yml b/benchmark/pm_array.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..babb65a289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/pm_array.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+prelude: |
+  def call(*val)
+    case val
+      in [String => body]
+        [200, {}, [body]]
+      in [Integer => status]
+        [status, {}, [""]]
+      in [Integer, String] => response
+        [response[0], {}, [response[1]]]
+      in [Integer, Hash, String] => response
+        [response[0], response[1], [response[2]]]
+    end
+  end
+
+benchmark:
+  first_match: call("ok")
+  second_match: call(401)
+  third_match: call(200, "ok")
+  fourth_match: call(201, {}, "created")
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_require.rb b/benchmark/prepare_require.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c4786f04ad..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_require.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-require "fileutils"
-
-def prepare
-  num_files = 10000
-
-  basename = File.dirname($0)
-  data_dir = File.join(basename, "bm_require.data")
-
-  # skip if all of files exists
-  if File.exist?(File.join(data_dir, "c#{num_files}.rb"))
-    return
-  end
-
-  FileUtils.mkdir_p(data_dir)
-
-  1.upto(num_files) do |i|
-    f = File.open("#{data_dir}/c#{i}.rb", "w")
-    f.puts <<-END
-      class C#{i}
-      end
-    END
-  end
-end
-
-prepare
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_require_thread.rb b/benchmark/prepare_require_thread.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 339ecb8b39..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_require_thread.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-load File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "prepare_require.rb")
-
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_so_count_words.rb b/benchmark/prepare_so_count_words.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee2138cdb2..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_so_count_words.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# prepare 'wc.input'
-
-def prepare_wc_input
-  wcinput = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input')
-  wcbase  = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input.base')
-  unless FileTest.exist?(wcinput)
-    data = File.read(wcbase)
-    13.times{
-      data << data
-    }
-    open(wcinput, 'w'){|f| f.write data}
-  end
-end
-
-prepare_wc_input
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_so_k_nucleotide.rb b/benchmark/prepare_so_k_nucleotide.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d83aeb7a7e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_so_k_nucleotide.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require_relative 'make_fasta_output'
-prepare_fasta_output(100_000)
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_so_reverse_complement.rb b/benchmark/prepare_so_reverse_complement.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index da3ec2df14..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_so_reverse_complement.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require_relative 'make_fasta_output'
-prepare_fasta_output(2_500_000)
diff --git a/benchmark/range_last.yml b/benchmark/range_last.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6674f82ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/range_last.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  - (1..1_000_000).last(100)
+  - (1..1_000_000).last(1000)
+  - (1..1_000_000).last(10000)
diff --git a/benchmark/realpath.yml b/benchmark/realpath.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90a029d5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/realpath.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+prelude: |
+  f = File
+  pwd = Dir.pwd
+  Dir.mkdir('b') unless f.directory?('b')
+  f.write('b/a', '') unless f.file?('b/a')
+
+  relative = 'b/a'
+  absolute = File.join(pwd, relative)
+  dir = 'b'
+  file = 'a'
+
+  relative_dir = 'b/c'
+  absolute_dir = File.join(pwd, relative_dir)
+  file_dir = 'c'
+benchmark:
+  relative_nil: "f.realpath(relative, nil)"
+  absolute_nil: "f.realpath(absolute, nil)"
+  relative_relative: "f.realpath(file, dir)"
+  absolute_relative: "f.realpath(absolute, dir)"
+  relative_absolute: "f.realpath(relative, pwd)"
+  relative_nil_dir: "f.realdirpath(relative_dir, nil)"
+  absolute_nil_dir: "f.realdirpath(absolute_dir, nil)"
+  relative_relative_dir: "f.realdirpath(file_dir, dir)"
+  absolute_relative_dir: "f.realdirpath(absolute_dir, dir)"
+  relative_absolute_dir: "f.realdirpath(relative_dir, pwd)"
+  relative_nil_notexist: "f.realpath(relative_dir, nil) rescue nil"
+  absolute_nil_notexist: "f.realpath(absolute_dir, nil) rescue nil"
+  relative_relative_notexist: "f.realpath(file_dir, dir) rescue nil"
+  absolute_relative_notexist: "f.realpath(absolute_dir, dir) rescue nil"
+  relative_absolute_notexist: "f.realpath(relative_dir, pwd) rescue nil"
diff --git a/benchmark/report.rb b/benchmark/report.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d2dc56b1e1..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/report.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-#
-# YARV benchmark driver
-#
-
-require 'yarvutil'
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-def exec_command type, file, w
-  <<-EOP
-  $DRIVER_PATH = '#{File.dirname($0)}'
-  $LOAD_PATH.replace $LOAD_PATH | #{$LOAD_PATH.inspect}
-  require 'benchmark'
-  require 'yarvutil'
-#  print '#{type}'
-  begin
-    puts Benchmark.measure{
-      #{w}('#{file}')
-    }.utime
-  rescue Exception => exec_command_error_variable
-    puts "\t" + exec_command_error_variable.message
-  end
-  EOP
-end
-
-def benchmark cmd
-  rubybin = ENV['RUBY'] || RbConfig.ruby
-
-  IO.popen(rubybin, 'r+'){|io|
-    io.write cmd
-    io.close_write
-    return io.gets
-  }
-end
-
-def ruby_exec file
-  prog = exec_command 'ruby', file, 'load'
-  benchmark prog
-end
-
-def yarv_exec file
-  prog = exec_command 'yarv', file, 'YARVUtil.load_bm'
-  benchmark prog
-end
-
-$wr = $wy = nil
-
-def measure bench
-  file = File.dirname($0) + "/bm_#{bench}.rb"
-  r = ruby_exec(file).to_f
-  y = yarv_exec(file).to_f
-  puts "#{bench}\t#{r}\t#{y}"
-end
-
-def measure2
-  r = ruby_exec.to_f
-  y = yarv_exec.to_f
-  puts r/y
-end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  %w{
-    whileloop
-    whileloop2
-    times
-    const
-    method
-    poly_method
-    block
-    rescue
-    rescue2
-  }.each{|bench|
-    measure bench
-  }
-end
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/require.yml b/benchmark/require.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09f218cf08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/require.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+prelude: |
+  require "fileutils"
+
+  def prepare
+    num_files = 10000
+
+    basename = File.dirname($0)
+    data_dir = File.join(basename, "bm_require.data")
+
+    # skip if all of files exists
+    if File.exist?(File.join(data_dir, "c#{num_files}.rb"))
+      return
+    end
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(data_dir)
+
+    1.upto(num_files) do |i|
+      File.write("#{data_dir}/c#{i}.rb", "class C#{i}\n""end\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  prepare
+benchmark:
+  require: |
+    $:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
+
+    1.upto(10000) do |i|
+      require "c#{i}"
+    end
+
+    $:.pop
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/require_thread.yml b/benchmark/require_thread.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c63257106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/require_thread.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+prelude: |
+  require "fileutils"
+
+  def prepare
+    num_files = 10000
+
+    basename = File.dirname($0)
+    data_dir = File.join(basename, "bm_require.data")
+
+    # skip if all of files exists
+    if File.exist?(File.join(data_dir, "c#{num_files}.rb"))
+      return
+    end
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(data_dir)
+
+    1.upto(num_files) do |i|
+      File.write("#{data_dir}/c#{i}.rb", "class C#{i}\n""end\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  prepare
+benchmark:
+  require_thread: |
+    $:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
+
+    i=0
+    t = Thread.new do
+      while true
+        i = i+1 # dummy loop
+      end
+    end
+
+    1.upto(100) do |i|
+      require "c#{i}"
+    end
+
+    $:.pop
+    t.kill
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/run.rb b/benchmark/run.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cd2363849..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/run.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Ruby benchmark driver
-#
-
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-$matzrubyonly = false
-$rubyonly = false
-
-$results  = []
-
-# prepare 'wc.input'
-def prepare_wc_input
-  wcinput = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input')
-  wcbase  = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input.base')
-  unless FileTest.exist?(wcinput)
-    data = File.read(wcbase)
-    13.times{
-      data << data
-    }
-    open(wcinput, 'w'){|f| f.write data}
-  end
-end
-
-prepare_wc_input
-
-def bm file
-  prog = File.readlines(file).map{|e| e.rstrip}.join("\n")
-  return if prog.empty?
-
-  /[a-z]+_(.+)\.rb/ =~ file
-  bm_name = $1
-  puts '-----------------------------------------------------------' unless $rubyonly || $matzrubyonly
-  puts "#{bm_name}: "
-
-
-puts <<EOS unless $matzrubyonly || $rubyonly
-#{prog}
---
-EOS
-  begin
-    result = [bm_name]
-    result << matzruby_exec(file) unless $rubyonly
-    result << ruby_exec(file) unless $matzrubyonly
-    $results << result
-
-  rescue Exception => e
-    puts
-    puts "** benchmark failure: #{e}"
-    puts e.backtrace
-  end
-end
-
-def benchmark file, bin
-  m = Benchmark.measure{
-    `#{bin} #{$opts} #{file}`
-  }
-  sec = '%.3f' % m.real
-  puts " #{sec}"
-  sec
-end
-
-def ruby_exec file
-  print 'ruby'
-  benchmark file, $ruby_program
-end
-
-def matzruby_exec file
-  print 'matz'
-  rubylib = ENV['RUBYLIB']
-  ENV['RUBYLIB'] = ''
-  r = benchmark file, $matzruby_program
-  ENV['RUBYLIB'] = rubylib
-  r
-end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  ARGV.each{|arg|
-    case arg
-    when /\A--ruby=(.+)/
-      $ruby_program = $1
-    when /\A--matzruby=(.+)/
-      $matzruby_program = $1
-    when /\A--opts=(.+)/
-      $opts = $1
-    when /\A(-r|--only-ruby)\z/
-      $rubyonly = true
-    when /\A(-m|--only-matzruby)\z/
-      $matzrubyonly = true
-    end
-  }
-  ARGV.delete_if{|arg|
-    /\A-/ =~ arg
-  }
-
-  puts "MatzRuby:"
-  system("#{$matzruby_program} -v")
-  puts "Ruby:"
-  system("#{$ruby_program} -v")
-  puts
-
-  if ARGV.empty?
-    Dir.glob(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/bm_*.rb').sort.each{|file|
-      bm file
-    }
-  else
-    ARGV.each{|file|
-      Dir.glob(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), file + '*')){|ef|
-        # file = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/#{file}.rb"
-        bm ef
-      }
-    }
-  end
-
-  puts
-  puts "-- benchmark summary ---------------------------"
-  $results.each{|res|
-    print res.shift, "\t"
-    (res||[]).each{|result|
-      /([\d\.]+)/ =~ result
-      print $1 + "\t" if $1
-    }
-    puts
-  }
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/runc.rb b/benchmark/runc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 97c5cef045..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/runc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#
-
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-$rubybin = ENV['RUBY'] || RbConfig.ruby
-
-def runfile file
-  puts file
-  file = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'contrib', file)
-  Benchmark.bm{|x|
-    x.report('ruby'){
-      system("#{$rubybin} #{file}")
-    }
-    x.report('yarv'){
-      system("#{$rubybin} -rite -I.. #{file}")
-    }
-  }
-end
-
-ARGV.each{|file|
-  runfile file
-}
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_securerandom.rb b/benchmark/securerandom.rb
index a082ea6d5b..a082ea6d5b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_securerandom.rb
+++ b/benchmark/securerandom.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_ackermann.rb b/benchmark/so_ackermann.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4effa1ecaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_ackermann.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: ackermann-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:40:41 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+
+def ack(m, n)
+    if m == 0 then
+        n + 1
+    elsif n == 0 then
+        ack(m - 1, 1)
+    else
+        ack(m - 1, ack(m, n - 1))
+    end
+end
+
+NUM = 9
+ack(3, NUM)
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/so_array.rb b/benchmark/so_array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..767e03db5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: ary-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:27 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# with help from Paul Brannan and Mark Hubbart
+
+n = 9000 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
+
+x = Array.new(n)
+y = Array.new(n, 0)
+
+n.times{|bi|
+  x[bi] = bi + 1
+}
+
+(0 .. 999).each do |e|
+  (n-1).step(0,-1) do |bi|
+    y[bi] += x.at(bi)
+  end
+end
+# puts "#{y.first} #{y.last}"
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_binary_trees.rb b/benchmark/so_binary_trees.rb
index b1693e4109..b1693e4109 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_binary_trees.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_binary_trees.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_concatenate.rb b/benchmark/so_concatenate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4468e20ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_concatenate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: strcat-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:28 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# based on code from Aristarkh A Zagorodnikov and Dat Nguyen
+
+STUFF = "hello\n"
+i = 0
+while i<10
+  i += 1
+  hello = ''
+  4_000_000.times do |e|
+    hello << STUFF
+  end
+end
+# puts hello.length
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/so_count_words.yml b/benchmark/so_count_words.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99683505f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_count_words.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+prelude: |
+  #!/usr/bin/ruby
+
+  wc_input_base = <<EOS
+  Subject:      Re: Who was Izchak Miller?
+  From:         "Jane D. Anonymous" <nobody@yale.edu>
+  Date:         1996/04/28
+  Message-Id:   <4lv7bc$oh@news.ycc.yale.edu>
+  References:   <317C405E.5DFA@panix.com> <4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net>
+  To:           75176.2330@compuserve.com
+  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
+  Organization: Yale University
+  X-Url:        news:4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net
+  Mime-Version: 1.0
+  Newsgroups:   rec.games.roguelike.nethack
+  X-Mailer:     Mozilla 1.1N (Macintosh; I; 68K)
+
+  Hello there, Izchak Miller was my father.  When I was younger I spent 
+  many a night, hunched over the keyboard with a cup of tea, playing 
+  nethack with him and my brother.  my dad was a philosopher with a strong 
+  weakness for fantasy/sci fi.  I remember when he started to get involved 
+  with the Nethack team- my brother's Dungeons and Dragons monster book 
+  found a regular place beside my dad's desk. it's nice to see him living 
+  on in the game he loved so much :-).  
+                                                                    Tamar Miller
+
+  The following is a really long word of 5000 characters:
+
+  wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
+  EOS
+
+  # prepare 'wc.input'
+
+  def prepare_wc_input(wcbase)
+    wcinput = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input')
+    unless FileTest.exist?(wcinput)
+      data = wcbase.dup
+      13.times{
+        data << data
+      }
+      open(wcinput, 'w'){|f| f.write data}
+    end
+  end
+
+  prepare_wc_input(wc_input_base)
+
+benchmark:
+  so_count_words: |
+    # $Id: wc-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:32 bfulgham Exp $
+    # http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+    # with help from Paul Brannan
+    input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input'), 'rb')
+
+    nl = nw = nc = 0
+    while true
+      tmp = input.read(4096) or break
+      data = tmp << (input.gets || "")
+      nc += data.length
+      nl += data.count("\n")
+      ((data.strip! || data).tr!("\n", " ") || data).squeeze!
+      nw += data.count(" ") + 1
+    end
+    # STDERR.puts "#{nl} #{nw} #{nc}"
+
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/so_exception.rb b/benchmark/so_exception.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb205b4df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_exception.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: except-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:33 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+
+$HI = 0
+$LO = 0
+NUM = 250000 # Integer(ARGV[0] || 1)
+
+
+class Lo_Exception < Exception
+  def initialize(num)
+    @value = num
+  end
+end
+
+class Hi_Exception < Exception
+  def initialize(num)
+    @value = num
+  end
+end
+
+def some_function(num)
+  begin
+    hi_function(num)
+  rescue
+    print "We shouldn't get here, exception is: #{$!.type}\n"
+  end
+end
+
+def hi_function(num)
+  begin
+    lo_function(num)
+  rescue Hi_Exception
+    $HI = $HI + 1
+  end
+end
+
+def lo_function(num)
+  begin
+    blowup(num)
+  rescue Lo_Exception
+    $LO = $LO + 1
+  end
+end
+
+def blowup(num)
+  if num % 2 == 0
+    raise Lo_Exception.new(num)
+  else
+    raise Hi_Exception.new(num)
+  end
+end
+
+
+i = 1
+max = NUM+1
+while i < max
+  i += 1
+  some_function(i+1)
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_fannkuch.rb b/benchmark/so_fannkuch.rb
index bac5ecd44c..bac5ecd44c 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_fannkuch.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_fannkuch.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_fasta.rb b/benchmark/so_fasta.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcc6b39507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_fasta.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# The Computer Language Shootout
+# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+# Contributed by Sokolov Yura
+
+$last = 42.0
+def gen_random(max, im=139968, ia=3877, ic=29573)
+    (max * ($last = ($last * ia + ic) % im)) / im
+end
+
+alu =
+   "GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGG"+
+   "GAGGCCGAGGCGGGCGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTCGAGA"+
+   "CCAGCCTGGCCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAAT"+
+   "ACAAAAATTAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGCGCGCCTGTAATCCCA"+
+   "GCTACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCGCTTGAACCCGGG"+
+   "AGGCGGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCC"+
+   "AGCCTGGGCGACAGAGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAA"
+
+iub = [
+    ["a", 0.27],
+    ["c", 0.12],
+    ["g", 0.12],
+    ["t", 0.27],
+
+    ["B", 0.02],
+    ["D", 0.02],
+    ["H", 0.02],
+    ["K", 0.02],
+    ["M", 0.02],
+    ["N", 0.02],
+    ["R", 0.02],
+    ["S", 0.02],
+    ["V", 0.02],
+    ["W", 0.02],
+    ["Y", 0.02],
+]
+homosapiens = [
+    ["a", 0.3029549426680],
+    ["c", 0.1979883004921],
+    ["g", 0.1975473066391],
+    ["t", 0.3015094502008],
+]
+
+def make_repeat_fasta(id, desc, src, n)
+    puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+    v = nil
+    width = 60
+    l = src.length
+    s = src * ((n / l) + 1)
+    s.slice!(n, l)
+    puts(s.scan(/.{1,#{width}}/).join("\n"))
+end
+
+def make_random_fasta(id, desc, table, n)
+    puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+    rand, v = nil,nil
+    width = 60
+    chunk = 1 * width
+    prob = 0.0
+    table.each{|v| v[1]= (prob += v[1])}
+    for i in 1..(n/width)
+        puts((1..width).collect{
+            rand = gen_random(1.0)
+            table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+        }.join)
+    end
+    if n%width != 0
+        puts((1..(n%width)).collect{
+            rand = gen_random(1.0)
+            table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+        }.join)
+    end
+end
+
+
+n = (ARGV[0] or 250_000).to_i
+
+make_repeat_fasta('ONE', 'Homo sapiens alu', alu, n*2)
+make_random_fasta('TWO', 'IUB ambiguity codes', iub, n*3)
+make_random_fasta('THREE', 'Homo sapiens frequency', homosapiens, n*5)
+
diff --git a/benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml b/benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7df086c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+prelude: |
+  bm_so_fasta = <<'EOS'
+  # The Computer Language Shootout
+  # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+  # Contributed by Sokolov Yura
+
+  $last = 42.0
+  def gen_random(max, im=139968, ia=3877, ic=29573)
+      (max * ($last = ($last * ia + ic) % im)) / im
+  end
+
+  alu =
+     "GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGG"+
+     "GAGGCCGAGGCGGGCGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTCGAGA"+
+     "CCAGCCTGGCCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAAT"+
+     "ACAAAAATTAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGCGCGCCTGTAATCCCA"+
+     "GCTACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCGCTTGAACCCGGG"+
+     "AGGCGGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCC"+
+     "AGCCTGGGCGACAGAGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAA"
+
+  iub = [
+      ["a", 0.27],
+      ["c", 0.12],
+      ["g", 0.12],
+      ["t", 0.27],
+
+      ["B", 0.02],
+      ["D", 0.02],
+      ["H", 0.02],
+      ["K", 0.02],
+      ["M", 0.02],
+      ["N", 0.02],
+      ["R", 0.02],
+      ["S", 0.02],
+      ["V", 0.02],
+      ["W", 0.02],
+      ["Y", 0.02],
+  ]
+  homosapiens = [
+      ["a", 0.3029549426680],
+      ["c", 0.1979883004921],
+      ["g", 0.1975473066391],
+      ["t", 0.3015094502008],
+  ]
+
+  def make_repeat_fasta(id, desc, src, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      v = nil
+      width = 60
+      l = src.length
+      s = src * ((n / l) + 1)
+      s.slice!(n, l)
+      puts(s.scan(/.{1,#{width}}/).join("\n"))
+  end
+
+  def make_random_fasta(id, desc, table, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      rand, v = nil,nil
+      width = 60
+      chunk = 1 * width
+      prob = 0.0
+      table.each{|v| v[1]= (prob += v[1])}
+      for i in 1..(n/width)
+          puts((1..width).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+      if n%width != 0
+          puts((1..(n%width)).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+  end
+
+
+  n = (ARGV[0] or 250_000).to_i
+
+  make_repeat_fasta('ONE', 'Homo sapiens alu', alu, n*2)
+  make_random_fasta('TWO', 'IUB ambiguity codes', iub, n*3)
+  make_random_fasta('THREE', 'Homo sapiens frequency', homosapiens, n*5)
+  EOS
+benchmark:
+  - name: so_k_nucleotide
+    prelude: |
+      script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+      File.write(script, bm_so_fasta)
+
+      def prepare_fasta_output n
+        filebase = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output')
+        script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+        file = "#{filebase}.#{n}"
+
+        unless FileTest.exist?(file)
+          STDERR.puts "preparing #{file}"
+
+          open(file, 'w'){|f|
+            ARGV[0] = n
+            $stdout = f
+            load script
+            $stdout = STDOUT
+          }
+        end
+      end
+      prepare_fasta_output(100_000)
+    script: |
+      # The Computer Language Shootout
+      # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org
+      #
+      # contributed by jose fco. gonzalez
+      # modified by Sokolov Yura
+
+      seq = String.new
+
+      def frecuency( seq,length )
+          n, table = seq.length - length + 1, Hash.new(0)
+          f, i = nil, nil
+          (0 ... length).each do |f|
+              (f ... n).step(length) do |i|
+                  table[seq[i,length]] += 1
+              end
+          end
+          [n,table]
+
+      end
+
+      def sort_by_freq( seq,length )
+          n,table = frecuency( seq,length )
+          a, b, v = nil, nil, nil
+          table.sort{|a,b| b[1] <=> a[1]}.each do |v|
+              puts "%s %.3f" % [v[0].upcase,((v[1]*100).to_f/n)]
+          end
+          puts
+      end
+
+      def find_seq( seq,s )
+          n,table = frecuency( seq,s.length )
+          puts "#{table[s].to_s}\t#{s.upcase}"
+      end
+
+      input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.100000'), 'rb')
+
+      line = input.gets while line !~ /^>THREE/
+      line = input.gets
+
+      while (line !~ /^>/) & line do
+          seq << line.chomp
+          line = input.gets
+      end
+
+      [1,2].each {|i| sort_by_freq( seq,i ) }
+
+      %w(ggt ggta ggtatt ggtattttaatt ggtattttaatttatagt).each{|s| find_seq( seq,s) }
+    loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_lists.rb b/benchmark/so_lists.rb
index e8f4a2a5f7..e8f4a2a5f7 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_lists.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_lists.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_mandelbrot.rb b/benchmark/so_mandelbrot.rb
index 76331c64b8..76331c64b8 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_mandelbrot.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_mandelbrot.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_matrix.rb b/benchmark/so_matrix.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d1e72bda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_matrix.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: matrix-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:14 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+
+n = 60 #Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
+
+size = 40
+
+def mkmatrix(rows, cols)
+    count = 1
+    mx = Array.new(rows)
+    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
+        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
+        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
+            row[j] = count
+            count += 1
+        end
+        mx[bi] = row
+    end
+    mx
+end
+
+def mmult(rows, cols, m1, m2)
+    m3 = Array.new(rows)
+    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
+        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
+        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
+            val = 0
+            (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |k|
+                val += m1.at(bi).at(k) * m2.at(k).at(j)
+            end
+            row[j] = val
+        end
+        m3[bi] = row
+    end
+    m3
+end
+
+m1 = mkmatrix(size, size)
+m2 = mkmatrix(size, size)
+mm = Array.new
+n.times do
+    mm = mmult(size, size, m1, m2)
+end
+# puts "#{mm[0][0]} #{mm[2][3]} #{mm[3][2]} #{mm[4][4]}"
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb b/benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c136baa6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# The Computer Language Shootout
+#   http://shootout.alioth.debian.org
+#   contributed by Kevin Barnes (Ruby novice)
+
+# PROGRAM:  the main body is at the bottom.
+#   1) read about the problem here: http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-javaopt/
+#   2) see how I represent a board as a bitmask by reading the blank_board comments
+#   3) read as your mental paths take you
+
+def print *args
+end
+
+# class to represent all information about a particular rotation of a particular piece
+class Rotation
+  # an array (by location) containing a bit mask for how the piece maps at the given location.
+  # if the rotation is invalid at that location the mask will contain false
+  attr_reader :start_masks
+
+  # maps a direction to a relative location.  these differ depending on whether it is an even or
+  # odd row being mapped from
+  @@rotation_even_adder = { :west => -1, :east => 1, :nw => -7, :ne => -6, :sw => 5, :se => 6 }
+  @@rotation_odd_adder = { :west => -1, :east => 1, :nw => -6, :ne => -5, :sw => 6, :se => 7 }
+
+  def initialize( directions )
+    @even_offsets, @odd_offsets = normalize_offsets( get_values( directions ))
+
+    @even_mask = mask_for_offsets( @even_offsets)
+    @odd_mask = mask_for_offsets( @odd_offsets)
+
+    @start_masks = Array.new(60)
+
+    # create the rotational masks by placing the base mask at the location and seeing if
+    # 1) it overlaps the boundaries and 2) it produces a prunable board.  if either of these
+    # is true the piece cannot be placed
+    0.upto(59) do | offset |
+      mask = is_even(offset) ? (@even_mask << offset) : (@odd_mask << offset)
+      if (blank_board & mask == 0 && !prunable(blank_board | mask, 0, true)) then
+        imask = compute_required( mask, offset)
+        @start_masks[offset] = [ mask, imask, imask | mask ]
+      else
+        @start_masks[offset] = false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def compute_required( mask, offset )
+    board = blank_board
+    0.upto(offset) { | i | board |= 1 << i }
+    board |= mask
+    return 0 if (!prunable(board | mask, offset))
+    board = flood_fill(board,58)
+    count = 0
+    imask = 0
+    0.upto(59) do | i |
+      if (board[i] == 0) then
+        imask |= (1 << i)
+        count += 1
+      end
+    end
+    (count > 0 && count < 5) ? imask : 0
+  end
+
+  def flood_fill( board, location)
+    return board if (board[location] == 1)
+    board |= 1 << location
+    row, col = location.divmod(6)
+    board = flood_fill( board, location - 1) if (col > 0)
+    board = flood_fill( board, location + 1) if (col < 4)
+    if (row % 2 == 0) then
+      board = flood_fill( board, location - 7) if (col > 0 && row > 0)
+      board = flood_fill( board, location - 6) if (row > 0)
+      board = flood_fill( board, location + 6) if (row < 9)
+      board = flood_fill( board, location + 5) if (col > 0 && row < 9)
+    else
+      board = flood_fill( board, location - 5) if (col < 4 && row > 0)
+      board = flood_fill( board, location - 6) if (row > 0)
+      board = flood_fill( board, location + 6) if (row < 9)
+      board = flood_fill( board, location + 7) if (col < 4 && row < 9)
+    end
+    board
+  end
+
+  # given a location, produces a list of relative locations covered by the piece at this rotation
+  def offsets( location)
+    if is_even( location) then
+      @even_offsets.collect { | value | value + location }
+    else
+      @odd_offsets.collect { | value | value + location }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # returns a set of offsets relative to the top-left most piece of the rotation (by even or odd rows)
+  # this is hard to explain. imagine we have this partial board:
+  #   0 0 0 0 0 x        [positions 0-5]
+  #    0 0 1 1 0 x       [positions 6-11]
+  #   0 0 1 0 0 x        [positions 12-17]
+  #    0 1 0 0 0 x       [positions 18-23]
+  #   0 1 0 0 0 x        [positions 24-29]
+  #    0 0 0 0 0 x       [positions 30-35]
+  #       ...
+  # The top-left of the piece is at position 8, the
+  # board would be passed as a set of positions (values array) containing [8,9,14,19,25] not necessarily in that
+  # sorted order.  Since that array starts on an odd row, the offsets for an odd row are: [0,1,6,11,17] obtained
+  # by subtracting 8 from everything.  Now imagine the piece shifted up and to the right so it's on an even row:
+  #   0 0 0 1 1 x        [positions 0-5]
+  #    0 0 1 0 0 x       [positions 6-11]
+  #   0 0 1 0 0 x        [positions 12-17]
+  #    0 1 0 0 0 x       [positions 18-23]
+  #   0 0 0 0 0 x        [positions 24-29]
+  #    0 0 0 0 0 x       [positions 30-35]
+  #       ...
+  # Now the positions are [3,4,8,14,19] which after subtracting the lowest value (3) gives [0,1,5,11,16] thus, the
+  # offsets for this particular piece are (in even, odd order) [0,1,5,11,16],[0,1,6,11,17] which is what
+  # this function would return
+  def normalize_offsets( values)
+    min = values.min
+    even_min = is_even(min)
+    other_min = even_min ? min + 6 : min + 7
+    other_values = values.collect do | value |
+      if is_even(value) then
+        value + 6 - other_min
+      else
+        value + 7 - other_min
+      end
+    end
+    values.collect! { | value | value - min }
+
+    if even_min then
+      [values, other_values]
+    else
+      [other_values, values]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # produce a bitmask representation of an array of offset locations
+  def mask_for_offsets( offsets )
+    mask = 0
+    offsets.each { | value | mask = mask + ( 1 << value ) }
+    mask
+  end
+
+  # finds a "safe" position that a position as described by a list of directions can be placed
+  # without falling off any edge of the board.  the values returned a location to place the first piece
+  # at so it will fit after making the described moves
+  def start_adjust( directions )
+    south = east = 0;
+    directions.each do | direction |
+      east += 1 if ( direction == :sw || direction == :nw || direction == :west )
+      south += 1 if ( direction == :nw || direction == :ne )
+    end
+    south * 6 + east
+  end
+
+  # given a set of directions places the piece (as defined by a set of directions) on the board at
+  # a location that will not take it off the edge
+  def get_values( directions )
+    start = start_adjust(directions)
+    values = [ start ]
+    directions.each do | direction |
+      if (start % 12 >= 6) then
+        start += @@rotation_odd_adder[direction]
+      else
+        start += @@rotation_even_adder[direction]
+      end
+      values += [ start ]
+    end
+
+    # some moves take you back to an existing location, we'll strip duplicates
+    values.uniq
+  end
+end
+
+# describes a piece and caches information about its rotations to as to be efficient for iteration
+# ATTRIBUTES:
+#   rotations -- all the rotations of the piece
+#   type -- a numeic "name" of the piece
+#   masks -- an array by location of all legal rotational masks (a n inner array) for that location
+#   placed -- the mask that this piece was last placed at (not a location, but the actual mask used)
+class Piece
+  attr_reader :rotations, :type, :masks
+  attr_accessor :placed
+
+  # transform hashes that change one direction into another when you either flip or rotate a set of directions
+  @@flip_converter = { :west => :west, :east => :east, :nw => :sw, :ne => :se, :sw => :nw, :se => :ne }
+  @@rotate_converter = { :west => :nw, :east => :se, :nw => :ne, :ne => :east, :sw => :west, :se => :sw }
+
+  def initialize( directions, type )
+    @type = type
+    @rotations = Array.new();
+    @map = {}
+
+    generate_rotations( directions )
+    directions.collect! { | value | @@flip_converter[value] }
+    generate_rotations( directions )
+
+    # creates the masks AND a map that returns [location, rotation] for any given mask
+    # this is used when a board is found and we want to draw it, otherwise the map is unused
+    @masks = Array.new();
+    0.upto(59) do | i |
+      even = true
+      @masks[i] = @rotations.collect do | rotation |
+        mask = rotation.start_masks[i]
+        @map[mask[0]] = [ i, rotation ] if (mask)
+        mask || nil
+      end
+      @masks[i].compact!
+    end
+  end
+
+  # rotates a set of directions through all six angles and adds a Rotation to the list for each one
+  def generate_rotations( directions )
+    6.times do
+      rotations.push( Rotation.new(directions))
+      directions.collect! { | value | @@rotate_converter[value] }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # given a board string, adds this piece to the board at whatever location/rotation
+  # important: the outbound board string is 5 wide, the normal location notation is six wide (padded)
+  def fill_string( board_string)
+    location, rotation = @map[@placed]
+    rotation.offsets(location).each do | offset |
+      row, col = offset.divmod(6)
+      board_string[ row*5 + col, 1 ] = @type.to_s
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# a blank bit board having this form:
+#
+#    0 0 0 0 0 1
+#     0 0 0 0 0 1
+#    0 0 0 0 0 1
+#     0 0 0 0 0 1
+#    0 0 0 0 0 1
+#     0 0 0 0 0 1
+#    0 0 0 0 0 1
+#     0 0 0 0 0 1
+#    0 0 0 0 0 1
+#     0 0 0 0 0 1
+#    1 1 1 1 1 1
+#
+# where left lest significant bit is the top left and the most significant is the lower right
+# the actual board only consists of the 0 places, the 1 places are blockers to keep things from running
+# off the edges or bottom
+def blank_board
+  0b111111100000100000100000100000100000100000100000100000100000100000
+end
+
+def full_board
+  0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
+end
+
+# determines if a location (bit position) is in an even row
+def is_even( location)
+  (location % 12) < 6
+end
+
+# support function that create three utility maps:
+#  $converter -- for each row an array that maps a five bit row (via array mapping)
+#                to the a five bit representation of the bits below it
+#  $bit_count -- maps a five bit row (via array mapping) to the number of 1s in the row
+#  @@new_regions -- maps a five bit row (via array mapping) to an array of "region" arrays
+#                   a region array has three values the first is a mask of bits in the region,
+#                   the second is the count of those bits and the third is identical to the first
+#                   examples:
+#                           0b10010 => [ 0b01100, 2, 0b01100 ], [ 0b00001, 1, 0b00001]
+#                           0b01010 => [ 0b10000, 1, 0b10000 ], [ 0b00100, 1, 0b00100 ], [ 0b00001, 1, 0b00001]
+#                           0b10001 => [ 0b01110, 3, 0b01110 ]
+def create_collector_support
+  odd_map = [0b11, 0b110, 0b1100, 0b11000, 0b10000]
+  even_map = [0b1, 0b11, 0b110, 0b1100, 0b11000]
+
+  all_odds = Array.new(0b100000)
+  all_evens = Array.new(0b100000)
+  bit_counts = Array.new(0b100000)
+  new_regions = Array.new(0b100000)
+  0.upto(0b11111) do | i |
+    bit_count = odd = even = 0
+    0.upto(4) do | bit |
+      if (i[bit] == 1) then
+        bit_count += 1
+        odd |= odd_map[bit]
+        even |= even_map[bit]
+      end
+    end
+    all_odds[i] = odd
+    all_evens[i] = even
+    bit_counts[i] = bit_count
+    new_regions[i] = create_regions( i)
+  end
+
+  $converter = []
+  10.times { | row | $converter.push((row % 2 == 0) ? all_evens : all_odds) }
+  $bit_counts = bit_counts
+  $regions = new_regions.collect { | set | set.collect { | value | [ value, bit_counts[value], value] } }
+end
+
+# determines if a board is punable, meaning that there is no possibility that it
+# can be filled up with pieces.  A board is prunable if there is a grouping of unfilled spaces
+# that are not a multiple of five.  The following board is an example of a prunable board:
+#    0 0 1 0 0
+#     0 1 0 0 0
+#    1 1 0 0 0
+#     0 1 0 0 0
+#    0 0 0 0 0
+#       ...
+#
+# This board is prunable because the top left corner is only 3 bits in area, no piece will ever fit it
+# parameters:
+#   board -- an initial bit board (6 bit padded rows, see blank_board for format)
+#   location -- starting location, everything above and to the left is already full
+#   slotting -- set to true only when testing initial pieces, when filling normally
+#               additional assumptions are possible
+#
+# Algorithm:
+#    The algorithm starts at the top row (as determined by location) and iterates a row at a time
+#    maintainng counts of active open areas (kept in the collector array) each collector contains
+#    three values at the start of an iteration:
+#          0: mask of bits that would be adjacent to the collector in this row
+#          1: the number of bits collected so far
+#          2: a scratch space starting as zero, but used during the computation to represent
+#             the empty bits in the new row that are adjacent (position 0)
+#  The exact procedure is described in-code
+def prunable( board, location, slotting = false)
+  collectors = []
+  # loop across the rows
+  (location / 6).to_i.upto(9) do | row_on |
+    # obtain a set of regions representing the bits of the current row.
+    regions = $regions[(board >> (row_on * 6)) & 0b11111]
+    converter = $converter[row_on]
+
+    # track the number of collectors at the start of the cycle so that
+    # we don't compute against newly created collectors, only existing collectors
+    initial_collector_count = collectors.length
+
+    # loop against the regions.  For each region of the row
+    # we will see if it connects to one or more existing collectors.
+    # if it connects to 1 collector, the bits from the region are added to the
+    # bits of the collector and the mask is placed in collector[2]
+    # If the region overlaps more than one collector then all the collectors
+    # it overlaps with are merged into the first one (the others are set to nil in the array)
+    # if NO collectors are found then the region is copied as a new collector
+    regions.each do | region |
+      collector_found = nil
+      region_mask = region[2]
+      initial_collector_count.times do | collector_num |
+        collector = collectors[collector_num]
+        if (collector) then
+          collector_mask = collector[0]
+          if (collector_mask & region_mask != 0) then
+            if (collector_found) then
+              collector_found[0] |= collector_mask
+              collector_found[1] += collector[1]
+              collector_found[2] |= collector[2]
+              collectors[collector_num] = nil
+            else
+              collector_found = collector
+              collector[1] += region[1]
+              collector[2] |= region_mask
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if (collector_found == nil) then
+        collectors.push(Array.new(region))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # check the existing collectors, if any collector overlapped no bits in the region its [2] value will
+    # be zero.  The size of any such reaason is tested if it is not a multiple of five true is returned since
+    # the board is prunable.  if it is a multiple of five it is removed.
+    # Collector that are still active have a new adjacent value [0] set based n the matched bits
+    # and have [2] cleared out for the next cycle.
+    collectors.length.times do | collector_num |
+      collector = collectors[collector_num]
+      if (collector) then
+        if (collector[2] == 0) then
+          return true if (collector[1] % 5 != 0)
+          collectors[collector_num] = nil
+        else
+          # if a collector matches all bits in the row then we can return unprunable early for the
+          # following reasons:
+          #    1) there can be no more unavailable bits bince we fill from the top left downward
+          #    2) all previous regions have been closed or joined so only this region can fail
+          #    3) this region must be good since there can never be only 1 region that is nuot
+          #       a multiple of five
+          # this rule only applies when filling normally, so we ignore the rule if we are "slotting"
+          # in pieces to see what configurations work for them (the only other time this algorithm is used).
+          return false if (collector[2] == 0b11111 && !slotting)
+          collector[0] = converter[collector[2]]
+          collector[2] = 0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # get rid of all the empty converters for the next round
+    collectors.compact!
+  end
+  return false if (collectors.length <= 1) # 1 collector or less and the region is fine
+  collectors.any? { | collector | (collector[1] % 5) != 0 } # more than 1 and we test them all for bad size
+end
+
+# creates a region given a row mask.  see prunable for what a "region" is
+def create_regions( value )
+  regions = []
+  cur_region = 0
+  5.times do | bit |
+    if (value[bit] == 0) then
+      cur_region |= 1 << bit
+    else
+      if (cur_region != 0 ) then
+        regions.push( cur_region)
+        cur_region = 0;
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  regions.push(cur_region) if (cur_region != 0)
+  regions
+end
+
+# find up to the counted number of solutions (or all solutions) and prints the final result
+def find_all
+  find_top( 1)
+  find_top( 0)
+  print_results
+end
+
+# show the board
+def print_results
+  print "#{@boards_found} solutions found\n\n"
+  print_full_board( @min_board)
+  print "\n"
+  print_full_board( @max_board)
+  print "\n"
+end
+
+# finds solutions.  This special version of the main function is only used for the top level
+# the reason for it is basically to force a particular ordering on how the rotations are tested for
+# the first piece.  It is called twice, first looking for placements of the odd rotations and then
+# looking for placements of the even locations.
+#
+# WHY?
+#   Since any found solution has an inverse we want to maximize finding solutions that are not already found
+#   as an inverse.  The inverse will ALWAYS be 3 one of the piece configurations that is exactly 3 rotations away
+#   (an odd number).  Checking even vs odd then produces a higher probability of finding more pieces earlier
+#   in the cycle.  We still need to keep checking all the permutations, but our probability of finding one will
+#   diminsh over time.  Since we are TOLD how many to search for this lets us exit before checking all pieces
+#   this bennifit is very great when seeking small numbers of solutions and is 0 when looking for more than the
+#   maximum number
+def find_top( rotation_skip)
+  board = blank_board
+  (@pieces.length-1).times do
+    piece = @pieces.shift
+    piece.masks[0].each do | mask, imask, cmask |
+      if ((rotation_skip += 1) % 2 == 0) then
+        piece.placed = mask
+        find( 1, 1, board | mask)
+      end
+    end
+    @pieces.push(piece)
+  end
+  piece = @pieces.shift
+  @pieces.push(piece)
+end
+
+# the normail find routine, iterates through the available pieces, checks all rotations at the current location
+# and adds any boards found.  depth is achieved via recursion.  the overall approach is described
+# here: http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-javaopt/
+# parameters:
+#  start_location -- where to start looking for place for the next piece at
+#  placed -- number of pieces placed
+#  board -- current state of the board
+#
+# see in-code comments
+def find( start_location, placed, board)
+  # find the next location to place a piece by looking for an empty bit
+  while board[start_location] == 1
+    start_location += 1
+  end
+
+  @pieces.length.times do
+    piece = @pieces.shift
+    piece.masks[start_location].each do | mask, imask, cmask |
+      if ( board & cmask == imask) then
+        piece.placed = mask
+        if (placed == 9) then
+          add_board
+        else
+          find( start_location + 1, placed + 1, board | mask)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    @pieces.push(piece)
+  end
+end
+
+# print the board
+def print_full_board( board_string)
+  10.times do | row |
+    print " " if (row % 2 == 1)
+    5.times do | col |
+      print "#{board_string[row*5 + col,1]} "
+    end
+    print "\n"
+  end
+end
+
+# when a board is found we "draw it" into a string and then flip that string, adding both to
+# the list (hash) of solutions if they are unique.
+def add_board
+  board_string = "99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
+  @all_pieces.each {  | piece | piece.fill_string( board_string ) }
+  save( board_string)
+  save( board_string.reverse)
+end
+
+# adds a board string to the list (if new) and updates the current best/worst board
+def save( board_string)
+  if (@all_boards[board_string] == nil) then
+    @min_board = board_string if (board_string < @min_board)
+    @max_board = board_string if (board_string > @max_board)
+    @all_boards.store(board_string,true)
+    @boards_found += 1
+
+    # the exit motif is a time saver.  Ideally the function should return, but those tests
+    # take noticeable time (performance).
+    if (@boards_found == @stop_count) then
+      print_results
+      exit(0)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+
+##
+## MAIN BODY :)
+##
+create_collector_support
+@pieces = [
+  Piece.new( [ :nw, :ne, :east, :east ], 2),
+  Piece.new( [ :ne, :se, :east, :ne ], 7),
+  Piece.new( [ :ne, :east, :ne, :nw ], 1),
+  Piece.new( [ :east, :sw, :sw, :se ], 6),
+  Piece.new( [ :east, :ne, :se, :ne ], 5),
+  Piece.new( [ :east, :east, :east, :se ], 0),
+  Piece.new( [ :ne, :nw, :se, :east, :se ], 4),
+  Piece.new( [ :se, :se, :se, :west ], 9),
+  Piece.new( [ :se, :se, :east, :se ], 8),
+  Piece.new( [ :east, :east, :sw, :se ], 3)
+  ];
+
+@all_pieces = Array.new( @pieces)
+
+@min_board = "99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
+@max_board = "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+@stop_count = ARGV[0].to_i || 2089
+@all_boards = {}
+@boards_found = 0
+
+find_all ######## DO IT!!!
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nbody.rb b/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
index d6c5bb9e61..d6c5bb9e61 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nbody.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb b/benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..766fcf7b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: nestedloop-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:22 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# from Avi Bryant
+
+n = 16 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
+x = 0
+n.times do
+    n.times do
+        n.times do
+            n.times do
+                n.times do
+                    n.times do
+                        x += 1
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+# puts x
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve.rb b/benchmark/so_nsieve.rb
index a65cc78233..a65cc78233 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nsieve.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve_bits.rb b/benchmark/so_nsieve_bits.rb
index 6f958ee44e..6f958ee44e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve_bits.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nsieve_bits.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_object.rb b/benchmark/so_object.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..131f44624c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_object.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: objinst-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:25 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# with help from Aristarkh Zagorodnikov
+
+class Toggle
+    def initialize(start_state)
+        @bool = start_state
+    end
+
+    def value
+        @bool
+    end
+
+    def activate
+        @bool = !@bool
+        self
+    end
+end
+
+class NthToggle < Toggle
+    def initialize(start_state, max_counter)
+        super start_state
+        @count_max = max_counter
+        @counter = 0
+    end
+
+    def activate
+        @counter += 1
+        if @counter >= @count_max
+            @bool = !@bool
+            @counter = 0
+        end
+        self
+    end
+end
+
+n = 1500000 # (ARGV.shift || 1).to_i
+
+toggle = Toggle.new 1
+5.times do
+    toggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
+end
+n.times do
+    toggle = Toggle.new 1
+end
+
+ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
+8.times do
+    ntoggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
+end
+n.times do
+    ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
+end
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_partial_sums.rb b/benchmark/so_partial_sums.rb
index 630b45cb8d..630b45cb8d 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_partial_sums.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_partial_sums.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_pidigits.rb b/benchmark/so_pidigits.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a537b2d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_pidigits.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# The Great Computer Language Shootout
+# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+#
+# contributed by Gabriele Renzi
+
+class PiDigitSpigot
+
+    def initialize()
+        @z = Transformation.new 1,0,0,1
+        @x = Transformation.new 0,0,0,0
+        @inverse = Transformation.new 0,0,0,0
+    end
+
+    def next!
+        @y = @z.extract(3)
+        if safe? @y
+            @z = produce(@y)
+            @y
+        else
+            @z = consume @x.next!()
+            next!()
+        end
+    end
+
+    def safe?(digit)
+        digit == @z.extract(4)
+    end
+
+    def produce(i)
+        @inverse.qrst(10,-10*i,0,1).compose(@z)
+    end
+
+    def consume(a)
+        @z.compose(a)
+    end
+end
+
+
+class Transformation
+    attr_reader :q, :r, :s, :t
+    def initialize(q, r, s, t)
+        @q,@r,@s,@t,@k = q,r,s,t,0
+    end
+
+    def next!()
+        @q = @k = @k + 1
+        @r = 4 * @k + 2
+        @s = 0
+        @t = 2 * @k + 1
+        self
+    end
+
+    def extract(j)
+        (@q * j + @r) / (@s * j + @t)
+    end
+
+    def compose(a)
+        self.class.new( @q * a.q,
+                        @q * a.r + r * a.t,
+                        @s * a.q + t * a.s,
+                        @s * a.r + t * a.t
+                    )
+    end
+
+    def qrst *args
+        initialize *args
+        self
+    end
+
+
+end
+
+
+WIDTH = 10
+n = 2_500 # Integer(ARGV[0])
+j = 0
+
+digits = PiDigitSpigot.new
+
+while n > 0
+    if n >= WIDTH
+        WIDTH.times {print digits.next!}
+        j += WIDTH
+    else
+        n.times {print digits.next!}
+        (WIDTH-n).times {print " "}
+        j += n
+    end
+    puts "\t:"+j.to_s
+    n -= WIDTH
+end
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_random.rb b/benchmark/so_random.rb
index a66b9e8e63..a66b9e8e63 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_random.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_random.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml b/benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de05eedfc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+prelude: |
+  bm_so_fasta = <<'EOS'
+  # The Computer Language Shootout
+  # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+  # Contributed by Sokolov Yura
+
+  $last = 42.0
+  def gen_random(max, im=139968, ia=3877, ic=29573)
+      (max * ($last = ($last * ia + ic) % im)) / im
+  end
+
+  alu =
+     "GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGG"+
+     "GAGGCCGAGGCGGGCGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTCGAGA"+
+     "CCAGCCTGGCCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAAT"+
+     "ACAAAAATTAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGCGCGCCTGTAATCCCA"+
+     "GCTACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCGCTTGAACCCGGG"+
+     "AGGCGGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCC"+
+     "AGCCTGGGCGACAGAGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAA"
+
+  iub = [
+      ["a", 0.27],
+      ["c", 0.12],
+      ["g", 0.12],
+      ["t", 0.27],
+
+      ["B", 0.02],
+      ["D", 0.02],
+      ["H", 0.02],
+      ["K", 0.02],
+      ["M", 0.02],
+      ["N", 0.02],
+      ["R", 0.02],
+      ["S", 0.02],
+      ["V", 0.02],
+      ["W", 0.02],
+      ["Y", 0.02],
+  ]
+  homosapiens = [
+      ["a", 0.3029549426680],
+      ["c", 0.1979883004921],
+      ["g", 0.1975473066391],
+      ["t", 0.3015094502008],
+  ]
+
+  def make_repeat_fasta(id, desc, src, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      v = nil
+      width = 60
+      l = src.length
+      s = src * ((n / l) + 1)
+      s.slice!(n, l)
+      puts(s.scan(/.{1,#{width}}/).join("\n"))
+  end
+
+  def make_random_fasta(id, desc, table, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      rand, v = nil,nil
+      width = 60
+      chunk = 1 * width
+      prob = 0.0
+      table.each{|v| v[1]= (prob += v[1])}
+      for i in 1..(n/width)
+          puts((1..width).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+      if n%width != 0
+          puts((1..(n%width)).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+  end
+
+
+  n = (ARGV[0] or 250_000).to_i
+
+  make_repeat_fasta('ONE', 'Homo sapiens alu', alu, n*2)
+  make_random_fasta('TWO', 'IUB ambiguity codes', iub, n*3)
+  make_random_fasta('THREE', 'Homo sapiens frequency', homosapiens, n*5)
+  EOS
+benchmark:
+  - name: so_reverse_complement
+    prelude: |
+      script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+      File.write(script, bm_so_fasta)
+
+      def prepare_fasta_output n
+        filebase = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output')
+        script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+        file = "#{filebase}.#{n}"
+
+        unless FileTest.exist?(file)
+          STDERR.puts "preparing #{file}"
+
+          open(file, 'w'){|f|
+            ARGV[0] = n
+            $stdout = f
+            load script
+            $stdout = STDOUT
+          }
+        end
+      end
+      prepare_fasta_output(2_500_000)
+    script: |
+      # The Great Computer Language Shootout
+      # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+      #
+      # Contributed by Peter Bjarke Olsen
+      # Modified by Doug King
+
+      seq=Array.new
+
+      def revcomp(seq)
+        seq.reverse!.tr!('wsatugcyrkmbdhvnATUGCYRKMBDHVN','WSTAACGRYMKVHDBNTAACGRYMKVHDBN')
+        stringlen=seq.length
+        0.step(stringlen-1,60) {|x| print seq.slice(x,60) , "\n"}
+      end
+
+      input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.2500000'), 'rb')
+
+      while input.gets
+        if $_ =~ />/
+          if seq.length != 0
+            revcomp(seq.join)
+            seq=Array.new
+          end
+          puts $_
+        else
+          $_.sub(/\n/,'')
+          seq.push $_
+        end
+      end
+      revcomp(seq.join)
+    loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_sieve.rb b/benchmark/so_sieve.rb
index 43dc302648..43dc302648 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_sieve.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_sieve.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_spectralnorm.rb b/benchmark/so_spectralnorm.rb
index 6b97206689..6b97206689 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_spectralnorm.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_spectralnorm.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/string_capitalize.yml b/benchmark/string_capitalize.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d23fd3d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_capitalize.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"a".."m",*"N".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  capitalize-1: str1.capitalize
+  capitalize-10: str10.capitalize
+  capitalize-100: str100.capitalize
+  capitalize-1000: str1000.capitalize
diff --git a/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2354040a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+prelude: |
+  lstr1 = [*"a".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  lstr10 = lstr1 * 10
+  lstr100 = lstr10 * 10
+  lstr1000 = lstr100 * 10
+  lnonascii1 = [*"\u{e0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  lnonascii10 = lnonascii1 * 10
+  lnonascii100 = lnonascii10 * 10
+  lnonascii1000 = lnonascii100 * 10
+  ustr1 = [*"A".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  ustr10 = ustr1 * 10
+  ustr100 = ustr10 * 10
+  ustr1000 = ustr100 * 10
+  unonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{df}"].join("")
+  unonascii10 = unonascii1 * 10
+  unonascii100 = unonascii10 * 10
+  unonascii1000 = unonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  casecmp-1: lstr1.casecmp(ustr1)
+  casecmp-10: lstr10.casecmp(ustr10)
+  casecmp-100: lstr100.casecmp(ustr100)
+  casecmp-1000: lstr1000.casecmp(ustr1000)
+  casecmp-nonascii1: lnonascii1.casecmp(unonascii1)
+  casecmp-nonascii10: lnonascii10.casecmp(unonascii10)
+  casecmp-nonascii100: lnonascii100.casecmp(unonascii100)
+  casecmp-nonascii1000: lnonascii1000.casecmp(unonascii1000)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_casecmp_p.yml b/benchmark/string_casecmp_p.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a790ce7d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_casecmp_p.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+prelude: |
+  lstr1 = [*"a".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  lstr10 = lstr1 * 10
+  lstr100 = lstr10 * 10
+  lstr1000 = lstr100 * 10
+  lnonascii1 = [*"\u{e0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  lnonascii10 = lnonascii1 * 10
+  lnonascii100 = lnonascii10 * 10
+  lnonascii1000 = lnonascii100 * 10
+  ustr1 = [*"A".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  ustr10 = ustr1 * 10
+  ustr100 = ustr10 * 10
+  ustr1000 = ustr100 * 10
+  unonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{df}"].join("")
+  unonascii10 = unonascii1 * 10
+  unonascii100 = unonascii10 * 10
+  unonascii1000 = unonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  casecmp_p-1: lstr1.casecmp?(ustr1)
+  casecmp_p-10: lstr10.casecmp?(ustr10)
+  casecmp_p-100: lstr100.casecmp?(ustr100)
+  casecmp_p-1000: lstr1000.casecmp?(ustr1000)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii1: lnonascii1.casecmp?(unonascii1)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii10: lnonascii10.casecmp?(unonascii10)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii100: lnonascii100.casecmp?(unonascii100)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii1000: lnonascii1000.casecmp?(unonascii1000)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_downcase.yml b/benchmark/string_downcase.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fea6afbec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_downcase.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"A".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+  nonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{df}"].join("")
+  nonascii10 = nonascii1 * 10
+  nonascii100 = nonascii10 * 10
+  nonascii1000 = nonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  downcase-1: str1.upcase
+  downcase-10: str10.upcase
+  downcase-100: str100.upcase
+  downcase-1000: str1000.upcase
+  downcase-nonascii1: nonascii1.downcase
+  downcase-nonascii10: nonascii10.downcase
+  downcase-nonascii100: nonascii100.downcase
+  downcase-nonascii1000: nonascii1000.downcase
diff --git a/benchmark/string_index.rb b/benchmark/string_index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7783111082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+str1 = "あ" * 1024 + "い" # not single byte optimizable
+str2 = "い"
+100_000.times { str1.index(str2) }
diff --git a/benchmark/string_scan_re.rb b/benchmark/string_scan_re.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0d60201a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_scan_re.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+str = Array.new(1_000, 'abc').join(',')
+1_000.times { str.scan(/abc/) }
diff --git a/benchmark/string_scan_str.rb b/benchmark/string_scan_str.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42440bd948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_scan_str.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+str = Array.new(1_000, 'abc').join(',')
+1_000.times { str.scan('abc') }
diff --git a/benchmark/string_slice.yml b/benchmark/string_slice.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc2393c5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_slice.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prelude: |
+  long_string = "x"*1000+"-hår"
+benchmark:
+  regexp-short: |
+    "x-hår".slice!(/-(.)(.)(.)/, 3)
+  regexp-long: |
+    long_string.dup.slice!(/-(.)(.)(.)/, 3)
+  string-short: |
+    "x-hår".slice!("r")
+  string-long: |
+    long_string.dup.slice!("r")
diff --git a/benchmark/string_split.yml b/benchmark/string_split.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc2c7d7855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_split.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*0..5].join(" ") + " "
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  to_chars-1: str1.split('')
+  to_chars-10: str10.split('')
+  to_chars-100: str100.split('')
+  to_chars-1000: str1000.split('')
+  to_words-1: str1.split(' ')
+  to_words-10: str10.split(' ')
+  to_words-100: str100.split(' ')
+  to_words-1000: str1000.split(' ')
+  re_chars-1: str1.split(//)
+  re_chars-10: str10.split(//)
+  re_chars-100: str100.split(//)
+  re_chars-1000: str1000.split(//)
+  re_space-1: str1.split(/ /)
+  re_space-10: str10.split(/ /)
+  re_space-100: str100.split(/ /)
+  re_space-1000: str1000.split(/ /)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_swapcase.yml b/benchmark/string_swapcase.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eeb5928907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_swapcase.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"A".."M",*"n".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+  nonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{cf}",*"\u{f0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  nonascii10 = nonascii1 * 10
+  nonascii100 = nonascii10 * 10
+  nonascii1000 = nonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  swapcase-1: str1.swapcase
+  swapcase-10: str10.swapcase
+  swapcase-100: str100.swapcase
+  swapcase-1000: str1000.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii1: nonascii1.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii10: nonascii10.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii100: nonascii100.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii1000: nonascii1000.swapcase
diff --git a/benchmark/string_upcase.yml b/benchmark/string_upcase.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dab84bbde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_upcase.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"a".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+  nonascii1 = [*"\u{e0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  nonascii10 = nonascii1 * 10
+  nonascii100 = nonascii10 * 10
+  nonascii1000 = nonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  upcase-1: str1.upcase
+  upcase-10: str10.upcase
+  upcase-100: str100.upcase
+  upcase-1000: str1000.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii1: nonascii1.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii10: nonascii10.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii100: nonascii100.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii1000: nonascii1000.upcase
diff --git a/benchmark/time_strptime.yml b/benchmark/time_strptime.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d89ebb7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/time_strptime.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'time'
+benchmark:
+  - Time.strptime("28/Aug/2005:06:54:20 +0000", "%d/%b/%Y:%T %z")
+  - Time.strptime("1", "%s")
+  - Time.strptime("0 +0100", "%s %z")
+  - Time.strptime("0 UTC", "%s %z")
+  - Time.strptime("1.5", "%s.%N")
+  - Time.strptime("1.000000000001", "%s.%N")
+  - Time.strptime("20010203 -0200", "%Y%m%d %z")
+  - Time.strptime("20010203 UTC", "%Y%m%d %z")
+  - Time.strptime("2018-365", "%Y-%j")
+  - Time.strptime("2018-091", "%Y-%j")
diff --git a/benchmark/time_subsec.rb b/benchmark/time_subsec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..505021c701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/time_subsec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+t = Time.now
+4000000.times { t.subsec }
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_array.yml b/benchmark/vm_array.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a177237ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_array.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_array: |
+    a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar.yml b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75b803478e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_reader :a, :b
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+    end
+  end
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_attr_ivar: |
+    j = obj.a
+    k = obj.b
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0d379b18a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_accessor :a, :b
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+    end
+  end
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_attr_ivar_set: |
+    obj.a = 1
+    obj.b = 2
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_backtrace.rb b/benchmark/vm_backtrace.rb
index 0fbf73e1ca..0fbf73e1ca 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_backtrace.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_backtrace.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_bigarray.yml b/benchmark/vm_bigarray.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b2d3f3443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_bigarray.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_bigarray: |
+    a = [
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+    ]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_bighash.yml b/benchmark/vm_bighash.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dacfde793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_bighash.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_bighash: |
+    a = {0=>0, 1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3, 4=>4, 5=>5, 6=>6, 7=>7, 8=>8, 9=>9, 10=>10, 11=>11, 12=>12, 13=>13, 14=>14, 15=>15, 16=>16, 17=>17, 18=>18, 19=>19, 20=>20, 21=>21, 22=>22, 23=>23, 24=>24, 25=>25, 26=>26, 27=>27, 28=>28, 29=>29, 30=>30, 31=>31, 32=>32, 33=>33, 34=>34, 35=>35, 36=>36, 37=>37, 38=>38, 39=>39, 40=>40, 41=>41, 42=>42, 43=>43, 44=>44, 45=>45, 46=>46, 47=>47, 48=>48, 49=>49, 50=>50, 51=>51, 52=>52, 53=>53, 54=>54, 55=>55, 56=>56, 57=>57, 58=>58, 59=>59, 60=>60, 61=>61, 62=>62, 63=>63, 64=>64, 65=>65, 66=>66, 67=>67, 68=>68, 69=>69, 70=>70, 71=>71, 72=>72, 73=>73, 74=>74, 75=>75, 76=>76, 77=>77, 78=>78, 79=>79, 80=>80, 81=>81, 82=>82, 83=>83, 84=>84, 85=>85, 86=>86, 87=>87, 88=>88, 89=>89, 90=>90, 91=>91, 92=>92, 93=>93, 94=>94, 95=>95, 96=>96, 97=>97, 98=>98, 99=>99, 100=>100, 101=>101, 102=>102, 103=>103, 104=>104, 105=>105, 106=>106, 107=>107, 108=>108, 109=>109, 110=>110, 111=>111, 112=>112, 113=>113, 114=>114, 115=>115, 116=>116, 117=>117, 118=>118, 119=>119, 120=>120, 121=>121, 122=>122, 123=>123, 124=>124, 125=>125, 126=>126, 127=>127, 128=>128, 129=>129, 130=>130, 131=>131, 132=>132, 133=>133, 134=>134, 135=>135, 136=>136, 137=>137, 138=>138, 139=>139, 140=>140, 141=>141, 142=>142, 143=>143, 144=>144, 145=>145, 146=>146, 147=>147, 148=>148, 149=>149, 150=>150, 151=>151, 152=>152, 153=>153, 154=>154, 155=>155, 156=>156, 157=>157, 158=>158, 159=>159, 160=>160, 161=>161, 162=>162, 163=>163, 164=>164, 165=>165, 166=>166, 167=>167, 168=>168, 169=>169, 170=>170, 171=>171, 172=>172, 173=>173, 174=>174, 175=>175, 176=>176, 177=>177, 178=>178, 179=>179, 180=>180, 181=>181, 182=>182, 183=>183, 184=>184, 185=>185, 186=>186, 187=>187, 188=>188, 189=>189, 190=>190, 191=>191, 192=>192, 193=>193, 194=>194, 195=>195, 196=>196, 197=>197, 198=>198, 199=>199, 200=>200, 201=>201, 202=>202, 203=>203, 204=>204, 205=>205, 206=>206, 207=>207, 208=>208, 209=>209, 210=>210, 211=>211, 212=>212, 213=>213, 214=>214, 215=>215, 216=>216, 217=>217, 218=>218, 219=>219, 220=>220, 221=>221, 222=>222, 223=>223, 224=>224, 225=>225, 226=>226, 227=>227, 228=>228, 229=>229, 230=>230, 231=>231, 232=>232, 233=>233, 234=>234, 235=>235, 236=>236, 237=>237, 238=>238, 239=>239, 240=>240, 241=>241, 242=>242, 243=>243, 244=>244, 245=>245, 246=>246, 247=>247, 248=>248, 249=>249, 250=>250, 251=>251, 252=>252, 253=>253, 254=>254, 255=>255, 256=>256, 257=>257, 258=>258, 259=>259, 260=>260, 261=>261, 262=>262, 263=>263, 264=>264, 265=>265, 266=>266, 267=>267, 268=>268, 269=>269, 270=>270, 271=>271, 272=>272, 273=>273, 274=>274, 275=>275, 276=>276, 277=>277, 278=>278, 279=>279, 280=>280, 281=>281, 282=>282, 283=>283, 284=>284, 285=>285, 286=>286, 287=>287, 288=>288, 289=>289, 290=>290, 291=>291, 292=>292, 293=>293, 294=>294, 295=>295, 296=>296, 297=>297, 298=>298, 299=>299, 300=>300, 301=>301, 302=>302, 303=>303, 304=>304, 305=>305, 306=>306, 307=>307, 308=>308, 309=>309, 310=>310, 311=>311, 312=>312, 313=>313, 314=>314, 315=>315, 316=>316, 317=>317, 318=>318, 319=>319, 320=>320, 321=>321, 322=>322, 323=>323, 324=>324, 325=>325, 326=>326, 327=>327, 328=>328, 329=>329, 330=>330, 331=>331, 332=>332, 333=>333, 334=>334, 335=>335, 336=>336, 337=>337, 338=>338, 339=>339, 340=>340, 341=>341, 342=>342, 343=>343, 344=>344, 345=>345, 346=>346, 347=>347, 348=>348, 349=>349, 350=>350, 351=>351, 352=>352, 353=>353, 354=>354, 355=>355, 356=>356, 357=>357, 358=>358, 359=>359, 360=>360, 361=>361, 362=>362, 363=>363, 364=>364, 365=>365, 366=>366, 367=>367, 368=>368, 369=>369, 370=>370, 371=>371, 372=>372, 373=>373, 374=>374, 375=>375, 376=>376, 377=>377, 378=>378, 379=>379, 380=>380, 381=>381, 382=>382, 383=>383, 384=>384, 385=>385, 386=>386, 387=>387, 388=>388, 389=>389, 390=>390, 391=>391, 392=>392, 393=>393, 394=>394, 395=>395, 396=>396, 397=>397, 398=>398, 399=>399, 400=>400, 401=>401, 402=>402, 403=>403, 404=>404, 405=>405, 406=>406, 407=>407, 408=>408, 409=>409, 410=>410, 411=>411, 412=>412, 413=>413, 414=>414, 415=>415, 416=>416, 417=>417, 418=>418, 419=>419, 420=>420, 421=>421, 422=>422, 423=>423, 424=>424, 425=>425, 426=>426, 427=>427, 428=>428, 429=>429, 430=>430, 431=>431, 432=>432, 433=>433, 434=>434, 435=>435, 436=>436, 437=>437, 438=>438, 439=>439, 440=>440, 441=>441, 442=>442, 443=>443, 444=>444, 445=>445, 446=>446, 447=>447, 448=>448, 449=>449, 450=>450, 451=>451, 452=>452, 453=>453, 454=>454, 455=>455, 456=>456, 457=>457, 458=>458, 459=>459, 460=>460, 461=>461, 462=>462, 463=>463, 464=>464, 465=>465, 466=>466, 467=>467, 468=>468, 469=>469, 470=>470, 471=>471, 472=>472, 473=>473, 474=>474, 475=>475, 476=>476, 477=>477, 478=>478, 479=>479, 480=>480, 481=>481, 482=>482, 483=>483, 484=>484, 485=>485, 486=>486, 487=>487, 488=>488, 489=>489, 490=>490, 491=>491, 492=>492, 493=>493, 494=>494, 495=>495, 496=>496, 497=>497, 498=>498, 499=>499, 500=>500,}
+loop_count: 60000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_block.yml b/benchmark/vm_block.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68b3e40bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_block.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    yield
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_block: |
+    m{
+    }
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_block_handler.yml b/benchmark/vm_block_handler.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..461d7953ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_block_handler.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# :FIXME: is there a way to benchmark block_handler_type_ifunc?
+
+prelude: |
+  p = proc{_1}
+  o = Object.new
+  def o.each
+    i = 0
+    while i < 3_000_000 do
+      yield i
+      i += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+benchmark:
+  - name: block_handler_type_iseq
+    script: |
+      o.each{_1}
+
+  - name: block_handler_type_symbol
+    script: |
+      o.each(&:itself)
+
+  - name: block_handler_type_proc
+    script: |
+      o.each(&p)
+
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e5a0170a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m &b
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam: |
+    m{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam_call.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_call.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7d8d366ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_call.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m &b
+    b.call
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam_call: |
+    m{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam_pass.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_pass.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..841f5e7a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_pass.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  def bp_yield
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def bp_pass &b
+    bp_yield &b
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam_pass: |
+    bp_pass{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam_yield.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_yield.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ea9b46ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_yield.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def bp_yield &b
+    yield
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam_yield: |
+    bp_yield{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_case.yml b/benchmark/vm_case.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b26a491a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_case.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_case: |
+    case :foo
+    when :bar
+      raise
+    when :baz
+      raise
+    when :boo
+      raise
+    when :foo
+      # noop
+    end
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_case_lit.yml b/benchmark/vm_case_lit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f91801544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_case_lit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_case_lit: |
+    i = 0
+    @ret = [ "foo", true, false, :sym, 6, nil, 0.1, 0xffffffffffffffff ]
+    def foo(i)
+      @ret[i % @ret.size]
+    end
+
+    while i<6_000_000
+      case foo(i)
+      when "foo" then :foo
+      when true then true
+      when false then false
+      when :sym then :sym
+      when 6 then :fix
+      when nil then nil
+      when 0.1 then :float
+      when 0xffffffffffffffff then :big
+      end
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_clearmethodcache.rb b/benchmark/vm_clearmethodcache.rb
index 9661323cd2..9661323cd2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_clearmethodcache.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_clearmethodcache.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_const.yml b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6064d4eed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  Const = 1
+benchmark:
+  vm_const: |
+    j = Const
+    k = Const
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_defined_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_defined_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..347e0cfd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_defined_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Object
+    define_method(:m){}
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_defined_method: |
+    m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_dstr.yml b/benchmark/vm_dstr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30c7a3193c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_dstr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  x = y = 'z'
+benchmark:
+  vm_dstr: |
+    str = "foo#{x}bar#{y}baz"
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ensure.yml b/benchmark/vm_ensure.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ea62f30de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ensure.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Not utilizing loop_count since using it for this is too unstable for now
+benchmark:
+  vm_ensure: |
+    i = 0
+    while i<30_000_000
+      i += 1
+      begin
+        begin
+        ensure
+        end
+      ensure
+      end
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_eval.yml b/benchmark/vm_eval.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ba1a8d1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_eval.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_eval: |
+    eval("1")
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_allocate.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_allocate.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5a54e1ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_allocate.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  # Disable GC to see raw throughput:
+  GC.disable
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_allocate: |
+    fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    fiber.resume
+loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_count.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_count.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b83d3152d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_count.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# On Linux, you will need to increase the maximum number of memory maps:
+# sudo sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=200000
+prelude: |
+  fibers = []
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_count: |
+    fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    fibers << fiber
+    fiber.resume
+loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ca41085b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  GC.disable
+  fibers = []
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_reuse: |
+    1024.times do
+      fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+      fibers << fiber
+      fiber.resume
+    end
+
+    fibers.clear
+    GC.start
+loop_count: 200
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse_gc.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse_gc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..892622f121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse_gc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16009
+prelude: |
+  fibers = []
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_reuse_gc: |
+    2000.times do
+      fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+      fibers << fiber
+      fiber.resume
+    end
+    fibers.clear
+loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_switch.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_switch.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3de36b66eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_switch.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  # based on benchmark for [ruby-core:65518] [Feature #10341] by Knut Franke
+  fib = Fiber.new do
+    loop { Fiber.yield }
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_switch: |
+    fib.resume
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_float_simple.yml b/benchmark/vm_float_simple.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92f5fd52ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_float_simple.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  f = 0.0
+benchmark:
+  vm_float_simple: |
+    f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
+    f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
+    f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_freezestring.yml b/benchmark/vm_freezestring.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..facc9aa043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_freezestring.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  class String
+    def freeze
+      -self
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_freezestring: |
+    "tXnL1BP5T1WPXMjuFNLQtallEtRcay1t2lHtJSrlVsDgvunlbtfpr/DGdH0NGYE9".freeze
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc.rb
index e668026915..e668026915 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_old_full.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_full.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfdfc8c5a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_full.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+old_object = Array.new(1_000_000){''}
+100.times do
+  GC.start
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_old_immediate.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_immediate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad22feb655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_immediate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+old_object = Array.new(1_000_000){''}
+30_000.times do
+  GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_sweep: true)
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_old_lazy.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_lazy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b74d44baf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_lazy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+old_object = Array.new(1_000_000){''}
+30_000.times do
+  GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_sweep: false)
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_lived.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_lived.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c803fee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_lived.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_lived: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_complex_long.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_complex_long.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b6c3ed7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_complex_long.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  def nested_hash h, n
+    if n == 0
+      ''
+    else
+      10.times{
+        h[Object.new] = nested_hash(h, n-1)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  long_lived = Hash.new
+  nested_hash long_lived, 6
+
+  GC.start
+  GC.start
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_with_complex_long: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_long.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_long.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03ba0f95a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_long.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  long_lived = Array.new(1_000_000){|i| "#{i}"}
+  GC.start
+  GC.start
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_with_long: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_symbol.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_symbol.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..129b8bf4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_symbol.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  50_000.times{|i| sym = "sym#{i}".to_sym}
+  GC.start
+  GC.start
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_with_symbol: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e3293e72d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  short_lived_ary = []
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
+    GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true)
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_ary: |
+    short_lived_ary[0] = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..003995945b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  long_lived = []
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2.0"
+    3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) }
+  elsif
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted: |
+    long_lived[0] = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2a2ce2d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_accessor :foo
+  end
+  short_lived_obj = C.new
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
+    GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true)
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_obj: |
+    short_lived_obj.foo = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00a454ba72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_accessor :foo
+  end
+  long_lived = C.new
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
+    3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) }
+  elsif
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted: |
+    long_lived.foo = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_iclass_super.yml b/benchmark/vm_iclass_super.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21bb7db247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_iclass_super.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m
+      1
+    end
+
+    ("A".."M").each do |module_name|
+      eval <<-EOM
+          module #{module_name}
+            def m; super; end
+          end
+          prepend #{module_name}
+      EOM
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_iclass_super: obj.m
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..119531d5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: "@a = 1\n"
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar: |
+    j = @a
+    k = @a
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6f1633907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+      @d = nil
+      @e = nil
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_init: |
+    C.new
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bbb60043b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_set: |
+    @a = 1
+    @b = 2
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2653d36ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class A
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+      @d = nil
+      @e = nil
+    end
+  end
+  class B < A; end
+  class C < A; end
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_init_subclass: |
+    B.new
+    C.new
+loop_count: 3000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_length.yml b/benchmark/vm_length.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fd94e7d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_length.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  a = 'abc'
+  b = [1, 2, 3]
+benchmark:
+  vm_length: |
+    a.length
+    b.length
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_lvar_init.yml b/benchmark/vm_lvar_init.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70a9b1c0ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_lvar_init.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# while loop cost is not removed because `i` is used in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_lvar_init: |
+    def m v
+      unless v
+        # unreachable code
+        v1 = v2 = v3 = v4 = v5 = v6 = v7 = v8 = v9 = v10 =
+        v11 = v12 = v13 = v14 = v15 = v16 = v17 = v18 = v19 = v20 =
+        v21 = v22 = v23 = v24 = v25 = v26 = v27 = v28 = v29 = v30 =
+        v31 = v32 = v33 = v34 = v35 = v36 = v37 = v38 = v39 = v40 =
+        v41 = v42 = v43 = v44 = v45 = v46 = v47 = v48 = v49 = v50 = 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    i = 0
+
+    while i<30_000_000
+      i += 1
+      m i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_lvar_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_lvar_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f29f763d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_lvar_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_lvar_set: |
+    a = b = c = d = e = f = g = h = j = k = l = m = n = o = p = q = r = 1
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d45e4ec572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    nil
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_method: |
+    m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_method_missing.yml b/benchmark/vm_method_missing.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3da456c0bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_method_missing.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def method_missing mid
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_method_missing: |
+    obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_method_with_block.yml b/benchmark/vm_method_with_block.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..281a481394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_method_with_block.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    nil
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_method_with_block: |
+    m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{};
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_module_ann_const_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_module_ann_const_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..243229ba4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_module_ann_const_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_module_ann_const_set: |
+    Module.new.const_set(:X, Module.new)
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_module_const_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_module_const_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5a24181a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_module_const_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  module M
+  end
+  $VERBOSE = nil
+benchmark:
+  vm_module_const_set: |
+    M.const_set(:X, Module.new)
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_mutex.yml b/benchmark/vm_mutex.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..abcf1e28ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_mutex.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'thread'
+
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_mutex: |
+    m.synchronize{}
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_neq.yml b/benchmark/vm_neq.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb04d15ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_neq.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  obj1 = Object.new
+  obj2 = Object.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_neq: |
+    obj1 != obj2
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_newlambda.yml b/benchmark/vm_newlambda.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b9787d91a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_newlambda.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_newlambda: |
+    lambda {}
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_not.yml b/benchmark/vm_not.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c68dde3c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_not.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  obj = Object.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_not: |
+    !obj
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd2f4e71de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_method: |
+    class C1
+      def m
+        1
+      end
+    end
+    class C2
+      def m
+        2
+      end
+    end
+
+    o1 = C1.new
+    o2 = C2.new
+
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
+      o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_method_ov.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_method_ov.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bca1b62729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_method_ov.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_method_ov: |
+    class C1
+      def m
+        1
+      end
+    end
+    class C2
+      def m
+        2
+      end
+    end
+
+    o1 = C1.new
+    o2 = C2.new
+
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
+    #  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_same_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_same_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c5404ac84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_same_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  module AR; end
+  class AR::Base
+    def create_or_update
+      nil
+    end
+    def save
+      create_or_update
+    end
+  end
+  class Foo < AR::Base; end
+  class Bar < AR::Base; end
+  o1 = Foo.new
+  o2 = Bar.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_same_method: |
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_singleton.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_singleton.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7923160fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_singleton.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_singleton: |
+    class C1
+      def m; 1; end
+    end
+
+    o1 = C1.new
+    o2 = C1.new
+    o2.singleton_class
+
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
+      o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
+      o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_proc.yml b/benchmark/vm_proc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f8de6c272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_proc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m &b
+    b
+  end
+
+  pr = m{
+    a = 1
+  }
+benchmark:
+  vm_proc: |
+    pr.call
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_raise1.yml b/benchmark/vm_raise1.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..247d9f70ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_raise1.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  def rec n
+    if n > 0
+      rec n-1
+    else
+      raise
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_raise1: |
+    begin
+      rec 1
+    rescue
+      # ignore
+    end
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_raise2.yml b/benchmark/vm_raise2.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0fa047b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_raise2.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  def rec n
+    if n > 0
+      rec n-1
+    else
+      raise
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_raise2: |
+    begin
+      rec 10
+    rescue
+      # ignore
+    end
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml b/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aa3d94dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  str = 'xxxhogexxx'
+benchmark:
+  vm_regexp: |
+    /hoge/ =~ str
+  vm_regexp_invert: |
+    str =~ /hoge/
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_rescue.yml b/benchmark/vm_rescue.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4a0af521f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_rescue.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_rescue: |
+    begin
+    rescue
+    end
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_send.yml b/benchmark/vm_send.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f31bc7ac89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_send.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m
+    end
+  end
+
+  o = C.new
+  m = :m
+benchmark:
+  vm_send: |
+    o.__send__ :m
+  vm_send_var: |
+    o.__send__ m
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_send_cfunc.yml b/benchmark/vm_send_cfunc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b114ac317d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_send_cfunc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_send_cfunc: self.class
+loop_count: 100000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_simplereturn.yml b/benchmark/vm_simplereturn.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9829cff0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_simplereturn.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    return 1
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_simplereturn: m
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_string_literal.yml b/benchmark/vm_string_literal.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64439c7980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_string_literal.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_string_literal: |
+    x = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_hi.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_hi.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cf78970cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_hi.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_aref_hi: |
+    x.z # x[25]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_lo.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_lo.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c91af27fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_lo.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_aref_lo: |
+    x.k # x[10]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69550d14ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_aset: |
+    s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+    x = s.new
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      i += 1
+      x.k = i # x[10] = i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_hi.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_hi.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09b764dd13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_hi.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_href_hi: |
+    x[:z]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_lo.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_lo.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2f00b220f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_lo.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_href_lo: |
+    x[:k]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_hset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_hset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc45cbee9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_hset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_hset: |
+    s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+    x = s.new
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      i += 1
+      x[:k] = i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aref.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aref.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a83251d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aref.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_aref: |
+    x.a
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74f435f126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_aset: |
+    s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+    x = s.new
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      i += 1
+      x.a = i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_href.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_href.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b7d7f39e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_href.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_href: |
+    x[:a]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_hset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_hset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d43b150de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_hset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_hset: |
+    x[:a] = 1
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_super.yml b/benchmark/vm_super.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d1e965c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_super.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CC < C
+    def m
+      super()
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = CC.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_super: obj.m
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_swap.yml b/benchmark/vm_swap.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e824a65e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_swap.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  a = 1
+  b = 2
+benchmark:
+  vm_swap: |
+    a, b = b, a
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_symbol_block_pass.rb b/benchmark/vm_symbol_block_pass.rb
index 1d433353e1..1d433353e1 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_symbol_block_pass.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_symbol_block_pass.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_alive_check.yml b/benchmark/vm_thread_alive_check.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d21737d3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_alive_check.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_thread_alive_check: |
+    t = Thread.new{}
+    while t.alive?
+      Thread.pass
+    end
+loop_count: 50_000
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_close.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_close.rb
index 3e9a265ce8..3e9a265ce8 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_close.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_close.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar1.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar1.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf5706b23e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar1.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# two threads, two mutex, two condvar ping-pong
+require 'thread'
+m1 = Mutex.new
+m2 = Mutex.new
+cv1 = ConditionVariable.new
+cv2 = ConditionVariable.new
+max = 100000
+i = 0
+wait = nil
+m2.synchronize do
+  wait = Thread.new do
+    m1.synchronize do
+      m2.synchronize { cv2.signal }
+      while (i += 1) < max
+        cv1.wait(m1)
+        cv2.signal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  cv2.wait(m2)
+end
+m1.synchronize do
+  while i < max
+    cv1.signal
+    cv2.wait(m1)
+  end
+end
+wait.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar2.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c8dc19481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# many threads, one mutex, many condvars
+require 'thread'
+m = Mutex.new
+cv1 = ConditionVariable.new
+cv2 = ConditionVariable.new
+max = 1000
+n = 100
+waiting = 0
+scvs = []
+waiters = n.times.map do |i|
+  start_cv = ConditionVariable.new
+  scvs << start_cv
+  start_mtx = Mutex.new
+  start_mtx.synchronize do
+    th = Thread.new(start_mtx, start_cv) do |sm, scv|
+      m.synchronize do
+        sm.synchronize { scv.signal }
+        max.times do
+          cv2.signal if (waiting += 1) == n
+          cv1.wait(m)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    start_cv.wait(start_mtx)
+    th
+  end
+end
+m.synchronize do
+  max.times do
+    cv2.wait(m) until waiting == n
+    waiting = 0
+    cv1.broadcast
+  end
+end
+waiters.each(&:join)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_create_join.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_create_join.rb
index 393cd45df9..393cd45df9 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_create_join.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_create_join.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex1.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex1.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66e42c85e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex1.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# one thread, one mutex (no contention)
+
+require 'thread'
+m = Thread::Mutex.new
+r = 0
+max = 2000
+lmax = max * max
+(1..1).map{
+  Thread.new{
+    i = 0
+    while i<lmax
+      i += 1
+      m.synchronize{
+        r += 1
+      }
+    end
+  }
+}.each{|e|
+  e.join
+}
+raise r.to_s if r != max * max
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex2.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e6c804c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# two threads, one mutex
+
+require 'thread'
+m = Thread::Mutex.new
+r = 0
+max = 2000
+lmax = (max * max)/2
+(1..2).map{
+  Thread.new{
+    i = 0
+    while i<lmax
+      i += 1
+      m.synchronize{
+        r += 1
+      }
+    end
+  }
+}.each{|e|
+  e.join
+}
+raise r.to_s if r != max * max
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex3.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex3.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c750dc542a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex3.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# 1000 threads, one mutex
+
+require 'thread'
+m = Thread::Mutex.new
+r = 0
+max = 2000
+(1..max).map{
+  Thread.new{
+    i = 0
+    while i<max
+      i += 1
+      m.synchronize{
+        r += 1
+      }
+    end
+  }
+}.each{|e|
+  e.join
+}
+raise r.to_s if r != max * max
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_pass.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..438bd08d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Plenty Thread.pass
+# A performance may depend on GVL implementation.
+
+tmax = (ARGV.shift || 8).to_i
+lmax = 400_000 / tmax
+
+(1..tmax).map{
+  Thread.new{
+    lmax.times{
+      Thread.pass
+    }
+  }
+}.each{|t| t.join}
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_pass_flood.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65df8e6154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# n.b. this is a good test for GVL when pinned to a single CPU
+
+5_000.times{
+  Thread.new{loop{Thread.pass}}
+}
+
+i = 0
+while i<10_000
+  i += 1
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pipe.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_pipe.rb
index 112a621905..112a621905 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pipe.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_pipe.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_queue.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_queue.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1dd3696a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_queue.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'thread'
+
+n = 10_000_000
+q = Thread::Queue.new
+consumer = Thread.new{
+  while q.pop
+    # consuming
+  end
+}
+
+producer = Thread.new{
+  n.times{
+    q.push true
+  }
+  q.push nil
+}
+
+consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b9af5482b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'thread'
+# on producer, one consumer
+
+n = 1_000_000
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumer = Thread.new{
+  while q.pop
+    # consuming
+  end
+}
+
+producer = Thread.new{
+  while n > 0
+    q.push true
+    n -= 1
+  end
+  q.push nil
+}
+
+consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue2.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de9f55e978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'thread'
+# one producer, many consumers
+n = 1_000_000
+m = 10
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumers = m.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while q.pop
+      # consuming
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+producer = Thread.new do
+  while n > 0
+    q.push true
+    n -= 1
+  end
+  m.times { q.push nil }
+end
+
+producer.join
+consumers.each(&:join)
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue3.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue3.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce5f1796d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue3.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'thread'
+# many producers, one consumer
+n = 1_000_000
+m = 10
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumer = Thread.new do
+  while q.pop
+    # consuming
+  end
+end
+
+producers = m.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while n > 0
+      q.push true
+      n -= 1
+    end
+  end
+end
+producers.each(&:join)
+q.push nil
+consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue4.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9b7d80ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'thread'
+# many producers, many consumers
+nr = 1_000_000
+n = 10
+m = 10
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumers = n.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while q.pop
+      # consuming
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+producers = m.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while nr > 0
+      q.push true
+      nr -= 1
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+producers.each(&:join)
+n.times { q.push nil }
+consumers.each(&:join)
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sleep.yml b/benchmark/vm_thread_sleep.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96901d8466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sleep.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_thread_sleep: |
+    Thread.new { sleep }
+loop_count: 10_000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_unif1.yml b/benchmark/vm_unif1.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04187bb0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_unif1.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m a, b
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_unif1: |
+    m 100, 200
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_yield.yml b/benchmark/vm_yield.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..230be3d84f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_yield.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# while loop cost is not removed due to benchmark_driver.gem's limitation
+benchmark:
+  vm_yield: |
+    def m
+      i = 0
+      while i<30_000_000
+        i += 1
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    m{}
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_zsuper.yml b/benchmark/vm_zsuper.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfb5837578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_zsuper.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m a
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CC < C
+    def m a
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = CC.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_zsuper: |
+    obj.m 10
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/wc.input.base b/benchmark/wc.input.base
deleted file mode 100644
index 41143fbac0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/wc.input.base
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-Subject:      Re: Who was Izchak Miller?
-From:         "Jane D. Anonymous" <nobody@yale.edu>
-Date:         1996/04/28
-Message-Id:   <4lv7bc$oh@news.ycc.yale.edu>
-References:   <317C405E.5DFA@panix.com> <4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net>
-To:           75176.2330@compuserve.com
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Organization: Yale University
-X-Url:        news:4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Newsgroups:   rec.games.roguelike.nethack
-X-Mailer:     Mozilla 1.1N (Macintosh; I; 68K)
-
-Hello there, Izchak Miller was my father.  When I was younger I spent 
-many a night, hunched over the keyboard with a cup of tea, playing 
-nethack with him and my brother.  my dad was a philosopher with a strong 
-weakness for fantasy/sci fi.  I remember when he started to get involved 
-with the Nethack team- my brother's Dungeons and Dragons monster book 
-found a regular place beside my dad's desk. it's nice to see him living 
-on in the game he loved so much :-).  
-                                                                  Tamar Miller
-
-The following is a really long word of 5000 characters:
-
-wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww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diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 38380f6c4e..7c55366ecb 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -9,29 +9,42 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <math.h>
 
 #ifdef HAVE_STRINGS_H
-#include <strings.h>
+# include <strings.h>
 #endif
-#include <math.h>
-#include <float.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
-#include <ieeefp.h>
+# include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
-#include <assert.h>
 
 #if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
-#define USE_GMP
-#include <gmp.h>
+# define USE_GMP
+# include <gmp.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+
 #define RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(x) RB_TYPE_P((x), T_BIGNUM)
 
-VALUE rb_cBignum;
 const char ruby_digitmap[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 
 #ifndef SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL
@@ -62,7 +75,6 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #else
 #   define HOST_BIGENDIAN_P 0
 #endif
-#define ALIGNOF(type) ((int)offsetof(struct { char f1; type f2; }, f2))
 /* (!LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ? 0 : (n)) is same as n but suppress a warning, C4293, by Visual Studio.  */
 #define LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ((n) < sizeof(d) * CHAR_BIT)
 #define LSHIFTX(d, n) (!LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ? 0 : ((d) << (!LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ? 0 : (n))))
@@ -110,7 +122,7 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #define BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(b) BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(b, 0)
 #define BIGNUM_SET_POSITIVE_SIGN(b) BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(b, 1)
 
-#define bignew(len,sign) bignew_1(rb_cBignum,(len),(sign))
+#define bignew(len,sign) bignew_1(rb_cInteger,(len),(sign))
 
 #define BDIGITS_ZERO(ptr, n) do { \
   BDIGIT *bdigitz_zero_ptr = (ptr); \
@@ -136,6 +148,11 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #define GMP_DIV_DIGITS 20
 #define GMP_BIG2STR_DIGITS 20
 #define GMP_STR2BIG_DIGITS 20
+#ifdef USE_GMP
+# define NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS GMP_MUL_DIGITS
+#else
+# define NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS
+#endif
 
 typedef void (mulfunc_t)(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn, BDIGIT *wds, size_t wn);
 
@@ -378,6 +395,7 @@ bdigitdbl2bary(BDIGIT *ds, size_t n, BDIGIT_DBL num)
 static int
 bary_cmp(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
+    size_t i;
     BARY_TRUNC(xds, xn);
     BARY_TRUNC(yds, yn);
 
@@ -386,11 +404,12 @@ bary_cmp(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     if (xn > yn)
         return 1;
 
-    while (xn-- && xds[xn] == yds[xn])
-        ;
-    if (xn == (size_t)-1)
+    for (i = 0; i < xn; i++)
+        if (xds[xn - i - 1] != yds[yn - i - 1])
+            break;
+    if (i == xn)
         return 0;
-    return xds[xn] < yds[xn] ? -1 : 1;
+    return xds[xn - i - 1] < yds[yn - i - 1] ? -1 : 1;
 }
 
 static BDIGIT
@@ -411,22 +430,22 @@ bary_small_lshift(BDIGIT *zds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t n, int shift)
 static void
 bary_small_rshift(BDIGIT *zds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t n, int shift, BDIGIT higher_bdigit)
 {
+    size_t i;
     BDIGIT_DBL num = 0;
-    BDIGIT x;
 
     assert(0 <= shift && shift < BITSPERDIG);
 
     num = BIGUP(higher_bdigit);
-    while (n--) {
-	num = (num | xds[n]) >> shift;
-        x = xds[n];
-	zds[n] = BIGLO(num);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        BDIGIT x = xds[n - i - 1];
+	num = (num | x) >> shift;
+        zds[n - i - 1] = BIGLO(num);
 	num = BIGUP(x);
     }
 }
 
 static int
-bary_zero_p(BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
+bary_zero_p(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
 {
     if (xn == 0)
         return 1;
@@ -439,8 +458,9 @@ bary_zero_p(BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
 static void
 bary_neg(BDIGIT *ds, size_t n)
 {
-    while (n--)
-        ds[n] = BIGLO(~ds[n]);
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        ds[n - i - 1] = BIGLO(~ds[n - i - 1]);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -610,8 +630,12 @@ static int
 bytes_2comp(unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
 {
     size_t i;
-    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
-        buf[i] = ~buf[i];
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        signed char c = buf[i];
+        signed int d = ~c;
+        unsigned int e = d & 0xFF;
+        buf[i] = e;
+    }
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         buf[i]++;
         if (buf[i] != 0)
@@ -661,7 +685,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                     return ((1 < de - dp || CLEAR_LOWBITS(d, 8) != 0) ? 2 : 1) * sign;
                 }
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT16_T) && 2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
                     uint16_t u = (uint16_t)(d = dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap16(u);
                     *((uint16_t *)words) = u;
@@ -669,7 +693,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT32_T) && 4 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
                     uint32_t u = (uint32_t)(d = dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap32(u);
                     *((uint32_t *)words) = u;
@@ -677,7 +701,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT64_T) && 8 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
                     uint64_t u = (uint64_t)(d = dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap64(u);
                     *((uint64_t *)words) = u;
@@ -692,7 +716,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                     return (1 < de - dp || FILL_LOWBITS(d, 8) != -1) ? -2 : -1;
                 }
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT16_T) && 2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
                     uint16_t u = (uint16_t)(d = -(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap16(u);
                     *((uint16_t *)words) = u;
@@ -701,7 +725,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT32_T) && 4 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
                     uint32_t u = (uint32_t)(d = -(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap32(u);
                     *((uint32_t *)words) = u;
@@ -710,7 +734,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT64_T) && 8 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
                     uint64_t u = (uint64_t)(d = -(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap64(u);
                     *((uint64_t *)words) = u;
@@ -753,7 +777,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
         }
 #endif
         if (nails == 0 && SIZEOF_BDIGIT == sizeof(BDIGIT) &&
-            wordsize % SIZEOF_BDIGIT == 0 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(BDIGIT) == 0) {
+            wordsize % SIZEOF_BDIGIT == 0 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(BDIGIT) == 0) {
             size_t bdigits_per_word = wordsize / SIZEOF_BDIGIT;
             size_t src_num_bdigits = de - dp;
             size_t dst_num_bdigits = numwords * bdigits_per_word;
@@ -896,8 +920,6 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
     }
 
     if ((flags & INTEGER_PACK_2COMP) && (sign < 0 && numwords != 0)) {
-        unsigned char *buf;
-
         int word_num_partialbits;
         size_t word_num_fullbytes;
 
@@ -1075,6 +1097,13 @@ integer_unpack_single_bdigit(BDIGIT u, size_t size, int flags, BDIGIT *dp)
     return sign;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ASSUME_ALIGNED
+#define reinterpret_cast(type, value) (type) \
+    __builtin_assume_aligned((value), sizeof(*(type)NULL));
+#else
+#define reinterpret_cast(type, value) (type)value
+#endif
+
 static int
 bary_unpack_internal(BDIGIT *bdigits, size_t num_bdigits, const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails, int flags, int nlp_bits)
 {
@@ -1095,23 +1124,24 @@ bary_unpack_internal(BDIGIT *bdigits, size_t num_bdigits, const void *words, siz
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(*(uint8_t *)buf, sizeof(uint8_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT16_T) && 2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-            if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
-                uint16_t u = *(uint16_t *)buf;
+            if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
+                uint16_t u = *reinterpret_cast(const uint16_t *, buf);
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(need_swap ? swap16(u) : u, sizeof(uint16_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT32_T) && 4 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-            if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
-                uint32_t u = *(uint32_t *)buf;
+            if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
+                uint32_t u = *reinterpret_cast(const uint32_t *, buf);
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(need_swap ? swap32(u) : u, sizeof(uint32_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT64_T) && 8 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-            if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
-                uint64_t u = *(uint64_t *)buf;
+            if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
+                uint64_t u = *reinterpret_cast(const uint64_t *, buf);
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(need_swap ? swap64(u) : u, sizeof(uint64_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #endif
+#undef reinterpret_cast
         }
 #if !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
         if (nails == 0 && SIZEOF_BDIGIT == sizeof(BDIGIT) &&
@@ -1427,7 +1457,9 @@ bary_add_one(BDIGIT *ds, size_t n)
 {
     size_t i;
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-	ds[i] = BIGLO(ds[i]+1);
+        BDIGIT_DBL n = ds[i];
+        n += 1;
+        ds[i] = BIGLO(n);
         if (ds[i] != 0)
             return 0;
     }
@@ -1495,15 +1527,16 @@ bigdivrem_mulsub(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, BDIGIT x, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     i = 0;
 
     do {
-        BDIGIT_DBL ee;
+        BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED ee;
         t2 += (BDIGIT_DBL)yds[i] * x;
         ee = num - BIGLO(t2);
-        num = (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i] + ee;
+        num = (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)zds[i] + ee;
         if (ee) zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
         num = BIGDN(num);
         t2 = BIGDN(t2);
     } while (++i < yn);
-    num += zds[i] - t2; /* borrow from high digit; don't update */
+    num -= (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)t2;
+    num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)zds[yn]; /* borrow from high digit; don't update */
     return num;
 }
 
@@ -1973,7 +2006,7 @@ bary_mul_toom3(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGI
     }
 
     /*
-     * ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toom%E2%80%93Cook_multiplication
+     * ref. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toom%E2%80%93Cook_multiplication
      *
      * x(b) = x0 * b^0 + x1 * b^1 + x2 * b^2
      * y(b) = y0 * b^0 + y1 * b^1 + y2 * b^2
@@ -2254,10 +2287,23 @@ rb_big_mul_toom3(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_GMP
+static inline void
+bdigits_to_mpz(mpz_t mp, const BDIGIT *digits, size_t len)
+{
+    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
+    mpz_import(mp, len, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, digits);
+}
+
+static inline void
+bdigits_from_mpz(mpz_t mp, BDIGIT *digits, size_t *len)
+{
+    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
+    mpz_export(digits, len, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, mp);
+}
+
 static void
 bary_mul_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     mpz_t x, y, z;
     size_t count;
 
@@ -2266,15 +2312,15 @@ bary_mul_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT
     mpz_init(x);
     mpz_init(y);
     mpz_init(z);
-    mpz_import(x, xn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, xds);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(x, xds, xn);
     if (xds == yds && xn == yn) {
         mpz_mul(z, x, x);
     }
     else {
-        mpz_import(y, yn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, yds);
+        bdigits_to_mpz(y, yds, yn);
         mpz_mul(z, x, y);
     }
-    mpz_export(zds, &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, z);
+    bdigits_from_mpz(z, zds, &count);
     BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+count, zn-count);
     mpz_clear(x);
     mpz_clear(y);
@@ -2313,9 +2359,9 @@ bary_sparse_p(const BDIGIT *ds, size_t n)
 {
     long c = 0;
 
-    if (          ds[rb_genrand_ulong_limited(n / 2) + n / 4]) c++;
-    if (c <= 1 && ds[rb_genrand_ulong_limited(n / 2) + n / 4]) c++;
-    if (c <= 1 && ds[rb_genrand_ulong_limited(n / 2) + n / 4]) c++;
+    if (          ds[2 * n / 5]) c++;
+    if (c <= 1 && ds[    n / 2]) c++;
+    if (c <= 1 && ds[3 * n / 5]) c++;
 
     return (c <= 1) ? 1 : 0;
 }
@@ -2423,12 +2469,7 @@ bary_mul_karatsuba_branch(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn,
 {
     /* normal multiplication when x is small */
     if (xn < KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS) {
-      normal:
-        if (xds == yds && xn == yn)
-            bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
-        else
-            bary_short_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn);
-        return;
+        goto normal;
     }
 
     /* normal multiplication when x or y is a sparse bignum */
@@ -2446,6 +2487,15 @@ bary_mul_karatsuba_branch(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn,
 
     /* multiplication by karatsuba method */
     bary_mul_karatsuba(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn, wds, wn);
+    return;
+
+  normal:
+    if (xds == yds && xn == yn) {
+        bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
+    }
+    else {
+        bary_short_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2485,13 +2535,8 @@ bary_mul_toom3_start(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const
 static void
 bary_mul(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-#ifdef USE_GMP
-    const size_t naive_threshold = GMP_MUL_DIGITS;
-#else
-    const size_t naive_threshold = KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS;
-#endif
     if (xn <= yn) {
-        if (xn < naive_threshold) {
+        if (xn < NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS) {
             if (xds == yds && xn == yn)
                 bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
             else
@@ -2500,7 +2545,7 @@ bary_mul(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds
         }
     }
     else {
-        if (yn < naive_threshold) {
+        if (yn < NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS) {
             bary_short_mul(zds, zn, yds, yn, xds, xn);
             return;
         }
@@ -2554,6 +2599,7 @@ bigdivrem1(void *ptr)
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* async-signal-safe */
 static void
 rb_big_stop(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -2576,10 +2622,9 @@ bigdivrem_single1(BDIGIT *qds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, BDIGIT x_higher_bdi
         size_t i;
         BDIGIT_DBL t2;
         t2 = x_higher_bdigit;
-        i = xn;
-        while (i--) {
-            t2 = BIGUP(t2) + xds[i];
-            qds[i] = (BDIGIT)(t2 / y);
+        for (i = 0; i < xn; i++) {
+            t2 = BIGUP(t2) + xds[xn - i - 1];
+            qds[xn - i - 1] = (BDIGIT)(t2 / y);
             t2 %= y;
         }
         return (BDIGIT)t2;
@@ -2619,7 +2664,7 @@ bigdivrem_restoring(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     if (bds.zn > 10000 || bds.yn > 10000) {
       retry:
 	bds.stop = Qfalse;
-	rb_thread_call_without_gvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds);
+        rb_nogvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds, RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE);
 
 	if (bds.stop == Qtrue) {
 	    /* execute trap handler, but exception was not raised. */
@@ -2730,7 +2775,6 @@ rb_big_divrem_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static void
 bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     mpz_t x, y, q, r;
     size_t count;
 
@@ -2744,8 +2788,8 @@ bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xd
     if (qds) mpz_init(q);
     if (rds) mpz_init(r);
 
-    mpz_import(x, xn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, xds);
-    mpz_import(y, yn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, yds);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(x, xds, xn);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(y, yds, yn);
 
     if (!rds) {
         mpz_fdiv_q(q, x, y);
@@ -2761,13 +2805,13 @@ bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xd
     mpz_clear(y);
 
     if (qds) {
-        mpz_export(qds, &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, q);
+        bdigits_from_mpz(q, qds, &count);
         BDIGITS_ZERO(qds+count, qn-count);
         mpz_clear(q);
     }
 
     if (rds) {
-        mpz_export(rds, &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, r);
+        bdigits_from_mpz(r, rds, &count);
         BDIGITS_ZERO(rds+count, rn-count);
         mpz_clear(r);
     }
@@ -2866,29 +2910,8 @@ bary_divmod(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, s
 }
 
 
-#define BIGNUM_DEBUG 0
-#if BIGNUM_DEBUG
-#define ON_DEBUG(x) do { x; } while (0)
-static void
-dump_bignum(VALUE x)
-{
-    long i;
-    printf("%c0x0", BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? '+' : '-');
-    for (i = BIGNUM_LEN(x); i--; ) {
-        printf("_%0*"PRIxBDIGIT, SIZEOF_BDIGIT*2, BDIGITS(x)[i]);
-    }
-    printf(", len=%"PRIuSIZE, BIGNUM_LEN(x));
-    puts("");
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_big_dump(VALUE x)
-{
-    dump_bignum(x);
-    return x;
-}
-#else
-#define ON_DEBUG(x)
+#ifndef BIGNUM_DEBUG
+# define BIGNUM_DEBUG (0+RUBY_DEBUG)
 #endif
 
 static int
@@ -2926,7 +2949,7 @@ rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_SET_LEN(b,l) \
-    ((RBASIC(b)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) ? \
+    (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(b) ? \
      (void)(RBASIC(b)->flags = \
 	    (RBASIC(b)->flags & ~BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK) | \
 	    ((l) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
@@ -2936,19 +2959,19 @@ static void
 rb_big_realloc(VALUE big, size_t len)
 {
     BDIGIT *ds;
-    if (RBASIC(big)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) {
+    if (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(big)) {
 	if (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX < len) {
 	    ds = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
 	    MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
 	    RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = BIGNUM_LEN(big);
 	    RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ds;
-	    RBASIC(big)->flags &= ~BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG;
+            FL_UNSET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
 	}
     }
     else {
 	if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
 	    ds = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits;
-	    RBASIC(big)->flags |= BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG;
+            FL_SET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
 	    BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
             (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
 	    if (ds) {
@@ -2978,18 +3001,19 @@ static VALUE
 bignew_1(VALUE klass, size_t len, int sign)
 {
     NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass, T_BIGNUM | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
-    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(big, sign?1:0);
+    VALUE bigv = (VALUE)big;
+    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
     if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	RBASIC(big)->flags |= BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG;
-	BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
-        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
+        FL_SET_RAW(bigv, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
+        BIGNUM_SET_LEN(bigv, len);
+        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)big->as.ary, sizeof(big->as.ary));
     }
     else {
-	RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
-	RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = len;
+        big->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
+        big->as.heap.len = len;
     }
-    OBJ_FREEZE(big);
-    return (VALUE)big;
+    OBJ_FREEZE(bigv);
+    return bigv;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -3137,7 +3161,7 @@ rb_big_norm(VALUE x)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_uint2big(VALUE n)
+rb_uint2big(uintptr_t n)
 {
     long i;
     VALUE big = bignew(bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_VALUE), 1);
@@ -3159,7 +3183,7 @@ rb_uint2big(VALUE n)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_int2big(SIGNED_VALUE n)
+rb_int2big(intptr_t n)
 {
     long neg = 0;
     VALUE u;
@@ -3174,20 +3198,20 @@ rb_int2big(SIGNED_VALUE n)
     }
     big = rb_uint2big(u);
     if (neg) {
-	BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(big, 0);
+	BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
     }
     return big;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_uint2inum(VALUE n)
+rb_uint2inum(uintptr_t n)
 {
     if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
     return rb_uint2big(n);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_int2inum(SIGNED_VALUE n)
+rb_int2inum(intptr_t n)
 {
     if (FIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
     return rb_int2big(n);
@@ -3366,7 +3390,7 @@ rb_absint_numwords(VALUE val, size_t word_numbits, size_t *nlz_bits_ret)
     size_t numbytes;
     int nlz_bits_in_msbyte;
     size_t numwords;
-    size_t nlz_bits;
+    size_t nlz_bits = 0;
 
     if (word_numbits == 0)
         return (size_t)-1;
@@ -3568,7 +3592,7 @@ rb_integer_pack(VALUE val, void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t
 }
 
 /*
- * Import an integer into a buffer.
+ * Import an integer from a buffer.
  *
  * [words] buffer to import.
  * [numwords] the size of given buffer as number of words.
@@ -3685,46 +3709,78 @@ rb_integer_unpack(const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t na
 
 #define conv_digit(c) (ruby_digit36_to_number_table[(unsigned char)(c)])
 
-static void
-str2big_scan_digits(const char *s, const char *str, int base, int badcheck, size_t *num_digits_p, size_t *len_p)
+NORETURN(static inline void invalid_radix(int base));
+NORETURN(static inline void invalid_integer(VALUE s));
+
+static inline int
+valid_radix_p(int base)
+{
+    return (1 < base && base <= 36);
+}
+
+static inline void
+invalid_radix(int base)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+}
+
+static inline void
+invalid_integer(VALUE s)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for Integer(): %+"PRIsVALUE, s);
+}
+
+static int
+str2big_scan_digits(const char *s, const char *str, int base, int badcheck, size_t *num_digits_p, ssize_t *len_p)
 {
     char nondigit = 0;
     size_t num_digits = 0;
     const char *digits_start = str;
     const char *digits_end = str;
+    ssize_t len = *len_p;
 
     int c;
 
-    if (badcheck && *str == '_') goto bad;
+    if (!len) {
+	*num_digits_p = 0;
+	*len_p = 0;
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (badcheck && *str == '_') return FALSE;
 
     while ((c = *str++) != 0) {
 	if (c == '_') {
 	    if (nondigit) {
-		if (badcheck) goto bad;
+                if (badcheck) return FALSE;
 		break;
 	    }
 	    nondigit = (char) c;
-	    continue;
 	}
-	else if ((c = conv_digit(c)) < 0) {
+	else if ((c = conv_digit(c)) < 0 || c >= base) {
 	    break;
 	}
-	if (c >= base) break;
-	nondigit = 0;
-        num_digits++;
-        digits_end = str;
+	else {
+	    nondigit = 0;
+	    num_digits++;
+	    digits_end = str;
+	}
+	if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
     }
-    if (badcheck) {
+    if (badcheck && nondigit) return FALSE;
+    if (badcheck && len) {
 	str--;
-	if (s+1 < str && str[-1] == '_') goto bad;
-	while (*str && ISSPACE(*str)) str++;
-	if (*str) {
-	  bad:
-	    rb_invalid_str(s, "Integer()");
+	while (*str && ISSPACE(*str)) {
+	    str++;
+	    if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
+	}
+	if (len && *str) {
+	    return FALSE;
 	}
     }
     *num_digits_p = num_digits;
     *len_p = digits_end - digits_start;
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3905,7 +3961,6 @@ str2big_gmp(
     size_t num_bdigits,
     int base)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     char *buf, *p;
     const char *q;
     VALUE tmps;
@@ -3928,7 +3983,7 @@ str2big_gmp(
     zn = num_bdigits;
     z = bignew(zn, sign);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
-    mpz_export(BDIGITS(z), &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, mz);
+    bdigits_from_mpz(mz, BDIGITS(z), &count);
     BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+count, zn-count);
     mpz_clear(mz);
 
@@ -3939,6 +3994,8 @@ str2big_gmp(
 }
 #endif
 
+static VALUE rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base);
+
 /*
  * Parse +str+ as Ruby Integer, i.e., underscores, 0d and 0b prefixes.
  *
@@ -3958,56 +4015,93 @@ str2big_gmp(
 VALUE
 rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
 {
-    const char *s = str;
+    char *end;
+    VALUE ret = rb_cstr_parse_inum(str, -1, (badcheck ? NULL : &end), base);
+    if (NIL_P(ret)) {
+	if (badcheck) rb_invalid_str(str, "Integer()");
+	ret = INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse +str+ as Ruby Integer, i.e., underscores, 0d and 0b prefixes.
+ *
+ * str:  pointer to the string to be parsed.
+ *       should be NUL-terminated if +len+ is negative.
+ * len:  length of +str+ if >= 0.  if +len+ is negative, +str+ should
+ *       be NUL-terminated.
+ * endp: if non-NULL, the address after parsed part is stored.  if
+ *       NULL, Qnil is returned when +str+ is not valid as an Integer.
+ * ndigits: if non-NULL, the number of parsed digits is stored.
+ * base: see +rb_cstr_to_inum+
+ * flags: bitwise OR of below flags:
+ *       RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN: allow preceding spaces and +/- sign
+ *       RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE: allow an underscore between digits
+ *       RB_INT_PARSE_PREFIX: allow preceding prefix
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits,
+		  int base, int flags)
+{
+    const char *const s = str;
     char sign = 1;
     int c;
-    VALUE z;
+    VALUE z = Qnil;
 
-    int bits_per_digit;
+    unsigned long val;
+    int ov;
 
     const char *digits_start, *digits_end;
-    size_t num_digits;
+    size_t num_digits = 0;
     size_t num_bdigits;
-    size_t len;
+    const ssize_t len0 = len;
+    const int badcheck = !endp;
+
+#define ADV(n) do {\
+	if (len > 0 && len <= (n)) goto bad; \
+	str += (n); \
+	len -= (n); \
+    } while (0)
+#define ASSERT_LEN() do {\
+	assert(len != 0); \
+	if (len0 >= 0) assert(s + len0 == str + len); \
+    } while (0)
 
     if (!str) {
-	if (badcheck) {
-          bad:
-            rb_invalid_str(s, "Integer()");
-        }
-	return INT2FIX(0);
+        goto bad;
     }
-    while (ISSPACE(*str)) str++;
+    if (len && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN)) {
+	while (ISSPACE(*str)) ADV(1);
 
-    if (str[0] == '+') {
-	str++;
-    }
-    else if (str[0] == '-') {
-	str++;
-	sign = 0;
-    }
-    if (str[0] == '+' || str[0] == '-') {
-	if (badcheck) goto bad;
-	return INT2FIX(0);
+	if (str[0] == '+') {
+	    ADV(1);
+	}
+	else if (str[0] == '-') {
+	    ADV(1);
+	    sign = 0;
+	}
+	ASSERT_LEN();
     }
     if (base <= 0) {
-	if (str[0] == '0') {
+	if (str[0] == '0' && len > 1) {
 	    switch (str[1]) {
 	      case 'x': case 'X':
 		base = 16;
-                str += 2;
+		ADV(2);
 		break;
 	      case 'b': case 'B':
 		base = 2;
-                str += 2;
+		ADV(2);
 		break;
 	      case 'o': case 'O':
 		base = 8;
-                str += 2;
+		ADV(2);
 		break;
 	      case 'd': case 'D':
 		base = 10;
-                str += 2;
+		ADV(2);
 		break;
 	      default:
 		base = 8;
@@ -4020,59 +4114,75 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
 	    base = 10;
 	}
     }
+    else if (len == 1 || !(flags & RB_INT_PARSE_PREFIX)) {
+	/* no prefix */
+    }
     else if (base == 2) {
 	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'b'||str[1] == 'B')) {
-	    str += 2;
+	    ADV(2);
 	}
     }
     else if (base == 8) {
 	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'o'||str[1] == 'O')) {
-	    str += 2;
+	    ADV(2);
 	}
     }
     else if (base == 10) {
 	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'd'||str[1] == 'D')) {
-	    str += 2;
+	    ADV(2);
 	}
     }
     else if (base == 16) {
 	if (str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'x'||str[1] == 'X')) {
-	    str += 2;
+	    ADV(2);
 	}
     }
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base)) {
+        invalid_radix(base);
     }
-    if (*str == '0') {		/* squeeze preceding 0s */
+    if (!len) goto bad;
+    num_digits = str - s;
+    if (*str == '0' && len != 1) { /* squeeze preceding 0s */
 	int us = 0;
-	while ((c = *++str) == '0' || c == '_') {
+	const char *end = len < 0 ? NULL : str + len;
+	++num_digits;
+	while ((c = *++str) == '0' ||
+	       ((flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE) && c == '_')) {
 	    if (c == '_') {
 		if (++us >= 2)
 		    break;
 	    }
 	    else {
+		++num_digits;
 		us = 0;
 	    }
+	    if (str == end) break;
 	}
-	if (!(c = *str) || ISSPACE(c)) --str;
+	if (!c || ISSPACE(c)) --str;
+	if (end) len = end - str;
+	ASSERT_LEN();
     }
     c = *str;
     c = conv_digit(c);
     if (c < 0 || c >= base) {
-	if (badcheck) goto bad;
-	return INT2FIX(0);
-    }
-
-    bits_per_digit = bit_length(base-1);
-    if (bits_per_digit * strlen(str) <= sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT) {
-        char *end;
-	unsigned long val = STRTOUL(str, &end, base);
-
-	if (str < end && *end == '_') goto bigparse;
+	if (!badcheck && num_digits) z = INT2FIX(0);
+	goto bad;
+    }
+
+    if (ndigits) *ndigits = num_digits;
+    val = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, base, &num_digits, &ov);
+    if (!ov) {
+	const char *end = &str[num_digits];
+	if (num_digits > 0 && *end == '_' && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE))
+	    goto bigparse;
+	if (endp) *endp = (char *)end;
+	if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
 	if (badcheck) {
-	    if (end == str) goto bad; /* no number */
-	    while (*end && ISSPACE(*end)) end++;
-	    if (*end) goto bad;	      /* trailing garbage */
+	    if (num_digits == 0) return Qnil; /* no number */
+	    while (len < 0 ? *end : end < str + len) {
+		if (!ISSPACE(*end)) return Qnil; /* trailing garbage */
+		end++;
+	    }
 	}
 
 	if (POSFIXABLE(val)) {
@@ -4091,12 +4201,15 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
 
   bigparse:
     digits_start = str;
-    str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len);
+    if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
+	goto bad;
+    if (endp) *endp = (char *)(str + len);
+    if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     if (POW2_P(base)) {
         z = str2big_poweroftwo(sign, digits_start, digits_end, num_digits,
-                bits_per_digit);
+			       bit_length(base-1));
     }
     else {
         int digits_per_bdigits_dbl;
@@ -4121,63 +4234,74 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
     }
 
     return bignorm(z);
+
+  bad:
+    if (endp) *endp = (char *)str;
+    if (ndigits) *ndigits = num_digits;
+    return z;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
+{
+    return rb_int_parse_cstr(str, len, endp, NULL, base,
+			     RB_INT_PARSE_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_str_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck)
+rb_str_convert_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck, int raise_exception)
 {
-    char *s;
-    long len;
-    VALUE v = 0;
     VALUE ret;
+    const char *s;
+    long len;
+    char *end;
 
     StringValue(str);
     rb_must_asciicompat(str);
-    if (badcheck) {
-	s = StringValueCStr(str);
-    }
-    else {
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    }
-    if (s) {
-	len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-	if (s[len]) {		/* no sentinel somehow */
-	    char *p = ALLOCV(v, len+1);
-
-	    MEMCPY(p, s, char, len);
-	    p[len] = '\0';
-	    s = p;
-	}
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(str, s, len);
+    ret = rb_cstr_parse_inum(s, len, (badcheck ? NULL : &end), base);
+    if (NIL_P(ret)) {
+        if (badcheck) {
+            if (!raise_exception) return Qnil;
+            invalid_integer(str);
+        }
+        ret = INT2FIX(0);
     }
-    ret = rb_cstr_to_inum(s, base, badcheck);
-    if (v)
-	ALLOCV_END(v);
     return ret;
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_str_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck)
+{
+    return rb_str_convert_to_inum(str, base, badcheck, TRUE);
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_str2big_poweroftwo(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
 {
     int positive_p = 1;
     const char *s, *str;
     const char *digits_start, *digits_end;
     size_t num_digits;
-    size_t len;
+    ssize_t len;
     VALUE z;
 
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base || !POW2_P(base)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base) || !POW2_P(base)) {
+        invalid_radix(base);
     }
 
     rb_must_asciicompat(arg);
     s = str = StringValueCStr(arg);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
     if (*str == '-') {
+	len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
-    str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len);
+    if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
+	invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     z = str2big_poweroftwo(positive_p, digits_start, digits_end, num_digits,
@@ -4195,25 +4319,28 @@ rb_str2big_normal(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     const char *s, *str;
     const char *digits_start, *digits_end;
     size_t num_digits;
-    size_t len;
+    ssize_t len;
     VALUE z;
 
     int digits_per_bdigits_dbl;
     size_t num_bdigits;
 
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base)) {
+        invalid_radix(base);
     }
 
     rb_must_asciicompat(arg);
-    s = str = StringValueCStr(arg);
-    if (*str == '-') {
+    s = str = StringValuePtr(arg);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
+    if (len > 0 && *str == '-') {
+	len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
-    str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len);
+    if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
+	invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
@@ -4234,25 +4361,28 @@ rb_str2big_karatsuba(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     const char *s, *str;
     const char *digits_start, *digits_end;
     size_t num_digits;
-    size_t len;
+    ssize_t len;
     VALUE z;
 
     int digits_per_bdigits_dbl;
     size_t num_bdigits;
 
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base)) {
+        invalid_radix(base);
     }
 
     rb_must_asciicompat(arg);
-    s = str = StringValueCStr(arg);
-    if (*str == '-') {
+    s = str = StringValuePtr(arg);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
+    if (len > 0 && *str == '-') {
+	len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
-    str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len);
+    if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
+	invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
@@ -4274,25 +4404,28 @@ rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
     const char *s, *str;
     const char *digits_start, *digits_end;
     size_t num_digits;
-    size_t len;
+    ssize_t len;
     VALUE z;
 
     int digits_per_bdigits_dbl;
     size_t num_bdigits;
 
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base)) {
+        invalid_radix(base);
     }
 
     rb_must_asciicompat(arg);
-    s = str = StringValueCStr(arg);
-    if (*str == '-') {
+    s = str = StringValuePtr(arg);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(arg);
+    if (len > 0 && *str == '-') {
+	len--;
         str++;
         positive_p = 0;
     }
 
     digits_start = str;
-    str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len);
+    if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
+	invalid_integer(arg);
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(base, &digits_per_bdigits_dbl);
@@ -4346,7 +4479,7 @@ rb_ll2big(LONG_LONG n)
     }
     big = rb_ull2big(u);
     if (neg) {
-	BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(big, 0);
+	BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
     }
     return big;
 }
@@ -4367,6 +4500,46 @@ rb_ll2inum(LONG_LONG n)
 
 #endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
 
+#ifdef HAVE_INT128_T
+static VALUE
+rb_uint128t2big(uint128_t n)
+{
+    long i;
+    VALUE big = bignew(bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T), 1);
+    BDIGIT *digits = BDIGITS(big);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T); i++) {
+	digits[i] = BIGLO(RSHIFT(n ,BITSPERDIG*i));
+    }
+
+    i = bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T);
+    while (i-- && !digits[i]) ;
+    BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, i+1);
+    return big;
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_int128t2big(int128_t n)
+{
+    int neg = 0;
+    uint128_t u;
+    VALUE big;
+
+    if (n < 0) {
+        u = 1 + (uint128_t)(-(n + 1)); /* u = -n avoiding overflow */
+	neg = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        u = n;
+    }
+    big = rb_uint128t2big(u);
+    if (neg) {
+	BIGNUM_SET_NEGATIVE_SIGN(big);
+    }
+    return big;
+}
+#endif
+
 VALUE
 rb_cstr2inum(const char *str, int base)
 {
@@ -4485,12 +4658,6 @@ static size_t base36_numdigits_cache[35][MAX_BASE36_POWER_TABLE_ENTRIES];
 static void
 power_cache_init(void)
 {
-    int i, j;
-    for (i = 0; i < 35; ++i) {
-	for (j = 0; j < MAX_BASE36_POWER_TABLE_ENTRIES; ++j) {
-	    base36_power_cache[i][j] = Qnil;
-	}
-    }
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -4513,8 +4680,8 @@ power_cache_get_power(int base, int power_level, size_t *numdigits_ret)
     if (MAX_BASE36_POWER_TABLE_ENTRIES <= power_level)
         rb_bug("too big power number requested: maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(%d)**(2**%d)", base, power_level);
 
-    if (NIL_P(base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level])) {
-        VALUE power;
+    VALUE power = base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level];
+    if (!power) {
         size_t numdigits;
         if (power_level == 0) {
             int numdigits0;
@@ -4534,7 +4701,7 @@ power_cache_get_power(int base, int power_level, size_t *numdigits_ret)
     }
     if (numdigits_ret)
         *numdigits_ret = base36_numdigits_cache[base - 2][power_level];
-    return base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level];
+    return power;
 }
 
 struct big2str_struct {
@@ -4575,8 +4742,9 @@ big2str_2bdigits(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t tail
         p = buf;
         j = sizeof(buf);
         do {
-            p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[num % b2s->base];
+            BDIGIT_DBL idx = num % b2s->base;
             num /= b2s->base;
+            p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[idx];
         } while (num);
         len = sizeof(buf) - j;
         big2str_alloc(b2s, len + taillen);
@@ -4586,8 +4754,9 @@ big2str_2bdigits(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t tail
         p = b2s->ptr;
         j = b2s->hbase2_numdigits;
         do {
-            p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[num % b2s->base];
+            BDIGIT_DBL idx = num % b2s->base;
             num /= b2s->base;
+            p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[idx];
         } while (j);
         len = b2s->hbase2_numdigits;
     }
@@ -4771,8 +4940,8 @@ big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
 	return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
     }
 
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base))
+	invalid_radix(base);
 
     if (xn >= LONG_MAX/BITSPERDIG) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `string'");
@@ -4841,7 +5010,6 @@ rb_big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
 static VALUE
 big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     mpz_t mx;
     size_t size;
     VALUE str;
@@ -4849,7 +5017,7 @@ big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base)
     size_t xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
 
     mpz_init(mx);
-    mpz_import(mx, xn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, xds);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(mx, xds, xn);
 
     size = mpz_sizeinbase(mx, base);
 
@@ -4897,8 +5065,8 @@ rb_big2str1(VALUE x, int base)
 	return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
     }
 
-    if (base < 2 || 36 < base)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+    if (!valid_radix_p(base))
+	invalid_radix(base);
 
     if (xn >= LONG_MAX/BITSPERDIG) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `string'");
@@ -4924,38 +5092,12 @@ rb_big2str(VALUE x, int base)
     return rb_big2str1(x, base);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.to_s(base=10)   ->  string
- *
- *  Returns a string containing the representation of <i>big</i> radix
- *  <i>base</i> (2 through 36).
- *
- *     12345654321.to_s         #=> "12345654321"
- *     12345654321.to_s(2)      #=> "1011011111110110111011110000110001"
- *     12345654321.to_s(8)      #=> "133766736061"
- *     12345654321.to_s(16)     #=> "2dfdbbc31"
- *     78546939656932.to_s(36)  #=> "rubyrules"
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_big_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
-{
-    int base;
-
-    if (argc == 0) base = 10;
-    else {
-	VALUE b;
-
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &b);
-	base = NUM2INT(b);
-    }
-    return rb_big2str(x, base);
-}
-
 static unsigned long
 big2ulong(VALUE x, const char *type)
 {
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_BDIGIT
+    size_t i;
+#endif
     size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
     unsigned long num;
     BDIGIT *ds;
@@ -4970,9 +5112,9 @@ big2ulong(VALUE x, const char *type)
     num = (unsigned long)ds[0];
 #else
     num = 0;
-    while (len--) {
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 	num <<= BITSPERDIG;
-	num += (unsigned long)ds[len]; /* overflow is already checked */
+        num += (unsigned long)ds[len - i - 1]; /* overflow is already checked */
     }
 #endif
     return num;
@@ -4987,10 +5129,8 @@ rb_big2ulong(VALUE x)
         return num;
     }
     else {
-        if (num <= LONG_MAX)
-            return -(long)num;
-        if (num == 1+(unsigned long)(-(LONG_MIN+1)))
-            return LONG_MIN;
+        if (num <= 1+(unsigned long)(-(LONG_MIN+1)))
+            return -(long)(num-1)-1;
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum out of range of unsigned long");
 }
@@ -5005,10 +5145,8 @@ rb_big2long(VALUE x)
             return num;
     }
     else {
-        if (num <= LONG_MAX)
-            return -(long)num;
-        if (num == 1+(unsigned long)(-(LONG_MIN+1)))
-            return LONG_MIN;
+        if (num <= 1+(unsigned long)(-(LONG_MIN+1)))
+            return -(long)(num-1)-1;
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `long'");
 }
@@ -5018,6 +5156,9 @@ rb_big2long(VALUE x)
 static unsigned LONG_LONG
 big2ull(VALUE x, const char *type)
 {
+#if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > SIZEOF_BDIGIT
+    size_t i;
+#endif
     size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
     unsigned LONG_LONG num;
     BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x);
@@ -5030,9 +5171,9 @@ big2ull(VALUE x, const char *type)
     num = (unsigned LONG_LONG)ds[0];
 #else
     num = 0;
-    while (len--) {
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 	num = BIGUP(num);
-	num += ds[len];
+        num += ds[len - i - 1];
     }
 #endif
     return num;
@@ -5047,10 +5188,8 @@ rb_big2ull(VALUE x)
         return num;
     }
     else {
-        if (num <= LLONG_MAX)
-            return -(LONG_LONG)num;
-        if (num == 1+(unsigned LONG_LONG)(-(LLONG_MIN+1)))
-            return LLONG_MIN;
+        if (num <= 1+(unsigned LONG_LONG)(-(LLONG_MIN+1)))
+            return -(LONG_LONG)(num-1)-1;
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum out of range of unsigned long long");
 }
@@ -5065,10 +5204,8 @@ rb_big2ll(VALUE x)
             return num;
     }
     else {
-        if (num <= LLONG_MAX)
-            return -(LONG_LONG)num;
-        if (num == 1+(unsigned LONG_LONG)(-(LLONG_MIN+1)))
-            return LLONG_MIN;
+        if (num <= 1+(unsigned LONG_LONG)(-(LLONG_MIN+1)))
+            return -(LONG_LONG)(num-1)-1;
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `long long'");
 }
@@ -5143,8 +5280,13 @@ big2dbl(VALUE x)
 		    }
 		}
 		if (carry) {
-		    dl &= BDIGMAX << bits;
-		    dl = BIGLO(dl + ((BDIGIT)1 << bits));
+                    BDIGIT mask = BDIGMAX;
+                    BDIGIT bit = 1;
+                    mask <<= bits;
+                    bit <<= bits;
+                    dl &= mask;
+                    dl += bit;
+                    dl = BIGLO(dl);
 		    if (!dl) d += 1;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -5159,7 +5301,7 @@ big2dbl(VALUE x)
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    if (!BIGNUM_SIGN(x)) d = -d;
+    if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) d = -d;
     return d;
 }
 
@@ -5178,21 +5320,6 @@ rb_big2dbl(VALUE x)
     return d;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.to_f -> float
- *
- *  Converts <i>big</i> to a <code>Float</code>. If <i>big</i> doesn't
- *  fit in a <code>Float</code>, the result is infinity.
- *
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_big_to_f(VALUE x)
-{
-    return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x));
-}
-
 VALUE
 rb_integer_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5243,6 +5370,15 @@ rb_integer_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return INT2FIX(-1);
 }
 
+#if SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT >= DBL_MANT_DIG /* assume FLT_RADIX == 2 */
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#if __has_warning("-Wimplicit-int-float-conversion")
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wimplicit-int-float-conversion)
+#endif
+static const double LONG_MAX_as_double = LONG_MAX;
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
 VALUE
 rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5262,7 +5398,7 @@ rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
         return Qtrue;
 #else
         long xn, yn;
-        if (yi < LONG_MIN || LONG_MAX < yi)
+        if (yi < LONG_MIN || LONG_MAX_as_double <= yi)
             return Qfalse;
         xn = FIX2LONG(x);
         yn = (long)yi;
@@ -5275,52 +5411,33 @@ rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_big_eq(x, y);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big <=> numeric   -> -1, 0, +1 or nil
- *
- *  Comparison---Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether +big+ is
- *  less than, equal to, or greater than +numeric+. This is the
- *  basis for the tests in Comparable.
- *
- *  +nil+ is returned if the two values are incomparable.
- *
- */
 
 VALUE
 rb_big_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    int cmp;
-
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-        x = bignorm(x);
+	x = bigfixize(x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-            if (FIX2LONG(x) > FIX2LONG(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
-            if (FIX2LONG(x) < FIX2LONG(y)) return INT2FIX(-1);
-            return INT2FIX(0);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) return INT2FIX(-1);
-            return INT2FIX(1);
+	    /* SIGNED_VALUE and Fixnum have same sign-bits, same
+	     * order */
+	    SIGNED_VALUE sx = (SIGNED_VALUE)x, sy = (SIGNED_VALUE)y;
+	    if (sx < sy) return INT2FIX(-1);
+	    return INT2FIX(sx > sy);
         }
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+	if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) == BIGNUM_SIGN(y)) {
+	    int cmp = bary_cmp(BDIGITS(x), BIGNUM_LEN(x), BDIGITS(y), BIGNUM_LEN(y));
+	    return INT2FIX(BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? cmp : -cmp);
+	}
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, rb_intern("<=>"));
+	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, idCmp);
     }
-
-    if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) > BIGNUM_SIGN(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
-    if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x) < BIGNUM_SIGN(y)) return INT2FIX(-1);
-
-    cmp = bary_cmp(BDIGITS(x), BIGNUM_LEN(x), BDIGITS(y), BIGNUM_LEN(y));
-    if (BIGNUM_SIGN(x))
-        return INT2FIX(cmp);
-    else
-        return INT2FIX(-cmp);
+    return INT2FIX(BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? 1 : -1);
 }
 
 enum big_op_t {
@@ -5336,7 +5453,7 @@ big_op(VALUE x, VALUE y, enum big_op_t op)
     VALUE rel;
     int n;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) || RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	rel = rb_big_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
@@ -5346,9 +5463,9 @@ big_op(VALUE x, VALUE y, enum big_op_t op)
 	ID id = 0;
 	switch (op) {
 	  case big_op_gt: id = '>'; break;
-	  case big_op_ge: id = rb_intern(">="); break;
+	  case big_op_ge: id = idGE; break;
 	  case big_op_lt: id = '<'; break;
-	  case big_op_le: id = rb_intern("<="); break;
+	  case big_op_le: id = idLE; break;
 	}
 	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, id);
     }
@@ -5365,58 +5482,26 @@ big_op(VALUE x, VALUE y, enum big_op_t op)
     return Qundef;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   big > real  ->  true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if the value of <code>big</code> is
- * greater than that of <code>real</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-big_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_big_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return big_op(x, y, big_op_gt);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   big >= real  ->  true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if the value of <code>big</code> is
- * greater than or equal to that of <code>real</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-big_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_big_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return big_op(x, y, big_op_ge);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   big < real  ->  true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if the value of <code>big</code> is
- * less than that of <code>real</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-big_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_big_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return big_op(x, y, big_op_lt);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   big <= real  ->  true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if the value of <code>big</code> is
- * less than or equal to that of <code>real</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-big_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_big_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return big_op(x, y, big_op_le);
 }
@@ -5426,8 +5511,8 @@ big_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     big == obj  -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> has the same value
- *  as <i>big</i>. Contrast this with <code>Bignum#eql?</code>, which
- *  requires <i>obj</i> to be a <code>Bignum</code>.
+ *  as <i>big</i>. Contrast this with Integer#eql?, which requires
+ *  <i>obj</i> to be an Integer.
  *
  *     68719476736 == 68719476736.0   #=> true
  */
@@ -5436,8 +5521,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	if (bignorm(x) == y) return Qtrue;
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+	return bignorm(x) == y ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
     }
@@ -5453,17 +5537,6 @@ rb_big_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.eql?(obj)   -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> is a
- *  <code>Bignum</code> with the same value as <i>big</i>. Contrast this
- *  with <code>Bignum#==</code>, which performs type conversions.
- *
- *     68719476736.eql?(68719476736.0)   #=> false
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5474,37 +5547,18 @@ rb_big_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    -big   ->  integer
- *
- * Unary minus (returns an integer whose value is 0-big)
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_uminus(VALUE x)
 {
     VALUE z = rb_big_clone(x);
 
-    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(z, !BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
+    BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
 
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     ~big  ->  integer
- *
- * Inverts the bits in big. As Bignums are conceptually infinite
- * length, the result acts as if it had an infinite number of one
- * bits to the left. In hex representations, this is displayed
- * as two periods to the left of the digits.
- *
- *   sprintf("%X", ~0x1122334455)    #=> "..FEEDDCCBBAA"
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_big_neg(VALUE x)
+VALUE
+rb_big_comp(VALUE x)
 {
     VALUE z = rb_big_clone(x);
     BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(z);
@@ -5584,7 +5638,7 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
     assert(xn == zn);
     num = (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)xds[0] - y;
     if (xn == 1 && num < 0) {
-	BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(z, !BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
+	BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
 	zds[0] = (BDIGIT)-num;
 	RB_GC_GUARD(x);
 	return bignorm(z);
@@ -5647,7 +5701,7 @@ bigsub_int(VALUE x, long y0)
     assert(num == 0 || num == -1);
     if (num < 0) {
         get2comp(z);
-	BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(z, !BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
+	BIGNUM_NEGATE(z);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
     return bignorm(z);
@@ -5763,13 +5817,6 @@ bigadd(VALUE x, VALUE y, int sign)
     return z;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big + other  -> Numeric
- *
- *  Adds big and other, returning the result.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5799,13 +5846,6 @@ rb_big_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big - other  -> Numeric
- *
- *  Subtracts other from big, returning the result.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5850,17 +5890,10 @@ bigsq(VALUE x)
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
-    if (xn < GMP_MUL_DIGITS)
+    if (xn < NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS)
         bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
     else
         bary_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, xds, xn);
-#else
-    if (xn < KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS)
-        bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
-    else
-        bary_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, xds, xn);
-#endif
 
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
     return z;
@@ -5893,13 +5926,6 @@ bigmul0(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return z;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big * other  -> Numeric
- *
- *  Multiplies big and other, returning the result.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5949,7 +5975,7 @@ bigdivrem(VALUE x, VALUE y, volatile VALUE *divp, volatile VALUE *modp)
 	zds = BDIGITS(z);
         dd = bigdivrem_single(zds, xds, xn, dd);
 	if (modp) {
-	    *modp = rb_uint2big((VALUE)dd);
+	    *modp = rb_uint2big((uintptr_t)dd);
 	    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(*modp, BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
 	}
 	if (divp) *divp = z;
@@ -6039,12 +6065,15 @@ rb_big_divide(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID op)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	if (op == '/') {
-	    return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+            double dx = rb_big2dbl(x);
+            return rb_flo_div_flo(DBL2NUM(dx), y);
 	}
 	else {
+            VALUE v;
 	    double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
 	    if (dy == 0.0) rb_num_zerodiv();
-	    return rb_dbl2big(rb_big2dbl(x) / dy);
+            v = rb_big_divide(x, y, '/');
+            return rb_dbl2big(RFLOAT_VALUE(v));
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -6055,43 +6084,18 @@ rb_big_divide(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID op)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big / other     -> Numeric
- *
- * Performs division: the class of the resulting object depends on
- * the class of <code>numeric</code> and on the magnitude of the
- * result.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return rb_big_divide(x, y, '/');
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.div(other)  -> integer
- *
- * Performs integer division: returns integer value.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    return rb_big_divide(x, y, rb_intern("div"));
+    return rb_big_divide(x, y, idDiv);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big % other         -> Numeric
- *     big.modulo(other)   -> Numeric
- *
- *  Returns big modulo other. See Numeric.divmod for more
- *  information.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -6108,16 +6112,7 @@ rb_big_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.remainder(numeric)    -> number
- *
- *  Returns the remainder after dividing <i>big</i> by <i>numeric</i>.
- *
- *     -1234567890987654321.remainder(13731)      #=> -6966
- *     -1234567890987654321.remainder(13731.24)   #=> -9906.22531493148
- */
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     VALUE z;
@@ -6133,13 +6128,6 @@ rb_big_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.divmod(numeric)   -> array
- *
- *  See <code>Numeric#divmod</code>.
- *
- */
 VALUE
 rb_big_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -6149,7 +6137,7 @@ rb_big_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (!RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("divmod"));
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idDivmod);
     }
     bigdivmod(x, y, &div, &mod);
 
@@ -6166,10 +6154,11 @@ big_shift(VALUE x, long n)
     return x;
 }
 
-static VALUE
+enum {DBL_BIGDIG = ((DBL_MANT_DIG + BITSPERDIG) / BITSPERDIG)};
+
+static double
 big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y, long ey)
 {
-#define DBL_BIGDIG ((DBL_MANT_DIG + BITSPERDIG) / BITSPERDIG)
     VALUE z;
     long l, ex;
 
@@ -6177,6 +6166,8 @@ big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y, long ey)
     l = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
     ex = l * BITSPERDIG - nlz(BDIGITS(x)[l-1]);
     ex -= 2 * DBL_BIGDIG * BITSPERDIG;
+    if (ex > BITSPERDIG) ex -= BITSPERDIG;
+    else if (ex > 0) ex = 0;
     if (ex) x = big_shift(x, ex);
 
     bigdivrem(x, y, &z, 0);
@@ -6184,14 +6175,14 @@ big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y, long ey)
 #if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
     {
 	/* Visual C++ can't be here */
-	if (l > INT_MAX) return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
-	if (l < INT_MIN) return DBL2NUM(0.0);
+	if (l > INT_MAX) return HUGE_VAL;
+	if (l < INT_MIN) return 0.0;
     }
 #endif
-    return DBL2NUM(ldexp(big2dbl(z), (int)l));
+    return ldexp(big2dbl(z), (int)l);
 }
 
-static VALUE
+static double
 big_fdiv_int(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     long l, ey;
@@ -6203,7 +6194,7 @@ big_fdiv_int(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return big_fdiv(x, y, ey);
 }
 
-static VALUE
+static double
 big_fdiv_float(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     int i;
@@ -6211,23 +6202,11 @@ big_fdiv_float(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return big_fdiv(x, y, i - DBL_MANT_DIG);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
-  *     big.fdiv(numeric) -> float
- *
- *  Returns the floating point result of dividing <i>big</i> by
- *  <i>numeric</i>.
- *
- *     -1234567890987654321.fdiv(13731)      #=> -89910996357705.5
- *     -1234567890987654321.fdiv(13731.24)   #=> -89909424858035.7
- *
- */
-
-
-VALUE
-rb_big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+double
+rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     double dx, dy;
+    VALUE v;
 
     dx = big2dbl(x);
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
@@ -6236,35 +6215,27 @@ rb_big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    return big_fdiv_int(x, rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y)));
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	dy = rb_big2dbl(y);
-	if (isinf(dx) || isinf(dy))
-	    return big_fdiv_int(x, y);
+	return big_fdiv_int(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
 	if (isnan(dy))
-	    return y;
+	    return dy;
 	if (isinf(dx))
 	    return big_fdiv_float(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("fdiv"));
+        return NUM2DBL(rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idFdiv));
     }
-    return DBL2NUM(dx / dy);
+    v = rb_flo_div_flo(DBL2NUM(dx), DBL2NUM(dy));
+    return NUM2DBL(v);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big ** exponent   -> numeric
- *
- *  Raises _big_ to the _exponent_ power (which may be an integer, float,
- *  or anything that will coerce to a number). The result may be
- *  a Fixnum, Bignum, or Float
- *
- *    123456789 ** 2      #=> 15241578750190521
- *    123456789 ** 1.2    #=> 5126464716.09932
- *    123456789 ** -2     #=> (1/15241578750190521)
- */
+VALUE
+rb_big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return DBL2NUM(rb_big_fdiv_double(x, y));
+}
 
 VALUE
 rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
@@ -6274,10 +6245,12 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
   again:
     if (y == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(1);
+    if (y == INT2FIX(1)) return x;
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	d = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	if ((!BIGNUM_SIGN(x) && !BIGZEROP(x)) && d != round(d))
-	    return rb_funcall(rb_complex_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
+	if ((BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x) && !BIGZEROP(x))) {
+            return rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(pow(-rb_big2dbl(x), d), d);
+	}
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	y = bignorm(y);
@@ -6289,8 +6262,13 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     else if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
 	yy = FIX2LONG(y);
 
-	if (yy < 0)
-	    return rb_funcall(rb_rational_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
+        if (yy < 0) {
+            x = rb_big_pow(x, LONG2NUM(-yy));
+            if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+                return rb_rational_raw(INT2FIX(1), x);
+            else
+                return DBL2NUM(1.0 / NUM2DBL(x));
+        }
 	else {
 	    VALUE z = 0;
 	    SIGNED_VALUE mask;
@@ -6315,7 +6293,7 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("**"));
+	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idPow);
     }
     return DBL2NUM(pow(rb_big2dbl(x), d));
 }
@@ -6375,13 +6353,6 @@ bigand_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     big & numeric   ->  integer
- *
- * Performs bitwise +and+ between _big_ and _numeric_.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_and(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -6394,7 +6365,7 @@ rb_big_and(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     BDIGIT tmph;
     long tmpn;
 
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(y) && !RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '&');
     }
 
@@ -6501,13 +6472,6 @@ bigor_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     big | numeric   ->  integer
- *
- * Performs bitwise +or+ between _big_ and _numeric_.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_or(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -6520,7 +6484,7 @@ rb_big_or(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     BDIGIT tmph;
     long tmpn;
 
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(y) && !RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '|');
     }
 
@@ -6601,12 +6565,6 @@ bigxor_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
     return bignorm(z);
 }
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     big ^ numeric   ->  integer
- *
- * Performs bitwise +exclusive or+ between _big_ and _numeric_.
- */
 
 VALUE
 rb_big_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
@@ -6620,7 +6578,7 @@ rb_big_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     BDIGIT tmph;
     long tmpn;
 
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(y) && !RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	return rb_num_coerce_bit(x, y, '^');
     }
 
@@ -6656,13 +6614,6 @@ rb_big_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     big << numeric   ->  integer
- *
- * Shifts big left _numeric_ positions (right if _numeric_ is negative).
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -6693,14 +6644,6 @@ rb_big_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
 }
 
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     big >> numeric   ->  integer
- *
- * Shifts big right _numeric_ positions (left if _numeric_ is negative).
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -6731,26 +6674,7 @@ rb_big_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big[n] -> 0, 1
- *
- *  Bit Reference---Returns the <em>n</em>th bit in the (assumed) binary
- *  representation of <i>big</i>, where <i>big</i>[0] is the least
- *  significant bit.
- *
- *     a = 9**15
- *     50.downto(0) do |n|
- *       print a[n]
- *     end
- *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *     000101110110100000111000011110010100111100010111001
- *
- */
-
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     BDIGIT *xds;
@@ -6760,11 +6684,10 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     BDIGIT bit;
 
     if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	if (!BIGNUM_SIGN(y))
+	if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(y))
 	    return INT2FIX(0);
 	bigtrunc(y);
 	if (BIGSIZE(y) > sizeof(size_t)) {
-	  out_of_range:
 	    return BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
 	}
 #if SIZEOF_SIZE_T <= SIZEOF_LONG
@@ -6782,7 +6705,8 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
     bit = (BDIGIT)1 << s2;
 
-    if (s1 >= BIGNUM_LEN(x)) goto out_of_range;
+    if (s1 >= BIGNUM_LEN(x))
+        return BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
 
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
     if (BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(x))
@@ -6795,22 +6719,13 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return (xds[s1] & bit) ? INT2FIX(1) : INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   big.hash   -> fixnum
- *
- * Compute a hash based on the value of _big_.
- *
- * See also Object#hash.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_big_hash(VALUE x)
 {
     st_index_t hash;
 
     hash = rb_memhash(BDIGITS(x), sizeof(BDIGIT)*BIGNUM_LEN(x)) ^ BIGNUM_SIGN(x);
-    return INT2FIX(hash);
+    return ST2FIX(hash);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -6828,95 +6743,47 @@ rb_big_hash(VALUE x)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_big_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+rb_int_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y)) {
+        return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
     }
-    else if (!RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't coerce %"PRIsVALUE" to Bignum",
-		 rb_obj_class(y));
+    else {
+        x = rb_Float(x);
+        y = rb_Float(y);
+        return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
     }
-    return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.abs -> aBignum
- *     big.magnitude -> aBignum
- *
- *  Returns the absolute value of <i>big</i>.
- *
- *     -1234567890987654321.abs   #=> 1234567890987654321
- */
-
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_abs(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (!BIGNUM_SIGN(x)) {
+    if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
 	x = rb_big_clone(x);
-	BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(x, 1);
+	BIGNUM_SET_POSITIVE_SIGN(x);
     }
     return x;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.size -> integer
- *
- *  Returns the number of bytes in the machine representation of
- *  <i>big</i>.
- *
- *     (256**10 - 1).size   #=> 12
- *     (256**20 - 1).size   #=> 20
- *     (256**40 - 1).size   #=> 40
- */
+int
+rb_big_sign(VALUE x)
+{
+    return BIGNUM_SIGN(x);
+}
 
-static VALUE
+size_t
 rb_big_size(VALUE big)
 {
-    return SIZET2NUM(BIGSIZE(big));
+    return BIGSIZE(big);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     int.bit_length -> integer
- *
- *  Returns the number of bits of the value of <i>int</i>.
- *
- *  "the number of bits" means that
- *  the bit position of the highest bit which is different to the sign bit.
- *  (The bit position of the bit 2**n is n+1.)
- *  If there is no such bit (zero or minus one), zero is returned.
- *
- *  I.e. This method returns ceil(log2(int < 0 ? -int : int+1)).
- *
- *     (-2**10000-1).bit_length  #=> 10001
- *     (-2**10000).bit_length    #=> 10000
- *     (-2**10000+1).bit_length  #=> 10000
- *
- *     (-2**1000-1).bit_length   #=> 1001
- *     (-2**1000).bit_length     #=> 1000
- *     (-2**1000+1).bit_length   #=> 1000
- *
- *     (2**1000-1).bit_length    #=> 1000
- *     (2**1000).bit_length      #=> 1001
- *     (2**1000+1).bit_length    #=> 1001
- *
- *     (2**10000-1).bit_length   #=> 10000
- *     (2**10000).bit_length     #=> 10001
- *     (2**10000+1).bit_length   #=> 10001
- *
- *  This method can be used to detect overflow in Array#pack as follows.
- *
- *     if n.bit_length < 32
- *       [n].pack("l") # no overflow
- *     else
- *       raise "overflow"
- *     end
- */
+VALUE
+rb_big_size_m(VALUE big)
+{
+    return SIZET2NUM(rb_big_size(big));
+}
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_bit_length(VALUE big)
 {
     int nlz_bits;
@@ -6957,14 +6824,7 @@ rb_big_bit_length(VALUE big)
             INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST|INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.odd? -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>big</i> is an odd number.
- */
-
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_odd_p(VALUE num)
 {
     if (BIGNUM_LEN(num) != 0 && BDIGITS(num)[0] & 1) {
@@ -6973,14 +6833,7 @@ rb_big_odd_p(VALUE num)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big.even? -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>big</i> is an even number.
- */
-
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_even_p(VALUE num)
 {
     if (BIGNUM_LEN(num) != 0 && BDIGITS(num)[0] & 1) {
@@ -6989,6 +6842,317 @@ rb_big_even_p(VALUE num)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+unsigned long rb_ulong_isqrt(unsigned long);
+#if SIZEOF_BDIGIT*2 > SIZEOF_LONG
+BDIGIT rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(BDIGIT_DBL);
+# ifdef ULL_TO_DOUBLE
+#   define BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(n) ULL_TO_DOUBLE(n)
+# endif
+#else
+# define rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(x) (BDIGIT)rb_ulong_isqrt(x)
+#endif
+#ifndef BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE
+# define BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(n) (double)(n)
+#endif
+
+static BDIGIT *
+estimate_initial_sqrt(VALUE *xp, const size_t xn, const BDIGIT *nds, size_t len)
+{
+    enum {dbl_per_bdig = roomof(DBL_MANT_DIG,BITSPERDIG)};
+    const int zbits = nlz(nds[len-1]);
+    VALUE x = *xp = bignew_1(0, xn, 1); /* division may release the GVL */
+    BDIGIT *xds = BDIGITS(x);
+    BDIGIT_DBL d = bary2bdigitdbl(nds+len-dbl_per_bdig, dbl_per_bdig);
+    BDIGIT lowbits = 1;
+    int rshift = (int)((BITSPERDIG*2-zbits+(len&BITSPERDIG&1) - DBL_MANT_DIG + 1) & ~1);
+    double f;
+
+    if (rshift > 0) {
+	lowbits = (BDIGIT)d & ~(~(BDIGIT)1U << rshift);
+	d >>= rshift;
+    }
+    else if (rshift < 0) {
+	d <<= -rshift;
+	d |= nds[len-dbl_per_bdig-1] >> (BITSPERDIG+rshift);
+    }
+    f = sqrt(BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(d));
+    d = (BDIGIT_DBL)ceil(f);
+    if (BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(d) == f) {
+	if (lowbits || (lowbits = !bary_zero_p(nds, len-dbl_per_bdig)))
+	    ++d;
+    }
+    else {
+	lowbits = 1;
+    }
+    rshift /= 2;
+    rshift += (2-(len&1))*BITSPERDIG/2;
+    if (rshift >= 0) {
+        if (nlz((BDIGIT)d) + rshift >= BITSPERDIG) {
+            /* (d << rshift) does cause overflow.
+             * example: Integer.sqrt(0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffff ** 2)
+             */
+            d = ~(BDIGIT_DBL)0;
+        }
+        else {
+            d <<= rshift;
+        }
+    }
+    BDIGITS_ZERO(xds, xn-2);
+    bdigitdbl2bary(&xds[xn-2], 2, d);
+
+    if (!lowbits) return NULL; /* special case, exact result */
+    return xds;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_big_isqrt(VALUE n)
+{
+    BDIGIT *nds = BDIGITS(n);
+    size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(n);
+    size_t xn = (len+1) / 2;
+    VALUE x;
+    BDIGIT *xds;
+
+    if (len <= 2) {
+	BDIGIT sq = rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(bary2bdigitdbl(nds, len));
+#if SIZEOF_BDIGIT > SIZEOF_LONG
+	return ULL2NUM(sq);
+#else
+	return ULONG2NUM(sq);
+#endif
+    }
+    else if ((xds = estimate_initial_sqrt(&x, xn, nds, len)) != 0) {
+	size_t tn = xn + BIGDIVREM_EXTRA_WORDS;
+	VALUE t = bignew_1(0, tn, 1);
+	BDIGIT *tds = BDIGITS(t);
+	tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
+
+	/* t = n/x */
+	while (bary_divmod_branch(tds, tn, NULL, 0, nds, len, xds, xn),
+	       bary_cmp(tds, tn, xds, xn) < 0) {
+	    int carry;
+	    BARY_TRUNC(tds, tn);
+	    /* x = (x+t)/2 */
+	    carry = bary_add(xds, xn, xds, xn, tds, tn);
+	    bary_small_rshift(xds, xds, xn, 1, carry);
+	    tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
+	}
+	rb_big_realloc(t, 0);
+	rb_gc_force_recycle(t);
+    }
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(x, rb_cInteger);
+    return x;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_GMP
+static void
+bary_powm_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn, const BDIGIT *mds, size_t mn)
+{
+    mpz_t z, x, y, m;
+    size_t count;
+    mpz_init(x);
+    mpz_init(y);
+    mpz_init(m);
+    mpz_init(z);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(x, xds, xn);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(y, yds, yn);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(m, mds, mn);
+    mpz_powm(z, x, y, m);
+    bdigits_from_mpz(z, zds, &count);
+    BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+count, zn-count);
+    mpz_clear(x);
+    mpz_clear(y);
+    mpz_clear(m);
+    mpz_clear(z);
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
+{
+#ifdef USE_GMP
+    VALUE z;
+    size_t xn, yn, mn, zn;
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
+       x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
+    }
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+       y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+    }
+    assert(RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(m));
+    xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+    yn = BIGNUM_LEN(y);
+    mn = BIGNUM_LEN(m);
+    zn = mn;
+    z = bignew(zn, 1);
+    bary_powm_gmp(BDIGITS(z), zn, BDIGITS(x), xn, BDIGITS(y), yn, BDIGITS(m), mn);
+    if (nega_flg & BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(z)) {
+        z = rb_big_minus(z, m);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(x);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(y);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(m);
+    return rb_big_norm(z);
+#else
+    VALUE tmp = LONG2FIX(1L);
+    long yy;
+
+    for (/*NOP*/; ! FIXNUM_P(y); y = rb_big_rshift(y, LONG2FIX(1L))) {
+        if (RTEST(rb_int_odd_p(y))) {
+            tmp = rb_int_mul(tmp, x);
+            tmp = rb_int_modulo(tmp, m);
+        }
+        x = rb_int_mul(x, x);
+        x = rb_int_modulo(x, m);
+    }
+    for (yy = FIX2LONG(y); yy; yy >>= 1L) {
+        if (yy & 1L) {
+            tmp = rb_int_mul(tmp, x);
+            tmp = rb_int_modulo(tmp, m);
+        }
+        x = rb_int_mul(x, x);
+        x = rb_int_modulo(x, m);
+    }
+
+    if (nega_flg && rb_int_positive_p(tmp)) {
+        tmp = rb_int_minus(tmp, m);
+    }
+    return tmp;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Integer#pow
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow_tmp1(VALUE x, VALUE y, long mm, int nega_flg)
+{
+    long xx = FIX2LONG(x);
+    long tmp = 1L;
+    long yy;
+
+    for (/*NOP*/; ! FIXNUM_P(y); y = rb_big_rshift(y, LONG2FIX(1L))) {
+        if (RTEST(rb_int_odd_p(y))) {
+            tmp = (tmp * xx) % mm;
+        }
+        xx = (xx * xx) % mm;
+    }
+    for (yy = FIX2LONG(y); yy; yy >>= 1L) {
+        if (yy & 1L) {
+            tmp = (tmp * xx) % mm;
+        }
+        xx = (xx * xx) % mm;
+    }
+
+    if (nega_flg && tmp) {
+        tmp -= mm;
+    }
+    return LONG2FIX(tmp);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow_tmp2(VALUE x, VALUE y, long mm, int nega_flg)
+{
+    long tmp = 1L;
+    long yy;
+#ifdef DLONG
+    const DLONG m = mm;
+    long tmp2 = tmp;
+    long xx = FIX2LONG(x);
+# define MUL_MODULO(a, b, c) (long)(((DLONG)(a) * (DLONG)(b)) % (c))
+#else
+    const VALUE m = LONG2FIX(mm);
+    VALUE tmp2 = LONG2FIX(tmp);
+    VALUE xx = x;
+# define MUL_MODULO(a, b, c) rb_int_modulo(rb_fix_mul_fix((a), (b)), (c))
+#endif
+
+    for (/*NOP*/; ! FIXNUM_P(y); y = rb_big_rshift(y, LONG2FIX(1L))) {
+        if (RTEST(rb_int_odd_p(y))) {
+            tmp2 = MUL_MODULO(tmp2, xx, m);
+        }
+        xx = MUL_MODULO(xx, xx, m);
+    }
+    for (yy = FIX2LONG(y); yy; yy >>= 1L) {
+        if (yy & 1L) {
+            tmp2 = MUL_MODULO(tmp2, xx, m);
+        }
+        xx = MUL_MODULO(xx, xx, m);
+    }
+
+#ifdef DLONG
+    tmp = tmp2;
+#else
+    tmp = FIX2LONG(tmp2);
+#endif
+    if (nega_flg && tmp) {
+        tmp -= mm;
+    }
+    return LONG2FIX(tmp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: Integer#pow
+ * call-seq:
+ *    integer.pow(numeric)           ->  numeric
+ *    integer.pow(integer, integer)  ->  integer
+ *
+ * Returns (modular) exponentiation as:
+ *
+ *   a.pow(b)     #=> same as a**b
+ *   a.pow(b, m)  #=> same as (a**b) % m, but avoids huge temporary values
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_int_powm(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        return rb_int_pow(num, argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE const a = num;
+        VALUE const b = argv[0];
+        VALUE m = argv[1];
+        int nega_flg = 0;
+        if ( ! RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Integer#pow() 2nd argument not allowed unless a 1st argument is integer");
+        }
+        if (rb_int_negative_p(b)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "Integer#pow() 1st argument cannot be negative when 2nd argument specified");
+        }
+        if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(m)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Integer#pow() 2nd argument not allowed unless all arguments are integers");
+        }
+
+        if (rb_int_negative_p(m)) {
+            m = rb_int_uminus(m);
+            nega_flg = 1;
+        }
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(m)) {
+            long const half_val = (long)HALF_LONG_MSB;
+            long const mm = FIX2LONG(m);
+            if (!mm) rb_num_zerodiv();
+            if (mm == 1) return INT2FIX(0);
+            if (mm <= half_val) {
+                return int_pow_tmp1(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, mm, nega_flg);
+            }
+            else {
+                return int_pow_tmp2(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, mm, nega_flg);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (rb_bigzero_p(m)) rb_num_zerodiv();
+	    if (bignorm(m) == INT2FIX(1)) return INT2FIX(0);
+            return int_pow_tmp3(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, m, nega_flg);
+        }
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
 /*
  *  Bignum objects hold integers outside the range of
  *  Fixnum. Bignum objects are created
@@ -7010,51 +7174,15 @@ rb_big_even_p(VALUE num)
 void
 Init_Bignum(void)
 {
-    rb_cBignum = rb_define_class("Bignum", rb_cInteger);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "to_s", rb_big_to_s, -1);
-    rb_define_alias(rb_cBignum, "inspect", "to_s");
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "coerce", rb_big_coerce, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "-@", rb_big_uminus, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "+", rb_big_plus, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "-", rb_big_minus, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "*", rb_big_mul, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "/", rb_big_div, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "%", rb_big_modulo, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "div", rb_big_idiv, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "divmod", rb_big_divmod, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "modulo", rb_big_modulo, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "remainder", rb_big_remainder, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "fdiv", rb_big_fdiv, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "**", rb_big_pow, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "&", rb_big_and, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "|", rb_big_or, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "^", rb_big_xor, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "~", rb_big_neg, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "<<", rb_big_lshift, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, ">>", rb_big_rshift, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "[]", rb_big_aref, 1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "<=>", rb_big_cmp, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "==", rb_big_eq, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, ">", big_gt, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, ">=", big_ge, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "<", big_lt, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "<=", big_le, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "===", rb_big_eq, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "eql?", rb_big_eql, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "hash", rb_big_hash, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "to_f", rb_big_to_f, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "abs", rb_big_abs, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "magnitude", rb_big_abs, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "size", rb_big_size, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "bit_length", rb_big_bit_length, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "odd?", rb_big_odd_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "even?", rb_big_even_p, 0);
+    /* An obsolete class, use Integer */
+    rb_define_const(rb_cObject, "Bignum", rb_cInteger);
+    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "Bignum");
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "coerce", rb_int_coerce, 1);
 
 #ifdef USE_GMP
     /* The version of loaded GMP. */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cBignum, "GMP_VERSION", rb_sprintf("GMP %s", gmp_version));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cInteger, "GMP_VERSION", rb_sprintf("GMP %s", gmp_version));
 #endif
 
     power_cache_init();
diff --git a/bin/bundle b/bin/bundle
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1a0b06b005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bundle
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'bundler' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('bundler', 'bundle', version)
+else
+gem "bundler", version
+load Gem.bin_path("bundler", "bundle", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/bundler b/bin/bundler
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..e15eb39ed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bundler
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'bundler' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('bundler', 'bundler', version)
+else
+gem "bundler", version
+load Gem.bin_path("bundler", "bundler", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/erb b/bin/erb
index 6a88c3b26a..89d74fc525 100755
--- a/bin/erb
+++ b/bin/erb
@@ -1,171 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
-# Tiny eRuby --- ERB2
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2000,2002 Masatoshi SEKI
-# You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
-
-require 'erb'
-
-class ERB
-  module Main
-    def ARGV.switch
-      return nil if self.empty?
-      arg = self.shift
-      return nil if arg == '--'
-      case arg
-      when /\A-(.)(.*)/
-        if $1 == '-'
-          arg, @maybe_arg = arg.split(/=/, 2)
-          return arg
-        end
-        raise 'unknown switch "-"' if $2[0] == ?- and $1 != 'T'
-        if $2.size > 0
-          self.unshift "-#{$2}"
-          @maybe_arg = $2
-        else
-          @maybe_arg = nil
-        end
-        "-#{$1}"
-      when /\A(\w+)=/
-        arg
-      else
-        self.unshift arg
-        nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def ARGV.req_arg
-      (@maybe_arg || self.shift || raise('missing argument')).tap {
-        @maybe_arg = nil
-      }
-    end
-
-    def trim_mode_opt(trim_mode, disable_percent)
-      return trim_mode if disable_percent
-      case trim_mode
-      when 0
-        return '%'
-      when 1
-        return '%>'
-      when 2
-        return '%<>'
-      when '-'
-        return '%-'
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :trim_mode_opt
-
-    def run(factory=ERB)
-      trim_mode = 0
-      disable_percent = false
-      variables = {}
-      begin
-        while switch = ARGV.switch
-          case switch
-          when '-x'                        # ruby source
-            output = true
-          when '-n'                        # line number
-            number = true
-          when '-v'                        # verbose
-            $VERBOSE = true
-          when '--version'                 # version
-            STDERR.puts factory.version
-            exit
-          when '-d', '--debug'             # debug
-            $DEBUG = true
-          when '-r'                        # require
-            require ARGV.req_arg
-          when '-S'                        # security level
-            arg = ARGV.req_arg
-            raise "invalid safe_level #{arg.dump}" unless arg =~ /\A[0-1]\z/
-            safe_level = arg.to_i
-          when '-T'                        # trim mode
-            arg = ARGV.req_arg
-            if arg == '-'
-              trim_mode = arg
-              next
-            end
-            raise "invalid trim mode #{arg.dump}" unless arg =~ /\A[0-2]\z/
-            trim_mode = arg.to_i
-          when '-E', '--encoding'
-            arg = ARGV.req_arg
-            set_encoding(*arg.split(/:/, 2))
-          when '-U'
-            set_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_8)
-          when '-P'
-            disable_percent = true
-          when '--help'
-            raise "print this help"
-          when /\A-/
-            raise "unknown switch #{switch.dump}"
-          else
-            var, val = *switch.split('=', 2)
-            (variables ||= {})[var] = val
-          end
-        end
-      rescue                               # usage
-        STDERR.puts $!.to_s
-        STDERR.puts File.basename($0) +
-          " [switches] [var=value...] [inputfile]"
-        STDERR.puts <<EOU
-  -x               print ruby script
-  -n               print ruby script with line number
-  -v               enable verbose mode
-  -d               set $DEBUG to true
-  -r library       load a library
-  -S safe_level    set $SAFE (0..1)
-  -E ex[:in]       set default external/internal encodings
-  -U               set default encoding to UTF-8.
-  -T trim_mode     specify trim_mode (0..2, -)
-  -P               ignore lines which start with "%"
-  var=value        set variable
-EOU
-        exit 1
-      end
-
-      $<.set_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, nil)
-      src = $<.read
-      filename = $FILENAME
-      exit 2 unless src
-      trim = trim_mode_opt(trim_mode, disable_percent)
-      erb = factory.new(src.untaint, safe_level, trim)
-      erb.filename = filename
-      if output
-        if number
-          erb.src.each_line.with_index do |line, l|
-            puts "%3d %s"%[l+1, line]
-          end
-        else
-          puts erb.src
-        end
-      else
-        bind = TOPLEVEL_BINDING.taint
-        if variables
-          enc = erb.encoding
-          for var, val in variables do
-            val = val.encode(enc) if val
-            bind.local_variable_set(var, val)
-          end
-        end
-        erb.run(bind)
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :run
-
-    def set_encoding(extern, intern = nil)
-      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
-      Encoding.default_external = extern unless extern.nil? || extern == ""
-      Encoding.default_internal = intern unless intern.nil? || intern == ""
-      [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].each do |io|
-        io.set_encoding(extern, intern)
-      end
-    ensure
-      $VERBOSE = verbose
-    end
-    module_function :set_encoding
-    class << self; private :set_encoding; end
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'erb' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
   end
 end
 
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  ERB::Main.run
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('erb', 'erb', version)
+else
+gem "erb", version
+load Gem.bin_path("erb", "erb", version)
 end
diff --git a/bin/irb b/bin/irb
index c64ee85fbd..ae6d358c9d 100755
--- a/bin/irb
+++ b/bin/irb
@@ -1,11 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 #
-#   irb.rb - interactive ruby
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.6 $
-#   	$Revision$
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
 #
+# The application 'irb' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
 
-require "irb"
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
 
-IRB.start(__FILE__)
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('irb', 'irb', version)
+else
+gem "irb", version
+load Gem.bin_path("irb", "irb", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/racc b/bin/racc
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..3ddac532b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/racc
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'racc' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+if ARGV.first
+  str = ARGV.first
+  str = str.dup.force_encoding("BINARY") if str.respond_to? :force_encoding
+  if str =~ /\A_(.*)_\z/ and Gem::Version.correct?($1) then
+    version = $1
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('racc', 'racc', version)
+else
+gem "racc", version
+load Gem.bin_path("racc", "racc", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/rdoc b/bin/rdoc
index aaa23292df..8fa948cddb 100755
--- a/bin/rdoc
+++ b/bin/rdoc
@@ -1,44 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 #
-#  RDoc: Documentation tool for source code
-#        (see lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb for more information)
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'rdoc' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
 #
-#  Copyright (c) 2003 Dave Thomas
-#  Released under the same terms as Ruby
 
-begin
-  gem 'rdoc'
-rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
-  raise unless e.name == :gem
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
+require 'rubygems'
 
-require 'rdoc/rdoc'
+version = ">= 0.a"
 
-begin
-  r = RDoc::RDoc.new
-  r.document ARGV
-rescue Errno::ENOSPC
-  $stderr.puts 'Ran out of space creating documentation'
-  $stderr.puts
-  $stderr.puts 'Please free up some space and try again'
-rescue SystemExit
-  raise
-rescue Exception => e
-  if $DEBUG_RDOC then
-    $stderr.puts e.message
-    $stderr.puts "#{e.backtrace.join "\n\t"}"
-    $stderr.puts
-  elsif Interrupt === e then
-    $stderr.puts
-    $stderr.puts 'Interrupted'
-  else
-    $stderr.puts "uh-oh! RDoc had a problem:"
-    $stderr.puts e.message
-    $stderr.puts
-    $stderr.puts "run with --debug for full backtrace"
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
   end
-
-  exit 1
 end
 
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('rdoc', 'rdoc', version)
+else
+gem "rdoc", version
+load Gem.bin_path("rdoc", "rdoc", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/ri b/bin/ri
index 7fbed0c099..0cc2f73bb6 100755
--- a/bin/ri
+++ b/bin/ri
@@ -1,12 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'rdoc' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
 
-begin
-  gem 'rdoc'
-rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
-  raise unless e.name == :gem
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
 
-require 'rdoc/ri/driver'
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
 
-RDoc::RI::Driver.run ARGV
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('rdoc', 'ri', version)
+else
+gem "rdoc", version
+load Gem.bin_path("rdoc", "ri", version)
+end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/pending.rb b/bootstraptest/pending.rb
index 744c0adac1..2c4b85a419 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/pending.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/pending.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,3 @@
-assert_equal 'A', %q{
-  class A
-    @@a = 'A'
-    def a=(x)
-      @@a = x
-    end
-    def a
-      @@a
-    end
-  end
-
-  B = A.dup
-  B.new.a = 'B'
-  A.new.a
-}, '[ruby-core:17019]'
-
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   def m
     lambda{
@@ -31,9 +15,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   end
 }
 
-assert_normal_exit %q{
-  r = Range.allocate
-  def r.<=>(o) true end
-  r.instance_eval { initialize r, r }
-  r.inspect
+# This randomly fails on mswin.
+assert_equal %q{[]}, %q{
+  Thread.new{sleep}.backtrace
 }
diff --git a/bootstraptest/runner.rb b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
index 5eb468a338..2cd91ffd07 100755
--- a/bootstraptest/runner.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"exec" "${RUBY-ruby}" "-x" "$0" "$@" || true # -*- mode: ruby; coding: utf-8 -*-
+"exec" "${RUBY-ruby}" "-x" "$0" "$@" || true # -*- Ruby -*-
 #!./ruby
 # $Id$
 
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 # Never use optparse in this file.
 # Never use test/unit in this file.
 # Never use Ruby extensions in this file.
+# Maintain Ruby 1.8 compatibility for now
 
 begin
   require 'fileutils'
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ end
 def main
   @ruby = File.expand_path('miniruby')
   @verbose = false
+  $VERBOSE = false
   $stress = false
   @color = nil
   @tty = nil
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ End
     # dircolors-like style
     colors = (colors = ENV['TEST_COLORS']) ? Hash[colors.scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/)] : {}
     begin
-      File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../test/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
+      File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../tool/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
         colors[n] ||= c
       end
     rescue
@@ -169,8 +171,8 @@ End
 end
 
 def erase(e = true)
-  if e and @columns > 0 and !@verbose
-    "\r#{" "*@columns}\r"
+  if e and @columns > 0 and @tty and !@verbose
+    "\e[1K\r"
   else
     ""
   end
@@ -206,6 +208,9 @@ def exec_test(pathes)
     $stderr.puts unless @quiet and @tty and @error == error
   end
   $stderr.print(erase) if @quiet
+  @errbuf.each do |msg|
+    $stderr.puts msg
+  end
   if @error == 0
     if @count == 0
       $stderr.puts "No tests, no problem"
@@ -214,9 +219,6 @@ def exec_test(pathes)
     end
     exit true
   else
-    @errbuf.each do |msg|
-      $stderr.puts msg
-    end
     $stderr.puts "#{@failed}FAIL#{@reset} #{@error}/#{@count} tests failed"
     exit false
   end
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ def show_progress(message = '')
   else
     $stderr.print "#{@failed}F"
     $stderr.printf(" %.3f", t) if @verbose
-    $stderr.print "#{@reset}"
+    $stderr.print @reset
     $stderr.puts if @verbose
     error faildesc, message
     unless errout.empty?
@@ -253,30 +255,41 @@ def show_progress(message = '')
     end
   end
 rescue Interrupt
-  raise Interrupt
+  $stderr.puts "\##{@count} #{@location}"
+  raise
 rescue Exception => err
   $stderr.print 'E'
   $stderr.puts if @verbose
   error err.message, message
+ensure
+  begin
+    check_coredump
+  rescue CoreDumpError => err
+    $stderr.print 'E'
+    $stderr.puts if @verbose
+    error err.message, message
+  end
 end
 
-# NativeClient is special.  The binary is cross-compiled.  But runs on the build environment.
-# So RUBY_PLATFORM in this process is not useful to detect it.
-def nacl?
-  @ruby and File.basename(@ruby.split(/\s/).first)['sel_ldr']
+def show_limit(testsrc, opt = '', **argh)
+  result = get_result_string(testsrc, opt, **argh)
+  if @tty and @verbose
+    $stderr.puts ".{#@reset}\n#{erase}#{result}"
+  else
+    @errbuf.push result
+  end
 end
 
-def assert_check(testsrc, message = '', opt = '')
+def assert_check(testsrc, message = '', opt = '', **argh)
   show_progress(message) {
-    result = get_result_string(testsrc, opt)
-    check_coredump
+    result = get_result_string(testsrc, opt, **argh)
     yield(result)
   }
 end
 
-def assert_equal(expected, testsrc, message = '')
+def assert_equal(expected, testsrc, message = '', opt = '', **argh)
   newtest
-  assert_check(testsrc, message) {|result|
+  assert_check(testsrc, message, opt, **argh) {|result|
     if expected == result
       nil
     else
@@ -317,13 +330,10 @@ def assert_valid_syntax(testsrc, message = '')
   }
 end
 
-def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest)
+def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest, timeout: nil, **opt)
   newtest
-  opt = {}
-  opt = rest.pop if Hash === rest.last
   message, ignore_signals = rest
   message ||= ''
-  timeout = opt[:timeout]
   show_progress(message) {
     faildesc = nil
     filename = make_srcfile(testsrc)
@@ -347,7 +357,7 @@ def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest)
       $stderr.reopen(old_stderr)
       old_stderr.close
     end
-    if status&.signaled?
+    if status && status.signaled?
       signo = status.termsig
       signame = Signal.list.invert[signo]
       unless ignore_signals and ignore_signals.include?(signame)
@@ -373,6 +383,9 @@ def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest)
 end
 
 def assert_finish(timeout_seconds, testsrc, message = '')
+  if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # for --jit-wait
+    timeout_seconds *= 3
+  end
   newtest
   show_progress(message) {
     faildesc = nil
@@ -381,12 +394,24 @@ def assert_finish(timeout_seconds, testsrc, message = '')
     pid = io.pid
     waited = false
     tlimit = Time.now + timeout_seconds
-    while Time.now < tlimit
+    diff = timeout_seconds
+    while diff > 0
       if Process.waitpid pid, Process::WNOHANG
         waited = true
         break
       end
-      sleep 0.1
+      if io.respond_to?(:read_nonblock)
+        if IO.select([io], nil, nil, diff)
+          begin
+            io.read_nonblock(1024)
+          rescue Errno::EAGAIN, IO::WaitReadable, EOFError
+            break
+          end while true
+        end
+      else
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      diff = tlimit - Time.now
     end
     if !waited
       Process.kill(:KILL, pid)
@@ -404,7 +429,7 @@ def flunk(message = '')
 end
 
 def pretty(src, desc, result)
-  src = src.sub(/\A.*\n/, '')
+  src = src.sub(/\A\s*\n/, '')
   (/\n/ =~ src ? "\n#{adjust_indent(src)}" : src) + "  #=> #{desc}"
 end
 
@@ -418,23 +443,23 @@ def untabify(str)
   str.gsub(/^\t+/) {' ' * (8 * $&.size) }
 end
 
-def make_srcfile(src)
+def make_srcfile(src, frozen_string_literal: nil)
   filename = 'bootstraptest.tmp.rb'
   File.open(filename, 'w') {|f|
+    f.puts "#frozen_string_literal:true" if frozen_string_literal
     f.puts "GC.stress = true" if $stress
     f.puts "print(begin; #{src}; end)"
   }
   filename
 end
 
-def get_result_string(src, opt = '')
+def get_result_string(src, opt = '', **argh)
   if @ruby
-    filename = make_srcfile(src)
+    filename = make_srcfile(src, **argh)
     begin
       `#{@ruby} -W0 #{opt} #{filename}`
     ensure
       raise Interrupt if $? and $?.signaled? && $?.termsig == Signal.list["INT"]
-      raise CoreDumpError, "core dumped" if $? and $?.coredump?
     end
   else
     eval(src).to_s
@@ -494,7 +519,21 @@ def in_temporary_working_directory(dir)
 end
 
 def cleanup_coredump
-  FileUtils.rm_f 'core'
+  if File.file?('core')
+    require 'time'
+    Dir.glob('/tmp/bootstraptest-core.*').each do |f|
+      if Time.now - File.mtime(f) > 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 # 7 days
+        warn "Deleting an old core file: #{f}"
+        FileUtils.rm(f)
+      end
+    end
+    core_path = "/tmp/bootstraptest-core.#{Time.now.utc.iso8601}"
+    warn "A core file is found. Saving it at: #{core_path.dump}"
+    FileUtils.mv('core', core_path)
+    cmd = ['gdb', @ruby, '-c', core_path, '-ex', 'bt', '-batch']
+    p cmd # debugging why it's not working
+    system(*cmd)
+  end
   FileUtils.rm_f Dir.glob('core.*')
   FileUtils.rm_f @ruby+'.stackdump' if @ruby
 end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_env.rb b/bootstraptest/test_env.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d1b45b75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_env.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+assert_equal "true", %q{
+  ENV["ENVTEST"] = "\u{e9 3042 d76c}"
+  env = ENV["ENVTEST"]
+  env.valid_encoding?
+}
+
+# different encoding is used for PATH
+assert_equal "true", %q{
+  ENV["PATH"] = "\u{e9 3042 d76c}"
+  env = ENV["PATH"]
+  env.valid_encoding?
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb b/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
index bf7478006d..5d2593c306 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ assert_equal %q{foo}, %q{
   }
 }
 assert_equal %q{1}, %q{
-  class Fixnum
+  class Integer
     Const = 1
   end
   1.instance_eval %{
@@ -190,7 +190,8 @@ assert_equal %q{[10, main]}, %q{
 }
 
 %w[break next redo].each do |keyword|
-  assert_match %r"Can't escape from eval with #{keyword}\z", %{
+  assert_match %r"Can't escape from eval with #{keyword}\b", %{
+    STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
     begin
       eval "0 rescue #{keyword}"
     rescue SyntaxError => e
@@ -249,7 +250,9 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   begin
-    12.instance_eval { @@a }
+    class A
+      12.instance_eval { @@a }
+    end
   rescue NameError
     :ok
   end
@@ -257,7 +260,9 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   begin
-    12.instance_exec { @@a }
+    class A
+      12.instance_exec { @@a }
+    end
   rescue NameError
     :ok
   end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb b/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb
index 35c8d25e37..0fb6f552b8 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ assert_equal 'nil', %q{
   exc.inspect
 }, '[ruby-dev:32608]'
 
-assert_equal 'exception class/object expected', %q{
+assert_equal 'divided by 0', %q{
   class ZeroDivisionError
     def self.new(message)
       42
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35e1bf6851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+show_limit %q{
+  fibers = []
+  begin
+    fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    fiber.resume
+    fibers << fiber
+
+    raise Exception, "skipping" if fibers.count >= 10_000
+  rescue Exception => error
+    puts "Fiber count: #{fibers.count} (#{error})"
+    break
+  end while true
+}
+
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+  Fiber.new{
+  }.resume
+  :ok
+}
+
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+  10_000.times.collect{Fiber.new{}}
+  :ok
+}
+
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+  fibers = 100.times.collect{Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}}
+  fibers.each(&:resume)
+  fibers.each(&:resume)
+  :ok
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  at_exit { Fiber.new{}.resume }
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  Fiber.new(&Object.method(:class_eval)).resume("foo")
+}, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb b/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
index 0390062a24..35f19db588 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
@@ -534,11 +534,11 @@ assert_equal %Q{ENSURE\n}, %q{
  ['[ruby-core:39125]', %q{
   class Bug5234
     include Enumerable
-    def each
+    def each(&block)
       begin
         yield :foo
       ensure
-        proc
+        proc(&block)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -547,11 +547,11 @@ assert_equal %Q{ENSURE\n}, %q{
  ['[ruby-dev:45656]', %q{
   class Bug6460
     include Enumerable
-    def each
+    def each(&block)
       begin
         yield :foo
       ensure
-        1.times { Proc.new }
+        1.times { Proc.new(&block) }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -589,3 +589,13 @@ assert_equal "foo", %q{
   end
   Bug6460.new.m1
 }, '[ruby-dev:46372]'
+
+assert_equal "foo", %q{
+  obj = "foo"
+  if obj || any1
+    any2 = any2
+  else
+    raise obj.inspect
+  end
+  obj
+}, '[ruby-core:87830]'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
index 1cd9f7ac6c..83923dad97 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ assert_finish 10, %q{
   end
 }, '[ruby-core:22158]'
 
-assert_normal_exit(<<'End', '[ruby-dev:37934]')
+# temporarily stop this test to enable explicit failure when
+# timer thread couldn't be created (r61706 and r61717).
+assert_normal_exit(<<'End', '[ruby-dev:37934]') if false
   main = Thread.current
   Thread.new { sleep 0.01 until main.stop?; Thread.kill main }
   Process.setrlimit(:NPROC, 1) if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NPROC)
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9052cad7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+# C0 coverage of each instructions
+
+# :NOTE: This is for development purpose; never consider this file as
+# ISeq compilation specification.
+
+begin
+  # This library brings some additional coverage.
+  # Not mandatory.
+  require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+rescue LoadError
+  # OK, just skip
+else
+  if defined? RbConfig::LIMITS
+    $FIXNUM_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS["FIXNUM_MAX"]
+    $FIXNUM_MIN = RbConfig::LIMITS["FIXNUM_MIN"]
+  end
+end
+
+fsl   = { frozen_string_literal: true } # used later
+tests = [
+  # insn ,   expression to generate such insn
+  [ 'nop',   %q{ raise rescue true }, ],
+
+  [ 'setlocal *, 0', %q{ x = true }, ],
+  [ 'setlocal *, 1', %q{ x = nil; -> { x = true }.call }, ],
+  [ 'setlocal',      %q{ x = nil; -> { -> { x = true }.() }.() }, ],
+  [ 'getlocal *, 0', %q{ x = true; x }, ],
+  [ 'getlocal *, 1', %q{ x = true; -> { x }.call }, ],
+  [ 'getlocal',      %q{ x = true; -> { -> { x }.() }.() }, ],
+
+  [ 'setblockparam', <<-'},', ], # {
+    def m&b
+      b = # here
+        proc { true }
+    end
+    m { false }.call
+  },
+  [ 'getblockparam', <<-'},', ], # {
+    def m&b
+      b # here
+    end
+    m { true }.call
+  },
+  [ 'getblockparamproxy', <<-'},', ], # {
+    def m&b
+      b # here
+        .call
+    end
+    m { true }
+  },
+
+  [ 'setspecial', %q{ true if true..true }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $&.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $`.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $'.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $+.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $1.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $128.nil? }, ],
+
+  [ 'getglobal', %q{ String === $0 }, ],
+  [ 'getglobal', %q{ $_.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'setglobal', %q{ $0 = "true" }, ],
+
+  [ 'setinstancevariable', %q{ @x = true }, ],
+  [ 'getinstancevariable', %q{ @x = true; @x }, ],
+
+  [ 'setclassvariable', %q{ class A; @@x = true; end }, ],
+  [ 'getclassvariable', %q{ class A; @@x = true; @@x end }, ],
+
+  [ 'setconstant', %q{ X = true }, ],
+  [ 'setconstant', %q{ Object::X = true }, ],
+  [ 'getconstant', %q{ X = true; X }, ],
+  [ 'getconstant', %q{ X = true; Object::X }, ],
+
+  [ 'getinlinecache / setinlinecache', %q{ def x; X; end; X = true; x; x; x }, ],
+
+  [ 'putnil',               %q{ $~ == nil }, ],
+  [ 'putself',              %q{ $~ != self }, ],
+  [ 'putobject INT2FIX(0)', %q{ $~ != 0 }, ],
+  [ 'putobject INT2FIX(1)', %q{ $~ != 1 }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != -1 }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != /x/ }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != :x }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != (1..2) }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != true }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ /(?<x>x)/ =~ "x"; x == "x" }, ],
+
+  [ 'putspecialobject',         %q{ {//=>true}[//] }, ],
+  [ 'putstring',                %q{ "true" }, ],
+  [ 'tostring / concatstrings', %q{ "#{true}" }, ],
+  [ 'toregexp',                 %q{ /#{true}/ =~ "true" && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'intern',                   %q{ :"#{true}" }, ],
+
+  [ 'newarray',    %q{ ["true"][0] }, ],
+  [ 'newarraykwsplat', %q{ [**{x:'true'}][0][:x] }, ],
+  [ 'duparray',    %q{ [ true ][0] }, ],
+  [ 'expandarray', %q{ y = [ true, false, nil ]; x, = y; x }, ],
+  [ 'expandarray', %q{ y = [ true, false, nil ]; x, *z = y; x }, ],
+  [ 'expandarray', %q{ y = [ true, false, nil ]; x, *z, w = y; x }, ],
+  [ 'splatarray',  %q{ x, = *(y = true), false; x }, ],
+  [ 'concatarray', %q{ ["t", "r", *x = "u", "e"].join }, ],
+  [ 'concatarray', <<-'},', ],  # {
+    class X; def to_a; ['u']; end; end
+    ['t', 'r', *X.new, 'e'].join
+  },
+  [ 'concatarray', <<-'},', ],  # {
+    r = false
+    t = [true, nil]
+    q, w, e = r, *t             # here
+    w
+  },
+
+  [ 'newhash',  %q{ x = {}; x[x] = true }, ],
+  [ 'newhash',  %q{ x = true; { x => x }[x] }, ],
+  [ 'newhashfromarray', %q{ { a: true }[:a] }, ],
+  [ 'newrange', %q{ x = 1; [*(0..x)][0] == 0 }, ],
+  [ 'newrange', %q{ x = 1; [*(0...x)][0] == 0 }, ],
+
+  [ 'pop',     %q{ def x; true; end; x }, ],
+  [ 'dup',     %q{ x = y = true; x }, ],
+  [ 'dupn',    %q{ Object::X ||= true }, ],
+  [ 'reverse', %q{ q, (w, e), r = 1, [2, 3], 4; e == 3 }, ],
+  [ 'swap',    <<-'},', ],      # {
+    x = [[false, true]]
+    for i, j in x               # here
+      ;
+    end
+    j
+  },
+
+  [ 'topn',        %q{ x, y = [], 0; x[*y], = [true, false]; x[0] }, ],
+  [ 'setn',        %q{ x, y = [], 0; x[*y]  =  true        ; x[0] }, ],
+  [ 'adjuststack', %q{ x = [true]; x[0] ||= nil; x[0] }, ],
+
+  [ 'defined',      %q{ !defined?(x) }, ],
+  [ 'checkkeyword', %q{ def x x:rand;x end; x x: true }, ],
+  [ 'checktype',    %q{ x = true; "#{x}" }, ],
+  [ 'checkmatch',   <<-'},', ], # {
+    x = y = true
+    case x
+    when false
+      y = false
+    when true                   # here
+      y = nil
+    end
+    y == nil
+  },
+  [ 'checkmatch',   <<-'},', ], # {
+    x, y = true, [false]
+    case x
+    when *y                     # here
+      z = false
+    else
+      z = true
+    end
+    z
+  },
+  [ 'checkmatch',   <<-'},', ], # {
+    x = false
+    begin
+      raise
+    rescue                      # here
+      x = true
+    end
+    x
+  },
+
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{                 module X;    true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Module.new; module X;    true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{                 class X;     true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Class.new;  class X;     true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Class.new;  class Y < X; true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Class.new;  class << X;  true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', <<-'},', ], # {
+    X = Class.new
+    Y = Class.new(X)
+    class Y < X
+      true
+    end
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_send_without_block', %q{ true.to_s }, ],
+  [ 'send',                   %q{ true.tap {|i| i.to_s } }, ],
+  [ 'leave',                  %q{ def x; true; end; x }, ],
+  [ 'invokesuper',            <<-'},', ], # {
+    class X < String
+      def empty?
+        super                   # here
+      end
+    end
+   X.new.empty?
+  },
+  [ 'invokeblock',            <<-'},', ], # {
+    def x
+      return yield self         # here
+    end
+    x do
+      true
+    end
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_str_freeze', %q{ 'true'.freeze }, ],
+  [ 'opt_nil_p',      %q{ nil.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_nil_p',      %q{ !Object.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_nil_p',      %q{ Class.new{def nil?; true end}.new.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_str_uminus', %q{ -'true' }, ],
+  [ 'opt_str_freeze', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class String
+      def freeze
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    'true'.freeze
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_newarray_max', %q{ [ ].max.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_max', %q{ [1, x = 2, 3].max == 3 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_max', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class Array
+      def max
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    [1, x = 2, 3].max
+  },
+  [ 'opt_newarray_min', %q{ [ ].min.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_min', %q{ [3, x = 2, 1].min == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_min', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class Array
+      def min
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    [3, x = 2, 1].min
+  },
+
+  [ 'throw',        %q{ false.tap { break true } }, ],
+  [ 'branchif',     %q{ x = nil;  x ||= true }, ],
+  [ 'branchif',     %q{ x = true; x ||= nil; x }, ],
+  [ 'branchunless', %q{ x = 1;    x &&= true }, ],
+  [ 'branchunless', %q{ x = nil;  x &&= true; x.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'branchnil',    %q{ x = true; x&.to_s }, ],
+  [ 'branchnil',    %q{ x = nil;  (x&.to_s).nil? }, ],
+  [ 'jump',         <<-'},', ], # {
+    y = 1
+    x = if y == 0 then nil elsif y == 1 then true else nil end
+    x
+  },
+  [ 'jump',         <<-'},', ], # {
+    # ultra complicated situation: this ||= assignment only generates
+    # 15 instructions, not including the class definition.
+    class X; attr_accessor :x; end
+    x = X.new
+    x&.x ||= true               # here
+  },
+
+  [ 'once', %q{ /#{true}/o =~ "true" && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'once', <<-'},', ],         # {
+    def once expr
+      return /#{expr}/o         # here
+    end
+    x = once(true); x = once(false); x = once(nil);
+    x =~ "true" && $~
+  },
+  [ 'once', <<-'},', ],         # {
+    # recursive once
+    def once n
+      return %r/#{
+        if n == 0
+          true
+        else
+          once(n-1)             # here
+        end
+      }/ox
+    end
+    x = once(128); x = once(7); x = once(16);
+    x =~ "true" && $~
+  },
+  [ 'once', <<-'},', ],         # {
+    # inter-thread lockup situation
+    def once n
+      return Thread.start n do |m|
+        Thread.pass
+        next %r/#{
+          sleep m               # here
+          true
+        }/ox
+      end
+    end
+    x = once(1); y = once(0.1); z = y.value
+    z =~ "true" && $~
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_case_dispatch', %q{ case   0 when 1.1 then false else true end }, ],
+  [ 'opt_case_dispatch', %q{ case 1.0 when 1.1 then false else true end }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ 1 + 1 == 2 }, ],
+  if defined? $FIXNUM_MAX then
+    [ 'opt_plus',  %Q{ #{ $FIXNUM_MAX } + 1 == #{ $FIXNUM_MAX + 1 } }, ]
+  end,
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ 1.0 + 1.0 == 2.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x + x >= x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ 't' + 'rue' }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ ( ['t'] + ['r', ['u', ['e'], ], ] ).join }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ Time.at(1) + 1 == Time.at(2) }, ],
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ 1 - 1 == 0 }, ],
+  if defined? $FIXNUM_MIN then
+    [ 'opt_minus', %Q{ #{ $FIXNUM_MIN } - 1 == #{ $FIXNUM_MIN - 1 } }, ]
+  end,
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ 1.0 - 1.0 == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ x = -0.0.prev_float; x - x == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ ( [false, true] - [false] )[0] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ 1 * 1 == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ 1.0 * 1.0 == 1.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x * x <= x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ ( "ruet" * 3 )[7,4] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ 1 / 1 == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ 1.0 / 1.0 == 1.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x / x >= x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ x = 1/2r; x / x == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ 1 % 1 == 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ 1.0 % 1.0 == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x % x == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ '%s' % [ true ] }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_eq', %q{ 1 == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_eq', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class X; def == other; true; end; end
+    X.new == true
+  },
+  [ 'opt_neq', %q{ 1 != 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_neq', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class X; def != other; true; end; end
+    X.new != true
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{            -1   <  0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{            -1.0 <  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{ -0.0.prev_float <  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{              ?a <  ?z }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{            -1   <= 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{            -1.0 <= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{ -0.0.prev_float <= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{              ?a <= ?z }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{             1   >  0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{             1.0 >  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{ +0.0.next_float >  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{              ?z >  ?a }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{             1   >= 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{             1.0 >= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{ +0.0.next_float >= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{              ?z >= ?a }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_ltlt', %q{  '' << 'true' }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ltlt', %q{ ([] << 'true').join }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ltlt', %q{ (1 << 31) == 2147483648 }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_aref', %q{ ['true'][0] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aref', %q{ { 0 => 'true'}[0] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aref', %q{ 'true'[0] == ?t }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', %q{ [][0] = true }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', %q{ {}[0] = true }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', %q{ x = 'frue'; x[0] = 't'; x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', <<-'},', ], # {
+    # opt_aref / opt_aset mixup situation
+    class X; def x; {}; end; end
+    x = X.new
+    x&.x[true] ||= true         # here
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ { 'true' => true }['true'] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ Struct.new(:nil).new['nil'].nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ {}['true'] = true }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ Struct.new(:true).new['true'] = true }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{   'true'       .length == 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{   :true        .length == 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{ [ 'true' ]     .length == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{ { 'true' => 1 }.length == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{   'true'       .size   == 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{               1.size   >= 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{ [ 'true' ]     .size   == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{ { 'true' => 1 }.size   == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ ''.empty? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ [].empty? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ {}.empty? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ Queue.new.empty? }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_succ',  %q{ 1.succ == 2 }, ],
+  if defined? $FIXNUM_MAX then
+    [ 'opt_succ',%Q{ #{ $FIXNUM_MAX }.succ == #{ $FIXNUM_MAX + 1 } }, ]
+  end,
+  [ 'opt_succ',  %q{ '1'.succ == '2' }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_not',  %q{ ! false }, ],
+  [ 'opt_neq', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class X; def !; true; end; end
+    ! X.new
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2',  %q{ /true/ =~ 'true' && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class Regexp; def =~ other; true; end; end
+    /true/ =~ 'true'
+  },
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2',  %q{ 'true' =~ /true/ && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class String; def =~ other; true; end; end
+    'true' =~ /true/
+  },
+]
+
+# normal path
+tests.compact.each do |(insn, expr, *a)|
+  if a.last.is_a?(Hash)
+    a = a.dup
+    kw = a.pop
+    assert_equal 'true', expr, insn, *a, **kw
+  else
+    assert_equal 'true', expr, insn, *a
+  end
+end
+
+# with trace
+tests.compact.each {|(insn, expr, *a)|
+  progn = "set_trace_func(proc{})\n" + expr
+  if a.last.is_a?(Hash)
+    a = a.dup
+    kw = a.pop
+    assert_equal 'true', progn, 'trace_' + insn, *a, **kw
+  else
+    assert_equal 'true', progn, 'trace_' + insn, *a
+  end
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+begin;
+  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("", debug_level: 5)
+end;
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
index 1d2b19368a..89c00d0b88 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   STDIN.reopen(rw)
   STDIN.reopen(save)
   rw.close
-  File.unlink(tmpname) unless RUBY_PLATFORM['nacl']
+  File.unlink(tmpname)
   :ok
 }
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   STDIN.print "a"
   STDIN.reopen(save)
   rw.close
-  File.unlink(tmpname) unless RUBY_PLATFORM['nacl']
+  File.unlink(tmpname)
   :ok
 }
 
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb b/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb
index 595aaa7c4b..18a2737ea3 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb
@@ -146,15 +146,16 @@ assert_equal %q{131}, %q{
     end
   }
 }
-assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+assert_match %r{Invalid retry}, %q{
+STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
 begin
   eval %q{
     1.times{
       retry
     }
   }
-rescue SyntaxError
-  :ok
+rescue SyntaxError => e
+  e.message
 end
 }
 assert_equal %q{3}, %q{
@@ -295,14 +296,19 @@ assert_equal "true", %q{
   s.return_eigenclass == class << s; self; end
 }, '[ruby-core:21379]'
 
-assert_equal "true", %q{
-  class Object
-    def yield_eigenclass
-      class << self
-        yield self
+assert_match %r{Invalid yield}, %q{
+STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+begin
+  eval %q{
+    class Object
+      def yield_eigenclass
+        class << self
+          yield self
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
-  s = "foo"
-  s.yield_eigenclass {|c| c == class << s; self; end }
-}, '[ruby-dev:40975]'
+  }
+rescue SyntaxError => e
+  e.message
+end
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb b/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
index aa65bddae1..9b3c10d519 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ assert_equal 'sym',             ':sym'
 assert_equal ':sym',            ':sym.inspect'
 assert_equal 'Symbol',          ':sym.class'
 assert_equal '1234',            '1234'
-assert_equal 'Fixnum',          '1234.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '1234.class'
 assert_equal '1234',            '1_2_3_4'
-assert_equal 'Fixnum',          '1_2_3_4.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '1_2_3_4.class'
 assert_equal '18',              '0x12'
-assert_equal 'Fixnum',          '0x12.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '0x12.class'
 assert_equal '15',              '0o17'
-assert_equal 'Fixnum',          '0o17.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '0o17.class'
 assert_equal '5',               '0b101'
-assert_equal 'Fixnum',          '0b101.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '0b101.class'
 assert_equal '123456789012345678901234567890', '123456789012345678901234567890'
-assert_equal 'Bignum',          '123456789012345678901234567890.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '123456789012345678901234567890.class'
 assert_equal '2.0',             '2.0'
 assert_equal 'Float',           '1.3.class'
 
@@ -65,10 +65,8 @@ assert_equal ':a3c',            ':"a#{1+2}c".inspect'
 assert_equal 'Symbol',          ':"a#{1+2}c".class'
 
 # xstring
-unless nacl?
-  assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(`echo foo`)
-  assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(s = "foo"; `echo #{s}`)
-end
+assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(`echo foo`)
+assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(s = "foo"; `echo #{s}`)
 
 # regexp
 assert_equal '',                '//.source'
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ assert_equal '[3]',             '[3].inspect'
 assert_equal '3',               'a = [3]; a[0]'
 assert_equal 'Array',           '[1,2].class'
 assert_equal '2',               '[1,2].size'
-assert_equal '[1, 2]',           '[1,2].inspect'
+assert_equal '[1, 2]',          '[1,2].inspect'
 assert_equal 'Array',           '[1,2,3,4,5].class'
 assert_equal '5',               '[1,2,3,4,5].size'
 assert_equal '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]', '[1,2,3,4,5].inspect'
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ assert_equal 'a',               'r = ("a".."c"); r.begin'
 assert_equal 'c',               'r = ("a".."c"); r.end'
 
 assert_equal 'String',          '__FILE__.class'
-assert_equal 'Fixnum',          '__LINE__.class'
+assert_equal 'Integer',         '__LINE__.class'
 
 ###
 
@@ -225,6 +223,24 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{ #  long hash literal (optimized)
   :ok
 }
 
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{ #  Bug #15536
+  eval <<-END
+    {
+      **{
+        a0: nil, a1: nil, a2: nil, a3: nil, a4: nil, a5: nil, a6: nil, a7: nil, a8: nil,
+      },
+      a0: nil, a1: nil, a2: nil, a3: nil, a4: nil, a5: nil, a6: nil, a7: nil, a8: nil,
+      **{
+        c: nil
+      },
+      b0: nil, b1: nil, b2: nil, b3: nil, b4: nil, b5: nil, b6: nil, b7: nil, b8: nil,
+      b9: nil, b10: nil, b11: nil, b12: nil, b13: nil, b14: nil, b15: nil, b16: nil,
+      b17: nil, b18: nil, b19: nil, b20: nil, b21: nil,
+    }
+  END
+  :ok
+}
+
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   [print(:ok), exit] # void literal with side-effect
   :dummy
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb b/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb
index 4316c9e040..c36fa7078f 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ assert_equal '1',               '1rescue nil'
 assert_equal '10000000000000000001/10000000000000000000',
              '1.0000000000000000001r'
 
-assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected tIDENTIFIER, expecting end-of-input',
+assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected local variable or method, expecting end-of-input',
              %q{begin eval('1ir', nil, '', 0); rescue SyntaxError => e; e.message[/\A:(?:\d+:)? (.*)/, 1] end}
-assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected tIDENTIFIER, expecting end-of-input',
+assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected local variable or method, expecting end-of-input',
              %q{begin eval('1.2ir', nil, '', 0); rescue SyntaxError => e; e.message[/\A:(?:\d+:)? (.*)/, 1] end}
-assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected tIDENTIFIER, expecting end-of-input',
+assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected local variable or method, expecting end-of-input',
              %q{begin eval('1e1r', nil, '', 0); rescue SyntaxError => e; e.message[/\A:(?:\d+:)? (.*)/, 1] end}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb b/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb
index 862a94e376..63a8d99322 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
   ObjectSpace.define_finalizer("") do
-    Mutex.new.lock
+    Thread::Mutex.new.lock
   end
 }, '[ruby-dev:44049]'
 
@@ -44,3 +44,12 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
     Thread.new {}
   end
 }, '[ruby-core:37858]'
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  objects_and_ids = 1000.times.map { o = Object.new; [o, o.object_id] }
+  objects_and_ids.each { |expected, id|
+    actual = ObjectSpace._id2ref(id)
+    raise "expected #{expected.inspect}, got #{actual.inspect}" unless actual.equal?(expected)
+  }
+  'ok'
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb b/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb
index c23394e8d2..637603243d 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb
@@ -224,19 +224,6 @@ assert_equal %q{[[nil, []], [1, []], [1, [2]], [1, [2, 3]]]}, %q{
   Proc.new{|a, *b| [a, b]}.call(1, 2, 3),
   ]
 }
-assert_equal %q{0}, %q{
-  pr = proc{
-    $SAFE
-  }
-  $SAFE = 1
-  pr.call
-}
-assert_equal %q{[1, 0]}, %q{
-  pr = proc{
-    $SAFE += 1
-  }
-  [pr.call, $SAFE]
-}
 assert_equal %q{1}, %q{
   def m(&b)
     b
@@ -380,8 +367,8 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   class Foo
-    def call_it
-      p = Proc.new
+    def call_it(&block)
+      p = Proc.new(&block)
       p.call
     end
   end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d920c31b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1444 @@
+# Ractor.current returns a current ractor
+assert_equal 'Ractor', %q{
+  Ractor.current.class
+}
+
+# Ractor.new returns new Ractor
+assert_equal 'Ractor', %q{
+  Ractor.new{}.class
+}
+
+# Ractor.allocate is not supported
+assert_equal "[:ok, :ok]", %q{
+  rs = []
+  begin
+    Ractor.allocate
+  rescue => e
+    rs << :ok if e.message == 'allocator undefined for Ractor'
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{}.dup
+  rescue
+    rs << :ok if e.message == 'allocator undefined for Ractor'
+  end
+
+  rs
+}
+
+# A Ractor can have a name
+assert_equal 'test-name', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new name: 'test-name' do
+  end
+  r.name
+}
+
+# If Ractor doesn't have a name, Ractor#name returns nil.
+assert_equal 'nil', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+  end
+  r.name.inspect
+}
+
+# Raises exceptions if initialize with an invalid name
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  begin
+    r = Ractor.new(name: [{}]) {}
+  rescue TypeError => e
+    'ok'
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor.new must call with a block
+assert_equal "must be called with a block", %q{
+  begin
+    Ractor.new
+  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor#inspect
+# Return only id and status for main ractor
+assert_equal "#<Ractor:#1 running>", %q{
+  Ractor.current.inspect
+}
+
+# Return id, loc, and status for no-name ractor
+assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { '' }
+  r.take
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+  r.inspect
+}
+
+# Return id, name, loc, and status for named ractor
+assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) Test Ractor .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
+  r = Ractor.new(name: 'Test Ractor') { '' }
+  r.take
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+  r.inspect
+}
+
+# A return value of a Ractor block will be a message from the Ractor.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # join
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    'ok'
+  end
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Passed arguments to Ractor.new will be a block parameter
+# The values are passed with Ractor-communication pass.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # ping-pong with arg
+  r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
+    msg
+  end
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Pass multiple arguments to Ractor.new
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # ping-pong with two args
+  r =  Ractor.new 'ping', 'pong' do |msg, msg2|
+    [msg, msg2]
+  end
+  'ok' if r.take == ['ping', 'pong']
+}
+
+# Ractor#send passes an object with copy to a Ractor
+# and Ractor.receive in the Ractor block can receive the passed value.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    msg = Ractor.receive
+  end
+  r.send 'ok'
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Ractor#receive_if can filter the message
+assert_equal '[2, 3, 1]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    main << 1
+    main << 2
+    main << 3
+  end
+  a = []
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 3}
+  a << Ractor.receive
+}
+
+# Ractor#receive_if with break
+assert_equal '[2, [1, :break], 3]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    main << 1
+    main << 2
+    main << 3
+  end
+
+  a = []
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| break [msg, :break]}
+  a << Ractor.receive
+}
+
+# Ractor#receive_if can't be called recursively
+assert_equal '[[:e1, 1], [:e2, 2]]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    main << 1
+    main << 2
+    main << 3
+  end
+
+  a = []
+
+  Ractor.receive_if do |msg|
+    begin
+      Ractor.receive
+    rescue Ractor::Error
+      a << [:e1, msg]
+    end
+    true # delete 1 from queue
+  end
+
+  Ractor.receive_if do |msg|
+    begin
+      Ractor.receive_if{}
+    rescue Ractor::Error
+      a << [:e2, msg]
+    end
+    true # delete 2 from queue
+  end
+
+  a #
+}
+
+# dtoa race condition
+assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
+  n = 3
+  n.times.map{
+    Ractor.new{
+      10_000.times{ rand.to_s }
+      :ok
+    }
+  }.map(&:take)
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
+assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e]', %q{
+  v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 = :a, :b, :c, :d, :e
+  closure = Proc.new { [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5] }
+
+  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
+assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g]', %q{
+  a = :a
+  closure = -> {
+    b, c, d = :b, :c, :d
+    -> {
+      e, f, g = :e, :f, :g
+      -> { [a, b, c, d, e, f, g] }
+    }.call
+  }.call
+
+  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+}
+
+###
+###
+# Ractor still has several memory corruption so skip huge number of tests
+if ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] &&
+   ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] == 'Compilations'
+   # ignore the follow
+else
+
+# Ractor.select(*ractors) receives a values from a ractors.
+# It is similar to select(2) and Go's select syntax.
+# The return value is [ch, received_value]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # select 1
+  r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
+  'ok' if r == r1 and obj == 'r1'
+}
+
+# Ractor.select from two ractors.
+assert_equal '["r1", "r2"]', %q{
+  # select 2
+  r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+  r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
+  rs = [r1, r2]
+  as = []
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  rs.delete(r)
+  as << obj
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  as << obj
+  as.sort #=> ["r1", "r2"]
+}
+
+# Ractor.select from multiple ractors.
+assert_equal 30.times.map { 'ok' }.to_s, %q{
+  def test n
+    rs = (1..n).map do |i|
+      Ractor.new(i) do |i|
+        "r#{i}"
+      end
+    end
+    as = []
+    all_rs = rs.dup
+
+    n.times{
+      r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+      as << [r, obj]
+      rs.delete(r)
+    }
+
+    if as.map{|r, o| r.object_id}.sort == all_rs.map{|r| r.object_id}.sort &&
+       as.map{|r, o| o}.sort == (1..n).map{|i| "r#{i}"}.sort
+      'ok'
+    else
+      'ng'
+    end
+  end
+
+  30.times.map{|i|
+    test i
+  }
+} unless ENV['RUN_OPTS'] =~ /--jit-min-calls=5/ # This always fails with --jit-wait --jit-min-calls=5
+
+# Exception for empty select
+assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
+  begin
+    Ractor.select
+  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Outgoing port of a ractor will be closed when the Ractor is terminated.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    'finish'
+  end
+
+  r.take
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+
+  begin
+    o = r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    "ng: #{o}"
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a terminated ractor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+  end
+
+  r.take # closed
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a closed actor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  r.close_incoming
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to take from closed actor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.yield 1
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  r.close_outgoing
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Can mix with Thread#interrupt and Ractor#take [Bug #17366]
+assert_equal 'err', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    t = Thread.current
+    begin
+      Thread.new{ t.raise "err" }.join
+    rescue => e
+      e.message
+    end
+  }.take
+}
+
+# Killed Ractor's thread yields nil
+assert_equal 'nil', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    t = Thread.current
+    Thread.new{ t.kill }.join
+  }.take.inspect #=> nil
+}
+
+# Ractor.yield raises Ractor::ClosedError when outgoing port is closed.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    Ractor.receive
+    main << true
+    Ractor.yield 1
+  end
+
+  r.close_outgoing
+  r << true
+  Ractor.receive
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a ractor with closed incoming port
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  r.close_incoming
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# A ractor with closed incoming port still can send messages out
+assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.yield 1
+    2
+  end
+  r.close_incoming
+
+  [r.take, r.take]
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to take from a ractor with closed outgoing port
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.yield 1
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  sleep 0.01 # wait for Ractor.yield in r
+  r.close_outgoing
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# A ractor with closed outgoing port still can receive messages from incoming port
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  r.close_outgoing
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ng'
+  else
+    'ok'
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor.main returns main ractor
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    Ractor.main
+  }.take == Ractor.current
+}
+
+# a ractor with closed outgoing port should terminate
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  Ractor.new do
+    close_outgoing
+  end
+
+  true until Ractor.count == 1
+  :ok
+}
+
+# multiple Ractors can receive (wait) from one Ractor
+assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
+  pipe = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+    end
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+  rs = RN.times.map{|i|
+    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
+      msg = pipe.take
+      msg # ping-pong
+    end
+  }
+  RN.times{|i|
+    pipe << i
+  }
+  RN.times.map{
+    r, n = Ractor.select(*rs)
+    rs.delete r
+    n
+  }.sort
+}
+
+# Ractor.select also support multiple take, receive and yield
+assert_equal '[true, true, true]', %q{
+  RN = 10
+  CR = Ractor.current
+
+  rs = (1..RN).map{
+    Ractor.new do
+      CR.send 'send' + CR.take #=> 'sendyield'
+      'take'
+    end
+  }
+  received = []
+  take = []
+  yielded = []
+  until rs.empty?
+    r, v = Ractor.select(CR, *rs, yield_value: 'yield')
+    case r
+    when :receive
+      received << v
+    when :yield
+      yielded << v
+    else
+      take << v
+      rs.delete r
+    end
+  end
+  [received.all?('sendyield'), yielded.all?(nil), take.all?('take')]
+}
+
+# multiple Ractors can send to one Ractor
+assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
+  pipe = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+    end
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+  RN.times.map{|i|
+    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
+      pipe << i
+    end
+  }
+  RN.times.map{
+    pipe.take
+  }.sort
+}
+
+# an exception in a Ractor will be re-raised at Ractor#receive
+assert_equal '[RuntimeError, "ok", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred receiver
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
+  end
+}
+
+# threads in a ractor will killed
+assert_equal '{:ok=>3}', %q{
+  Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    q = Queue.new
+    Thread.new do
+      q << true
+      loop{}
+    ensure
+      main << :ok
+    end
+
+    Thread.new do
+      q << true
+      while true
+      end
+    ensure
+      main << :ok
+    end
+
+    Thread.new do
+      q << true
+      sleep 1
+    ensure
+      main << :ok
+    end
+
+    # wait for the start of all threads
+    3.times{q.pop}
+  end
+
+  3.times.map{Ractor.receive}.tally
+}
+
+# unshareable object are copied
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  obj = 'str'.dup
+  r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+    msg.object_id
+  end
+
+  obj.object_id == r.take
+}
+
+# To copy the object, now Marshal#dump is used
+assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
+  obj = Thread.new{}
+  begin
+    r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+      msg
+    end
+  rescue TypeError => e
+    e.message #=> no _dump_data is defined for class Thread
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# send shareable and unshareable objects
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  echo_ractor = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      v = Ractor.receive
+      Ractor.yield v
+    end
+  end
+
+  class C; end
+  module M; end
+  S = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d)
+
+  shareable_objects = [
+    true,
+    false,
+    nil,
+    1,
+    1.1,    # Float
+    1+2r,   # Rational
+    3+4i,   # Complex
+    2**128, # Bignum
+    :sym,   # Symbol
+    'xyzzy'.to_sym, # dynamic symbol
+    'frozen'.freeze, # frozen String
+    /regexp/, # regexp literal
+    /reg{true}exp/.freeze, # frozen dregexp
+    [1, 2].freeze,   # frozen Array which only refers to shareable
+    {a: 1}.freeze,   # frozen Hash which only refers to shareable
+    [{a: 1}.freeze, 'str'.freeze].freeze, # nested frozen container
+    S.new(1, 2).freeze, # frozen Struct
+    S.new(1, 2, 3, 4).freeze, # frozen Struct
+    (1..2), # Range on Struct
+    (1..),  # Range on Struct
+    (..1),  # Range on Struct
+    C, # class
+    M, # module
+    Ractor.current, # Ractor
+  ]
+
+  unshareable_objects = [
+    'mutable str'.dup,
+    [:array],
+    {hash: true},
+    S.new(1, 2),
+    S.new(1, 2, 3, 4),
+    S.new("a", 2).freeze, # frozen, but refers to an unshareable object
+  ]
+
+  results = []
+
+  shareable_objects.map{|o|
+    echo_ractor << o
+    o2 = echo_ractor.take
+    results << "#{o} is copied" unless o.object_id == o2.object_id
+  }
+
+  unshareable_objects.map{|o|
+    echo_ractor << o
+    o2 = echo_ractor.take
+    results << "#{o.inspect} is not copied" if o.object_id == o2.object_id
+  }
+
+  if results.empty?
+    :ok
+  else
+    results.inspect
+  end
+}
+
+# frozen Objects are shareable
+assert_equal [false, true, false].inspect, %q{
+  class C
+    def initialize freeze
+      @a = 1
+      @b = :sym
+      @c = 'frozen_str'
+      @c.freeze if freeze
+      @d = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check obj1
+    obj2 = Ractor.new obj1 do |obj|
+      obj
+    end.take
+
+    obj1.object_id == obj2.object_id
+  end
+
+  results = []
+  results << check(C.new(true))         # false
+  results << check(C.new(true).freeze)  # true
+  results << check(C.new(false).freeze) # false
+}
+
+# move example2: String
+# touching moved object causes an error
+assert_equal 'hello world', %q{
+  # move
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = Ractor.receive
+    obj << ' world'
+  end
+
+  str = 'hello'
+  r.send str, move: true
+  modified = r.take
+
+  begin
+    str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
+  rescue Ractor::MovedError
+    modified #=> 'hello world'
+  else
+    raise 'unreachable'
+  end
+}
+
+# move example2: Array
+assert_equal '[0, 1]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    ary = Ractor.receive
+    ary << 1
+  end
+
+  a1 = [0]
+  r.send a1, move: true
+  a2 = r.take
+  begin
+    a1 << 2 # raise Ractor::MovedError
+  rescue Ractor::MovedError
+    a2.inspect
+  end
+}
+
+# move with yield
+assert_equal 'hello', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+    obj = 'hello'
+    Ractor.yield obj, move: true
+    obj << 'world'
+  end
+
+  str = r.take
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+    str #=> "hello"
+  end
+}
+
+# yield/move should not make moved object when the yield is not succeeded
+assert_equal '"str"', %q{
+  R = Ractor.new{}
+  M = Ractor.current
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    s = 'str'
+    selected_r, v = Ractor.select R, yield_value: s, move: true
+    raise if selected_r != R # taken from R
+    M.send s.inspect # s should not be a moved object
+  end
+
+  Ractor.receive
+}
+
+# yield/move can fail
+assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = Thread.new{}
+    Ractor.yield obj
+  rescue => e
+    e.message
+  end
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited
+assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  $gv = 1
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $gv
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited
+assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $gv = 1
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# $stdin,out,err is Ractor local, but shared fds
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].map{|io|
+      [io.object_id, io.fileno]
+    }
+  end
+
+  [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].zip(r.take){|io, (oid, fno)|
+    raise "should not be different object" if io.object_id == oid
+    raise "fd should be same" unless io.fileno == fno
+  }
+  'ok'
+}
+
+# $stdin,out,err belong to Ractor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $stdin.itself
+    $stdout.itself
+    $stderr.itself
+    'ok'
+  end
+
+  r.take
+}
+
+# $DEBUG, $VERBOSE are Ractor local
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  $DEBUG = true
+  $VERBOSE = true
+
+  def ractor_local_globals
+    /a(b)(c)d/ =~ 'abcd' # for $~
+    `echo foo` unless  /solaris/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    {
+     # ractor-local (derived from created ractor): debug
+     '$DEBUG' => $DEBUG,
+     '$-d' => $-d,
+
+     # ractor-local (derived from created ractor): verbose
+     '$VERBOSE' => $VERBOSE,
+     '$-w' => $-w,
+     '$-W' => $-W,
+     '$-v' => $-v,
+
+     # process-local (readonly): other commandline parameters
+     '$-p' => $-p,
+     '$-l' => $-l,
+     '$-a' => $-a,
+
+     # process-local (readonly): getpid
+     '$$'  => $$,
+
+     # thread local: process result
+     '$?'  => $?,
+
+     # scope local: match
+     '$~'  => $~.inspect,
+     '$&'  => $&,
+     '$`'  => $`,
+     '$\''  => $',
+     '$+'  => $+,
+     '$1'  => $1,
+
+     # scope local: last line
+     '$_' => $_,
+
+     # scope local: last backtrace
+     '$@' => $@,
+     '$!' => $!,
+
+     # ractor local: stdin, out, err
+     '$stdin'  => $stdin.inspect,
+     '$stdout' => $stdout.inspect,
+     '$stderr' => $stderr.inspect,
+    }
+  end
+
+  h = Ractor.new do
+    ractor_local_globals
+  end.take
+  ractor_local_globals == h #=> true
+}
+
+# selfs are different objects
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    self.object_id
+  end
+  r.take == self.object_id #=> false
+}
+
+# self is a Ractor instance
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    self.object_id
+  end
+  r.object_id == r.take #=> true
+}
+
+# given block Proc will be isolated, so can not access outer variables.
+assert_equal 'ArgumentError', %q{
+  begin
+    a = true
+    r = Ractor.new do
+      a
+    end
+  rescue => e
+    e.class
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class C
+    @iv = 'str'
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    class C
+      p @iv
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+  shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor, by @iv (get)
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class Ractor
+    def setup
+      @foo = ''
+    end
+
+    def foo
+      @foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+  shared.setup
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.foo
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor, by @iv (set)
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class Ractor
+    def setup
+      @foo = ''
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.setup
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# But a shareable object is frozen, it is allowed to access ivars from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal '11', %q{
+  [Object.new, [], ].map{|obj|
+    obj.instance_variable_set('@a', 1)
+    Ractor.make_shareable obj = obj.freeze
+
+    Ractor.new obj do |obj|
+      obj.instance_variable_get('@a')
+    end.take.to_s
+  }.join
+}
+
+# cvar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = 'str'
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    class C
+      p @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Getting non-shareable objects via constants by other Ractors is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not access non-shareable objects in constant C::CONST by non-main Ractor.', %q{
+  class C
+    CONST = 'str'
+  end
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C::CONST
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Constant cache should care about non-sharable constants
+assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by non-main Ractor.", %q{
+  STR = "hello"
+  def str; STR; end
+  s = str() # fill const cache
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{ str() }.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Setting non-shareable objects into constants by other Ractors is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not set constants with non-shareable objects by non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class C
+  end
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C::CONST = 'str'
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# define_method is not allowed
+assert_equal "defined in a different Ractor", %q{
+  str = "foo"
+  define_method(:buggy){|i| str << "#{i}"}
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{buggy(10)}.take
+  rescue => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Immutable Array and Hash are shareable, so it can be shared with constants
+assert_equal '[1000, 3]', %q{
+  A = Array.new(1000).freeze # [nil, ...]
+  H = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.freeze
+
+  Ractor.new{ [A.size, H.size] }.take
+}
+
+# Ractor.count
+assert_equal '[1, 4, 3, 2, 1]', %q{
+  counts = []
+  counts << Ractor.count
+  ractors = (1..3).map { Ractor.new { Ractor.receive } }
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  ractors[0].send('End 0').take
+  sleep 0.1 until ractors[0].inspect =~ /terminated/
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  ractors[1].send('End 1').take
+  sleep 0.1 until ractors[1].inspect =~ /terminated/
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  ractors[2].send('End 2').take
+  sleep 0.1 until ractors[2].inspect =~ /terminated/
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  counts.inspect
+}
+
+# ObjectSpace.each_object can not handle unshareable objects with Ractors
+assert_equal '0', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    n = 0
+    ObjectSpace.each_object{|o| n += 1 unless Ractor.shareable?(o)}
+    n
+  }.take
+}
+
+# ObjectSpace._id2ref can not handle unshareable objects with Ractors
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  s = 'hello'
+
+  Ractor.new s.object_id do |id ;s|
+    begin
+      s = ObjectSpace._id2ref(id)
+    rescue => e
+      :ok
+    end
+  end.take
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(obj)
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class C
+    def initialize
+      @a = 'foo'
+      @b = 'bar'
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @c = [:freeze_called]
+      super
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :a, :b, :c
+  end
+  S = Struct.new(:s1, :s2)
+  str = "hello"
+  str.instance_variable_set("@iv", "hello")
+  /a/ =~ 'a'
+  m = $~
+  class N < Numeric
+    def /(other)
+      1
+    end
+  end
+  ary = []; ary << ary
+
+  a = [[1, ['2', '3']],
+       {Object.new => "hello"},
+       C.new,
+       S.new("x", "y"),
+       ("a".."b"),
+       str,
+       ary,             # cycle
+       /regexp/,
+       /#{'r'.upcase}/,
+       m,
+       Complex(N.new,0),
+       Rational(N.new,0),
+       true,
+       false,
+       nil,
+       1, 1.2, 1+3r, 1+4i, # Numeric
+  ]
+  Ractor.make_shareable(a)
+
+  # check all frozen
+  a.each{|o|
+    raise o.inspect unless o.frozen?
+
+    case o
+    when C
+      raise o.a.inspect unless o.a.frozen?
+      raise o.b.inspect unless o.b.frozen?
+      raise o.c.inspect unless o.c.frozen? && o.c == [:freeze_called]
+    when Rational
+      raise o.numerator.inspect unless o.numerator.frozen?
+    when Complex
+      raise o.real.inspect unless o.real.frozen?
+    when Array
+      if o[0] == 1
+        raise o[1][1].inspect unless o[1][1].frozen?
+      end
+    when Hash
+      o.each{|k, v|
+        raise k.inspect unless k.frozen?
+        raise v.inspect unless v.frozen?
+      }
+    end
+  }
+
+  Ractor.shareable?(a)
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(obj) doesn't freeze shareable objects
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new{}
+  Ractor.make_shareable(a = [r])
+  [a.frozen?, a[0].frozen?] == [true, false]
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  a = [1, [2, 3], {a: "4"}]
+  pr = Proc.new do
+    a
+  end
+  Ractor.make_shareable(a) # referred value should be shareable
+  Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
+  Ractor.shareable?(pr)
+}
+
+# Ractor.shareable?(recursive_objects)
+assert_equal '[false, false]', %q{
+  y = []
+  x = [y, {}].freeze
+  y << x
+  y.freeze
+  [Ractor.shareable?(x), Ractor.shareable?(y)]
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(recursive_objects)
+assert_equal '[:ok, false, false]', %q{
+  o = Object.new
+  def o.freeze; raise; end
+  y = []
+  x = [y, o].freeze
+  y << x
+  y.freeze
+  [(Ractor.make_shareable(x) rescue :ok), Ractor.shareable?(x), Ractor.shareable?(y)]
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable with Class/Module
+assert_equal '[C, M]', %q{
+  class C; end
+  module M; end
+
+  Ractor.make_shareable(ary = [C, M])
+}
+
+# define_method() can invoke different Ractor's proc if the proc is shareable.
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  class C
+    a = 1
+    define_method "foo", Ractor.make_shareable(Proc.new{ a })
+    a = 2
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new{ C.new.foo }.take
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
+assert_equal 'can not make a Proc shareable because it accesses outer variables (a).', %q{
+  a = b = nil
+  pr = Proc.new do
+    c = b # assign to a is okay because c is block local variable
+          # reading b is okay
+    a = b # assign to a is not allowed #=> Ractor::Error
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
+  rescue => e
+    e.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true) makes copied shareable object.
+assert_equal '[false, false, true, true]', %q{
+  r = []
+  o1 = [1, 2, ["3"]]
+
+  o2 = Ractor.make_shareable(o1, copy: true)
+  r << Ractor.shareable?(o1) # false
+  r << (o1.object_id == o2.object_id) # false
+
+  o3 = Ractor.make_shareable(o1)
+  r << Ractor.shareable?(o1) # true
+  r << (o1.object_id == o3.object_id) # false
+  r
+}
+
+# TracePoint with normal Proc should be Ractor local
+assert_equal '[4, 8]', %q{
+  rs = []
+  TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| rs << tp.lineno if tp.path == __FILE__}.enable do
+    Ractor.new{ # line 4
+      a = 1
+      b = 2
+    }.take
+    c = 3       # line 8
+  end
+  rs
+}
+
+# Ractor deep copies frozen objects (ary)
+assert_equal '[true, false]', %q{
+  Ractor.new([[]].freeze) { |ary|
+    [ary.frozen?, ary.first.frozen? ]
+  }.take
+}
+
+# Ractor deep copies frozen objects (str)
+assert_equal '[true, false]', %q{
+  s = String.new.instance_eval { @x = []; freeze}
+  Ractor.new(s) { |s|
+    [s.frozen?, s.instance_variable_get(:@x).frozen?]
+  }.take
+}
+
+# Can not trap with not isolated Proc on non-main ractor
+assert_equal '[:ok, :ok]', %q{
+  a = []
+  Ractor.new{
+    trap(:INT){p :ok}
+  }.take
+  a << :ok
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{
+      s = 'str'
+      trap(:INT){p s}
+    }.take
+  rescue => Ractor::RemoteError
+    a << :ok
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor-local storage
+assert_equal '[nil, "b", "a"]', %q{
+  ans = []
+  Ractor.current[:key] = 'a'
+  r = Ractor.new{
+    Ractor.yield self[:key]
+    self[:key] = 'b'
+    self[:key]
+  }
+  ans << r.take
+  ans << r.take
+  ans << Ractor.current[:key]
+}
+
+###
+### Synchronization tests
+###
+
+N = 100_000
+
+# fstring pool
+assert_equal "#{N}#{N}", %Q{
+  N = #{N}
+  2.times.map{
+    Ractor.new{
+      N.times{|i| -(i.to_s)}
+    }
+  }.map{|r| r.take}.join
+}
+
+# enc_table
+assert_equal "#{N/10}", %Q{
+  Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Encoding.find("test-enc-#{rand(5_000)}").inspect
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+    end
+  end
+
+  src = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
+  #{N/10}.times{|i|
+    src.replicate("test-enc-\#{i}")
+  }
+}
+
+# Generic ivtbl
+n = N/2
+assert_equal "#{n}#{n}", %Q{
+  2.times.map{
+    Ractor.new do
+      #{n}.times do
+        obj = ''
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@a", 1)
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@b", 1)
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@c", 1)
+        obj.instance_variable_defined?("@a")
+      end
+    end
+  }.map{|r| r.take}.join
+}
+
+# NameError
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  begin
+    bar
+  rescue => err
+  end
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{} << err
+  rescue TypeError
+    'ok'
+  end
+}
+
+# Can yield back values while GC is sweeping [Bug #18117]
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  workers = (0...8).map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      loop do
+        10_000.times.map { Object.new }
+        Ractor.yield Time.now
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  1_000.times { idle_worker, tmp_reporter = Ractor.select(*workers) }
+  "ok"
+}
+
+end # if !ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW']
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb b/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
index a111990a1f..fa27bf2aeb 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
@@ -268,8 +268,10 @@ assert_equal %q{}, %q{
   defined?(@@a)
 }
 assert_equal %q{class variable}, %q{
-  @@a = 1
-  defined?(@@a)
+  class A
+    @@a = 1
+    defined?(@@a)
+  end
 }
 assert_equal %q{}, %q{
   defined?($a)
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb b/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
index d64f44be49..38a55ff229 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
-# Thread and Fiber
+show_limit %q{
+  threads = []
+  begin
+    threads << Thread.new{sleep}
+
+    raise Exception, "skipping" if threads.count >= 10_000
+  rescue Exception => error
+    puts "Thread count: #{threads.count} (#{error})"
+    break
+  end while true
+} if false # disable to pass CI
 
 assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
   Thread.new{
@@ -25,8 +35,9 @@ rescue ThreadError => e
   :ok if /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message
 end
 }
-assert_equal %q{5000}, %q{
-  5000.times{|e|
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+begin
+  :ok if 5000 == 5000.times{|e|
     (1..2).map{
       Thread.new{
       }
@@ -34,9 +45,13 @@ assert_equal %q{5000}, %q{
       e.join()
     }
   }
+rescue ThreadError => e
+  /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message ? :ok : e.message
+end
 }
-assert_equal %q{5000}, %q{
-  5000.times{|e|
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+begin
+  :ok if 5000 == 5000.times{|e|
     (1..2).map{
       Thread.new{
       }
@@ -44,6 +59,9 @@ assert_equal %q{5000}, %q{
       e.join(1000000000)
     }
   }
+rescue ThreadError => e
+  /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message ? :ok : e.message
+end
 }
 assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
 begin
@@ -291,10 +309,6 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:34492]'
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
-  at_exit { Fiber.new{}.resume }
-}
-
-assert_normal_exit %q{
   g = enum_for(:local_variables)
   loop { g.next }
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
@@ -320,10 +334,6 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
-  Fiber.new(&Object.method(:class_eval)).resume("foo")
-}, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
-
-assert_normal_exit %q{
   Thread.new("foo", &Object.method(:class_eval)).join
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
 
@@ -339,7 +349,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   begin
-    m1, m2 = Mutex.new, Mutex.new
+    m1, m2 = Thread::Mutex.new, Thread::Mutex.new
     f1 = f2 = false
     Thread.new { m1.lock; f2 = true; sleep 0.001 until f1; m2.lock }
     m2.lock; f1 = true; sleep 0.001 until f2; m1.lock
@@ -350,32 +360,32 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  m = Mutex.new
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
   Thread.new { m.lock }; sleep 0.1; m.lock
   :ok
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  m = Mutex.new
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
   Thread.new { m.lock }; m.lock
   :ok
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  m = Mutex.new
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
   Thread.new { m.lock }.join; m.lock
   :ok
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  m = Mutex.new
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
   Thread.new { m.lock; sleep 0.2 }
   sleep 0.1; m.lock
   :ok
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  m = Mutex.new
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
   Thread.new { m.lock; sleep 0.2; m.unlock }
   sleep 0.1; m.lock
   :ok
@@ -401,7 +411,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %{
   open("zzz.rb", "w") do |f|
     f.puts <<-'end;' # do
       begin
-        m = Mutex.new
+        m = Thread::Mutex.new
         parent = Thread.current
         th1 = Thread.new { m.lock; sleep }
         sleep 0.01 until th1.stop?
@@ -429,8 +439,8 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %{
 assert_finish 3, %q{
   require 'thread'
 
-  lock = Mutex.new
-  cond = ConditionVariable.new
+  lock = Thread::Mutex.new
+  cond = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
   t = Thread.new do
     lock.synchronize do
       cond.wait(lock)
@@ -474,3 +484,17 @@ assert_equal 'foo', %q{
   GC.start
   f.call.source
 }
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  class C
+    def inspect
+      sleep 0.5
+      'C!!'
+    end
+  end
+  Thread.new{
+    loop{
+      p C.new
+    }
+  }
+  sleep 0.1
+}, timeout: 5
diff --git a/builtin.c b/builtin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c3653dab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+#if CROSS_COMPILING
+
+#define INCLUDED_BY_BUILTIN_C 1
+#include "mini_builtin.c"
+
+#else
+
+#include "builtin_binary.inc"
+
+static const unsigned char *
+bin4feature(const struct builtin_binary *bb, const char *feature, size_t *psize)
+{
+    *psize = bb->bin_size;
+    return strcmp(bb->feature, feature) ? NULL : bb->bin;
+}
+
+static const unsigned char*
+builtin_lookup(const char *feature, size_t *psize)
+{
+    static int index = 0;
+    const unsigned char *bin = bin4feature(&builtin_binary[index++], feature, psize);
+
+    // usually, `builtin_binary` order is loading order at miniruby.
+    for (const struct builtin_binary *bb = &builtin_binary[0]; bb->feature &&! bin; bb++) {
+        bin = bin4feature(bb++, feature, psize);
+    }
+    return bin;
+}
+
+void
+rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
+{
+    // search binary
+    size_t size;
+    const unsigned char *bin = builtin_lookup(feature_name, &size);
+    if (! bin) {
+        rb_bug("builtin_lookup: can not find %s\n", feature_name);
+    }
+
+    // load binary
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    if (vm->builtin_function_table != NULL) rb_bug("vm->builtin_function_table should be NULL.");
+    vm->builtin_function_table = table;
+    vm->builtin_inline_index = 0;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_ibf_load_bytes((const char *)bin, size);
+    vm->builtin_function_table = NULL;
+
+    // exec
+    rb_iseq_eval(rb_iseq_check(iseq));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+void
+Init_builtin(void)
+{
+    // nothing
+}
+
+void
+Init_builtin_features(void)
+{
+    rb_load_with_builtin_functions("gem_prelude", NULL);
+}
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b2f477654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#ifndef BUILTIN_H_INCLUDED
+#define BUILTIN_H_INCLUDED
+
+// invoke
+
+struct rb_builtin_function {
+    // for invocation
+    const void * const func_ptr;
+    const int argc;
+
+    // for load
+    const int index;
+    const char * const name;
+
+    // for jit
+    void (*compiler)(FILE *, long, unsigned, bool);
+};
+
+#define RB_BUILTIN_FUNCTION(_i, _name, _fname, _arity, _compiler) {\
+  .name = #_name, \
+  .func_ptr = (void *)_fname, \
+  .argc = _arity, \
+  .index = _i, \
+  .compiler = _compiler, \
+}
+
+void rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table);
+
+#ifndef rb_execution_context_t
+typedef struct rb_execution_context_struct rb_execution_context_t;
+#define rb_execution_context_t rb_execution_context_t
+#endif
+
+/* The following code is generated by the following Ruby script:
+
+16.times{|i|
+  args = (i > 0 ? ', ' : '') + (0...i).map{"VALUE"}.join(', ')
+  puts "static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity#{i}(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self#{args})){}"
+}
+*/
+
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity0(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity1(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity2(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity3(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity4(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity5(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity6(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity7(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity8(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity9(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity10(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity11(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity12(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity13(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity14(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity15(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+
+VALUE rb_vm_lvar_exposed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index);
+
+// __builtin_inline!
+
+PUREFUNC(static inline VALUE rb_vm_lvar(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index));
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_vm_lvar(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index)
+{
+#if VM_CORE_H_EC_DEFINED
+    return ec->cfp->ep[index];
+#else
+    return rb_vm_lvar_exposed(ec, index);
+#endif
+}
+
+// dump/load
+
+struct builtin_binary {
+    const char *feature;          // feature name
+    const unsigned char *bin;     // binary by ISeq#to_binary
+    size_t bin_size;
+};
+
+#endif // BUILTIN_H_INCLUDED
diff --git a/ccan/list/list.h b/ccan/list/list.h
index ca9f9f1f7f..7d219307bc 100644
--- a/ccan/list/list.h
+++ b/ccan/list/list.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct list_head
  * Example:
  *	static struct list_head my_list = LIST_HEAD_INIT(my_list);
  */
-#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { { &name.n, &name.n } }
+#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { { &(name).n, &(name).n } }
 
 /**
  * LIST_HEAD - define and initialize an empty list_head
@@ -238,6 +238,21 @@ static inline int list_empty_nodebug(const struct list_head *h)
 #endif
 
 /**
+ * list_empty_nocheck - is a list empty?
+ * @h: the list_head
+ *
+ * If the list is empty, returns true. This doesn't perform any
+ * debug check for list consistency, so it can be called without
+ * locks, racing with the list being modified. This is ok for
+ * checks where an incorrect result is not an issue (optimized
+ * bail out path for example).
+ */
+static inline bool list_empty_nocheck(const struct list_head *h)
+{
+	return h->n.next == &h->n;
+}
+
+/**
  * list_del - delete an entry from an (unknown) linked list.
  * @n: the list_node to delete from the list.
  *
@@ -639,7 +654,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
 /**
  * list_for_each_off - iterate through a list of memory regions.
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
  * This is a low-level wrapper to iterate @i over the entire list, used to
@@ -647,12 +662,12 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
  * so you can break and continue as normal.
  *
  * WARNING! Being the low-level macro that it is, this wrapper doesn't know
- * nor care about the type of @i. The only assumtion made is that @i points
+ * nor care about the type of @i. The only assumption made is that @i points
  * to a chunk of memory that at some @offset, relative to @i, contains a
- * properly filled `struct node_list' which in turn contains pointers to
- * memory chunks and it's turtles all the way down. Whith all that in mind
+ * properly filled `struct list_node' which in turn contains pointers to
+ * memory chunks and it's turtles all the way down. With all that in mind
  * remember that given the wrong pointer/offset couple this macro will
- * happilly churn all you memory untill SEGFAULT stops it, in other words
+ * happily churn all you memory until SEGFAULT stops it, in other words
  * caveat emptor.
  *
  * It is worth mentioning that one of legitimate use-cases for that wrapper
@@ -671,7 +686,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
 /**
  * list_for_each_rev_off - iterate through a list of memory regions backwards
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
  * See list_for_each_off for details
@@ -683,7 +698,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
  * list_for_each_safe_off - iterate through a list of memory regions, maybe
  * during deletion
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @nxt: the structure containing the list_node
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
@@ -702,7 +717,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
  * list_for_each_rev_safe_off - iterate backwards through a list of
  * memory regions, maybe during deletion
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @nxt: the structure containing the list_node
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index a72f4dcebd..682a21d488 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -23,15 +23,27 @@
  * \{
  */
 
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "constant.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "constant.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "id_table.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
 
 #define id_attached id__attached__
 
+#define METACLASS_OF(k) RBASIC(k)->klass
+#define SET_METACLASS_OF(k, cls) RBASIC_SET_CLASS(k, cls)
+
 void
 rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
      */
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN((VALUE)obj, (VALUE)obj);
     RCLASS_SERIAL(obj) = rb_next_class_serial();
-    RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj) = Qnil;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj), Qnil);
     RCLASS_EXT(obj)->allocator = 0;
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
@@ -205,7 +217,6 @@ rb_class_boot(VALUE super)
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
     RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, super);
     return (VALUE)klass;
 }
 
@@ -220,7 +231,7 @@ void
 rb_check_inheritable(VALUE super)
 {
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass must be a Class (%"PRIsVALUE" given)",
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass must be an instance of Class (given an instance of %"PRIsVALUE")",
 		 rb_obj_class(super));
     }
     if (RBASIC(super)->flags & FL_SINGLETON) {
@@ -274,7 +285,7 @@ clone_method_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 
 struct clone_const_arg {
     VALUE klass;
-    st_table *tbl;
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
 };
 
 static int
@@ -285,14 +296,14 @@ clone_const(ID key, const rb_const_entry_t *ce, struct clone_const_arg *arg)
     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(arg->klass, Qundef, ce->value);
     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(arg->klass, Qundef, ce->file);
 
-    st_insert(arg->tbl, key, (st_data_t)nce);
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
+    rb_id_table_insert(arg->tbl, key, (VALUE)nce);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-static int
-clone_const_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+clone_const_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
-    return clone_const((ID)key, (const rb_const_entry_t *)value, (struct clone_const_arg *)data);
+    return clone_const(key, (const rb_const_entry_t *)value, data);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -309,20 +320,9 @@ class_init_copy_check(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     }
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
-VALUE
-rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
+static void
+copy_tables(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
-	class_init_copy_check(clone, orig);
-    }
-    if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(clone, orig)) return clone;
-    if (!FL_TEST(CLASS_OF(clone), FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(orig));
-	rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, (VALUE)clone);
-    }
-    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
-    RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(orig)->allocator;
     if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone)) {
 	st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone));
 	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = 0;
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig)) {
 	st_data_t id;
 
-	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = rb_st_copy(clone, RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig));
+	rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
 	CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
 	st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
 	CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
@@ -346,11 +346,35 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
 	struct clone_const_arg arg;
 
-	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = st_init_numtable();
+	arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
 	arg.klass = clone;
-	arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone);
-	st_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, (st_data_t)&arg);
+	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, &arg);
     }
+}
+
+static void ensure_origin(VALUE klass);
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+VALUE
+rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
+        class_init_copy_check(clone, orig);
+    }
+    if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(clone, orig)) return clone;
+
+    /* cloned flag is refer at constant inline cache
+     * see vm_get_const_key_cref() in vm_insnhelper.c
+     */
+    FL_SET(clone, RCLASS_CLONED);
+    FL_SET(orig , RCLASS_CLONED);
+
+    if (!FL_TEST(CLASS_OF(clone), FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(orig));
+        rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, (VALUE)clone);
+    }
+    RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(orig)->allocator;
+    copy_tables(clone, orig);
     if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig)) {
 	struct clone_method_arg arg;
 	arg.old_klass = orig;
@@ -359,6 +383,75 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, &arg);
     }
 
+    if (RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig) == orig) {
+        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE p = RCLASS_SUPER(orig);
+        VALUE orig_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig);
+        VALUE prev_clone_p = clone;
+        VALUE origin_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(2);
+        VALUE origin[2];
+        VALUE clone_p = 0;
+        long origin_len;
+        int add_subclass;
+        VALUE clone_origin;
+
+        ensure_origin(clone);
+        clone_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(clone);
+
+        while (p && p != orig_origin) {
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) != T_ICLASS) {
+                rb_bug("non iclass between module/class and origin");
+            }
+            clone_p = class_alloc(RBASIC(p)->flags, RBASIC(p)->klass);
+            RCLASS_SET_SUPER(prev_clone_p, clone_p);
+            prev_clone_p = clone_p;
+            RCLASS_M_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_M_TBL(p);
+            RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(p);
+            RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(p);
+            RCLASS_EXT(clone_p)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(p)->allocator;
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
+                RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(clone_p, clone);
+            }
+            add_subclass = TRUE;
+            if (p != RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) {
+                origin[0] = clone_p;
+                origin[1] = RCLASS_ORIGIN(p);
+                rb_ary_cat(origin_stack, origin, 2);
+            }
+            else if ((origin_len = RARRAY_LEN(origin_stack)) > 1 &&
+                     RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, origin_len - 1) == p) {
+                RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), clone_p);
+                RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(clone_p);
+                rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
+                add_subclass = FALSE;
+            }
+            if (add_subclass) {
+                rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(RBASIC(p)->klass, clone_p);
+            }
+            p = RCLASS_SUPER(p);
+        }
+
+        if (p == orig_origin) {
+            if (clone_p) {
+                RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone_p, clone_origin);
+                RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(orig_origin));
+            }
+            copy_tables(clone_origin, orig_origin);
+            if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig_origin)) {
+                struct clone_method_arg arg;
+                arg.old_klass = orig;
+                arg.new_klass = clone;
+                RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone_origin);
+                rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig_origin), clone_method_i, &arg);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_bug("no origin for class that has origin");
+        }
+    }
+
     return clone;
 }
 
@@ -368,35 +461,47 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone(VALUE obj)
     return rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(obj, Qundef);
 }
 
+// Clone and return the singleton class of `obj` if it has been created and is attached to `obj`.
 VALUE
 rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
 {
     const VALUE klass = RBASIC(obj)->klass;
 
-    if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON))
-	return klass;
+    // Note that `rb_singleton_class()` can create situations where `klass` is
+    // attached to an object other than `obj`. In which case `obj` does not have
+    // a material singleton class attached yet and there is no singleton class
+    // to clone.
+    if (!(FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) && rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
+        // nothing to clone
+        return klass;
+    }
     else {
 	/* copy singleton(unnamed) class */
+        bool klass_of_clone_is_new;
 	VALUE clone = class_alloc(RBASIC(klass)->flags, 0);
 
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
+            klass_of_clone_is_new = true;
 	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, clone);
 	}
 	else {
-	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(klass));
+            VALUE klass_metaclass_clone = rb_singleton_class_clone(klass);
+            // When `METACLASS_OF(klass) == klass_metaclass_clone`, it means the
+            // recursive call did not clone `METACLASS_OF(klass)`.
+            klass_of_clone_is_new = (METACLASS_OF(klass) != klass_metaclass_clone);
+            RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, klass_metaclass_clone);
 	}
 
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
 	RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->allocator;
 	if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass)) {
-	    RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = rb_st_copy(clone, RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass));
+	    rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
 	}
 	if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
 	    struct clone_const_arg arg;
-	    RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = st_init_numtable();
+	    arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
 	    arg.klass = clone;
-	    arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone);
-	    st_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, (st_data_t)&arg);
+	    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, &arg);
 	}
 	if (attach != Qundef) {
 	    rb_singleton_class_attached(clone, attach);
@@ -408,7 +513,9 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
 	    arg.new_klass = clone;
 	    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), clone_method_i, &arg);
 	}
-	rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, clone);
+        if (klass_of_clone_is_new) {
+            rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, clone);
+        }
 	FL_SET(clone, FL_SINGLETON);
 
 	return clone;
@@ -430,11 +537,6 @@ rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE klass, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
-
-
-#define METACLASS_OF(k) RBASIC(k)->klass
-#define SET_METACLASS_OF(k, cls) RBASIC_SET_CLASS(k, cls)
-
 /*!
  * whether k is a meta^(n)-class of Class class
  * @retval 1 if \a k is a meta^(n)-class of Class class (n >= 0)
@@ -507,8 +609,6 @@ make_metaclass(VALUE klass)
     while (RB_TYPE_P(super, T_ICLASS)) super = RCLASS_SUPER(super);
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(metaclass, super ? ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(super) : rb_cClass);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(metaclass, RCLASS_SUPER(metaclass));
-
     return metaclass;
 }
 
@@ -539,8 +639,8 @@ boot_defclass(const char *name, VALUE super)
     VALUE obj = rb_class_boot(super);
     ID id = rb_intern(name);
 
-    rb_name_class(obj, id);
     rb_const_set((rb_cObject ? rb_cObject : obj), id, obj);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(obj);
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -549,6 +649,11 @@ Init_class_hierarchy(void)
 {
     rb_cBasicObject = boot_defclass("BasicObject", 0);
     rb_cObject = boot_defclass("Object", rb_cBasicObject);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_cObject);
+
+    /* resolve class name ASAP for order-independence */
+    rb_set_class_path_string(rb_cObject, rb_cObject, rb_fstring_lit("Object"));
+
     rb_cModule = boot_defclass("Module", rb_cObject);
     rb_cClass =  boot_defclass("Class",  rb_cModule);
 
@@ -613,7 +718,7 @@ rb_define_class_id(ID id, VALUE super)
  * \return the value \c Class#inherited's returns
  * \pre Each of \a super and \a klass must be a \c Class object.
  */
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_class_inherited(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
     ID inherited;
@@ -628,12 +733,12 @@ rb_class_inherited(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
  * Defines a top-level class.
  * \param name   name of the class
  * \param super  a class from which the new class will derive.
- *               NULL means \c Object class.
  * \return the created class
  * \throw TypeError if the constant name \a name is already taken but
  *                  the constant is not a \c Class.
- * \throw NameError if the class is already defined but the class can not
+ * \throw TypeError if the class is already defined but the class can not
  *                  be reopened because its superclass is not \a super.
+ * \throw ArgumentError if the \a super is NULL.
  * \post top-level constant named \a name refers the returned class.
  *
  * \note if a class named \a name is already defined and its superclass is
@@ -655,14 +760,16 @@ rb_define_class(const char *name, VALUE super)
 	if (rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass)) != super) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class %s", name);
 	}
+
+        /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
+        rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 	return klass;
     }
     if (!super) {
-	rb_warn("no super class for `%s', Object assumed", name);
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%s'", name);
     }
     klass = rb_define_class_id(id, super);
-    rb_vm_add_root_module(id, klass);
-    rb_name_class(klass, id);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
     rb_const_set(rb_cObject, id, klass);
     rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
 
@@ -727,17 +834,20 @@ rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
 		     " (%"PRIsVALUE" is given but was %"PRIsVALUE")",
 		     outer, rb_id2str(id), RCLASS_SUPER(klass), super);
 	}
+        /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
+        rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
+
 	return klass;
     }
     if (!super) {
-	rb_warn("no super class for `%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE"', Object assumed",
-		rb_class_path(outer), rb_id2str(id));
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%"PRIsVALUE"::%"PRIsVALUE"'",
+		 rb_class_path(outer), rb_id2str(id));
     }
     klass = rb_define_class_id(id, super);
     rb_set_class_path_string(klass, outer, rb_id2str(id));
     rb_const_set(outer, id, klass);
     rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
-    rb_gc_register_mark_object(klass);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 
     return klass;
 }
@@ -750,15 +860,11 @@ rb_module_new(void)
     return (VALUE)mdl;
 }
 
+// Kept for compatibility. Use rb_module_new() instead.
 VALUE
 rb_define_module_id(ID id)
 {
-    VALUE mdl;
-
-    mdl = rb_module_new();
-    rb_name_class(mdl, id);
-
-    return mdl;
+    return rb_module_new();
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -774,10 +880,12 @@ rb_define_module(const char *name)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a module (%"PRIsVALUE")",
 		     name, rb_obj_class(module));
 	}
+        /* Module may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
+        rb_vm_add_root_module(module);
 	return module;
     }
-    module = rb_define_module_id(id);
-    rb_vm_add_root_module(id, module);
+    module = rb_module_new();
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(module);
     rb_const_set(rb_cObject, id, module);
 
     return module;
@@ -803,7 +911,7 @@ rb_define_module_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id)
 	}
 	return module;
     }
-    module = rb_define_module_id(id);
+    module = rb_module_new();
     rb_const_set(outer, id, module);
     rb_set_class_path_string(module, outer, rb_id2str(id));
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(module);
@@ -816,52 +924,75 @@ rb_include_class_new(VALUE module, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, rb_cClass);
 
+    RCLASS_M_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_M_TBL(module);
+
+    RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, klass);
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(module) == T_ICLASS) {
 	module = RBASIC(module)->klass;
     }
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS));
     if (!RCLASS_IV_TBL(module)) {
 	RCLASS_IV_TBL(module) = st_init_numtable();
     }
     if (!RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module)) {
-	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module) = st_init_numtable();
+	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module) = rb_id_table_create(0);
     }
     RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(module);
     RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
 
-    RCLASS_M_TBL(OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(klass)) =
-      RCLASS_M_TBL(OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(RCLASS_ORIGIN(module))); /* TODO: unprotected? */
-
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS)) {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, RBASIC(module)->klass);
-    }
-    else {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, module);
-    }
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, module);
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, super);
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, module);
 
     return (VALUE)klass;
 }
 
 static int include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super);
 
+static void
+ensure_includable(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+{
+    rb_class_modify_check(klass);
+    Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
+    if (!NIL_P(rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(module))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "refinement module is not allowed");
+    }
+}
+
 void
 rb_include_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 {
     int changed = 0;
 
-    rb_frozen_class_p(klass);
-
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
-	Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
-    }
-
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, module);
+    ensure_includable(klass, module);
 
     changed = include_modules_at(klass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass), module, TRUE);
     if (changed < 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic include detected");
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
+        rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->subclasses;
+        int do_include = 1;
+        while (iclass) {
+            VALUE check_class = iclass->klass;
+            /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
+             * has not yet been swept. */
+            if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(check_class)) {
+                while (check_class) {
+                    if (RB_TYPE_P(check_class, T_ICLASS) &&
+                            (RBASIC(check_class)->klass == module)) {
+                        do_include = 0;
+                    }
+                    check_class = RCLASS_SUPER(check_class);
+                }
+
+                if (do_include) {
+                    include_modules_at(iclass->klass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass->klass), module, TRUE);
+                }
+            }
+
+            iclass = iclass->next;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
@@ -871,26 +1002,40 @@ add_refined_method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+clear_module_cache_i(ID id, VALUE val, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_clear_method_cache(klass, id);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static int
 include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 {
-    VALUE p, iclass;
-    int method_changed = 0, constant_changed = 0;
+    VALUE p, iclass, origin_stack = 0;
+    int method_changed = 0, constant_changed = 0, add_subclass;
+    long origin_len;
     struct rb_id_table *const klass_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass));
+    VALUE original_klass = klass;
 
     while (module) {
+        int origin_seen = FALSE;
 	int superclass_seen = FALSE;
+	struct rb_id_table *tbl;
 
-	if (RCLASS_ORIGIN(module) != module)
-	    goto skip;
+        if (klass == c)
+            origin_seen = TRUE;
 	if (klass_m_tbl && klass_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(module))
 	    return -1;
 	/* ignore if the module included already in superclasses */
-	for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(klass); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
+        for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(klass); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
 	    int type = BUILTIN_TYPE(p);
+            if (c == p)
+                origin_seen = TRUE;
 	    if (type == T_ICLASS) {
 		if (RCLASS_M_TBL(p) == RCLASS_M_TBL(module)) {
-		    if (!superclass_seen) {
+                    if (!superclass_seen && origin_seen) {
 			c = p;  /* move insertion point */
 		    }
 		    goto skip;
@@ -898,32 +1043,66 @@ include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 	    }
 	    else if (type == T_CLASS) {
 		if (!search_super) break;
-		superclass_seen = TRUE;
+                superclass_seen = TRUE;
 	    }
 	}
-	iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, RCLASS_SUPER(c));
+
+        VALUE super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(c);
+
+        // invalidate inline method cache
+        tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(module);
+        if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl)) {
+            if (search_super) { // include
+                if (super_class && !RB_TYPE_P(super_class, T_MODULE)) {
+                    rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, clear_module_cache_i, (void *)super_class);
+                }
+            }
+            else { // prepend
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(original_klass, T_MODULE)) {
+                    rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, clear_module_cache_i, (void *)original_klass);
+                }
+            }
+            method_changed = 1;
+        }
+
+        // setup T_ICLASS for the include/prepend module
+	iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, super_class);
 	c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, iclass);
+        RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(iclass, klass);
+        add_subclass = TRUE;
+        if (module != RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)) {
+            if (!origin_stack) origin_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(2);
+            VALUE origin[2] = {iclass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)};
+            rb_ary_cat(origin_stack, origin, 2);
+        }
+        else if (origin_stack && (origin_len = RARRAY_LEN(origin_stack)) > 1 &&
+                 RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, origin_len - 1) == module) {
+            RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), iclass);
+            RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(iclass);
+            rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
+            add_subclass = FALSE;
+        }
 
 	{
 	    VALUE m = module;
-	    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = RBASIC(m)->klass;
-	    rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = RBASIC(m)->klass;
+            if (add_subclass) rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
 	}
 
 	if (FL_TEST(klass, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
 	    VALUE refined_class =
 		rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(klass);
 
-	    rb_id_table_foreach(RMODULE_M_TBL(module), add_refined_method_entry_i, (void *)refined_class);
+            rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(module), add_refined_method_entry_i, (void *)refined_class);
 	    FL_SET(c, RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT);
 	}
-	if (RMODULE_M_TBL(module) && rb_id_table_size(RMODULE_M_TBL(module))) method_changed = 1;
-	if (RMODULE_CONST_TBL(module) && RMODULE_CONST_TBL(module)->num_entries) constant_changed = 1;
+
+        tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
+	if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl)) constant_changed = 1;
       skip:
 	module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
     }
 
-    if (method_changed) rb_clear_method_cache_by_class(klass);
     if (constant_changed) rb_clear_constant_cache();
 
     return method_changed;
@@ -932,22 +1111,22 @@ include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
-    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *) value;
-    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
-    struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *)value;
 
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
-	if (me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
+        VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+        struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+
+        if (me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
 	    const rb_method_entry_t *orig_me = me->def->body.refined.orig_me, *new_me;
 	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(me, &me->def->body.refined.orig_me, NULL);
 	    new_me = rb_method_entry_clone(me);
-	    rb_id_table_insert(tbl, key, (VALUE)new_me);
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(klass, Qundef, new_me);
+            rb_method_table_insert(klass, tbl, key, new_me);
 	    rb_method_entry_copy(me, orig_me);
 	    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 	}
 	else {
-	    rb_id_table_insert(tbl, key, (VALUE)me);
+            rb_method_table_insert(klass, tbl, key, me);
 	    return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
 	}
     }
@@ -956,52 +1135,98 @@ move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cache_clear_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
-    VALUE origin;
-    int changed = 0;
-
-    rb_frozen_class_p(klass);
+    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *) value;
 
-    Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
+    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED && me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
+        VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+        rb_clear_method_cache(klass, me->called_id);
+    }
+    // Refined method entries without an orig_me is going to stay in the method
+    // table of klass, like before the move, so no need to clear the cache.
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, module);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
 
-    origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
+static void
+ensure_origin(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     if (origin == klass) {
 	origin = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, klass);
-	OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(origin); /* TODO: conservative shading. Need more survey. */
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, origin);
 	RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
 	RCLASS_M_TBL(origin) = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
 	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), cache_clear_refined_method, (void *)klass);
 	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
     }
+}
+
+void
+rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+{
+    int changed = 0;
+    bool klass_had_no_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass) == klass;
+
+    ensure_includable(klass, module);
+    ensure_origin(klass);
     changed = include_modules_at(klass, klass, module, FALSE);
     if (changed < 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic prepend detected");
     if (changed) {
 	rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(klass);
     }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
+        rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->subclasses;
+        VALUE klass_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
+        struct rb_id_table *klass_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+        struct rb_id_table *klass_origin_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass_origin);
+        while (iclass) {
+            /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
+             * has not yet been swept. */
+            if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(iclass->klass)) {
+                if (klass_had_no_origin && klass_origin_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(iclass->klass)) {
+                    // backfill an origin iclass to handle refinements and future prepends
+                    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(iclass->klass), clear_module_cache_i, (void *)iclass->klass);
+                    RCLASS_M_TBL(iclass->klass) = klass_m_tbl;
+                    VALUE origin = rb_include_class_new(klass_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(iclass->klass));
+                    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(iclass->klass, origin);
+                    RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(origin, RCLASS_INCLUDER(iclass->klass));
+                    RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(iclass->klass, origin);
+                    RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(origin);
+                }
+                include_modules_at(iclass->klass, iclass->klass, module, FALSE);
+            }
+
+            iclass = iclass->next;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     mod.included_modules -> array
  *
- *  Returns the list of modules included in <i>mod</i>.
+ *  Returns the list of modules included or prepended in <i>mod</i>
+ *  or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
+ *
+ *     module Sub
+ *     end
  *
  *     module Mixin
+ *       prepend Sub
  *     end
  *
  *     module Outer
  *       include Mixin
  *     end
  *
- *     Mixin.included_modules   #=> []
- *     Outer.included_modules   #=> [Mixin]
+ *     Mixin.included_modules   #=> [Sub]
+ *     Outer.included_modules   #=> [Sub, Mixin]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1012,7 +1237,7 @@ rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE mod)
     VALUE origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod);
 
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
-	if (p != origin && BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
+        if (p != origin && RCLASS_ORIGIN(p) == p && BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
 	    VALUE m = RBASIC(p)->klass;
 	    if (RB_TYPE_P(m, T_MODULE))
 		rb_ary_push(ary, m);
@@ -1025,8 +1250,8 @@ rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE mod)
  *  call-seq:
  *     mod.include?(module)    -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>module</i> is included in
- *  <i>mod</i> or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>module</i> is included
+ *  or prepended in <i>mod</i> or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
  *
  *     module A
  *     end
@@ -1047,7 +1272,7 @@ rb_mod_include_p(VALUE mod, VALUE mod2)
 
     Check_Type(mod2, T_MODULE);
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS && !FL_TEST(p, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
 	    if (RBASIC(p)->klass == mod2) return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
@@ -1078,56 +1303,62 @@ rb_mod_ancestors(VALUE mod)
     VALUE p, ary = rb_ary_new();
 
     for (p = mod; p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
+        if (p != RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) continue;
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary, RBASIC(p)->klass);
 	}
-	else if (p == RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) {
+        else {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary, p);
 	}
     }
     return ary;
 }
 
-static int
-ins_methods_push(ID name, rb_method_visibility_t visi, VALUE ary, rb_method_visibility_t expected_visi)
+static void
+ins_methods_push(st_data_t name, st_data_t ary)
 {
-    if (visi == METHOD_VISI_UNDEF) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, ID2SYM((ID)name));
+}
 
-    switch (expected_visi) {
+static int
+ins_methods_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
+{
+    switch ((rb_method_visibility_t)type) {
       case METHOD_VISI_UNDEF:
-	if (visi != METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE) rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(name));
-	break;
       case METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE:
-      case METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED:
-      case METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC:
-	if (visi == expected_visi) rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(name));
+	break;
+      default: /* everything but private */
+	ins_methods_push(name, ary);
 	break;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static int
-ins_methods_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
-{
-    return ins_methods_push((ID)name, (rb_method_visibility_t)type, (VALUE)ary, METHOD_VISI_UNDEF); /* everything but private */
-}
-
-static int
 ins_methods_prot_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
 {
-    return ins_methods_push((ID)name, (rb_method_visibility_t)type, (VALUE)ary, METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED);
+    if ((rb_method_visibility_t)type == METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED) {
+	ins_methods_push(name, ary);
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static int
 ins_methods_priv_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
 {
-    return ins_methods_push((ID)name, (rb_method_visibility_t)type, (VALUE)ary, METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE);
+    if ((rb_method_visibility_t)type == METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE) {
+	ins_methods_push(name, ary);
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static int
 ins_methods_pub_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
 {
-    return ins_methods_push((ID)name, (rb_method_visibility_t)type, (VALUE)ary, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
+    if ((rb_method_visibility_t)type == METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC) {
+	ins_methods_push(name, ary);
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 struct method_entry_arg {
@@ -1148,7 +1379,7 @@ method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 	if (!me) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 	if (!arg->recur && me->owner != owner) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
     }
-    if (!st_lookup(arg->list, key, 0)) {
+    if (!st_is_member(arg->list, key)) {
 	if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
 	    type = METHOD_VISI_UNDEF; /* none */
 	}
@@ -1160,20 +1391,39 @@ method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static void
+add_instance_method_list(VALUE mod, struct method_entry_arg *me_arg)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(mod);
+    if (!m_tbl) return;
+    rb_id_table_foreach(m_tbl, method_entry_i, me_arg);
+}
+
+static bool
+particular_class_p(VALUE mod)
+{
+    if (!mod) return false;
+    if (FL_TEST(mod, FL_SINGLETON)) return true;
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS) return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 class_instance_method_list(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int (*func) (st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t))
 {
     VALUE ary;
-    int recur, prepended = 0;
+    int recur = TRUE, prepended = 0;
     struct method_entry_arg me_arg;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	recur = TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE r;
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &r);
-	recur = RTEST(r);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) recur = RTEST(argv[0]);
+
+    me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
+    me_arg.recur = recur;
+
+    if (obj) {
+        for (; particular_class_p(mod); mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
+            add_instance_method_list(mod, &me_arg);
+        }
     }
 
     if (!recur && RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod) != mod) {
@@ -1181,15 +1431,12 @@ class_instance_method_list(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int
 	prepended = 1;
     }
 
-    me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
-    me_arg.recur = recur;
     for (; mod; mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL(mod)) rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(mod), method_entry_i, &me_arg);
+        add_instance_method_list(mod, &me_arg);
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS && !prepended) continue;
-	if (obj && FL_TEST(mod, FL_SINGLETON)) continue;
 	if (!recur) break;
     }
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(me_arg.list->num_entries);
     st_foreach(me_arg.list, func, ary);
     st_free_table(me_arg.list);
 
@@ -1290,7 +1537,7 @@ rb_class_public_instance_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
  *  <i>obj</i>. This will include all the methods accessible in
  *  <i>obj</i>'s ancestors.
  *  If the optional parameter is <code>false</code>, it
- *  returns an array of <i>obj<i>'s public and protected singleton methods,
+ *  returns an array of <i>obj</i>'s public and protected singleton methods,
  *  the array will not include methods in modules included in <i>obj</i>.
  *
  *     class Klass
@@ -1403,31 +1650,30 @@ rb_obj_public_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 VALUE
 rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE recur, ary, klass, origin;
+    VALUE ary, klass, origin;
     struct method_entry_arg me_arg;
     struct rb_id_table *mtbl;
+    int recur = TRUE;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	recur = Qtrue;
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &recur);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) recur = RTEST(argv[0]);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) && FL_TEST(obj, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        rb_singleton_class(obj);
     }
     klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
     origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
-    me_arg.recur = RTEST(recur);
+    me_arg.recur = recur;
     if (klass && FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
 	if ((mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(origin)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
 	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     }
-    if (RTEST(recur)) {
+    if (recur) {
 	while (klass && (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))) {
 	    if (klass != origin && (mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
 	    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
 	}
     }
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(me_arg.list->num_entries);
     st_foreach(me_arg.list, ins_methods_i, ary);
     st_free_table(me_arg.list);
 
@@ -1491,24 +1737,36 @@ rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  * \{
  */
 
+#ifdef rb_define_method_id
+#undef rb_define_method_id
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_method_id(VALUE klass, ID mid, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
     rb_add_method_cfunc(klass, mid, func, argc, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
 }
 
+#ifdef rb_define_method
+#undef rb_define_method
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_method(VALUE klass, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
     rb_add_method_cfunc(klass, rb_intern(name), func, argc, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
 }
 
+#ifdef rb_define_protected_method
+#undef rb_define_protected_method
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_protected_method(VALUE klass, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
     rb_add_method_cfunc(klass, rb_intern(name), func, argc, METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED);
 }
 
+#ifdef rb_define_private_method
+#undef rb_define_private_method
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_private_method(VALUE klass, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
@@ -1521,6 +1779,23 @@ rb_undef_method(VALUE klass, const char *name)
     rb_add_method(klass, rb_intern(name), VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF, 0, METHOD_VISI_UNDEF);
 }
 
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+undef_method_i(ID name, VALUE value, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_add_method(klass, name, VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF, 0, METHOD_VISI_UNDEF);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void
+rb_undef_methods_from(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(super);
+    if (mtbl) {
+	rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, undef_method_i, (void *)klass);
+    }
+}
+
 /*!
  * \}
  */
@@ -1529,19 +1804,15 @@ rb_undef_method(VALUE klass, const char *name)
  * \{
  */
 
-#define SPECIAL_SINGLETON(x,c) do {\
-    if (obj == (x)) {\
-	return (c);\
-    }\
-} while (0)
-
 static inline VALUE
 special_singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
 {
-    SPECIAL_SINGLETON(Qnil, rb_cNilClass);
-    SPECIAL_SINGLETON(Qfalse, rb_cFalseClass);
-    SPECIAL_SINGLETON(Qtrue, rb_cTrueClass);
-    return Qnil;
+    switch (obj) {
+      case Qnil:   return rb_cNilClass;
+      case Qfalse: return rb_cFalseClass;
+      case Qtrue:  return rb_cTrueClass;
+      default:     return Qnil;
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1564,36 +1835,36 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE klass;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(obj) || FLONUM_P(obj) || STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
-      no_singleton:
+    switch (TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't define singleton");
-    }
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+
+      case T_FALSE:
+      case T_TRUE:
+      case T_NIL:
 	klass = special_singleton_class_of(obj);
 	if (NIL_P(klass))
 	    rb_bug("unknown immediate %p", (void *)obj);
 	return klass;
-    }
-    else {
-	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-	  case T_FLOAT: case T_BIGNUM: case T_SYMBOL:
-	    goto no_singleton;
-	}
+
+      case T_STRING:
+        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RSTRING_FSTR)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't define singleton");
+        }
     }
 
     klass = RBASIC(obj)->klass;
     if (!(FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) &&
-	  rb_ivar_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
+          rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
+	rb_serial_t serial = RCLASS_SERIAL(klass);
 	klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
+	RCLASS_SERIAL(klass) = serial;
     }
 
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(obj)) {
-	OBJ_TAINT(klass);
-    }
-    else {
-	FL_UNSET(klass, FL_TAINT);
-    }
-    if (OBJ_FROZEN(obj)) OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(klass);
+    RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
 
     return klass;
 }
@@ -1628,7 +1899,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
     }
     klass = RBASIC(obj)->klass;
     if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) return Qnil;
-    if (rb_ivar_get(klass, id_attached) != obj) return Qnil;
+    if (rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) != obj) return Qnil;
     return klass;
 }
 
@@ -1636,7 +1907,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
  * Returns the singleton class of \a obj. Creates it if necessary.
  *
  * \param obj an arbitrary object.
- * \throw TypeError if \a obj is a Fixnum or a Symbol.
+ * \throw TypeError if \a obj is an Integer or a Symbol.
  * \return the singleton class.
  *
  * \post \a obj has its own singleton class.
@@ -1669,6 +1940,9 @@ rb_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
  * \{
  */
 
+#ifdef rb_define_singleton_method
+#undef rb_define_singleton_method
+#endif
 /*!
  * Defines a singleton method for \a obj.
  * \param obj    an arbitrary object
@@ -1682,8 +1956,9 @@ rb_define_singleton_method(VALUE obj, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS),
     rb_define_method(singleton_class_of(obj), name, func, argc);
 }
 
-
-
+#ifdef rb_define_module_function
+#undef rb_define_module_function
+#endif
 /*!
  * Defines a module function for \a module.
  * \param module  an module or a class.
@@ -1698,7 +1973,9 @@ rb_define_module_function(VALUE module, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS)
     rb_define_singleton_method(module, name, func, argc);
 }
 
-
+#ifdef rb_define_global_function
+#undef rb_define_global_function
+#endif
 /*!
  * Defines a global function
  * \param name    name of the function
@@ -1737,167 +2014,22 @@ rb_define_attr(VALUE klass, const char *name, int read, int write)
     rb_attr(klass, rb_intern(name), read, write, FALSE);
 }
 
-int
-rb_obj_basic_to_s_p(VALUE obj)
-{
-    const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry(CLASS_OF(obj), rb_intern("to_s"));
-    if (me && me->def && me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC &&
-	me->def->body.cfunc.func == rb_any_to_s)
-	return 1;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-#include <stdarg.h>
-
-int
-rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-    int i;
-    const char *p = fmt;
-    VALUE *var;
-    va_list vargs;
-    int f_var = 0, f_hash = 0, f_block = 0;
-    int n_lead = 0, n_opt = 0, n_trail = 0, n_mand;
-    int argi = 0;
-    VALUE hash = Qnil;
-
-    if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-	n_lead = *p - '0';
-	p++;
-	if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-	    n_opt = *p - '0';
-	    p++;
-	    if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-		n_trail = *p - '0';
-		p++;
-		goto block_arg;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    if (*p == '*') {
-	f_var = 1;
-	p++;
-	if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-	    n_trail = *p - '0';
-	    p++;
-	}
-    }
-  block_arg:
-    if (*p == ':') {
-	f_hash = 1;
-	p++;
-    }
-    if (*p == '&') {
-	f_block = 1;
-	p++;
-    }
-    if (*p != '\0') {
-	rb_fatal("bad scan arg format: %s", fmt);
-    }
-    n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
-
-    if (argc < n_mand)
-	goto argc_error;
-
-    va_start(vargs, fmt);
-
-    /* capture an option hash - phase 1: pop */
-    if (f_hash && n_mand < argc) {
-	VALUE last = argv[argc - 1];
-
-	if (NIL_P(last)) {
-	    /* nil is taken as an empty option hash only if it is not
-	       ambiguous; i.e. '*' is not specified and arguments are
-	       given more than sufficient */
-	    if (!f_var && n_mand + n_opt < argc)
-		argc--;
-	}
-	else {
-	    hash = rb_check_hash_type(last);
-	    if (!NIL_P(hash)) {
-		VALUE opts = rb_extract_keywords(&hash);
-		if (!hash) argc--;
-		hash = opts ? opts : Qnil;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    /* capture leading mandatory arguments */
-    for (i = n_lead; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	argi++;
-    }
-    /* capture optional arguments */
-    for (i = n_opt; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
-	    if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	    argi++;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (var) *var = Qnil;
-	}
-    }
-    /* capture variable length arguments */
-    if (f_var) {
-	int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
-
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (0 < n_var) {
-	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new4(n_var, &argv[argi]);
-	    argi += n_var;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new();
-	}
-    }
-    /* capture trailing mandatory arguments */
-    for (i = n_trail; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	argi++;
-    }
-    /* capture an option hash - phase 2: assignment */
-    if (f_hash) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (var) *var = hash;
-    }
-    /* capture iterator block */
-    if (f_block) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	    *var = rb_block_proc();
-	}
-	else {
-	    *var = Qnil;
-	}
-    }
-    va_end(vargs);
-
-    if (argi < argc) {
-      argc_error:
-	rb_error_arity(argc, n_mand, f_var ? UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS : n_mand + n_opt);
-    }
-
-    return argc;
-}
-
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_keyword_error_new(const char *error, VALUE keys)
 {
-    const char *msg = "";
-    VALUE error_message;
+    long i = 0, len = RARRAY_LEN(keys);
+    VALUE error_message = rb_sprintf("%s keyword%.*s", error, len > 1, "s");
 
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(keys) == 1) {
-	keys = RARRAY_AREF(keys, 0);
-    }
-    else {
-	keys = rb_ary_join(keys, rb_usascii_str_new2(", "));
-	msg = "s";
+    if (len > 0) {
+	rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ": ");
+	while (1) {
+            const VALUE k = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
+	    rb_str_append(error_message, rb_inspect(k));
+	    if (++i >= len) break;
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ", ");
+	}
     }
 
-    error_message = rb_sprintf("%s keyword%s: %"PRIsVALUE, error, msg, keys);
-
     return rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError, error_message);
 }
 
@@ -1912,23 +2044,19 @@ NORETURN(static void unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keyw
 static void
 unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keywords)
 {
-    st_table *tbl = rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash);
-    VALUE keys;
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i < keywords; i++) {
 	st_data_t key = ID2SYM(table[i]);
-	st_delete(tbl, &key, NULL);
+        rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &key, NULL);
     }
-    keys = rb_funcallv(hash, rb_intern("keys"), 0, 0);
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(keys, T_ARRAY)) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown keyword");
-    rb_keyword_error("unknown", keys);
+    rb_keyword_error("unknown", rb_hash_keys(hash));
 }
 
+
 static int
 separate_symbol(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
 {
     VALUE *kwdhash = (VALUE *)arg;
-
     if (!SYMBOL_P(key)) kwdhash++;
     if (!*kwdhash) *kwdhash = rb_hash_new();
     rb_hash_aset(*kwdhash, (VALUE)key, (VALUE)value);
@@ -1945,8 +2073,11 @@ rb_extract_keywords(VALUE *orighash)
 	*orighash = 0;
 	return hash;
     }
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), separate_symbol, (st_data_t)&parthash);
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, separate_symbol, (st_data_t)&parthash);
     *orighash = parthash[1];
+    if (parthash[1] && RBASIC_CLASS(hash) != rb_cHash) {
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS(parthash[1], RBASIC_CLASS(hash));
+    }
     return parthash[0];
 }
 
@@ -1960,8 +2091,8 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
 
 #define extract_kwarg(keyword, val) \
     (key = (st_data_t)(keyword), values ? \
-     st_delete(rb_hash_tbl_raw(keyword_hash), &key, (val)) : \
-     st_lookup(rb_hash_tbl_raw(keyword_hash), key, (val)))
+     (rb_hash_stlike_delete(keyword_hash, &key, &(val)) || ((val) = Qundef, 0)) : \
+     rb_hash_stlike_lookup(keyword_hash, key, NULL))
 
     if (NIL_P(keyword_hash)) keyword_hash = 0;
 
@@ -1969,18 +2100,11 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
 	rest = 1;
 	optional = -1-optional;
     }
-    if (values) {
-	for (j = 0; j < required + optional; j++) {
-	    values[j] = Qundef;
-	}
-    }
     if (required) {
 	for (; i < required; i++) {
 	    VALUE keyword = ID2SYM(table[i]);
 	    if (keyword_hash) {
-		st_data_t val;
-		if (extract_kwarg(keyword, &val)) {
-		    if (values) values[i] = (VALUE)val;
+                if (extract_kwarg(keyword, values[i])) {
 		    continue;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -1994,22 +2118,205 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
     j = i;
     if (optional && keyword_hash) {
 	for (i = 0; i < optional; i++) {
-	    st_data_t val;
-	    if (extract_kwarg(ID2SYM(table[required+i]), &val)) {
-		if (values) values[required+i] = (VALUE)val;
+            if (extract_kwarg(ID2SYM(table[required+i]), values[required+i])) {
 		j++;
 	    }
 	}
     }
     if (!rest && keyword_hash) {
-	if (RHASH_SIZE(keyword_hash) > (unsigned int)j) {
+	if (RHASH_SIZE(keyword_hash) > (unsigned int)(values ? 0 : j)) {
 	    unknown_keyword_error(keyword_hash, table, required+optional);
 	}
     }
+    if (values && !keyword_hash) {
+        for (i = 0; i < required + optional; i++) {
+            values[i] = Qundef;
+        }
+    }
     return j;
 #undef extract_kwarg
 }
 
+struct rb_scan_args_t {
+    int kw_flag;
+    int n_lead;
+    int n_opt;
+    int n_trail;
+    bool f_var;
+    bool f_hash;
+    bool f_block;
+};
+
+static void
+rb_scan_args_parse(int kw_flag, const char *fmt, struct rb_scan_args_t *arg)
+{
+    const char *p = fmt;
+
+    memset(arg, 0, sizeof(*arg));
+    arg->kw_flag = kw_flag;
+
+    if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
+        arg->n_lead = *p - '0';
+	p++;
+	if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
+            arg->n_opt = *p - '0';
+	    p++;
+	}
+    }
+    if (*p == '*') {
+        arg->f_var = 1;
+	p++;
+    }
+    if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
+        arg->n_trail = *p - '0';
+	p++;
+    }
+    if (*p == ':') {
+        arg->f_hash = 1;
+	p++;
+    }
+    if (*p == '&') {
+        arg->f_block = 1;
+	p++;
+    }
+    if (*p != '\0') {
+	rb_fatal("bad scan arg format: %s", fmt);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+rb_scan_args_assign(const struct rb_scan_args_t *arg, int argc, const VALUE *const argv, va_list vargs)
+{
+    int i, argi = 0;
+    VALUE *var, hash = Qnil;
+#define rb_scan_args_next_param() va_arg(vargs, VALUE *)
+    const int kw_flag = arg->kw_flag;
+    const int n_lead = arg->n_lead;
+    const int n_opt = arg->n_opt;
+    const int n_trail = arg->n_trail;
+    const int n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
+    const bool f_var = arg->f_var;
+    const bool f_hash = arg->f_hash;
+    const bool f_block = arg->f_block;
+
+    /* capture an option hash - phase 1: pop from the argv */
+    if (f_hash && argc > 0) {
+        VALUE last = argv[argc - 1];
+        if (rb_scan_args_keyword_p(kw_flag, last)) {
+            hash = rb_hash_dup(last);
+            argc--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (argc < n_mand) {
+        goto argc_error;
+    }
+
+    /* capture leading mandatory arguments */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_lead; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+	argi++;
+    }
+    /* capture optional arguments */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_opt; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
+            if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+	    argi++;
+	}
+	else {
+	    if (var) *var = Qnil;
+	}
+    }
+    /* capture variable length arguments */
+    if (f_var) {
+        int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
+
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+	if (0 < n_var) {
+            if (var) *var = rb_ary_new_from_values(n_var, &argv[argi]);
+	    argi += n_var;
+	}
+	else {
+	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new();
+	}
+    }
+    /* capture trailing mandatory arguments */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_trail; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+	argi++;
+    }
+    /* capture an option hash - phase 2: assignment */
+    if (f_hash) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = hash;
+    }
+    /* capture iterator block */
+    if (f_block) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    *var = rb_block_proc();
+	}
+	else {
+	    *var = Qnil;
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (argi == argc) {
+        return argc;
+    }
+
+  argc_error:
+    return -(argc + 1);
+#undef rb_scan_args_next_param
+}
+
+static int
+rb_scan_args_result(const struct rb_scan_args_t *const arg, int argc)
+{
+    const int n_lead = arg->n_lead;
+    const int n_opt = arg->n_opt;
+    const int n_trail = arg->n_trail;
+    const int n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
+    const bool f_var = arg->f_var;
+
+    if (argc >= 0) {
+        return argc;
+    }
+
+    argc = -argc - 1;
+    rb_error_arity(argc, n_mand, f_var ? UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS : n_mand + n_opt);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
+}
+
+#undef rb_scan_args
+int
+rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list vargs;
+    struct rb_scan_args_t arg;
+    rb_scan_args_parse(RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS, fmt, &arg);
+    va_start(vargs,fmt);
+    argc = rb_scan_args_assign(&arg, argc, argv, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    return rb_scan_args_result(&arg, argc);
+}
+
+#undef rb_scan_args_kw
+int
+rb_scan_args_kw(int kw_flag, int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list vargs;
+    struct rb_scan_args_t arg;
+    rb_scan_args_parse(kw_flag, fmt, &arg);
+    va_start(vargs,fmt);
+    argc = rb_scan_args_assign(&arg, argc, argv, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    return rb_scan_args_result(&arg, argc);
+}
+
 int
 rb_class_has_methods(VALUE c)
 {
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index da4608bc61..2c76f24924 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+# -*- mode: makefile-gmake; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+
 bin: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM)
 lib: $(LIBRUBY)
 dll: $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 
-.SUFFIXES: .inc .h .c .y .i .$(DTRACE_EXT)
+.SUFFIXES: .rbinc .rb .inc .h .c .y .i .$(ASMEXT) .$(DTRACE_EXT)
 
 # V=0 quiet, V=1 verbose.  other values don't work.
 V = 0
@@ -11,51 +13,84 @@ Q = $(Q1:0=@)
 ECHO0 = $(ECHO1:0=echo)
 ECHO = @$(ECHO0)
 
-UNICODE_VERSION = 8.0.0
+mflags = $(MFLAGS)
+gnumake_recursive =
+enable_shared = $(ENABLE_SHARED:no=)
+
+UNICODE_VERSION = 12.1.0
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = 12.1
+UNICODE_BETA = NO
 
+### set the following environment variable or uncomment the line if
+### the Unicode data files should be updated completely on every update ('make up',...).
+# ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE = yes
+UNICODE_DATA_DIR = enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd
+UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR = $(srcdir)/$(UNICODE_DATA_DIR)
+UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR = $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/data/emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION)
+UNICODE_HDR_DIR = $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/$(UNICODE_VERSION)
+UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS = \
+	$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h \
+	$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h \
+	$(empty)
+
+RUBY_RELEASE_DATE = $(RUBY_RELEASE_YEAR)-$(RUBY_RELEASE_MONTH)-$(RUBY_RELEASE_DAY)
 RUBYLIB       = $(PATH_SEPARATOR)
 RUBYOPT       = -
 RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
+# GITPULLOPTIONS = --no-tags
+
+INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)
+
 GEM_HOME =
 GEM_PATH =
 GEM_VENDOR =
 
-SPEC_GIT_BASE = git://github.com/ruby
-MSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/mspec.git
-RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/rubyspec.git
-
-SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL = git://github.com/colszowka/simplecov.git
-SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF = v0.10.0
-SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL = git://github.com/colszowka/simplecov-html.git
-SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF = v0.10.0
-DOCLIE_GIT_URL = git://github.com/ms-ati/docile.git
-DOCLIE_GIT_REF = v1.1.5
+BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_URL = https://github.com/benchmark-driver/benchmark-driver
+BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_REF = v0.15.15
+SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov.git
+SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF = v0.17.0
+SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov-html.git
+SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF = v0.10.2
+DOCLIE_GIT_URL = https://github.com/ms-ati/docile.git
+DOCLIE_GIT_REF = v1.3.2
 
 STATIC_RUBY   = static-ruby
 
+TIMESTAMPDIR  = $(EXTOUT)/.timestamp
+RUBYCOMMONDIR = $(EXTOUT)/common
 EXTCONF       = extconf.rb
 LIBRUBY_EXTS  = ./.libruby-with-ext.time
 REVISION_H    = ./.revision.time
-PLATFORM_D    = ./$(PLATFORM_DIR)/.time
-ENC_TRANS_D   = ./enc/trans/.time
+PLATFORM_D    = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.$(PLATFORM_DIR).time
+ENC_TRANS_D   = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.enc-trans.time
+RDOC          = $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/libexec/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --encoding=UTF-8 --all
 RDOCOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/rdoc
 HTMLOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/html
 CAPIOUT       = doc/capi
+INSTALL_DOC_OPTS = --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)" --html-output="$(HTMLOUT)"
+RDOC_GEN_OPTS = --page-dir "$(srcdir)/doc" --no-force-update
 
 INITOBJS      = dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)
 NORMALMAINOBJ = main.$(OBJEXT)
 MAINOBJ       = $(NORMALMAINOBJ)
 DLDOBJS	      = $(INITOBJS)
 EXTSOLIBS     =
-MINIOBJS      = $(ARCHMINIOBJS) miniinit.$(OBJEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) miniprelude.$(OBJEXT)
+MINIOBJS      = $(ARCHMINIOBJS) miniinit.$(OBJEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT)
 ENC_MK        = enc.mk
+MAKE_ENC      = -f $(ENC_MK) V="$(V)" UNICODE_HDR_DIR="$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)" \
+		RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" $(mflags)
 
 COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
+		ast.$(OBJEXT) \
 		bignum.$(OBJEXT) \
 		class.$(OBJEXT) \
 		compar.$(OBJEXT) \
+		compile.$(OBJEXT) \
 		complex.$(OBJEXT) \
+		cont.$(OBJEXT) \
+		debug.$(OBJEXT) \
+		debug_counter.$(OBJEXT) \
 		dir.$(OBJEXT) \
 		dln_find.$(OBJEXT) \
 		encoding.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -63,21 +98,26 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		enumerator.$(OBJEXT) \
 		error.$(OBJEXT) \
 		eval.$(OBJEXT) \
-		load.$(OBJEXT) \
-		proc.$(OBJEXT) \
 		file.$(OBJEXT) \
 		gc.$(OBJEXT) \
 		hash.$(OBJEXT) \
 		inits.$(OBJEXT) \
 		io.$(OBJEXT) \
+		iseq.$(OBJEXT) \
+		load.$(OBJEXT) \
 		marshal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		math.$(OBJEXT) \
+		memory_view.$(OBJEXT) \
+		mjit.$(OBJEXT) \
+		mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		numeric.$(OBJEXT) \
 		object.$(OBJEXT) \
 		pack.$(OBJEXT) \
 		parse.$(OBJEXT) \
+		proc.$(OBJEXT) \
 		process.$(OBJEXT) \
+		ractor.$(OBJEXT) \
 		random.$(OBJEXT) \
 		range.$(OBJEXT) \
 		rational.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -89,7 +129,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		regparse.$(OBJEXT) \
 		regsyntax.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby.$(OBJEXT) \
-		safe.$(OBJEXT) \
+		scheduler.$(OBJEXT) \
 		signal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		sprintf.$(OBJEXT) \
 		st.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -97,20 +137,19 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		string.$(OBJEXT) \
 		struct.$(OBJEXT) \
 		symbol.$(OBJEXT) \
+		thread.$(OBJEXT) \
 		time.$(OBJEXT) \
 		transcode.$(OBJEXT) \
+		transient_heap.$(OBJEXT) \
 		util.$(OBJEXT) \
 		variable.$(OBJEXT) \
 		version.$(OBJEXT) \
-		compile.$(OBJEXT) \
-		debug.$(OBJEXT) \
-		iseq.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm.$(OBJEXT) \
-		vm_dump.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT) \
+		vm_dump.$(OBJEXT) \
+		vm_sync.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_trace.$(OBJEXT) \
-		thread.$(OBJEXT) \
-		cont.$(OBJEXT) \
+		$(COROUTINE_OBJ) \
 		$(DTRACE_OBJ) \
 		$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS) \
 		$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS) \
@@ -121,15 +160,15 @@ EXPORTOBJS    = $(DLNOBJ) \
 		loadpath.$(OBJEXT) \
 		$(COMMONOBJS)
 
-OBJS          = $(EXPORTOBJS) prelude.$(OBJEXT)
+OBJS          = $(EXPORTOBJS) builtin.$(OBJEXT)
 ALLOBJS       = $(NORMALMAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(COMMONOBJS) $(INITOBJS)
 
 GOLFOBJS      = goruby.$(OBJEXT) golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT)
 
 DEFAULT_PRELUDES = $(GEM_PRELUDE)
-PRELUDE_SCRIPTS = $(srcdir)/prelude.rb $(srcdir)/enc/prelude.rb $(DEFAULT_PRELUDES)
-GEM_PRELUDE   = $(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb
-PRELUDES      = {$(srcdir)}prelude.c {$(srcdir)}miniprelude.c
+PRELUDE_SCRIPTS = $(DEFAULT_PRELUDES)
+GEM_PRELUDE   =
+PRELUDES      = {$(srcdir)}miniprelude.c
 GOLFPRELUDES  = {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.c
 
 SCRIPT_ARGS   =	--dest-dir="$(DESTDIR)" \
@@ -140,7 +179,7 @@ EXTMK_ARGS    =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) --extension $(EXTS) --extstatic $(EXTSTATIC) \
 		--make-flags="V=$(V) MINIRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'" \
 		--gnumake=$(gnumake) --extflags="$(EXTLDFLAGS)" \
 		--
-INSTRUBY      =	$(SUDO) $(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/tool/rbinstall.rb
+INSTRUBY      =	$(SUDO) $(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(tooldir)/rbinstall.rb
 INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
 		--data-mode=$(INSTALL_DATA_MODE) \
 		--prog-mode=$(INSTALL_PROG_MODE) \
@@ -149,30 +188,69 @@ INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
 INSTALL_PROG_MODE = 0755
 INSTALL_DATA_MODE = 0644
 
-PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE = $(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV[1] or File.unlink(ARGV[0]) rescue nil' -- \
-			$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) $(LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE)
-
 TESTSDIR      = $(srcdir)/test
+TOOL_TESTSDIR = $(tooldir)/test
 TEST_EXCLUDES = --excludes-dir=$(TESTSDIR)/excludes --name=!/memory_leak/
-EXCLUDE_TESTFRAMEWORK = --exclude=/testunit/ --exclude=/minitest/
 TESTWORKDIR   = testwork
 TESTOPTS      = $(RUBY_TESTOPTS)
 
 TESTRUN_SCRIPT = $(srcdir)/test.rb
 
-COMPILE_PRELUDE = $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl
+COMPILE_PRELUDE = $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl \
+	$(tooldir)/ruby_vm/helpers/c_escape.rb
 
 SHOWFLAGS = showflags
 
+MAKE_LINK = $(MINIRUBY) -rfileutils -e "include FileUtils::Verbose" \
+	  -e "src, dest = ARGV" \
+	  -e "exit if File.identical?(src, dest) or cmp(src, dest) rescue nil" \
+	  -e "def noraise; yield; rescue; rescue NotImplementedError; end" \
+	  -e "noraise {ln_sf('../'*dest.count('/')+src, dest)} or" \
+	  -e "noraise {ln(src, dest)} or" \
+	  -e "cp(src, dest)"
+
+
 all: $(SHOWFLAGS) main docs
 
-main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs
+main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs programs
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
+mjit-headers: $(MJIT_SUPPORT)-mjit-headers
+no-mjit-headers: PHONY
+yes-mjit-headers: mjit_config.h PHONY
+
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): mjit_config.h
+mjit_config.h: Makefile
+
+
+# These rules using MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX must be in common.mk, not
+# Makefile.in, in order to override the macro in defs/universal.mk.
+
+# Other `-Dxxx`s preceding `-DMJIT_HEADER` will be removed in transform_mjit_header.rb.
+# So `-DMJIT_HEADER` should be passed first when rb_mjit_header.h is generated.
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).time: probes.h vm.$(OBJEXT) \
+		$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time $(tooldir)/mjit_tabs.rb $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
+	$(ECHO) building $(@F:.time=.h)
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mjit_tabs.rb "$(MJIT_TABS)" \
+		$(CPP) -DMJIT_HEADER $(MJIT_HEADER_FLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(srcdir)/vm.c $(CPPOUTFLAG)$(@F:.time=.h).new
+	$(Q) $(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" $(@F:.time=.h) $(@F:.time=.h).new
+
+$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).h: $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).time
+
+$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).h: \
+		$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).time \
+		$(tooldir)/transform_mjit_header.rb $(PREP) \
+		$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).h
+	$(ECHO) building $@
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/transform_mjit_header.rb "$(CC) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(CFLAGS)" $(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_ARCH).h $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)
+	$(Q) $(MAKE_LINK) $@ $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)/$(@F)
+
 .PHONY: showflags
 exts enc trans: $(SHOWFLAGS)
 showflags:
 	$(MESSAGE_BEGIN) \
+	"	BASERUBY = $(BASERUBY)" \
 	"	CC = $(CC)" \
 	"	LD = $(LD)" \
 	"	LDSHARED = $(LDSHARED)" \
@@ -181,6 +259,10 @@ showflags:
 	"	CPPFLAGS = $(CPPFLAGS)" \
 	"	DLDFLAGS = $(DLDFLAGS)" \
 	"	SOLIBS = $(SOLIBS)" \
+	"	LANG = $(LANG)" \
+	"	LC_ALL = $(LC_ALL)" \
+	"	LC_CTYPE = $(LC_CTYPE)" \
+	"	MFLAGS = $(MFLAGS)" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 	-@$(CC_VERSION)
 
@@ -190,20 +272,44 @@ showconfig:
 	$(configure_args) \
 	$(ECHO_END)
 
+EXTS_NOTE = -f $(EXTS_MK) $(mflags) RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" top_srcdir="$(srcdir)" note
+
 exts: build-ext
 
 EXTS_MK = exts.mk
-$(EXTS_MK): $(MKFILES) all-incs $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG) $(LIBRUBY)
+$(EXTS_MK): ext/configure-ext.mk $(srcdir)/template/exts.mk.tmpl \
+	    $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.RUBYCOMMONDIR.time
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f ext/configure-ext.mk $(mflags) V=$(V) EXTSTATIC=$(EXTSTATIC) \
+		gnumake=$(gnumake) MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" \
+		EXTLDFLAGS="$(EXTLDFLAGS)" srcdir="$(srcdir)"
 	$(ECHO) generating makefile $@
-	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb --make="$(MAKE)" --command-output=$(EXTS_MK) $(EXTMK_ARGS) configure
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
+	    $(srcdir)/template/exts.mk.tmpl --gnumake=$(gnumake) --configure-exts=ext/configure-ext.mk
+
+ext/configure-ext.mk: $(PREP) all-incs $(MKFILES) $(RBCONFIG) $(LIBRUBY) \
+		$(srcdir)/template/configure-ext.mk.tmpl
+	$(ECHO) generating makefiles $@
+	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
+	    $(srcdir)/template/$(@F).tmpl --srcdir="$(srcdir)" \
+	    --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)" --script-args='$(SCRIPT_ARGS)'
 
 configure-ext: $(EXTS_MK)
 
 build-ext: $(EXTS_MK)
-	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(EXTS_MK) $(MFLAGS) libdir="$(libdir)" LIBRUBY_EXTS=$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) \
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(EXTS_MK) $(mflags) libdir="$(libdir)" LIBRUBY_EXTS=$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) \
 	    EXTENCS="$(ENCOBJS)" UPDATE_LIBRARIES=no $(EXTSTATIC)
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(EXTS_NOTE)
+
+exts-note: $(EXTS_MK)
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(EXTS_NOTE)
+
+ext/extinit.c: $(srcdir)/template/extinit.c.tmpl $(PREP)
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
+	    $(srcdir)/template/extinit.c.tmpl $(EXTINITS)
 
 prog: program wprogram
+programs: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(arch)-fake.rb
 
 $(PREP): $(MKFILES)
 
@@ -212,19 +318,27 @@ miniruby$(EXEEXT): config.status $(ALLOBJS) $(ARCHFILE)
 objs: $(ALLOBJS)
 
 GORUBY = go$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-golf: $(LIBRUBY) $(GOLFOBJS) PHONY
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) MAINOBJ="$(GOLFOBJS)" PROGRAM=$(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) program
+GOLF = $(GORUBY)
+golf: $(GOLF)
+$(GOLF): $(LIBRUBY) $(GOLFOBJS) PHONY
+	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(mflags) \
+		GOLF=_dummy_golf_target_to_avoid_conflict_just_in_case_ \
+		MAINOBJ=goruby.$(OBJEXT) \
+		EXTOBJS="golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT) $(EXTOBJS)" \
+		PROGRAM=$(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) \
+		V=$(V) \
+	program
 capi: $(CAPIOUT)/.timestamp PHONY
 
 $(CAPIOUT)/.timestamp: Doxyfile $(PREP)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(@D)"
 	$(ECHO) generating capi
 	-$(Q) $(DOXYGEN) -b
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) -e 'File.open(ARGV[0], "w"){|f| f.puts(Time.now)}' "$@"
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) -e 'File.open(ARGV[0], "w"){'"|f|"' f.puts(Time.now)}' "$@"
 
-Doxyfile: $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl $(PREP) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(RBCONFIG)
+Doxyfile: $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl $(PREP) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(RBCONFIG)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl \
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl \
 	--srcdir="$(srcdir)" --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)"
 
 program: $(SHOWFLAGS) $(PROGRAM)
@@ -235,18 +349,22 @@ $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM): $(LIBRUBY) $(MAINOBJ) $(OBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(SETUP) $(PREP
 
 $(LIBRUBY_A):	$(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(INITOBJS) $(ARCHFILE)
 
-$(LIBRUBY_SO):	$(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE) $(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
+$(LIBRUBY_SO):	$(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
 
 $(LIBRUBY_EXTS):
-	@exit > $@
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT): $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $@
-	$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS)
+	$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS)
 
 ruby.imp: $(COMMONOBJS)
-	$(Q)$(NM) -Pgp $(COMMONOBJS) | \
-	awk 'BEGIN{print "#!"}; $$2~/^[BDT]$$/&&$$1!~/^(Init_|ruby_static_id_|.*_threadptr_|\.)/{print $$1}' | \
+	$(Q){ \
+	$(NM) -Pgp $(COMMONOBJS) | \
+	awk 'BEGIN{print "#!"}; $$2~/^[A-TV-Z]$$/&&$$1!~/^$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)(Init_|InitVM_|ruby_static_id_|.*_threadptr_|rb_ec_)|^\./{print $$1}'; \
+	($(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && \
+	 exec sed -n '/^MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED/!d;N;s/.*\n\(rb_[a-zA-Z_0-9]*\).*/$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)\1/p' cont.c gc.c thread*c vm*.c) \
+	} | \
 	sort -u -o $@
 
 install: install-$(INSTALLDOC)
@@ -255,17 +373,17 @@ pkgconfig-data: $(ruby_pc)
 $(ruby_pc): $(srcdir)/template/ruby.pc.in config.status
 
 install-all: docs pre-install-all do-install-all post-install-all
-pre-install-all:: all pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-doc
+pre-install-all:: all pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem pre-install-doc
 do-install-all: pre-install-all
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
-post-install-all:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-doc
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
+post-install-all:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem post-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 install-nodoc: pre-install-nodoc do-install-nodoc post-install-nodoc
-pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext
+pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem
 do-install-nodoc: main pre-install-nodoc
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS)
-post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --exclude=doc
+post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem
 
 install-local: pre-install-local do-install-local post-install-local
 pre-install-local:: pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
@@ -339,12 +457,12 @@ what-where-all: no-install-all
 no-install-all: pre-no-install-all dont-install-all post-no-install-all
 pre-no-install-all:: pre-no-install-local pre-no-install-ext pre-no-install-doc
 dont-install-all: $(PROGRAM)
-	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-no-install-all:: post-no-install-local post-no-install-ext post-no-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 uninstall: $(INSTALLED_LIST) sudo-precheck
-	$(Q)$(SUDO) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/rbuninstall.rb --destdir=$(DESTDIR) $(INSTALLED_LIST)
+	$(Q)$(SUDO) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/rbuninstall.rb --destdir=$(DESTDIR) $(INSTALLED_LIST)
 
 reinstall: all uninstall install
 
@@ -426,28 +544,35 @@ post-no-install-man::
 install-doc: rdoc pre-install-doc do-install-doc post-install-doc
 pre-install-doc:: install-prereq
 do-install-doc: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-doc
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-install-doc::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 install-gem: pre-install-gem do-install-gem post-install-gem
-pre-install-gem:: pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
+pre-install-gem:: prepare-gems pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
 do-install-gem: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-gem
 	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=gem
 post-install-gem::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
+install-dbg: pre-install-dbg do-install-dbg post-install-dbg
+pre-install-dbg::
+do-install-dbg: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-dbg
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=dbg
+post-install-dbg::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
 rdoc: PHONY main
 	@echo Generating RDoc documentation
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --page-dir "$(srcdir)/doc" --encoding=UTF-8 --no-force-update --all --ri --op "$(RDOCOUT)" --debug $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --ri --op "$(RDOCOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
 
 html: PHONY main
 	@echo Generating RDoc HTML files
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --page-dir "$(srcdir)/doc" --encoding=UTF-8 --no-force-update --all --op "$(HTMLOUT)" --debug $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --op "$(HTMLOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
 
 rdoc-coverage: PHONY main
 	@echo Generating RDoc coverage report
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --encoding=UTF-8 --all --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
 
 RDOCBENCHOUT=/tmp/rdocbench
 
@@ -465,7 +590,7 @@ what-where-doc: no-install-doc
 no-install-doc: pre-no-install-doc dont-install-doc post-no-install-doc
 pre-no-install-doc:: install-prereq
 dont-install-doc:: $(PREP)
-	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-no-install-doc::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
@@ -476,17 +601,21 @@ install-prereq: $(CLEAR_INSTALLED_LIST) yes-fake sudo-precheck PHONY
 clear-installed-list: PHONY
 	@> $(INSTALLED_LIST) set MAKE="$(MAKE)"
 
-clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-rdoc clean-capi clean-extout clean-local clean-platform
+clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-docs clean-extout clean-local clean-platform clean-spec
 clean-local:: clean-runnable
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
-	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT)
-	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
-clean-runnable:: PHONY
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) bin 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) bin/*.$(DLEXT) 2>$(NULL) || exit 0
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) lib 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/vendor_ruby 2>$(NULL) || exit 0
-	$(Q)$(RMDIR) lib/$(RUBY_BASE_NAME) lib bin 2>$(NULL) || exit 0
+	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
+	$(Q)$(RM) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT) ruby.imp ChangeLog $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT)
+	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.inc
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+
+bin/clean-runnable:: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(CHDIR) bin 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) bin/*.$(DLEXT) 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+lib/clean-runnable:: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(CHDIR) lib 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/vendor_ruby 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+clean-runnable:: bin/clean-runnable lib/clean-runnable PHONY
+	$(Q)$(RMDIR) lib/$(RUBY_BASE_NAME) lib bin 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 clean-ext:: PHONY
 clean-golf: PHONY
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) $(GOLFOBJS)
@@ -495,40 +624,85 @@ clean-html: PHONY
 clean-capi: PHONY
 clean-platform: PHONY
 clean-extout: PHONY
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) $(EXTOUT)/$(arch) $(EXTOUT) 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) $(EXTOUT)/$(arch) $(EXTOUT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 clean-docs: clean-rdoc clean-html clean-capi
+clean-spec: PHONY
+clean-rubyspec: clean-spec
 
-distclean: distclean-ext distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-extout distclean-local distclean-platform
+distclean: distclean-ext distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-docs distclean-extout distclean-local distclean-platform distclean-spec
 distclean-local:: clean-local
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(MKFILES) yasmdata.rb *.inc $(PRELUDES)
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(MKFILES) yasmdata.rb *.inc $(PRELUDES) *.rbinc
 	$(Q)$(RM) config.cache config.status config.status.lineno
 	$(Q)$(RM) *~ *.bak *.stackdump core *.core gmon.out $(PREP)
 	-$(Q)$(RMALL) $(srcdir)/autom4te.cache
 distclean-ext:: PHONY
 distclean-golf: clean-golf
-distclean-rdoc: PHONY
-distclean-html: PHONY
-distclean-capi: PHONY
+distclean-rdoc: clean-rdoc
+distclean-html: clean-html
+distclean-capi: clean-capi
+distclean-docs: clean-docs
 distclean-extout: clean-extout
 distclean-platform: clean-platform
+distclean-spec: clean-spec
+distclean-rubyspec: distclean-spec
 
 realclean:: realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean-extout
-realclean-local:: distclean-local
+realclean-local:: distclean-local realclean-srcs-local
+
+clean-srcs:: clean-srcs-local clean-srcs-ext
+realclean-srcs:: realclean-srcs-local realclean-srcs-ext
+
+clean-srcs-local::
 	$(Q)$(RM) parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c revision.h
-	$(Q)$(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(exec) $(RM) parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c $(PRELUDES) revision.h
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(exec) $(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(exec) $(RM) configure tool/config.guess tool/config.sub gems/*.gem
+	$(Q)$(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh probes.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) encdb.h transdb.h verconf.h ruby-runner.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) mjit_config.h rb_mjit_header.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(MJIT_MIN_HEADER) $(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX:%=*).h
+
+realclean-srcs-local:: clean-srcs-local
+	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(RM) \
+	  parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c $(PRELUDES) revision.h \
+	  id.c id.h probes.dmyh configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub gems/*.gem \
+	|| $(NULLCMD)
+
+clean-srcs-ext::
+realclean-srcs-ext:: clean-srcs-ext
+
 realclean-ext:: PHONY
 realclean-golf: distclean-golf
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(GOLFPRELUDES)
-realclean-capi: PHONY
+realclean-rdoc: distclean-rdoc
+realclean-html: distclean-html
+realclean-capi: distclean-capi
+realclean-docs: distclean-docs
 realclean-extout: distclean-extout
+realclean-platform: distclean-platform
+realclean-spec: distclean-spec
+realclean-rubyspec: realclean-spec
 
-clean-ext distclean-ext realclean-ext::
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTS_MK)
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTOUT)/.timestamp/.*.time
-	$(Q)$(RMDIR) $(EXTOUT)/.timestamp 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+clean-ext:: ext/clean gems/clean timestamp/clean
+distclean-ext:: ext/distclean gems/distclean timestamp/distclean
+realclean-ext:: ext/realclean gems/realclean timestamp/realclean
+
+ext/clean.mk ext/distclean.mk ext/realclean.mk::
+ext/clean:: ext/clean.mk
+ext/distclean:: ext/distclean.mk
+ext/realclean:: ext/realclean.mk
+
+timestamp/clean:: ext/clean gems/clean
+timestamp/distclean:: ext/distclean gems/distclean
+timestamp/realclean:: ext/realclean gems/realclean
+
+timestamp/clean timestamp/distclean timestamp/realclean::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time
+	$(Q)$(RMDIRS) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch) $(TIMESTAMPDIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+
+clean-ext::
+	-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)
+
+distclean-ext realclean-ext::
+	-$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTS_MK) ext/extinit.* ext/configure-ext.mk
+	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) ext 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-enc distclean-enc realclean-enc: PHONY
 
@@ -536,7 +710,7 @@ clean-enc: clean-enc.d
 
 clean-enc.d: PHONY
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(ENC_TRANS_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-rdoc distclean-rdoc realclean-rdoc:
 	@echo $(@:-rdoc=ing) rdoc
@@ -550,12 +724,23 @@ clean-capi distclean-capi realclean-capi:
 	@echo $(@:-capi=ing) capi
 	$(Q)$(RMALL) $(CAPIOUT)
 
-clean-platform:
+clean-platform distclean-platform realclean-platform:
 	$(Q) $(RM) $(PLATFORM_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT = spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext
+clean-spec: PHONY
+	-$(Q) $(RM) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.$(OBJEXT) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.$(DLEXT)
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIRS) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	-$(Q) $(RMALL) rubyspec_temp
 
-check: main test test-testframework test-almost
+check: main test test-tool test-all test-spec
 	$(ECHO) check succeeded
+	-$(Q) if [ x"$(GIT)" != x ] && $(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)" && \
+	    b=`$(GIT) symbolic-ref --short HEAD 2>&1` && \
+	    u=`$(GIT) branch --list --format='%(upstream:short)' $$b`; then \
+	  set -x; $(GIT) --no-pager log --format=oneline -G "^ *# *include" $$u..HEAD --; \
+	fi
 check-ruby: test test-ruby
 
 fake: $(CROSS_COMPILING)-fake
@@ -564,26 +749,29 @@ no-fake -fake: PHONY
 
 # really doesn't depend on .o, just ensure newer than headers which
 # version.o depends on.
-$(arch)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb version.$(OBJEXT) miniruby$(EXEEXT)
+$(arch)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb version.$(OBJEXT) miniruby$(EXEEXT)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CPP) $(warnflags) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) "$(srcdir)/version.c" | \
-	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ "$(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in" \
+	$(Q) $(CPP) -DRUBY_EXPORT $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) "$(srcdir)/version.c" | \
+	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ "$(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in" \
 		i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 btest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest
 no-btest: PHONY
 yes-btest: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS)
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
 
 btest-ruby: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest-ruby
 no-btest-ruby: PHONY
 yes-btest-ruby: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" -q $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS)
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" -q $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
+
+rtest: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" --sets=ractor -v
 
-test-sample: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-sample
-no-test-sample: PHONY
-yes-test-sample: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/rubytest.rb" --run-opt=$(RUN_OPTS) $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS)
+test-basic: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-basic
+no-test-basic: PHONY
+yes-test-basic: prog PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/basictest/runner.rb" --run-opt=$(RUN_OPTS) $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS)
 
 test-knownbugs: test-knownbug
 test-knownbug: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-knownbug
@@ -593,62 +781,82 @@ yes-test-knownbug: prog PHONY
 
 test-testframework: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-testframework
 yes-test-testframework: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS) testunit minitest
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS) testunit minitest
 no-test-testframework: PHONY
 
-test: test-sample btest-ruby test-knownbug
+test-tool: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-tool
+yes-test-tool: prog PHONY
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS)
+no-test-tool: PHONY
+
+test-sample: test-basic # backward compatibility for mswin-build
+test-short: btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic
+test: test-short
 
 # $ make test-all TESTOPTS="--help" displays more detail
 # for example, make test-all TESTOPTS="-j2 -v -n test-name -- test-file-name"
 test-all: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-all
-yes-test-all: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS)
+yes-test-all: programs PHONY
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS)
 TESTS_BUILD = mkmf
 no-test-all: PHONY
-	$(MINIRUBY) -I"$(srcdir)/lib" "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS_BUILD)
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(MINIRUBY) -I"$(srcdir)/lib" "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS_BUILD)
 
-test-almost: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-almost
-yes-test-almost: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) $(EXCLUDE_TESTFRAMEWORK) $(TESTS)
-no-test-almost: PHONY
+test-almost: test-all
+yes-test-almost: yes-test-all
+no-test-almost: no-test-all
 
 test-ruby: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-ruby
 no-test-ruby: PHONY
 yes-test-ruby: prog encs PHONY
-	$(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) -- ruby -ext-
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(RUNRUBY) "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) -- ruby -ext-
 
 extconf: $(PREP)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(EXTCONFDIR)"
 	$(RUNRUBY) -C "$(EXTCONFDIR)" $(EXTCONF) $(EXTCONFARGS)
 
-$(RBCONFIG): $(srcdir)/tool/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
-	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/mkconfig.rb -timestamp=$@ \
+$(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
+	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) -n \
+	-e 'BEGIN{version=ARGV.shift;mis=ARGV.dup}' \
+	-e 'END{abort "UNICODE version mismatch: #{mis}" unless mis.empty?}' \
+	-e '(mis.delete(ARGF.path); ARGF.close) if /ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING +"#{Regexp.quote(version)}"/o' \
+	$(UNICODE_VERSION) $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb \
 		-arch=$(arch) -version=$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) \
 		-install_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) \
-		-so_name=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) rbconfig.rb
+		-so_name=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) \
+		-unicode_version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
+		-unicode_emoji_version=$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
+	> rbconfig.tmp
+	$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" rbconfig.rb rbconfig.tmp
+
+test-rubyspec: test-spec
+yes-test-rubyspec: yes-test-spec
 
-test-rubyspec-precheck:
+test-spec-precheck: main
 
-test-rubyspec: test-rubyspec-precheck $(arch)-fake.rb
-	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec $(MSPECOPT)
+test-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-spec
+yes-test-spec: test-spec-precheck
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) \
+	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec -I$(srcdir)/tool/lib $(MSPECOPT) $(SPECOPTS)
+no-test-spec:
 
 RUNNABLE = $(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE:no=un)-runnable
-runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(srcdir)/tool/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
+runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
 yes-runnable: PHONY
 
 encs: enc trans
 libencs: libenc libtrans
 encs enc trans libencs libenc libtrans: $(SHOWFLAGS) $(ENC_MK) $(LIBRUBY) $(PREP) PHONY
 	$(ECHO) making $@
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) -f $(ENC_MK) V="$(V)" \
-		RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" \
-		$(MFLAGS) $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(MAKE_ENC) $@
 
 
 libenc enc: {$(VPATH)}encdb.h
 libtrans trans: {$(VPATH)}transdb.h
 
+# Use MINIRUBY which loads fake.rb for cross compiling
 $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc/depend \
 	$(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb $(srcdir)/lib/mkmf.rb $(RBCONFIG) fake
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
@@ -662,47 +870,75 @@ $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc
 .PHONY: clean clean-ext clean-local clean-enc clean-golf clean-rdoc clean-html clean-extout
 .PHONY: distclean distclean-ext distclean-local distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-extout
 .PHONY: realclean realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean-extout
-.PHONY: check test test-all btest btest-ruby test-sample test-knownbug
-.PHONY: run runruby parse benchmark benchmark-each tbench gdb gdb-ruby
-.PHONY: update-mspec update-rubyspec test-rubyspec
+.PHONY: exam check test test-short test-all btest btest-ruby test-basic test-knownbug
+.PHONY: run runruby parse benchmark gdb gdb-ruby
+.PHONY: update-mspec update-rubyspec test-rubyspec test-spec
+.PHONY: touch-unicode-files
 
 PHONY:
 
-{$(VPATH)}parse.c: {$(VPATH)}parse.y $(srcdir)/tool/ytab.sed {$(VPATH)}id.h
+{$(VPATH)}parse.c: {$(VPATH)}parse.y $(tooldir)/ytab.sed {$(VPATH)}id.h
 {$(VPATH)}parse.h: {$(VPATH)}parse.c
 
 {$(srcdir)}.y.c:
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/pure_parser.rb parse.tmp.y $(YACC)
+	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y.bak
 	$(Q)$(YACC) -d $(YFLAGS) -o y.tab.c parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y
-	$(Q)sed -f $(srcdir)/tool/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s!parse\.tmp\.[iy]!parse.y!" -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@.new
+	$(Q)sed -f $(tooldir)/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s|parse\.tmp\.[iy]|$(SRC_FILE)|" -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@.new
 	$(Q)$(MV) $@.new $@
 	$(Q)sed -e "/^#line.*y\.tab\.h/d;/^#line.*parse.*\.y/d" y.tab.h > $(@:.c=.h)
 	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.tab.h
 
 $(PLATFORM_D):
-	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(PLATFORM_DIR)
-	@exit > $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(@D)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
+
+exe/$(PROGRAM): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h exe/.time miniruby$(EXEEXT) {$(VPATH)}config.h
+	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DRUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$(@F) $(COUTFLAG)ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) -c $(CSRCFLAG)$(srcdir)/ruby-runner.c
+	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) $(LIBS)
+	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
+	$(Q) ./miniruby$(EXEEXT) \
+	    -e 'prog, dest, inst = ARGV; dest += "/ruby"' \
+	    -e 'exit unless prog==inst' \
+	    -e 'unless prog=="ruby"' \
+	    -e '  begin File.unlink(dest); rescue Errno::ENOENT; end' \
+	    -e '  File.symlink(prog, dest)' \
+	    -e 'end' \
+	$(@F) $(@D) $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
+
+exe/.time:
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 $(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS) $(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS): $(ENC_TRANS_D)
 
 $(ENC_TRANS_D):
-	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) enc/trans
-	@exit > $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) enc/trans $(@D)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
+
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time:
+	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(EXTOUT)/$(arch)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
+
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.RUBYCOMMONDIR.time:
+	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(RUBYCOMMONDIR)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 ###
 CCAN_DIR = {$(VPATH)}ccan
 
 RUBY_H_INCLUDES    = {$(VPATH)}ruby.h {$(VPATH)}config.h {$(VPATH)}defines.h \
 		     {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h {$(VPATH)}st.h \
-		     {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+		     {$(VPATH)}assert.h {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 
 ###
 
 acosh.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}acosh.c
 alloca.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}alloca.c {$(VPATH)}config.h
-crypt.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}crypt.c
+crypt.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}crypt.c {$(VPATH)}crypt.h {$(VPATH)}missing/des_tables.c
 dup2.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dup2.c
 erf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}erf.c
 explicit_bzero.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}explicit_bzero.c
@@ -718,36 +954,39 @@ strerror.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strerror.c
 strlcat.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strlcat.c
 strlcpy.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strlcpy.c
 strstr.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strstr.c
-strtod.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strtod.c
-strtol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strtol.c
 nt.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nt.c
-ia64.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ia64.s
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $<
+
+.coroutine_obj $(COROUTINE_OBJ): \
+	{$(VPATH)}$(COROUTINE_SRC) \
+	$(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
+$(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time):
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 ###
 
 # dependencies for generated C sources.
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}parse.c
 miniprelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
-prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prelude.c
 
 # dependencies for optional sources.
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}opt_sc.inc {$(VPATH)}optunifs.inc
 
 win32/win32.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/win32.c {$(VPATH)}win32/file.h \
   {$(VPATH)}dln.h {$(VPATH)}dln_find.c {$(VPATH)}encindex.h \
-  {$(VPATH)}internal.h {$(VPATH)}util.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
+  {$(VPATH)}internal.h {$(VPATH)}util.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) \
+  {$(VPATH)}vm.h $(PLATFORM_D)
 win32/file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/file.c {$(VPATH)}win32/file.h \
   $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
 
-$(NEWLINE_C): $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans $(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb
+$(NEWLINE_C): $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans $(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo $@ $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) "$(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo $@ $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): $(NEWLINE_C)
 
-verconf.h: $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb
+verconf.h: $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb
 	$(ECHO) creating $@
-	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl
 
 ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT): $(OBJS)
 
@@ -755,33 +994,70 @@ $(OBJS):  {$(VPATH)}config.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 
 INSNS2VMOPT = --srcdir="$(srcdir)"
 
-{$(VPATH)}minsns.inc: $(srcdir)/template/minsns.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}opt_sc.inc: $(srcdir)/template/opt_sc.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}optinsn.inc: $(srcdir)/template/optinsn.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}optunifs.inc: $(srcdir)/template/optunifs.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}insns.inc: $(srcdir)/template/insns.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}insns_info.inc: $(srcdir)/template/insns_info.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}vmtc.inc: $(srcdir)/template/vmtc.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}vm.inc: $(srcdir)/template/vm.inc.tmpl
-
-common-srcs: {$(VPATH)}parse.c {$(VPATH)}lex.c {$(VPATH)}enc/trans/newline.c {$(VPATH)}id.c \
-	     srcs-lib srcs-ext
-
-srcs: common-srcs srcs-enc
+srcs_vpath = {$(VPATH)}
+
+inc_common_headers = $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_copyright.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_notice.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)opt_sc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/opt_sc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)optinsn.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/optinsn.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)optunifs.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/optunifs.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)insns.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)insns_info.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns_info.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_type_chars.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_name_info.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_len_info.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_operand_info.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_attributes.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_comptime_insn_stack_increase.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_sp_pc_dependency.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)vmtc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vmtc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)vm.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vm.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)mjit_compile.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/mjit_compile.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_send.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_ivar.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn_body.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_pc_and_sp.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_invokebuiltin.erb
+
+BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
+		$(srcdir)/ast.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/dir.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/gc.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/integer.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/io.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/pack.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/trace_point.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/warning.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/array.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/kernel.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/ractor.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/prelude.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb \
+		$(empty)
+BUILTIN_RB_INCS = $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS:.rb=.rbinc)
+
+common-srcs: $(srcs_vpath)parse.c $(srcs_vpath)lex.c $(srcs_vpath)enc/trans/newline.c $(srcs_vpath)id.c \
+	     $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS) \
+	     srcs-lib srcs-ext incs
+
+missing-srcs: $(srcdir)/missing/des_tables.c
+
+srcs: common-srcs missing-srcs srcs-enc
 
 EXT_SRCS = $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c \
-	   $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c
+	   $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c \
+	   $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c \
+	   $(srcdir)/ext/socket/constdefs.c \
+	   $(srcdir)/ext/etc/constdefs.h \
+	   # EXT_SRCS
 
 srcs-ext: $(EXT_SRCS)
+realclean-srcs-ext::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXT_SRCS)
 
-srcs-extra: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c
+EXTRA_SRCS = $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c \
+	     $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h \
+	     $(empty)
+
+srcs-extra: $(EXTRA_SRCS)
+realclean-srcs-extra::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTRA_SRCS)
 
 LIB_SRCS = $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
 
@@ -789,148 +1065,180 @@ srcs-lib: $(LIB_SRCS)
 
 srcs-enc: $(ENC_MK)
 	$(ECHO) making srcs under enc
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) -f $(ENC_MK) RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" $(MFLAGS) srcs
+	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(MAKE_ENC) srcs
 
 all-incs: incs {$(VPATH)}encdb.h {$(VPATH)}transdb.h
 incs: $(INSNS) {$(VPATH)}node_name.inc {$(VPATH)}known_errors.inc \
       {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc $(srcdir)/revision.h \
-      $(REVISION_H) enc/unicode/name2ctype.h enc/jis/props.h \
+      $(REVISION_H) \
+      $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS) $(srcdir)/enc/jis/props.h \
       {$(VPATH)}id.h {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 
 insns: $(INSNS)
 
-id.h: $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
+id.h: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/id.h.tmpl
 
-id.c: $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
+id.c: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/id.c.tmpl
 
-node_name.inc: {$(VPATH)}node.h
+node_name.inc: $(tooldir)/node_name.rb $(srcdir)/node.h
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -n $(srcdir)/tool/node_name.rb < $? > $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -n $(tooldir)/node_name.rb < $(srcdir)/node.h > $@
 
-encdb.h: $(PREP) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
+encdb.h: $(PREP) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
 
-transdb.h: $(PREP) srcs-enc $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
+transdb.h: $(PREP) srcs-enc $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
 
 enc/encinit.c: $(ENC_MK) $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb
 
 known_errors.inc: $(srcdir)/template/known_errors.inc.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/known_errors.def
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/known_errors.inc.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/known_errors.def
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/known_errors.inc.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/known_errors.def
 
-vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc: $(srcdir)/tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb
+vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc: $(srcdir)/template/call_iseq_optimized.inc.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb > $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/call_iseq_optimized.inc.tmpl
 
-$(MINIPRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE)
+$(MINIPRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -o $@ \
+		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS)
 
-$(PRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) \
-	   {$(srcdir)}lib/rubygems/defaults.rb \
-	   {$(srcdir)}lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb \
-	   $(PRELUDE_SCRIPTS) $(LIB_SRCS)
+$(GOLF_PRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl $(PRELUDE_SCRIPTS)
-
-{$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.c: $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.rb
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl golf_prelude.rb
 
-probes.dmyh: {$(srcdir)}probes.d $(srcdir)/tool/gen_dummy_probes.rb
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/gen_dummy_probes.rb $(srcdir)/probes.d > $@
+MAINCPPFLAGS = $(ENABLE_DEBUG_ENV:yes=-DRUBY_DEBUG_ENV=1)
+
+$(MAINOBJ): $(srcdir)/$(MAINSRC)
+	$(ECHO) compiling $(srcdir)/$(MAINSRC)
+	$(Q) $(CC) $(MAINCPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c $(CSRCFLAG)$(srcdir)/$(MAINSRC)
+
+{$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh: {$(srcdir)}probes.d $(tooldir)/gen_dummy_probes.rb
+
+probes.dmyh:
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/gen_dummy_probes.rb $(srcdir)/probes.d > $@
 
 probes.h: {$(VPATH)}probes.$(DTRACE_EXT)
 
 prereq: incs srcs preludes PHONY
 
-preludes: {$(VPATH)}prelude.c
 preludes: {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 preludes: {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.c
 
+{$(srcdir)}.rb.rbinc:
+	$(ECHO) making $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $<
+
+builtin_binary.inc: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ \
+		$(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl -- --cross=$(CROSS_COMPILING)
+
+$(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(top_srcdir)/tool/mk_builtin_loader.rb
+
 $(srcdir)/revision.h:
-	@exit > $@
+	$(Q)$(gnumake:yes=#) $(RM) $(@F)
+	$(Q)$(gnumake:yes=#) $(NULLCMD) > $@ || $(NULLCMD) > $(@F)
+
+revision.tmp::
+	$(Q) $(NULLCMD) > $@
+revision.$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tmp):: $(srcdir)/version.h $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb $(REVISION_FORCE)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h --srcdir="$(srcdir)" > $@
 
-$(REVISION_H): $(srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/ChangeLog $(srcdir)/tool/file2lastrev.rb $(REVISION_FORCE)
-	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/file2lastrev.rb --revision.h "$(srcdir)" > revision.tmp
+$(REVISION_H): revision.tmp
 	$(Q)$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" "$(srcdir)/revision.h" revision.tmp
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: parse.y id.h
+$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/parse.y id.h $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
-	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(MFLAGS) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM)" top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH="$(PWD)" \
-		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)"
+	$(Q) VPATH=$${PWD-`pwd`} && $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed -e 's/{\$$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g' -e /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM)" BISON=$(YACC) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH="$${VPATH}" \
+		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)" LANG=C
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl
+$(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(MFLAGS) \
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
+$(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h: $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.list $(srcdir)/ext/date/prereq.mk
+	$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+
 $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
-		$(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/configure.in
+		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/configure.ac
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
-	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(MFLAGS) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
+
+$(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
+		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/limits.c.tmpl
+	$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
+
+$(srcdir)/ext/socket/constdefs.c: $(srcdir)/ext/socket/depend
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+
+$(srcdir)/ext/etc/constdefs.h: $(srcdir)/ext/etc/depend
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 ##
 
 run: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BTESTRUBY) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
+	$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
 runruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	$(RUNRUBY) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	$(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
 parse: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BTESTRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/parse.rb $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	$(BTESTRUBY) --dump=parsetree_with_comment,insns $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
 
 bisect: PHONY
-	$(srcdir)/tool/bisect.sh miniruby $(srcdir)
+	$(tooldir)/bisect.sh miniruby $(srcdir)
 
 bisect-ruby: PHONY
-	$(srcdir)/tool/bisect.sh ruby $(srcdir)
+	$(tooldir)/bisect.sh ruby $(srcdir)
 
 COMPARE_RUBY = $(BASERUBY)
+BENCH_RUBY = $(RUNRUBY)
+BENCH_OPTS = --output=markdown --output-compare
 ITEM =
+ARGS = $$(find $(srcdir)/benchmark -maxdepth 1 -name '$(ITEM)' -o -name '*$(ITEM)*.yml' -o -name '*$(ITEM)*.rb' | sort)
 OPTS =
 
-# You can pass several options through OPTS environment variable.
-# $ make benchmark OPTS="--help" displays more detail.
-# for example,
-#  $ make benchmark COMPARE_RUBY="ruby-trunk" OPTS="-e ruby-2.2.2"
-# This command compares trunk and built-ruby and 2.2.2
-benchmark: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/benchmark/driver.rb -v \
-	            --executables="$(COMPARE_RUBY); built-ruby::$(RUNRUBY)" \
-	            --pattern='bm_' --directory=$(srcdir)/benchmark $(OPTS)
-
-benchmark-each: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/benchmark/driver.rb -v \
-	            --executables="$(COMPARE_RUBY); built-ruby::$(RUNRUBY)" \
-	            --pattern=$(ITEM) --directory=$(srcdir)/benchmark $(OPTS)
-
-tbench: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/benchmark/driver.rb -v \
-	            --executables="$(COMPARE_RUBY); built-ruby::$(RUNRUBY)" \
-	            --pattern='bmx_' --directory=$(srcdir)/benchmark $(OPTS)
+# See benchmark/README.md for details.
+benchmark: miniruby$(EXEEXT) update-benchmark-driver PHONY
+	$(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -I$(srcdir)/benchmark/lib $(srcdir)/benchmark/benchmark-driver/exe/benchmark-driver \
+	            --executables="compare-ruby::$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem" \
+	            --executables="built-ruby::$(BENCH_RUBY) --disable-gem" \
+	            $(BENCH_OPTS) $(ARGS) $(OPTS)
 
 run.gdb:
 	echo set breakpoint pending on         > run.gdb
+	echo b rb_assert_failure              >> run.gdb
+	echo b rb_bug                         >> run.gdb
 	echo b ruby_debug_breakpoint          >> run.gdb
 	echo '# handle SIGINT nostop'         >> run.gdb
 	echo '# handle SIGPIPE nostop'        >> run.gdb
@@ -945,85 +1253,272 @@ run.gdb:
 
 
 gdb: miniruby$(EXEEXT) run.gdb PHONY
-	gdb -x run.gdb --quiet --args $(MINIRUBY) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	gdb -x run.gdb --quiet --args $(MINIRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
 gdb-ruby: $(PROGRAM) run.gdb PHONY
-	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) $(RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER) -- $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) $(RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER) -- $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
+
+LLDB_INIT = command script import -r $(srcdir)/misc/lldb_cruby.py
+
+lldb: miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
+	lldb -o '$(LLDB_INIT)' miniruby$(EXEEXT) -- $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
+lldb-ruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
+	lldb $(enable_shared:yes=-o 'target modules add ${LIBRUBY_SO}') -o '$(LLDB_INIT)' $(PROGRAM) -- $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
+
+DISTPKGS = gzip,zip,all
+PKGSDIR = tmp
 dist:
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/make-snapshot -srcdir=$(srcdir) tmp $(RELNAME)
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/make-snapshot \
+	-srcdir=$(srcdir) -packages=$(DISTPKGS) \
+	-unicode-version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
+	$(DISTOPTS) $(PKGSDIR) $(RELNAME)
 
-up::
-	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) REVISION_FORCE=PHONY "$(REVISION_H)"
+up:: update-remote
 
 up::
-	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) after-update
+	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) REVISION_FORCE=PHONY after-update
+
+yes::
+no::
 
-after-update:: update-unicode update-gems extract-extlibs
+after-update:: $(REVISION_H)
+after-update:: extract-extlibs
+after-update:: extract-gems
+
+update-remote:: update-src update-download
+update-download:: $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
+update-download:: update-gems
+update-download:: download-extlibs
+
+update-mspec:
+update-rubyspec:
 
 update-config_files: PHONY
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/tool" \
-	    ../tool/downloader.rb -e gnu \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/downloader.rb -d tool --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) -e gnu \
 	    config.guess config.sub
 
-update-gems: PHONY
+refresh-gems: update-bundled_gems prepare-gems
+prepare-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
+
+update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem files...
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/gems" \
-	    -I../tool -rdownloader -answ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -I./tool -rdownloader -answ \
 	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("#{gem}-*.gem")' \
+	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("gems/#{gem}-*.gem")' \
 	    -e 'gem = "#{gem}-#{ver}.gem"' \
-	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, nil, nil) and' \
-	    -e 'File.unlink(*(old-[gem]))' \
-	    bundled_gems
+	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, "gems", nil) and' \
+	    -e '(old.delete("gems/#{gem}"); !old.empty?) and' \
+	    -e 'File.unlink(*old) and' \
+	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})' \
+	    gems/bundled_gems
 
-extract-gems: PHONY
+extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundled gem files...
-	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/gems" \
-	    -I../tool -rgem-unpack -answ \
+	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -Itool -rgem-unpack -answ \
+	    -e 'BEGIN {FileUtils.mkdir_p(d = ".bundle/gems")}' \
 	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'Gem.unpack("#{gem}-#{ver}.gem")' \
-	    bundled_gems
-
-UPDATE_LIBRARIES = no
-
-### set the following environment variable or uncomment the line if
-### the Unicode data files are updated every minute.
-# ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE = yes
-
-UNICODE_FILES = $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)/UnicodeData.txt \
-		$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)/CompositionExclusions.txt \
-		$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)/NormalizationTest.txt
-
-update-unicode: $(UNICODE_FILES) PHONY
-
-UNICODE_FILES_DEPS0 = $(UPDATE_LIBRARIES:yes=download-unicode-data)
-UNICODE_FILES_DEPS = $(UNICODE_FILES_DEPS0:no=)
-$(UNICODE_FILES): $(UNICODE_FILES_DEPS)
-
-download-unicode-data: ./.unicode-$(UNICODE_VERSION).time
-./.unicode-$(UNICODE_VERSION).time: PHONY
-	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data files...
-	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)"
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/downloader.rb \
-	    -d enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode \
-	    $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/UnicodeData.txt \
-	    $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/CompositionExclusions.txt \
-	    $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/NormalizationTest.txt
-	@exit > $@
-
-$(srcdir)/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb): \
-	$(UNICODE_FILES_DEPS:download-unicode-data=./.unicode-tables.time)
-
-./.unicode-tables.time: $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb \
-		$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_FILES_DEPS) \
-		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb \
-		-c -t$@ -o $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb \
+	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'g = "#{gem}-#{ver}"' \
+	    -e 'File.directory?("#{d}/#{g}") or Gem.unpack("gems/#{g}.gem", d)' \
+	    gems/bundled_gems
+
+update-bundled_gems: PHONY
+	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -rrubygems \
+	     $(tooldir)/update-bundled_gems.rb \
+	     "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" | \
+	"$(IFCHANGE)" "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" -
+
+test-bundled-gems-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck: main
+no-test-bundled-gems-precheck:
+
+test-bundled-gems-fetch: $(PREP)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir)/gems ../tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb src bundled_gems
+
+test-bundled-gems-prepare: test-bundled-gems-precheck test-bundled-gems-fetch
+test-bundled-gems-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-prepare
+no-test-bundled-gems-prepare: no-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "minitest:~> 5" "test-unit" "rake" "hoe" "yard" "pry" "packnga" "rexml" "json-schema" "rbs:~> 1.6.2"
+
+PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-prepare
+test-bundled-gems: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems
+yes-test-bundled-gems: test-bundled-gems-run
+no-test-bundled-gems:
+
+# Override this to allow failure of specific gems on CI
+# TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES =
+
+BUNDLED_GEMS =
+test-bundled-gems-run: $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
+	$(Q) $(XRUBY) $(tooldir)/test-bundled-gems.rb $(BUNDLED_GEMS)
+
+test-bundler-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-precheck
+no-test-bundler-precheck:
+yes-test-bundler-precheck: main
+
+no-test-bundler-prepare: no-test-bundler-precheck
+yes-test-bundler-prepare: yes-test-bundler-precheck
+	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "rspec:~> 3.8" "rake:~> 13.0" "parallel_tests:~> 2.29"
+
+RSPECOPTS =
+BUNDLER_SPECS =
+test-bundler: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler
+yes-test-bundler: yes-test-bundler-prepare
+	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec \
+		--require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
+no-test-bundler:
+
+PARALLELRSPECOPTS = --runtime-log $(srcdir)/tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
+test-bundler-parallel: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-parallel
+yes-test-bundler-parallel: yes-test-bundler-prepare
+	$(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler \
+		-e "ENV['PARALLEL_TESTS_EXECUTABLE'] = ARGV.shift" \
+		-e "load ARGV.shift" \
+		"$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec" \
+		$(srcdir)/.bundle/bin/parallel_rspec \
+		-o "--require spec_helper" \
+		$(PARALLELRSPECOPTS) $(srcdir)/spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
+no-test-bundler-parallel:
+
+GEM = up
+sync-default-gems:
+	$(Q) $(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/sync_default_gems.rb $(GEM)
+
+UNICODE_FILES = $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CompositionExclusions.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/NormalizationTest.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CaseFolding.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/SpecialCasing.txt \
+		$(empty)
+
+UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES =  \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/Blocks.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/DerivedAge.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/DerivedCoreProperties.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/PropList.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/PropertyAliases.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/PropertyValueAliases.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/Scripts.txt \
+		$(empty)
+
+UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES =  \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakProperty.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakTest.txt \
+		$(empty)
+
+UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES = \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-data.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-sequences.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-test.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-variation-sequences.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt \
+		$(empty)
+
+update-unicode: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
+		$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+
+CACHE_DIR = $(srcdir)/.downloaded-cache
+UNICODE_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
+	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
+	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) \
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd \
+	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
+	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
+	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary \
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/auxiliary \
+	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
+	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
+	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) \
+	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
+	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+
+$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES): update-unicode-files
+update-unicode-files:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and  property files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+
+$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES): update-unicode-auxiliary-files
+update-unicode-auxiliary-files:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) auxiliary files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
+
+$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES): update-unicode-emoji-files
+update-unicode-emoji-files:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+
+$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tables.rb): \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
+
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
+	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
+	$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+
+touch-unicode-files:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
+	touch $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+
+UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP = yes
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl \
+		$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
+	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
+		-c $(UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP:yes=-t$@) \
+		-o $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb \
 		-I $(srcdir) \
 		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl \
-		enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION) lib/unicode_normalize
+		$(UNICODE_DATA_DIR) lib/unicode_normalize
+
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR):
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $@
+
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=name2ctype.h): \
+		$(tooldir)/enc-unicode.rb \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
+		$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/enc-unicode.rb --header \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) > $@.new
+	$(MV) $@.new $@
+
+# the next non-comment line was:
+# $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+# but was changed to make sure CI works on systems that don't have gperf
+unicode-up: $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=casefold.h): \
+		$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/SpecialCasing.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CaseFolding.txt
+
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+		--output-file=$@ \
+		--mapping-data-directory=$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
 
 download-extlibs:
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir) -w tool/extlibs.rb --download ext
@@ -1049,57 +1544,69 @@ info-libruby_so: PHONY
 info-arch: PHONY
 	@echo arch=$(arch)
 
-change: PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" ./tool/change_maker.rb $(CHANGES) > change.log
+exam: check
 
-exam: check test-rubyspec
-
-love: sudo-precheck up all test install check
+love: sudo-precheck up all test exam install
 	@echo love is all you need
 
-yes-test-all: sudo-precheck
+great: exam
+
+yes-test-all no-test-all: sudo-precheck
 
 sudo-precheck: PHONY
 	@$(SUDO) echo > $(NULL)
 
 update-man-date: PHONY
-	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(srcdir)/tool" -rvcs -i -p \
+	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(tooldir)/lib" -rvcs -i -p \
 	-e 'BEGIN{@vcs=VCS.detect(ARGV.shift)}' \
 	-e '$$_.sub!(/^(\.Dd ).*/){$$1+@vcs.modified(ARGF.path).strftime("%B %d, %Y")}' \
 	"$(srcdir)" "$(srcdir)"/man/*.1
 
+.PHONY: ChangeLog
+ChangeLog:
+	$(ECHO) Generating $@
+	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(tooldir)/lib" -rvcs \
+	-e 'VCS.detect(ARGV[0]).export_changelog("@", nil, nil, ARGV[1])' \
+	"$(srcdir)" $@
+
+HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = ""
+
 help: PHONY
 	$(MESSAGE_BEGIN) \
 	"                Makefile of Ruby" \
 	"" \
 	"targets:" \
-	"  all (default):   builds all of below" \
-	"  miniruby:        builds only miniruby" \
-	"  encs:            builds encodings" \
-	"  exts:            builds extensions" \
-	"  main:            builds encodings, extensions and ruby" \
-	"  docs:            builds documents" \
-	"  run:             runs test.rb by miniruby" \
-	"  runruby:         runs test.rb by ruby you just built" \
-	"  gdb:             runs test.rb by miniruby under gdb" \
-	"  gdb-ruby:        runs test.rb by ruby under gdb" \
-	"  check:           equals make test test-all" \
-	"  exam:            equals make check test-rubyspec" \
-	"  test:            ruby core tests" \
-	"  test-all:        all ruby tests [TESTOPTS=-j4 TESTS=\"<test files>\"]" \
-	"  test-rubyspec:   run RubySpec test suite" \
-	"  update-rubyspec: update local copy of RubySpec" \
-	"  benchmark:       benchmark this ruby and COMPARE_RUBY." \
-	"  gcbench:         gc benchmark [GCBENCH_ITEM=<item_name>]" \
-	"  gcbench-rdoc:    gc benchmark with GCBENCH_ITEM=rdoc" \
-	"  install:         install all ruby distributions" \
-	"  install-nodoc:   install without rdoc" \
-	"  install-cross:   install cross compiling staff" \
-	"  clean:           clean for tarball" \
-	"  distclean:       clean for repository" \
-	"  change:          make change log template" \
-	"  golf:            for golfers" \
-	"" \
+	"  all (default):       builds all of below" \
+	"  miniruby:            builds only miniruby" \
+	"  encs:                builds encodings" \
+	"  exts:                builds extensions" \
+	"  main:                builds encodings, extensions and ruby" \
+	"  docs:                builds documents" \
+	"  install-capi:        builds C API documents" \
+	"  run:                 runs test.rb by miniruby" \
+	"  runruby:             runs test.rb by ruby you just built" \
+	"  gdb:                 runs test.rb by miniruby under gdb" \
+	"  gdb-ruby:            runs test.rb by ruby under gdb" \
+	"  check:               equals make test test-tool test-all test-spec" \
+	"  test:                ruby core tests [BTESTS=<bootstraptest files>]" \
+	"  test-all:            all ruby tests [TESTOPTS=-j4 TESTS=<test files>]" \
+	"  test-spec:           run the Ruby spec suite [SPECOPTS=<specs, opts>]" \
+	"  test-bundler:        run the Bundler spec" \
+	"  test-bundled-gems:   run the test suite of bundled gems" \
+	"  test-tool:           tests under the tool/test" \
+	"  update-gems:         download files of the bundled gems" \
+	"  update-bundled_gems: update the latest version of bundled gems" \
+	"  sync-default-gems:   sync default gems from upstream [GEM=<gem_name>]" \
+	"  up:                  update local copy and autogenerated files" \
+	"  benchmark:           benchmark this ruby and COMPARE_RUBY." \
+	"  gcbench:             gc benchmark [GCBENCH_ITEM=<item_name>]" \
+	"  install:             install all ruby distributions" \
+	"  install-nodoc:       install without rdoc" \
+	"  install-cross:       install cross compiling stuff" \
+	"  clean:               clean for tarball" \
+	"  distclean:           clean for repository" \
+	"  golf:                build goruby for golfers" \
+	$(HELP_EXTRA_TASKS) \
 	"see DeveloperHowto for more detail: " \
 	"  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
@@ -1107,142 +1614,1766 @@ help: PHONY
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+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
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 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enc/ascii.c
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
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 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
@@ -1338,15 +4422,15 @@ enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
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 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transcode_data.h
+enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h
+enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
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-enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
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@@ -1451,16 +5253,163 @@ eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_jump.c
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
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 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.c
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 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
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 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}setproctitle.c
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
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+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}signal.c
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
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 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
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 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
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+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/token_paste.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes_helper.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}variable.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.inc
-vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_args.c
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_eval.c
@@ -2419,13 +15597,33 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_method.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vmtc.inc
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
@@ -2434,12 +15632,153 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
-vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/artificial.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/constexpr.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noalias.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
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+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/bignum.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/class.h
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+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/gc.h
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+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
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+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/memory.h
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+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/token_paste.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -2447,30 +15786,190 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_backtrace.c
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
-vm_call.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
-vm_call.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-vm_call.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
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+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
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+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/array.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/bignum.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/class.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/compar.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/complex.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/cont.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/dir.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enum.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enumerator.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/error.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/eval.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/file.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/gc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/hash.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/io.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/load.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/marshal.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/numeric.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/object.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/parse.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/proc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/process.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/random.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/range.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/rational.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/re.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/ruby.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/signal.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/sprintf.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/interpreter.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/memory.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/module.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/rgengc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/token_paste.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}trace_point.rbinc
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_trace.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/compar.c b/compar.c
index b040641651..04d4ff8c70 100644
--- a/compar.c
+++ b/compar.c
@@ -9,11 +9,20 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/compar.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 VALUE rb_mComparable;
 
-static ID cmp;
+static VALUE
+rb_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv(x, idCmp, 1, &y);
+}
 
 void
 rb_cmperr(VALUE x, VALUE y)
@@ -34,7 +43,7 @@ static VALUE
 invcmp_recursive(VALUE x, VALUE y, int recursive)
 {
     if (recursive) return Qnil;
-    return rb_check_funcall(y, cmp, 1, &x);
+    return rb_cmp(y, x);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -54,7 +63,7 @@ static VALUE
 cmp_eq_recursive(VALUE arg1, VALUE arg2, int recursive)
 {
     if (recursive) return Qnil;
-    return rb_funcallv(arg1, cmp, 1, &arg2);
+    return rb_cmp(arg1, arg2);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -79,20 +88,24 @@ cmp_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+static int
+cmpint(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_cmpint(rb_cmp(x, y), x, y);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj > other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns 1.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value greater than 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 cmp_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    VALUE c = rb_funcall(x, cmp, 1, y);
-
-    if (rb_cmpint(c, x, y) > 0) return Qtrue;
+    if (cmpint(x, y) > 0) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -101,15 +114,13 @@ cmp_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj >= other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns 0 or 1.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value greater than or equal to 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 cmp_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    VALUE c = rb_funcall(x, cmp, 1, y);
-
-    if (rb_cmpint(c, x, y) >= 0) return Qtrue;
+    if (cmpint(x, y) >= 0) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -118,15 +129,13 @@ cmp_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj < other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns -1.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value less than 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 cmp_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    VALUE c = rb_funcall(x, cmp, 1, y);
-
-    if (rb_cmpint(c, x, y) < 0) return Qtrue;
+    if (cmpint(x, y) < 0) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -135,15 +144,13 @@ cmp_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj <= other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns -1 or 0.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value less than or equal to 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 cmp_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    VALUE c = rb_funcall(x, cmp, 1, y);
-
-    if (rb_cmpint(c, x, y) <= 0) return Qtrue;
+    if (cmpint(x, y) <= 0) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -151,9 +158,9 @@ cmp_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.between?(min, max)    -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns <code>false</code> if <i>obj</i> <code><=></code>
- *  <i>min</i> is less than zero or if <i>anObject</i> <code><=></code>
- *  <i>max</i> is greater than zero, <code>true</code> otherwise.
+ *  Returns <code>false</code> if _obj_ <code><=></code> _min_ is less
+ *  than zero or if _obj_ <code><=></code> _max_ is greater than zero,
+ *  <code>true</code> otherwise.
  *
  *     3.between?(1, 5)               #=> true
  *     6.between?(1, 5)               #=> false
@@ -165,22 +172,97 @@ cmp_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static VALUE
 cmp_between(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
 {
-    if (RTEST(cmp_lt(x, min))) return Qfalse;
-    if (RTEST(cmp_gt(x, max))) return Qfalse;
+    if (cmpint(x, min) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (cmpint(x, max) > 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
- *  The <code>Comparable</code> mixin is used by classes whose objects
- *  may be ordered. The class must define the <code><=></code> operator,
- *  which compares the receiver against another object, returning -1, 0,
- *  or +1 depending on whether the receiver is less than, equal to, or
- *  greater than the other object. If the other object is not comparable
- *  then the <code><=></code> operator should return nil.
- *  <code>Comparable</code> uses
- *  <code><=></code> to implement the conventional comparison operators
- *  (<code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>>=</code>,
- *  and <code>></code>) and the method <code>between?</code>.
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.clamp(min, max) ->  obj
+ *     obj.clamp(range)    ->  obj
+ *
+ * In <code>(min, max)</code> form, returns _min_ if _obj_
+ * <code><=></code> _min_ is less than zero, _max_ if _obj_
+ * <code><=></code> _max_ is greater than zero, and _obj_
+ * otherwise.
+ *
+ *     12.clamp(0, 100)         #=> 12
+ *     523.clamp(0, 100)        #=> 100
+ *     -3.123.clamp(0, 100)     #=> 0
+ *
+ *     'd'.clamp('a', 'f')      #=> 'd'
+ *     'z'.clamp('a', 'f')      #=> 'f'
+ *
+ * In <code>(range)</code> form, returns _range.begin_ if _obj_
+ * <code><=></code> _range.begin_ is less than zero, _range.end_
+ * if _obj_ <code><=></code> _range.end_ is greater than zero, and
+ * _obj_ otherwise.
+ *
+ *     12.clamp(0..100)         #=> 12
+ *     523.clamp(0..100)        #=> 100
+ *     -3.123.clamp(0..100)     #=> 0
+ *
+ *     'd'.clamp('a'..'f')      #=> 'd'
+ *     'z'.clamp('a'..'f')      #=> 'f'
+ *
+ * If _range.begin_ is +nil+, it is considered smaller than _obj_,
+ * and if _range.end_ is +nil+, it is considered greater than
+ * _obj_.
+ *
+ *     -20.clamp(0..)           #=> 0
+ *     523.clamp(..100)         #=> 100
+ *
+ * When _range.end_ is excluded and not +nil+, an exception is
+ * raised.
+ *
+ *     100.clamp(0...100)       # ArgumentError
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+cmp_clamp(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
+{
+    VALUE min, max;
+    int c, excl = 0;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &min, &max) == 1) {
+        VALUE range = min;
+        if (!rb_range_values(range, &min, &max, &excl)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected Range)",
+                     rb_builtin_class_name(range));
+        }
+        if (!NIL_P(max)) {
+            if (excl) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot clamp with an exclusive range");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(min) && !NIL_P(max) && cmpint(min, max) > 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "min argument must be smaller than max argument");
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(min)) {
+        c = cmpint(x, min);
+        if (c == 0) return x;
+        if (c < 0) return min;
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(max)) {
+        c = cmpint(x, max);
+        if (c > 0) return max;
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  The Comparable mixin is used by classes whose objects may be
+ *  ordered. The class must define the <code><=></code> operator,
+ *  which compares the receiver against another object, returning a
+ *  value less than 0, returning 0, or returning a value greater than 0,
+ *  depending on whether the receiver is less than, equal to,
+ *  or greater than the other object. If the other object is not
+ *  comparable then the <code><=></code> operator should return +nil+.
+ *  Comparable uses <code><=></code> to implement the conventional
+ *  comparison operators (<code><</code>, <code><=</code>,
+ *  <code>==</code>, <code>>=</code>, and <code>></code>) and the
+ *  method <code>between?</code>.
  *
  *     class SizeMatters
  *       include Comparable
@@ -212,9 +294,6 @@ cmp_between(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
 void
 Init_Comparable(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     rb_mComparable = rb_define_module("Comparable");
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "==", cmp_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, ">", cmp_gt, 1);
@@ -222,6 +301,5 @@ Init_Comparable(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "<", cmp_lt, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "<=", cmp_le, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "between?", cmp_between, 2);
-
-    cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
+    rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "clamp", cmp_clamp, -1);
 }
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index f767dc4b05..9844c145bc 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -9,22 +9,41 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/re.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #include <math.h>
 
-#define USE_INSN_STACK_INCREASE 1
-#include "vm_core.h"
-#include "iseq.h"
-#include "insns.inc"
-#include "insns_info.inc"
-#include "gc.h"
-
 #ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
 # include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compile.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/re.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "ruby/re.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "vm_debug.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "insns.inc"
+#include "insns_info.inc"
+
 #undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
 #define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
 
@@ -33,10 +52,11 @@
 
 typedef struct iseq_link_element {
     enum {
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_NONE,
+	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,
 	ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL,
 	ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN,
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST
+	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST,
+        ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE,
     } type;
     struct iseq_link_element *next;
     struct iseq_link_element *prev;
@@ -59,19 +79,23 @@ typedef struct iseq_label_data {
     int label_no;
     int position;
     int sc_state;
-    int set;
     int sp;
     int refcnt;
+    unsigned int set: 1;
     unsigned int rescued: 2;
+    unsigned int unremovable: 1;
 } LABEL;
 
 typedef struct iseq_insn_data {
     LINK_ELEMENT link;
     enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id;
-    unsigned int line_no;
     int operand_size;
     int sc_state;
     VALUE *operands;
+    struct {
+	int line_no;
+	rb_event_flag_t events;
+    } insn_info;
 } INSN;
 
 typedef struct iseq_adjust_data {
@@ -80,6 +104,12 @@ typedef struct iseq_adjust_data {
     int line_no;
 } ADJUST;
 
+typedef struct iseq_trace_data {
+    LINK_ELEMENT link;
+    rb_event_flag_t event;
+    long data;
+} TRACE;
+
 struct ensure_range {
     LABEL *begin;
     LABEL *end;
@@ -87,11 +117,13 @@ struct ensure_range {
 };
 
 struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack {
-    NODE *ensure_node;
+    const NODE *ensure_node;
     struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *prev;
     struct ensure_range *erange;
 };
 
+const ID rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl[] = {idERROR_INFO};
+
 /**
  * debug function(macro) interface depend on CPDEBUG
  * if it is less than 0, runtime option is in effect.
@@ -142,35 +174,24 @@ struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack {
 
 #define debug_node_start(node)  ((void) \
   (compile_debug_print_indent(1) && \
-   (ruby_debug_print_node(1, CPDEBUG, "", (NODE *)(node)), gl_node_level)), \
+   (ruby_debug_print_node(1, CPDEBUG, "", (const NODE *)(node)), gl_node_level)), \
    gl_node_level++)
 
 #define debug_node_end()  gl_node_level --
 
 #else
 
-static inline ID
-r_id(ID id)
-{
-    return id;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-r_value(VALUE value)
-{
-    return value;
-}
-
-#define debugi(header, id)                 r_id(id)
-#define debugp(header, value)              r_value(value)
-#define debugp_verbose(header, value)      r_value(value)
-#define debugp_verbose_node(header, value) r_value(value)
-#define debugp_param(header, value)        r_value(value)
+#define debugi(header, id)                 ((void)0)
+#define debugp(header, value)              ((void)0)
+#define debugp_verbose(header, value)      ((void)0)
+#define debugp_verbose_node(header, value) ((void)0)
+#define debugp_param(header, value)        ((void)0)
 #define debug_node_start(node)             ((void)0)
 #define debug_node_end()                   ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 #if CPDEBUG > 1 || CPDEBUG < 0
+#undef printf
 #define printf ruby_debug_printf
 #define debugs if (compile_debug_print_indent(1)) ruby_debug_printf
 #define debug_compile(msg, v) ((void)(compile_debug_print_indent(1) && fputs((msg), stderr)), (v))
@@ -179,12 +200,11 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define debug_compile(msg, v) (v)
 #endif
 
+#define LVAR_ERRINFO (1)
 
 /* create new label */
 #define NEW_LABEL(l) new_label_body(iseq, (l))
-
-#define iseq_path(iseq) ((iseq)->body->location.path)
-#define iseq_absolute_path(iseq) ((iseq)->body->location.absolute_path)
+#define LABEL_FORMAT "<L%03d>"
 
 #define NEW_ISEQ(node, name, type, line_no) \
   new_child_iseq(iseq, (node), rb_fstring(name), 0, (type), (line_no))
@@ -200,18 +220,27 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define ADD_INSN(seq, line, insn) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
 
-/* insert an instruction before prev */
-#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(prev, line, insn) \
-  INSERT_ELEM_PREV(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
+/* insert an instruction before next */
+#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(next, line, insn) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&(next)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
+
+/* insert an instruction after prev */
+#define INSERT_AFTER_INSN(prev, line, insn) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
 
 /* add an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) */
 #define ADD_INSN1(seq, line, insn, op1) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
            new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))
 
-/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) before prev */
-#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(prev, line, insn, op1) \
-  INSERT_ELEM_PREV(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
+/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) before next */
+#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(next, line, insn, op1) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&(next)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
+           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))
+
+/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) after prev */
+#define INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(prev, line, insn, op1) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
            new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))
 
 #define LABEL_REF(label) ((label)->refcnt++)
@@ -249,19 +278,16 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define ADD_SEND_R(seq, line, id, argc, block, flag, keywords) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_send(iseq, (line), (id), (VALUE)(argc), (block), (VALUE)(flag), (keywords)))
 
-#define ADD_TRACE(seq, line, event) \
-  do { \
-      if ((event) == RUBY_EVENT_LINE && ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && \
-	  (line) > 0 && \
-	  (line) != ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_coverable_line) { \
-	  RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq), (line) - 1, INT2FIX(0)); \
-	  ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_coverable_line = (line); \
-	  ADD_INSN1((seq), (line), trace, INT2FIX(RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE)); \
-      } \
-      if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->trace_instruction) { \
-	  ADD_INSN1((seq), (line), trace, INT2FIX(event)); \
-      } \
-  } while (0)
+#define ADD_TRACE(seq, event) \
+  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *)new_trace_body(iseq, (event), 0))
+#define ADD_TRACE_WITH_DATA(seq, event, data) \
+  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *)new_trace_body(iseq, (event), (data)))
+
+static void iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level);
+static void iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level);
+
+#define ADD_GETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) iseq_add_getlocal(iseq, (seq), (line), (idx), (level))
+#define ADD_SETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) iseq_add_setlocal(iseq, (seq), (line), (idx), (level))
 
 /* add label */
 #define ADD_LABEL(seq, label) \
@@ -276,13 +302,17 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(seq, label) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_adjust_body(iseq, (label), -1))
 
+#define LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(label) \
+    ((label) ? (LABEL_REF(label), (label)->unremovable=1) : 0)
 #define ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, ls, le, iseqv, lc) do {				\
     VALUE _e = rb_ary_new3(5, (type),						\
 			   (VALUE)(ls) | 1, (VALUE)(le) | 1,			\
 			   (VALUE)(iseqv), (VALUE)(lc) | 1);			\
-    if (ls) LABEL_REF(ls);							\
-    if (le) LABEL_REF(le);							\
-    if (lc) LABEL_REF(lc);							\
+    LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(ls);							\
+    LABEL_REF(le);								\
+    LABEL_REF(lc);								\
+    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) \
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, rb_ary_tmp_new(3)); \
     rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, freeze_hide_obj(_e));	\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -292,19 +322,19 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
                  iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), 0)))
 
 /* compile node, this node's value will be popped */
-#define COMPILE_POPED(anchor, desc, node)    \
+#define COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, desc, node)    \
   (debug_compile("== " desc "\n", \
                  iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), 1)))
 
-/* compile node, which is popped when 'poped' is true */
-#define COMPILE_(anchor, desc, node, poped)  \
+/* compile node, which is popped when 'popped' is true */
+#define COMPILE_(anchor, desc, node, popped)  \
   (debug_compile("== " desc "\n", \
-                 iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), (poped))))
+                 iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), (popped))))
 
 #define COMPILE_RECV(anchor, desc, node) \
     (private_recv_p(node) ? \
      (ADD_INSN(anchor, nd_line(node), putself), VM_CALL_FCALL) : \
-     (COMPILE(anchor, desc, node->nd_recv), 0))
+     COMPILE(anchor, desc, node->nd_recv) ? 0 : -1)
 
 #define OPERAND_AT(insn, idx) \
   (((INSN*)(insn))->operands[(idx)])
@@ -312,81 +342,100 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define INSN_OF(insn) \
   (((INSN*)(insn))->insn_id)
 
+#define IS_INSN(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN)
+#define IS_LABEL(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL)
+#define IS_ADJUST(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST)
+#define IS_TRACE(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE)
+#define IS_INSN_ID(iobj, insn) (INSN_OF(iobj) == BIN(insn))
+#define IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(link, insn) \
+    ((link)->next && IS_INSN((link)->next) && IS_INSN_ID((link)->next, insn))
+
 /* error */
-typedef void (*compile_error_func)(VALUE, int, const char *, ...);
+#if CPDEBUG > 0
+NORETURN(static void append_compile_error(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...));
+#endif
 
 static void
-append_compile_error(VALUE file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+append_compile_error(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE err_info = rb_errinfo();
-    VALUE str = rb_attr_get(err_info, idMesg);
+    VALUE err_info = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info;
+    VALUE file = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
+    VALUE err = err_info == Qtrue ? Qfalse : err_info;
     va_list args;
 
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(str)) rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
-    if (file) {
-	rb_str_concat(str, file);
-	if (line) rb_str_catf(str, ":%d", line);
-	rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
-    }
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    rb_str_vcatf(str, fmt, args);
+    err = rb_syntax_error_append(err, file, line, -1, NULL, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
+    if (NIL_P(err_info)) {
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err);
+	rb_set_errinfo(err);
+    }
+    else if (!err_info) {
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, Qtrue);
+    }
+    if (compile_debug) {
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(err)) err = rb_eSyntaxError;
+        rb_exc_fatal(err);
+    }
 }
 
-NOINLINE(static compile_error_func prepare_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq));
-
-static compile_error_func
-prepare_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+#if 0
+static void
+compile_bug(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE err_info = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info;
-    if (compile_debug) return rb_compile_bug_str;
-    if (NIL_P(err_info)) {
-	err_info = rb_exc_new_cstr(rb_eSyntaxError, "");
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err_info);
-    }
-    rb_set_errinfo(err_info);
-    return append_compile_error;
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    rb_report_bug_valist(rb_iseq_path(iseq), line, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    abort();
 }
+#endif
 
-#define COMPILE_ERROR prepare_compile_error(iseq)
+#define COMPILE_ERROR append_compile_error
 
-#define ERROR_ARGS_AT(n) ruby_sourcefile_string, nd_line(n),
+#define ERROR_ARGS_AT(n) iseq, nd_line(n),
 #define ERROR_ARGS ERROR_ARGS_AT(node)
 
-#define EXPECT_NODE(prefix, node, ndtype) \
+#define EXPECT_NODE(prefix, node, ndtype, errval) \
 do { \
-    NODE *error_node = (node); \
+    const NODE *error_node = (node); \
     enum node_type error_type = nd_type(error_node); \
     if (error_type != (ndtype)) { \
-	rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
-			   prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
-			   ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
+		      prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
+		      ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
+	return errval; \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
-#define EXPECT_NODE_NONULL(prefix, parent, ndtype) \
+#define EXPECT_NODE_NONULL(prefix, parent, ndtype, errval) \
 do { \
-    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS_AT(parent) \
-		       prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
+    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(parent) \
+		  prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
+    return errval; \
 } while (0)
 
-#define UNKNOWN_NODE(prefix, node) \
+#define UNKNOWN_NODE(prefix, node, errval) \
 do { \
-    NODE *error_node = (node); \
-    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) prefix ": unknown node (%s)", \
-		       ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
+    const NODE *error_node = (node); \
+    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) prefix ": unknown node (%s)", \
+		  ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
+    return errval; \
 } while (0)
 
 #define COMPILE_OK 1
 #define COMPILE_NG 0
 
+#define CHECK(sub) if (!(sub)) {BEFORE_RETURN;return COMPILE_NG;}
+#define NO_CHECK(sub) (void)(sub)
+#define BEFORE_RETURN
 
 /* leave name uninitialized so that compiler warn if INIT_ANCHOR is
  * missing */
 #define DECL_ANCHOR(name) \
-  LINK_ANCHOR *name, name##_body__ = {{0,},}
+    LINK_ANCHOR name[1] = {{{ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,},}}
 #define INIT_ANCHOR(name) \
-  (name##_body__.last = &name##_body__.anchor, name = &name##_body__)
+    (name->last = &name->anchor)
 
 static inline VALUE
 freeze_hide_obj(VALUE obj)
@@ -414,7 +463,8 @@ freeze_hide_obj(VALUE obj)
 #define gl_node_level ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node_level
 #endif
 
-static void dump_disasm_list(LINK_ELEMENT *elem);
+static void dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr, const LABEL *dest);
+static void dump_disasm_list(const LINK_ELEMENT *elem);
 
 static int insn_data_length(INSN *iobj);
 static int calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *iobj);
@@ -422,27 +472,33 @@ static int calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *iobj);
 static INSN *new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int argc, ...);
 static LABEL *new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line);
 static ADJUST *new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line);
+static TRACE *new_trace_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t event, long data);
 
-static int iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, NODE * n, int);
-static int iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor);
-static int iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor);
-static int iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor);
+
+static int iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, const NODE *n, int);
+static int iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
+static int iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
+static int iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
+static int iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 
 static int iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl);
 static int iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
-static int iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, NODE * node);
+static int iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, const NODE *const node);
 
-static int iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor);
-static int iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor);
+static int iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
+static int iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 static int iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 static int iseq_set_optargs_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 
+static int compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr);
+static int compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int method_call_keywords, int popped);
+
 /*
  * To make Array to LinkedList, use link_anchor
  */
 
 static void
-verify_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE const char *info, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+verify_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE const char *info, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
 #if CPDEBUG
     int flag = 0;
@@ -473,11 +529,49 @@ verify_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE const char *info, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 #define verify_list(info, anchor) verify_list(iseq, (info), (anchor))
 #endif
 
+static void
+verify_call_cache(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+#if CPDEBUG
+    // fprintf(stderr, "ci_size:%d\t", iseq->body->ci_size); rp(iseq);
+
+    VALUE *original = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (i < iseq->body->iseq_size) {
+        VALUE insn = original[i];
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+
+        for (int j=0; types[j]; j++) {
+            if (types[j] == TS_CALLDATA) {
+                struct rb_call_data *cd = (struct rb_call_data *)original[i+j+1];
+                const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
+                const struct rb_callcache *cc = cd->cc;
+                if (cc != vm_cc_empty()) {
+                    vm_ci_dump(ci);
+                    rb_bug("call cache is not initialized by vm_cc_empty()");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        i += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+
+    for (unsigned int i=0; i<iseq->body->ci_size; i++) {
+        struct rb_call_data *cd = &iseq->body->call_data[i];
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
+        const struct rb_callcache *cc = cd->cc;
+        if (cc != NULL && cc != vm_cc_empty()) {
+            vm_ci_dump(ci);
+            rb_bug("call cache is not initialized by vm_cc_empty()");
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
  * elem1, elem2 => elem1, elem2, elem
  */
 static void
-ADD_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+ADD_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 {
     elem->prev = anchor->last;
     anchor->last->next = elem;
@@ -489,7 +583,7 @@ ADD_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
  * elem1, before, elem2 => elem1, before, elem, elem2
  */
 static void
-APPEND_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *before, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+APPEND_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *before, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 {
     elem->prev = before;
     elem->next = before->next;
@@ -504,26 +598,97 @@ APPEND_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *before, LINK_ELE
 #endif
 
 static int
-iseq_add_mark_object(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE v)
+branch_coverage_valid_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int first_line)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
-	rb_iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, v);
-    }
-    return COMPILE_OK;
+    if (!ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) return 0;
+    if (!ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq)) return 0;
+    if (first_line <= 0) return 0;
+    return 1;
 }
 
-#define ruby_sourcefile_string (iseq->body->location.path)
-#define ruby_sourcefile		RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.path)
+static VALUE
+decl_branch_base(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node, const char *type)
+{
+    const int first_lineno = nd_first_lineno(node), first_column = nd_first_column(node);
+    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node), last_column = nd_last_column(node);
 
-static int
-iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE v)
+    if (!branch_coverage_valid_p(iseq, first_lineno)) return Qundef;
+
+    /*
+     * if !structure[node]
+     *   structure[node] = [type, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column, branches = {}]
+     * else
+     *   branches = structure[node][5]
+     * end
+     */
+
+    VALUE structure = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq), 0);
+    VALUE key = (VALUE)node | 1; // FIXNUM for hash key
+    VALUE branch_base = rb_hash_aref(structure, key);
+    VALUE branches;
+
+    if (NIL_P(branch_base)) {
+        branch_base = rb_ary_tmp_new(6);
+        rb_hash_aset(structure, key, branch_base);
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(first_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(first_column));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(last_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(last_column));
+        branches = rb_hash_new();
+        rb_obj_hide(branches);
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, branches);
+    }
+    else {
+        branches = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 5);
+    }
+
+    return branches;
+}
+
+static void
+add_trace_branch_coverage(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *node, int branch_id, const char *type, VALUE branches)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
-	rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->mark_ary, v);
+    const int first_lineno = nd_first_lineno(node), first_column = nd_first_column(node);
+    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node), last_column = nd_last_column(node);
+
+    if (!branch_coverage_valid_p(iseq, first_lineno)) return;
+
+    /*
+     * if !branches[branch_id]
+     *   branches[branch_id] = [type, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column, counter_idx]
+     * else
+     *   counter_idx= branches[branch_id][5]
+     * end
+     */
+
+    VALUE key = INT2FIX(branch_id);
+    VALUE branch = rb_hash_aref(branches, key);
+    long counter_idx;
+
+    if (NIL_P(branch)) {
+        branch = rb_ary_tmp_new(6);
+        rb_hash_aset(branches, key, branch);
+        rb_ary_push(branch, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(first_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(first_column));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(last_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(last_column));
+        VALUE counters = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq), 1);
+        counter_idx = RARRAY_LEN(counters);
+        rb_ary_push(branch, LONG2FIX(counter_idx));
+        rb_ary_push(counters, INT2FIX(0));
     }
-    return COMPILE_OK;
+    else {
+        counter_idx = FIX2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(branch, 5));
+    }
+
+    ADD_TRACE_WITH_DATA(seq, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH, counter_idx);
+    ADD_INSN(seq, last_lineno, nop);
 }
 
+#define ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq) (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line)
+
 static int
 validate_label(st_data_t name, st_data_t label, st_data_t arg)
 {
@@ -531,9 +696,9 @@ validate_label(st_data_t name, st_data_t label, st_data_t arg)
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)label;
     if (!lobj->link.next) {
 	do {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, lobj->position,
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, lobj->position,
 			  "%"PRIsVALUE": undefined label",
-			  rb_id2str((ID)name));
+			  rb_sym2str((VALUE)name));
 	} while (0);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -544,21 +709,37 @@ validate_labels(rb_iseq_t *iseq, st_table *labels_table)
 {
     st_foreach(labels_table, validate_label, (st_data_t)iseq);
     st_free_table(labels_table);
-    if (!NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info)) {
-	rb_exc_raise(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info);
-    }
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
+rb_iseq_compile_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func * ifunc)
+{
+    DECL_ANCHOR(ret);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(ret);
+
+    (*ifunc->func)(iseq, ret, ifunc->data);
+
+    ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, leave);
+
+    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
+    return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
 {
     DECL_ANCHOR(ret);
     INIT_ANCHOR(ret);
 
+    if (IMEMO_TYPE_P(node, imemo_ifunc)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected imemo_ifunc");
+    }
+
     if (node == 0) {
-	COMPILE(ret, "nil", node);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nil", node));
 	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
     }
+    /* assume node is T_NODE */
     else if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SCOPE) {
 	/* iseq type of top, method, class, block */
 	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, node->nd_tbl);
@@ -573,89 +754,93 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
 		start->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
 		end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
 
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		ADD_INSN (ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), nop);
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
-		COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body);
+		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body));
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, end);
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = iseq->body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno;
 
 		/* wide range catch handler must put at last */
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, 0, start);
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, 0, end);
+		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, NULL, start);
+		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, NULL, end);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
 	    {
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
-		COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body);
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_END);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_END);
+		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
 	    {
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
-		COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body);
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  default: {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
 	    break;
 	  }
 	}
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P((VALUE)node, T_IMEMO)) {
-	const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = (struct vm_ifunc *)node;
-	/* user callback */
-	(*ifunc->func)(iseq, ret, ifunc->data);
-    }
     else {
+	const char *m;
+#define INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(type) \
+	ISEQ_TYPE_##type: m = #type; goto invalid_iseq_type
 	switch (iseq->body->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/should not be reached: %s:%d",
-			  __FILE__, __LINE__);
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(METHOD);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(CLASS);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(BLOCK);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(EVAL);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(MAIN);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(TOP);
+#undef INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE /* invalid iseq types end */
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
 	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "rescue", node);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue", node));
 	    break;
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
 	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
-	    COMPILE_POPED(ret, "ensure", node);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "ensure", node));
 	    break;
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD:
-	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined guard", node);
+	  case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN:
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "ensure", node));
 	    break;
 	  default:
-	    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "unknown scope");
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown scope: %d", iseq->body->type);
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	  invalid_iseq_type:
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/ISEQ_TYPE_%s should not be reached", m);
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
     }
 
     if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, 0, getlocal, INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(0));
+	ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, 0, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, 0, throw, INT2FIX(0) /* continue throw */ );
     }
     else {
 	ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, leave);
     }
 
-#if SUPPORT_JOKE
+#if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table) {
 	st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
 	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = 0;
 	validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
     }
 #endif
+    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
     return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
 }
 
-int
+static int
 rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
 #if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
@@ -669,26 +854,11 @@ rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 	encoded[i] = (VALUE)table[insn];
 	i += len;
     }
+    FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED);
 #endif
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
-#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
-static int
-rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(const void *addr) /* cold path */
-{
-    int insn;
-    const void * const *table = rb_vm_get_insns_address_table();
-
-    for (insn = 0; insn < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; insn++) {
-	if (table[insn] == addr) {
-	    return insn;
-	}
-    }
-    rb_bug("rb_vm_insn_addr2insn: invalid insn address: %p", addr);
-}
-#endif
-
 VALUE *
 rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) /* cold path */
 {
@@ -728,6 +898,16 @@ rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) /* cold path */
   #define STRICT_ALIGNMENT
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Some OpenBSD platforms (including sparc64) require strict alignment.
+ */
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__)
+  #include <sys/endian.h>
+  #ifdef __STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+    #define STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+  #endif
+#endif
+
 #ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
   #if defined(HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > SIZEOF_VALUE
     #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
@@ -768,11 +948,10 @@ calc_padding(void *ptr, size_t size)
 #endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
 
 static void *
-compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
+compile_data_alloc_with_arena(struct iseq_compile_data_storage **arena, size_t size)
 {
     void *ptr = 0;
-    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage =
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current;
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage = *arena;
 #ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
     size_t padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
 #else
@@ -788,8 +967,8 @@ compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
 	    alloc_size *= 2;
 	}
 	storage->next = (void *)ALLOC_N(char, alloc_size +
-					SIZEOF_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE);
-	storage = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current = storage->next;
+					offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff));
+	storage = *arena = storage->next;
 	storage->next = 0;
 	storage->pos = 0;
 	storage->size = alloc_size;
@@ -807,10 +986,34 @@ compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
     return ptr;
 }
 
+static void *
+compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
+{
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage ** arena = &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node.storage_current;
+    return compile_data_alloc_with_arena(arena, size);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+compile_data_alloc2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t size = rb_size_mul_or_raise(x, y, rb_eRuntimeError);
+    return compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+compile_data_calloc2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t size = rb_size_mul_or_raise(x, y, rb_eRuntimeError);
+    void *p = compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
+    memset(p, 0, size);
+    return p;
+}
+
 static INSN *
 compile_data_alloc_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    return (INSN *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(INSN));
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage ** arena = &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->insn.storage_current;
+    return (INSN *)compile_data_alloc_with_arena(arena, sizeof(INSN));
 }
 
 static LABEL *
@@ -825,11 +1028,17 @@ compile_data_alloc_adjust(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     return (ADJUST *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(ADJUST));
 }
 
+static TRACE *
+compile_data_alloc_trace(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return (TRACE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(TRACE));
+}
+
 /*
  * elem1, elemX => elem1, elem2, elemX
  */
 static void
-INSERT_ELEM_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
+ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 {
     elem2->next = elem1->next;
     elem2->prev = elem1;
@@ -843,7 +1052,7 @@ INSERT_ELEM_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
  * elem1, elemX => elemX, elem2, elem1
  */
 static void
-INSERT_ELEM_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
+ELEM_INSERT_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 {
     elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
     elem2->next = elem1;
@@ -853,12 +1062,11 @@ INSERT_ELEM_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
     }
 }
 
-#if 0
 /*
  * elemX, elem1, elemY => elemX, elem2, elemY
  */
 static void
-REPLACE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
+ELEM_REPLACE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 {
     elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
     elem2->next = elem1->next;
@@ -869,10 +1077,9 @@ REPLACE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 	elem1->next->prev = elem2;
     }
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
-REMOVE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+ELEM_REMOVE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 {
     elem->prev->next = elem->next;
     if (elem->next) {
@@ -881,19 +1088,19 @@ REMOVE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 }
 
 static LINK_ELEMENT *
-FIRST_ELEMENT(LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+FIRST_ELEMENT(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     return anchor->anchor.next;
 }
 
 static LINK_ELEMENT *
-LAST_ELEMENT(LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+LAST_ELEMENT(LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     return anchor->last;
 }
 
 static LINK_ELEMENT *
-POP_ELEMENT(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+POP_ELEMENT(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *elem = anchor->last;
     anchor->last = anchor->last->prev;
@@ -905,14 +1112,42 @@ POP_ELEMENT(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 #define POP_ELEMENT(anchor) POP_ELEMENT(iseq, (anchor))
 #endif
 
+static LINK_ELEMENT *
+ELEM_FIRST_INSN(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+{
+    while (elem) {
+	switch (elem->type) {
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+	    return elem;
+	  default:
+	    elem = elem->next;
+	}
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 static int
-LIST_SIZE_ZERO(LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
-    if (anchor->anchor.next == 0) {
-	return 1;
+    LINK_ELEMENT *first_insn = ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+    if (first_insn != NULL &&
+	ELEM_FIRST_INSN(first_insn->next) == NULL) {
+	return TRUE;
     }
     else {
-	return 0;
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+{
+    if (ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor)) == NULL) {
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+	return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -924,7 +1159,7 @@ LIST_SIZE_ZERO(LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
  * anc2: e4, e5 (broken)
  */
 static void
-APPEND_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *anc2)
+APPEND_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *const anc2)
 {
     if (anc2->anchor.next) {
 	anc1->last->next = anc2->anchor.next;
@@ -937,38 +1172,9 @@ APPEND_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *anc2)
 #define APPEND_LIST(anc1, anc2) APPEND_LIST(iseq, (anc1), (anc2))
 #endif
 
-/*
- * anc1: e1, e2, e3
- * anc2: e4, e5
- *#=>
- * anc1: e4, e5, e1, e2, e3
- * anc2: e4, e5 (broken)
- */
-static void
-INSERT_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *anc2)
-{
-    if (anc2->anchor.next) {
-	LINK_ELEMENT *first = anc1->anchor.next;
-	anc1->anchor.next = anc2->anchor.next;
-	anc1->anchor.next->prev = &anc1->anchor;
-	anc2->last->next = first;
-	if (first) {
-	    first->prev = anc2->last;
-	}
-	else {
-	    anc1->last = anc2->last;
-	}
-    }
-
-    verify_list("append", anc1);
-}
-#if CPDEBUG < 0
-#define INSERT_LIST(anc1, anc2) INSERT_LIST(iseq, (anc1), (anc2))
-#endif
-
 #if CPDEBUG && 0
 static void
-debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *cur)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     printf("----\n");
@@ -976,19 +1182,34 @@ debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 	   anchor->anchor.next, anchor->last);
     while (list) {
 	printf("curr: %p, next: %p, prev: %p, type: %d\n", list, list->next,
-	       list->prev, FIX2INT(list->type));
+	       list->prev, (int)list->type);
 	list = list->next;
     }
     printf("----\n");
 
-    dump_disasm_list(anchor->anchor.next);
+    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(anchor->anchor.next, cur, 0);
     verify_list("debug list", anchor);
 }
 #if CPDEBUG < 0
-#define debug_list(anc) debug_list(iseq, (anc))
+#define debug_list(anc, cur) debug_list(iseq, (anc), (cur))
 #endif
+#else
+#define debug_list(anc, cur) ((void)0)
 #endif
 
+static TRACE *
+new_trace_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t event, long data)
+{
+    TRACE *trace = compile_data_alloc_trace(iseq);
+
+    trace->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE;
+    trace->link.next = NULL;
+    trace->event = event;
+    trace->data = data;
+
+    return trace;
+}
+
 static LABEL *
 new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line)
 {
@@ -1003,6 +1224,7 @@ new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line)
     labelobj->refcnt = 0;
     labelobj->set = 0;
     labelobj->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_NONE;
+    labelobj->unremovable = 0;
     return labelobj;
 }
 
@@ -1014,6 +1236,7 @@ new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line)
     adjust->link.next = 0;
     adjust->label = label;
     adjust->line_no = line;
+    LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(label);
     return adjust;
 }
 
@@ -1022,12 +1245,14 @@ new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no,
 	      int insn_id, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     INSN *iobj = compile_data_alloc_insn(iseq);
+
     /* printf("insn_id: %d, line: %d\n", insn_id, line_no); */
 
     iobj->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN;
     iobj->link.next = 0;
     iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
-    iobj->line_no = line_no;
+    iobj->insn_info.line_no = line_no;
+    iobj->insn_info.events = 0;
     iobj->operands = argv;
     iobj->operand_size = argc;
     iobj->sc_state = 0;
@@ -1041,8 +1266,8 @@ new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int a
     va_list argv;
     if (argc > 0) {
 	int i;
-	va_init_list(argv, argc);
-	operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+        va_start(argv, argc);
+        operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 	    VALUE v = va_arg(argv, VALUE);
 	    operands[i] = v;
@@ -1052,62 +1277,163 @@ new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int a
     return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
 }
 
-static struct rb_call_info *
-new_callinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID mid, int argc, unsigned int flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg, int has_blockiseq)
+static const struct rb_callinfo *
+new_callinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID mid, int argc, unsigned int flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg, int has_blockiseq)
 {
-    size_t size = kw_arg != NULL ? sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) : sizeof(struct rb_call_info);
-    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)ci;
+    VM_ASSERT(argc >= 0);
 
-    ci->mid = mid;
-    ci->flag = flag;
-    ci->orig_argc = argc;
+    if (!(flag & (VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT)) &&
+        kw_arg == NULL && !has_blockiseq) {
+        flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
+    }
 
     if (kw_arg) {
-	ci->flag |= VM_CALL_KWARG;
-	ci_kw->kw_arg = kw_arg;
-	ci->orig_argc += kw_arg->keyword_len;
-	iseq->body->ci_kw_size++;
-    }
-    else {
-	iseq->body->ci_size++;
+        flag |= VM_CALL_KWARG;
+        argc += kw_arg->keyword_len;
     }
 
-    if (!(ci->flag & (VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG)) &&
-	kw_arg == NULL && !has_blockiseq) {
-	ci->flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
-    }
+    // fprintf(stderr, "[%d] id:%s\t", (int)iseq->body->ci_size, rb_id2name(mid)); rp(iseq);
+    iseq->body->ci_size++;
+    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = vm_ci_new(mid, flag, argc, kw_arg);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
     return ci;
 }
 
 static INSN *
-new_insn_send(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, ID id, VALUE argc, const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq, VALUE flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords)
+new_insn_send(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, ID id, VALUE argc, const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq, VALUE flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords)
 {
-    VALUE *operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * 3);
-    operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, id, FIX2INT(argc), FIX2INT(flag), keywords, blockiseq != NULL);
-    operands[1] = Qfalse; /* cache */
-    operands[2] = (VALUE)blockiseq;
-    return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, BIN(send), 3, operands);
+    VALUE *operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), 2);
+    VALUE ci = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, id, FIX2INT(argc), FIX2INT(flag), keywords, blockiseq != NULL);
+    operands[0] = ci;
+    operands[1] = (VALUE)blockiseq;
+    if (blockiseq) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, blockiseq);
+    }
+    INSN *insn = new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, BIN(send), 2, operands);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(ci);
+    return insn;
 }
 
 static rb_iseq_t *
-new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node,
+new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
 	       VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
 {
     rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
+    rb_ast_body_t ast;
+
+    ast.root = node;
+    ast.compile_option = 0;
+    ast.line_count = -1;
 
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]> ---------------------------------------\n");
-    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, name,
-				    iseq_path(iseq), iseq_absolute_path(iseq),
-				    INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
+    int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
+    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, name,
+				    rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
+                                    INT2FIX(line_no), parent,
+                                    isolated_depth ? isolated_depth + 1 : 0,
+                                    type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]< ---------------------------------------\n");
-    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, (VALUE)ret_iseq);
     return ret_iseq;
 }
 
+static rb_iseq_t *
+new_child_iseq_with_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc,
+		     VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
+{
+    rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
+
+    debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]> ---------------------------------------\n");
+    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_callback(ifunc, name,
+				 rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
+				 INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
+    debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]< ---------------------------------------\n");
+    return ret_iseq;
+}
+
+static void
+set_catch_except_p(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
+    if (body->parent_iseq != NULL) {
+        set_catch_except_p(body->parent_iseq->body);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Set body->catch_except_p to TRUE if the ISeq may catch an exception. If it is FALSE,
+   JIT-ed code may be optimized.  If we are extremely conservative, we should set TRUE
+   if catch table exists.  But we want to optimize while loop, which always has catch
+   table entries for break/next/redo.
+
+   So this function sets TRUE for limited ISeqs with break/next/redo catch table entries
+   whose child ISeq would really raise an exception. */
+static void
+update_catch_except_flags(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    unsigned int pos;
+    size_t i;
+    int insn;
+    const struct iseq_catch_table *ct = body->catch_table;
+
+    /* This assumes that a block has parent_iseq which may catch an exception from the block, and that
+       BREAK/NEXT/REDO catch table entries are used only when `throw` insn is used in the block. */
+    pos = 0;
+    while (pos < body->iseq_size) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        if (insn == BIN(throw)) {
+            set_catch_except_p(body);
+            break;
+        }
+        pos += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+
+    if (ct == NULL)
+        return;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
+        const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry =
+            UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
+        if (entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_BREAK
+            && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_NEXT
+            && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_REDO) {
+            body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    VALUE catch_table_ary = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (NIL_P(catch_table_ary)) return;
+    unsigned int i, tlen = (unsigned int)RARRAY_LEN(catch_table_ary);
+    const VALUE *tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(catch_table_ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
+        const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
+        LINK_ELEMENT *end = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[2] & ~1);
+        LINK_ELEMENT *cont = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
+        LINK_ELEMENT *e;
+        for (e = end; e && (IS_LABEL(e) || IS_TRACE(e)); e = e->next) {
+            if (e == cont) {
+                INSN *nop = new_insn_core(iseq, 0, BIN(nop), 0, 0);
+                ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(end, &nop->link);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static int
-iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
+    if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+
     /* debugs("[compile step 2] (iseq_array_to_linkedlist)\n"); */
 
     if (compile_debug > 5)
@@ -1133,6 +1459,20 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
     }
 
+    debugs("[compile step 3.4 (iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont)]\n");
+    iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(iseq);
+    if (compile_debug > 5)
+        dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+{
+    if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
+        return COMPILE_NG;
+
     debugs("[compile step 4.1 (iseq_set_sequence)]\n");
     if (!iseq_set_sequence(iseq, anchor)) return COMPILE_NG;
     if (compile_debug > 5)
@@ -1147,10 +1487,21 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
     debugs("[compile step 5 (iseq_translate_threaded_code)] \n");
     if (!rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq)) return COMPILE_NG;
 
+    debugs("[compile step 6 (update_catch_except_flags)] \n");
+    update_catch_except_flags(iseq->body);
+
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+    if (iseq->body->insns_info.succ_index_table == NULL) {
+        debugs("[compile step 7 (rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions)] \n");
+        rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(iseq);
+    }
+#endif
+
     if (compile_debug > 1) {
 	VALUE str = rb_iseq_disasm(iseq);
 	printf("%s\n", StringValueCStr(str));
     }
+    verify_call_cache(iseq);
     debugs("[compile step: finish]\n");
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -1159,17 +1510,8 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 static int
 iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    /* TODO: every id table is same -> share it.
-     * Current problem is iseq_free().
-     */
-    ID id_dollar_bang;
-    ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, 1);
-
-    CONST_ID(id_dollar_bang, "#$!");
-    iseq->body->local_table_size = 1;
-    iseq->body->local_size = iseq->body->local_table_size + 1;
-    ids[0] = id_dollar_bang;
-    iseq->body->local_table = ids;
+    iseq->body->local_table_size = numberof(rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl);
+    iseq->body->local_table = rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl;
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -1203,7 +1545,8 @@ get_local_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id)
     int idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq->body->local_iseq, id);
 
     if (idx < 0) {
-	rb_bug("get_local_var_idx: %d", idx);
+        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq),
+                      "get_local_var_idx: %d", idx);
     }
 
     return idx;
@@ -1213,6 +1556,7 @@ static int
 get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
 {
     int lv = 0, idx = -1;
+    const rb_iseq_t *const topmost_iseq = iseq;
 
     while (iseq) {
 	idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, id);
@@ -1224,76 +1568,193 @@ get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
     }
 
     if (idx < 0) {
-	rb_bug("get_dyna_var_idx: -1");
+        COMPILE_ERROR(topmost_iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(topmost_iseq),
+                      "get_dyna_var_idx: -1");
     }
 
     *level = lv;
-    *ls = iseq->body->local_size;
+    *ls = iseq->body->local_table_size;
     return idx;
 }
 
+static int
+iseq_local_block_param_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, unsigned int idx, unsigned int level)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;
+    while (level > 0) {
+	iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+	level--;
+    }
+    body = iseq->body;
+    if (body->local_iseq == iseq && /* local variables */
+	body->param.flags.has_block &&
+	body->local_table_size - body->param.block_start == idx) {
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_block_param_id_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *pidx, int *plevel)
+{
+    int level, ls;
+    int idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &level, &ls);
+    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, ls - idx, level)) {
+	*pidx = ls - idx;
+	*plevel = level;
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+access_outer_variables(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int level, ID id, bool write)
+{
+    int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
+
+    if (isolated_depth && level >= isolated_depth) {
+        if (id == rb_intern("yield")) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq), "can not yield from isolated Proc", rb_id2name(id));
+        }
+        else {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq), "can not access variable `%s' from isolated Proc", rb_id2name(id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i=0; i<level; i++) {
+        VALUE val;
+        struct rb_id_table *ovs = iseq->body->outer_variables;
+
+        if (!ovs) {
+            ovs = iseq->body->outer_variables = rb_id_table_create(8);
+        }
+
+        if (rb_id_table_lookup(iseq->body->outer_variables, id, &val)) {
+            if (write && !val) {
+                rb_id_table_insert(iseq->body->outer_variables, id, Qtrue);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_id_table_insert(iseq->body->outer_variables, id, write ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+        }
+
+        iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+    }
+}
+
+static ID
+iseq_lvar_id(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int idx, int level)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<level; i++) {
+        iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+    }
+
+    ID id = iseq->body->local_table[iseq->body->local_table_size - idx];
+    // fprintf(stderr, "idx:%d level:%d ID:%s\n", idx, level, rb_id2name(id));
+    return id;
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level)
+{
+    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, getblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    else {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, getlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qfalse);
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level)
+{
+    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, setblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    else {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qtrue);
+}
+
+
+
 static void
 iseq_calc_param_size(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_post ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_block ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    if (body->param.flags.has_opt ||
+	body->param.flags.has_post ||
+	body->param.flags.has_rest ||
+	body->param.flags.has_block ||
+	body->param.flags.has_kw ||
+	body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
 
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_block) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.block_start + 1;
+	if (body->param.flags.has_block) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.block_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_kw) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_post) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.post_start + iseq->body->param.post_num;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_post) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.rest_start + 1;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.rest_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.lead_num + iseq->body->param.opt_num;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
 	}
 	else {
-	    rb_bug("unreachable");
+            UNREACHABLE;
 	}
     }
     else {
-	iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.lead_num;
+	body->param.size = body->param.lead_num;
     }
 }
 
-static void
-iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, const struct rb_args_info *args)
+static int
+iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
+			    const struct rb_args_info *args, int arg_size)
 {
-    NODE *node = args->kw_args;
+    const NODE *node = args->kw_args;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword;
     const VALUE default_values = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
     const VALUE complex_mark = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
     int kw = 0, rkw = 0, di = 0, i;
 
-    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
-    iseq->body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-    keyword->bits_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid);
+    body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
+    body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+
+    while (node) {
+	kw++;
+	node = node->nd_next;
+    }
+    arg_size += kw;
+    keyword->bits_start = arg_size++;
 
+    node = args->kw_args;
     while (node) {
-	NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
+	const NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
 	VALUE dv;
 
-	if (val_node == (NODE *)-1) {
+        if (val_node == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
 	    ++rkw;
 	}
 	else {
 	    switch (nd_type(val_node)) {
 	      case NODE_LIT:
 		dv = val_node->nd_lit;
-		iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, dv);
 		break;
 	      case NODE_NIL:
 		dv = Qnil;
@@ -1305,7 +1766,7 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, const struct
 		dv = Qfalse;
 		break;
 	      default:
-		COMPILE_POPED(optargs, "kwarg", node); /* nd_type(node) == NODE_KW_ARG */
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "kwarg", node)); /* nd_type(node) == NODE_KW_ARG */
 		dv = complex_mark;
 	    }
 
@@ -1313,18 +1774,17 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, const struct
 	    rb_ary_push(default_values, dv);
 	}
 
-	kw++;
 	node = node->nd_next;
     }
 
     keyword->num = kw;
 
-    if (args->kw_rest_arg->nd_cflag != 0) {
-	keyword->rest_start =  get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->kw_rest_arg->nd_cflag);
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
+    if (args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid != 0) {
+	keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
+	body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
     }
     keyword->required_num = rkw;
-    keyword->table = &iseq->body->local_table[keyword->bits_start - keyword->num];
+    keyword->table = &body->local_table[keyword->bits_start - keyword->num];
 
     {
 	VALUE *dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(default_values));
@@ -1332,45 +1792,46 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, const struct
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
 	    VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
 	    if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
+	    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(dv)) {
+		RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, dv);
+	    }
 	    dvs[i] = dv;
 	}
 
 	keyword->default_values = dvs;
     }
+    return arg_size;
 }
 
 static int
-iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, NODE *node_args)
+iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, const NODE *const node_args)
 {
     debugs("iseq_set_arguments: %s\n", node_args ? "" : "0");
 
     if (node_args) {
+	struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
 	struct rb_args_info *args = node_args->nd_ainfo;
 	ID rest_id = 0;
 	int last_comma = 0;
 	ID block_id = 0;
+	int arg_size;
 
-	EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS);
+	EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS, COMPILE_NG);
 
-	iseq->body->param.lead_num = (int)args->pre_args_num;
-	if (iseq->body->param.lead_num > 0) iseq->body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
-	debugs("  - argc: %d\n", iseq->body->param.lead_num);
+        body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = args->ruby2_keywords;
+	body->param.lead_num = arg_size = (int)args->pre_args_num;
+	if (body->param.lead_num > 0) body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
+	debugs("  - argc: %d\n", body->param.lead_num);
 
 	rest_id = args->rest_arg;
-	if (rest_id == 1) {
+        if (rest_id == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA) {
 	    last_comma = 1;
 	    rest_id = 0;
 	}
 	block_id = args->block_arg;
 
-	if (args->first_post_arg) {
-	    iseq->body->param.post_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->first_post_arg);
-	    iseq->body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
-	}
-
 	if (args->opt_args) {
-	    NODE *node = args->opt_args;
+	    const NODE *node = args->opt_args;
 	    LABEL *label;
 	    VALUE labels = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
 	    VALUE *opt_table;
@@ -1380,7 +1841,7 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, NODE *node_args)
 		label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
 		rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
 		ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
-		COMPILE_POPED(optargs, "optarg", node->nd_body);
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "optarg", node->nd_body));
 		node = node->nd_next;
 		i += 1;
 	    }
@@ -1392,61 +1853,73 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, NODE *node_args)
 
 	    opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, i+1);
 
-	    MEMCPY(opt_table, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(labels), VALUE, i+1);
+            MEMCPY(opt_table, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(labels), VALUE, i+1);
 	    for (j = 0; j < i+1; j++) {
 		opt_table[j] &= ~1;
 	    }
 	    rb_ary_clear(labels);
 
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
-	    iseq->body->param.opt_num = i;
-	    iseq->body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
+	    body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
+	    body->param.opt_num = i;
+	    body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
+	    arg_size += i;
 	}
 
-	if (args->kw_args) {
-	    iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args);
+	if (rest_id) {
+	    body->param.rest_start = arg_size++;
+	    body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
+	    assert(body->param.rest_start != -1);
 	}
-	else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
-	    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-	    keyword->rest_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid);
-	    iseq->body->param.keyword = keyword;
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
+
+	if (args->first_post_arg) {
+	    body->param.post_start = arg_size;
+	    body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
+	    body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
+	    arg_size += args->post_args_num;
+
+	    if (body->param.flags.has_rest) { /* TODO: why that? */
+		body->param.post_start = body->param.rest_start + 1;
+	    }
 	}
 
-	if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
-	    COMPILE_POPED(optargs, "init arguments (m)", args->pre_init);
+	if (args->kw_args) {
+	    arg_size = iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args, arg_size);
 	}
-	if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
-	    COMPILE_POPED(optargs, "init arguments (p)", args->post_init);
+	else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
+	    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+	    keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
+	    body->param.keyword = keyword;
+	    body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
 	}
-
-	if (rest_id) {
-	    iseq->body->param.rest_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, rest_id);
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
-	    assert(iseq->body->param.rest_start != -1);
-
-	    if (iseq->body->param.post_start == 0) { /* TODO: why that? */
-		iseq->body->param.post_start = iseq->body->param.rest_start + 1;
-	    }
+	else if (args->no_kwarg) {
+	    body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	if (block_id) {
-	    iseq->body->param.block_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, block_id);
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
+	    body->param.block_start = arg_size++;
+	    body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);
+	body->param.size = arg_size;
 
-	if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-	    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {
+	if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (m)", args->pre_init));
+	}
+	if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (p)", args->post_init));
+	}
 
-		if (iseq->body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
+	if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+	    if (body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {
+
+		if (body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
 		    /* {|a|} */
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
+		    body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1458,10 +1931,10 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *optargs, NODE *node_args)
 static int
 iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl)
 {
-    int size;
+    unsigned int size;
 
     if (tbl) {
-	size = (int)*tbl;
+	size = (unsigned int)*tbl;
 	tbl++;
     }
     else {
@@ -1473,45 +1946,80 @@ iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl)
 	MEMCPY(ids, tbl, ID, size);
 	iseq->body->local_table = ids;
     }
+    iseq->body->local_table_size = size;
 
-    iseq->body->local_size = iseq->body->local_table_size = size;
-    iseq->body->local_size += 1;
-    /*
-      if (lfp == dfp ) { // top, class, method
-	  dfp[-1]: svar
-      else {             // block
-          dfp[-1]: cref
-      }
-     */
-
-    debugs("iseq_set_local_table: %d, %d\n", iseq->body->local_size, iseq->body->local_table_size);
+    debugs("iseq_set_local_table: %u\n", iseq->body->local_table_size);
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static int
 cdhash_cmp(VALUE val, VALUE lit)
 {
-    if (val == lit) return 0;
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) {
-	return val != lit;
+    int tval, tlit;
+
+    if (val == lit) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else if ((tlit = OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) == -1) {
+        return val != lit;
+    }
+    else if ((tval = OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(val)) == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (tlit != tval) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_SYMBOL) {
+        return val != lit;
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_STRING) {
+        return rb_str_hash_cmp(lit, val);
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_BIGNUM) {
+        long x = FIX2LONG(rb_big_cmp(lit, val));
+
+        /* Given lit and val are both Bignum, x must be -1, 0, 1.
+         * There is no need to call rb_fix2int here. */
+        RUBY_ASSERT((x == 1) || (x == 0) || (x == -1));
+        return (int)x;
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_FLOAT) {
+        return rb_float_cmp(lit, val);
     }
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(val) || BUILTIN_TYPE(val) != BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) {
-	return -1;
+    else if (tlit == T_RATIONAL) {
+        const struct RRational *rat1 = RRATIONAL(val);
+        const struct RRational *rat2 = RRATIONAL(lit);
+        return cdhash_cmp(rat1->num, rat2->num) || cdhash_cmp(rat1->den, rat2->den);
     }
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(lit) == T_STRING) {
-	return rb_str_hash_cmp(lit, val);
+    else if (tlit == T_COMPLEX) {
+        const struct RComplex *comp1 = RCOMPLEX(val);
+        const struct RComplex *comp2 = RCOMPLEX(lit);
+        return cdhash_cmp(comp1->real, comp2->real) || cdhash_cmp(comp1->imag, comp2->imag);
+    }
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
     }
-    return !rb_eql(lit, val);
 }
 
 static st_index_t
 cdhash_hash(VALUE a)
 {
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) return (st_index_t)a;
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_STRING)) return rb_str_hash(a);
-    {
-	VALUE hval = rb_hash(a);
-	return (st_index_t)FIX2LONG(hval);
+    switch (OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(a)) {
+      case -1:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        return (st_index_t)a;
+      case T_STRING:
+        return rb_str_hash(a);
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+        return FIX2LONG(rb_big_hash(a));
+      case T_FLOAT:
+        return rb_dbl_long_hash(RFLOAT_VALUE(a));
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        return rb_rational_hash(a);
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        return rb_complex_hash(a);
+      default:
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1527,7 +2035,7 @@ struct cdhash_set_label_struct {
 };
 
 static int
-cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, void *ptr)
+cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ptr)
 {
     struct cdhash_set_label_struct *data = (struct cdhash_set_label_struct *)ptr;
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)(val & ~1);
@@ -1535,74 +2043,279 @@ cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, void *ptr)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+
+static inline VALUE
+get_ivar_ic_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq,ID id)
+{
+    VALUE val;
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table;
+    if (tbl) {
+	if (rb_id_table_lookup(tbl,id,&val)) {
+	    return val;
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	tbl = rb_id_table_create(1);
+	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = tbl;
+    }
+    val = INT2FIX(iseq->body->is_size++);
+    rb_id_table_insert(tbl,id,val);
+    return val;
+}
+
+#define BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, dest) \
+    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor), list, dest)
+
+#define BADINSN_ERROR \
+    (xfree(generated_iseq), \
+     xfree(insns_info), \
+     BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL), \
+     COMPILE_ERROR)
+
+static int
+fix_sp_depth(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+{
+    int stack_max = 0, sp = 0, line = 0;
+    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
+
+    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
+	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL) {
+	    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+	    lobj->set = TRUE;
+	}
+    }
+
+    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
+	switch (list->type) {
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+	    {
+		int j, len, insn;
+		const char *types;
+		VALUE *operands;
+		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+
+		/* update sp */
+		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
+		if (sp < 0) {
+		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+				  "argument stack underflow (%d)", sp);
+		    return -1;
+		}
+		if (sp > stack_max) {
+		    stack_max = sp;
+		}
+
+		line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
+		operands = iobj->operands;
+		insn = iobj->insn_id;
+		types = insn_op_types(insn);
+		len = insn_len(insn);
+
+		/* operand check */
+		if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
+		    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
+		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+				  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
+				  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
+		    return -1;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+		    if (types[j] == TS_OFFSET) {
+			/* label(destination position) */
+			LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
+			if (!lobj->set) {
+			    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+					  "unknown label: "LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
+			    return -1;
+			}
+			if (lobj->sp == -1) {
+			    lobj->sp = sp;
+                        } else if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                            debugs("%s:%d: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                                   RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), line,
+                                   lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                        }
+		    }
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+	    {
+		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+		if (lobj->sp == -1) {
+		    lobj->sp = sp;
+		}
+		else {
+                    if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                        debugs("%s:%d: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                                RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), line,
+                                lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                    }
+		    sp = lobj->sp;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+	    {
+		/* ignore */
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+	    {
+		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
+		int orig_sp = sp;
+
+		sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
+		if (adjust->line_no != -1 && orig_sp - sp < 0) {
+		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+				  "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d",
+				  orig_sp, sp);
+		    return -1;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	  default:
+	    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "unknown list type: %d", list->type);
+	    return -1;
+	}
+    }
+    return stack_max;
+}
+
+static int
+add_insn_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
+              int insns_info_index, int code_index, const INSN *iobj)
+{
+    if (insns_info_index == 0 ||
+        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != iobj->insn_info.line_no ||
+        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].events  != iobj->insn_info.events) {
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = iobj->insn_info.events;
+        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+add_adjust_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
+                int insns_info_index, int code_index, const ADJUST *adjust)
+{
+    if (insns_info_index > 0 ||
+        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != adjust->line_no) {
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = adjust->line_no;
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = 0;
+        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
 /**
   ruby insn object list -> raw instruction sequence
  */
 static int
-iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
-    struct iseq_line_info_entry *line_info_table;
-    unsigned int last_line = 0;
+    VALUE iseqv = (VALUE)iseq;
+    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    unsigned int *positions;
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
     VALUE *generated_iseq;
+    rb_event_flag_t events = 0;
+    long data = 0;
+
+    int insn_num, code_index, insns_info_index, sp = 0;
+    int stack_max = fix_sp_depth(iseq, anchor);
 
-    int insn_num, code_index, line_info_index, sp, stack_max = 0, line = 0;
+    if (stack_max < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
 
     /* fix label position */
-    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     insn_num = code_index = 0;
-    while (list) {
+    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
 	switch (list->type) {
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
 	    {
 		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-		line = iobj->line_no;
-		code_index += insn_data_length(iobj);
+		/* update sp */
+		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
 		insn_num++;
+                events = iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
+                if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
+                    if (ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE) &&
+                        !(rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES)) {
+                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+                        if (line >= 1) {
+                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line - 1, INT2FIX(0));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH)) {
+                        while (RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq)) <= code_index) {
+                            rb_ary_push(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), Qnil);
+                        }
+                        RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), code_index, INT2FIX(data));
+                    }
+		}
+                code_index += insn_data_length(iobj);
+		events = 0;
+                data = 0;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
 	    {
 		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
 		lobj->position = code_index;
-		lobj->set = TRUE;
+                if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                    debugs("%s: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                           RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)),
+                           lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                }
+		sp = lobj->sp;
 		break;
 	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_NONE:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
 	    {
-		/* ignore */
+		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
+		events |= trace->event;
+                if (trace->event & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH) data = trace->data;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
 	    {
 		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
 		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
-		    code_index += 2 /* insn + 1 operand */;
-		    insn_num++;
+		    int orig_sp = sp;
+		    sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
+		    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
+			if (orig_sp - sp > 1) code_index++; /* 1 operand */
+			code_index++; /* insn */
+			insn_num++;
+		    }
 		}
 		break;
 	    }
-	  default:
-	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
-	    dump_disasm_list(list);
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, line, "error: set_sequence");
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	  default: break;
 	}
-	list = list->next;
     }
 
     /* make instruction sequence */
     generated_iseq = ALLOC_N(VALUE, code_index);
-    line_info_table = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_line_info_entry, insn_num);
-    iseq->body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, iseq->body->is_size);
-    iseq->body->ci_entries = (struct rb_call_info *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info) * iseq->body->ci_size +
-								 sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) * iseq->body->ci_kw_size);
-    iseq->body->cc_entries = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_cache, iseq->body->ci_size + iseq->body->ci_kw_size);
-
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index = 0;
+    insns_info = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insn_num);
+    positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, insn_num);
+    body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
+    body->call_data = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_data, body->ci_size);
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index = 0;
 
     list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
-    line_info_index = code_index = sp = 0;
+    insns_info_index = code_index = sp = 0;
 
     while (list) {
 	switch (list->type) {
@@ -1615,10 +2328,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 
 		/* update sp */
 		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
-		if (sp > stack_max) {
-		    stack_max = sp;
-		}
-
 		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
 		operands = iobj->operands;
 		insn = iobj->insn_id;
@@ -1626,18 +2335,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 		types = insn_op_types(insn);
 		len = insn_len(insn);
 
-		/* operand check */
-		if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
-		    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
-		    dump_disasm_list(list);
-		    xfree(generated_iseq);
-		    xfree(line_info_table);
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, iobj->line_no,
-				  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
-				  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
-		    return COMPILE_NG;
-		}
-
 		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
 		    char type = types[j];
 		    /* printf("--> [%c - (%d-%d)]\n", type, k, j); */
@@ -1646,14 +2343,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 			{
 			    /* label(destination position) */
 			    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
-			    if (!lobj->set) {
-				COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, iobj->line_no,
-					      "unknown label");
-				return COMPILE_NG;
-			    }
-			    if (lobj->sp == -1) {
-				lobj->sp = sp;
-			    }
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = lobj->position - (code_index + len);
 			    break;
 			}
@@ -1669,101 +2358,80 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 			    rb_hash_rehash(map);
 			    freeze_hide_obj(map);
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = map;
+			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
+                            FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
 			    break;
 			}
 		      case TS_LINDEX:
 		      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
 			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = FIX2INT(operands[j]);
 			break;
-		      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
-			{
-			    VALUE v = operands[j];
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
-			    break;
-			}
 		      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
+		      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
 			{
 			    VALUE v = operands[j];
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
 			    /* to mark ruby object */
-			    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, v);
+			    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
+                                FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+			    }
 			    break;
 			}
 		      case TS_IC: /* inline cache */
+		      case TS_ISE: /* inline storage entry */
+		      case TS_IVC: /* inline ivar cache */
 			{
 			    unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
-			    IC ic = (IC)&iseq->body->is_entries[ic_index];
-			    if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= iseq->body->is_size)) {
-				rb_bug("iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d", ic_index, iseq->body->is_size);
+			    IC ic = (IC)&body->is_entries[ic_index];
+			    if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= body->is_size)) {
+                                BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, &iobj->link, 0);
+                                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                              "iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d",
+                                              ic_index, body->is_size);
 			    }
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
+                            FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
 			    break;
 			}
-		      case TS_CALLINFO: /* call info */
-			{
-			    struct rb_call_info *base_ci = (struct rb_call_info *)operands[j];
-			    struct rb_call_info *ci;
-
-			    if (base_ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
-				struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&iseq->body->ci_entries[iseq->body->ci_size];
-				struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = &ci_kw_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index++];
-				*ci_kw = *((struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)base_ci);
-				ci = (struct rb_call_info *)ci_kw;
-				assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index <= iseq->body->ci_kw_size);
-			    }
-			    else {
-				ci = &iseq->body->ci_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index++];
-				*ci = *base_ci;
-				assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index <= iseq->body->ci_size);
-			    }
-
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ci;
-			    break;
-			}
-		      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-			{
-			    struct rb_call_cache *cc = &iseq->body->cc_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index + ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index - 1];
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)cc;
-			    break;
-			}
+                        case TS_CALLDATA:
+                        {
+                            const struct rb_callinfo *source_ci = (const struct rb_callinfo *)operands[j];
+                            struct rb_call_data *cd = &body->call_data[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index++];
+                            assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index <= body->ci_size);
+                            cd->ci = source_ci;
+                            cd->cc = vm_cc_empty();
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)cd;
+                            break;
+                        }
 		      case TS_ID: /* ID */
 			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = SYM2ID(operands[j]);
 			break;
-		      case TS_GENTRY:
-			{
-			    struct rb_global_entry *entry =
-				(struct rb_global_entry *)(operands[j] & (~1));
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)entry;
-			}
-			break;
 		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
 			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
 			break;
+                      case TS_BUILTIN:
+                        generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
+                        break;
 		      default:
-			xfree(generated_iseq);
-			xfree(line_info_table);
-			COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, iobj->line_no,
+			BADINSN_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
 				      "unknown operand type: %c", type);
 			return COMPILE_NG;
 		    }
 		}
-		if (last_line != iobj->line_no) {
-		    line_info_table[line_info_index].line_no = last_line = iobj->line_no;
-		    line_info_table[line_info_index].position = code_index;
-		    line_info_index++;
-		}
+		if (add_insn_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, iobj)) insns_info_index++;
 		code_index += len;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
 	    {
 		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
-		if (lobj->sp == -1) {
-		    lobj->sp = sp;
-		}
-		else {
-		    sp = lobj->sp;
-		}
+                if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                    debugs("%s: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                           RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)),
+                           lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                }
+		sp = lobj->sp;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
@@ -1779,28 +2447,27 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 		}
 
 		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
-		    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
-			if (last_line != (unsigned int)adjust->line_no) {
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].line_no = last_line = adjust->line_no;
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].position = code_index;
-			    line_info_index++;
-			}
+		    const int diff = orig_sp - sp;
+		    if (diff > 0) {
+			if (add_adjust_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, adjust)) insns_info_index++;
+		    }
+		    if (diff > 1) {
 			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(adjuststack);
 			generated_iseq[code_index++] = orig_sp - sp;
 		    }
-		    else if (orig_sp - sp == 0) {
-			/* jump to next insn */
-			if (last_line != (unsigned int)adjust->line_no) {
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].line_no = last_line = adjust->line_no;
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].position = code_index;
-			    line_info_index++;
-			}
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(nop);
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(nop);
+		    else if (diff == 1) {
+			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(pop);
 		    }
-		    else {
-			rb_compile_bug_str(ruby_sourcefile_string, adjust->line_no,
-					   "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d", orig_sp, sp);
+		    else if (diff < 0) {
+			int label_no = adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1;
+			xfree(generated_iseq);
+			xfree(insns_info);
+			xfree(positions);
+			debug_list(anchor, list);
+			COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+				      "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug to %d %d < %d",
+				      label_no, orig_sp, sp);
+			return COMPILE_NG;
 		    }
 		}
 		break;
@@ -1812,13 +2479,19 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 	list = list->next;
     }
 
-    iseq->body->iseq_encoded = (void *)generated_iseq;
-    iseq->body->iseq_size = code_index;
-    iseq->body->stack_max = stack_max;
+    body->iseq_encoded = (void *)generated_iseq;
+    body->iseq_size = code_index;
+    body->stack_max = stack_max;
+
+    /* get rid of memory leak when REALLOC failed */
+    body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
+    body->insns_info.positions = positions;
 
-    REALLOC_N(line_info_table, struct iseq_line_info_entry, line_info_index);
-    iseq->body->line_info_table = line_info_table;
-    iseq->body->line_info_size = line_info_index;
+    REALLOC_N(insns_info, struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insns_info_index);
+    body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
+    REALLOC_N(positions, unsigned int, insns_info_index);
+    body->insns_info.positions = positions;
+    body->insns_info.size = insns_info_index;
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -1842,25 +2515,23 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     unsigned int tlen, i;
     struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
 
+    iseq->body->catch_table = NULL;
+    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) return COMPILE_OK;
     tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
-    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
+    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
 
     if (tlen > 0) {
 	struct iseq_catch_table *table = xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(tlen));
 	table->size = tlen;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
-	    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tptr[i]);
-	    entry = &table->entries[i];
+            ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
+	    entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
 	    entry->type = (enum catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
 	    entry->start = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[1] & ~1));
 	    entry->end = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[2] & ~1));
 	    entry->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)ptr[3];
-
-	    /* register iseq as mark object */
-	    if (entry->iseq != 0) {
-		iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, (VALUE)entry->iseq);
-	    }
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, entry->iseq);
 
 	    /* stack depth */
 	    if (ptr[4]) {
@@ -1882,9 +2553,6 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 	iseq->body->catch_table = table;
 	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, 0); /* free */
     }
-    else {
-	iseq->body->catch_table = NULL;
-    }
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -1917,14 +2585,32 @@ get_destination_insn(INSN *iobj)
 {
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
+    rb_event_flag_t events = 0;
 
     list = lobj->link.next;
     while (list) {
-	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN || list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST) {
+	switch (list->type) {
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+	    goto found;
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+	    /* ignore */
 	    break;
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+	    {
+		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
+		events |= trace->event;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  default: break;
 	}
 	list = list->next;
     }
+  found:
+    if (list && IS_INSN(list)) {
+	INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+	iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
+    }
     return list;
 }
 
@@ -1934,7 +2620,7 @@ get_next_insn(INSN *iobj)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = iobj->link.next;
 
     while (list) {
-	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN || list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST) {
+	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
 	    return list;
 	}
 	list = list->next;
@@ -1948,7 +2634,7 @@ get_prev_insn(INSN *iobj)
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = iobj->link.prev;
 
     while (list) {
-	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN || list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST) {
+	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
 	    return list;
 	}
 	list = list->prev;
@@ -1957,11 +2643,11 @@ get_prev_insn(INSN *iobj)
 }
 
 static void
-unref_destination(INSN *iobj)
+unref_destination(INSN *iobj, int pos)
 {
-    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, pos);
     --lobj->refcnt;
-    if (!lobj->refcnt) REMOVE_ELEM(&lobj->link);
+    if (!lobj->refcnt) ELEM_REMOVE(&lobj->link);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1973,50 +2659,230 @@ replace_destination(INSN *dobj, INSN *nobj)
     --dl->refcnt;
     ++nl->refcnt;
     OPERAND_AT(dobj, 0) = n;
-    if (!dl->refcnt) REMOVE_ELEM(&dl->link);
+    if (!dl->refcnt) ELEM_REMOVE(&dl->link);
+}
+
+static LABEL*
+find_destination(INSN *i)
+{
+    int pos, len = insn_len(i->insn_id);
+    for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
+	if (insn_op_types(i->insn_id)[pos] == TS_OFFSET) {
+	    return (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos);
+	}
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-remove_unreachable_chunk(LINK_ELEMENT *i)
-{
-    int removed = 0;
-    while (i) {
-	if (i->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
-	    switch (INSN_OF(i)) {
-	      case BIN(jump):
-	      case BIN(branchif):
-	      case BIN(branchunless):
-	      case BIN(branchnil):
-		unref_destination((INSN *)i);
-	      default:
+remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
+{
+    LINK_ELEMENT *first = i, *end;
+    int *unref_counts = 0, nlabels = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->label_no;
+
+    if (!i) return 0;
+    unref_counts = ALLOCA_N(int, nlabels);
+    MEMZERO(unref_counts, int, nlabels);
+    end = i;
+    do {
+	LABEL *lab;
+	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
+	    if (IS_INSN_ID(i, leave)) {
+		end = i;
 		break;
 	    }
+	    else if ((lab = find_destination((INSN *)i)) != 0) {
+		if (lab->unremovable) break;
+		unref_counts[lab->label_no]++;
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (IS_LABEL(i)) {
+	    lab = (LABEL *)i;
+	    if (lab->unremovable) return 0;
+	    if (lab->refcnt > unref_counts[lab->label_no]) {
+		if (i == first) return 0;
+		break;
+	    }
+	    continue;
+	}
+	else if (IS_TRACE(i)) {
+	    /* do nothing */
+	}
+	else if (IS_ADJUST(i)) {
+	    LABEL *dest = ((ADJUST *)i)->label;
+	    if (dest && dest->unremovable) return 0;
+	}
+	end = i;
+    } while ((i = i->next) != 0);
+    i = first;
+    do {
+	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
+	    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+	    VALUE insn = INSN_OF(i);
+	    int pos, len = insn_len(insn);
+	    for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
+		switch (insn_op_types(insn)[pos]) {
+		  case TS_OFFSET:
+		    unref_destination((INSN *)i, pos);
+		    break;
+                  case TS_CALLDATA:
+                    --(body->ci_size);
+		    break;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	ELEM_REMOVE(i);
+    } while ((i != end) && (i = i->next) != 0);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_pop_newarray(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
+{
+    switch (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) {
+      case INT2FIX(0): /* empty array */
+	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	return TRUE;
+      case INT2FIX(1): /* single element array */
+	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	return FALSE;
+      default:
+	iobj->insn_id = BIN(adjuststack);
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+is_frozen_putstring(INSN *insn, VALUE *op)
+{
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(insn, putstring)) {
+        *op = OPERAND_AT(insn, 0);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else if (IS_INSN_ID(insn, putobject)) { /* frozen_string_literal */
+        *op = OPERAND_AT(insn, 0);
+        return RB_TYPE_P(*op, T_STRING);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+optimize_checktype(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
+{
+    /*
+     *   putobject obj
+     *   dup
+     *   checktype T_XXX
+     *   branchif l1
+     * l2:
+     *   ...
+     * l1:
+     *
+     * => obj is a T_XXX
+     *
+     *   putobject obj (T_XXX)
+     *   jump L1
+     * L1:
+     *
+     * => obj is not a T_XXX
+     *
+     *   putobject obj (T_XXX)
+     *   jump L2
+     * L2:
+     */
+    int line;
+    INSN *niobj, *ciobj, *dup = 0;
+    LABEL *dest = 0;
+    VALUE type;
+
+    switch (INSN_OF(iobj)) {
+      case BIN(putstring):
+	type = INT2FIX(T_STRING);
+	break;
+      case BIN(putnil):
+	type = INT2FIX(T_NIL);
+	break;
+      case BIN(putobject):
+	type = INT2FIX(TYPE(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)));
+	break;
+      default: return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, jump)) {
+	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn((INSN*)OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0));
+    }
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, dup)) {
+	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(dup = ciobj);
+    }
+    if (!ciobj || !IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, checktype)) return FALSE;
+    niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(ciobj);
+    if (!niobj) {
+	/* TODO: putobject true/false */
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+    switch (INSN_OF(niobj)) {
+      case BIN(branchif):
+	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) == type) {
+	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+	}
+	break;
+      case BIN(branchunless):
+	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) != type) {
+	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+	}
+	break;
+      default:
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    line = ciobj->insn_info.line_no;
+    if (!dest) {
+	if (niobj->link.next && IS_LABEL(niobj->link.next)) {
+	    dest = (LABEL *)niobj->link.next; /* reuse label */
+	}
+	else {
+	    dest = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&niobj->link, &dest->link);
 	}
-	else break;
-	REMOVE_ELEM(i);
-	removed = 1;
-	i = i->next;
     }
-    return removed;
+    INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(iobj, line, jump, dest);
+    LABEL_REF(dest);
+    if (!dup) INSERT_AFTER_INSN(iobj, line, pop);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static const struct rb_callinfo *
+ci_flag_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_callinfo *ci, unsigned int add)
+{
+    const struct rb_callinfo *nci = vm_ci_new(vm_ci_mid(ci),
+                                             vm_ci_flag(ci) | add,
+                                             vm_ci_argc(ci),
+                                             vm_ci_kwarg(ci));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, ci, nci);
+    return nci;
+}
+
+static const struct rb_callinfo *
+ci_argc_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_callinfo *ci, int argc)
+{
+    const struct rb_callinfo *nci = vm_ci_new(vm_ci_mid(ci),
+                                              vm_ci_flag(ci),
+                                              argc,
+                                              vm_ci_kwarg(ci));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, ci, nci);
+    return nci;
 }
 
 static int
 iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcallopt)
 {
-    INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+    INSN *const iobj = (INSN *)list;
+
   again:
-    if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(jump)) {
-	INSN *niobj, *diobj, *piobj;
-	/*
-	 *  useless jump elimination:
-	 *     jump LABEL1
-	 *     ...
-	 *   LABEL1:
-	 *     jump LABEL2
-	 *
-	 *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
-	 *      LABEL2 directly
-	 */
+    optimize_checktype(iseq, iobj);
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, jump)) {
+        INSN *niobj, *diobj, *piobj;
 	diobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
 	niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
 
@@ -2027,16 +2893,29 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	     * =>
 	     *   LABEL:
 	     */
-	    unref_destination(iobj);
-	    REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
-	}
-	else if (iobj != diobj && diobj->insn_id == BIN(jump) &&
-		 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0)) {
+	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	    return COMPILE_OK;
+	}
+        else if (iobj != diobj && IS_INSN(&diobj->link) &&
+                 IS_INSN_ID(diobj, jump) &&
+		 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0) &&
+                 diobj->insn_info.events == 0) {
+	    /*
+	     *  useless jump elimination:
+	     *     jump LABEL1
+	     *     ...
+	     *   LABEL1:
+	     *     jump LABEL2
+	     *
+	     *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
+	     *      LABEL2 directly
+	     */
 	    replace_destination(iobj, diobj);
-	    remove_unreachable_chunk(iobj->link.next);
+	    remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
 	    goto again;
 	}
-	else if (diobj->insn_id == BIN(leave)) {
+        else if (IS_INSN_ID(diobj, leave)) {
 	    /*
 	     *  jump LABEL
 	     *  ...
@@ -2048,51 +2927,107 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	     * LABEL:
 	     *  leave
 	     */
-	    INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->line_no,
-					  BIN(pop), 0, 0);
 	    /* replace */
-	    unref_destination(iobj);
-	    iobj->insn_id = BIN(leave);
+	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
+            iobj->insn_id = BIN(leave);
 	    iobj->operand_size = 0;
-	    INSERT_ELEM_NEXT(&iobj->link, &popiobj->link);
+	    iobj->insn_info = diobj->insn_info;
 	    goto again;
 	}
-	/*
-	 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
-	 *   if   L1
-	 *   jump L2
-	 * L1:
-	 *   ...
-	 * L2:
-	 *
-	 * ==>
-	 *   unless L2
-	 * L1:
-	 *   ...
-	 * L2:
-	 */
-	else if ((piobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj)) != 0 &&
-		 (piobj->insn_id == BIN(branchif) ||
-		  piobj->insn_id == BIN(branchunless))) {
-	    if (niobj == (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj)) {
-		piobj->insn_id = (piobj->insn_id == BIN(branchif))
+        else if (IS_INSN(iobj->link.prev) &&
+                 (piobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev) &&
+		 (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif) ||
+		  IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchunless))) {
+	    INSN *pdiobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj);
+	    if (niobj == pdiobj) {
+		int refcnt = IS_LABEL(piobj->link.next) ?
+		    ((LABEL *)piobj->link.next)->refcnt : 0;
+		/*
+		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
+		 *   if   L1
+		 *   jump L2
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 * L2:
+		 *
+		 * ==>
+		 *   unless L2
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 * L2:
+		 */
+		piobj->insn_id = (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif))
 		  ? BIN(branchunless) : BIN(branchif);
 		replace_destination(piobj, iobj);
-		REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
+		if (refcnt <= 1) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+		}
+		else {
+		    /* TODO: replace other branch destinations too */
+		}
+		return COMPILE_OK;
+	    }
+	    else if (diobj == pdiobj) {
+		/*
+		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless before jump):
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 *   if   L1
+		 *   jump L1
+		 *
+		 * ==>
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 *   pop
+		 *   jump L1
+		 */
+		INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+					      BIN(pop), 0, 0);
+		ELEM_REPLACE(&piobj->link, &popiobj->link);
 	    }
 	}
-	else if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iobj->link.next)) {
+	if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next)) {
 	    goto again;
 	}
     }
 
-    if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(leave)) {
-	remove_unreachable_chunk(iobj->link.next);
+    /*
+     * putstring "beg"
+     * putstring "end"
+     * newrange excl
+     *
+     * ==>
+     *
+     * putobject "beg".."end"
+     */
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, checkmatch)) {
+        INSN *range = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj);
+        INSN *beg, *end;
+        VALUE str_beg, str_end;
+
+	if (range && IS_INSN_ID(range, newrange) &&
+                (end = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(range)) != 0 &&
+                is_frozen_putstring(end, &str_end) &&
+                (beg = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(end)) != 0 &&
+                is_frozen_putstring(beg, &str_beg)) {
+	    int excl = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(range, 0));
+	    VALUE lit_range = rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl);
+
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&beg->link);
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&end->link);
+	    range->insn_id = BIN(putobject);
+	    OPERAND_AT(range, 0) = lit_range;
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit_range);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, leave)) {
+	remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
     }
 
-    if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(branchif) ||
-	iobj->insn_id == BIN(branchnil) ||
-	iobj->insn_id == BIN(branchunless)) {
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ||
+	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchnil) ||
+	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless)) {
 	/*
 	 *   if L1
 	 *   ...
@@ -2102,100 +3037,138 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	 *   if L2
 	 */
 	INSN *nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
-	INSN *pobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
-	int prev_dup = 0;
-	if (pobj) {
-	    if (pobj->link.type != ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN)
-		pobj = 0;
-	    else if (pobj->insn_id == BIN(dup))
-		prev_dup = 1;
-	}
-
-	for (;;) {
-	    if (nobj->insn_id == BIN(jump)) {
-		replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
-	    }
-	    else if (prev_dup && nobj->insn_id == BIN(dup) &&
-		     !!(nobj = (INSN *)nobj->link.next) &&
-		     /* basic blocks, with no labels in the middle */
-		     nobj->insn_id == iobj->insn_id) {
-		/*
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L1
-		 *   ...
-		 * L1:
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L2
-		 * =>
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L2
-		 *   ...
-		 * L1:
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L2
-		 */
-		replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
-	    }
-	    else if (pobj) {
-		/*
-		 *   putnil
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   # nothing
-		 *
-		 *   putobject true
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 *   putstring ".."
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 *   putstring ".."
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   putstring ".."
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 */
-		int cond;
-		if (prev_dup && pobj->link.prev->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
-		    pobj = (INSN *)pobj->link.prev;
-		}
-		if (pobj->insn_id == BIN(putobject)) {
-		    cond = (iobj->insn_id == BIN(branchif) ?
-			    OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) != Qfalse :
-			    iobj->insn_id == BIN(branchunless) ?
-			    OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) == Qfalse :
-			    FALSE);
-		}
-		else if (pobj->insn_id == BIN(putstring)) {
-		    cond = iobj->insn_id == BIN(branchif);
-		}
-		else if (pobj->insn_id == BIN(putnil)) {
-		    cond = iobj->insn_id != BIN(branchif);
-		}
-		else break;
-		REMOVE_ELEM(iobj->link.prev);
-		if (cond) {
-		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(jump);
-		    goto again;
-		}
-		else {
-		    unref_destination(iobj);
-		    REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	    else break;
-	    nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(nobj);
-	}
-    }
 
-    if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(pop)) {
+        /* This is super nasty hack!!!
+         *
+         * This jump-jump optimization may ignore event flags of the jump
+         * instruction being skipped.  Actually, Line 2 TracePoint event
+         * is never fired in the following code:
+         *
+         *   1: raise if 1 == 2
+         *   2: while true
+         *   3:   break
+         *   4: end
+         *
+         * This is critical for coverage measurement.  [Bug #15980]
+         *
+         * This is a stopgap measure: stop the jump-jump optimization if
+         * coverage measurement is enabled and if the skipped instruction
+         * has any event flag.
+         *
+         * Note that, still, TracePoint Line event does not occur on Line 2.
+         * This should be fixed in future.
+         */
+        int stop_optimization =
+	    ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) &&
+            nobj->insn_info.events;
+	if (!stop_optimization) {
+            INSN *pobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
+            int prev_dup = 0;
+            if (pobj) {
+                if (!IS_INSN(&pobj->link))
+                    pobj = 0;
+                else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, dup))
+                    prev_dup = 1;
+            }
+
+            for (;;) {
+                if (IS_INSN(&nobj->link) && IS_INSN_ID(nobj, jump)) {
+                    replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
+                }
+                else if (prev_dup && IS_INSN_ID(nobj, dup) &&
+                         !!(nobj = (INSN *)nobj->link.next) &&
+                         /* basic blocks, with no labels in the middle */
+                         nobj->insn_id == iobj->insn_id) {
+                    /*
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L1
+                     *   ...
+                     * L1:
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L2
+                     * =>
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L2
+                     *   ...
+                     * L1:
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L2
+                     */
+                    replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
+                }
+                else if (pobj) {
+                    /*
+                     *   putnil
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   # nothing
+                     *
+                     *   putobject true
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   jump L1
+                     *
+                     *   putstring ".."
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   jump L1
+                     *
+                     *   putstring ".."
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   putstring ".."
+                     *   jump L1
+                     *
+                     */
+                    int cond;
+                    if (prev_dup && IS_INSN(pobj->link.prev)) {
+                        pobj = (INSN *)pobj->link.prev;
+                    }
+                    if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putobject)) {
+                        cond = (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ?
+                                OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) != Qfalse :
+                                IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless) ?
+                                OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) == Qfalse :
+                                FALSE);
+                    }
+                    else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putstring) ||
+                             IS_INSN_ID(pobj, duparray) ||
+                             IS_INSN_ID(pobj, newarray)) {
+                        cond = IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
+                    }
+                    else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putnil)) {
+                        cond = !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
+                    }
+                    else break;
+                    if (prev_dup || !IS_INSN_ID(pobj, newarray)) {
+                        ELEM_REMOVE(iobj->link.prev);
+                    }
+                    else if (!iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, pobj)) {
+                        pobj = new_insn_core(iseq, pobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(pop), 0, NULL);
+                        ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&iobj->link, &pobj->link);
+                    }
+                    if (cond) {
+                        if (prev_dup) {
+                            pobj = new_insn_core(iseq, pobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(putnil), 0, NULL);
+                            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, &pobj->link);
+                        }
+                        iobj->insn_id = BIN(jump);
+                        goto again;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        unref_destination(iobj, 0);
+                        ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                else break;
+                nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(nobj);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, pop)) {
 	/*
 	 *  putself / putnil / putobject obj / putstring "..."
 	 *  pop
@@ -2203,23 +3176,131 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	 *  # do nothing
 	 */
 	LINK_ELEMENT *prev = iobj->link.prev;
-	if (prev->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+	if (IS_INSN(prev)) {
 	    enum ruby_vminsn_type previ = ((INSN *)prev)->insn_id;
 	    if (previ == BIN(putobject) || previ == BIN(putnil) ||
-		previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring)) {
+		previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring) ||
+		previ == BIN(dup) ||
+		previ == BIN(getlocal) ||
+		previ == BIN(getblockparam) ||
+		previ == BIN(getblockparamproxy) ||
+		/* getinstancevariable may issue a warning */
+		previ == BIN(duparray)) {
 		/* just push operand or static value and pop soon, no
 		 * side effects */
-		REMOVE_ELEM(prev);
-		REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
+		ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
+		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	    }
+	    else if (previ == BIN(newarray) && iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, (INSN*)prev)) {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	    }
+	    else if (previ == BIN(concatarray)) {
+		INSN *piobj = (INSN *)prev;
+		INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(piobj, piobj->insn_info.line_no, splatarray, Qfalse);
+		INSN_OF(piobj) = BIN(pop);
+	    }
+	    else if (previ == BIN(concatstrings)) {
+		if (OPERAND_AT(prev, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
+		}
+		else {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+		    INSN_OF(prev) = BIN(adjuststack);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray) ||
+	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, duparray) ||
+	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, expandarray) ||
+	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatarray) ||
+	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, splatarray) ||
+	0) {
+	/*
+	 *  newarray N
+	 *  splatarray
+	 * =>
+	 *  newarray N
+	 * newarray always puts an array
+	 */
+	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, splatarray)) {
+	    /* remove splatarray following always-array insn */
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, tostring)) {
+	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+	/*
+	 *  tostring
+	 *  concatstrings 1
+	 * =>
+	 *  tostring
+	 */
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings) &&
+	    OPERAND_AT(next, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putstring) ||
+	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putobject) && RB_TYPE_P(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0), T_STRING))) {
+	/*
+	 *  putstring ""
+	 *  concatstrings N
+	 * =>
+	 *  concatstrings N-1
+	 */
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, concatstrings) &&
+	    RSTRING_LEN(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) == 0) {
+	    INSN *next = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
+	    if ((OPERAND_AT(next, 0) = FIXNUM_INC(OPERAND_AT(next, 0), -1)) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(&next->link);
+	    }
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatstrings)) {
+	/*
+	 *  concatstrings N
+	 *  concatstrings M
+	 * =>
+	 *  concatstrings N+M-1
+	 */
+	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+	INSN *jump = 0;
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, jump))
+	    next = get_destination_insn(jump = (INSN *)next);
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings)) {
+	    int n = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) + FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(next, 0)) - 1;
+	    OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = INT2FIX(n);
+	    if (jump) {
+		LABEL *label = ((LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(jump, 0));
+		if (!--label->refcnt) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&label->link);
+		}
+		else {
+		    label = NEW_LABEL(0);
+		    OPERAND_AT(jump, 0) = (VALUE)label;
+		}
+		label->refcnt++;
+		ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(next, &label->link);
+		CHECK(iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, get_next_insn(jump), do_tailcallopt));
+	    }
+	    else {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(next);
 	    }
 	}
     }
 
     if (do_tailcallopt &&
-	(iobj->insn_id == BIN(send) ||
-	 iobj->insn_id == BIN(opt_aref_with) ||
-	 iobj->insn_id == BIN(opt_aset_with) ||
-	 iobj->insn_id == BIN(invokesuper))) {
+	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send) ||
+	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aref_with) ||
+	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aset_with) ||
+	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuper))) {
 	/*
 	 *  send ...
 	 *  leave
@@ -2231,13 +3312,12 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	if (iobj->link.next) {
 	    LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
 	    do {
-		if (next->type != ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+		if (!IS_INSN(next)) {
 		    next = next->next;
 		    continue;
 		}
 		switch (INSN_OF(next)) {
 		  case BIN(nop):
-		  /*case BIN(trace):*/
 		    next = next->next;
 		    break;
 		  case BIN(jump):
@@ -2249,6 +3329,7 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 		    break;
 		  case BIN(leave):
 		    piobj = iobj;
+                    /* fall through */
 		  default:
 		    next = NULL;
 		    break;
@@ -2257,17 +3338,69 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	}
 
 	if (piobj) {
-	    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)piobj->operands[0];
-	    if (piobj->insn_id == BIN(send) || piobj->insn_id == BIN(invokesuper)) {
-		if (piobj->operands[2] == 0) { /* no blockiseq */
-		    ci->flag |= VM_CALL_TAILCALL;
+            const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0);
+	    if (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, send) ||
+                IS_INSN_ID(piobj, invokesuper)) {
+                if (OPERAND_AT(piobj, 1) == 0) { /* no blockiseq */
+                    ci = ci_flag_set(iseq, ci, VM_CALL_TAILCALL);
+                    OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+                    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
 		}
 	    }
 	    else {
-		ci->flag |= VM_CALL_TAILCALL;
+                ci = ci_flag_set(iseq, ci, VM_CALL_TAILCALL);
+                OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
 	    }
 	}
     }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, dup)) {
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, setlocal)) {
+	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = iobj->link.next, *set2 = NULL;
+	    if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, setlocal)) {
+		set2 = set1->next;
+		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
+		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, dup) &&
+		     IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1->next, setlocal)) {
+		set2 = set1->next->next;
+		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
+		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1->next);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(set2);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getlocal)) {
+	LINK_ELEMENT *niobj = &iobj->link;
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, dup)) {
+	    niobj = niobj->next;
+	}
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, setlocal)) {
+	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = niobj->next;
+	    if (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) &&
+		OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 1)) {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
+		ELEM_REMOVE(niobj);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate)) {
+        if (IS_TRACE(iobj->link.next)) {
+            if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(iobj->link.next, leave)) {
+                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -2279,12 +3412,10 @@ insn_set_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int insn_id)
 
     if (insn_id == BIN(opt_neq)) {
 	VALUE *old_operands = iobj->operands;
-	iobj->operand_size = 4;
-	iobj->operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, iobj->operand_size * sizeof(VALUE));
-	iobj->operands[0] = old_operands[0];
-	iobj->operands[1] = Qfalse; /* CALL_CACHE */
-	iobj->operands[2] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
-	iobj->operands[3] = Qfalse; /* CALL_CACHE */
+        iobj->operand_size = 2;
+        iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
+        iobj->operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
+        iobj->operands[1] = old_operands[0];
     }
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -2293,24 +3424,48 @@ insn_set_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int insn_id)
 static int
 iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 {
-    if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(send)) {
-	struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
-	const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 2);
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray) && iobj->link.next &&
+	IS_INSN(iobj->link.next)) {
+	/*
+	 *   [a, b, ...].max/min -> a, b, c, opt_newarray_max/min
+	 */
+	INSN *niobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
+	if (IS_INSN_ID(niobj, send)) {
+            const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+            if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 0) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
+		  case idMax:
+		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_max);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
+		    return COMPILE_OK;
+		  case idMin:
+		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_min);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
+		    return COMPILE_OK;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send)) {
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+        const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1);
 
 #define SP_INSN(opt) insn_set_specialized_instruction(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_##opt))
-	if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
-	    switch (ci->orig_argc) {
+	if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
+	    switch (vm_ci_argc(ci)) {
 	      case 0:
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idLength: SP_INSN(length); return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idSize:	 SP_INSN(size);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idEmptyP: SP_INSN(empty_p);return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idNilP:   SP_INSN(nil_p);  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idSucc:	 SP_INSN(succ);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idNot:	 SP_INSN(not);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 		break;
 	      case 1:
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idPLUS:	 SP_INSN(plus);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idMINUS:	 SP_INSN(minus);  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idMULT:	 SP_INSN(mult);	  return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -2318,23 +3473,26 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 		  case idMOD:	 SP_INSN(mod);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idEq:	 SP_INSN(eq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idNeq:	 SP_INSN(neq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+		  case idEqTilde:SP_INSN(regexpmatch2);return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idLT:	 SP_INSN(lt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idLE:	 SP_INSN(le);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idGT:	 SP_INSN(gt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idGE:	 SP_INSN(ge);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idLTLT:	 SP_INSN(ltlt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idAREF:	 SP_INSN(aref);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idAnd:    SP_INSN(and);    return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idOr:     SP_INSN(or);    return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 		break;
 	      case 2:
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idASET:	 SP_INSN(aset);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 		break;
 	    }
 	}
 
-	if ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
+	if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
 	    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_send_without_block);
 	    iobj->operand_size = insn_len(iobj->insn_id) - 1;
 	}
@@ -2348,6 +3506,10 @@ static inline int
 tailcallable_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     switch (iseq->body->type) {
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
+	/* not tail callable because cfp will be over popped */
       case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
       case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
 	/* rescue block can't tail call because of errinfo */
@@ -2358,7 +3520,7 @@ tailcallable_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 }
 
 static int
-iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
     const int do_peepholeopt = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->peephole_optimization;
@@ -2372,7 +3534,7 @@ iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
     list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
 
     while (list) {
-	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+	if (IS_INSN(list)) {
 	    if (do_peepholeopt) {
 		iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, list, tailcallopt);
 	    }
@@ -2383,7 +3545,7 @@ iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 		insn_operands_unification((INSN *)list);
 	    }
 	}
-	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL) {
+	if (IS_LABEL(list)) {
 	    switch (((LABEL *)list)->rescued) {
 	      case LABEL_RESCUE_BEG:
 		rescue_level++;
@@ -2418,8 +3580,7 @@ new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
     }
 
     if (argc > 0) {
-	ptr = operands =
-	    (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+	ptr = operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
     }
 
     /* copy operands */
@@ -2431,7 +3592,7 @@ new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	list = list->next;
     }
 
-    return new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
+    return new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -2441,7 +3602,7 @@ new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
  * It's future work (if compile time was bottle neck).
  */
 static int
-iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
 #if OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
@@ -2451,7 +3612,7 @@ iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 
     list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     while (list) {
-	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+	if (IS_INSN(list)) {
 	    iobj = (INSN *)list;
 	    id = iobj->insn_id;
 	    if (unified_insns_data[id] != 0) {
@@ -2460,7 +3621,7 @@ iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 		    const int *unified = entry[j];
 		    LINK_ELEMENT *li = list->next;
 		    for (k = 2; k < unified[1]; k++) {
-			if (li->type != ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN ||
+			if (!IS_INSN(li) ||
 			    ((INSN *)li)->insn_id != unified[k]) {
 			    goto miss;
 			}
@@ -2499,7 +3660,7 @@ iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 #include "opt_sc.inc"
 
 static int
-insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int state)
+insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const LINK_ELEMENT *anchor, INSN *iobj, int state)
 {
     int nstate;
     int insn_id;
@@ -2514,11 +3675,11 @@ insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int state)
 
 	if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
 	    if (lobj->sc_state != nstate) {
-		dump_disasm_list((LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj);
-		dump_disasm_list((LINK_ELEMENT *)lobj);
-		printf("\n-- %d, %d\n", lobj->sc_state, nstate);
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, iobj->line_no,
-			      "insn_set_sc_state error\n");
+		BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, iobj, lobj);
+		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+			      "insn_set_sc_state error: %d at "LABEL_FORMAT
+			      ", %d expected\n",
+			      lobj->sc_state, lobj->label_no, nstate);
 		return COMPILE_NG;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -2555,7 +3716,7 @@ label_set_sc_state(LABEL *lobj, int state)
 #endif
 
 static int
-iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
+iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
 #if OPT_STACK_CACHING
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
@@ -2586,7 +3747,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 				new_insn_body(iseq, 0, BIN(reput), 0);
 
 			    /* replace this insn */
-			    REPLACE_ELEM(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
+			    ELEM_REPLACE(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
 			    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj;
 			    goto redo_point;
 			}
@@ -2597,7 +3758,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 			if (state == SCS_AB || state == SCS_BA) {
 			    state = (state == SCS_AB ? SCS_BA : SCS_AB);
 
-			    REMOVE_ELEM(list);
+			    ELEM_REMOVE(list);
 			    list = list->next;
 			    goto redo_point;
 			}
@@ -2619,12 +3780,12 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 			  case SCS_XX:
 			    goto normal_insn;
 			  default:
-			    COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, iobj->line_no,
+			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
 					  "unreachable");
 			    return COMPILE_NG;
 			}
 			/* remove useless pop */
-			REMOVE_ELEM(list);
+			ELEM_REMOVE(list);
 			list = list->next;
 			goto redo_point;
 		    }
@@ -2632,7 +3793,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 		    /* none */
 		}		/* end of switch */
 	      normal_insn:
-		state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, iobj, state);
+		state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, anchor, iobj, state);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
@@ -2652,9 +3813,32 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int *cntp)
+all_string_result_p(const NODE *node)
+{
+    if (!node) return FALSE;
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_STR: case NODE_DSTR:
+	return TRUE;
+      case NODE_IF: case NODE_UNLESS:
+	if (!node->nd_body || !node->nd_else) return FALSE;
+	if (all_string_result_p(node->nd_body))
+	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_else);
+	return FALSE;
+      case NODE_AND: case NODE_OR:
+	if (!node->nd_2nd)
+	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st);
+	if (!all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st))
+	    return FALSE;
+	return all_string_result_p(node->nd_2nd);
+      default:
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int *cntp)
 {
-    NODE *list = node->nd_next;
+    const NODE *list = node->nd_next;
     VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
     LINK_ELEMENT *first_lit = 0;
     int cnt = 0;
@@ -2663,29 +3847,32 @@ compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int *cntp)
     if (!NIL_P(lit)) {
 	cnt++;
 	if (!RB_TYPE_P(lit, T_STRING)) {
-	    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
-			       rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
+			  rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
-	lit = node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+	lit = rb_fstring(lit);
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, lit);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	if (RSTRING_LEN(lit) == 0) first_lit = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
     }
 
     while (list) {
-	node = list->nd_head;
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_STR) {
-	    node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, node->nd_lit);
+	const NODE *const head = list->nd_head;
+	if (nd_type(head) == NODE_STR) {
+	    lit = rb_fstring(head->nd_lit);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(head), putobject, lit);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	    lit = Qnil;
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "each string", node);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "each string", head));
 	}
 	cnt++;
 	list = list->nd_next;
     }
     if (NIL_P(lit) && first_lit) {
-	REMOVE_ELEM(first_lit);
+	ELEM_REMOVE(first_lit);
 	--cnt;
     }
     *cntp = cnt;
@@ -2694,84 +3881,174 @@ compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int *cntp)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_dstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node)
+compile_dstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
     int cnt;
-    compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), concatstrings, INT2FIX(cnt));
+    if (!node->nd_next) {
+        VALUE lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+        const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, lit);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
+    }
+    else {
+        CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), concatstrings, INT2FIX(cnt));
+    }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static int
-compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node)
+compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
     int cnt;
-    compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt);
+    CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
     ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(node), toregexp, INT2FIX(node->nd_cflag), INT2FIX(cnt));
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static int
-compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * cond,
+compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int again,
+		  LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    rb_num_t cnt = ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT(iseq->body->local_iseq)
+	+ VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START;
+    VALUE key = INT2FIX(cnt);
+
+    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, key, INT2FIX(0));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lend);
+
+    /* *flip == 0 */
+    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "flip2 beg", node->nd_beg));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, else_label);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
+    if (!again) {
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, then_label);
+    }
+
+    /* *flip == 1 */
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "flip2 end", node->nd_end));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, then_label);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, then_label);
+
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *cond,
 			 LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
 {
+  again:
     switch (nd_type(cond)) {
       case NODE_AND:
 	{
 	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, label,
-				     else_label);
+	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, label,
+					   else_label));
+            if (!label->refcnt) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(cond), putnil);
+                break;
+            }
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_2nd, then_label,
-				     else_label);
-	    break;
+	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
+	    goto again;
 	}
       case NODE_OR:
 	{
 	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, then_label,
-				     label);
+	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, then_label,
+					   label));
+            if (!label->refcnt) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(cond), putnil);
+                break;
+            }
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_2nd, then_label,
-				     else_label);
-	    break;
+	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
+	    goto again;
 	}
-      case NODE_LIT:		/* NODE_LIT is always not true */
+      case NODE_LIT:		/* NODE_LIT is always true */
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+      case NODE_LAMBDA:
 	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n",  ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
 	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
-	break;
+        return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FALSE:
       case NODE_NIL:
 	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n", ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
 	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, else_label);
-	break;
-      default:
-	COMPILE(ret, "branch condition", cond);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), branchunless, else_label);
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+      case NODE_LIST:
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "branch condition", cond));
 	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
-	break;
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+      case NODE_FLIP2:
+	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, TRUE, then_label, else_label));
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+      case NODE_FLIP3:
+	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, FALSE, then_label, else_label));
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+	CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, cond, Qfalse));
+        break;
+      default:
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "branch condition", cond));
+        break;
     }
+
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), branchunless, else_label);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
+#define HASH_BRACE 1
+
+static int
+keyword_node_p(const NODE *const node)
+{
+    return nd_type(node) == NODE_HASH && (node->nd_brace & HASH_BRACE) != HASH_BRACE;
+}
+
 static int
-compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE * const root_node, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg ** const kw_arg_ptr)
+compile_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+			  const NODE *const root_node,
+			  struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **const kw_arg_ptr,
+			  unsigned int *flag)
 {
     if (kw_arg_ptr == NULL) return FALSE;
 
-    if (nd_type(root_node) == NODE_HASH && root_node->nd_head && nd_type(root_node->nd_head) == NODE_ARRAY) {
-	NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;
+    if (root_node->nd_head && nd_type(root_node->nd_head) == NODE_LIST) {
+	const NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;
+        int seen_nodes = 0;
 
 	while (node) {
-	    NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+	    const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+            seen_nodes++;
 
-	    assert(nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY);
-	    if (key_node && nd_type(key_node) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(key_node->nd_lit, T_SYMBOL)) {
+	    assert(nd_type(node) == NODE_LIST);
+            if (key_node && nd_type(key_node) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(key_node->nd_lit, T_SYMBOL)) {
 		/* can be keywords */
 	    }
 	    else {
+                if (flag) {
+                    *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
+                    if (seen_nodes > 1 || node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+                        /* A new hash will be created for the keyword arguments
+                         * in this case, so mark the method as passing mutable
+                         * keyword splat.
+                         */
+                        *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
+                    }
+                }
 		return FALSE;
 	    }
 	    node = node->nd_next; /* skip value node */
@@ -2782,7 +4059,8 @@ compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE * const
 	node = root_node->nd_head;
 	{
 	    int len = (int)node->nd_alen / 2;
-	    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg  = (struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (len - 1));
+            struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg =
+                rb_xmalloc_mul_add(len, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
 	    VALUE *keywords = kw_arg->keywords;
 	    int i = 0;
 	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
@@ -2790,10 +4068,10 @@ compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE * const
 	    *kw_arg_ptr = kw_arg;
 
 	    for (i=0; node != NULL; i++, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
-		NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
-		NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
+		const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+		const NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
 		keywords[i] = key_node->nd_lit;
-		COMPILE(ret, "keyword values", val_node);
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword values", val_node));
 	    }
 	    assert(i == len);
 	    return TRUE;
@@ -2802,176 +4080,404 @@ compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE * const
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-enum compile_array_type_t {
-    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY,
-    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH,
-    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS
-};
-
 static int
-compile_array_(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE* node_root,
-	       enum compile_array_type_t type, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords_ptr, int poped)
+compile_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node,
+                   struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords_ptr, unsigned int *flag)
 {
-    NODE *node = node_root;
-    int line = (int)nd_line(node);
     int len = 0;
 
-    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ZARRAY) {
-	if (!poped) {
-	    switch (type) {
-	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY: ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0)); break;
-	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH: ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0)); break;
-	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS: /* do nothing */ break;
-	    }
-	}
+    for (; node; len++, node = node->nd_next) {
+        if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
+            EXPECT_NODE("compile_args", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_next == NULL && keyword_node_p(node->nd_head)) { /* last node */
+            if (compile_keyword_arg(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, keywords_ptr, flag)) {
+                len--;
+            }
+            else {
+                compile_hash(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, TRUE, FALSE);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, FALSE));
+        }
     }
-    else {
-	int opt_p = 1;
-	int first = 1, i;
 
-	while (node) {
-	    NODE *start_node = node, *end_node;
-	    NODE *kw = 0;
-	    const int max = 0x100;
-	    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
-
-	    for (i=0; i<max && node; i++, len++, node = node->nd_next) {
-		if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
-		    EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_ARRAY);
-		}
+    return len;
+}
 
-		if (type != COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY && !node->nd_head) {
-		    kw = node->nd_next;
-		    node = 0;
-		    if (kw) {
-			opt_p = 0;
-			node = kw->nd_next;
-			kw = kw->nd_head;
-		    }
-		    break;
-		}
-		if (opt_p && nd_type(node->nd_head) != NODE_LIT) {
-		    opt_p = 0;
-		}
+static inline int
+static_literal_node_p(const NODE *node, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    node = node->nd_head;
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_NIL:
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+	return TRUE;
+      case NODE_STR:
+        return ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal;
+      default:
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
 
-		if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS && node->nd_next == NULL /* last node */ && compile_array_keyword_arg(iseq, anchor, node->nd_head, keywords_ptr)) {
-		    len--;
-		}
-		else {
-		    COMPILE_(anchor, "array element", node->nd_head, poped);
-		}
-	    }
+static inline VALUE
+static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    node = node->nd_head;
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_NIL:
+	return Qnil;
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+	return Qtrue;
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+	return Qfalse;
+      case NODE_STR:
+        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
+            VALUE lit;
+            VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX((int)nd_line(node)));
+            lit = rb_str_dup(node->nd_lit);
+            rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
+            return rb_str_freeze(lit);
+        }
+        else {
+            return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+        }
+      default:
+	return node->nd_lit;
+    }
+}
 
-	    if (opt_p && type != COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS) {
-		if (!poped) {
-		    VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(i);
+static int
+compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
+{
+    int line = (int)nd_line(node);
 
-		    end_node = node;
-		    node = start_node;
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ZLIST) {
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
+	}
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+
+    if (popped) {
+        for (; node; node = node->nd_next) {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, popped));
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Compilation of an array literal.
+     * The following code is essentially the same as:
+     *
+     *     for (int count = 0; node; count++; node->nd_next) {
+     *         compile(node->nd_head);
+     *     }
+     *     ADD_INSN(newarray, count);
+     *
+     * However, there are three points.
+     *
+     * - The code above causes stack overflow for a big string literal.
+     *   The following limits the stack length up to max_stack_len.
+     *
+     *   [x1,x2,...,x10000] =>
+     *     push x1  ; push x2  ; ...; push x256; newarray 256;
+     *     push x257; push x258; ...; push x512; newarray 256; concatarray;
+     *     push x513; push x514; ...; push x768; newarray 256; concatarray;
+     *     ...
+     *
+     * - Long subarray can be optimized by pre-allocating a hidden array.
+     *
+     *   [1,2,3,...,100] =>
+     *     duparray [1,2,3,...,100]
+     *
+     *   [x, 1,2,3,...,100, z] =>
+     *     push x; newarray 1;
+     *     putobject [1,2,3,...,100] (<- hidden array); concatarray;
+     *     push z; newarray 1; concatarray
+     *
+     * - If the last element is a keyword, newarraykwsplat should be emitted
+     *   to check and remove empty keyword arguments hash from array.
+     *   (Note: a keyword is NODE_HASH which is not static_literal_node_p.)
+     *
+     *   [1,2,3,**kw] =>
+     *     putobject 1; putobject 2; putobject 3; push kw; newarraykwsplat
+     */
 
-		    while (node != end_node) {
-			rb_ary_push(ary, node->nd_head->nd_lit);
-			node = node->nd_next;
-		    }
-		    while (node && nd_type(node->nd_head) == NODE_LIT &&
-			   node->nd_next && nd_type(node->nd_next->nd_head) == NODE_LIT) {
-			rb_ary_push(ary, node->nd_head->nd_lit);
-			node = node->nd_next;
-			rb_ary_push(ary, node->nd_head->nd_lit);
-			node = node->nd_next;
-			len++;
-		    }
+    const int max_stack_len = 0x100;
+    const int min_tmp_ary_len = 0x40;
+    int stack_len = 0;
+    int first_chunk = 1;
 
-		    OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
+    /* Convert pushed elements to an array, and concatarray if needed */
+#define FLUSH_CHUNK(newarrayinsn)                               \
+    if (stack_len) {                                            \
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarrayinsn, INT2FIX(stack_len)); \
+        if (!first_chunk) ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);     \
+        first_chunk = stack_len = 0;                            \
+    }
 
-		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, ary);
+    while (node) {
+        int count = 1;
+
+        /* pre-allocation check (this branch can be omittable) */
+        if (static_literal_node_p(node, iseq)) {
+            /* count the elements that are optimizable */
+            const NODE *node_tmp = node->nd_next;
+            for (; node_tmp && static_literal_node_p(node_tmp, iseq); node_tmp = node_tmp->nd_next)
+                count++;
+
+            if ((first_chunk && stack_len == 0 && !node_tmp) || count >= min_tmp_ary_len) {
+                /* The literal contains only optimizable elements, or the subarray is long enough */
+                VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(count);
+
+                /* Create a hidden array */
+                for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next)
+                    rb_ary_push(ary, static_literal_value(node, iseq));
+                OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
+
+                /* Emit optimized code */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK(newarray);
+                if (first_chunk) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, ary);
+                    first_chunk = 0;
+                }
+                else {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
+                }
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ary);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Base case: Compile "count" elements */
+        for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next) {
+            if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
+                EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+            }
+
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, 0));
+            stack_len++;
+
+            if (!node->nd_next && keyword_node_p(node->nd_head)) {
+                /* Reached the end, and the last element is a keyword */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK(newarraykwsplat);
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            /* If there are many pushed elements, flush them to avoid stack overflow */
+            if (stack_len >= max_stack_len) FLUSH_CHUNK(newarray);
+        }
+    }
+
+    FLUSH_CHUNK(newarray);
+#undef FLUSH_CHUNK
+    return 1;
+}
 
-		    if (first) {
-			first = 0;
-			if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY) {
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, ary);
-			}
-			else { /* COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH */
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
-			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_from_ary, INT2FIX(1));
-			}
-		    }
-		    else {
-			if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY) {
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
-			    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
-			}
-			else {
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
-			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ary, INT2FIX(1));
-			}
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		if (!poped) {
-		    switch (type) {
-		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY:
-			ADD_INSN1(anchor, line, newarray, INT2FIX(i));
+static inline int
+static_literal_node_pair_p(const NODE *node, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return node->nd_head && static_literal_node_p(node, iseq) && static_literal_node_p(node->nd_next, iseq);
+}
 
-			if (first) {
-			    first = 0;
-			}
-			else {
-			    ADD_INSN(anchor, line, concatarray);
-			}
+static int
+compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int method_call_keywords, int popped)
+{
+    int line = (int)nd_line(node);
 
-			APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-			break;
-		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH:
-			if (i > 0) {
-			    if (first) {
-				ADD_INSN1(anchor, line, newhash, INT2FIX(i));
-				APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-			    }
-			    else {
-				ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-				ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-				APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-				ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i + 1));
-			    }
-			}
-			if (kw) {
-			    VALUE nhash = (i > 0 || !first) ? INT2FIX(2) : INT2FIX(1);
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-			    if (i > 0 || !first) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-			    COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw);
-			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, nhash);
-			    if (nhash == INT2FIX(1)) ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
-			}
-			first = 0;
-			break;
-		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS:
-			APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-			break;
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* poped */
-		    APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-		}
-	    }
+    node = node->nd_head;
+
+    if (!node || nd_type(node) == NODE_ZLIST) {
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
 	}
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_NODE("compile_hash", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+
+    if (popped) {
+        for (; node; node = node->nd_next) {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "hash element", node->nd_head, popped));
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Compilation of a hash literal (or keyword arguments).
+     * This is very similar to compile_array, but there are some differences:
+     *
+     * - It contains key-value pairs.  So we need to take every two elements.
+     *   We can assume that the length is always even.
+     *
+     * - Merging is done by a method call (id_core_hash_merge_ptr).
+     *   Sometimes we need to insert the receiver, so "anchor" is needed.
+     *   In addition, a method call is much slower than concatarray.
+     *   So it pays only when the subsequence is really long.
+     *   (min_tmp_hash_len must be much larger than min_tmp_ary_len.)
+     *
+     * - We need to handle keyword splat: **kw.
+     *   For **kw, the key part (node->nd_head) is NULL, and the value part
+     *   (node->nd_next->nd_head) is "kw".
+     *   The code is a bit difficult to avoid hash allocation for **{}.
+     */
+
+    const int max_stack_len = 0x100;
+    const int min_tmp_hash_len = 0x800;
+    int stack_len = 0;
+    int first_chunk = 1;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
+
+    /* Convert pushed elements to a hash, and merge if needed */
+#define FLUSH_CHUNK()                                                                   \
+    if (stack_len) {                                                                    \
+        if (first_chunk) {                                                              \
+            APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);                                                   \
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(stack_len));                          \
+        }                                                                               \
+        else {                                                                          \
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));  \
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);                                                  \
+            APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);                                                   \
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(stack_len + 1));        \
+        }                                                                               \
+        INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);                                                            \
+        first_chunk = stack_len = 0;                                                    \
     }
-    return len;
-}
 
-static VALUE
-compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE* node_root, enum compile_array_type_t type)
-{
-    return compile_array_(iseq, ret, node_root, type, NULL, 0);
+    while (node) {
+        int count = 1;
+
+        /* pre-allocation check (this branch can be omittable) */
+        if (static_literal_node_pair_p(node, iseq)) {
+            /* count the elements that are optimizable */
+            const NODE *node_tmp = node->nd_next->nd_next;
+            for (; node_tmp && static_literal_node_pair_p(node_tmp, iseq); node_tmp = node_tmp->nd_next->nd_next)
+                count++;
+
+            if ((first_chunk && stack_len == 0 && !node_tmp) || count >= min_tmp_hash_len) {
+                /* The literal contains only optimizable elements, or the subsequence is long enough */
+                VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(count);
+
+                /* Create a hidden hash */
+                for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+                    VALUE elem[2];
+                    elem[0] = static_literal_value(node, iseq);
+                    elem[1] = static_literal_value(node->nd_next, iseq);
+                    rb_ary_cat(ary, elem, 2);
+                }
+                VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary) / 2);
+                rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary), hash);
+                hash = rb_obj_hide(hash);
+                OBJ_FREEZE(hash);
+
+                /* Emit optimized code */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK();
+                if (first_chunk) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duphash, hash);
+                    first_chunk = 0;
+                }
+                else {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, hash);
+
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
+                }
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, hash);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Base case: Compile "count" elements */
+        for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+
+            if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
+                EXPECT_NODE("compile_hash", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+            }
+
+            if (node->nd_head) {
+                /* Normal key-value pair */
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(anchor, "hash key element", node->nd_head, 0));
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(anchor, "hash value element", node->nd_next->nd_head, 0));
+                stack_len += 2;
+
+                /* If there are many pushed elements, flush them to avoid stack overflow */
+                if (stack_len >= max_stack_len) FLUSH_CHUNK();
+            }
+            else {
+                /* kwsplat case: foo(..., **kw, ...) */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK();
+
+                const NODE *kw = node->nd_next->nd_head;
+                int empty_kw = nd_type(kw) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(kw->nd_lit, T_HASH); /* foo(  ..., **{}, ...) */
+                int first_kw = first_chunk && stack_len == 0; /* foo(1,2,3, **kw, ...) */
+                int last_kw = !node->nd_next->nd_next;        /* foo(  ..., **kw) */
+                int only_kw = last_kw && first_kw;            /* foo(1,2,3, **kw) */
+
+                if (empty_kw) {
+                    if (only_kw && method_call_keywords) {
+                        /* **{} appears at the only keyword argument in method call,
+                         * so it won't be modified.
+                         * kw is a special NODE_LIT that contains a special empty hash,
+                         * so this emits: putobject {}.
+                         * This is only done for method calls and not for literal hashes,
+                         * because literal hashes should always result in a new hash.
+                         */
+                        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw));
+                    }
+                    else if (first_kw) {
+                        /* **{} appears as the first keyword argument, so it may be modified.
+                         * We need to create a fresh hash object.
+                         */
+                        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+                    }
+                    /* Any empty keyword splats that are not the first can be ignored.
+                     * since merging an empty hash into the existing hash is the same
+                     * as not merging it. */
+                }
+                else {
+                    if (only_kw && method_call_keywords) {
+                        /* **kw is only keyword argument in method call.
+                         * Use directly.  This will be not be flagged as mutable.
+                         * This is only done for method calls and not for literal hashes,
+                         * because literal hashes should always result in a new hash.
+                         */
+                        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /* There is more than one keyword argument, or this is not a method
+                         * call.  In that case, we need to add an empty hash (if first keyword),
+                         * or merge the hash to the accumulated hash (if not the first keyword).
+                         */
+                        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+                        if (first_kw) ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+                        else ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+
+                        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw));
+
+                        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                first_chunk = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    FLUSH_CHUNK();
+#undef FLUSH_CHUNK
+    return 1;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-case_when_optimizable_literal(NODE * node)
+VALUE
+rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(const NODE *const node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_LIT: {
@@ -2993,40 +4499,36 @@ case_when_optimizable_literal(NODE * node)
       case NODE_FALSE:
 	return Qfalse;
       case NODE_STR:
-	return node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+	return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
     }
     return Qundef;
 }
 
 static int
-when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *cond_seq, NODE *vals, LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
+when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
+	  LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
 {
     while (vals) {
-	NODE* val = vals->nd_head;
-	VALUE lit = case_when_optimizable_literal(val);
+	const NODE *val = vals->nd_head;
+        VALUE lit = rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(val);
 
 	if (lit == Qundef) {
 	    only_special_literals = 0;
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit) != Qnil) {
-		rb_compile_warning(ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(val),
-				   "duplicated when clause is ignored");
-	    }
-	    else {
-		rb_hash_aset(literals, lit, (VALUE)(l1) | 1);
-	    }
+        else if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit))) {
+            rb_hash_aset(literals, lit, (VALUE)(l1) | 1);
 	}
 
 	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(val), dup); /* dup target */
 
 	if (nd_type(val) == NODE_STR) {
-	    val->nd_lit = rb_fstring(val->nd_lit);
 	    debugp_param("nd_lit", val->nd_lit);
-	    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(val), putobject, val->nd_lit);
+	    lit = rb_fstring(val->nd_lit);
+	    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(val), putobject, lit);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val);
+	    if (!COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val)) return -1;
 	}
 
 	ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
@@ -3037,26 +4539,72 @@ when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *cond_seq, NODE *vals, LABEL *l1, int onl
 }
 
 static int
-compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node)
+when_splat_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
+                LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(vals);
+
+    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+      case NODE_LIST:
+        if (when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals) < 0)
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        break;
+      case NODE_SPLAT:
+        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when splat", vals->nd_head));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
+        break;
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_head, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_body, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+        break;
+      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_head, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when argspush body", vals->nd_body));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
+        break;
+      default:
+        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when val", vals));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
+        break;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+
+static int
+compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_ATTRASGN: {
 	INSN *iobj;
-	struct rb_call_info *ci;
 	VALUE dupidx;
 	int line = nd_line(node);
 
-	COMPILE_POPED(ret, "masgn lhs (NODE_ATTRASGN)", node);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn lhs (NODE_ATTRASGN)", node));
 
 	iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn((INSN *)LAST_ELEMENT(ret)); /* send insn */
-	ci = (struct rb_call_info *)iobj->operands[0];
-	ci->orig_argc += 1;
-	dupidx = INT2FIX(ci->orig_argc);
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+        int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci) + 1;
+        ci = ci_argc_set(iseq, ci, argc);
+        OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
+        dupidx = INT2FIX(argc);
 
 	INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, topn, dupidx);
-	if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
-	    --ci->orig_argc;
-	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+	if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+            int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci);
+            ci = ci_argc_set(iseq, ci, argc - 1);
+            OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, iobj);
+            INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, line, concatarray);
 	}
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);	/* result */
@@ -3065,16 +4613,16 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node)
       case NODE_MASGN: {
 	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
 	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
-	COMPILE_POPED(anchor, "nest masgn lhs", node);
-	REMOVE_ELEM(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "nest masgn lhs", node));
+	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, anchor);
 	break;
       }
       default: {
 	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
 	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
-	COMPILE_POPED(anchor, "masgn lhs", node);
-	REMOVE_ELEM(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "masgn lhs", node));
+	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, anchor);
       }
     }
@@ -3082,25 +4630,26 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node)
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
-static void
-compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *lhsn)
+static int
+compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *lhsn)
 {
     if (lhsn) {
-	compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_next);
-	compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_head);
+	CHECK(compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_next));
+	CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_head));
     }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static int
-compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
-		    NODE *rhsn, NODE *orig_lhsn)
+compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+		    const NODE *rhsn, const NODE *orig_lhsn)
 {
     VALUE mem[64];
     const int memsize = numberof(mem);
     int memindex = 0;
     int llen = 0, rlen = 0;
     int i;
-    NODE *lhsn = orig_lhsn;
+    const NODE *lhsn = orig_lhsn;
 
 #define MEMORY(v) { \
     int i; \
@@ -3111,12 +4660,12 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
     mem[memindex++] = (v); \
 }
 
-    if (rhsn == 0 || nd_type(rhsn) != NODE_ARRAY) {
+    if (rhsn == 0 || nd_type(rhsn) != NODE_LIST) {
 	return 0;
     }
 
     while (lhsn) {
-	NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
+	const NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
 	switch (nd_type(ln)) {
 	  case NODE_LASGN:
 	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
@@ -3124,7 +4673,6 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
 	  case NODE_DASGN:
 	  case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
 	  case NODE_IASGN:
-	  case NODE_IASGN2:
 	  case NODE_CVASGN:
 	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
 	    break;
@@ -3137,10 +4685,10 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
 
     while (rhsn) {
 	if (llen <= rlen) {
-	    COMPILE_POPED(ret, "masgn val (popped)", rhsn->nd_head);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn val (popped)", rhsn->nd_head));
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "masgn val", rhsn->nd_head);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "masgn val", rhsn->nd_head));
 	}
 	rhsn = rhsn->nd_next;
 	rlen++;
@@ -3157,7 +4705,7 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
 }
 
 static void
-adjust_stack(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, int line, int rlen, int llen)
+adjust_stack(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, int line, int rlen, int llen)
 {
     if (rlen < llen) {
 	do {ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);} while (++rlen < llen);
@@ -3168,14 +4716,14 @@ adjust_stack(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, int line, int rlen, int llen)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int poped)
+compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
 {
-    NODE *rhsn = node->nd_value;
-    NODE *splatn = node->nd_args;
-    NODE *lhsn = node->nd_head;
-    int lhs_splat = (splatn && (VALUE)splatn != (VALUE)-1) ? 1 : 0;
+    const NODE *rhsn = node->nd_value;
+    const NODE *splatn = node->nd_args;
+    const NODE *lhsn = node->nd_head;
+    int lhs_splat = (splatn && NODE_NAMED_REST_P(splatn)) ? 1 : 0;
 
-    if (!poped || splatn || !compile_massign_opt(iseq, ret, rhsn, lhsn)) {
+    if (!popped || splatn || !compile_massign_opt(iseq, ret, rhsn, lhsn)) {
 	int llen = 0;
 	int expand = 1;
 	DECL_ANCHOR(lhsseq);
@@ -3183,20 +4731,20 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int poped)
 	INIT_ANCHOR(lhsseq);
 
 	while (lhsn) {
-	    compile_massign_lhs(iseq, lhsseq, lhsn->nd_head);
+	    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, lhsseq, lhsn->nd_head));
 	    llen += 1;
 	    lhsn = lhsn->nd_next;
 	}
 
-	COMPILE(ret, "normal masgn rhs", rhsn);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "normal masgn rhs", rhsn));
 
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), dup);
 	}
 	else if (!lhs_splat) {
 	    INSN *last = (INSN*)ret->last;
-	    if (last->link.type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN &&
-		last->insn_id == BIN(newarray) &&
+	    if (IS_INSN(&last->link) &&
+		IS_INSN_ID(last, newarray) &&
 		last->operand_size == 1) {
 		int rlen = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(last, 0));
 		/* special case: assign to aset or attrset */
@@ -3227,25 +4775,25 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int poped)
 	if (lhs_splat) {
 	    if (nd_type(splatn) == NODE_POSTARG) {
 		/*a, b, *r, p1, p2 */
-		NODE *postn = splatn->nd_2nd;
-		NODE *restn = splatn->nd_1st;
+		const NODE *postn = splatn->nd_2nd;
+		const NODE *restn = splatn->nd_1st;
 		int num = (int)postn->nd_alen;
-		int flag = 0x02 | (((VALUE)restn == (VALUE)-1) ? 0x00 : 0x01);
+		int flag = 0x02 | (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(restn) ? 0x01 : 0x00);
 
 		ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(splatn), expandarray,
 			  INT2FIX(num), INT2FIX(flag));
 
-		if ((VALUE)restn != (VALUE)-1) {
-		    compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, restn);
+		if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(restn)) {
+		    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, restn));
 		}
 		while (postn) {
-		    compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, postn->nd_head);
+		    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, postn->nd_head));
 		    postn = postn->nd_next;
 		}
 	    }
 	    else {
 		/* a, b, *r */
-		compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, splatn);
+		CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, splatn));
 	    }
 	}
     }
@@ -3253,62 +4801,77 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *node, int poped)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE * node,
-	       LINK_ANCHOR *pref, LINK_ANCHOR *body)
+compile_const_prefix(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
+		     LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_CONST:
-	debugi("compile_colon2 - colon", node->nd_vid);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon", node->nd_vid);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	break;
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	debugi("compile_colon2 - colon3", node->nd_mid);
+	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon3", node->nd_mid);
 	ADD_INSN(body, nd_line(node), pop);
 	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, rb_cObject);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
 	break;
       case NODE_COLON2:
-	compile_colon2(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body);
-	debugi("compile_colon2 - colon2", node->nd_mid);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+	CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body));
+	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon2", node->nd_mid);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
 	break;
       default:
-	COMPILE(pref, "const colon2 prefix", node);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(pref, "const colon2 prefix", node));
 	break;
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-compile_cpath(LINK_ANCHOR *ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *cpath)
+static int
+compile_cpath(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *cpath)
 {
     if (nd_type(cpath) == NODE_COLON3) {
 	/* toplevel class ::Foo */
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(cpath), putobject, rb_cObject);
-	return Qfalse;
+	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
     }
     else if (cpath->nd_head) {
 	/* Bar::Foo */
-	COMPILE(ret, "nd_else->nd_head", cpath->nd_head);
-	return Qfalse;
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_else->nd_head", cpath->nd_head));
+	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
     }
     else {
 	/* class at cbase Foo */
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(cpath), putspecialobject,
 		  INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
-	return Qtrue;
+	return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int
+private_recv_p(const NODE *node)
+{
+    if (nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_SELF) {
+        NODE *self = node->nd_recv;
+        return self->nd_state != 0;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
-#define private_recv_p(node) (nd_type((node)->nd_recv) == NODE_SELF)
+static void
+defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr);
 
-#define defined_expr defined_expr0
-static int
-defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
-	     NODE *node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
+static void
+defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+	      const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
 {
-    enum defined_type expr_type = 0;
+    enum defined_type expr_type = DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED;
     enum node_type type;
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
 
     switch (type = nd_type(node)) {
 
@@ -3326,21 +4889,22 @@ defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
 	expr_type = DEFINED_FALSE;
 	break;
 
-      case NODE_ARRAY:{
-	NODE *vals = node;
+      case NODE_LIST:{
+	const NODE *vals = node;
 
 	do {
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, vals->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
+	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, vals->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
 
 	    if (!lfinish[1]) {
-		lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+                lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
 	} while ((vals = vals->nd_next) != NULL);
       }
+        /* fall through */
       case NODE_STR:
       case NODE_LIT:
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:
       default:
@@ -3354,103 +4918,99 @@ defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
 	break;
 
       case NODE_IVAR:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_IVAR),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_IVAR),
 		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_GVAR:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR),
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry->id), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR),
+		  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry), needstr);
+        return;
 
       case NODE_CVAR:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR),
 		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_CONST:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
 		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
       case NODE_COLON2:
 	if (!lfinish[1]) {
-	    lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	}
-	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+	defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
 
-	if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
-	}
-	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
-	}
-	return 1;
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined,
+		  (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid) ?
+		   INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM) : INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD)),
+		  ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
+        return;
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, rb_cObject);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined,
-		  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined,
+		  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
+        return;
 
 	/* method dispatch */
       case NODE_CALL:
+      case NODE_OPCALL:
       case NODE_VCALL:
       case NODE_FCALL:
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:{
 	const int explicit_receiver =
-	    (type == NODE_CALL ||
+	    (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL ||
 	     (type == NODE_ATTRASGN && !private_recv_p(node)));
 
-	if (!lfinish[1]) {
-	    lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+	if (!lfinish[1] && (node->nd_args || explicit_receiver)) {
+            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	}
 	if (node->nd_args) {
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_args, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_args, lfinish, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
 	}
 	if (explicit_receiver) {
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_recv, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/recv", node->nd_recv);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
+	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_recv, lfinish, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defined/recv", node->nd_recv));
+            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
 		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
 	}
 	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putself);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC),
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
+            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC),
 		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
 	}
-	return 1;
+        return;
       }
 
       case NODE_YIELD:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0,
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0,
 		  needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_BACK_REF:
       case NODE_NTH_REF:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF),
 		  INT2FIX((node->nd_nth << 1) | (type == NODE_BACK_REF)),
 		  needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_SUPER:
       case NODE_ZSUPER:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0,
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0,
 		  needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
@@ -3463,48 +5023,77 @@ defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
       case NODE_GASGN:
       case NODE_IASGN:
       case NODE_CDECL:
-      case NODE_CVDECL:
       case NODE_CVASGN:
 	expr_type = DEFINED_ASGN;
 	break;
     }
 
-    if (expr_type) {
-	if (needstr != Qfalse) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(expr_type);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, str);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, Qtrue);
-	}
-	return 1;
+    assert(expr_type != DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED);
+
+    if (needstr != Qfalse) {
+        VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(expr_type);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
     }
-    return 0;
 }
-#undef defined_expr
 
-static int
-defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret,
-	     NODE *node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
+static void
+build_defined_rescue_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const void *unused)
+{
+    ADD_INSN(ret, 0, putnil);
+    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
+}
+
+static void
+defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *lcur = ret->last;
-    int done = defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node, lfinish, needstr);
+    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node, lfinish, needstr);
     if (lfinish[1]) {
 	int line = nd_line(node);
 	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(NEW_NIL(),
-						 rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2
-							       ("defined guard in "),
-							       iseq->body->location.label),
-						 ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD, 0);
+	const rb_iseq_t *rescue;
+        struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
+            rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_defined_rescue_iseq, NULL);
+        rescue = new_child_iseq_with_callback(iseq, ifunc,
+				      rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("defined guard in "),
+						    iseq->body->location.label),
+				      iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, 0);
 	lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
 	lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
 	APPEND_LABEL(ret, lcur, lstart);
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lfinish[1]);
     }
-    return done;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    if (!node->nd_head) {
+	VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
+    }
+    else {
+	LABEL *lfinish[2];
+	LINK_ELEMENT *last = ret->last;
+	lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	lfinish[1] = 0;
+	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, needstr);
+	if (lfinish[1]) {
+	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(last, &new_insn_body(iseq, line, BIN(putnil), 0)->link);
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
+	}
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3533,7 +5122,7 @@ make_name_for_block(const rb_iseq_t *orig_iseq)
 static void
 push_ensure_entry(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 		  struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enl,
-		  struct ensure_range *er, NODE *node)
+		  struct ensure_range *er, const NODE *const node)
 {
     enl->ensure_node = node;
     enl->prev = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;	/* prev */
@@ -3560,7 +5149,7 @@ add_ensure_range(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct ensure_range *erange,
 }
 
 static void
-add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
+add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
 {
     struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enlp =
 	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;
@@ -3569,7 +5158,7 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
 
     INIT_ANCHOR(ensure);
     while (enlp) {
-	if (enlp->erange != 0) {
+	if (enlp->erange != NULL) {
 	    DECL_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
 	    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(0);
 	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(0);
@@ -3579,7 +5168,7 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
 
 	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enlp->prev;
 	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lstart);
-	    COMPILE_POPED(ensure_part, "ensure part", enlp->ensure_node);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensure_part, "ensure part", enlp->ensure_node));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lend);
 	    ADD_SEQ(ensure, ensure_part);
 	}
@@ -3594,828 +5183,2450 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
     ADD_SEQ(ret, ensure);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-setup_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *args, NODE *argn, unsigned int *flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords)
+static int
+check_keyword(const NODE *node)
 {
-    VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
-    int nsplat = 0;
-    DECL_ANCHOR(arg_block);
-    DECL_ANCHOR(args_splat);
+    /* This check is essentially a code clone of compile_keyword_arg. */
 
-    INIT_ANCHOR(arg_block);
-    INIT_ANCHOR(args_splat);
-    if (argn && nd_type(argn) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
-	COMPILE(arg_block, "block", argn->nd_body);
-	*flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG;
-	argn = argn->nd_head;
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_LIST) {
+        while (node->nd_next) {
+            node = node->nd_next;
+        }
+        node = node->nd_head;
     }
 
-  setup_argn:
-    if (argn) {
-	switch (nd_type(argn)) {
-	  case NODE_SPLAT: {
-	    COMPILE(args, "args (splat)", argn->nd_head);
-	    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qfalse);
-	    argc = INT2FIX(1);
-	    nsplat++;
-	    *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	  case NODE_ARGSPUSH: {
-	    int next_is_array = (nd_type(argn->nd_head) == NODE_ARRAY);
-	    DECL_ANCHOR(tmp);
-
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(tmp);
-	    COMPILE(tmp, "args (cat: splat)", argn->nd_body);
-	    if (nd_type(argn) == NODE_ARGSCAT) {
-		ADD_INSN1(tmp, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qfalse);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_INSN1(tmp, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-	    }
-	    INSERT_LIST(args_splat, tmp);
-	    nsplat++;
-	    *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
-
-	    if (next_is_array) {
-		argc = INT2FIX(compile_array(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS) + 1);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		argn = argn->nd_head;
-		goto setup_argn;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	  }
-	  case NODE_ARRAY:
-	    {
-		argc = INT2FIX(compile_array_(iseq, args, argn, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS, keywords, FALSE));
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default: {
-	    UNKNOWN_NODE("setup_arg", argn);
-	  }
-	}
-    }
+    return keyword_node_p(node);
+}
 
-    if (nsplat > 1) {
-	int i;
-	for (i=1; i<nsplat; i++) {
-	    ADD_INSN(args_splat, nd_line(args), concatarray);
-	}
-    }
+static VALUE
+setup_args_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
+                int dup_rest, unsigned int *flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords)
+{
+    if (argn) {
+        switch (nd_type(argn)) {
+          case NODE_SPLAT: {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE(args, "args (splat)", argn->nd_head));
+            ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, dup_rest ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+            if (flag) *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
+            return INT2FIX(1);
+          }
+          case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+          case NODE_ARGSPUSH: {
+            int next_is_list = (nd_type(argn->nd_head) == NODE_LIST);
+            VALUE argc = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, 1, NULL, NULL);
+            if (nd_type(argn->nd_body) == NODE_LIST) {
+                /* This branch is needed to avoid "newarraykwsplat" [Bug #16442] */
+                int rest_len = compile_args(iseq, args, argn->nd_body, NULL, NULL);
+                ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(rest_len));
+            }
+            else {
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE(args, "args (cat: splat)", argn->nd_body));
+            }
+            if (flag) {
+                *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
+                /* This is a dirty hack.  It traverses the AST twice.
+                 * In a long term, it should be fixed by a redesign of keyword arguments */
+                if (check_keyword(argn->nd_body))
+                    *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
+            }
+            if (nd_type(argn) == NODE_ARGSCAT) {
+                if (next_is_list) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qtrue);
+                    return INT2FIX(FIX2INT(argc) + 1);
+                }
+                else {
+                    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qfalse);
+                    ADD_INSN(args, nd_line(argn), concatarray);
+                    return argc;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN(args, nd_line(argn), concatarray);
+                return argc;
+            }
+          }
+          case NODE_LIST: {
+            int len = compile_args(iseq, args, argn, keywords, flag);
+            return INT2FIX(len);
+          }
+          default: {
+            UNKNOWN_NODE("setup_arg", argn, Qnil);
+          }
+        }
+    }
+    return INT2FIX(0);
+}
 
-    if (!LIST_SIZE_ZERO(args_splat)) {
-	ADD_SEQ(args, args_splat);
+static VALUE
+setup_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
+	   unsigned int *flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords)
+{
+    VALUE ret;
+    if (argn && nd_type(argn) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
+        unsigned int dup_rest = 1;
+        DECL_ANCHOR(arg_block);
+        INIT_ANCHOR(arg_block);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(arg_block, "block", argn->nd_body));
+
+        *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG;
+
+        if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(arg_block)) {
+            LINK_ELEMENT *elem = FIRST_ELEMENT(arg_block);
+            if (elem->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)elem;
+                if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(getblockparam)) {
+                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(getblockparamproxy);
+                }
+                dup_rest = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        ret = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, dup_rest, flag, keywords);
+        ADD_SEQ(args, arg_block);
     }
-
-    if (*flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) {
-	ADD_SEQ(args, arg_block);
+    else {
+        ret = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn, 0, flag, keywords);
     }
-    return argc;
+    return ret;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-build_postexe_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE *body)
+static void
+build_postexe_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const void *ptr)
 {
+    const NODE *body = ptr;
     int line = nd_line(body);
     VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
     const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(body, make_name_for_block(iseq->body->parent_iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
 
     ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
     ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, id_core_set_postexe, argc, block);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block);
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
-    return Qnil;
 }
 
-/**
-  compile each node
-
-  self:  InstructionSequence
-  node:  Ruby compiled node
-  poped: This node will be poped
- */
-static int
-iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
+static void
+compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
-    enum node_type type;
-    LINK_ELEMENT *saved_last_element = 0;
-    int line;
+    const NODE *vars;
+    LINK_ELEMENT *last;
+    int line = nd_line(node);
+    LABEL *fail_label = NEW_LABEL(line), *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
 
-    if (node == 0) {
-	if (!poped) {
-	    debugs("node: NODE_NIL(implicit)\n");
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, putnil);
+#if !(defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_BY_SVAR) && NAMED_CAPTURE_BY_SVAR-0)
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal, ID2SYM(idBACKREF));
+#else
+    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */, INT2FIX(0));
+#endif
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, fail_label);
+
+    for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
+	INSN *cap;
+	if (vars->nd_next) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
-	return COMPILE_OK;
+	last = ret->last;
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head));
+	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
+	cap = new_insn_send(iseq, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1),
+			    NULL, INT2FIX(0), NULL);
+	ELEM_INSERT_PREV(last->next, (LINK_ELEMENT *)cap);
+#if !defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT) || NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT-0
+	if (!vars->nd_next && vars == node) {
+	    /* only one name */
+	    DECL_ANCHOR(nom);
+
+	    INIT_ANCHOR(nom);
+	    ADD_INSNL(nom, line, jump, end_label);
+	    ADD_LABEL(nom, fail_label);
+# if 0				/* $~ must be MatchData or nil */
+	    ADD_INSN(nom, line, pop);
+	    ADD_INSN(nom, line, putnil);
+# endif
+	    ADD_LABEL(nom, end_label);
+	    (nom->last->next = cap->link.next)->prev = nom->last;
+	    (cap->link.next = nom->anchor.next)->prev = &cap->link;
+	    return;
+	}
+#endif
     }
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, fail_label);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
+	last = ret->last;
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head));
+	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
+	((INSN*)last)->insn_id = BIN(putnil);
+	((INSN*)last)->operand_size = 0;
+    }
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+}
 
-    line = (int)nd_line(node);
+static int
+optimizable_range_item_p(const NODE *n)
+{
+    if (!n) return FALSE;
+    switch (nd_type(n)) {
+      case NODE_LIT:
+        return RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(n->nd_lit);
+      case NODE_NIL:
+        return TRUE;
+      default:
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
 
-    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line == line) {
-	/* ignore */
+static int
+compile_if(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped, const enum node_type type)
+{
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const NODE *const node_body = type == NODE_IF ? node->nd_body : node->nd_else;
+    const NODE *const node_else = type == NODE_IF ? node->nd_else : node->nd_body;
+
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(then_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(else_seq);
+    LABEL *then_label, *else_label, *end_label;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+    int ci_size;
+    VALUE catch_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    long catch_table_size = NIL_P(catch_table) ? 0 : RARRAY_LEN(catch_table);
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(then_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(else_seq);
+    then_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    end_label = 0;
+
+    compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, node->nd_cond,
+			     then_label, else_label);
+
+    ci_size = body->ci_size;
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(then_seq, "then", node_body, popped));
+    catch_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (!then_label->refcnt) {
+        body->ci_size = ci_size;
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) rb_ary_set_len(catch_table, catch_table_size);
     }
     else {
-	if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
-	    ADD_TRACE(ret, line, RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
-	    saved_last_element = ret->last;
-	}
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) catch_table_size = RARRAY_LEN(catch_table);
     }
 
-    debug_node_start(node);
+    ci_size = body->ci_size;
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(else_seq, "else", node_else, popped));
+    catch_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (!else_label->refcnt) {
+        body->ci_size = ci_size;
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) rb_ary_set_len(catch_table, catch_table_size);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) catch_table_size = RARRAY_LEN(catch_table);
+    }
 
-    type = nd_type(node);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
 
-    switch (type) {
-      case NODE_BLOCK:{
-	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK) {
-	    COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK body", node->nd_head,
-		     (node->nd_next == 0 && poped == 0) ? 0 : 1);
-	    node = node->nd_next;
-	}
-	if (node) {
-	    COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK next", node->nd_next, poped);
-	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_IF:{
-	DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(then_seq);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(else_seq);
-	LABEL *then_label, *else_label, *end_label;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(then_seq);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(else_seq);
-	then_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, node->nd_cond,
-				 then_label, else_label);
-	COMPILE_(then_seq, "then", node->nd_body, poped);
-	COMPILE_(else_seq, "else", node->nd_else, poped);
-
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
+    if (then_label->refcnt && else_label->refcnt) {
+	branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_IF ? "if" : "unless");
+    }
 
+    if (then_label->refcnt) {
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, then_label);
+	if (else_label->refcnt) {
+	    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		ret,
+                node_body ? node_body : node,
+                0,
+		type == NODE_IF ? "then" : "else",
+		branches);
+	    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	    ADD_INSNL(then_seq, line, jump, end_label);
+            if (!popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(then_seq, line, pop);
+            }
+	}
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, then_seq);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
+    }
 
+    if (else_label->refcnt) {
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
+	if (then_label->refcnt) {
+	    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		ret,
+                node_else ? node_else : node,
+                1,
+		type == NODE_IF ? "else" : "then",
+		branches);
+	}
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, else_seq);
+    }
 
+    if (end_label) {
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+    }
 
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_CASE:{
-	NODE *vals;
-	NODE *tempnode = node;
-	LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
-	DECL_ANCHOR(head);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-	int only_special_literals = 1;
-	VALUE literals = rb_hash_new();
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(head);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-
-	rb_hash_tbl_raw(literals)->type = &cdhash_type;
-
-	if (node->nd_head == 0) {
-	    COMPILE_(ret, "when", node->nd_body, poped);
-	    break;
-	}
-	COMPILE(head, "case base", node->nd_head);
-
-	node = node->nd_body;
-	type = nd_type(node);
-	line = nd_line(node);
-
-	if (type != NODE_WHEN) {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_CASE: unexpected node. must be NODE_WHEN, but %s", ruby_node_name(type));
-	    debug_node_end();
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+static int
+compile_case(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
+{
+    const NODE *vals;
+    const NODE *node = orig_node;
+    LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(head);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    int only_special_literals = 1;
+    VALUE literals = rb_hash_new();
+    int line;
+    enum node_type type;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+    int branch_id = 0;
 
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
+    INIT_ANCHOR(head);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
 
-	while (type == NODE_WHEN) {
-	    LABEL *l1;
+    RHASH_TBL_RAW(literals)->type = &cdhash_type;
 
-	    l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
-	    ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
-	    COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, poped);
-	    ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+    CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", node->nd_head));
 
-	    vals = node->nd_head;
-	    if (vals) {
-		switch (nd_type(vals)) {
-		  case NODE_ARRAY:
-		    only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
-		    break;
-		  case NODE_SPLAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		    only_special_literals = 0;
-		    ADD_INSN (cond_seq, nd_line(vals), dup);
-		    COMPILE(cond_seq, "when/cond splat", vals);
-		    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
-		    ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
-		    break;
-		  default:
-		    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals);
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_ARRAY);
-	    }
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, "case");
 
-	    node = node->nd_next;
-	    if (!node) {
+    node = node->nd_body;
+    EXPECT_NODE("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_WHEN, COMPILE_NG);
+    type = nd_type(node);
+    line = nd_line(node);
+
+    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
+
+    while (type == NODE_WHEN) {
+	LABEL *l1;
+
+	l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+	ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		body_seq,
+                node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+                branch_id++,
+		"when",
+		branches);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, popped));
+	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+
+	vals = node->nd_head;
+	if (vals) {
+	    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+	      case NODE_LIST:
+		only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
+		if (only_special_literals < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
 		break;
+	      case NODE_SPLAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+		only_special_literals = 0;
+		CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+		break;
+	      default:
+		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals, COMPILE_NG);
 	    }
-	    type = nd_type(node);
-	    line = nd_line(node);
-	}
-	/* else */
-	if (node) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
-	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
-	    COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, poped);
-	    ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
 	}
 	else {
-	    debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
-	    ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
-	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(tempnode), pop);
-	    if (!poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(tempnode), putnil);
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(tempnode), jump, endlabel);
+	    EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
 	}
 
-	if (only_special_literals) {
-	    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, literals);
-
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(tempnode), dup);
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(tempnode), opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
-	    LABEL_REF(elselabel);
+	node = node->nd_next;
+	if (!node) {
+	    break;
+	}
+	type = nd_type(node);
+	line = nd_line(node);
+    }
+    /* else */
+    if (node) {
+	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
+	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+    }
+    else {
+	debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
+	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, orig_node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putnil);
 	}
+	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+    }
 
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_WHEN:{
-	NODE *vals;
-	NODE *val;
-	NODE *orig_node = node;
-	LABEL *endlabel;
-	DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-	endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_WHEN) {
-	    LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line = nd_line(node));
-	    ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
-	    COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, poped);
-	    ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
-
-	    vals = node->nd_head;
-	    if (!vals) {
-		rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_WHEN: must be NODE_ARRAY, but 0");
-	    }
-	    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
-	      case NODE_ARRAY:
-		while (vals) {
-		    val = vals->nd_head;
-		    COMPILE(ret, "when2", val);
-		    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(val), branchif, l1);
-		    vals = vals->nd_next;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case NODE_SPLAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(vals), putnil);
-		COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
-		ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
-		break;
-	      default:
-		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals);
+    if (only_special_literals && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(orig_node), dup);
+	ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(orig_node), opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, literals);
+	LABEL_REF(elselabel);
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_case2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
+{
+    const NODE *vals;
+    const NODE *val;
+    const NODE *node = orig_node->nd_body;
+    LABEL *endlabel;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+    int branch_id = 0;
+
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, orig_node, "case");
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+
+    while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_WHEN) {
+	const int line = nd_line(node);
+	LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		body_seq,
+		node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+                branch_id++,
+		"when",
+		branches);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
+	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+
+	vals = node->nd_head;
+	if (!vals) {
+            EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_WHEN", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
+	}
+	switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+	  case NODE_LIST:
+	    while (vals) {
+		LABEL *lnext;
+		val = vals->nd_head;
+		lnext = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(val));
+		debug_compile("== when2\n", (void)0);
+		CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, val, l1, lnext));
+		ADD_LABEL(ret, lnext);
+		vals = vals->nd_next;
 	    }
-	    node = node->nd_next;
+	    break;
+	  case NODE_SPLAT:
+	  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+	  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(vals), putnil);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals));
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals, COMPILE_NG);
 	}
-	/* else */
-	COMPILE_(ret, "else", node, poped);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+	node = node->nd_next;
+    }
+    /* else */
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        iseq,
+	ret,
+        node ? node : orig_node,
+        branch_id,
+	"else",
+	branches);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "else", node, popped));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+static int iseq_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *unmatched, int in_alt_pattern, int deconstructed_pos);
 
-	break;
+static int iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *deconstruct, LABEL *deconstructed, LABEL *match_failed, LABEL *type_error, int deconstructed_pos);
+
+static int
+iseq_compile_pattern_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *matched, LABEL *unmatched, int in_alt_pattern, int deconstructed_pos)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_ARYPTN: {
+        /*
+         *   if pattern.use_rest_num?
+         *     rest_num = 0
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
+         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct)
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *   d = obj.deconstruct
+         *   unless Array === d
+         *     goto type_error
+         *   end
+         *   min_argc = pattern.pre_args_num + pattern.post_args_num
+         *   if pattern.has_rest_arg?
+         *     unless d.length >= min_argc
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   else
+         *     unless d.length == min_argc
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   pattern.pre_args_num.each do |i|
+         *     unless pattern.pre_args[i].match?(d[i])
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.use_rest_num?
+         *     rest_num = d.length - min_argc
+         *     if pattern.has_rest_arg? && pattern.has_rest_arg_id # not `*`, but `*rest`
+         *       unless pattern.rest_arg.match?(d[pattern.pre_args_num, rest_num])
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   pattern.post_args_num.each do |i|
+         *     j = pattern.pre_args_num + i
+         *     j += rest_num
+         *     unless pattern.post_args[i].match?(d[j])
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   goto matched
+         * type_error:
+         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
+         * match_failed:
+         *   goto unmatched
+         */
+        struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = node->nd_apinfo;
+        const NODE *args = apinfo->pre_args;
+        const int pre_args_num = apinfo->pre_args ? rb_long2int(apinfo->pre_args->nd_alen) : 0;
+        const int post_args_num = apinfo->post_args ? rb_long2int(apinfo->post_args->nd_alen) : 0;
+
+        const int min_argc = pre_args_num + post_args_num;
+        const int use_rest_num = apinfo->rest_arg && (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg) ||
+                                                      (!NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg) && post_args_num > 0));
+
+        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error, *deconstruct, *deconstructed;
+        int i;
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstruct = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstructed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0)); /* allocate stack for rest_num */
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+            if (deconstructed_pos) {
+                deconstructed_pos++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pconst) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(iseq, ret, node, deconstruct, deconstructed, match_failed, type_error, deconstructed_pos));
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, apinfo->rest_arg ? idGE : idEq, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < pre_args_num; i++) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(i));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+            CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            args = args->nd_next;
+        }
+
+        if (apinfo->rest_arg) {
+            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg)) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(pre_args_num));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(4));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
+
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, apinfo->rest_arg, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+            else {
+                if (post_args_num > 0) {
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(2));
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        args = apinfo->post_args;
+        for (i = 0; i < post_args_num; i++) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(pre_args_num + i));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+            CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            args = args->nd_next;
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        }
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array"));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+
+        break;
       }
-      case NODE_OPT_N:
-      case NODE_WHILE:
-      case NODE_UNTIL:{
-	LABEL *prev_start_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label;
-	LABEL *prev_end_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
-	LABEL *prev_redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label;
-	int prev_loopval_popped = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped;
+      case NODE_FNDPTN: {
+        /*
+         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
+         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct)
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *   d = obj.deconstruct
+         *   unless Array === d
+         *     goto type_error
+         *   end
+         *   unless d.length >= pattern.args_num
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *
+         *   begin
+         *     len = d.length
+         *     limit = d.length - pattern.args_num
+         *     i = 0
+         *     while i <= limit
+         *       if pattern.args_num.times.all? {|j| pattern.args[j].match?(d[i+j]) }
+         *         if pattern.has_pre_rest_arg_id
+         *           unless pattern.pre_rest_arg.match?(d[0, i])
+         *             goto find_failed
+         *           end
+         *         end
+         *         if pattern.has_post_rest_arg_id
+         *           unless pattern.post_rest_arg.match?(d[i+pattern.args_num, len])
+         *             goto find_failed
+         *           end
+         *         end
+         *         goto find_succeeded
+         *       end
+         *       i+=1
+         *     end
+         *   find_failed:
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   find_succeeded:
+         *   end
+         *
+         *   goto matched
+         * type_error:
+         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
+         * match_failed:
+         *   goto unmatched
+         */
+        struct rb_fnd_pattern_info *fpinfo = node->nd_fpinfo;
+        const NODE *args = fpinfo->args;
+        const int args_num = fpinfo->args ? rb_long2int(fpinfo->args->nd_alen) : 0;
+
+        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error, *deconstruct, *deconstructed;
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstruct = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstructed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        if (node->nd_pconst) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(iseq, ret, node, deconstruct, deconstructed, match_failed, type_error, deconstructed_pos));
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(args_num));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idGE, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+        {
+            LABEL *while_begin = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            LABEL *next_loop = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            LABEL *find_succeeded = NEW_LABEL(line);
+            LABEL *find_failed = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            int j;
+
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* allocate stack for len */
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* allocate stack for limit */
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(args_num));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
+
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0)); /* allocate stack for i */
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, while_begin);
+
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(2));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLE, INT2FIX(1));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, find_failed);
+
+            for (j = 0; j < args_num; j++) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+                if (j != 0) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(j));
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                }
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, next_loop, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+                args = args->nd_next;
+            }
+
+            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(fpinfo->pre_rest_arg)) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(2));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, fpinfo->pre_rest_arg, find_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(fpinfo->post_rest_arg)) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(args_num));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, fpinfo->post_rest_arg, find_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, find_succeeded);
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, next_loop);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, while_begin);
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, find_failed);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, match_failed);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, find_succeeded);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array"));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_HSHPTN: {
+        /*
+         *   keys = nil
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_args_node? && !pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *     keys = pattern.kw_args_node.keys
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
+         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct_keys)
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *   d = obj.deconstruct_keys(keys)
+         *   unless Hash === d
+         *     goto type_error
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *     d = d.dup
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_args_node?
+         *     pattern.kw_args_node.each |k,|
+         *       unless d.key?(k)
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *     pattern.kw_args_node.each |k, pat|
+         *       if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *         unless pat.match?(d.delete(k))
+         *           goto match_failed
+         *         end
+         *       else
+         *         unless pat.match?(d[k])
+         *           goto match_failed
+         *         end
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *   else
+         *     unless d.empty?
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *     if pattern.no_rest_keyword?
+         *       unless d.empty?
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     else
+         *       unless pattern.kw_rest_arg_node.match?(d)
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   goto matched
+         * type_error:
+         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
+         * match_failed:
+         *   goto unmatched
+         */
+        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error;
+        VALUE keys = Qnil;
+
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwargs && !node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
+            const NODE *kw_args = node->nd_pkwargs->nd_head;
+            keys = rb_ary_new_capa(kw_args ? kw_args->nd_alen/2 : 0);
+            while (kw_args) {
+                rb_ary_push(keys, kw_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
+                kw_args = kw_args->nd_next->nd_next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pconst) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct_keys")));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+        if (NIL_P(keys)) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, keys);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, rb_obj_hide(keys));
+        }
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("deconstruct_keys"), INT2FIX(1));
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_HASH));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, type_error);
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwargs) {
+            int i;
+            int keys_num;
+            const NODE *args;
+            args = node->nd_pkwargs->nd_head;
+            if (args) {
+                DECL_ANCHOR(match_values);
+                INIT_ANCHOR(match_values);
+                keys_num = rb_long2int(args->nd_alen) / 2;
+                for (i = 0; i < keys_num; i++) {
+                    NODE *key_node = args->nd_head;
+                    NODE *value_node = args->nd_next->nd_head;
+                    VALUE key;
+
+                    if (nd_type(key_node) != NODE_LIT) {
+                        UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_IN", key_node, COMPILE_NG);
+                    }
+                    key = key_node->nd_lit;
+
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, key);
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("key?"), INT2FIX(1));
+                    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+                    ADD_INSN(match_values, line, dup);
+                    ADD_INSN1(match_values, line, putobject, key);
+                    ADD_SEND(match_values, line, node->nd_pkwrestarg ? rb_intern("delete") : idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+                    CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, match_values, value_node, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+                    args = args->nd_next->nd_next;
+                }
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, match_values);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
+            if (node->nd_pkwrestarg == NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
+                ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, node->nd_pkwrestarg, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct_keys must return Hash"));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_XSTR:
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_LIST:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+      case NODE_LAMBDA:
+      case NODE_DOT2:
+      case NODE_DOT3:
+      case NODE_CONST:
+      case NODE_LVAR:
+      case NODE_DVAR:
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+      case NODE_SELF:
+      case NODE_NIL:
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "case in literal", node));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, matched);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+        break;
+      case NODE_LASGN: {
+        struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+        ID id = node->nd_vid;
+        int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
+
+        if (in_alt_pattern) {
+            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
+            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                              rb_id2str(id));
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_DASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN_CURR: {
+        int idx, lv, ls;
+        ID id = node->nd_vid;
+
+        idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);
+
+        if (in_alt_pattern) {
+            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
+            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                              rb_id2str(id));
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (idx < 0) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                          rb_id2str(id));
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_IF:
+      case NODE_UNLESS: {
+        LABEL *match_failed;
+        match_failed = unmatched;
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, unmatched, in_alt_pattern, deconstructed_pos));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "case in if", node->nd_cond));
+        if (nd_type(node) == NODE_IF) {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, match_failed);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_HASH: {
+        NODE *n;
+        LABEL *match_failed;
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        n = node->nd_head;
+        if (! (nd_type(n) == NODE_LIST && n->nd_alen == 2)) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unexpected node");
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, n->nd_head, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, deconstructed_pos ? deconstructed_pos + 1 : FALSE));
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, n->nd_next->nd_head, matched, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_OR: {
+        LABEL *match_succeeded, *fin;
+        match_succeeded = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_1st, match_succeeded, fin, TRUE, deconstructed_pos ? deconstructed_pos + 1 : FALSE));
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_2nd, matched, unmatched, TRUE, deconstructed_pos));
+        break;
+      }
+      default:
+        UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_IN", node, COMPILE_NG);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
+static int
+iseq_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *unmatched, int in_alt_pattern, int deconstructed_pos)
+{
+    LABEL *fin = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+    CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node, fin, unmatched, in_alt_pattern, deconstructed_pos));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	LABEL *next_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* next  */
-	LABEL *redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* redo  */
-	LABEL *break_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* break */
-	LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *adjust_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+static int
+iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *deconstruct, LABEL *deconstructed, LABEL *match_failed, LABEL *type_error, int deconstructed_pos)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
 
-	LABEL *next_catch_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *tmp_label = NULL;
+    // NOTE: this optimization allows us to re-use the #deconstruct value
+    // (or its absence).
+    // `deconstructed_pos` contains the distance to the stack relative location
+    // where the value is stored.
+    if (deconstructed_pos) {
+        // If value is nil then we haven't tried to deconstruct
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchnil, deconstruct);
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = 0;
-	push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, 0, 0);
+        // If false then the value is not deconstructable
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
 
-	if (type == NODE_OPT_N || node->nd_state == 1) {
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
-	}
-	else {
-	    tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, tmp_label);
-	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, next_catch_label);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
-	if (tmp_label) ADD_LABEL(ret, tmp_label);
+        // Drop value, add deconstructed to the stack and jump
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos - 1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, deconstructed);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, deconstruct);
+    }
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, redo_label);
-	COMPILE_POPED(ret, "while body", node->nd_body);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, next_label);	/* next */
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, deconstruct);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct")));
+    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
 
-	if (type == NODE_WHILE) {
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
-				     redo_label, end_label);
-	}
-	else if (type == NODE_UNTIL) {
-	    /* until */
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
-				     end_label, redo_label);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idGets, INT2FIX(0));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, redo_label);
-	    /* opt_n */
-	}
+    // Cache the result of respond_to? (in case it's false is stays there, if true - it's overwritten after #deconstruct)
+    if (deconstructed_pos) {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos + 1));
+    }
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
 
-	if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
-	    /* ADD_INSN(ret, line, putundef); */
-	    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	}
+    ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("deconstruct"), INT2FIX(0));
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, break_label);	/* break */
+    // Cache the result (if it's cacheable - currently, only top-level array patterns)
+    if (deconstructed_pos) {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos));
+    }
 
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_ARRAY));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, type_error);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, deconstructed);
 
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label,
-			0, break_label);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, 0,
-			next_catch_label);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, 0,
-			ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, deconstructed);
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = prev_redo_label;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = prev_loopval_popped;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->prev;
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_FOR:
-	if (node->nd_var) {
-	    /* massign to var in "for"
-	     * args.length == 1 && Array === (tmp = args[0]) ? tmp : args
-	     */
-	    NODE *var = node->nd_var;
-	    LABEL *not_single = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
-	    LABEL *not_ary = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
-	    COMPILE(ret, "for var", var);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_single);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cArray);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEqq, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_ary);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_ary);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_single);
-	    break;
-	}
-      case NODE_ITER:{
-	const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
-	LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_case3(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
+{
+    const NODE *pattern;
+    const NODE *node = orig_node;
+    LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(head);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    int line;
+    enum node_type type;
+    VALUE branches = 0;
+    int branch_id = 0;
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FOR) {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(head);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
 
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
-							       ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idEach, INT2FIX(0), ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
-							       ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter);
-	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, "case");
 
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+    node = node->nd_body;
+    EXPECT_NODE("NODE_CASE3", node, NODE_IN, COMPILE_NG);
+    type = nd_type(node);
+    line = nd_line(node);
+
+    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+    ADD_INSN(head, line, putnil); /* allocate stack for cached #deconstruct value */
+
+    CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", orig_node->nd_head));
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
+
+    while (type == NODE_IN) {
+        LABEL *l1;
+
+        if (branch_id) {
+            ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, putnil);
+        }
+        l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+        ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop); /* discard cached #deconstruct value */
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(
+            iseq,
+            body_seq,
+            node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+            branch_id++,
+            "in",
+            branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "in body", node->nd_body, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+
+        pattern = node->nd_head;
+        if (pattern) {
+            int pat_line = nd_line(pattern);
+            LABEL *next_pat = NEW_LABEL(pat_line);
+            ADD_INSN (cond_seq, pat_line, dup);
+            // NOTE: set deconstructed_pos to the current cached value location
+            // (it's "under" the matchee value, so it's position is 2)
+            CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, cond_seq, pattern, l1, next_pat, FALSE, 2));
+            ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, next_pat);
+            LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(next_pat);
+        }
+        else {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unexpected node");
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+
+        node = node->nd_next;
+        if (!node) {
+            break;
+        }
+        type = nd_type(node);
+        line = nd_line(node);
+    }
+    /* else */
+    if (node) {
+        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop); /* discard cached #deconstruct value */
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
+        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, orig_node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putobject, rb_eNoMatchingPatternError);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), topn, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_SEND(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop); /* discard cached #deconstruct value */
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putnil);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;
+static int
+compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped, const enum node_type type)
+{
+    const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
 
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, 0, retry_end_l);
+    LABEL *prev_start_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label;
+    LABEL *prev_end_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
+    LABEL *prev_redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label;
+    int prev_loopval_popped = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
 
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_BREAK:{
-	unsigned long level = 0;
+    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
-	    /* while/until */
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+    LABEL *next_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* next  */
+    LABEL *redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* redo  */
+    LABEL *break_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* break */
+    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *adjust_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
 
-	    if (!poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-	  break_by_insn:
-	    /* escape from block */
-	    COMPILE(ret, "break val (block)", node->nd_stts);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(level | TAG_BREAK));
-	    if (poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-	  break_in_eval:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with break");
-	    debug_node_end();
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
-	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+    LABEL *next_catch_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *tmp_label = NULL;
 
-	    while (ip) {
-		if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		    ip = 0;
-		    break;
-		}
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = 0;
+    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, NULL, NULL);
 
-		level++;
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		    level = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
-		    goto break_by_insn;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		    level <<= VM_THROW_LEVEL_SHIFT;
-		    goto break_by_insn;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-		    goto break_in_eval;
-		}
+    if (node->nd_state == 1) {
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
+    }
+    else {
+	tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, tmp_label);
+    }
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, next_catch_label);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
+    if (tmp_label) ADD_LABEL(ret, tmp_label);
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, redo_label);
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_WHILE ? "while" : "until");
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        iseq,
+	ret,
+        node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+        0,
+	"body",
+	branches);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "while body", node->nd_body));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, next_label);	/* next */
+
+    if (type == NODE_WHILE) {
+	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
+				 redo_label, end_label);
+    }
+    else {
+	/* until */
+	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
+				 end_label, redo_label);
+    }
 
-		ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
-	    }
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
-	    debug_node_end();
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
+
+    if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
+	/* ADD_INSN(ret, line, putundef); */
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    else {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+    }
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, break_label);	/* break */
+
+    if (popped) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
+		    break_label);
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
+		    next_catch_label);
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
+		    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = prev_redo_label;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = prev_loopval_popped;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->prev;
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_iter(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
+    LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq;
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FOR) {
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter));
+
+	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
+	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
+			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+	ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idEach, INT2FIX(0), child_iseq);
+    }
+    else {
+	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
+	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
+			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
+    }
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);
+
+    if (popped) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;
+
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, child_iseq, retry_end_l);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_for_masgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    /* massign to var in "for"
+     * (args.length == 1 && Array.try_convert(args[0])) || args
+     */
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    const NODE *var = node->nd_var;
+    LABEL *not_single = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
+    LABEL *not_ary = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
+    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "for var", var));
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_single);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cArray);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, rb_intern("try_convert"), INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_ary);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_ary);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_single);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_break(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
+	/* while/until */
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts,
+		       ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped));
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_NEXT:{
-	unsigned long level = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    debugs("next in while loop\n");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	    if (!poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	while (ip) {
+	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+		ip = 0;
+		break;
 	    }
-	}
-	else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    debugs("next in block\n");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
 
-	    if (!poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+                throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
 	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+                throw_flag = 0;
+	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with break");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+	    }
+            else {
+                ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            /* escape from block */
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "break val (block)", node->nd_stts));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_BREAK));
+            if (popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            }
+            return COMPILE_OK;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-	  next_in_eval:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with next");
-	}
-	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	    while (ip) {
-		if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		    ip = 0;
-		    break;
-		}
+static int
+compile_next(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	debugs("next in while loop\n");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts));
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	debugs("next in block\n");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	splabel->unremovable = FALSE;
 
-		level = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		    /* while loop */
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-		    goto next_in_eval;
-		}
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-		ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+	while (ip) {
+	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+		ip = 0;
+		break;
 	    }
-	    if (ip != 0) {
-		COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(level | TAG_NEXT));
 
-		if (poped) {
-		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-		}
+            throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
+	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+		/* while loop */
+		break;
 	    }
-	    else {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+		break;
 	    }
-	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_REDO:{
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    debugs("redo in while");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	    if (!poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with next");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
 	    }
-	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-	  redo_in_eval:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with redo");
-	}
-	else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
 
-	    debugs("redo in block");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+	}
+	if (ip != 0) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_NEXT));
 
-	    if (!poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	    if (popped) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
-	    const unsigned long level = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	}
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	    while (ip) {
-		if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		    ip = 0;
-		    break;
-		}
+static int
+compile_redo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	debugs("redo in while");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else if (iseq->body->type != ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
 
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-		    goto redo_in_eval;
-		}
+	debugs("redo in block");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-		ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+	while (ip) {
+	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+		ip = 0;
+		break;
 	    }
-	    if (ip != 0) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(level | TAG_REDO));
 
-		if (poped) {
-		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-		}
+	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+		break;
 	    }
-	    else {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+		break;
+	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with redo");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
 	    }
+
+	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RETRY:{
-	if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
+	if (ip != 0) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG | TAG_REDO));
 
-	    if (poped) {
+	    if (popped) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_BEGIN:{
-	COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, poped);
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RESCUE:{
-	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_resq,
-						 rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), iseq->body->location.label),
-						 ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, line);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
-	lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
-	COMPILE(ret, "rescue head", node->nd_head);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	if (node->nd_else) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else);
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+static int
+compile_retry(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
+    }
+    else {
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	/* register catch entry */
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lcont);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, 0, lstart);
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RESBODY:{
-	NODE *resq = node;
-	NODE *narg;
-	LABEL *label_miss, *label_hit;
-
-	while (resq) {
-	    label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	    narg = resq->nd_args;
-	    if (narg) {
-		switch (nd_type(narg)) {
-		  case NODE_ARRAY:
-		    while (narg) {
-			ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(0));
-			COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head);
-			ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
-			ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
-			narg = narg->nd_next;
-		    }
-		    break;
-		  case NODE_SPLAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(0));
-		    COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg);
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+static int
+compile_rescue(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_resq,
+					     rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), iseq->body->location.label),
+					     ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, line);
+
+    lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
+    lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
+    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue head", node->nd_head));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    if (node->nd_else) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else));
+    }
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+
+    if (popped) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+
+    /* register catch entry */
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lcont);
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, NULL, lstart);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_resbody(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    const NODE *resq = node;
+    const NODE *narg;
+    LABEL *label_miss, *label_hit;
+
+    while (resq) {
+	label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+	narg = resq->nd_args;
+	if (narg) {
+	    switch (nd_type(narg)) {
+	      case NODE_LIST:
+		while (narg) {
+		    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+		    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head));
+		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
 		    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
-		    break;
-		  default:
-		    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg);
+		    narg = narg->nd_next;
 		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(0));
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
+		break;
+	      case NODE_SPLAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg));
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
+		break;
+	      default:
+		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg, COMPILE_NG);
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label_miss);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body);
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
+	}
+	else {
+	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
+	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
+	}
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label_miss);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body));
+	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
+	}
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
+	resq = resq->nd_head;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_ensure(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
+    const rb_iseq_t *ensure = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_ensr,
+					     rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2 ("ensure in "), iseq->body->location.label),
+					     ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
+    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LINK_ELEMENT *last;
+    int last_leave = 0;
+    struct ensure_range er;
+    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
+    struct ensure_range *erange;
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(ensr);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensr, "ensure ensr", node->nd_ensr));
+    last = ensr->last;
+    last_leave = last && IS_INSN(last) && IS_INSN_ID(last, leave);
+
+    er.begin = lstart;
+    er.end = lend;
+    er.next = 0;
+    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, &er, node->nd_ensr);
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "ensure head", node->nd_head, (popped | last_leave)));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, ensr);
+    if (!popped && last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+    if (last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+    erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
+    if (lstart->link.next != &lend->link) {
+	while (erange) {
+	    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
+			    ensure, lcont);
+	    erange = erange->next;
+	}
+    }
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_return(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    if (iseq) {
+	enum iseq_type type = iseq->body->type;
+	const rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
+	enum iseq_type t = type;
+	const NODE *retval = node->nd_stts;
+	LABEL *splabel = 0;
+
+	while (t == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || t == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
+	    if (!(is = is->body->parent_iseq)) break;
+	    t = is->body->type;
+	}
+	switch (t) {
+	  case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
+	  case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
+            if (retval) {
+                rb_warn("argument of top-level return is ignored");
+            }
+	    if (is == iseq) {
+		/* plain top-level, leave directly */
+		type = ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD;
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
-	    resq = resq->nd_head;
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    break;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_ENSURE:{
-	DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
-	const rb_iseq_t *ensure = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_ensr,
-						 rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2 ("ensure in "), iseq->body->location.label),
-						 ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
-	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	struct ensure_range er;
-	struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
-	struct ensure_range *erange;
 
-	INIT_ANCHOR(ensr);
-	COMPILE_POPED(ensr, "ensure ensr", node->nd_ensr);
+	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
+	    splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, 0);
+	}
 
-	er.begin = lstart;
-	er.end = lend;
-	er.next = 0;
-	push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, &er, node->nd_ensr);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", retval));
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
-	COMPILE_(ret, "ensure head", node->nd_head, poped);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	if (ensr->anchor.next == 0) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
+	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
+	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
+	    ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
+	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+	    if (!popped) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, ensr);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
+	    if (popped) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	    }
 	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
-	while (erange) {
-	    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
-			    ensure, lcont);
-	    erange = erange->next;
+static int
+compile_evstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_body", node, popped));
+
+    if (!popped && !all_string_result_p(node)) {
+	const int line = nd_line(node);
+	const unsigned int flag = VM_CALL_FCALL;
+	LABEL *isstr = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_STRING));
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, isstr);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+	ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, idTo_s, INT2FIX(0), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), NULL);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, tostring);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, isstr);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static LABEL *
+qcall_branch_start(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const recv, VALUE *branches, const NODE *node, int line)
+{
+    LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    VALUE br = 0;
+
+    br = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, "&.");
+    *branches = br;
+    ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, else_label);
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, recv, node, 0, "then", br);
+    return else_label;
+}
+
+static void
+qcall_branch_end(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *else_label, VALUE branches, const NODE *node, int line)
+{
+    LABEL *end_label;
+    if (!else_label) return;
+    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, node, 1, "else", branches);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+}
+
+static int
+compile_call_precheck_freeze(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int line, int popped)
+{
+    /* optimization shortcut
+     *   "literal".freeze -> opt_str_freeze("literal")
+     */
+    if (node->nd_recv && nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_STR &&
+        (node->nd_mid == idFreeze || node->nd_mid == idUMinus) &&
+        node->nd_args == NULL &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_recv->nd_lit);
+        if (node->nd_mid == idUMinus) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_str_uminus, str,
+                      new_callinfo(iseq, idUMinus, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_str_freeze, str,
+                      new_callinfo(iseq, idFreeze, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        }
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    /* optimization shortcut
+     *   obj["literal"] -> opt_aref_with(obj, "literal")
+     */
+    if (node->nd_mid == idAREF && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
+        nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_LIST && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 1 &&
+        nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+        !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_aref_with, str,
+                  new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_has_builtin_function_table(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->builtin_function_table != NULL;
+}
+
+static const struct rb_builtin_function *
+iseq_builtin_function_lookup(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const char *name)
+{
+    int i;
+    const struct rb_builtin_function *table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->builtin_function_table;
+    for (i=0; table[i].index != -1; i++) {
+        if (strcmp(table[i].name, name) == 0) {
+            return &table[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static const char *
+iseq_builtin_function_name(const enum node_type type, const NODE *recv, ID mid)
+{
+    const char *name = rb_id2name(mid);
+    static const char prefix[] = "__builtin_";
+    const size_t prefix_len = sizeof(prefix) - 1;
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_CALL:
+        if (recv) {
+            switch (nd_type(recv)) {
+              case NODE_VCALL:
+                if (recv->nd_mid == rb_intern("__builtin")) {
+                    return name;
+                }
+                break;
+              case NODE_CONST:
+                if (recv->nd_vid == rb_intern("Primitive")) {
+                    return name;
+                }
+                break;
+              default: break;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      case NODE_VCALL:
+      case NODE_FCALL:
+        if (UNLIKELY(strncmp(prefix, name, prefix_len) == 0)) {
+            return &name[prefix_len];
+        }
+        break;
+      default: break;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+delegate_call_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, unsigned int argc, const LINK_ANCHOR *args, unsigned int *pstart_index)
+{
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        *pstart_index = 0;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else if (argc <= iseq->body->local_table_size) {
+        unsigned int start=0;
+
+        // local_table: [p1, p2, p3, l1, l2, l3]
+        // arguments:           [p3, l1, l2]     -> 2
+        for (start = 0;
+             argc + start <= iseq->body->local_table_size;
+             start++) {
+            const LINK_ELEMENT *elem = FIRST_ELEMENT(args);
+
+            for (unsigned int i=start; i-start<argc; i++) {
+                if (elem->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN &&
+                    INSN_OF(elem) == BIN(getlocal)) {
+                    int local_index = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(elem, 0));
+                    int local_level = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(elem, 1));
+
+                    if (local_level == 0) {
+                        unsigned int index = iseq->body->local_table_size - (local_index - VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE + 1);
+                        if (0) { // for debug
+                            fprintf(stderr, "lvar:%s (%d), id:%s (%d) local_index:%d, local_size:%d\n",
+                                    rb_id2name(iseq->body->local_table[i]),     i,
+                                    rb_id2name(iseq->body->local_table[index]), index,
+                                    local_index, (int)iseq->body->local_table_size);
+                        }
+                        if (i == index) {
+                            elem = elem->next;
+                            continue; /* for */
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            goto next;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        goto fail; // level != 0 is unsupported
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    goto fail; // insn is not a getlocal
+                }
+            }
+            goto success;
+          next:;
+        }
+      fail:
+        return FALSE;
+      success:
+        *pstart_index = start;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+compile_builtin_function_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int line, int popped,
+                              const rb_iseq_t *parent_block, LINK_ANCHOR *args, const char *builtin_func)
+{
+    NODE *args_node = node->nd_args;
+
+    if (parent_block != NULL) {
+        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "should not call builtins here.");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    else {
+# define BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX "_bi"
+        char inline_func[DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT) + sizeof(BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX)];
+        bool cconst = false;
+      retry:;
+        const struct rb_builtin_function *bf = iseq_builtin_function_lookup(iseq, builtin_func);
+
+        if (bf == NULL) {
+            if (strcmp("cstmt!", builtin_func) == 0 ||
+                strcmp("cexpr!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                // ok
+            }
+            else if (strcmp("cconst!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                cconst = true;
+            }
+            else if (strcmp("cinit!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                // ignore
+                GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index++;
+                return COMPILE_OK;
+            }
+            else if (strcmp("attr!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                // There's only "inline" attribute for now
+                iseq->body->builtin_inline_p = true;
+                return COMPILE_OK;
+            }
+            else if (1) {
+                rb_bug("can't find builtin function:%s", builtin_func);
+            }
+            else {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "can't find builtin function:%s", builtin_func);
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+
+            if (GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index == INT_MAX) {
+                rb_bug("builtin inline function index overflow:%s", builtin_func);
+            }
+            int inline_index = GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index++;
+            snprintf(inline_func, sizeof(inline_func), BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX "%d", inline_index);
+            builtin_func = inline_func;
+            args_node = NULL;
+            goto retry;
+        }
+
+        if (cconst) {
+            typedef VALUE(*builtin_func0)(void *, VALUE);
+            VALUE const_val = (*(builtin_func0)bf->func_ptr)(NULL, Qnil);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, const_val);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+
+        // fprintf(stderr, "func_name:%s -> %p\n", builtin_func, bf->func_ptr);
+
+        unsigned int flag = 0;
+        struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
+        VALUE argc = setup_args(iseq, args, args_node, &flag, &keywords);
+
+        if (FIX2INT(argc) != bf->argc) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "argc is not match for builtin function:%s (expect %d but %d)",
+                          builtin_func, bf->argc, FIX2INT(argc));
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+
+        unsigned int start_index;
+        if (delegate_call_p(iseq, FIX2INT(argc), args, &start_index)) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate, bf, INT2FIX(start_index));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret,line, invokebuiltin, bf);
+        }
+
+        if (popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+compile_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, const enum node_type type, int line, int popped)
+{
+    /* call:  obj.method(...)
+     * fcall: func(...)
+     * vcall: func
+     */
+    DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(args);
+    ID mid = node->nd_mid;
+    VALUE argc;
+    unsigned int flag = 0;
+    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
+    const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
+    LABEL *else_label = NULL;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(args);
+#if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_VCALL) {
+        ID id_bitblt;
+        ID id_answer;
+
+        CONST_ID(id_bitblt, "bitblt");
+        CONST_ID(id_answer, "the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything");
+
+        if (mid == id_bitblt) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, bitblt);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+        else if (mid == id_answer) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, answer);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+    }
+    /* only joke */
+    {
+        ID goto_id;
+        ID label_id;
+
+        CONST_ID(goto_id, "__goto__");
+        CONST_ID(label_id, "__label__");
+
+        if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FCALL &&
+            (mid == goto_id || mid == label_id)) {
+            LABEL *label;
+            st_data_t data;
+            st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
+            VALUE label_name;
+
+            if (!labels_table) {
+                labels_table = st_init_numtable();
+                ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = labels_table;
+            }
+            if (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_LIT &&
+                SYMBOL_P(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit)) {
+
+                label_name = node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit;
+                if (!st_lookup(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, &data)) {
+                    label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+                    label->position = line;
+                    st_insert(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, (st_data_t)label);
+                }
+                else {
+                    label = (LABEL *)data;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "invalid goto/label format");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+
+            if (mid == goto_id) {
+                ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
+            }
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    const char *builtin_func;
+    if (UNLIKELY(iseq_has_builtin_function_table(iseq)) &&
+        (builtin_func = iseq_builtin_function_name(type, node->nd_recv, mid)) != NULL) {
+        return compile_builtin_function_call(iseq, ret, node, line, popped, parent_block, args, builtin_func);
+    }
+
+    /* receiver */
+    if (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL || type == NODE_QCALL) {
+        int idx, level;
+
+        if (mid == idCall &&
+            nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_LVAR &&
+            iseq_block_param_id_p(iseq, node->nd_recv->nd_vid, &idx, &level)) {
+            ADD_INSN2(recv, nd_line(node->nd_recv), getblockparamproxy, INT2FIX(idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+        }
+        else if (private_recv_p(node)) {
+            ADD_INSN(recv, nd_line(node), putself);
+            flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
+        }
+        else {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "recv", node->nd_recv));
+        }
+
+        if (type == NODE_QCALL) {
+            else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, line);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (type == NODE_FCALL || type == NODE_VCALL) {
+        ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(recv, line);
+    }
+
+    /* args */
+    if (type != NODE_VCALL) {
+        argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
+        CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
+    }
+    else {
+        argc = INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+
+    debugp_param("call args argc", argc);
+    debugp_param("call method", ID2SYM(mid));
+
+    switch ((int)type) {
+      case NODE_VCALL:
+        flag |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
+        /* VCALL is funcall, so fall through */
+      case NODE_FCALL:
+        flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, mid, argc, parent_block, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
+
+    qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, line);
+    if (popped) {
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+
+static int iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped);
+/**
+  compile each node
+
+  self:  InstructionSequence
+  node:  Ruby compiled node
+  popped: This node will be popped
+ */
+static int
+iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
+{
+    if (node == 0) {
+        if (!popped) {
+            int lineno = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line;
+            if (lineno == 0) lineno = FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
+            debugs("node: NODE_NIL(implicit)\n");
+            ADD_INSN(ret, lineno, putnil);
+        }
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+    }
+    return iseq_compile_each0(iseq, ret, node, popped);
+}
+
+static int
+check_yield_place(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    switch (iseq->body->local_iseq->body->type) {
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
+        return FALSE;
+      default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
+    const enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line == line) {
+	/* ignore */
+    }
+    else {
+	if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
+	    int event = RUBY_EVENT_LINE;
+	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
+	    if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
+		event |= RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE;
+	    }
+	    ADD_TRACE(ret, event);
 	}
+    }
+
+    debug_node_start(node);
+#undef BEFORE_RETURN
+#define BEFORE_RETURN debug_node_end()
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_BLOCK:{
+	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK body", node->nd_head,
+			   (node->nd_next ? 1 : popped)));
+	    node = node->nd_next;
+	}
+	if (node) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK next", node->nd_next, popped));
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+      case NODE_IF:
+      case NODE_UNLESS:
+	CHECK(compile_if(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+	break;
+      case NODE_CASE:
+	CHECK(compile_case(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_CASE2:
+	CHECK(compile_case2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_CASE3:
+        CHECK(compile_case3(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
+      case NODE_WHILE:
+      case NODE_UNTIL:
+	CHECK(compile_loop(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+	break;
+      case NODE_FOR:
+      case NODE_ITER:
+	CHECK(compile_iter(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
+	CHECK(compile_for_masgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_BREAK:
+	CHECK(compile_break(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_NEXT:
+	CHECK(compile_next(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_REDO:
+	CHECK(compile_redo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_RETRY:
+	CHECK(compile_retry(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_BEGIN:{
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, popped));
 	break;
       }
+      case NODE_RESCUE:
+	CHECK(compile_rescue(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_RESBODY:
+	CHECK(compile_resbody(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_ENSURE:
+	CHECK(compile_ensure(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
 
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:{
 	LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	COMPILE(ret, "nd_1st", node->nd_1st);
-	if (!poped) {
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_1st", node->nd_1st));
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
 	if (type == NODE_AND) {
@@ -4424,93 +7635,93 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	else {
 	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, end_label);
 	}
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
-	COMPILE_(ret, "nd_2nd", node->nd_2nd, poped);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_2nd", node->nd_2nd, popped));
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
 	break;
       }
 
       case NODE_MASGN:{
-	compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, poped);
+	compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, popped);
 	break;
       }
 
       case NODE_LASGN:{
 	ID id = node->nd_vid;
-	int idx = iseq->body->local_iseq->body->local_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
+	int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
 
-	debugs("lvar: %"PRIsVALUE" idx: %d\n", rb_id2str(id), idx);
-	COMPILE(ret, "rvalue", node->nd_value);
+	debugs("lvar: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rvalue", node->nd_value));
 
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, setlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(get_lvar_level(iseq)));
-
+	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DASGN:
       case NODE_DASGN_CURR:{
 	int idx, lv, ls;
-	COMPILE(ret, "dvalue", node->nd_value);
-	debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(node->nd_vid) ? node->nd_vid : '*');
+	ID id = node->nd_vid;
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "dvalue", node->nd_value));
+	debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(id) ? id : '*');
 
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
 
-	idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
+	idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);
 
 	if (idx < 0) {
-	    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")", rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+			  rb_id2str(id));
+	    goto ng;
 	}
-
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, setlocal, INT2FIX(ls - idx), INT2FIX(lv));
+	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_GASGN:{
-	COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
 
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setglobal,
-		  ((VALUE)node->nd_entry | 1));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_IASGN:
-      case NODE_IASGN2:{
-	COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value);
-	if (!poped) {
+      case NODE_IASGN:{
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
 	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, setinstancevariable,
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), INT2FIX(iseq->body->is_size++));
+		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
+		  get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_CDECL:{
-	COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
 
-	if (!poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        }
 
 	if (node->nd_vid) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject,
 		      INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	}
 	else {
 	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_else);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid));
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_CVASGN:{
-	COMPILE(ret, "cvasgn val", node->nd_value);
-	if (!poped) {
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "cvasgn val", node->nd_value));
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setclassvariable,
@@ -4518,10 +7729,9 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1: {
-	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	VALUE argc;
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	unsigned int asgnflag = 0;
+	int asgnflag = 0;
 	ID id = node->nd_mid;
 	int boff = 0;
 
@@ -4548,28 +7758,28 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	 *              nd_mid
 	 */
 
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	}
 	asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 recv", node);
+        CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
 	switch (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head)) {
-	  case NODE_ZARRAY:
+	  case NODE_ZLIST:
 	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
 	    break;
 	  case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
 	    boff = 1;
+            /* fall through */
 	  default:
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(args);
-	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+	    argc = setup_args(iseq, ret, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
+	    CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
 	}
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1 + boff));
+        flag |= asgnflag;
 	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
-	flag |= asgnflag;
 
-	if (id == 0 || id == 1) {
-	    /* 0: or, 1: and
-	       a[x] ||= y
+	if (id == idOROP || id == idANDOP) {
+	    /* a[x] ||= y  or  a[x] &&= y
 
 	       unless/if a[x]
 	       a[x]= y
@@ -4581,18 +7791,16 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    if (id == 0) {
-		/* or */
+	    if (id == idOROP) {
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label);
 	    }
-	    else {
-		/* and */
+	    else { /* idANDOP */
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, label);
 	    }
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body);
-	    if (!poped) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
+	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
 	    }
 	    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
@@ -4618,16 +7826,16 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lfin);
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    if (!poped) {
+	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
 	    }
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, adjuststack, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
 	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id, INT2FIX(1));
-	    if (!poped) {
+	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
 	    }
 	    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
@@ -4658,7 +7866,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:{
 	ID atype = node->nd_next->nd_mid;
 	ID vid = node->nd_next->nd_vid, aid = rb_id_attrset(vid);
-	VALUE asgnflag;
+        int asgnflag;
 	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lcfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lskip = 0;
@@ -4705,24 +7913,25 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	*/
 
 	asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2#recv", node);
+        CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
 	if (node->nd_next->nd_aid) {
 	    lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchnil, lskip);
 	}
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	ADD_SEND(ret, line, vid, INT2FIX(0));
+        ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, vid, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 
-	if (atype == 0 || atype == 1) {	/* 0: OR or 1: AND */
+	if (atype == idOROP || atype == idANDOP) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    if (atype == 0) {
+	    if (atype == idOROP) {
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lcfin);
 	    }
-	    else {
+	    else { /* idANDOP */
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lcfin);
 	    }
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
@@ -4736,21 +7945,24 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    if (lskip) {
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
 	    }
-	    if (poped) {
+	    if (popped) {
 		/* we can apply more optimize */
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
 	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, atype, INT2FIX(1));
-	    if (!poped) {
+	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 	    }
 	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
+	    if (lskip && popped) {
+		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
+	    }
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    if (lskip) {
+	    if (lskip && !popped) {
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
 	    }
 	}
@@ -4766,39 +7978,39 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
 	    break;
 	  case NODE_COLON2:
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head->nd_head);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head->nd_head));
 	    break;
 	  default:
 	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "%s: invalid node in NODE_OP_CDECL",
 			  ruby_node_name(nd_type(node->nd_head)));
-	    debug_node_end();
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	    goto ng;
 	}
 	mid = node->nd_head->nd_mid;
 	/* cref */
-	if (node->nd_aid == 0) {
+	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP) {
 	    lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref cref */
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
+	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM),
 		      ID2SYM(mid), Qfalse); /* cref bool */
 	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lassign); /* cref */
 	}
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref cref */
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref obj */
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref obj */
 
-	if (node->nd_aid == 0 || node->nd_aid == 1) {
+	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP || node->nd_aid == idANDOP) {
 	    lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    if (!poped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref [obj] obj */
-	    if (node->nd_aid == 0)
+	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref [obj] obj */
+	    if (node->nd_aid == idOROP)
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lfin);
-	    else
+	    else /* idANDOP */
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfin);
 	    /* cref [obj] */
-	    if (!poped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop); /* cref */
+	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop); /* cref */
 	    if (lassign) ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
 	    /* cref value */
-	    if (poped)
+	    if (popped)
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* cref value cref */
 	    else {
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, INT2FIX(2)); /* cref value cref value */
@@ -4806,16 +8018,16 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    }
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref [value] */
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);			    /* cref [value] */
-	    if (!poped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* [value] cref */
+	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* [value] cref */
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop); /* [value] */
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
 	    /* cref obj value */
 	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, node->nd_aid, INT2FIX(1));
 	    /* cref value */
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* value cref */
-	    if (!poped) {
+	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* value cref value */
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* value value cref */
 	    }
@@ -4828,7 +8040,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lassign;
 
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_OR) {
+	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_OR && nd_type(node->nd_head) != NODE_IVAR) {
 	    LABEL *lfinish[2];
 	    lfinish[0] = lfin;
 	    lfinish[1] = 0;
@@ -4843,7 +8055,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	}
 
-	COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_head", node->nd_head);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_head", node->nd_head));
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 
 	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_AND) {
@@ -4855,234 +8067,88 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
-	COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value));
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    /* we can apply more optimize */
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_CALL:
-	/* optimization shortcut
-	 *   "literal".freeze -> opt_str_freeze("literal")
-	 */
-	if (node->nd_recv && nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_STR &&
-	    node->nd_mid == idFreeze && node->nd_args == NULL &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_recv->nd_lit);
-	    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, str);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_str_freeze, str);
-	    if (poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    }
-	    break;
-	}
-	/* optimization shortcut
-	 *   obj["literal"] -> opt_aref_with(obj, "literal")
-	 */
-	if (node->nd_mid == idAREF && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
-	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_ARRAY && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 1 &&
-	    nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-	    node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit = str;
-	    COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_aref_with,
-		      new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE),
-		      NULL/* CALL_CACHE */, str);
-	    if (poped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    }
-	    break;
-	}
-      case NODE_QCALL:
-      case NODE_FCALL:
-      case NODE_VCALL:{		/* VCALL: variable or call */
-	/*
-	  call:  obj.method(...)
-	  fcall: func(...)
-	  vcall: func
-	*/
-	DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
-	LABEL *lskip = 0;
-	ID mid = node->nd_mid;
-	VALUE argc;
-	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
-	const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
-#if SUPPORT_JOKE
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_VCALL) {
-	    ID id_bitblt;
-	    ID id_answer;
-
-	    CONST_ID(id_bitblt, "bitblt");
-	    CONST_ID(id_answer, "the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything");
-
-	    if (mid == id_bitblt) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, bitblt);
-		break;
-	    }
-	    else if (mid == id_answer) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, answer);
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	/* only joke */
-	{
-	    ID goto_id;
-	    ID label_id;
-
-	    CONST_ID(goto_id, "__goto__");
-	    CONST_ID(label_id, "__label__");
-
-	    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FCALL &&
-		(mid == goto_id || mid == label_id)) {
-		LABEL *label;
-		st_data_t data;
-		st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
-		ID label_name;
-
-		if (!labels_table) {
-		    labels_table = st_init_numtable();
-		    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = labels_table;
-		}
-		if (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_LIT &&
-		    SYMBOL_P(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit)) {
-
-		    label_name = SYM2ID(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-		    if (!st_lookup(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, &data)) {
-			label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-			label->position = line;
-			st_insert(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, (st_data_t)label);
-		    }
-		    else {
-			label = (LABEL *)data;
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "invalid goto/label format");
-		}
-
-
-		if (mid == goto_id) {
-		    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label);
-		}
-		else {
-		    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-	/* receiver */
-	if (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_QCALL) {
-	    COMPILE(recv, "recv", node->nd_recv);
-	    if (type == NODE_QCALL) {
-		lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
-		ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
-		ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, lskip);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (type == NODE_FCALL || type == NODE_VCALL) {
-	    ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(recv, line);
-	}
-
-	/* args */
-	if (nd_type(node) != NODE_VCALL) {
-	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
-	}
-	else {
-	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
-	}
-
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
-
-	debugp_param("call args argc", argc);
-	debugp_param("call method", ID2SYM(mid));
-
-	switch (nd_type(node)) {
-	  case NODE_VCALL:
-	    flag |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
-	    /* VCALL is funcall, so fall through */
-	  case NODE_FCALL:
-	    flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
-	}
-
-	ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, mid, argc, parent_block, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
-
-	if (lskip) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-	}
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
-	break;
-      }
+      case NODE_CALL:   /* obj.foo */
+      case NODE_OPCALL: /* foo[] */
+        if (compile_call_precheck_freeze(iseq, ret, node, line, popped) == TRUE) {
+            break;
+        }
+      case NODE_QCALL: /* obj&.foo */
+      case NODE_FCALL: /* foo() */
+      case NODE_VCALL: /* foo (variable or call) */
+        if (compile_call(iseq, ret, node, type, line, popped) == COMPILE_NG) {
+            goto ng;
+        }
+        break;
       case NODE_SUPER:
       case NODE_ZSUPER:{
 	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	int argc;
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
+	struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
 	const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
 
 	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
 	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SUPER) {
+	if (type == NODE_SUPER) {
 	    VALUE vargc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
+	    CHECK(!NIL_P(vargc));
 	    argc = FIX2INT(vargc);
 	}
 	else {
 	    /* NODE_ZSUPER */
 	    int i;
-	    const rb_iseq_t *liseq = iseq->body->local_iseq;
+	    const rb_iseq_t *liseq = body->local_iseq;
+	    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const local_body = liseq->body;
+	    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const local_kwd = local_body->param.keyword;
 	    int lvar_level = get_lvar_level(iseq);
 
-	    argc = liseq->body->param.lead_num;
+	    argc = local_body->param.lead_num;
 
 	    /* normal arguments */
-	    for (i = 0; i < liseq->body->param.lead_num; i++) {
-		int idx = liseq->body->local_size - i;
-		ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
+	    for (i = 0; i < local_body->param.lead_num; i++) {
+		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - i;
+		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 	    }
 
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
 		/* optional arguments */
 		int j;
-		for (j = 0; j < liseq->body->param.opt_num; j++) {
-		    int idx = liseq->body->local_size - (i + j);
-		    ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
+		for (j = 0; j < local_body->param.opt_num; j++) {
+		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (i + j);
+		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		}
 		i += j;
 		argc = i;
 	    }
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		/* rest argument */
-		int idx = liseq->body->local_size - liseq->body->param.rest_start;
-		ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
-		argc = liseq->body->param.rest_start + 1;
+		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_body->param.rest_start;
+
+		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
+		ADD_INSN1(args, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
+
+		argc = local_body->param.rest_start + 1;
 		flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
 	    }
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_post) {
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_post) {
 		/* post arguments */
-		int post_len = liseq->body->param.post_num;
-		int post_start = liseq->body->param.post_start;
+		int post_len = local_body->param.post_num;
+		int post_start = local_body->param.post_start;
 
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		    int j;
 		    for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
-			int idx = liseq->body->local_size - (post_start + j);
-			ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
+			int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
+			ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		    }
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(j));
 		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
@@ -5091,165 +8157,111 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 		else {
 		    int j;
 		    for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
-			int idx = liseq->body->local_size - (post_start + j);
-			ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
+			int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
+			ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		    }
 		    argc = post_len + post_start;
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
-		int local_size = liseq->body->local_size;
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
+		int local_size = local_body->local_table_size;
 		argc++;
 
 		ADD_INSN1(args, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-		    ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(liseq->body->local_size - liseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
-		    ADD_SEND (args, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
+		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		}
 		else {
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+                    flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
 		}
-		for (i = 0; i < liseq->body->param.keyword->num; ++i) {
-		    ID id = liseq->body->param.keyword->table[i];
+		for (i = 0; i < local_kwd->num; ++i) {
+		    ID id = local_kwd->table[i];
 		    int idx = local_size - get_local_var_idx(liseq, id);
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, putobject, ID2SYM(id));
-		    ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
+		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		}
 		ADD_SEND(args, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i * 2 + 1));
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
 		    --argc;
 		}
+		flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
 	    }
-	    else if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-		ADD_INSN2(args, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(liseq->body->local_size - liseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start), INT2FIX(lvar_level));
-		ADD_SEND (args, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+	    else if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
+		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
+
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
 		}
 		else {
 		    argc++;
 		}
+		flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
 	    }
 	}
 
-	/* dummy receiver */
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, nd_type(node) == NODE_ZSUPER ? Qfalse : Qtrue);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, invokesuper,
-		  new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag | VM_CALL_SUPER | VM_CALL_FCALL, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
-		  Qnil, /* CALL_CACHE */
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, invokesuper,
+                  new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag | VM_CALL_SUPER | (type == NODE_ZSUPER ? VM_CALL_ZSUPER : 0) | VM_CALL_FCALL, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
 		  parent_block);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_ARRAY:{
-	compile_array_(iseq, ret, node, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, poped);
+      case NODE_LIST:{
+        CHECK(compile_array(iseq, ret, node, popped) >= 0);
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:{
-	if (!poped) {
+      case NODE_ZLIST:{
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_VALUES:{
-	NODE *n = node;
+	const NODE *n = node;
+	if (popped) {
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_VALUES: must not be popped");
+	}
 	while (n) {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "values item", n->nd_head);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "values item", n->nd_head));
 	    n = n->nd_next;
 	}
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(node->nd_alen));
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_HASH:{
-	DECL_ANCHOR(list);
-	int type = node->nd_head ? nd_type(node->nd_head) : NODE_ZARRAY;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(list);
-	switch (type) {
-	  case NODE_ARRAY:
-	    compile_array(iseq, list, node->nd_head, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, list);
-	    break;
-
-	  case NODE_ZARRAY:
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
-	    break;
-
-	  default:
-	    rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS_AT(node->nd_head) "can't make hash with this node: %s",
-			       ruby_node_name(type));
-	}
-
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+      case NODE_HASH:
+        CHECK(compile_hash(iseq, ret, node, FALSE, popped) >= 0);
+        break;
+      case NODE_RETURN:
+	CHECK(compile_return(iseq, ret, node, popped));
 	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RETURN:{
-	rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
-
-	if (is) {
-	    if (is->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP) {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid return");
-	    }
-	    else {
-		LABEL *splabel = 0;
-
-		if (is->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
-		    splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-		    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-		    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, 0);
-		}
-
-		COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", node->nd_stts);
-
-		if (is->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
-		    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
-		    ADD_TRACE(ret, line, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
-		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
-		    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-
-		    if (!poped) {
-			ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
-		    if (poped) {
-			ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	break;
-      }
       case NODE_YIELD:{
 	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	VALUE argc;
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
+	struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
 
 	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
-	if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP) {
+
+        if (check_yield_place(iseq) == FALSE) {
 	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid yield");
-	    debug_node_end();
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
+            goto ng;
+        }
 
 	if (node->nd_head) {
 	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_head, &flag, &keywords);
+	    CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
 	}
 	else {
 	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
@@ -5258,46 +8270,55 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, invokeblock, new_callinfo(iseq, 0, FIX2INT(argc), flag, keywords, FALSE));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
+
+        int level = 0;
+        const rb_iseq_t *tmp_iseq = iseq;
+        for (; tmp_iseq != iseq->body->local_iseq; level++ ) {
+            tmp_iseq = tmp_iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+        }
+        if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, rb_intern("yield"), true);
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_LVAR:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ID id = node->nd_vid;
-	    int idx = iseq->body->local_iseq->body->local_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
+	    int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
 
-	    debugs("id: %"PRIsVALUE" idx: %d\n", rb_id2str(id), idx);
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(idx), INT2FIX(get_lvar_level(iseq)));
+	    debugs("id: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
+	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DVAR:{
 	int lv, idx, ls;
 	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
 	    if (idx < 0) {
-		rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")", rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+			      rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+		goto ng;
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(ls - idx), INT2FIX(lv));
+	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_GVAR:{
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal,
-		  ((VALUE)node->nd_entry | 1));
-	if (poped) {
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_IVAR:{
 	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinstancevariable,
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), INT2FIX(iseq->body->is_size++));
+		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
+		      get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
 	}
 	break;
       }
@@ -5306,32 +8327,34 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 
 	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
 	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
+	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;
 
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	}
 	else {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	}
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_CVAR:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getclassvariable,
 		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_NTH_REF:{
-        if (!poped) {
+        if (!popped) {
 	    if (!node->nd_nth) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 		break;
@@ -5342,7 +8365,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_BACK_REF:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */,
 		      INT2FIX(0x01 | (node->nd_nth << 1)));
 	}
@@ -5363,66 +8386,57 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 		      INT2FIX(0));
 	    break;
 	  case NODE_MATCH2:
-	    COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_recv);
-	    COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_value);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_recv));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_value));
 	    break;
 	  case NODE_MATCH3:
-	    COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_value);
-	    COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_recv);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_value));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_recv));
 	    break;
 	}
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	    /* TODO: detect by node */
-	    if (recv->last == recv->anchor.next &&
-		INSN_OF(recv->last) == BIN(putobject) &&
-		nd_type(node) == NODE_MATCH2) {
-		ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_regexpmatch1,
-			  OPERAND_AT(recv->last, 0));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-		ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
-		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_regexpmatch2, new_callinfo(iseq, idEqTilde, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE), Qnil);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
-	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEqTilde, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEqTilde, INT2FIX(1));
+
+	if (node->nd_args) {
+	    compile_named_capture_assign(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
 	}
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_LIT:{
 	debugp_param("lit", node->nd_lit);
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, node->nd_lit);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_STR:{
 	debugp_param("nd_lit", node->nd_lit);
-	if (!poped) {
-	    node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
 	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, node->nd_lit);
+		lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, lit);
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
-		    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, iseq->body->location.path, INT2FIX(line));
-		    VALUE str = rb_str_dup(node->nd_lit);
-		    rb_ivar_set(str, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_obj_freeze(str));
-		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, str);
+		    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX(line));
+		    lit = rb_str_dup(lit);
+		    rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
+		    lit = rb_str_freeze(lit);
 		}
 		else {
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+		    lit = rb_fstring(lit);
 		}
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, lit);
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5430,28 +8444,19 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
       case NODE_DSTR:{
 	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
-		VALUE debug_info = Qnil;
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
-		    debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, iseq->body->location.path, INT2FIX(line));
-		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
-		}
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, freezestring, debug_info);
-	    }
-	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_XSTR:{
-	node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
 	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
 	ADD_CALL(ret, line, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5461,138 +8466,126 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
 	ADD_CALL(ret, line, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_EVSTR:{
-	COMPILE(ret, "nd_body", node->nd_body);
-
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, tostring);
-	}
+      case NODE_EVSTR:
+	CHECK(compile_evstr(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, popped));
 	break;
-      }
       case NODE_DREGX:{
 	compile_dregx(iseq, ret, node);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:{
-	int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
-	NODE *dregx_node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DREGX, node->u1.value, node->u2.value, node->u3.value);
-	NODE *block_node = NEW_NODE(NODE_SCOPE, 0, dregx_node, 0);
-	const rb_iseq_t * block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(block_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+      case NODE_ONCE:{
+	int ic_index = body->is_size++;
+	const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq;
+	block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN, line);
 
 	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, once, block_iseq, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block_iseq);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_ARGSCAT:{
-	if (poped) {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head);
+	if (popped) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_ARGSPUSH:{
-	if (poped) {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "arsgpush head", node->nd_head);
+	if (popped) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "arsgpush head", node->nd_head));
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, poped);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, popped));
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "arsgpush head", node->nd_head);
-	    COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, poped);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "arsgpush head", node->nd_head));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, popped));
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_SPLAT:{
-	COMPILE(ret, "splat", node->nd_head);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "splat", node->nd_head));
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qtrue);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DEFN:{
+        ID mid = node->nd_mid;
 	const rb_iseq_t *method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
-						rb_id2str(node->nd_mid),
+                                                rb_id2str(mid),
 						ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
 
 	debugp_param("defn/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(method_iseq));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, definemethod, ID2SYM(mid), method_iseq);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)method_iseq);
 
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putiseq, method_iseq);
-	ADD_SEND (ret, line, id_core_define_method, INT2FIX(2));
-
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
 	}
 
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DEFS:{
-	const rb_iseq_t * singleton_method = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
-						      rb_id2str(node->nd_mid),
-						      ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
-
-	debugp_param("defs/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(singleton_method));
-
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	COMPILE(ret, "defs: recv", node->nd_recv);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putiseq, singleton_method);
-	ADD_SEND (ret, line, id_core_define_singleton_method, INT2FIX(3));
-
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+        ID mid = node->nd_mid;
+        const rb_iseq_t * singleton_method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
+                                                           rb_id2str(mid),
+                                                           ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
+
+        debugp_param("defs/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(singleton_method_iseq));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defs: recv", node->nd_recv));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, definesmethod, ID2SYM(mid), singleton_method_iseq);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)singleton_method_iseq);
+
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
+        }
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_ALIAS:{
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
-	COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->u1.node);
-	COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->u2.node);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->nd_1st));
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->nd_2nd));
 	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_set_method_alias, INT2FIX(3));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_VALIAS:{
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->u1.id));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->u2.id));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
 	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_set_variable_alias, INT2FIX(2));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5600,10 +8593,10 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
       case NODE_UNDEF:{
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
-	COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->u2.node);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->nd_undef));
 	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_undef_method, INT2FIX(2));
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5612,15 +8605,15 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	const rb_iseq_t *class_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
 						     rb_sprintf("<class:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid)),
 						     ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-	VALUE noscope = compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
-	int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS;
+	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS |
+	    (node->nd_super ? VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS : 0) |
+	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
 
-	if (!noscope) flags |= VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
-	if (node->nd_super) flags |= VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS;
-	COMPILE(ret, "super", node->nd_super);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "super", node->nd_super));
 	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), class_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)class_iseq);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5629,31 +8622,32 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
         const rb_iseq_t *module_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
 						      rb_sprintf("<module:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid)),
 						      ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-	VALUE noscope = compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
-	int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE;
+	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE |
+	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
 
-	if (!noscope) flags |= VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
 	ADD_INSN (ret, line, putnil); /* dummy */
 	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), module_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)module_iseq);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_SCLASS:{
 	ID singletonclass;
-	const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_str_new2("singleton class"),
+	const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_fstring_lit("singleton class"),
 						    ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
 
-	COMPILE(ret, "sclass#recv", node->nd_recv);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "sclass#recv", node->nd_recv));
 	ADD_INSN (ret, line, putnil);
 	CONST_ID(singletonclass, "singletonclass");
 	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass,
 		  ID2SYM(singletonclass), singleton_class,
 		  INT2FIX(VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)singleton_class);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5662,17 +8656,17 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
 	    /* constant */
 	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
+	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;
 
 	    DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
 	    DECL_ANCHOR(body);
 
 	    INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
 	    INIT_ANCHOR(body);
-	    compile_colon2(iseq, node, pref, body);
-	    if (LIST_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
+	    CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
+	    if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
 		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-		    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+                    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 		}
 		else {
 		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
@@ -5681,7 +8675,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 		ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
 
 		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 		    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 		}
 	    }
@@ -5693,122 +8687,108 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	else {
 	    /* function call */
 	    ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
 	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, node->nd_mid, INT2FIX(1));
 	}
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_COLON3:{
 	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
+	int ic_index = body->is_size++;
 
 	debugi("colon3#nd_mid", node->nd_mid);
 
 	/* add cache insn */
 	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
 
 	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	}
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DOT2:
       case NODE_DOT3:{
-	VALUE flag = type == NODE_DOT2 ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
-	COMPILE(ret, "min", (NODE *) node->nd_beg);
-	COMPILE(ret, "max", (NODE *) node->nd_end);
-	if (poped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	int excl = type == NODE_DOT3;
+	VALUE flag = INT2FIX(excl);
+	const NODE *b = node->nd_beg;
+	const NODE *e = node->nd_end;
+
+        if (optimizable_range_item_p(b) && optimizable_range_item_p(e)) {
+	    if (!popped) {
+                VALUE bv = nd_type(b) == NODE_LIT ? b->nd_lit : Qnil;
+                VALUE ev = nd_type(e) == NODE_LIT ? e->nd_lit : Qnil;
+                VALUE val = rb_range_new(bv, ev, excl);
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, val);
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, val);
+	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newrange, flag);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "min", b, popped));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "max", e, popped));
+	    if (!popped) {
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newrange, flag);
+	    }
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_FLIP2:
       case NODE_FLIP3:{
 	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *ltrue = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	rb_iseq_t *local_iseq = iseq->body->local_iseq;
-	rb_num_t cnt;
-	VALUE key;
-
-	cnt = ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT(local_iseq) + VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START;
-	key = INT2FIX(cnt);
-
-	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, key, INT2FIX(0));
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lend);
-
-	/* *flip == 0 */
-	COMPILE(ret, "flip2 beg", node->nd_beg);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfin);
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FLIP3) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lfin);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
-	}
-
-	/* *flip == 1 */
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	COMPILE(ret, "flip2 end", node->nd_end);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, ltrue);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
-
+	LABEL *lfalse = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, node, type == NODE_FLIP2,
+				ltrue, lfalse));
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, ltrue);
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
-
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lend);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfalse);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_SELF:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_NIL:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_TRUE:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_FALSE:{
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_ERRINFO:{
-	if (!poped) {
-	    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
-		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(0));
+	if (!popped) {
+	    if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
+		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
@@ -5821,7 +8801,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 		    level++;
 		}
 		if (ip) {
-		    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(level));
+		    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, level);
 		}
 		else {
 		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
@@ -5830,38 +8810,26 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_DEFINED:{
-	if (poped) break;
-	if (!node->nd_head) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, str);
-	}
-	else {
-	    LABEL *lfinish[2];
-	    lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    lfinish[1] = 0;
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qtrue);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    if (lfinish[1]) {
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
-	    }
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+	if (!popped) {
+	    CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, node, Qtrue));
 	}
 	break;
-      }
       case NODE_POSTEXE:{
 	/* compiled to:
 	 *   ONCE{ rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore::core#set_postexe{ ... } }
 	 */
-	int is_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
-	const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ((NODE *)IFUNC_NEW(build_postexe_iseq, node->nd_body, 0),
-						    make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+	int is_index = body->is_size++;
+        struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
+            rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_postexe_iseq, node->nd_body);
+	const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq =
+            new_child_iseq_with_callback(iseq, ifunc,
+				 rb_fstring(make_name_for_block(iseq)), iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
 
 	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, once, once_iseq, INT2FIX(is_index));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)once_iseq);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5869,29 +8837,31 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
       case NODE_KW_ARG:
 	{
 	    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
-	    NODE *default_value = node->nd_body->nd_value;
+	    const NODE *default_value = node->nd_body->nd_value;
 
-	    if (default_value == (NODE *)-1) {
+            if (default_value == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
 		/* required argument. do nothing */
-		rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		goto ng;
 	    }
 	    else if (nd_type(default_value) == NODE_LIT ||
 		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_NIL ||
 		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_TRUE ||
 		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_FALSE) {
-		rb_compile_bug_str(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		goto ng;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		/* if keywordcheck(_kw_bits, nth_keyword)
 		 *   kw = default_value
 		 * end
 		 */
-		int kw_bits_idx = iseq->body->local_size - iseq->body->param.keyword->bits_start;
-		int keyword_idx = iseq->body->param.keyword->num;
+		int kw_bits_idx = body->local_table_size - body->param.keyword->bits_start;
+		int keyword_idx = body->param.keyword->num;
 
-		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx), INT2FIX(keyword_idx));
+		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(keyword_idx));
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, end_label);
-		COMPILE_POPED(ret, "keyword default argument", node->nd_body);
+		CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "keyword default argument", node->nd_body));
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
 	    }
 
@@ -5899,8 +8869,8 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	}
       case NODE_DSYM:{
 	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
-	if (!poped) {
-	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idIntern, INT2FIX(0));
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, intern);
 	}
 	else {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -5912,30 +8882,30 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
 	ID mid = node->nd_mid;
-	LABEL *lskip = 0;
 	VALUE argc;
+        LABEL *else_label = NULL;
+        VALUE branches = Qfalse;
 
 	/* optimization shortcut
 	 *   obj["literal"] = value -> opt_aset_with(obj, "literal", value)
 	 */
 	if (mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
-	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_ARRAY && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
+	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_LIST && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
 	    nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
 	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+            !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
 	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction)
 	{
 	    VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-	    node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit = str;
-	    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, str);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "value", node->nd_args->nd_next->nd_head);
-	    if (!poped) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "value", node->nd_args->nd_next->nd_head));
+	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_aset_with,
-		      new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE),
-		      NULL/* CALL_CACHE */, str);
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_aset_with, str,
+                      new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    break;
 	}
@@ -5943,8 +8913,11 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
 	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
 	argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, NULL);
+	CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
 
-	flag |= COMPILE_RECV(recv, "recv", node);
+        int asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(recv, "recv", node);
+        CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
+        flag |= (unsigned int)asgnflag;
 
 	debugp_param("argc", argc);
 	debugp_param("nd_mid", ID2SYM(mid));
@@ -5952,11 +8925,9 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	if (!rb_is_attrset_id(mid)) {
 	    /* safe nav attr */
 	    mid = rb_id_attrset(mid);
-	    ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
-	    lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, lskip);
+            else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, line);
 	}
-	if (!poped) {
+	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
 	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
@@ -5965,7 +8936,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 		if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
 		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
-		    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+                    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 		}
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 3));
 		ADD_INSN (ret, line, pop);
@@ -5973,7 +8944,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    else if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
-		ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2));
 		ADD_INSN (ret, line, pop);
 	    }
@@ -5986,23 +8957,11 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
 	}
 	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, mid, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
-	if (lskip) ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
+        qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, line);
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_PRELUDE:{
-	const rb_compile_option_t *orig_opt = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option;
-	if (node->nd_orig) {
-	    rb_compile_option_t new_opt = *orig_opt;
-	    rb_iseq_make_compile_option(&new_opt, node->nd_orig);
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option = &new_opt;
-	}
-	COMPILE_POPED(ret, "prelude", node->nd_head);
-	COMPILE_(ret, "body", node->nd_body, poped);
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option = orig_opt;
-	break;
-      }
       case NODE_LAMBDA:{
 	/* compile same as lambda{...} */
 	const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
@@ -6010,24 +8969,20 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
 
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 	ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idLambda, argc, block);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block);
 
-	if (poped) {
+	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       default:
-	UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node);
+	UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node, COMPILE_NG);
+      ng:
+	debug_node_end();
 	return COMPILE_NG;
     }
 
-    /* check & remove redundant trace(line) */
-    if (saved_last_element && ret /* ret can be 0 when error */ &&
-	ret->last == saved_last_element &&
-	((INSN *)saved_last_element)->insn_id == BIN(trace)) {
-	POP_ELEMENT(ret);
-    }
-
     debug_node_end();
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -6045,21 +9000,22 @@ insn_data_length(INSN *iobj)
 static int
 calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *insn)
 {
-    return insn_stack_increase(depth, insn->insn_id, insn->operands);
+    return comptime_insn_stack_increase(depth, insn->insn_id, insn->operands);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 opobj_inspect(VALUE obj)
 {
-    struct RBasic *r = (struct RBasic *) obj;
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(r)  && r->klass == 0) {
-	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(r)) {
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && !RBASIC_CLASS(obj)) {
+        switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
 	  case T_STRING:
 	    obj = rb_str_new_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(obj));
 	    break;
 	  case T_ARRAY:
 	    obj = rb_ary_dup(obj);
 	    break;
+          default:
+            break;
 	}
     }
     return rb_inspect(obj);
@@ -6083,7 +9039,7 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 	      case TS_OFFSET:	/* label(destination position) */
 		{
 		    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_catf(str, "<L%03d>", lobj->label_no);
+		    rb_str_catf(str, LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
 		    break;
 		}
 		break;
@@ -6102,33 +9058,27 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 	      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
 		{
 		    VALUE v = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(v));
+                    if (!CLASS_OF(v))
+                        rb_str_cat2(str, "<hidden>");
+                    else {
+                        rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(v));
+                    }
 		    break;
 		}
 	      case TS_ID:	/* ID */
 		rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
 		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		{
-		    struct rb_global_entry *entry = (struct rb_global_entry *)
-		      (OPERAND_AT(iobj, j) & (~1));
-		    rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(entry->id));
-		    break;
-		}
 	      case TS_IC:	/* inline cache */
+	      case TS_IVC:	/* inline ivar cache */
+	      case TS_ISE:	/* inline storage entry */
 		rb_str_catf(str, "<ic:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
 		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO: /* call info */
-		{
-		    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_cat2(str, "<callinfo:");
-		    if (ci->mid) rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(ci->mid));
-		    rb_str_catf(str, ", %d>", ci->orig_argc);
-		    break;
-		}
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE: /* call cache */
+              case TS_CALLDATA: /* we store these as call infos at compile time */
 		{
-		    rb_str_catf(str, "<call cache>");
+                    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+                    rb_str_cat2(str, "<calldata:");
+                    if (vm_ci_mid(ci)) rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(vm_ci_mid(ci)));
+                    rb_str_catf(str, ", %d>", vm_ci_argc(ci));
 		    break;
 		}
 	      case TS_CDHASH:	/* case/when condition cache */
@@ -6136,7 +9086,7 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 		break;
 	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
 		{
-		    rb_insn_func_t func = (rb_insn_func_t)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+		    void *func = (void *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
 #ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
 		    Dl_info info;
 		    if (dladdr(func, &info) && info.dli_sname) {
@@ -6147,6 +9097,9 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 		    rb_str_catf(str, "<%p>", func);
 		}
 		break;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                rb_str_cat2(str, "<TS_BUILTIN>");
+                break;
 	      default:{
 		rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand type: %c", type);
 	      }
@@ -6160,7 +9113,13 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 }
 
 static void
-dump_disasm_list(struct iseq_link_element *link)
+dump_disasm_list(const LINK_ELEMENT *link)
+{
+    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(link, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr, const LABEL *dest)
 {
     int pos = 0;
     INSN *iobj;
@@ -6170,30 +9129,33 @@ dump_disasm_list(struct iseq_link_element *link)
     printf("-- raw disasm--------\n");
 
     while (link) {
+	if (curr) printf(curr == link ? "*" : " ");
 	switch (link->type) {
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
 	    {
 		iobj = (INSN *)link;
 		str = insn_data_to_s_detail(iobj);
-		printf("%04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->line_no);
+		printf("  %04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->insn_info.line_no);
 		pos += insn_data_length(iobj);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
 	    {
 		lobj = (LABEL *)link;
-		printf("<L%03d>\n", lobj->label_no);
+		printf(LABEL_FORMAT" [sp: %d]%s\n", lobj->label_no, lobj->sp,
+		       dest == lobj ? " <---" : "");
 		break;
 	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_NONE:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
 	    {
-		printf("[none]\n");
+		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)link;
+		printf("  trace: %0x\n", trace->event);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
 	    {
 		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)link;
-		printf("adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
+		printf("  adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  default:
@@ -6209,16 +9171,16 @@ dump_disasm_list(struct iseq_link_element *link)
 const char *
 rb_insns_name(int i)
 {
-    return insn_name_info[i];
+    return insn_name(i);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_insns_name_array(void)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
     int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < numberof(insn_name_info); i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring(rb_str_new2(insn_name_info[i])));
+    for (i = 0; i < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
+	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring_cstr(insn_name(i)));
     }
     return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 }
@@ -6228,7 +9190,7 @@ register_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table, VALUE obj)
 {
     LABEL *label = 0;
     st_data_t tmp;
-    obj = rb_convert_type(obj, T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym");
+    obj = rb_to_symbol_type(obj);
 
     if (st_lookup(labels_table, obj, &tmp) == 0) {
 	label = NEW_LABEL(0);
@@ -6244,18 +9206,16 @@ register_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 get_exception_sym2type(VALUE sym)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
     static VALUE symRescue, symEnsure, symRetry;
     static VALUE symBreak, symRedo, symNext;
 
     if (symRescue == 0) {
-	symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rescue"));
-	symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ensure"));
-	symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern("retry"));
-	symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern("break"));
-	symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("redo"));
-	symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("next"));
+	symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("rescue"));
+	symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("ensure"));
+	symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("retry"));
+	symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("break"));
+	symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("redo"));
+	symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("next"));
     }
 
     if (sym == symRescue) return CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE;
@@ -6277,30 +9237,34 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_exception(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table,
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(exception); i++) {
 	const rb_iseq_t *eiseq;
 	VALUE v, type;
-	const VALUE *ptr;
 	LABEL *lstart, *lend, *lcont;
 	unsigned int sp;
 
-	v = rb_convert_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i), T_ARRAY,
-					 "Array", "to_ary");
+	v = rb_to_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i));
 	if (RARRAY_LEN(v) != 6) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "wrong exception entry");
 	}
-	ptr  = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(v);
-	type = get_exception_sym2type(ptr[0]);
-	if (ptr[1] == Qnil) {
+        type = get_exception_sym2type(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0));
+        if (RARRAY_AREF(v, 1) == Qnil) {
 	    eiseq = NULL;
 	}
 	else {
-	    eiseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(rb_iseq_load(ptr[1], (VALUE)iseq, Qnil));
-	}
+            eiseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(rb_iseq_load(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), (VALUE)iseq, Qnil));
+        }
 
-	lstart = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ptr[2]);
-	lend   = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ptr[3]);
-	lcont  = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ptr[4]);
-	sp     = NUM2UINT(ptr[5]);
+        lstart = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 2));
+        lend   = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 3));
+        lcont  = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 4));
+        sp     = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(v, 5));
 
-	(void)sp;
+	/* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
+	if (type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+	    type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
+	    type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
+	    ++sp;
+	}
+
+	lcont->sp = sp;
 
 	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, lstart, lend, eiseq, lcont);
 
@@ -6314,10 +9278,10 @@ insn_make_insn_table(void)
 {
     struct st_table *table;
     int i;
-    table = st_init_numtable();
+    table = st_init_numtable_with_size(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
 
     for (i=0; i<VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
-	st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern(insn_name(i))), i);
+	st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(insn_name(i))), i);
     }
 
     return table;
@@ -6340,7 +9304,6 @@ iseq_build_load_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
     }
 
     loaded_iseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(iseqw);
-    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, (VALUE)loaded_iseq);
     return loaded_iseq;
 }
 
@@ -6350,13 +9313,13 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
     ID mid = 0;
     int orig_argc = 0;
     unsigned int flag = 0;
-    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = 0;
+    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg = 0;
 
     if (!NIL_P(op)) {
-	VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("mid")));
-	VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("flag")));
-	VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("orig_argc")));
-	VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kw_arg")));
+	VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("mid")));
+	VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("flag")));
+	VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("orig_argc")));
+	VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("kw_arg")));
 
 	if (!NIL_P(vmid)) mid = SYM2ID(vmid);
 	if (!NIL_P(vflag)) flag = NUM2UINT(vflag);
@@ -6365,7 +9328,7 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
 	if (!NIL_P(vkw_arg)) {
 	    int i;
 	    int len = RARRAY_LENINT(vkw_arg);
-	    size_t n = rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes(len);
+	    size_t n = rb_callinfo_kwarg_bytes(len);
 
 	    kw_arg = xmalloc(n);
 	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
@@ -6377,15 +9340,31 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
 	}
     }
 
-    return (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, mid, orig_argc, flag, kw_arg, (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) == 0);
+    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = new_callinfo(iseq, mid, orig_argc, flag, kw_arg, (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) == 0);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
+    return (VALUE)ci;
+}
+
+static rb_event_flag_t
+event_name_to_flag(VALUE sym)
+{
+#define CHECK_EVENT(ev) if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#ev))) return ev;
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_END);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+#undef CHECK_EVENT
+    return RUBY_EVENT_NONE;
 }
 
 static int
-iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
+iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
 			 VALUE body, VALUE labels_wrapper)
 {
     /* TODO: body should be frozen */
-    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(body);
     long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(body);
     struct st_table *labels_table = DATA_PTR(labels_wrapper);
     int j;
@@ -6402,11 +9381,17 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
     }
 
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	VALUE obj = ptr[i];
+        VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(body, i);
 
 	if (SYMBOL_P(obj)) {
-	    LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
-	    ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
+	    rb_event_flag_t event;
+	    if ((event = event_name_to_flag(obj)) != RUBY_EVENT_NONE) {
+		ADD_TRACE(anchor, event);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
+		ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
+	    }
 	}
 	else if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
 	    line_no = NUM2INT(obj);
@@ -6420,21 +9405,27 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
 	    insn = (argc < 0) ? Qnil : RARRAY_AREF(obj, 0);
 	    if (st_lookup(insn_table, (st_data_t)insn, &insn_id) == 0) {
 		/* TODO: exception */
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, line_no,
+		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
 			      "unknown instruction: %+"PRIsVALUE, insn);
 		ret = COMPILE_NG;
 		break;
 	    }
 
 	    if (argc != insn_len((VALUE)insn_id)-1) {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ruby_sourcefile_string, line_no,
+		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
 			      "operand size mismatch");
 		ret = COMPILE_NG;
 		break;
 	    }
 
 	    if (argc > 0) {
-		argv = compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+                argv = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
+
+                // add element before operand setup to make GC root
+                ADD_ELEM(anchor,
+                         (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
+                                                      (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, argv));
+
 		for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
 		    VALUE op = rb_ary_entry(obj, j+1);
 		    switch (insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j)) {
@@ -6450,45 +9441,42 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
 			break;
 		      case TS_VALUE:
 			argv[j] = op;
-			iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, op);
+			RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, op);
 			break;
 		      case TS_ISEQ:
 			{
 			    if (op != Qnil) {
-				argv[j] = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
+				VALUE v = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
+				argv[j] = v;
+				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
 			    }
 			    else {
 				argv[j] = 0;
 			    }
 			}
 			break;
-		      case TS_GENTRY:
-			op = rb_convert_type(op, T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym");
-			argv[j] = (VALUE)rb_global_entry(SYM2ID(op));
-			break;
+		      case TS_ISE:
 		      case TS_IC:
+                      case TS_IVC:  /* inline ivar cache */
 			argv[j] = op;
 			if (NUM2UINT(op) >= iseq->body->is_size) {
 			    iseq->body->is_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
 			}
+                        FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
 			break;
-		      case TS_CALLINFO:
+                      case TS_CALLDATA:
 			argv[j] = iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(iseq, op);
 			break;
-		      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-			argv[j] = Qfalse;
-			break;
 		      case TS_ID:
-			argv[j] = rb_convert_type(op, T_SYMBOL,
-						  "Symbol", "to_sym");
+			argv[j] = rb_to_symbol_type(op);
 			break;
 		      case TS_CDHASH:
 			{
 			    int i;
-			    VALUE map = rb_hash_new();
+			    VALUE map = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(op)/2);
 
-			    rb_hash_tbl_raw(map)->type = &cdhash_type;
-			    op = rb_convert_type(op, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+                            RHASH_TBL_RAW(map)->type = &cdhash_type;
+			    op = rb_to_array_type(op);
 			    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(op); i+=2) {
 				VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
 				VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i+1);
@@ -6498,7 +9486,7 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
 			    }
 			    RB_GC_GUARD(op);
 			    argv[j] = map;
-			    rb_iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, map);
+			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
 			}
 			break;
 		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
@@ -6516,9 +9504,11 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
 		    }
 		}
 	    }
-	    ADD_ELEM(anchor,
-		     (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
-						  (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, argv));
+            else {
+                ADD_ELEM(anchor,
+                         (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
+                                                      (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, NULL));
+            }
 	}
 	else {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected object for instruction");
@@ -6530,20 +9520,18 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor,
     return iseq_setup(iseq, anchor);
 }
 
-#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_convert_type((v), T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary")
-#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_convert_type((v), T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym")
+#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_to_array_type(v)
+#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_to_symbol_type(v)
 
 static int
 int_param(int *dst, VALUE param, VALUE sym)
 {
     VALUE val = rb_hash_aref(param, sym);
-    switch (TYPE(val)) {
-      case T_NIL:
-	return FALSE;
-      case T_FIXNUM:
+    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
 	*dst = FIX2INT(val);
 	return TRUE;
-      default:
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %+"PRIsVALUE" Fixnum: %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 sym, val);
     }
@@ -6564,10 +9552,10 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
     iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
 
     keyword->num = len;
-#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(#s))
+#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
     (void)int_param(&keyword->bits_start, params, SYM(kwbits));
     i = keyword->bits_start - keyword->num;
-    ids = (VALUE *)&iseq->body->local_table[i];
+    ids = (ID *)&iseq->body->local_table[i];
 #undef SYM
 
     /* required args */
@@ -6584,10 +9572,14 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
   default_values: /* note: we intentionally preserve `i' from previous loop */
     default_len = len - i;
     if (default_len == 0) {
+	keyword->table = ids;
 	return keyword;
     }
+    else if (default_len < 0) {
+        UNREACHABLE;
+    }
 
-    dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, default_len);
+    dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, (unsigned int)default_len);
 
     for (j = 0; i < len; i++, j++) {
 	key = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
@@ -6616,24 +9608,78 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
 }
 
 void
+rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
+{
+    INSN *iobj = 0;
+    size_t size = sizeof(INSN);
+    unsigned int pos = 0;
+
+    while (storage) {
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+        size_t padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[pos], size);
+#else
+        const size_t padding = 0; /* expected to be optimized by compiler */
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+        size_t offset = pos + size + padding;
+        if (offset > storage->size || offset > storage->pos) {
+            pos = 0;
+            storage = storage->next;
+        }
+        else {
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+            pos += (int)padding;
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+
+            iobj = (INSN *)&storage->buff[pos];
+
+            if (iobj->operands) {
+                int j;
+                const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
+
+                for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+                    char type = types[j];
+                    switch (type) {
+                      case TS_CDHASH:
+                      case TS_ISEQ:
+                      case TS_VALUE:
+                      case TS_CALLDATA: // ci is stored.
+                        {
+                            VALUE op = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+
+                            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(op)) {
+                                rb_gc_mark(op);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      default:
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            pos += (int)size;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
 rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 			 VALUE exception, VALUE body)
 {
-#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(#s))
+#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
     int i, len;
+    unsigned int arg_size, local_size, stack_max;
     ID *tbl;
     struct st_table *labels_table = st_init_numtable();
-    VALUE labels_wrapper = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, labels_table);
+    VALUE labels_wrapper = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, rb_mark_set, st_free_table, labels_table);
     VALUE arg_opt_labels = rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(opt));
     VALUE keywords = rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(keyword));
-    VALUE sym_arg_rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("#arg_rest"));
+    VALUE sym_arg_rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("#arg_rest"));
     DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
     INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
 
     len = RARRAY_LENINT(locals);
     iseq->body->local_table_size = len;
     iseq->body->local_table = tbl = len > 0 ? (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, iseq->body->local_table_size) : NULL;
-    iseq->body->local_size = iseq->body->local_table_size + 1;
 
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 	VALUE lv = RARRAY_AREF(locals, i);
@@ -6646,11 +9692,6 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 	}
     }
 
-    /*
-     * we currently ignore misc params,
-     * local_size, stack_size and param.size are all calculated
-     */
-
 #define INT_PARAM(F) int_param(&iseq->body->param.F, params, SYM(F))
     if (INT_PARAM(lead_num)) {
 	iseq->body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
@@ -6660,9 +9701,16 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
     if (INT_PARAM(rest_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
     if (INT_PARAM(block_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
 #undef INT_PARAM
+    {
+#define INT_PARAM(F) F = (int_param(&x, misc, SYM(F)) ? (unsigned int)x : 0)
+	int x;
+	INT_PARAM(arg_size);
+	INT_PARAM(local_size);
+	INT_PARAM(stack_max);
+#undef INT_PARAM
+    }
 
-    switch (TYPE(arg_opt_labels)) {
-      case T_ARRAY:
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg_opt_labels, T_ARRAY)) {
 	len = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_opt_labels);
 	iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt = !!(len - 1 >= 0);
 
@@ -6678,19 +9726,16 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 	    iseq->body->param.opt_num = len - 1;
 	    iseq->body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
 	}
-      case T_NIL:
-	break;
-      default:
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(arg_opt_labels)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":opt param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 arg_opt_labels);
     }
 
-    switch (TYPE(keywords)) {
-      case T_ARRAY:
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(keywords, T_ARRAY)) {
 	iseq->body->param.keyword = iseq_build_kw(iseq, params, keywords);
-      case T_NIL:
-	break;
-      default:
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(keywords)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":keywords param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 keywords);
     }
@@ -6715,48 +9760,48 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 
     /* body */
     iseq_build_from_ary_body(iseq, anchor, body, labels_wrapper);
+
+    iseq->body->param.size = arg_size;
+    iseq->body->local_table_size = local_size;
+    iseq->body->stack_max = stack_max;
 }
 
 /* for parser */
 
 int
-rb_dvar_defined(ID id)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-
-    if (th->base_block && (iseq = th->base_block->iseq)) {
-	while (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
+rb_dvar_defined(ID id, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (iseq) {
+	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+	while (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
 	       ) {
 	    unsigned int i;
 
-	    for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
-		if (iseq->body->local_table[i] == id) {
+	    for (i = 0; i < body->local_table_size; i++) {
+		if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
 		    return 1;
 		}
 	    }
-	    iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+	    iseq = body->parent_iseq;
+	    body = iseq->body;
 	}
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 int
-rb_local_defined(ID id)
+rb_local_defined(ID id, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-
-    if (th->base_block && th->base_block->iseq) {
+    if (iseq) {
 	unsigned int i;
-	iseq = th->base_block->iseq->body->local_iseq;
+	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body->local_iseq->body;
 
-	for (i=0; i<iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
-	    if (iseq->body->local_table[i] == id) {
+	for (i=0; i<body->local_table_size; i++) {
+	    if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
 		return 1;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -6764,115 +9809,120 @@ rb_local_defined(ID id)
     return 0;
 }
 
-int
-rb_parse_in_eval(void)
-{
-    return GET_THREAD()->parse_in_eval > 0;
-}
-
-int
-rb_parse_in_main(void)
-{
-    return GET_THREAD()->parse_in_eval < 0;
-}
-
 static int
-caller_location(VALUE *path, VALUE *absolute_path)
+caller_location(VALUE *path, VALUE *realpath)
 {
-    const rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     const rb_control_frame_t *const cfp =
-	rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(th, th->cfp);
+        rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);
 
     if (cfp) {
 	int line = rb_vm_get_sourceline(cfp);
-	*path = cfp->iseq->body->location.path;
-	*absolute_path = cfp->iseq->body->location.absolute_path;
+	*path = rb_iseq_path(cfp->iseq);
+	*realpath = rb_iseq_realpath(cfp->iseq);
 	return line;
     }
     else {
-	*path = rb_str_new2("<compiled>");
-	*absolute_path = *path;
+	*path = rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
+	*realpath = *path;
 	return 1;
     }
 }
 
 typedef struct {
     VALUE arg;
-    rb_insn_func_t func;
+    VALUE func;
     int line;
 } accessor_args;
 
 static const rb_iseq_t *
-method_for_self(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func,
-		VALUE (*build)(rb_iseq_t *, LINK_ANCHOR *, VALUE))
+method_for_self(VALUE name, VALUE arg, const struct rb_builtin_function *func,
+                void (*build)(rb_iseq_t *, LINK_ANCHOR *, const void *))
 {
-    VALUE path, absolute_path;
+    VALUE path, realpath;
     accessor_args acc;
 
     acc.arg = arg;
-    acc.func = func;
-    acc.line = caller_location(&path, &absolute_path);
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt((NODE *)IFUNC_NEW(build, (VALUE)&acc, 0),
-				rb_sym2str(name), path, absolute_path,
-				INT2FIX(acc.line), 0, ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, 0);
+    acc.func = (VALUE)func;
+    acc.line = caller_location(&path, &realpath);
+    struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
+        rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build, &acc);
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_callback(ifunc,
+			     rb_sym2str(name), path, realpath,
+			     INT2FIX(acc.line), 0, ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, 0);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-for_self_aref(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, VALUE a)
+static void
+for_self_aref(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const void *a)
 {
     const accessor_args *const args = (void *)a;
     const int line = args->line;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
 
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
-    iseq->body->param.lead_num = 0;
-    iseq->body->param.size = 0;
+    body->param.lead_num = 0;
+    body->param.size = 0;
 
     ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, args->arg);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_call_c_function, (VALUE)args->func);
-    return Qnil;
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, invokebuiltin, args->func);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-for_self_aset(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, VALUE a)
+static void
+for_self_aset(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const void *a)
 {
     const accessor_args *const args = (void *)a;
     const int line = args->line;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     static const ID vars[] = {1, idUScore};
 
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, vars);
-    iseq->body->param.lead_num = 1;
-    iseq->body->param.size = 1;
+    body->param.lead_num = 1;
+    body->param.size = 1;
 
-    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getlocal, INT2FIX(numberof(vars)-0), INT2FIX(0));
+    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, numberof(vars)-1, 0);
     ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, args->arg);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_call_c_function, (VALUE)args->func);
-    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-    return Qnil;
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, invokebuiltin, args->func);
 }
 
 /*
  * func (index) -> (value)
  */
 const rb_iseq_t *
-rb_method_for_self_aref(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func)
+rb_method_for_self_aref(VALUE name, VALUE arg, const struct rb_builtin_function *func)
 {
     return method_for_self(name, arg, func, for_self_aref);
 }
 
 /*
- * func (index, value) -> (index, value)
+ * func (index, value) -> (value)
  */
 const rb_iseq_t *
-rb_method_for_self_aset(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func)
+rb_method_for_self_aset(VALUE name, VALUE arg, const struct rb_builtin_function *func)
 {
     return method_for_self(name, arg, func, for_self_aset);
 }
 
 /* ISeq binary format */
 
+#ifndef IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+#define IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+#define IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER 0
+#endif
+
 typedef unsigned int ibf_offset_t;
 #define IBF_OFFSET(ptr) ((ibf_offset_t)(VALUE)(ptr))
 
+#define IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION
+#if RUBY_DEVEL
+#define IBF_DEVEL_VERSION 3
+#define IBF_MINOR_VERSION (ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION * 10000 + IBF_DEVEL_VERSION)
+#else
+#define IBF_MINOR_VERSION ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION
+#endif
+
 struct ibf_header {
     char magic[4]; /* YARB */
     unsigned int major_version;
@@ -6881,81 +9931,202 @@ struct ibf_header {
     unsigned int extra_size;
 
     unsigned int iseq_list_size;
-    unsigned int id_list_size;
-    unsigned int object_list_size;
-
+    unsigned int global_object_list_size;
     ibf_offset_t iseq_list_offset;
-    ibf_offset_t id_list_offset;
-    ibf_offset_t object_list_offset;
+    ibf_offset_t global_object_list_offset;
 };
 
-struct ibf_id_entry {
-    enum {
-	ibf_id_enc_ascii,
-	ibf_id_enc_utf8,
-	ibf_id_enc_other
-    } enc : 2;
-    char body[1];
+struct ibf_dump_buffer {
+    VALUE str;
+    st_table *obj_table; /* obj -> obj number */
 };
 
 struct ibf_dump {
-    VALUE str;
-    VALUE iseq_list;      /* [iseq0 offset, ...] */
-    VALUE obj_list;       /* [objs] */
     st_table *iseq_table; /* iseq -> iseq number */
-    st_table *id_table;   /* id -> id number */
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer global_buffer;
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer *current_buffer;
 };
 
 rb_iseq_t * iseq_alloc(void);
 
-struct ibf_load {
+struct ibf_load_buffer {
     const char *buff;
+    ibf_offset_t size;
+
+    VALUE obj_list; /* [obj0, ...] */
+    unsigned int obj_list_size;
+    ibf_offset_t obj_list_offset;
+};
+
+struct ibf_load {
     const struct ibf_header *header;
-    ID *id_list;     /* [id0, ...] */
-    VALUE iseq_list; /* [iseq0, ...] */
-    VALUE obj_list;  /* [obj0, ...] */
+    VALUE iseq_list;       /* [iseq0, ...] */
+    struct ibf_load_buffer global_buffer;
     VALUE loader_obj;
-    VALUE str;
     rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    VALUE str;
+    struct ibf_load_buffer *current_buffer;
+};
+
+struct pinned_list {
+    long size;
+    VALUE * buffer;
+};
+
+static void
+pinned_list_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    long i;
+    struct pinned_list *list = (struct pinned_list *)ptr;
+    for (i = 0; i < list->size; i++) {
+        if (list->buffer[i]) {
+            rb_gc_mark(list->buffer[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+pinned_list_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct pinned_list *list = (struct pinned_list *)ptr;
+    xfree(list->buffer);
+    xfree(ptr);
+}
+
+static size_t
+pinned_list_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    struct pinned_list *list = (struct pinned_list *)ptr;
+    return sizeof(struct pinned_list) + (list->size * sizeof(VALUE *));
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t pinned_list_type = {
+    "pinned_list",
+    {pinned_list_mark, pinned_list_free, pinned_list_memsize,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
+static VALUE
+pinned_list_fetch(VALUE list, long offset)
+{
+    struct pinned_list * ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(list, struct pinned_list, &pinned_list_type, ptr);
+
+    if (offset >= ptr->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %ld", offset);
+    }
+
+    return ptr->buffer[offset];
+}
+
+static void
+pinned_list_store(VALUE list, long offset, VALUE object)
+{
+    struct pinned_list * ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(list, struct pinned_list, &pinned_list_type, ptr);
+
+    if (offset >= ptr->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %ld", offset);
+    }
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(list, &ptr->buffer[offset], object);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pinned_list_new(long size)
+{
+    struct pinned_list * ptr;
+    VALUE obj_list =
+        TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct pinned_list, &pinned_list_type, ptr);
+
+    ptr->buffer = xcalloc(size, sizeof(VALUE));
+    ptr->size = size;
+
+    return obj_list;
+}
+
 static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_pos(struct ibf_dump *dump)
 {
-    return (unsigned int)rb_str_strlen(dump->str);
+    long pos = RSTRING_LEN(dump->current_buffer->str);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
+    if (pos >= UINT_MAX) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
+    }
+#endif
+    return (unsigned int)pos;
+}
+
+static void
+ibf_dump_align(struct ibf_dump *dump, size_t align)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    if (pos % align) {
+        static const char padding[sizeof(VALUE)];
+        size_t size = align - ((size_t)pos % align);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
+        if (pos + size >= UINT_MAX) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
+        }
+#endif
+        for (; size > sizeof(padding); size -= sizeof(padding)) {
+            rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, padding, sizeof(padding));
+        }
+        rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, padding, size);
+    }
 }
 
 static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_write(struct ibf_dump *dump, const void *buff, unsigned long size)
 {
     ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
-    rb_str_cat(dump->str, (const char *)buff, size);
+    rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, (const char *)buff, size);
     /* TODO: overflow check */
     return pos;
 }
 
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_write_byte(struct ibf_dump *dump, unsigned char byte)
+{
+    return ibf_dump_write(dump, &byte, sizeof(unsigned char));
+}
+
 static void
 ibf_dump_overwrite(struct ibf_dump *dump, void *buff, unsigned int size, long offset)
 {
-    VALUE str = dump->str;
+    VALUE str = dump->current_buffer->str;
     char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if ((unsigned long)(size + offset) > (unsigned long)RSTRING_LEN(str))
-	rb_bug("ibf_dump_overwrite: overflow");
+        rb_bug("ibf_dump_overwrite: overflow");
     memcpy(ptr + offset, buff, size);
 }
 
+static const void *
+ibf_load_ptr(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset, int size)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t beg = *offset;
+    *offset += size;
+    return load->current_buffer->buff + beg;
+}
+
 static void *
-ibf_load_alloc(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t offset, int size)
+ibf_load_alloc(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t offset, size_t x, size_t y)
 {
-    void *buff = ruby_xmalloc(size);
-    memcpy(buff, load->buff + offset, size);
+    void *buff = ruby_xmalloc2(x, y);
+    size_t size = x * y;
+    memcpy(buff, load->current_buffer->buff + offset, size);
     return buff;
 }
 
-#define IBF_W(b, type, n) (type *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, (b), sizeof(type) * (n))
+#define IBF_W_ALIGN(type) (RUBY_ALIGNOF(type) > 1 ? ibf_dump_align(dump, RUBY_ALIGNOF(type)) : (void)0)
+
+#define IBF_W(b, type, n) (IBF_W_ALIGN(type), (type *)(VALUE)IBF_WP(b, type, n))
 #define IBF_WV(variable)   ibf_dump_write(dump, &(variable), sizeof(variable))
 #define IBF_WP(b, type, n) ibf_dump_write(dump, (b), sizeof(type) * (n))
-#define IBF_R(val, type, n) (type *)ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(val), sizeof(type) * (n))
+#define IBF_R(val, type, n) (type *)ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(val), sizeof(type), (n))
+#define IBF_ZERO(variable) memset(&(variable), 0, sizeof(variable))
 
 static int
 ibf_table_lookup(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
@@ -6963,21 +10134,21 @@ ibf_table_lookup(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
     st_data_t val;
 
     if (st_lookup(table, key, &val)) {
-	return (int)val;
+        return (int)val;
     }
     else {
-	return -1;
+        return -1;
     }
 }
 
 static int
-ibf_table_index(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
+ibf_table_find_or_insert(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
 {
     int index = ibf_table_lookup(table, key);
 
     if (index < 0) { /* not found */
-	index = (int)table->num_entries;
-	st_insert(table, key, (st_data_t)index);
+        index = (int)table->num_entries;
+        st_insert(table, key, (st_data_t)index);
     }
 
     return index;
@@ -6985,464 +10156,826 @@ ibf_table_index(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
 
 /* dump/load generic */
 
+static void ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, ibf_offset_t *obj_list_offset, unsigned int *obj_list_size);
+
 static VALUE ibf_load_object(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE object_index);
 static rb_iseq_t *ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq);
 
+static st_table *
+ibf_dump_object_table_new(void)
+{
+    st_table *obj_table = st_init_numtable(); /* need free */
+    st_insert(obj_table, (st_data_t)Qnil, (st_data_t)0); /* 0th is nil */
+
+    return obj_table;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 ibf_dump_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    long index = RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list);
-    long i;
-    for (i=0; i<index; i++) {
-	if (RARRAY_AREF(dump->obj_list, i) == obj) return (VALUE)i; /* dedup */
-    }
-    rb_ary_push(dump->obj_list, obj);
-    return (VALUE)index;
+    return ibf_table_find_or_insert(dump->current_buffer->obj_table, (st_data_t)obj);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_dump_id(struct ibf_dump *dump, ID id)
 {
-    return (VALUE)ibf_table_index(dump->id_table, (st_data_t)id);
+    if (id == 0 || rb_id2name(id) == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_id2sym(id));
 }
 
 static ID
 ibf_load_id(const struct ibf_load *load, const ID id_index)
 {
-    ID id;
-
     if (id_index == 0) {
-	id = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	id = load->id_list[(long)id_index];
-
-	if (id == 0) {
-	    long *indices = (long *)(load->buff + load->header->id_list_offset);
-	    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, indices[id_index]);
-	    id = NIL_P(str) ? 0 : rb_intern_str(str); /* str == nil -> internal junk id */
-	    load->id_list[(long)id_index] = id;
-	}
+        return 0;
     }
-
-    return id;
+    VALUE sym = ibf_load_object(load, id_index);
+    return rb_sym2id(sym);
 }
 
 /* dump/load: code */
 
-static VALUE
-ibf_dump_callinfo(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_call_info *ci)
-{
-    return (ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-}
-
 static ibf_offset_t ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 
-static rb_iseq_t *
+static int
 ibf_dump_iseq(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     if (iseq == NULL) {
-	return (rb_iseq_t *)-1;
+        return -1;
     }
     else {
-	int iseq_index = ibf_table_lookup(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
-	if (iseq_index < 0) {
-	    iseq_index = ibf_table_index(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
-	    rb_ary_store(dump->iseq_list, iseq_index, LONG2NUM(ibf_dump_iseq_each(dump, rb_iseq_check(iseq))));
-	}
-	return (rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index;
+        return ibf_table_find_or_insert(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
     }
 }
 
-static VALUE
-ibf_dump_gentry(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_global_entry *entry)
+static unsigned char
+ibf_load_byte(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
+{
+    if (*offset >= load->current_buffer->size) { rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid bytecode"); }
+    return (unsigned char)load->current_buffer->buff[(*offset)++];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Small uint serialization
+ * 0x00000000_00000000 - 0x00000000_0000007f: 1byte | XXXX XXX1 |
+ * 0x00000000_00000080 - 0x00000000_00003fff: 2byte | XXXX XX10 | XXXX XXXX |
+ * 0x00000000_00004000 - 0x00000000_001fffff: 3byte | XXXX X100 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ * 0x00000000_00020000 - 0x00000000_0fffffff: 4byte | XXXX 1000 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ * ...
+ * 0x00010000_00000000 - 0x00ffffff_ffffffff: 8byte | 1000 0000 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ * 0x01000000_00000000 - 0xffffffff_ffffffff: 9byte | 0000 0000 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ */
+static void
+ibf_dump_write_small_value(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE x)
 {
-    return (VALUE)ibf_dump_id(dump, entry->id);
+    if (sizeof(VALUE) > 8 || CHAR_BIT != 8) {
+        ibf_dump_write(dump, &x, sizeof(VALUE));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    enum { max_byte_length = sizeof(VALUE) + 1 };
+
+    unsigned char bytes[max_byte_length];
+    ibf_offset_t n;
+
+    for (n = 0; n < sizeof(VALUE) && (x >> (7 - n)); n++, x >>= 8) {
+        bytes[max_byte_length - 1 - n] = (unsigned char)x;
+    }
+
+    x <<= 1;
+    x |= 1;
+    x <<= n;
+    bytes[max_byte_length - 1 - n] = (unsigned char)x;
+    n++;
+
+    ibf_dump_write(dump, bytes + max_byte_length - n, n);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ibf_load_gentry(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_global_entry *entry)
+ibf_load_small_value(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
 {
-    ID gid = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)(VALUE)entry);
-    return (VALUE)rb_global_entry(gid);
+    if (sizeof(VALUE) > 8 || CHAR_BIT != 8) {
+        union { char s[sizeof(VALUE)]; VALUE v; } x;
+
+        memcpy(x.s, load->current_buffer->buff + *offset, sizeof(VALUE));
+        *offset += sizeof(VALUE);
+
+        return x.v;
+    }
+
+    enum { max_byte_length = sizeof(VALUE) + 1 };
+
+    const unsigned char *buffer = (const unsigned char *)load->current_buffer->buff;
+    const unsigned char c = buffer[*offset];
+
+    ibf_offset_t n =
+        c & 1 ? 1 :
+        c == 0 ? 9 : ntz_int32(c) + 1;
+    VALUE x = (VALUE)c >> n;
+
+    if (*offset + n > load->current_buffer->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid byte sequence");
+    }
+
+    ibf_offset_t i;
+    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+        x <<= 8;
+        x |= (VALUE)buffer[*offset + i];
+    }
+
+    *offset += n;
+    return x;
 }
 
-static VALUE *
-ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+static void
+ibf_dump_builtin(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_builtin_function *bf)
 {
-    const int iseq_size = iseq->body->iseq_size;
-    int code_index;
-    VALUE *code;
-    const VALUE *orig_code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
+    // short: index
+    // short: name.length
+    // bytes: name
+    // // omit argc (only verify with name)
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)bf->index);
 
-    code = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, iseq_size);
+    size_t len = strlen(bf->name);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)len);
+    ibf_dump_write(dump, bf->name, len);
+}
 
-    for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
-	const VALUE insn = orig_code[code_index];
-	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
-	int op_index;
-
-	code[code_index++] = (VALUE)insn;
-
-	for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
-	    VALUE op = orig_code[code_index];
-	    switch (types[op_index]) {
-	      case TS_CDHASH:
-	      case TS_VALUE:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_object(dump, op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_ISEQ:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_IC:
-		{
-		    unsigned int i;
-		    for (i=0; i<iseq->body->is_size; i++) {
-			if (op == (VALUE)&iseq->body->is_entries[i]) {
-			    break;
-			}
-		    }
-		    code[code_index] = i;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_callinfo(dump, (const struct rb_call_info *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-		code[code_index] = 0;
-		break;
-	      case TS_ID:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_id(dump, (ID)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_gentry(dump, (const struct rb_global_entry *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
-		break;
-	      default:
-		code[code_index] = op;
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
+static const struct rb_builtin_function *
+ibf_load_builtin(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
+{
+    int i = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, offset);
+    int len = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, offset);
+    const char *name = (char *)ibf_load_ptr(load, offset, len);
+
+    if (0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%.*s!!\n", len, name);
+    }
+
+    const struct rb_builtin_function *table = GET_VM()->builtin_function_table;
+    if (table == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "builtin function table is not provided");
+    if (strncmp(table[i].name, name, len) != 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "builtin function index (%d) mismatch (expect %s but %s)", i, name, table[i].name);
     }
+    // fprintf(stderr, "load-builtin: name:%s(%d)\n", table[i].name, table[i].argc);
 
-    return IBF_W(code, VALUE, iseq_size);
+    return &table[i];
 }
 
-static VALUE *
-ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     const int iseq_size = body->iseq_size;
     int code_index;
-    VALUE *code = IBF_R(body->iseq_encoded, VALUE, iseq_size);
+    const VALUE *orig_code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
 
-    struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = iseq->body->ci_entries;
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&iseq->body->ci_entries[iseq->body->ci_size];
-    struct rb_call_cache *cc_entries = iseq->body->cc_entries;
-    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = iseq->body->is_entries;
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
 
     for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
-	const VALUE insn = code[code_index++];
-	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
-	int op_index;
-
-	for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
-	    VALUE op = code[code_index];
+        const VALUE insn = orig_code[code_index++];
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+        int op_index;
+
+        /* opcode */
+        if (insn >= 0x100) { rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid instruction"); }
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, insn);
+
+        /* operands */
+        for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
+            VALUE op = orig_code[code_index];
+            VALUE wv;
+
+            switch (types[op_index]) {
+              case TS_CDHASH:
+              case TS_VALUE:
+                wv = ibf_dump_object(dump, op);
+                break;
+              case TS_ISEQ:
+                wv = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
+                break;
+              case TS_IC:
+              case TS_IVC:
+              case TS_ISE:
+                {
+                    unsigned int i;
+                    for (i=0; i<body->is_size; i++) {
+                        if (op == (VALUE)&body->is_entries[i]) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    wv = (VALUE)i;
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_CALLDATA:
+                {
+                    goto skip_wv;
+                }
+              case TS_ID:
+                wv = ibf_dump_id(dump, (ID)op);
+                break;
+              case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
+                goto skip_wv;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                ibf_dump_builtin(dump, (const struct rb_builtin_function *)op);
+                goto skip_wv;
+              default:
+                wv = op;
+                break;
+            }
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, wv);
+          skip_wv:;
+        }
+        assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
+    }
+
+    return offset;
+}
 
-	    switch (types[op_index]) {
-	      case TS_CDHASH:
-	      case TS_VALUE:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_load_object(load, op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_ISEQ:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_IC:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)&is_entries[(int)op];
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO:
-		code[code_index] = op ? (VALUE)ci_kw_entries++ : (VALUE)ci_entries++; /* op is Qtrue (kw) or Qfalse (!kw) */
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)cc_entries++;
-		break;
-	      case TS_ID:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_load_gentry(load, (const struct rb_global_entry *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
-		break;
-	      default:
-		/* code[code_index] = op; */
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
-    };
+static VALUE *
+ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecode_offset, ibf_offset_t bytecode_size, unsigned int iseq_size)
+{
+    VALUE iseqv = (VALUE)iseq;
+    unsigned int code_index;
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = bytecode_offset;
+    VALUE *code = ALLOC_N(VALUE, iseq_size);
 
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body;
+    struct rb_call_data *cd_entries = load_body->call_data;
+    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = load_body->is_entries;
 
+    for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
+        /* opcode */
+        const VALUE insn = code[code_index++] = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+        int op_index;
+
+        /* operands */
+        for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
+            switch (types[op_index]) {
+              case TS_CDHASH:
+              case TS_VALUE:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    VALUE v = ibf_load_object(load, op);
+                    code[code_index] = v;
+                    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+                        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
+                        FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+              case TS_ISEQ:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = (VALUE)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    VALUE v = (VALUE)ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
+                    code[code_index] = v;
+                    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+                        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
+                        FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+              case TS_ISE:
+              case TS_IC:
+              case TS_IVC:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)&is_entries[op];
+                }
+                FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                break;
+              case TS_CALLDATA:
+                {
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)cd_entries++;
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_ID:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    code[code_index] = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)(VALUE)op);
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
+                break;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_load_builtin(load, &reading_pos);
+                break;
+              default:
+                code[code_index] = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (insn_len(insn) != op_index+1) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "operand size mismatch");
+        }
+    }
+    load_body->iseq_encoded = code;
+    load_body->iseq_size = code_index;
+
+    assert(code_index == iseq_size);
+    assert(reading_pos == bytecode_offset + bytecode_size);
     return code;
 }
 
-static VALUE *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_param_opt_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     int opt_num = iseq->body->param.opt_num;
 
     if (opt_num > 0) {
-	return IBF_W(iseq->body->param.opt_table, VALUE, opt_num + 1);
+        IBF_W_ALIGN(VALUE);
+        return ibf_dump_write(dump, iseq->body->param.opt_table, sizeof(VALUE) * (opt_num + 1));
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return ibf_dump_pos(dump);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE *
-ibf_load_param_opt_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+ibf_load_param_opt_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t opt_table_offset, int opt_num)
 {
-    int opt_num = body->param.opt_num;
-
     if (opt_num > 0) {
-	ibf_offset_t offset = IBF_OFFSET(body->param.opt_table);
-	VALUE *table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, opt_num+1);
-	MEMCPY(table, load->buff + offset, VALUE, opt_num+1);
-	return table;
+        VALUE *table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, opt_num+1);
+        MEMCPY(table, load->current_buffer->buff + opt_table_offset, VALUE, opt_num+1);
+        return table;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_param_keyword(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = iseq->body->param.keyword;
 
     if (kw) {
-	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword dump_kw = *kw;
-	int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
-	ID *ids = kw->num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(ID, kw->num) : NULL;
-	VALUE *dvs = dv_num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(VALUE, dv_num) : NULL;
-	int i;
+        struct rb_iseq_param_keyword dump_kw = *kw;
+        int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
+        ID *ids = kw->num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(ID, kw->num) : NULL;
+        VALUE *dvs = dv_num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(VALUE, dv_num) : NULL;
+        int i;
 
-	for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) ids[i] = (ID)ibf_dump_id(dump, kw->table[i]);
-	for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) dvs[i] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw->default_values[i]);
+        for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) ids[i] = (ID)ibf_dump_id(dump, kw->table[i]);
+        for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) dvs[i] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw->default_values[i]);
 
-	dump_kw.table = IBF_W(ids, ID, kw->num);
-	dump_kw.default_values = IBF_W(dvs, VALUE, dv_num);
-	return IBF_W(&dump_kw, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+        dump_kw.table = IBF_W(ids, ID, kw->num);
+        dump_kw.default_values = IBF_W(dvs, VALUE, dv_num);
+        IBF_W_ALIGN(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword);
+        return ibf_dump_write(dump, &dump_kw, sizeof(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword) * 1);
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return 0;
     }
 }
 
 static const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
-ibf_load_param_keyword(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
-{
-    if (body->param.keyword) {
-	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = IBF_R(body->param.keyword, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-	ID *ids = IBF_R(kw->table, ID, kw->num);
-	int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
-	VALUE *dvs = IBF_R(kw->default_values, VALUE, dv_num);
-	int i;
+ibf_load_param_keyword(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t param_keyword_offset)
+{
+    if (param_keyword_offset) {
+        struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = IBF_R(param_keyword_offset, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+        ID *ids = IBF_R(kw->table, ID, kw->num);
+        int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
+        VALUE *dvs = IBF_R(kw->default_values, VALUE, dv_num);
+        int i;
+
+        for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) {
+            ids[i] = ibf_load_id(load, ids[i]);
+        }
+        for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) {
+            dvs[i] = ibf_load_object(load, dvs[i]);
+        }
+
+        kw->table = ids;
+        kw->default_values = dvs;
+        return kw;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
 
-	for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) {
-	    ids[i] = ibf_load_id(load, ids[i]);
-	}
-	for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) {
-	    dvs[i] = ibf_load_object(load, dvs[i]);
-	}
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_insns_info_body(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entries = iseq->body->insns_info.body;
 
-	kw->table = ids;
-	kw->default_values = dvs;
-	return kw;
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->insns_info.size; i++) {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, entries[i].line_no);
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, entries[i].events);
     }
-    else {
-	return NULL;
+
+    return offset;
+}
+
+static struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+ibf_load_insns_info_body(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t body_offset, unsigned int size)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = body_offset;
+    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entries = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_insn_info_entry, size);
+
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        entries[i].line_no = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        entries[i].events = (rb_event_flag_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     }
+
+    return entries;
 }
 
-static struct iseq_line_info_entry *
-ibf_dump_line_info_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_insns_info_positions(struct ibf_dump *dump, const unsigned int *positions, unsigned int size)
 {
-    return IBF_W(iseq->body->line_info_table, struct iseq_line_info_entry, iseq->body->line_info_size);
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    unsigned int last = 0;
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, positions[i] - last);
+        last = positions[i];
+    }
+
+    return offset;
 }
 
-static struct iseq_line_info_entry *
-ibf_load_line_info_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+static unsigned int *
+ibf_load_insns_info_positions(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t positions_offset, unsigned int size)
 {
-    return IBF_R(body->line_info_table, struct iseq_line_info_entry, body->line_info_size);
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = positions_offset;
+    unsigned int *positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, size);
+
+    unsigned int last = 0;
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        positions[i] = last + (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        last = positions[i];
+    }
+
+    return positions;
 }
 
-static ID *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_local_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    const int size = iseq->body->local_size - 1;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const int size = body->local_table_size;
     ID *table = ALLOCA_N(ID, size);
     int i;
 
     for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	table[i] = ibf_dump_id(dump, iseq->body->local_table[i]);
+        table[i] = ibf_dump_id(dump, body->local_table[i]);
     }
 
-    return IBF_W(table, ID, size);
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(ID);
+    return ibf_dump_write(dump, table, sizeof(ID) * size);
 }
 
 static ID *
-ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t local_table_offset, int size)
 {
-    const int size = body->local_size - 1;
-
     if (size > 0) {
-	ID *table = IBF_R(body->local_table, ID, size);
-	int i;
+        ID *table = IBF_R(local_table_offset, ID, size);
+        int i;
 
-	for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	    table[i] = ibf_load_id(load, table[i]);
-	}
-	return table;
+        for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
+            table[i] = ibf_load_id(load, table[i]);
+        }
+        return table;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static struct iseq_catch_table *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_catch_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     const struct iseq_catch_table *table = iseq->body->catch_table;
 
     if (table) {
-	int byte_size = iseq_catch_table_bytes(iseq->body->catch_table->size);
-	struct iseq_catch_table *dump_table = (struct iseq_catch_table *)ALLOCA_N(char, byte_size);
-	unsigned int i;
-	dump_table->size = table->size;
-	for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
-	    dump_table->entries[i] = table->entries[i];
-	    dump_table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_dump_iseq(dump, table->entries[i].iseq);
-	}
-	return (struct iseq_catch_table *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, dump_table, byte_size);
+        int *iseq_indices = ALLOCA_N(int, table->size);
+        unsigned int i;
+
+        for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
+            iseq_indices[i] = ibf_dump_iseq(dump, table->entries[i].iseq);
+        }
+
+        const ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+        for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, iseq_indices[i]);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].type);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].start);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].end);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].cont);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].sp);
+        }
+        return offset;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return ibf_dump_pos(dump);
     }
 }
 
 static struct iseq_catch_table *
-ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset, unsigned int size)
 {
-    if (body->catch_table) {
-	struct iseq_catch_table *table;
-	unsigned int i;
-	unsigned int size;
-	size = *(unsigned int *)(load->buff + IBF_OFFSET(body->catch_table));
-	table = ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(body->catch_table), iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
-	for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	    table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, table->entries[i].iseq);
-	}
-	return table;
+    if (size) {
+        struct iseq_catch_table *table = ruby_xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
+        table->size = size;
+
+        ibf_offset_t reading_pos = catch_table_offset;
+
+        unsigned int i;
+        for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
+            int iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].type = (enum catch_type)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].start = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].end = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].cont = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].sp = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+            table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index);
+        }
+        return table;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static struct rb_call_info *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_ci_entries(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    const unsigned int ci_size = iseq->body->ci_size;
-    const unsigned int ci_kw_size = iseq->body->ci_kw_size;
-    const struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = iseq->body->ci_entries;
-    struct rb_call_info *dump_ci_entries;
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *dump_ci_kw_entries;
-    int byte_size = ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info) +
-                    ci_kw_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const unsigned int ci_size = body->ci_size;
+    const struct rb_call_data *cds = body->call_data;
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
     unsigned int i;
 
-    dump_ci_entries = (struct rb_call_info *)ALLOCA_N(char, byte_size);
-    dump_ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&dump_ci_entries[ci_size];
-    memcpy(dump_ci_entries, ci_entries, byte_size);
+    for (i = 0; i < ci_size; i++) {
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cds[i].ci;
+        if (ci != NULL) {
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, ibf_dump_id(dump, vm_ci_mid(ci)));
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, vm_ci_flag(ci));
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, vm_ci_argc(ci));
 
-    for (i=0; i<ci_size; i++) { /* conver ID for each ci */
-	dump_ci_entries[i].mid = ibf_dump_id(dump, dump_ci_entries[i].mid);
+            const struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kwarg = vm_ci_kwarg(ci);
+            if (kwarg) {
+                int len = kwarg->keyword_len;
+                ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, len);
+                for (int j=0; j<len; j++) {
+                    VALUE keyword = ibf_dump_object(dump, kwarg->keywords[j]);
+                    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, keyword);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, 0);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            // TODO: truncate NULL ci from call_data.
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)-1);
+        }
     }
-    for (i=0; i<ci_kw_size; i++) {
-	const struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = dump_ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg;
-	int j;
-	VALUE *keywords = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, kw_arg->keyword_len);
-	for (j=0; j<kw_arg->keyword_len; j++) {
-	    keywords[j] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw_arg->keywords[j]); /* kw_arg->keywords[n] is Symbol */
-	}
-	dump_ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg = (struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, &kw_arg->keyword_len, sizeof(int));
-	ibf_dump_write(dump, keywords, sizeof(VALUE) * kw_arg->keyword_len);
 
-	dump_ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid = ibf_dump_id(dump, dump_ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid);
+    return offset;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+dump_outer_variable(ID id, VALUE val, void *dump)
+{
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, ibf_dump_id(dump, id));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, val);
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_outer_variables(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table * ovs = iseq->body->outer_variables;
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    if (ovs) {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)rb_id_table_size(ovs));
+        rb_id_table_foreach(ovs, dump_outer_variable, (void *)dump);
     }
-    return (struct rb_call_info *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, dump_ci_entries, byte_size);
+    else {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)0);
+    }
+
+    return offset;
 }
 
-static struct rb_call_info *
-ibf_load_ci_entries(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+/* note that we dump out rb_call_info but load back rb_call_data */
+static void
+ibf_load_ci_entries(const struct ibf_load *load,
+                    ibf_offset_t ci_entries_offset,
+                    unsigned int ci_size,
+                    struct rb_call_data **cd_ptr)
 {
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = ci_entries_offset;
+
     unsigned int i;
-    const unsigned int ci_size = body->ci_size;
-    const unsigned int ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
-    struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(body->ci_entries),
-						     sizeof(struct rb_call_info) * body->ci_size +
-						     sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) * body->ci_kw_size);
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&ci_entries[ci_size];
 
-    for (i=0; i<ci_size; i++) {
-	ci_entries[i].mid = ibf_load_id(load, ci_entries[i].mid);
+    struct rb_call_data *cds = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_data, ci_size);
+    *cd_ptr = cds;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ci_size; i++) {
+        VALUE mid_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        if (mid_index != (VALUE)-1) {
+            ID mid = ibf_load_id(load, mid_index);
+            unsigned int flag = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            unsigned int argc = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+            struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kwarg = NULL;
+            int kwlen = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            if (kwlen > 0) {
+                kwarg = rb_xmalloc_mul_add(kwlen, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
+                kwarg->keyword_len = kwlen;
+                for (int j=0; j<kwlen; j++) {
+                    VALUE keyword = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    kwarg->keywords[j] = ibf_load_object(load, keyword);
+                }
+            }
+
+            cds[i].ci = vm_ci_new(mid, flag, argc, kwarg);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(load->iseq, Qundef, cds[i].ci);
+            cds[i].cc = vm_cc_empty();
+        }
+        else {
+            // NULL ci
+            cds[i].ci = NULL;
+            cds[i].cc = NULL;
+        }
     }
-    for (i=0; i<ci_kw_size; i++) {
-	int j;
-	ibf_offset_t kw_arg_offset = IBF_OFFSET(ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg);
-	const int keyword_len = *(int *)(load->buff + kw_arg_offset);
-	const VALUE *keywords = (VALUE *)(load->buff + kw_arg_offset + sizeof(int));
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (keyword_len - 1));
-	kw_arg->keyword_len = keyword_len;
-	for (j=0; j<kw_arg->keyword_len; j++) {
-	    kw_arg->keywords[j] = (VALUE)ibf_load_object(load, keywords[j]);
-	}
-	ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg = kw_arg;
-	ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid = ibf_load_id(load, ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid);
+}
+
+static struct rb_id_table *
+ibf_load_outer_variables(const struct ibf_load * load, ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = outer_variables_offset;
+
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = NULL;
+
+    size_t table_size = (size_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+    if (table_size > 0) {
+        tbl = rb_id_table_create(table_size);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < table_size; i++) {
+        ID key = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+        VALUE value = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        rb_id_table_insert(tbl, key, value);
     }
 
-    return ci_entries;
+    return tbl;
 }
 
 static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    struct rb_iseq_constant_body dump_body;
-    dump_body = *iseq->body;
+    assert(dump->current_buffer == &dump->global_buffer);
+
+    unsigned int *positions;
+
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
 
-    dump_body.location.path = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.path);
-    dump_body.location.absolute_path = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.absolute_path);
-    dump_body.location.base_label = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.base_label);
-    dump_body.location.label = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.label);
+    const VALUE location_pathobj_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, body->location.pathobj); /* TODO: freeze */
+    const VALUE location_base_label_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, body->location.base_label);
+    const VALUE location_label_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, body->location.label);
 
-    dump_body.iseq_encoded =    ibf_dump_code(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.param.opt_table = ibf_dump_param_opt_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.param.keyword =   ibf_dump_param_keyword(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.line_info_table = ibf_dump_line_info_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.local_table =     ibf_dump_local_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.catch_table =     ibf_dump_catch_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.parent_iseq =     ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->parent_iseq);
-    dump_body.local_iseq =      ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->local_iseq);
-    dump_body.is_entries =      NULL;
-    dump_body.ci_entries =      ibf_dump_ci_entries(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.cc_entries =      NULL;
-    dump_body.mark_ary =        ISEQ_FLIP_CNT(iseq);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    ibf_offset_t iseq_start = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer *saved_buffer = dump->current_buffer;
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer buffer;
+    buffer.str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    buffer.obj_table = ibf_dump_object_table_new();
+    dump->current_buffer = &buffer;
+#endif
+
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_offset =        ibf_dump_code(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_size =          ibf_dump_pos(dump) - bytecode_offset;
+    const ibf_offset_t param_opt_table_offset = ibf_dump_param_opt_table(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t param_keyword_offset =   ibf_dump_param_keyword(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_body_offset = ibf_dump_insns_info_body(dump, iseq);
+
+    positions = rb_iseq_insns_info_decode_positions(iseq->body);
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_positions_offset = ibf_dump_insns_info_positions(dump, positions, body->insns_info.size);
+    ruby_xfree(positions);
+
+    const ibf_offset_t local_table_offset = ibf_dump_local_table(dump, iseq);
+    const unsigned int catch_table_size =   body->catch_table ? body->catch_table->size : 0;
+    const ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset = ibf_dump_catch_table(dump, iseq);
+    const int parent_iseq_index =           ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->parent_iseq);
+    const int local_iseq_index =            ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->local_iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t ci_entries_offset =  ibf_dump_ci_entries(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset = ibf_dump_outer_variables(dump, iseq);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    ibf_offset_t local_obj_list_offset;
+    unsigned int local_obj_list_size;
+
+    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &local_obj_list_offset, &local_obj_list_size);
+#endif
 
-    return ibf_dump_write(dump, &dump_body, sizeof(dump_body));
+    ibf_offset_t body_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    /* dump the constant body */
+    unsigned int param_flags =
+        (body->param.flags.has_lead         << 0) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_opt          << 1) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_rest         << 2) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_post         << 3) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_kw           << 4) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_kwrest       << 5) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_block        << 6) |
+        (body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 << 7) |
+        (body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg << 8) |
+        (body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords   << 9);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (x)
+#else
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (body_offset - (x))
+#endif
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->type);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->iseq_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(bytecode_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, bytecode_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, param_flags);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.lead_num);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.opt_num);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.rest_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.post_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.post_num);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.block_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(param_opt_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, param_keyword_offset);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, location_pathobj_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, location_base_label_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, location_label_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.first_lineno);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.node_id);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.beg_pos.lineno);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.beg_pos.column);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.end_pos.column);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(insns_info_body_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(insns_info_positions_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->insns_info.size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(local_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, catch_table_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(catch_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, parent_iseq_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, local_iseq_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ci_entries_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(outer_variables_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->variable.flip_count);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->local_table_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->is_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->ci_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->stack_max);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->catch_except_p);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->builtin_inline_p);
+
+#undef IBF_BODY_OFFSET
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    ibf_offset_t iseq_length_bytes = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    dump->current_buffer = saved_buffer;
+    ibf_dump_write(dump, RSTRING_PTR(buffer.str), iseq_length_bytes);
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, iseq_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, iseq_length_bytes);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body_offset);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, local_obj_list_offset);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, local_obj_list_size);
+
+    st_free_table(buffer.obj_table); // TODO: this leaks in case of exception
+
+    return offset;
+#else
+    return body_offset;
+#endif
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7450,107 +10983,223 @@ ibf_load_location_str(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE str_index)
 {
     VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, str_index);
     if (str != Qnil) {
-	str = rb_fstring(str);
+        str = rb_fstring(str);
     }
     return str;
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_load_iseq_each(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
-{
-    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
-    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = (struct rb_iseq_constant_body *)(load->buff + offset);
-
-    /* memcpy(load_body, load->buff + offset, sizeof(*load_body)); */
-    load_body->type = body->type;
-    load_body->stack_max = body->stack_max;
-    load_body->local_size = body->local_size;
-    load_body->iseq_size = body->iseq_size;
-    load_body->param = body->param;
-    load_body->local_table_size = body->local_table_size;
-    load_body->is_size = body->is_size;
-    load_body->ci_size = body->ci_size;
-    load_body->ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
-    load_body->line_info_size = body->line_info_size;
-
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->mark_ary, iseq_mark_ary_create((int)body->mark_ary));
-
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.path,          ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.path));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.absolute_path, ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.absolute_path));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.base_label));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.label));
-    load_body->location.first_lineno = body->location.first_lineno;
-
-    load_body->is_entries      = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
-    load_body->ci_entries      = ibf_load_ci_entries(load, body);
-    load_body->cc_entries      = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_cache, body->ci_size + body->ci_kw_size);
-    load_body->param.opt_table = ibf_load_param_opt_table(load, body);
-    load_body->param.keyword   = ibf_load_param_keyword(load, body);
-    load_body->line_info_table = ibf_load_line_info_table(load, body);
-    load_body->local_table     = ibf_load_local_table(load, body);
-    load_body->catch_table     = ibf_load_catch_table(load, body);
-    load_body->parent_iseq     = ibf_load_iseq(load, body->parent_iseq);
-    load_body->local_iseq      = ibf_load_iseq(load, body->local_iseq);
-
-    load_body->iseq_encoded    = ibf_load_code(load, iseq, body);
+ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
+{
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body = rb_iseq_constant_body_alloc();
 
-    rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq);
-}
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
 
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    struct ibf_load_buffer *saved_buffer = load->current_buffer;
+    load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
 
-static void
-ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
-{
-    const long size = RARRAY_LEN(dump->iseq_list);
-    ibf_offset_t *list = ALLOCA_N(ibf_offset_t, size);
-    long i;
+    const ibf_offset_t iseq_start = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t iseq_length_bytes = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t body_offset = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
 
-    for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	list[i] = (ibf_offset_t)NUM2LONG(rb_ary_entry(dump->iseq_list, i));
-    }
+    struct ibf_load_buffer buffer;
+    buffer.buff = load->global_buffer.buff + iseq_start;
+    buffer.size = iseq_length_bytes;
+    buffer.obj_list_offset = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    buffer.obj_list_size = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    buffer.obj_list = pinned_list_new(buffer.obj_list_size);
 
-    header->iseq_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, list, sizeof(ibf_offset_t) * size);
-    header->iseq_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
+    load->current_buffer = &buffer;
+    reading_pos = body_offset;
+#endif
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (x)
+#else
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (offset - (x))
+#endif
+
+    const unsigned int type = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int iseq_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_size = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int param_flags = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int param_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_lead_num = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_opt_num = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_rest_start = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_post_start = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_post_num = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_block_start = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t param_opt_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t param_keyword_offset = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_pathobj_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_base_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_first_lineno = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_node_id = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_beg_pos_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_beg_pos_column = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_end_pos_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_end_pos_column = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_body_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_positions_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const unsigned int insns_info_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t local_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const unsigned int catch_table_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const int parent_iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int local_iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t ci_entries_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const rb_snum_t variable_flip_count = (rb_snum_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int local_table_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int is_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int ci_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int stack_max = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const char catch_except_p = (char)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const bool builtin_inline_p = (bool)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+#undef IBF_BODY_OFFSET
+
+    load_body->type = type;
+    load_body->stack_max = stack_max;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_lead = (param_flags >> 0) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_opt = (param_flags >> 1) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_rest = (param_flags >> 2) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_post = (param_flags >> 3) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_kw = FALSE;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_kwrest = (param_flags >> 5) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_block = (param_flags >> 6) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = (param_flags >> 7) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = (param_flags >> 8) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = (param_flags >> 9) & 1;
+    load_body->param.size = param_size;
+    load_body->param.lead_num = param_lead_num;
+    load_body->param.opt_num = param_opt_num;
+    load_body->param.rest_start = param_rest_start;
+    load_body->param.post_start = param_post_start;
+    load_body->param.post_num = param_post_num;
+    load_body->param.block_start = param_block_start;
+    load_body->local_table_size = local_table_size;
+    load_body->is_size = is_size;
+    load_body->ci_size = ci_size;
+    load_body->insns_info.size = insns_info_size;
+
+    ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, Qnil);
+    ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_CLEAR(iseq);
+    iseq->body->variable.flip_count = variable_flip_count;
+
+    load_body->location.first_lineno = location_first_lineno;
+    load_body->location.node_id = location_node_id;
+    load_body->location.code_location.beg_pos.lineno = location_code_location_beg_pos_lineno;
+    load_body->location.code_location.beg_pos.column = location_code_location_beg_pos_column;
+    load_body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno = location_code_location_end_pos_lineno;
+    load_body->location.code_location.end_pos.column = location_code_location_end_pos_column;
+    load_body->catch_except_p = catch_except_p;
+    load_body->builtin_inline_p = builtin_inline_p;
+
+    load_body->is_entries           = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, is_size);
+                                      ibf_load_ci_entries(load, ci_entries_offset, ci_size, &load_body->call_data);
+    load_body->outer_variables      = ibf_load_outer_variables(load, outer_variables_offset);
+    load_body->param.opt_table      = ibf_load_param_opt_table(load, param_opt_table_offset, param_opt_num);
+    load_body->param.keyword        = ibf_load_param_keyword(load, param_keyword_offset);
+    load_body->param.flags.has_kw   = (param_flags >> 4) & 1;
+    load_body->insns_info.body      = ibf_load_insns_info_body(load, insns_info_body_offset, insns_info_size);
+    load_body->insns_info.positions = ibf_load_insns_info_positions(load, insns_info_positions_offset, insns_info_size);
+    load_body->local_table          = ibf_load_local_table(load, local_table_offset, local_table_size);
+    load_body->catch_table          = ibf_load_catch_table(load, catch_table_offset, catch_table_size);
+    load_body->parent_iseq          = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)parent_iseq_index);
+    load_body->local_iseq           = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)local_iseq_index);
+
+    ibf_load_code(load, iseq, bytecode_offset, bytecode_size, iseq_size);
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+    rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(iseq);
+#endif
+
+    rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
+#endif
+
+    {
+        VALUE realpath = Qnil, path = ibf_load_object(load, location_pathobj_index);
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
+            realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
+            VALUE pathobj = path;
+            if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
+            }
+            path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
+            realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
+            if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
+                             "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
+                             realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
+                }
+                realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
+        }
+        rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
+    }
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, location_base_label_index));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, location_label_index));
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    load->current_buffer = saved_buffer;
+#endif
+    verify_call_cache(iseq);
 }
 
-struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg {
+struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg
+{
     struct ibf_dump *dump;
-    long *list;
-    int current_i;
+    VALUE offset_list;
 };
 
 static int
-ibf_dump_id_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
+ibf_dump_iseq_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
 {
-    struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg *arg = (struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg *)ptr;
-    int i = (int)val;
-    ID id = (ID)key;
-    assert(arg->current_i == i);
-    arg->current_i++;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = (const rb_iseq_t *)key;
+    struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg *args = (struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg *)ptr;
 
-    if (rb_id2name(id)) {
-	arg->list[i] = (long)ibf_dump_object(arg->dump, rb_id2str(id));
-    }
-    else {
-	arg->list[i] = 0;
-    }
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_iseq_each(args->dump, iseq);
+    rb_ary_push(args->offset_list, UINT2NUM(offset));
 
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_dump_id_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
+ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
 {
-    const long size = dump->id_table->num_entries;
-    struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg arg;
-    arg.list = ALLOCA_N(long, size);
-    arg.dump = dump;
-    arg.current_i = 0;
+    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_tmp_new(dump->iseq_table->num_entries);
+
+    struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg args;
+    args.dump = dump;
+    args.offset_list = offset_list;
+
+    st_foreach(dump->iseq_table, ibf_dump_iseq_list_i, (st_data_t)&args);
 
-    st_foreach(dump->id_table, ibf_dump_id_list_i, (st_data_t)&arg);
+    st_index_t i;
+    st_index_t size = dump->iseq_table->num_entries;
+    ibf_offset_t *offsets = ALLOCA_N(ibf_offset_t, size);
 
-    header->id_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, arg.list, sizeof(long) * size);
-    header->id_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        offsets[i] = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(offset_list, i));
+    }
+
+    ibf_dump_align(dump, sizeof(ibf_offset_t));
+    header->iseq_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, offsets, sizeof(ibf_offset_t) * size);
+    header->iseq_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
 }
 
 #define IBF_OBJECT_INTERNAL FL_PROMOTED0
@@ -7571,13 +11220,9 @@ struct ibf_object_header {
 enum ibf_object_class_index {
     IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT,
     IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY,
-    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR
-};
-
-struct ibf_object_string {
-    long encindex;
-    long len;
-    char ptr[1];
+    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR,
+    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR,
+    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR,
 };
 
 struct ibf_object_regexp {
@@ -7585,14 +11230,9 @@ struct ibf_object_regexp {
     char option;
 };
 
-struct ibf_object_array {
-    long len;
-    long ary[1];
-};
-
 struct ibf_object_hash {
     long len;
-    long keyval[1];
+    long keyval[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
 };
 
 struct ibf_object_struct_range {
@@ -7605,11 +11245,11 @@ struct ibf_object_struct_range {
 
 struct ibf_object_bignum {
     ssize_t slen;
-    BDIGIT digits[1];
+    BDIGIT digits[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
 };
 
 enum ibf_object_data_type {
-    IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING
+    IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING,
 };
 
 struct ibf_object_complex_rational {
@@ -7620,21 +11260,37 @@ struct ibf_object_symbol {
     long str;
 };
 
-#define IBF_OBJHEADER(offset)     (struct ibf_object_header *)(load->buff + (offset))
-#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) (type *)(load->buff + sizeof(struct ibf_object_header) + (offset))
+#define IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(align, offset) /* offset > 0 */ \
+    ((((offset) - 1) / (align) + 1) * (align))
+#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) (const type *)\
+    ibf_load_check_offset(load, IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(RUBY_ALIGNOF(type), offset))
+
+static const void *
+ibf_load_check_offset(const struct ibf_load *load, size_t offset)
+{
+    if (offset >= load->current_buffer->size) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %"PRIdSIZE, offset);
+    }
+    return load->current_buffer->buff + offset;
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void ibf_dump_object_unsupported(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj));
 
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_unsupported(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
-    rb_bug("ibf_dump_object_unsupported: unsupported");
+    char buff[0x100];
+    rb_raw_obj_info(buff, sizeof(buff), obj);
+    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "ibf_dump_object_unsupported: %s", buff);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE ibf_load_object_unsupported(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset));
+
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_unsupported(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    rb_bug("unsupported");
-    return Qnil;
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported");
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -7642,27 +11298,32 @@ ibf_dump_object_class(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     enum ibf_object_class_index cindex;
     if (obj == rb_cObject) {
-	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT;
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT;
     }
     else if (obj == rb_cArray) {
-	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY;
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY;
     }
     else if (obj == rb_eStandardError) {
-	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR;
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR;
+    }
+    else if (obj == rb_eNoMatchingPatternError) {
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR;
+    }
+    else if (obj == rb_eTypeError) {
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR;
     }
     else {
-	rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
-	rb_p(obj);
-	rb_bug("unsupported class");
+        rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
+        rb_p(obj);
+        rb_bug("unsupported class");
     }
-    ibf_dump_write(dump, &cindex, sizeof(cindex));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)cindex);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_class(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    enum ibf_object_class_index *cindexp = IBF_OBJBODY(enum ibf_object_class_index, offset);
-    enum ibf_object_class_index cindex = *cindexp;
+    enum ibf_object_class_index cindex = (enum ibf_object_class_index)ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
 
     switch (cindex) {
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT:
@@ -7671,9 +11332,13 @@ ibf_load_object_class(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_heade
 	return rb_cArray;
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR:
 	return rb_eStandardError;
+      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR:
+        return rb_eNoMatchingPatternError;
+      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR:
+        return rb_eTypeError;
     }
 
-    rb_bug("ibf_load_object_class: unknown class (%d)", (int)cindex);
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ibf_load_object_class: unknown class (%d)", (int)cindex);
 }
 
 
@@ -7681,13 +11346,13 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_float(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     double dbl = RFLOAT_VALUE(obj);
-    ibf_dump_write(dump, &dbl, sizeof(dbl));
+    (void)IBF_W(&dbl, double, 1);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_float(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    double *dblp = IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset);
+    const double *dblp = IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset);
     return DBL2NUM(*dblp);
 }
 
@@ -7699,26 +11364,30 @@ ibf_dump_object_string(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
     const char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(obj);
 
     if (encindex > RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX) {
-	rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_from_index((int)encindex);
-	const char *enc_name = rb_enc_name(enc);
-	encindex = RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX + ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_str_new2(enc_name));
+        rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_from_index((int)encindex);
+        const char *enc_name = rb_enc_name(enc);
+        encindex = RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX + ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_str_new2(enc_name));
     }
 
-    IBF_WV(encindex);
-    IBF_WV(len);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, encindex);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, len);
     IBF_WP(ptr, char, len);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_string(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_string *string = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_string, offset);
-    VALUE str = rb_str_new(string->ptr, string->len);
-    int encindex = (int)string->encindex;
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
+
+    int encindex = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const char *ptr = load->current_buffer->buff + reading_pos;
+
+    VALUE str = rb_str_new(ptr, len);
 
     if (encindex > RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX) {
-	VALUE enc_name_str = ibf_load_object(load, encindex - RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX);
-	encindex = rb_enc_find_index(RSTRING_PTR(enc_name_str));
+        VALUE enc_name_str = ibf_load_object(load, encindex - RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX);
+        encindex = rb_enc_find_index(RSTRING_PTR(enc_name_str));
     }
     rb_enc_associate_index(str, encindex);
 
@@ -7731,19 +11400,24 @@ ibf_load_object_string(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_regexp(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
+    VALUE srcstr = RREGEXP_SRC(obj);
     struct ibf_object_regexp regexp;
-    regexp.srcstr = RREGEXP_SRC(obj);
     regexp.option = (char)rb_reg_options(obj);
-    regexp.srcstr = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, regexp.srcstr);
-    IBF_WV(regexp);
+    regexp.srcstr = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, srcstr);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_byte(dump, (unsigned char)regexp.option);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, regexp.srcstr);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_regexp(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_regexp *regexp = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_regexp, offset);
-    VALUE srcstr = ibf_load_object(load, regexp->srcstr);
-    VALUE reg = rb_reg_compile(srcstr, (int)regexp->option, NULL, 0);
+    struct ibf_object_regexp regexp;
+    regexp.option = ibf_load_byte(load, &offset);
+    regexp.srcstr = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+
+    VALUE srcstr = ibf_load_object(load, regexp.srcstr);
+    VALUE reg = rb_reg_compile(srcstr, (int)regexp.option, NULL, 0);
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(reg);
     if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(reg);
@@ -7754,23 +11428,27 @@ ibf_load_object_regexp(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_array(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    long i, len = (int)RARRAY_LEN(obj);
-    IBF_WV(len);
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(obj);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, len);
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	long index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
-	IBF_WV(index);
+        long index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, index);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_array(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_array *array = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_array, offset);
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(array->len);
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
+
+    const long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(len);
     int i;
 
-    for (i=0; i<array->len; i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, array->ary[i]));
+    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+        const VALUE index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, index));
     }
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(ary);
@@ -7783,10 +11461,12 @@ static int
 ibf_dump_object_hash_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
-    long key_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)key);
-    long val_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)val);
-    IBF_WV(key_index);
-    IBF_WV(val_index);
+
+    VALUE key_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)key);
+    VALUE val_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)val);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, key_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, val_index);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -7794,21 +11474,25 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_hash(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     long len = RHASH_SIZE(obj);
-    IBF_WV(len);
-    if (len > 0) st_foreach(RHASH(obj)->ntbl, ibf_dump_object_hash_i, (st_data_t)dump);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)len);
+
+    if (len > 0) rb_hash_foreach(obj, ibf_dump_object_hash_i, (VALUE)dump);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_hash(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_hash *hash = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_hash, offset);
-    VALUE obj = rb_hash_new();
+    long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+    VALUE obj = rb_hash_new_with_size(len);
     int i;
 
-    for (i=0; i<hash->len; i++) {
-	VALUE key = ibf_load_object(load, hash->keyval[i*2  ]);
-	VALUE val = ibf_load_object(load, hash->keyval[i*2+1]);
-	rb_hash_aset(obj, key, val);
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        VALUE key_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+        VALUE val_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+
+        VALUE key = ibf_load_object(load, key_index);
+        VALUE val = ibf_load_object(load, val_index);
+        rb_hash_aset(obj, key, val);
     }
     rb_hash_rehash(obj);
 
@@ -7822,19 +11506,22 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_struct(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange)) {
-	struct ibf_object_struct_range range;
-	VALUE beg, end;
-	range.len = 3;
-	range.class_index = 0;
+        struct ibf_object_struct_range range;
+        VALUE beg, end;
+        IBF_ZERO(range);
+        range.len = 3;
+        range.class_index = 0;
 
-	rb_range_values(obj, &beg, &end, &range.excl);
-	range.beg = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, beg);
-	range.end = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, end);
+        rb_range_values(obj, &beg, &end, &range.excl);
+        range.beg = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, beg);
+        range.end = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, end);
 
-	IBF_WV(range);
+        IBF_W_ALIGN(struct ibf_object_struct_range);
+        IBF_WV(range);
     }
     else {
-	rb_bug("ibf_dump_object_struct: unsupported class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "ibf_dump_object_struct: unsupported class %"PRIsVALUE,
+                 rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -7857,7 +11544,7 @@ ibf_dump_object_bignum(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
     ssize_t slen = BIGNUM_SIGN(obj) > 0 ? len : len * -1;
     BDIGIT *d = BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj);
 
-    IBF_WV(slen);
+    (void)IBF_W(&slen, ssize_t, 1);
     IBF_WP(d, BDIGIT, len);
 }
 
@@ -7878,32 +11565,34 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_data(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_data_is_encoding(obj)) {
-	rb_encoding *enc = rb_to_encoding(obj);
-	const char *name = rb_enc_name(enc);
-	enum ibf_object_data_type type = IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING;
-	long len = strlen(name) + 1;
-	IBF_WV(type);
-	IBF_WV(len);
-	IBF_WP(name, char, strlen(name) + 1);
+        rb_encoding *enc = rb_to_encoding(obj);
+        const char *name = rb_enc_name(enc);
+        long len = strlen(name) + 1;
+        long data[2];
+        data[0] = IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING;
+        data[1] = len;
+        (void)IBF_W(data, long, 2);
+        IBF_WP(name, char, len);
     }
     else {
-	ibf_dump_object_unsupported(dump, obj);
+        ibf_dump_object_unsupported(dump, obj);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_data(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const enum ibf_object_data_type *typep = IBF_OBJBODY(enum ibf_object_data_type, offset);
-    /* const long *lenp = IBF_OBJBODY(long, offset + sizeof(enum ibf_object_data_type)); */
-    const char *data = IBF_OBJBODY(char, offset + sizeof(enum ibf_object_data_type) + sizeof(long));
+    const long *body = IBF_OBJBODY(long, offset);
+    const enum ibf_object_data_type type = (enum ibf_object_data_type)body[0];
+    /* const long len = body[1]; */
+    const char *data = (const char *)&body[2];
 
-    switch (*typep) {
+    switch (type) {
       case IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING:
-	{
-	    VALUE encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_find(data));
-	    return encobj;
-	}
+        {
+            VALUE encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_find(data));
+            return encobj;
+        }
     }
 
     return ibf_load_object_unsupported(load, header, offset);
@@ -7912,11 +11601,11 @@ ibf_load_object_data(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_complex_rational(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    long real = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
-    long imag = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
+    long data[2];
+    data[0] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
+    data[1] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
 
-    IBF_WV(real);
-    IBF_WV(imag);
+    (void)IBF_W(data, long, 2);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7937,16 +11626,16 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_symbol(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_sym2str(obj);
-    long str_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, str);
-    IBF_WV(str_index);
+    VALUE str_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, str);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, str_index);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_symbol(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    /* const struct ibf_object_header *header = IBF_OBJHEADER(offset); */
-    const struct ibf_object_symbol *symbol = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_symbol, offset);
-    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, symbol->str);
+    VALUE str_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, str_index);
     ID id = rb_intern_str(str);
     return ID2SYM(id);
 }
@@ -7984,41 +11673,67 @@ static ibf_dump_object_function dump_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
     ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_ICLASS 0x1c */
     ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_ZOMBIE 0x1d */
     ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x1e */
-    ibf_dump_object_unsupported  /* 0x1f */
+    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x1f */
 };
 
+static void
+ibf_dump_object_object_header(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct ibf_object_header header)
+{
+    unsigned char byte =
+        (header.type          << 0) |
+        (header.special_const << 5) |
+        (header.frozen        << 6) |
+        (header.internal      << 7);
+
+    IBF_WV(byte);
+}
+
+static struct ibf_object_header
+ibf_load_object_object_header(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
+{
+    unsigned char byte = ibf_load_byte(load, offset);
+
+    struct ibf_object_header header;
+    header.type          = (byte >> 0) & 0x1f;
+    header.special_const = (byte >> 5) & 0x01;
+    header.frozen        = (byte >> 6) & 0x01;
+    header.internal      = (byte >> 7) & 0x01;
+
+    return header;
+}
+
 static ibf_offset_t
-lbf_dump_object_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
+ibf_dump_object_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct ibf_object_header obj_header;
-    ibf_offset_t current_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    ibf_offset_t current_offset;
+    IBF_ZERO(obj_header);
     obj_header.type = TYPE(obj);
 
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_SYMBOL) ||
-	    RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FLOAT)) {
-	    obj_header.internal = FALSE;
-	    goto dump_object;
-	}
-	obj_header.special_const = TRUE;
-	obj_header.frozen = TRUE;
-	obj_header.internal = TRUE;
-	IBF_WV(obj_header);
-	IBF_WV(obj);
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(ibf_offset_t);
+    current_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) &&
+        ! (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_SYMBOL) ||
+           RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FLOAT))) {
+        obj_header.special_const = TRUE;
+        obj_header.frozen = TRUE;
+        obj_header.internal = TRUE;
+        ibf_dump_object_object_header(dump, obj_header);
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, obj);
     }
     else {
-	obj_header.internal = (RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-      dump_object:
-	obj_header.special_const = FALSE;
-	obj_header.frozen = FL_TEST(obj, FL_FREEZE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-	IBF_WV(obj_header);
-	(*dump_object_functions[obj_header.type])(dump, obj);
+        obj_header.internal = SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) ? FALSE : (RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        obj_header.special_const = FALSE;
+        obj_header.frozen = FL_TEST(obj, FL_FREEZE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        ibf_dump_object_object_header(dump, obj_header);
+        (*dump_object_functions[obj_header.type])(dump, obj);
     }
 
     return current_offset;
 }
 
-typedef VALUE (*ibf_load_object_function)(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t);
+typedef VALUE (*ibf_load_object_function)(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset);
 static ibf_load_object_function load_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_NONE */
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_OBJECT */
@@ -8051,82 +11766,116 @@ static ibf_load_object_function load_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_ICLASS 0x1c */
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_ZOMBIE 0x1d */
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x1e */
-    ibf_load_object_unsupported  /* 0x1f */
+    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x1f */
 };
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE object_index)
 {
     if (object_index == 0) {
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-    else if (object_index >= load->header->object_list_size) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %"PRIdVALUE, object_index);
+        return Qnil;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE obj = rb_ary_entry(load->obj_list, (long)object_index);
-	if (obj == Qnil) { /* TODO: avoid multiple Qnil load */
-	    ibf_offset_t *offsets = (ibf_offset_t *)(load->header->object_list_offset + load->buff);
-	    ibf_offset_t offset = offsets[object_index];
-	    const struct ibf_object_header *header = IBF_OBJHEADER(offset);
+        VALUE obj = pinned_list_fetch(load->current_buffer->obj_list, (long)object_index);
+        if (!obj) {
+            ibf_offset_t *offsets = (ibf_offset_t *)(load->current_buffer->obj_list_offset + load->current_buffer->buff);
+            ibf_offset_t offset = offsets[object_index];
+            const struct ibf_object_header header = ibf_load_object_object_header(load, &offset);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: list=%#x offsets=%p offset=%#x\n",
+                    load->current_buffer->obj_list_offset, (void *)offsets, offset);
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: type=%#x special=%d frozen=%d internal=%d\n",
+                    header.type, header.special_const, header.frozen, header.internal);
+#endif
+            if (offset >= load->current_buffer->size) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %u", offset);
+            }
+
+            if (header.special_const) {
+                ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
+
+                obj = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = (*load_object_functions[header.type])(load, &header, offset);
+            }
+
+            pinned_list_store(load->current_buffer->obj_list, (long)object_index, obj);
+        }
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+        fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: index=%#"PRIxVALUE" obj=%#"PRIxVALUE"\n",
+                object_index, obj);
+#endif
+        return obj;
+    }
+}
 
-	    if (header->special_const) {
-		VALUE *vp = IBF_OBJBODY(VALUE, offset);
-		obj = *vp;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		obj = (*load_object_functions[header->type])(load, header, offset);
-	    }
+struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg
+{
+    struct ibf_dump *dump;
+    VALUE offset_list;
+};
 
-	    rb_ary_store(load->obj_list, (long)object_index, obj);
-	}
-	iseq_add_mark_object(load->iseq, obj);
-	return obj;
-    }
+static int
+ibf_dump_object_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
+{
+    VALUE obj = (VALUE)key;
+    struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg *args = (struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg *)ptr;
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_object_object(args->dump, obj);
+    rb_ary_push(args->offset_list, UINT2NUM(offset));
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
+ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, ibf_offset_t *obj_list_offset, unsigned int *obj_list_size)
 {
-    VALUE list = rb_ary_tmp_new(RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list));
-    int i, size;
+    st_table *obj_table = dump->current_buffer->obj_table;
+    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_tmp_new(obj_table->num_entries);
 
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list); i++) {
-	VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(dump->obj_list, i);
-	ibf_offset_t offset = lbf_dump_object_object(dump, obj);
-	rb_ary_push(list, UINT2NUM(offset));
-    }
-    size = i;
-    header->object_list_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg args;
+    args.dump = dump;
+    args.offset_list = offset_list;
+
+    st_foreach(obj_table, ibf_dump_object_list_i, (st_data_t)&args);
+
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(ibf_offset_t);
+    *obj_list_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    st_index_t size = obj_table->num_entries;
+    st_index_t i;
 
     for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	ibf_offset_t offset = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(list, i));
-	IBF_WV(offset);
+        ibf_offset_t offset = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(offset_list, i));
+        IBF_WV(offset);
     }
 
-    header->object_list_size = size;
+    *obj_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
 }
 
 static void
 ibf_dump_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(dump->str);
-    rb_gc_mark(dump->iseq_list);
-    rb_gc_mark(dump->obj_list);
+    rb_gc_mark(dump->global_buffer.str);
+
+    rb_mark_set(dump->global_buffer.obj_table);
+    rb_mark_set(dump->iseq_table);
 }
 
 static void
 ibf_dump_free(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
-    if (dump->iseq_table) {
-	st_free_table(dump->iseq_table);
-	dump->iseq_table = 0;
+    if (dump->global_buffer.obj_table) {
+        st_free_table(dump->global_buffer.obj_table);
+        dump->global_buffer.obj_table = 0;
     }
-    if (dump->id_table) {
-	st_free_table(dump->id_table);
-	dump->id_table = 0;
+    if (dump->iseq_table) {
+        st_free_table(dump->iseq_table);
+        dump->iseq_table = 0;
     }
     ruby_xfree(dump);
 }
@@ -8137,7 +11886,7 @@ ibf_dump_memsize(const void *ptr)
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
     size_t size = sizeof(*dump);
     if (dump->iseq_table) size += st_memsize(dump->iseq_table);
-    if (dump->id_table) size += st_memsize(dump->id_table);
+    if (dump->global_buffer.obj_table) size += st_memsize(dump->global_buffer.obj_table);
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -8150,18 +11899,18 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ibf_dump_type = {
 static void
 ibf_dump_setup(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE dumper_obj)
 {
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->str, rb_str_new(0, 0));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->iseq_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->obj_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(1));
-    rb_ary_push(dump->obj_list, Qnil); /* 0th is nil */
+    dump->global_buffer.obj_table = NULL; // GC may run before a value is assigned
+    dump->iseq_table = NULL;
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->global_buffer.str, rb_str_new(0, 0));
+    dump->global_buffer.obj_table = ibf_dump_object_table_new();
     dump->iseq_table = st_init_numtable(); /* need free */
-    dump->id_table = st_init_numtable();   /* need free */
 
-    ibf_table_index(dump->id_table, 0); /* id_index:0 is 0 */
+    dump->current_buffer = &dump->global_buffer;
 }
 
 VALUE
-iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
+rb_iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump;
     struct ibf_header header = {{0}};
@@ -8169,11 +11918,11 @@ iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
     VALUE str;
 
     if (iseq->body->parent_iseq != NULL ||
-	iseq->body->local_iseq != iseq) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should be top of iseq");
+        iseq->body->local_iseq != iseq) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should be top of iseq");
     }
     if (RTEST(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should not compile with coverage");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should not compile with coverage");
     }
 
     dump_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_dump, &ibf_dump_type, dump);
@@ -8187,26 +11936,25 @@ iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
     header.magic[1] = 'A';
     header.magic[2] = 'R';
     header.magic[3] = 'B';
-    header.major_version = ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION;
-    header.minor_version = ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION;
+    header.major_version = IBF_MAJOR_VERSION;
+    header.minor_version = IBF_MINOR_VERSION;
     ibf_dump_iseq_list(dump, &header);
-    ibf_dump_id_list(dump, &header);
-    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &header);
+    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &header.global_object_list_offset, &header.global_object_list_size);
     header.size = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
 
     if (RTEST(opt)) {
-	VALUE opt_str = opt;
-	const char *ptr = StringValuePtr(opt_str);
-	header.extra_size = RSTRING_LENINT(opt_str);
-	ibf_dump_write(dump, ptr, header.extra_size);
+        VALUE opt_str = opt;
+        const char *ptr = StringValuePtr(opt_str);
+        header.extra_size = RSTRING_LENINT(opt_str);
+        ibf_dump_write(dump, ptr, header.extra_size);
     }
     else {
-	header.extra_size = 0;
+        header.extra_size = 0;
     }
 
     ibf_dump_overwrite(dump, &header, sizeof(header), 0);
 
-    str = dump->str;
+    str = dump->global_buffer.str;
     ibf_dump_free(dump);
     DATA_PTR(dump_obj) = NULL;
     RB_GC_GUARD(dump_obj);
@@ -8216,26 +11964,33 @@ iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
 static const ibf_offset_t *
 ibf_iseq_list(const struct ibf_load *load)
 {
-    return (ibf_offset_t *)(load->buff + load->header->iseq_list_offset);
+    return (const ibf_offset_t *)(load->global_buffer.buff + load->header->iseq_list_offset);
 }
 
 void
-ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     struct ibf_load *load = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(iseq->aux.loader.obj);
     rb_iseq_t *prev_src_iseq = load->iseq;
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_iseq_list(load)[iseq->aux.loader.index];
     load->iseq = iseq;
-    ibf_load_iseq_each(load, iseq, ibf_iseq_list(load)[iseq->aux.loader.index]);
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) = NULL;
-    FL_UNSET(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, "rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete: index=%#x offset=%#x size=%#x\n",
+	    iseq->aux.loader.index, offset,
+	    load->header->size);
+#endif
+    ibf_load_iseq_each(load, iseq, offset);
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(iseq);
+    FL_UNSET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+    rb_iseq_init_trace(iseq);
     load->iseq = prev_src_iseq;
 }
 
 #if USE_LAZY_LOAD
-const rb_iseq_t *
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED const rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_complete(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    ibf_load_iseq_complete((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
+    rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
     return iseq;
 }
 #endif
@@ -8245,93 +12000,130 @@ ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq)
 {
     int iseq_index = (int)(VALUE)index_iseq;
 
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: index_iseq=%p iseq_list=%p\n",
+	    (void *)index_iseq, (void *)load->iseq_list);
+#endif
     if (iseq_index == -1) {
 	return NULL;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE iseqv = rb_ary_entry(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);
+	VALUE iseqv = pinned_list_fetch(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);
 
-	if (iseqv != Qnil) {
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseqv=%p\n", (void *)iseqv);
+#endif
+	if (iseqv) {
 	    return (rb_iseq_t *)iseqv;
 	}
 	else {
 	    rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_imemo_alloc();
-	    FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: new iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
+#endif
+	    FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
 	    iseq->aux.loader.obj = load->loader_obj;
 	    iseq->aux.loader.index = iseq_index;
-	    rb_ary_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loader_obj=%p index=%d\n",
+		    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->loader_obj, iseq_index);
+#endif
+	    pinned_list_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);
 
 #if !USE_LAZY_LOAD
-	    ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: loading iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
+#endif
+            rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+#else
+            if (GET_VM()->builtin_function_table) {
+                rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+            }
 #endif /* !USE_LAZY_LOAD */
 
-	    if (load->iseq) {
-		iseq_add_mark_object(load->iseq, (VALUE)iseq);
-	    }
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loaded %p\n",
+		    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->iseq);
+#endif
 	    return iseq;
 	}
     }
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_load_setup(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, VALUE str)
+ibf_load_setup_bytes(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, const char *bytes, size_t size)
 {
-    rb_check_safe_obj(str);
-
-    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)sizeof(struct ibf_header)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
-    }
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->str, str);
     load->loader_obj = loader_obj;
-    load->buff = StringValuePtr(str);
-    load->header = (struct ibf_header *)load->buff;
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->iseq_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->obj_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
-    load->id_list = ZALLOC_N(ID, load->header->id_list_size);
+    load->global_buffer.buff = bytes;
+    load->header = (struct ibf_header *)load->global_buffer.buff;
+    load->global_buffer.size = load->header->size;
+    load->global_buffer.obj_list_offset = load->header->global_object_list_offset;
+    load->global_buffer.obj_list_size = load->header->global_object_list_size;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->iseq_list, pinned_list_new(load->header->iseq_list_size));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->global_buffer.obj_list, pinned_list_new(load->global_buffer.obj_list_size));
     load->iseq = NULL;
 
-    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)load->header->size) {
+    load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
+
+    if (size < load->header->size) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
     }
     if (strncmp(load->header->magic, "YARB", 4) != 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown binary format");
     }
-    if (load->header->major_version != ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION ||
-	load->header->minor_version != ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION) {
+    if (load->header->major_version != IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ||
+	load->header->minor_version != IBF_MINOR_VERSION) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched version file (%u.%u for %u.%u)",
-		 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION, ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION);
+		 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, IBF_MAJOR_VERSION, IBF_MINOR_VERSION);
     }
-    if (strcmp(load->buff + sizeof(struct ibf_header), RUBY_PLATFORM) != 0) {
+    if (strcmp(load->global_buffer.buff + sizeof(struct ibf_header), RUBY_PLATFORM) != 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched platform");
     }
+    if (load->header->iseq_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned iseq list offset: %u",
+                 load->header->iseq_list_offset);
+    }
+    if (load->global_buffer.obj_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned object list offset: %u",
+                 load->global_buffer.obj_list_offset);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_loader_mark(void *ptr)
+ibf_load_setup(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, VALUE str)
 {
-    if (ptr) {
-	struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
-	rb_gc_mark(load->str);
-	rb_gc_mark(load->iseq_list);
-	rb_gc_mark(load->obj_list);
+    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)sizeof(struct ibf_header)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
     }
+
+#if USE_LAZY_LOAD
+    str = rb_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+#endif
+
+    ibf_load_setup_bytes(load, loader_obj, StringValuePtr(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->str, str);
+}
+
+static void
+ibf_loader_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark(load->str);
+    rb_gc_mark(load->iseq_list);
+    rb_gc_mark(load->global_buffer.obj_list);
 }
 
 static void
 ibf_loader_free(void *ptr)
 {
-    if (ptr) {
-	struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
-	ruby_xfree(load->id_list);
-	ruby_xfree(load);
-    }
+    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
+    ruby_xfree(load);
 }
 
 static size_t
 ibf_loader_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
-    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
-    return sizeof(struct ibf_load) + load->header->id_list_size * sizeof(ID);
+    return sizeof(struct ibf_load);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t ibf_load_type = {
@@ -8341,10 +12133,10 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ibf_load_type = {
 };
 
 const rb_iseq_t *
-iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
+rb_iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
 {
     struct ibf_load *load;
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
     VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
 
     ibf_load_setup(load, loader_obj, str);
@@ -8354,16 +12146,29 @@ iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
     return iseq;
 }
 
+const rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_ibf_load_bytes(const char *bytes, size_t size)
+{
+    struct ibf_load *load;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
+
+    ibf_load_setup_bytes(load, loader_obj, bytes, size);
+    iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, 0);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(loader_obj);
+    return iseq;
+}
+
 VALUE
-iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str)
+rb_iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str)
 {
     struct ibf_load *load;
     VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
     VALUE extra_str;
 
     ibf_load_setup(load, loader_obj, str);
-    extra_str = rb_str_new(load->buff + load->header->size, load->header->extra_size);
+    extra_str = rb_str_new(load->global_buffer.buff + load->header->size, load->header->extra_size);
     RB_GC_GUARD(loader_obj);
     return extra_str;
 }
-
diff --git a/complex.c b/complex.c
index 5199dcc7c2..27c1f131e3 100644
--- a/complex.c
+++ b/complex.c
@@ -5,21 +5,37 @@
   which is written in ruby.
 */
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #if defined _MSC_VER
 /* Microsoft Visual C does not define M_PI and others by default */
 # define _USE_MATH_DEFINES 1
 #endif
+
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include "internal.h"
 
+#undef NDEBUG
 #define NDEBUG
-#include <assert.h>
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/math.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
 
 #define ZERO INT2FIX(0)
 #define ONE INT2FIX(1)
 #define TWO INT2FIX(2)
+#if USE_FLONUM
 #define RFLOAT_0 DBL2NUM(0)
+#else
+static VALUE RFLOAT_0;
+#endif
 #if defined(HAVE_SIGNBIT) && defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__sun) && \
     !defined(signbit)
 extern int signbit(double);
@@ -27,24 +43,21 @@ extern int signbit(double);
 
 VALUE rb_cComplex;
 
-static VALUE nucomp_abs(VALUE self);
-static VALUE nucomp_arg(VALUE self);
-
-static ID id_abs, id_arg, id_convert,
-    id_denominator, id_eqeq_p, id_expt, id_fdiv,
-    id_negate, id_numerator, id_quo,
-    id_real_p, id_to_f, id_to_i, id_to_r,
-    id_i_real, id_i_imag;
+static ID id_abs, id_arg,
+    id_denominator, id_numerator,
+    id_real_p, id_i_real, id_i_imag,
+    id_finite_p, id_infinite_p, id_rationalize,
+    id_PI;
+#define id_to_i idTo_i
+#define id_to_r idTo_r
+#define id_negate idUMinus
+#define id_expt idPow
+#define id_to_f idTo_f
+#define id_quo idQuo
+#define id_fdiv idFdiv
 
 #define f_boolcast(x) ((x) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
 
-#define binop(n,op) \
-inline static VALUE \
-f_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(x, (op), 1, y);\
-}
-
 #define fun1(n) \
 inline static VALUE \
 f_##n(VALUE x)\
@@ -59,31 +72,32 @@ f_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
     return rb_funcall(x, id_##n, 1, y);\
 }
 
-#define math1(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-m_##n(VALUE x)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mMath, id_##n, 1, x);\
-}
-
-#define math2(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-m_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mMath, id_##n, 2, x, y);\
-}
-
 #define PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_add(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-#ifndef PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIX2LONG(y) == 0)
-	return x;
-    else if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIX2LONG(x) == 0)
-	return y;
-#endif
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x) &&
+        LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idPLUS))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x))
+            return y;
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return x;
+        return rb_int_plus(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cFloat, idPLUS))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return x;
+        return rb_float_plus(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cRational, idPLUS))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return x;
+        return rb_rational_plus(x, y);
+    }
+
     return rb_funcall(x, '+', 1, y);
 }
 
@@ -95,56 +109,162 @@ f_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_funcall(x, '/', 1, y);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
+inline static int
 f_gt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) > FIX2LONG(y));
-    return rb_funcall(x, '>', 1, y);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
+            return (SIGNED_VALUE)x > (SIGNED_VALUE)y;
+        return RTEST(rb_int_gt(x, y));
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
+        return RTEST(rb_float_gt(x, y));
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        int const cmp = rb_cmpint(rb_rational_cmp(x, y), x, y);
+        return cmp > 0;
+    }
+    return RTEST(rb_funcall(x, '>', 1, y));
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-#ifndef PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	long iy = FIX2LONG(y);
-	if (iy == 0) {
-	    if (FIXNUM_P(x) || RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM))
-		return ZERO;
-	}
-	else if (iy == 1)
-	    return x;
-    }
-    else if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-	long ix = FIX2LONG(x);
-	if (ix == 0) {
-	    if (FIXNUM_P(y) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM))
-		return ZERO;
-	}
-	else if (ix == 1)
-	    return y;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x) &&
+        LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idMULT))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return ZERO;
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y))
+            return ZERO;
+        if (x == ONE) return y;
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
+        return rb_int_mul(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cFloat, idMULT))) {
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
+        return rb_float_mul(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cRational, idMULT))) {
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
+        return rb_rational_mul(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(x), idMULT))) {
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
     }
-#endif
     return rb_funcall(x, '*', 1, y);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_sub(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-#ifndef PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIX2LONG(y) == 0)
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y) &&
+        LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(x), idMINUS))) {
 	return x;
-#endif
+    }
     return rb_funcall(x, '-', 1, y);
 }
 
-fun1(abs)
-fun1(arg)
-fun1(denominator)
-fun1(negate)
-fun1(numerator)
-fun1(real_p)
+inline static VALUE
+f_abs(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_int_abs(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_abs(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_abs(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return rb_complex_abs(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_abs, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE numeric_arg(VALUE self);
+static VALUE float_arg(VALUE self);
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_arg(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return numeric_arg(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return float_arg(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return numeric_arg(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return rb_complex_arg(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_arg, 0);
+}
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_numerator(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return RRATIONAL(x)->num;
+    }
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_numerator(x);
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_denominator(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return RRATIONAL(x)->den;
+    }
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_denominator(x);
+    }
+    return INT2FIX(1);
+}
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_negate(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_int_uminus(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_uminus(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_uminus(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return rb_complex_uminus(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_negate, 0);
+}
+
+static bool nucomp_real_p(VALUE self);
+
+static inline bool
+f_real_p(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return nucomp_real_p(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_real_p, 0);
+}
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_to_i(VALUE x)
@@ -153,6 +273,7 @@ f_to_i(VALUE x)
 	return rb_str_to_inum(x, 10, 0);
     return rb_funcall(x, id_to_i, 0);
 }
+
 inline static VALUE
 f_to_f(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -163,120 +284,117 @@ f_to_f(VALUE x)
 
 fun1(to_r)
 
-inline static VALUE
+inline static int
 f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) == FIX2LONG(y));
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_eqeq_p, 1, y);
+	return x == y;
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y))
+	return NUM2DBL(x) == NUM2DBL(y);
+    return (int)rb_equal(x, y);
 }
 
 fun2(expt)
 fun2(fdiv)
-fun2(quo)
 
-inline static VALUE
+static VALUE
+f_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_numeric_quo(x, y);
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_float_div(x, y);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL))
+        return rb_numeric_quo(x, y);
+
+    return rb_funcallv(x, id_quo, 1, &y);
+}
+
+inline static int
 f_negative_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(x))
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) < 0);
-    return rb_funcall(x, '<', 1, ZERO);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return INT_NEGATIVE_P(x);
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
+        return RFLOAT_VALUE(x) < 0.0;
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL))
+        return INT_NEGATIVE_P(RRATIONAL(x)->num);
+    return rb_num_negative_p(x);
 }
 
 #define f_positive_p(x) (!f_negative_p(x))
 
-inline static VALUE
+inline static int
 f_zero_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_FIXNUM)) {
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) == 0);
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return FLOAT_ZERO_P(x);
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	return Qfalse;
+    else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	VALUE num = RRATIONAL(x)->num;
-
-	return f_boolcast(FIXNUM_P(num) && FIX2LONG(num) == 0);
+        const VALUE num = RRATIONAL(x)->num;
+        return FIXNUM_ZERO_P(num);
     }
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_eqeq_p, 1, ZERO);
+    return (int)rb_equal(x, ZERO);
 }
 
 #define f_nonzero_p(x) (!f_zero_p(x))
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_one_p(VALUE x)
+VALUE rb_flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num);
+inline static int
+f_finite_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_FIXNUM)) {
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) == 1);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return TRUE;
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	return Qfalse;
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+	return (int)rb_flo_is_finite_p(x);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	VALUE num = RRATIONAL(x)->num;
-	VALUE den = RRATIONAL(x)->den;
-
-	return f_boolcast(FIXNUM_P(num) && FIX2LONG(num) == 1 &&
-			  FIXNUM_P(den) && FIX2LONG(den) == 1);
+	return TRUE;
     }
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_eqeq_p, 1, ONE);
+    return RTEST(rb_funcallv(x, id_finite_p, 0, 0));
 }
 
+VALUE rb_flo_is_infinite_p(VALUE num);
 inline static VALUE
-f_kind_of_p(VALUE x, VALUE c)
-{
-    return rb_obj_is_kind_of(x, c);
-}
-
-inline static VALUE
-k_numeric_p(VALUE x)
+f_infinite_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cNumeric);
-}
-
-inline static VALUE
-k_fixnum_p(VALUE x)
-{
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cFixnum);
-}
-
-inline static VALUE
-k_bignum_p(VALUE x)
-{
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cBignum);
-}
-
-inline static VALUE
-k_float_p(VALUE x)
-{
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cFloat);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+	return rb_flo_is_infinite_p(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    return rb_funcallv(x, id_infinite_p, 0, 0);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-k_rational_p(VALUE x)
+inline static int
+f_kind_of_p(VALUE x, VALUE c)
 {
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cRational);
+    return (int)rb_obj_is_kind_of(x, c);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-k_complex_p(VALUE x)
+inline static int
+k_numeric_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cComplex);
+    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cNumeric);
 }
 
-#define k_exact_p(x) (!k_float_p(x))
+#define k_exact_p(x) (!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
 
 #define k_exact_zero_p(x) (k_exact_p(x) && f_zero_p(x))
 
 #define get_dat1(x) \
-    struct RComplex *dat;\
-    dat = ((struct RComplex *)(x))
+    struct RComplex *dat = RCOMPLEX(x)
 
 #define get_dat2(x,y) \
-    struct RComplex *adat, *bdat;\
-    adat = ((struct RComplex *)(x));\
-    bdat = ((struct RComplex *)(y))
+    struct RComplex *adat = RCOMPLEX(x), *bdat = RCOMPLEX(y)
 
 inline static VALUE
 nucomp_s_new_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE real, VALUE imag)
@@ -285,6 +403,7 @@ nucomp_s_new_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE real, VALUE imag)
 
     RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(obj, real);
     RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(obj, imag);
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW((VALUE)obj);
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
@@ -295,67 +414,26 @@ nucomp_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, ZERO, ZERO);
 }
 
-#if 0
-static VALUE
-nucomp_s_new_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE real, imag;
-
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &real, &imag)) {
-      case 1:
-	if (!k_numeric_p(real))
-	    real = f_to_i(real);
-	imag = ZERO;
-	break;
-      default:
-	if (!k_numeric_p(real))
-	    real = f_to_i(real);
-	if (!k_numeric_p(imag))
-	    imag = f_to_i(imag);
-	break;
-    }
-
-    return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
-}
-#endif
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new_bang1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
 {
-    assert(!k_complex_p(x));
+    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, ZERO);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new_bang2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!k_complex_p(x));
-    assert(!k_complex_p(y));
+    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
+    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(y, T_COMPLEX));
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
-#ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
-#define CANON
-#endif
-
-#ifdef CANON
-static int canonicalization = 0;
-
-RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void
-nucomp_canonicalization(int f)
-{
-    canonicalization = f;
-}
-#else
-#define canonicalization 0
-#endif
-
 inline static void
 nucomp_real_check(VALUE num)
 {
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(num, T_FIXNUM) &&
-	!RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM) &&
-	!RB_TYPE_P(num, T_FLOAT) &&
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(num) &&
+	!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) &&
 	!RB_TYPE_P(num, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	if (!k_numeric_p(num) || !f_real_p(num))
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not a real");
@@ -365,26 +443,20 @@ nucomp_real_check(VALUE num)
 inline static VALUE
 nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE real, VALUE imag)
 {
-#ifdef CANON
-#define CL_CANON
-#ifdef CL_CANON
-    if (k_exact_zero_p(imag) && canonicalization)
-	return real;
-#else
-    if (f_zero_p(imag) && canonicalization)
-	return real;
-#endif
-#endif
-    if (f_real_p(real) && f_real_p(imag))
+    int complex_r, complex_i;
+    complex_r = RB_TYPE_P(real, T_COMPLEX);
+    complex_i = RB_TYPE_P(imag, T_COMPLEX);
+    if (!complex_r && !complex_i) {
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
-    else if (f_real_p(real)) {
+    }
+    else if (!complex_r) {
 	get_dat1(imag);
 
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
 				     f_sub(real, dat->imag),
 				     f_add(ZERO, dat->real));
     }
-    else if (f_real_p(imag)) {
+    else if (!complex_i) {
 	get_dat1(real);
 
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
@@ -431,13 +503,16 @@ nucomp_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!k_complex_p(x));
+    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
     return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
+static VALUE nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise);
+static VALUE nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Complex(x[, y])  ->  numeric
+ *    Complex(x[, y], exception: true)  ->  numeric or nil
  *
  * Returns x+i*y;
  *
@@ -446,6 +521,9 @@ f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *    Complex(nil)     #=> TypeError
  *    Complex(1, nil)  #=> TypeError
  *
+ *    Complex(1, nil, exception: false)  #=> nil
+ *    Complex('1+2', exception: false)   #=> nil
+ *
  * Syntax of string form:
  *
  *   string form = extra spaces , complex , extra spaces ;
@@ -471,7 +549,19 @@ f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static VALUE
 nucomp_f_complex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    return rb_funcall2(rb_cComplex, id_convert, argc, argv);
+    VALUE a1, a2, opts = Qnil;
+    int raise = TRUE;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &a1, &a2, &opts) == 1) {
+        a2 = Qundef;
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(opts)) {
+        raise = rb_opts_exception_p(opts, raise);
+    }
+    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(a1) == rb_cComplex && a2 == Qundef) {
+        return a1;
+    }
+    return nucomp_convert(rb_cComplex, a1, a2, raise);
 }
 
 #define imp1(n) \
@@ -481,20 +571,9 @@ m_##n##_bang(VALUE x)\
     return rb_math_##n(x);\
 }
 
-#define imp2(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-m_##n##_bang(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-    return rb_math_##n(x, y);\
-}
-
-imp2(atan2)
 imp1(cos)
 imp1(cosh)
 imp1(exp)
-imp2(hypot)
-
-#define m_hypot(x,y) m_hypot_bang((x),(y))
 
 static VALUE
 m_log_bang(VALUE x)
@@ -508,7 +587,7 @@ imp1(sinh)
 static VALUE
 m_cos(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (f_real_p(x))
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX))
 	return m_cos_bang(x);
     {
 	get_dat1(x);
@@ -523,7 +602,7 @@ m_cos(VALUE x)
 static VALUE
 m_sin(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (f_real_p(x))
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX))
 	return m_sin_bang(x);
     {
 	get_dat1(x);
@@ -535,46 +614,18 @@ m_sin(VALUE x)
     }
 }
 
-#if 0
-imp1(sqrt)
-
-static VALUE
-m_sqrt(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (f_real_p(x)) {
-	if (f_positive_p(x))
-	    return m_sqrt_bang(x);
-	return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, m_sqrt_bang(f_negate(x)));
-    }
-    else {
-	get_dat1(x);
-
-	if (f_negative_p(dat->imag))
-	    return f_conj(m_sqrt(f_conj(x)));
-	else {
-	    VALUE a = f_abs(x);
-	    return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex,
-				  m_sqrt_bang(f_div(f_add(a, dat->real), TWO)),
-				  m_sqrt_bang(f_div(f_sub(a, dat->real), TWO)));
-	}
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
 static VALUE
 f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!k_complex_p(x));
-    assert(!k_complex_p(y));
+    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
+    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(y, T_COMPLEX));
     if (f_zero_p(x) || f_zero_p(y)) {
-	if (canonicalization) return x;
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, RFLOAT_0);
     }
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	const double arg = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
 	if (arg == M_PI) {
 	    x = f_negate(x);
-	    if (canonicalization) return x;
 	    y = RFLOAT_0;
 	}
 	else if (arg == M_PI_2) {
@@ -589,13 +640,12 @@ f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    const double abs = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
 	    const double real = abs * cos(arg), imag = abs * sin(arg);
 	    x = DBL2NUM(real);
-	    if (canonicalization && imag == 0.0) return x;
 	    y = DBL2NUM(imag);
 	}
 	else {
-	    y = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(sin(arg)));
-	    x = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(cos(arg)));
-	    if (canonicalization && f_zero_p(y)) return x;
+            const double ax = sin(arg), ay = cos(arg);
+            y = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(ax));
+            x = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(ay));
 	}
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
     }
@@ -604,6 +654,38 @@ f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 					  f_mul(x, m_sin(y)));
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE___COSPI
+# define cospi(x) __cospi(x)
+#else
+# define cospi(x) cos((x) * M_PI)
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE___SINPI
+# define sinpi(x) __sinpi(x)
+#else
+# define sinpi(x) sin((x) * M_PI)
+#endif
+/* returns a Complex or Float of ang*PI-rotated abs */
+VALUE
+rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(double abs, double ang)
+{
+    double fi;
+    const double fr = modf(ang, &fi);
+    int pos = fr == +0.5;
+
+    if (pos || fr == -0.5) {
+	if ((modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != fr) ^ pos) abs = -abs;
+	return rb_complex_new(RFLOAT_0, DBL2NUM(abs));
+    }
+    else if (fr == 0.0) {
+	if (modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != 0.0) abs = -abs;
+	return DBL2NUM(abs);
+    }
+    else {
+        const double real = abs * cospi(ang), imag = abs * sinpi(ang);
+        return rb_complex_new(DBL2NUM(real), DBL2NUM(imag));
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    Complex.polar(abs[, arg])  ->  complex
@@ -623,13 +705,20 @@ nucomp_s_polar(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &abs, &arg)) {
       case 1:
 	nucomp_real_check(abs);
-	if (canonicalization) return abs;
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, abs, ZERO);
       default:
 	nucomp_real_check(abs);
 	nucomp_real_check(arg);
 	break;
     }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(abs, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        get_dat1(abs);
+        abs = dat->real;
+    }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        get_dat1(arg);
+        arg = dat->real;
+    }
     return f_complex_polar(klass, abs, arg);
 }
 
@@ -642,8 +731,8 @@ nucomp_s_polar(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *    Complex(7).real      #=> 7
  *    Complex(9, -4).real  #=> 9
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_real(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_real(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return dat->real;
@@ -659,8 +748,8 @@ nucomp_real(VALUE self)
  *    Complex(7).imaginary      #=> 0
  *    Complex(9, -4).imaginary  #=> -4
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_imag(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_imag(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return dat->imag;
@@ -674,35 +763,12 @@ nucomp_imag(VALUE self)
  *
  *    -Complex(1, 2)  #=> (-1-2i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_negate(VALUE self)
-{
-  get_dat1(self);
-  return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			f_negate(dat->real), f_negate(dat->imag));
-}
-
-inline static VALUE
-f_addsub(VALUE self, VALUE other,
-	 VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), ID id)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_uminus(VALUE self)
 {
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
-	VALUE real, imag;
-
-	get_dat2(self, other);
-
-	real = (*func)(adat->real, bdat->real);
-	imag = (*func)(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
-
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
-    }
-    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
-	get_dat1(self);
-
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			      (*func)(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
-    }
-    return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, id);
+    get_dat1(self);
+    return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+			  f_negate(dat->real), f_negate(dat->imag));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -718,11 +784,26 @@ f_addsub(VALUE self, VALUE other,
  *    Complex(20, 9) + 9.8             #=> (29.8+9i)
  */
 VALUE
-rb_nucomp_add(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+rb_complex_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    return f_addsub(self, other, f_add, '+');
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
+	VALUE real, imag;
+
+	get_dat2(self, other);
+
+	real = f_add(adat->real, bdat->real);
+	imag = f_add(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
+
+	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
+    }
+    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
+	get_dat1(self);
+
+	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+			      f_add(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
+    }
+    return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '+');
 }
-#define nucomp_add rb_nucomp_add
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -736,10 +817,26 @@ rb_nucomp_add(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    Complex(9, 8)  - 4               #=> (5+8i)
  *    Complex(20, 9) - 9.8             #=> (10.2+9i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_sub(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_minus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    return f_addsub(self, other, f_sub, '-');
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
+	VALUE real, imag;
+
+	get_dat2(self, other);
+
+	real = f_sub(adat->real, bdat->real);
+	imag = f_sub(adat->imag, bdat->imag);
+
+	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
+    }
+    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
+	get_dat1(self);
+
+	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+			      f_sub(dat->real, other), dat->imag);
+    }
+    return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '-');
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -755,6 +852,19 @@ safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
     return f_mul(a, b);
 }
 
+static void
+comp_mul(VALUE areal, VALUE aimag, VALUE breal, VALUE bimag, VALUE *real, VALUE *imag)
+{
+    int arzero = f_zero_p(areal);
+    int aizero = f_zero_p(aimag);
+    int brzero = f_zero_p(breal);
+    int bizero = f_zero_p(bimag);
+    *real = f_sub(safe_mul(areal, breal, arzero, brzero),
+                  safe_mul(aimag, bimag, aizero, bizero));
+    *imag = f_add(safe_mul(areal, bimag, arzero, bizero),
+                  safe_mul(aimag, breal, aizero, brzero));
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    cmp * numeric  ->  complex
@@ -768,23 +878,13 @@ safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
  *    Complex(20, 9) * 9.8             #=> (196.0+88.2i)
  */
 VALUE
-rb_nucomp_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+rb_complex_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	VALUE real, imag;
-	VALUE areal, aimag, breal, bimag;
-	int arzero, aizero, brzero, bizero;
-
 	get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	arzero = !!f_zero_p(areal = adat->real);
-	aizero = !!f_zero_p(aimag = adat->imag);
-	brzero = !!f_zero_p(breal = bdat->real);
-	bizero = !!f_zero_p(bimag = bdat->imag);
-	real = f_sub(safe_mul(areal, breal, arzero, brzero),
-		     safe_mul(aimag, bimag, aizero, bizero));
-	imag = f_add(safe_mul(areal, bimag, arzero, bizero),
-		     safe_mul(aimag, breal, aizero, brzero));
+        comp_mul(adat->real, adat->imag, bdat->real, bdat->imag, &real, &imag);
 
 	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
     }
@@ -797,56 +897,43 @@ rb_nucomp_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '*');
 }
-#define nucomp_mul rb_nucomp_mul
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
 	 VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), ID id)
 {
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        VALUE r, n, x, y;
 	int flo;
 	get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	flo = (k_float_p(adat->real) || k_float_p(adat->imag) ||
-	       k_float_p(bdat->real) || k_float_p(bdat->imag));
+	flo = (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(adat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(adat->imag) ||
+	       RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->imag));
 
 	if (f_gt_p(f_abs(bdat->real), f_abs(bdat->imag))) {
-	    VALUE r, n;
-
 	    r = (*func)(bdat->imag, bdat->real);
 	    n = f_mul(bdat->real, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
-	    if (flo)
-		return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				      (*func)(self, n),
-				      (*func)(f_negate(f_mul(self, r)), n));
-	    return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				  (*func)(f_add(adat->real,
-						f_mul(adat->imag, r)), n),
-				  (*func)(f_sub(adat->imag,
-						f_mul(adat->real, r)), n));
+            x = (*func)(f_add(adat->real, f_mul(adat->imag, r)), n);
+            y = (*func)(f_sub(adat->imag, f_mul(adat->real, r)), n);
 	}
 	else {
-	    VALUE r, n;
-
 	    r = (*func)(bdat->real, bdat->imag);
 	    n = f_mul(bdat->imag, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
-	    if (flo)
-		return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				      (*func)(f_mul(self, r), n),
-				      (*func)(f_negate(self), n));
-	    return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				  (*func)(f_add(f_mul(adat->real, r),
-						adat->imag), n),
-				  (*func)(f_sub(f_mul(adat->imag, r),
-						adat->real), n));
+            x = (*func)(f_add(f_mul(adat->real, r), adat->imag), n);
+            y = (*func)(f_sub(f_mul(adat->imag, r), adat->real), n);
 	}
+        if (!flo) {
+            x = rb_rational_canonicalize(x);
+            y = rb_rational_canonicalize(y);
+        }
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), x, y);
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
+        VALUE x, y;
 	get_dat1(self);
-
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			      (*func)(dat->real, other),
-			      (*func)(dat->imag, other));
+        x = rb_rational_canonicalize((*func)(dat->real, other));
+        y = rb_rational_canonicalize((*func)(dat->imag, other));
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), x, y);
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, id);
 }
@@ -866,13 +953,13 @@ f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
  *    Complex(9, 8)  / 4               #=> ((9/4)+(2/1)*i)
  *    Complex(20, 9) / 9.8             #=> (2.0408163265306123+0.9183673469387754i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     return f_divide(self, other, f_quo, id_quo);
 }
 
-#define nucomp_quo nucomp_div
+#define nucomp_quo rb_complex_div
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -903,23 +990,23 @@ f_reciprocal(VALUE x)
  *    Complex('i') ** 2              #=> (-1+0i)
  *    Complex(-8) ** Rational(1, 3)  #=> (1.0000000000000002+1.7320508075688772i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && k_exact_zero_p(other))
 	return f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), ONE);
 
-    if (k_rational_p(other) && f_one_p(f_denominator(other)))
-	other = f_numerator(other); /* c14n */
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_RATIONAL) && RRATIONAL(other)->den == LONG2FIX(1))
+	other = RRATIONAL(other)->num; /* c14n */
 
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	get_dat1(other);
 
 	if (k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag))
 	    other = dat->real; /* c14n */
     }
 
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	VALUE r, theta, nr, ntheta;
 
 	get_dat1(other);
@@ -933,44 +1020,51 @@ nucomp_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 		       f_mul(dat->imag, m_log_bang(r)));
 	return f_complex_polar(CLASS_OF(self), nr, ntheta);
     }
-    if (k_fixnum_p(other)) {
-	if (f_gt_p(other, ZERO)) {
-	    VALUE x, z;
-	    long n;
-
-	    x = self;
-	    z = x;
-	    n = FIX2LONG(other) - 1;
-
-	    while (n) {
-		long q, r;
-
-		while (1) {
-		    get_dat1(x);
-
-		    q = n / 2;
-		    r = n % 2;
-
-		    if (r)
-			break;
-
-		    x = nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self),
-				       f_sub(f_mul(dat->real, dat->real),
-					     f_mul(dat->imag, dat->imag)),
-				       f_mul(f_mul(TWO, dat->real), dat->imag));
-		    n = q;
-		}
-		z = f_mul(z, x);
-		n--;
-	    }
-	    return z;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(other)) {
+        long n = FIX2LONG(other);
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self), ONE, ZERO);
+        }
+        if (n < 0) {
+            self = f_reciprocal(self);
+            other = rb_int_uminus(other);
+            n = -n;
+        }
+        {
+            get_dat1(self);
+            VALUE xr = dat->real, xi = dat->imag, zr = xr, zi = xi;
+
+            if (f_zero_p(xi)) {
+                zr = rb_num_pow(zr, other);
+            }
+            else if (f_zero_p(xr)) {
+                zi = rb_num_pow(zi, other);
+                if (n & 2) zi = f_negate(zi);
+                if (!(n & 1)) {
+                    VALUE tmp = zr;
+                    zr = zi;
+                    zi = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (--n) {
+                    long q, r;
+
+                    for (; q = n / 2, r = n % 2, r == 0; n = q) {
+                        VALUE tmp = f_sub(f_mul(xr, xr), f_mul(xi, xi));
+                        xi = f_mul(f_mul(TWO, xr), xi);
+                        xr = tmp;
+                    }
+                    comp_mul(zr, zi, xr, xi, &zr, &zi);
+                }
+            }
+            return nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self), zr, zi);
 	}
-	return f_expt(f_reciprocal(self), f_negate(other));
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
 	VALUE r, theta;
 
-	if (k_bignum_p(other))
+	if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_BIGNUM))
 	    rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
 
 	r = f_abs(self);
@@ -997,7 +1091,7 @@ nucomp_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 static VALUE
 nucomp_eqeq_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	get_dat2(self, other);
 
 	return f_boolcast(f_eqeq_p(adat->real, bdat->real) &&
@@ -1008,17 +1102,54 @@ nucomp_eqeq_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 	return f_boolcast(f_eqeq_p(dat->real, other) && f_zero_p(dat->imag));
     }
-    return f_eqeq_p(other, self);
+    return f_boolcast(f_eqeq_p(other, self));
+}
+
+static bool
+nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    get_dat1(self);
+    return(f_zero_p(dat->imag) ? true : false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cmp <=> object  ->  0, 1, -1, or nil
+ *
+ * If +cmp+'s imaginary part is zero, and +object+ is also a
+ * real number (or a Complex number where the imaginary part is zero),
+ * compare the real part of +cmp+ to object.  Otherwise, return nil.
+ *
+ *    Complex(2, 3)  <=> Complex(2, 3)   #=> nil
+ *    Complex(2, 3)  <=> 1               #=> nil
+ *    Complex(2)     <=> 1               #=> 1
+ *    Complex(2)     <=> 2               #=> 0
+ *    Complex(2)     <=> 3               #=> -1
+ */
+static VALUE
+nucomp_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    if (nucomp_real_p(self) && k_numeric_p(other)) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX) && nucomp_real_p(other)) {
+            get_dat2(self, other);
+            return rb_funcall(adat->real, idCmp, 1, bdat->real);
+        }
+        else if (f_real_p(other)) {
+            get_dat1(self);
+            return rb_funcall(dat->real, idCmp, 1, other);
+        }
+    }
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other))
-	return rb_assoc_new(f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other), self);
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX))
 	return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
+    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other))
+        return rb_assoc_new(f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other), self);
 
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" can't be coerced into %"PRIsVALUE,
 	     rb_obj_class(other), rb_obj_class(self));
@@ -1035,24 +1166,24 @@ nucomp_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    Complex(-1).abs         #=> 1
  *    Complex(3.0, -4.0).abs  #=> 5.0
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_abs(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_abs(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
 
     if (f_zero_p(dat->real)) {
 	VALUE a = f_abs(dat->imag);
-	if (k_float_p(dat->real) && !k_float_p(dat->imag))
+	if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->real) && !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->imag))
 	    a = f_to_f(a);
 	return a;
     }
     if (f_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
 	VALUE a = f_abs(dat->real);
-	if (!k_float_p(dat->real) && k_float_p(dat->imag))
+	if (!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->real) && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(dat->imag))
 	    a = f_to_f(a);
 	return a;
     }
-    return m_hypot(dat->real, dat->imag);
+    return rb_math_hypot(dat->real, dat->imag);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1082,11 +1213,11 @@ nucomp_abs2(VALUE self)
  *
  *    Complex.polar(3, Math::PI/2).arg  #=> 1.5707963267948966
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_arg(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_arg(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
-    return m_atan2_bang(dat->imag, dat->real);
+    return rb_math_atan2(dat->imag, dat->real);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1128,27 +1259,19 @@ nucomp_polar(VALUE self)
  *
  *    Complex(1, 2).conjugate  #=> (1-2i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_conj(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_conjugate(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), dat->real, f_negate(dat->imag));
 }
 
-#if 0
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_true(VALUE self)
-{
-    return Qtrue;
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    cmp.real?  ->  false
+ *    Complex(1).real?     ->  false
+ *    Complex(1, 2).real?  ->  false
  *
- * Returns false.
+ * Returns false, even if the complex number has no imaginary part.
  */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_false(VALUE self)
@@ -1156,23 +1279,6 @@ nucomp_false(VALUE self)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-#if 0
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_exact_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    get_dat1(self);
-    return f_boolcast(k_exact_p(dat->real) && k_exact_p(dat->imag));
-}
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_inexact_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return f_boolcast(!nucomp_exact_p(self));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    cmp.denominator  ->  integer
@@ -1213,7 +1319,7 @@ nucomp_numerator(VALUE self)
 
     get_dat1(self);
 
-    cd = f_denominator(self);
+    cd = nucomp_denominator(self);
     return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
 			  f_mul(f_numerator(dat->real),
 				f_div(cd, f_denominator(dat->real))),
@@ -1222,8 +1328,8 @@ nucomp_numerator(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_hash(VALUE self)
+st_index_t
+rb_complex_hash(VALUE self)
 {
     st_index_t v, h[2];
     VALUE n;
@@ -1234,14 +1340,20 @@ nucomp_hash(VALUE self)
     n = rb_hash(dat->imag);
     h[1] = NUM2LONG(n);
     v = rb_memhash(h, sizeof(h));
-    return LONG2FIX(v);
+    return v;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+nucomp_hash(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ST2FIX(rb_complex_hash(self));
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_eql_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (k_complex_p(other)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	get_dat2(self, other);
 
 	return f_boolcast((CLASS_OF(adat->real) == CLASS_OF(bdat->real)) &&
@@ -1252,26 +1364,27 @@ nucomp_eql_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
+inline static int
 f_signbit(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_FLOAT)) {
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
 	double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
-	return f_boolcast(!isnan(f) && signbit(f));
+	return !isnan(f) && signbit(f);
     }
     return f_negative_p(x);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
+inline static int
 f_tpositive_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    return f_boolcast(!f_signbit(x));
+    return !f_signbit(x);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 f_format(VALUE self, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
 {
-    VALUE s, impos;
+    VALUE s;
+    int impos;
 
     get_dat1(self);
 
@@ -1330,6 +1443,49 @@ nucomp_inspect(VALUE self)
     return s;
 }
 
+#define FINITE_TYPE_P(v) (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(v) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_RATIONAL))
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cmp.finite?  ->  true or false
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if +cmp+'s real and imaginary parts are both finite numbers,
+ * otherwise returns +false+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_complex_finite_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    get_dat1(self);
+
+    if (f_finite_p(dat->real) && f_finite_p(dat->imag)) {
+	return Qtrue;
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cmp.infinite?  ->  nil or 1
+ *
+ * Returns +1+ if +cmp+'s real or imaginary part is an infinite number,
+ * otherwise returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  For example:
+ *
+ *     (1+1i).infinite?                   #=> nil
+ *     (Float::INFINITY + 1i).infinite?   #=> 1
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_complex_infinite_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    get_dat1(self);
+
+    if (NIL_P(f_infinite_p(dat->real)) && NIL_P(f_infinite_p(dat->imag))) {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+    return ONE;
+}
+
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_dumper(VALUE self)
@@ -1345,6 +1501,7 @@ nucomp_loader(VALUE self, VALUE a)
 
     RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(dat, rb_ivar_get(a, id_i_real));
     RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(dat, rb_ivar_get(a, id_i_imag));
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(self);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1388,12 +1545,16 @@ rb_complex_new(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_complex_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+rb_complex_new_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return f_complex_polar(rb_cComplex, x, y);
 }
 
-static VALUE nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
+VALUE
+rb_complex_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_complex_new_polar(x, y);
+}
 
 VALUE
 rb_Complex(VALUE x, VALUE y)
@@ -1404,18 +1565,17 @@ rb_Complex(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nucomp_s_convert(2, a, rb_cComplex);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Creates a Complex object.
+ *
+ * \param real    real part value
+ * \param imag    imaginary part value
+ * \return        a new Complex object
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_complex_set_real(VALUE cmp, VALUE r)
-{
-    RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(cmp, r);
-    return cmp;
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_complex_set_imag(VALUE cmp, VALUE i)
+rb_dbl_complex_new(double real, double imag)
 {
-    RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(cmp, i);
-    return cmp;
+    return rb_complex_raw(DBL2NUM(real), DBL2NUM(imag));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1507,13 +1667,13 @@ nucomp_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     if (!k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Rational",
                 self);
     }
-    return rb_funcall2(dat->real, rb_intern("rationalize"), argc, argv);
+    return rb_funcallv(dat->real, id_rationalize, argc, argv);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1555,8 +1715,6 @@ numeric_to_c(VALUE self)
     return rb_complex_new1(self);
 }
 
-#include <ctype.h>
-
 inline static int
 issign(int c)
 {
@@ -1753,7 +1911,7 @@ read_comp(const char **s, int strict,
 	    return 0; /* e.g. "1@-" */
 	}
 	num2 = str2num(bb);
-	*ret = rb_complex_polar(num, num2);
+	*ret = rb_complex_new_polar(num, num2);
 	if (!st)
 	    return 0; /* e.g. "1@2." */
 	else
@@ -1796,8 +1954,7 @@ skip_ws(const char **s)
 }
 
 static int
-parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
-	   VALUE *num)
+parse_comp(const char *s, int strict, VALUE *num)
 {
     char *buf, *b;
     VALUE tmp;
@@ -1808,14 +1965,14 @@ parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
 
     skip_ws(&s);
     if (!read_comp(&s, strict, num, &b)) {
-	ret = 0;
+        ret = 0;
     }
     else {
-	skip_ws(&s);
+        skip_ws(&s);
 
-	if (strict)
-	    if (*s != '\0')
-		ret = 0;
+        if (strict)
+            if (*s != '\0')
+                ret = 0;
     }
     ALLOCV_END(tmp);
 
@@ -1823,7 +1980,7 @@ parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
 }
 
 static VALUE
-string_to_c_strict(VALUE self)
+string_to_c_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
 {
     char *s;
     VALUE num;
@@ -1832,8 +1989,10 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self)
 
     s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
 
-    if (!s || memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(self)))
+    if (!s || memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(self))) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string contains null byte");
+    }
 
     if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
 	rb_str_modify(self);
@@ -1845,6 +2004,7 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self)
 	s = (char *)"";
 
     if (!parse_comp(s, 1, &num)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for convert(): %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 self);
     }
@@ -1900,28 +2060,29 @@ string_to_c(VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+to_complex(VALUE val)
 {
-    VALUE a1, a2, backref;
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2);
+    return rb_convert_type(val, T_COMPLEX, "Complex", "to_c");
+}
 
-    if (NIL_P(a1) || (argc == 2 && NIL_P(a2)))
+static VALUE
+nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(a1) || NIL_P(a2)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Complex");
-
-    backref = rb_backref_get();
-    rb_match_busy(backref);
+    }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_STRING)) {
-	a1 = string_to_c_strict(a1);
+	a1 = string_to_c_strict(a1, raise);
+        if (NIL_P(a1)) return Qnil;
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_STRING)) {
-	a2 = string_to_c_strict(a2);
+	a2 = string_to_c_strict(a2, raise);
+        if (NIL_P(a2)) return Qnil;
     }
 
-    rb_backref_set(backref);
-
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	{
 	    get_dat1(a1);
@@ -1941,16 +2102,19 @@ nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	if (argc == 1 || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
+	if (a2 == Qundef || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
 	    return a1;
     }
 
-    if (argc == 1) {
+    if (a2 == Qundef) {
 	if (k_numeric_p(a1) && !f_real_p(a1))
 	    return a1;
 	/* should raise exception for consistency */
-	if (!k_numeric_p(a1))
-	    return rb_convert_type(a1, T_COMPLEX, "Complex", "to_c");
+	if (!k_numeric_p(a1)) {
+            if (!raise)
+                return rb_protect(to_complex, a1, NULL);
+	    return to_complex(a1);
+        }
     }
     else {
 	if ((k_numeric_p(a1) && k_numeric_p(a2)) &&
@@ -1961,13 +2125,35 @@ nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
+        int argc;
 	VALUE argv2[2];
 	argv2[0] = a1;
-	argv2[1] = a2;
+        if (a2 == Qundef) {
+            argv2[1] = Qnil;
+            argc = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!raise && !RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a2) && !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a2) && !RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_RATIONAL))
+                return Qnil;
+            argv2[1] = a2;
+            argc = 2;
+        }
 	return nucomp_s_new(argc, argv2, klass);
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE a1, a2;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2) == 1) {
+        a2 = Qundef;
+    }
+
+    return nucomp_convert(klass, a1, a2, TRUE);
+}
+
 /* --- */
 
 /*
@@ -2007,8 +2193,6 @@ numeric_abs2(VALUE self)
     return f_mul(self, self);
 }
 
-#define id_PI rb_intern("PI")
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    num.arg    ->  0 or float
@@ -2021,8 +2205,8 @@ static VALUE
 numeric_arg(VALUE self)
 {
     if (f_positive_p(self))
-	return INT2FIX(0);
-    return rb_const_get(rb_mMath, id_PI);
+        return INT2FIX(0);
+    return DBL2NUM(M_PI);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2038,6 +2222,8 @@ numeric_rect(VALUE self)
     return rb_assoc_new(self, INT2FIX(0));
 }
 
+static VALUE float_arg(VALUE self);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    num.polar  ->  array
@@ -2047,7 +2233,25 @@ numeric_rect(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 numeric_polar(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_assoc_new(f_abs(self), f_arg(self));
+    VALUE abs, arg;
+
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(self)) {
+        abs = rb_int_abs(self);
+        arg = numeric_arg(self);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(self)) {
+        abs = rb_float_abs(self);
+        arg = float_arg(self);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(self, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        abs = rb_rational_abs(self);
+        arg = numeric_arg(self);
+    }
+    else {
+        abs = f_abs(self);
+        arg = f_arg(self);
+    }
+    return rb_assoc_new(abs, arg);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2118,39 +2322,24 @@ void
 Init_Complex(void)
 {
     VALUE compat;
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    assert(fprintf(stderr, "assert() is now active\n"));
-
-    id_abs = rb_intern("abs");
-    id_arg = rb_intern("arg");
-    id_convert = rb_intern("convert");
-    id_denominator = rb_intern("denominator");
-    id_eqeq_p = rb_intern("==");
-    id_expt = rb_intern("**");
-    id_fdiv = rb_intern("fdiv");
-    id_negate = rb_intern("-@");
-    id_numerator = rb_intern("numerator");
-    id_quo = rb_intern("quo");
-    id_real_p = rb_intern("real?");
-    id_to_f = rb_intern("to_f");
-    id_to_i = rb_intern("to_i");
-    id_to_r = rb_intern("to_r");
-    id_i_real = rb_intern("@real");
-    id_i_imag = rb_intern("@image"); /* @image, not @imag */
+    id_abs = rb_intern_const("abs");
+    id_arg = rb_intern_const("arg");
+    id_denominator = rb_intern_const("denominator");
+    id_numerator = rb_intern_const("numerator");
+    id_real_p = rb_intern_const("real?");
+    id_i_real = rb_intern_const("@real");
+    id_i_imag = rb_intern_const("@image"); /* @image, not @imag */
+    id_finite_p = rb_intern_const("finite?");
+    id_infinite_p = rb_intern_const("infinite?");
+    id_rationalize = rb_intern_const("rationalize");
+    id_PI = rb_intern_const("PI");
 
     rb_cComplex = rb_define_class("Complex", rb_cNumeric);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cComplex, nucomp_s_alloc);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "allocate");
 
-#if 0
-    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "new!", nucomp_s_new_bang, -1);
-    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "new", nucomp_s_new, -1);
-#else
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "new");
-#endif
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cComplex, "rectangular", nucomp_s_new, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cComplex, "rect", nucomp_s_new, -1);
@@ -2158,13 +2347,8 @@ Init_Complex(void)
 
     rb_define_global_function("Complex", nucomp_f_complex, -1);
 
+    rb_undef_methods_from(rb_cComplex, RCLASS_ORIGIN(rb_mComparable));
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "%");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "<");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "<=");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "<=>");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, ">");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, ">=");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "between?");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "div");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "divmod");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "floor");
@@ -2176,43 +2360,36 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "truncate");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "i");
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "real", nucomp_real, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imaginary", nucomp_imag, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imag", nucomp_imag, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "real", rb_complex_real, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imaginary", rb_complex_imag, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imag", rb_complex_imag, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-@", nucomp_negate, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "+", nucomp_add, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-", nucomp_sub, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "*", nucomp_mul, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "/", nucomp_div, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-@", rb_complex_uminus, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "+", rb_complex_plus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-", rb_complex_minus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "*", rb_complex_mul, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "/", rb_complex_div, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "quo", nucomp_quo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "fdiv", nucomp_fdiv, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "**", nucomp_expt, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "**", rb_complex_pow, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "==", nucomp_eqeq_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "<=>", nucomp_cmp, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "coerce", nucomp_coerce, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "abs", nucomp_abs, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "magnitude", nucomp_abs, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "abs", rb_complex_abs, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "magnitude", rb_complex_abs, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "abs2", nucomp_abs2, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "arg", nucomp_arg, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "angle", nucomp_arg, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "phase", nucomp_arg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "arg", rb_complex_arg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "angle", rb_complex_arg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "phase", rb_complex_arg, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "rectangular", nucomp_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "rect", nucomp_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "polar", nucomp_polar, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conjugate", nucomp_conj, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conj", nucomp_conj, 0);
-#if 0
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "~", nucomp_conj, 0); /* gcc */
-#endif
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conjugate", rb_complex_conjugate, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conj", rb_complex_conjugate, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "real?", nucomp_false, 0);
-#if 0
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "complex?", nucomp_true, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "exact?", nucomp_exact_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "inexact?", nucomp_inexact_p, 0);
-#endif
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "numerator", nucomp_numerator, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "denominator", nucomp_denominator, 0);
@@ -2226,8 +2403,12 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "positive?");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "negative?");
 
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "finite?", rb_complex_finite_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "infinite?", rb_complex_infinite_p, 0);
+
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cComplex, "marshal_dump", nucomp_marshal_dump, 0);
-    compat = rb_define_class_under(rb_cComplex, "compatible", rb_cObject); /* :nodoc: */
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    compat = rb_define_class_under(rb_cComplex, "compatible", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_private_method(compat, "marshal_load", nucomp_marshal_load, 1);
     rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cComplex, compat, nucomp_dumper, nucomp_loader);
 
@@ -2270,11 +2451,9 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_cComplex, "I",
 		    f_complex_new_bang2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, ONE));
 
+#if !USE_FLONUM
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(RFLOAT_0 = DBL2NUM(0.0));
+#endif
+
     rb_provide("complex.so");	/* for backward compatibility */
 }
-
-/*
-Local variables:
-c-file-style: "ruby"
-End:
-*/
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49e0c79a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -0,0 +1,4235 @@
+dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
+AC_INIT
+{
+AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(tool)
+
+AC_PREREQ(2.67)
+
+tooldir="$srcdir/tool"
+
+AC_DISABLE_OPTION_CHECKING
+
+m4_include([tool/m4/_colorize_result_prepare.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ac_msg_result.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/colorize_result.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_append_option.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_append_options.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_builtin_func.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_builtin_setjmp.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_printf_prefix.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_setjmp.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_signedness.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_sizeof.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_sysconf.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_cppoutfile.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_decl_attribute.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_default_arch.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_define_if.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_defint.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_dtrace_available.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_dtrace_postprocess.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_func_attribute.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_mingw32.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prepend_option.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prog_gnu_ld.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_replace_funcs.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_replace_type.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_rm_recursive.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_setjmp_type.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_stack_grow_direction.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_try_cflags.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_try_cxxflags.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_try_ldflags.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_universal_arch.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_werror_flag.m4])
+
+AC_ARG_VAR([cflags], [additional CFLAGS (ignored when CFLAGS is given)])
+AC_ARG_VAR([cppflags], [additional CPPFLAGS (ignored when CPPFLAGS is given)])
+AC_ARG_VAR([cxxflags], [additional CXXFLAGS (ignored when CXXFLAGS is given)])
+
+: "environment section" && {
+HAVE_BASERUBY=yes
+BASERUBY_VERSION=
+AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-baseruby=RUBY], [use RUBY as baseruby; RUBY is the pathname of ruby]),
+	[AS_CASE(["$withval"],
+	    [*ruby*],[BASERUBY=$withval],
+	    [no],[HAVE_BASERUBY=no],
+	    [AC_MSG_ERROR(need ruby)])
+	],
+	[
+		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
+	])
+AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" != no -a "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -e 'print 42 if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2"' 2>/dev/null`" = 42], [
+    BASERUBY="$BASERUBY --disable=gems"
+    BASERUBY_VERSION=`$BASERUBY -v`
+    $BASERUBY -C "$srcdir" tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub >&AS_MESSAGE_FD
+], [
+    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
+    HAVE_BASERUBY=no
+])
+AC_SUBST(BASERUBY)
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_BASERUBY)
+
+: ${GIT=git}
+HAVE_GIT=yes
+AC_ARG_WITH(git,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-git], [never use git]),
+	[AS_CASE([$withval],
+	    [no],  [GIT=never-use HAVE_GIT=no],
+	    [yes], [],
+	    [GIT=$withval])])
+AS_IF([test x"$HAVE_GIT" = xyes], [command -v "$GIT" > /dev/null || HAVE_GIT=no])
+AC_SUBST(GIT)
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_GIT)
+
+eval `sed -n -e ['s/^@%:@define RUBY_[A-Z_]*VERSION_\([A-Z][A-Z][A-Z_0-9]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)$/\1=\2/p'] \
+      -e ['s/^@%:@define \(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL\) \(.*\)/\1=\2/p'] \
+     $srcdir/include/ruby/version.h $srcdir/version.h`
+for v in MAJOR MINOR TEENY; do
+    AS_IF([eval "test \"\$$v\" = ''"], [
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine $v number from version.h)
+    ])
+done
+AC_SUBST(MAJOR)
+AC_SUBST(MINOR)
+AC_SUBST(TEENY)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_API_VERSION, '$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)')
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION, '$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)')
+
+AS_IF([test "$program_prefix" = NONE], [
+  program_prefix=
+])
+AS_IF([test "$prefix" -ef .], [
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(--prefix cannot be the current working directory.)
+])
+RUBY_BASE_NAME=`echo ruby | sed "$program_transform_name"`
+RUBYW_BASE_NAME=`echo rubyw | sed "$program_transform_name"`
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_BASE_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_VERSION_NAME, '${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${ruby_version}')
+
+dnl checks for alternative programs
+AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
+AC_CANONICAL_HOST
+AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
+AC_ARG_PROGRAM
+RUBY_RM_RECURSIVE
+AC_ARG_WITH(gcc,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gcc], [never use gcc]),
+	[
+	AS_CASE([$withval],
+	    [no],  [: ${CC=cc}],
+	    [yes], [: ${CC=gcc}],
+	           [CC=$withval])])
+dnl If the user switches compilers, we can't believe the cache
+AS_IF([test ! -z "$ac_cv_prog_CC" -a ! -z "$CC" -a "$CC" != "$ac_cv_prog_CC"], [
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(cached CC is different -- throw away $cache_file
+(it is also a good idea to do 'make clean' before compiling))
+])
+AS_CASE(["${build_os}"], [linux*|cygwin*], [
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS([CC], [gcc clang cc])
+], [
+    # OpenBSD wants to prefer cc over gcc.
+    # See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2443
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS([CC], [cl.exe clang cc gcc c99 /usr/ucb/cc])
+])
+
+AC_ARG_VAR([AR],       [Archiver command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([AS],       [Assembler command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([CC],       [C compiler command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([CXX],      [C++ compiler command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([LD],       [Linker command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([NM],       [Symbol list command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([OBJCOPY],  [Objcopy command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([OBJDUMP],  [Objdump command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([RANLIB],   [Ranlib command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([STRIP],    [Strip command])
+
+# We don't want to bother things like `ccache gcc`, `clang -shared-libgcc`, ...
+set rb_dummy ${CC}
+rb_CC=$2
+AS_CASE(["/${rb_CC} "],
+[*@<:@\ /@:>@"cc "*], [
+    # Don't try g++/clang++ when CC=cc
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS([CXX],    [cl.exe CC c++])
+],
+[*icc*],              [
+    # Intel C++ has interprocedural optimizations.  It tends to come with its
+    # own linker etc.
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/icc/xiar/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([CXX],     [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/icc/icpc/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([LD],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/icc/xild/`])
+],
+[*gcc*],              [
+    # Dito for GCC.
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([LD],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/ld/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/gcc-ar/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([CXX],     [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/g++/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([NM],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/gcc-nm/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([RANLIB],  [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/gcc-ranlib/`])
+],
+[*clang*],            [
+    # Dito for LLVM.  Note however that llvm-as is a LLVM-IR to LLVM bitcode
+    # assembler that does not target your machine native binary.
+    : ${LD:="${CC}"}         # ... try -fuse-ld=lld ?
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-ar/`])
+#   AC_CHECK_TOOL([AS],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-as/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([CXX],     [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/clang++/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([NM],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-nm/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([OBJCOPY], [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-objcopy/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([OBJDUMP], [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-objdump/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([RANLIB],  [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-ranlib/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([STRIP],   [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-strip/`])
+])
+AS_UNSET(rb_CC)
+AS_UNSET(rb_dummy)
+
+AS_CASE(["${build_os}"],
+[solaris*], [
+    AC_PATH_TOOL([LD], [ld], [/usr/ccs/bin/ld], [/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH])
+],
+[aix*], [
+    AC_PATH_TOOL([NM], [nm], [/usr/ccs/bin/nm], [/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH])
+])
+AS_CASE(["${target_os}"],
+[cygwin*|mingw*], [
+    ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_OBJCOPY=":"
+])
+
+rb_test_CFLAGS=${CFLAGS+yes}
+rb_test_CXXFLAGS=${CXXFLAGS+yes}
+
+# BSD's ports and MacPorts prefix GNU binutils with 'g'
+
+dnl Seems necessarily in order to add -std=gnu99 option for gcc 4.9.
+m4_version_prereq([2.70], [], [AC_PROG_CC_C99])
+
+AC_PROG_CXX
+AC_PROG_CPP
+AC_PROG_RANLIB
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([AR],      [gar ar])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([AS],      [gas as])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([LD],      [gld ld]) # ... try gold ?
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([NM],      [gnm nm])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([OBJCOPY], [gobjcopy objcopy])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([OBJDUMP], [gobjdump objdump])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([STRIP],   [gstrip strip], [:])
+
+AS_IF([test ! $rb_test_CFLAGS], [AS_UNSET(CFLAGS)]); AS_UNSET(rb_test_CFLAGS)
+AS_IF([test ! $rb_test_CXXFLAGS], [AS_UNSET(CXXFLAGS)]); AS_UNSET(rb_save_CXXFLAGS)
+
+AS_IF([test "${CXX}" = "g++" -a -z "${GXX}"], [
+    # AC_PROG_CXX sets $CXX to "g++" when it purposefully finds that there is
+    # _no_ g++.  This brain-damaged design must be worked around.  Thankfully,
+    # similar thing doesn't happen for AC_PROG_CC.
+    rb_there_is_in_fact_no_gplusplus_but_autoconf_is_cheating_us=true
+])
+
+test x"$target_alias" = x &&
+target_os=`echo $target_os | sed 's/linux-gnu$/linux/;s/linux-gnu/linux-/'`
+ac_install_sh='' # unusable for extension libraries.
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(os-version-style,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-os-version-style=TYPE],
+		       [OS version number for target and target_os [[full]]]
+		       [(full|teeny|minor+0|minor|major+0|major|none)]),
+	[os_version_style=$withval],
+	[os_version_style=full
+	    AS_CASE($target_os, [[*[0-9].*]],
+		[AS_CASE([`/usr/bin/ruby -e 'puts RUBY_PLATFORM' 2>/dev/null`],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].*.0]], [os_version_style=minor+0],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].*.*]], [os_version_style=full],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].0]  ], [os_version_style=major+0],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].*]  ], [os_version_style=minor],
+		    [[*-*[0-9]]    ], [os_version_style=major],
+		)])
+	])
+os_version_style_transform=
+AS_CASE("${os_version_style}",
+	[full|teeny], [],
+	[minor+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
+	[minor],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
+	[major+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
+	[major],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
+	[none],    [os_version_style_transform=['s/[0-9]*\.[0-9][.0-9]*$//']],
+	[AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown --with-os-version-style: $withval)])
+AS_IF([test -z "$target_alias" -a -n "$os_version_style_transform"],
+	[
+	target=`echo ${target} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
+	target_os=`echo ${target_os} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
+	])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(arch,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-arch=ARCHS],
+		       [build an Apple/NeXT Multi Architecture Binary (MAB);
+                          ARCHS is a comma-delimited list of architectures for
+                          which to build; if this option is disabled or omitted
+			  entirely, then the package will be built only for the
+			  target platform]),
+       [target_archs="$withval"], [unset target_archs])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(load-relative,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-load-relative], [resolve load paths at run time]),
+       [load_relative=$enableval])
+
+# checks for UNIX variants that set C preprocessor variables
+AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+
+dnl Checks for programs.
+
+cflagspat=
+test -z "$optflags" ||
+    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${optflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
+test -z "$debugflags" ||
+    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${debugflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
+test -z "$warnflags" ||
+    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${warnflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
+AS_IF([test -z "${CFLAGS+set}"], [
+    cflags=`echo " $cflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
+    orig_cflags="$cflags"
+    cflags="$cflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
+])
+dnl AS_IF([test -z "${CXXFLAGS+set}"], [
+dnl     cxxflags=`echo " $cxxflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
+dnl     orig_cxxflags="$cxxflags"
+dnl     cxxflags="$cxxflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
+dnl ])
+
+AS_CASE(["$host_os:$build_os"],
+[darwin*:darwin*], [
+    # Following Apple deployed clang are broken
+    # clang version 1.0 (http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/cfe/tags/Apple/clang-23 exported)
+    # Apple clang version 2.0 (tags/Apple/clang-137) (based on LLVM 2.9svn)
+    # Apple clang version 2.1 (tags/Apple/clang-163.7.1) (based on LLVM 3.0svn)
+    AC_PREPROC_IFELSE(
+	[AC_LANG_PROGRAM([
+	    @%:@if defined __APPLE_CC__ && defined __clang_major__ && __clang_major__ < 3
+	    @%:@error premature clang
+	    @%:@endif
+	])],
+	[],
+	[AC_MSG_ERROR([clang version 3.0 or later is required])])
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[darwin*], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING(if minimum required OS X version is supported)
+    AC_PREPROC_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[@%:@include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+	@%:@if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < __MAC_10_5
+	@%:@error pre OS X 10.5
+	[!<===== pre OS X 10.5 =====>]
+	@%:@endif
+	]])],
+	[macosx_min_required=yes],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([Unsupported OS X version is required])])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(${macosx_min_required})
+])
+
+RUBY_MINGW32
+AC_SUBST(GCC)
+AC_SUBST(LD)
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    linker_flag=-Wl,
+    : ${optflags=-O3}
+    gcc_major=`echo =__GNUC__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
+    gcc_minor=`echo =__GNUC_MINOR__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
+    test -n "$gcc_major" || gcc_major=0
+    test -n "$gcc_minor" || gcc_minor=0
+    icc_version=`echo =__ICC | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///;/^__ICC/d'`
+    test -n "$icc_version" || icc_version=0
+    # RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, ["-include ruby/config.h" "-include ruby/missing.h"])
+], [
+    linker_flag=
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes -a "$gcc_major" -lt 3 ], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([too old GCC])
+])
+
+RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD
+RUBY_CPPOUTFILE
+
+: ${OUTFLAG='-o '}
+: ${COUTFLAG=${OUTFLAG}}
+: ${CSRCFLAG=''}
+AC_SUBST(OUTFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(COUTFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(CSRCFLAG)
+
+: ${MJIT_CC=$CC}
+AS_IF([test "x$cross_compiling" = xno], [
+    AC_PATH_PROG([MJIT_CC], ${MJIT_CC})
+
+    # if $CC is in /usr/lib/ccache/$CC, search original $CC (disable ccache)
+    AS_IF([echo $RUBY_DEBUG | grep ci > /dev/null &&
+           echo $MJIT_CC | grep ^/usr/lib/ccache > /dev/null], [
+           PATH=`echo $PATH | sed "s/\/usr\/lib\/ccache://"` MJIT_CC=`which $CC`])
+
+    AS_CASE([$target_os],
+	[*mingw*], [command -v cygpath > /dev/null && MJIT_CC=`cygpath -ma $MJIT_CC`])
+    shift 2
+    MJIT_CC="$MJIT_CC${1+ }$*"
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$build_os"],
+  [darwin1*.*], [
+    # Xcode linker warns for deprecated architecture and wrongly
+    # installed TBD files.
+    CC_WRAPPER=""
+    echo 'int main(void) {return 0;}' > conftest.c
+    AS_IF([$CC -framework Foundation -o conftest conftest.c 2>&1 |
+	   grep '^ld: warning: text-based stub file' >/dev/null], [
+	CC_WRAPPER=`cd -P "${tooldir}" && pwd`/darwin-cc
+	CC="$CC_WRAPPER $CC"
+    ])
+    rm -fr conftest*
+  ])
+
+cc_version=
+for option in --version -v -V -qversion; do
+    cc_version_message=`$CC $option 2>&1`
+    cc_version_status=$?
+    AS_CASE($cc_version_status, [0], [:], [continue])
+    AS_CASE($cc_version_message, [*Warning*], [continue])
+    cc_version='$(CC) '$option
+    break
+done
+AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION, $cc_version)
+AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION_MESSAGE, $cc_version_message)
+
+: ${DLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"}
+
+RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH
+AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" != "$host_cpu" -a "$GCC" = yes -a "$cross_compiling" = no -a "${universal_binary:-no}" = no], [
+    RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH("$target_cpu")
+])
+host_os=$target_os
+host_vendor=$target_vendor
+host_cpu=$target_cpu
+host=$target
+host_alias=$target_alias
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $AR flags], [rb_cv_arflags], [
+    AS_IF([$AR rcD conftest.a > /dev/null 2>&1 && rm conftest.a],
+	[rb_cv_arflags=rcD], [rb_cv_arflags=rcu])
+])
+AC_SUBST(ARFLAGS, ["$rb_cv_arflags "])
+AC_SUBST(ASFLAGS)
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[cygwin*|mingw*], [
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL(WINDRES, windres)
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL(DLLWRAP, dllwrap)
+    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
+    target_alias=`echo $target_alias | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
+    target_cpu=`echo $target_cpu | sed s/i.86/i386/`
+    AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
+    AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*], [
+	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && unset rb_cv_msvcrt
+	AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 runtime DLL, rb_cv_msvcrt, [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdio.h>]],
+		    [[FILE* volatile f = stdin; return 0;]])],
+		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=`$OBJDUMP -p conftest$ac_exeext |
+				   tr A-Z a-z |
+				   sed -n '/^[[ 	]]*dll name: \(msvc.*\)\.dll$/{s//\1/p;q;}'`],
+		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
+	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
+	RT_VER=`echo "$rb_cv_msvcrt" | tr -cd [0-9]`
+	test "$RT_VER" = "" && RT_VER=60
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION, $RT_VER)
+	sysconfdir=
+    ])
+    : ${enable_shared=yes}
+    ],
+[hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
+
+AC_PROG_LN_S
+AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
+AC_PROG_INSTALL
+AC_PROG_MKDIR_P
+AS_IF([test "x$MKDIR_P" = "x -d"], [
+  AS_IF([test x"$as_mkdir_p" != xfalse], [
+    MKDIR_P='mkdir -p'
+    echo "use 'mkdir -p' as MKDIR_P"
+  ], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([mkdir -p is required])
+  ])
+])
+MAKEDIRS="$MKDIR_P"
+AC_SUBST(MAKEDIRS)
+
+AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace])
+AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"], [
+    AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [dtrace], [dtrace])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOT, dot)
+AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOXYGEN, doxygen)
+
+for prog in ${ac_tool_prefix:+${ac_tool_prefix}pkg-config} pkg-config; do
+    AC_CHECK_PROG(PKG_CONFIG, $prog, [$prog], [], [],
+        [`"$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1 || echo "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"`])
+    test -z "${PKG_CONFIG}" || break
+done
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether it is Android])
+AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	@%:@ifdef __ANDROID__
+	@%:@error android
+	@%:@endif
+]], [[]])],
+[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
+[
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
+	target_os=${target_os}-android
+	AC_MSG_CHECKING([for Android API version])
+        # hacky workaround: https://github.com/termux/termux-packages/issues/6176
+        rb_android_api=`getprop ro.build.version.sdk`
+        AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_android_api)
+        RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D__ANDROID_API__=$rb_android_api -Wno-macro-redefined)
+])
+
+AC_SUBST(RM, ['rm -f'])
+AC_SUBST(CP, ['cp'])
+RMDIRS='$(top_srcdir)/tool/rmdirs'
+RMDIR=rmdir
+mkdir "rmdirs_$$_test" "rmdirs_$$_test/a"
+rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null &&
+RMDIR='rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty'
+$RMDIR -p "rmdirs_$$_test/a" 2>/dev/null &&
+{ test -d "rmdirs_$$_test" || RMDIRS="$RMDIR -p"; }
+rmdir "rmdirs_$$_test/a" "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null
+AC_SUBST(RMDIR)
+AC_SUBST(RMDIRS)
+AC_SUBST(RMALL, ['rm -fr'])
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([for cd using physical directory])
+rm -fr conf$$.dir
+mkdir conf$$.dir &&
+(cd conf$$.dir && mkdir src build && cd src &&
+$as_ln_s ../build . > /dev/null 2>&1 && cd build &&
+for chdir in 'cd -P' 'PWD= cd'; do
+    /bin/sh -c "$chdir ../src && echo '$chdir' > cdcmd" 2> /dev/null && break
+done)
+AS_IF([test -f conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd], [
+    read CHDIR < conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd 2> /dev/null
+], [
+    CHDIR=cd
+])
+rm -fr conf$$.dir
+AC_MSG_RESULT([$CHDIR])
+AC_SUBST(CHDIR)
+}
+
+: "compiler section" && {
+RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether CFLAGS is valid])
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
+	[
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"])
+	]
+    )
+
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether LDFLAGS is valid])
+    {
+	mkdir tmp.$$.try_link &&
+	cd tmp.$$.try_link &&
+	cp ../confdefs.h . &&
+	echo '<?xml?><plist><dict><key>CFBundleIdentifier</key><string></string></dict></plist>' > Info.plist &&
+	:
+    } || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to make temporary directory])
+    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
+	[
+	cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"])
+	]
+    )
+    cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
+])
+
+: ${RPATHFLAG=''}
+rpathflag=''
+AS_IF([test x"${RPATHFLAG}" = x], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[hpux*], [AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = no], [rpathflag='+b '])],
+	[aix*], [rpathflag='-blibpath:'],
+	[for rpathflag in -R "-rpath "; do
+	    AS_CASE("$rpathflag",
+		    [*" "], [AS_CASE(["${linker_flag}"],
+				     [*,], [rpathflag=`echo "$rpathflag" | tr ' ' ,`])])
+	    rpathflag="${linker_flag}${rpathflag}"
+	    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${rpathflag}.], [], [rpathflag=])
+	    AS_IF([test "x${rpathflag}" != x], [])
+        done])
+], [
+    rpathflag=`echo "$RPATHFLAG" | sed 's/%.*//'`
+])
+
+RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fdeclspec, [
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CC, -fdeclspec)
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(MJIT_CC, -fdeclspec)
+])
+RUBY_TRY_CXXFLAGS(-fdeclspec, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CXX, -fdeclspec)])
+
+AS_CASE([$RUBY_PATCHLEVEL], [-*],
+	[RUBY_DEVEL=yes], [RUBY_DEVEL=no])
+particular_werror_flags=$RUBY_DEVEL
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(werror,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-werror],
+		       [don't make warnings into errors
+		       even if a compiler support -Werror feature
+		       [[disabled by default unless development version]]]),
+	[particular_werror_flags=$enableval])
+
+rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
+AS_CASE(["$GCC:${warnflags+set}:${extra_warnflags:+set}:"],
+[yes::*|yes:*:set:], [# GCC && (!warnflags || extra_warnflags)
+    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -ge 4], [
+	extra_warnflags="$extra_warnflags -Werror=extra-tokens"
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -ge 5 -a $gcc_major -le 6], [
+	extra_warnflags="$extra_warnflags -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
+    ])
+    # ICC doesn't support -Werror=
+    AS_IF([test $icc_version -gt 0], [
+	particular_werror_flags=no
+    ])
+    for wflag in \
+		 -Werror=deprecated-declarations \
+		 -Werror=division-by-zero \
+		 -Werror=duplicated-cond \
+		 -Werror=implicit-function-declaration \
+		 -Werror=implicit-int \
+		 -Werror=misleading-indentation \
+		 -Werror=pointer-arith \
+		 -Werror=shorten-64-to-32 \
+		 -Werror=write-strings \
+		 -Wimplicit-fallthrough=0 \
+		 -Wmissing-noreturn \
+		 -Wno-cast-function-type \
+		 -Wno-constant-logical-operand \
+		 -Wno-long-long \
+		 -Wno-missing-field-initializers \
+		 -Wno-overlength-strings \
+		 -Wno-packed-bitfield-compat \
+		 -Wno-parentheses-equality \
+		 -Wno-self-assign \
+		 -Wno-tautological-compare \
+		 -Wno-unused-parameter \
+		 -Wno-unused-value \
+		 -Wsuggest-attribute=format \
+		 -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn \
+		 -Wunused-variable \
+		 -diag-disable=175,188,1684,2259,2312 \
+		 $extra_warnflags \
+		 ; do
+	AS_IF([test "$particular_werror_flags" != yes], [
+	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/;s/^x//'`
+	])
+	ok=no
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
+	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
+	    ok=yes
+	])
+	AS_CASE([$ok:$wflag], [no:-Werror=*], [
+	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/'`
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
+		particular_werror_flags=no
+	    ])
+	])
+    done
+    AS_CASE([" $warnflags "],[*" -Wno-missing-field-initializers "*], [wflag="-Wall -Wextra"],
+                             [wflag=-Wall])
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [warnflags="$wflag${warnflags+ $warnflags}"])
+    # Disable warnflags while conftest. -Werror=* flags might make bad OS capability guess.
+    rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
+    warnflags=
+])
+RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Qunused-arguments, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_wsuppress_flags, -Qunused-arguments)])
+AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
+    AC_LANG_PROGRAM([
+@%:@if !(defined(__SUNPRO_C)||defined(__SUNPRO_CC))
+@%:@error not sunpro
+@%:@endif],[])], [
+    for e in \
+        E_STATEMENT_NOT_REACHED \
+        E_INIT_SIGN_EXTEND \
+        E_INIT_DOES_NOT_FIT \
+        E_INITIALIZATION_TYPE_MISMATCH
+    do
+        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([-erroff=${e}], [
+            RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_warnflags, [-erroff=${e}])
+        ])
+    done
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(compress-debug-sections,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-compress-debug-sections=type],
+	    [enable debug section compression]),
+	[compress_debug_sections=$withval], [compress_debug_sections=])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    # -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE
+    # When defined _FORTIFY_SOURCE, glibc enables some additional sanity
+    # argument check. The performance drop is very little and Ubuntu enables
+    # _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 by default. So, let's support it for protecting us from
+    # a mistake of silly C extensions.
+
+    # TODO: check if link succeeds with _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2.
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*], [
+	fortify_source=no
+    ])
+    AC_ARG_ENABLE(fortify_source,
+		  AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-fortify-source],
+				 [disable -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 option, which causes link error on mingw]),
+		  [fortify_source=$enableval])
+    AS_IF([test "x$fortify_source" != xno], [
+        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([$optflags -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)], [],
+                        [@%:@include <stdio.h>])
+    ])
+
+    : ${MJIT_HEADER_FLAGS='-P -dD'}
+
+    # -fstack-protector
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*|haiku*], [
+	stack_protector=no
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test -z "${stack_protector+set}"], [
+	AS_FOR(option, opt, [-fstack-protector-strong -fstack-protector], [
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(option, [stack_protector=yes])
+	    AS_IF([test "x$stack_protector" = xyes], [
+		RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(option, [], [stack_protector=])
+	    ])
+	    AS_IF([test "x$stack_protector" = xyes], [stack_protector=option; break])
+	])
+    ])
+    AS_CASE(["$stack_protector"], [-*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $stack_protector)
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
+    ])
+
+    AS_CASE("${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}",
+    [none|no], [], [
+    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib},
+		     [compress_debug_sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}],
+		     [compress_debug_sections=no])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "x$compress_debug_sections" != xno], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(DLDFLAGS, ${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=$compress_debug_sections)
+    ])
+
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*], [
+      # On  Windows  platforms,   system  provided  headers  are  VC++
+      # optimized.  That  is, C++  habits are often  contaminated into
+      # various  headers.  Most frequent  situation is  the use  of //
+      # comments.   We  bypass  ANSI   C  mode  for  them.   Otherwise
+      # extension libs cannot include those headers.
+
+      # Since math.h in some mingw64 wrongly declares frexp and modf
+      # to be pure, the variables pointed by the second arguments are
+      # considered uninitialized unexpectedly.
+      AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether frexp and modf are broken],
+	rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf,
+	[
+	  save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
+	  AS_IF([test "$particular_werror_flags" = "yes"], [
+	    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Werror=uninitialized"
+	  ], [
+	    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Werror -Wuninitialized"
+	  ])
+	  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <math.h>
+	    int foo(double x)
+	    {
+	      int exp;
+	      frexp(x, &exp);
+	      return exp;
+	    }]], [[if (foo(0.0)) return 1;]])],
+	    [rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf=no],
+	    [rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf=yes])
+	  CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
+	])
+      AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_MINGW64_BROKEN_FREXP_MODF)
+      ])
+    ],
+    [cygwin*|darwin*|netbsd*], [
+      # need lgamma_r(), finite()
+    ])
+
+    # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [solaris*], [
+      # Because "-std=gnu99" affects existence of functions on Solaris,
+      # "-std=gnu99" will be appended to CPPFLAGS.
+	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, ${ansi_options})
+	    ], [ansi_options=])
+	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
+	done
+    ],
+    [
+      # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
+      rb_tmp_std_check=`echo $CC $CFLAGS $optflags $warnflags $debugflags | fgrep std= | tr -d  '\015'`
+      AS_IF([test "x$rb_tmp_std_check" = "x"],
+      [
+	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
+	    ], [ansi_options=])
+	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
+	done
+      ])
+    ])
+
+    # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-strict-overflow, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fno-strict-overflow)])
+
+    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb3, [debugflags=-ggdb3])}
+    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb, [debugflags=-ggdb])}
+    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-g3, [debugflags=-g3])}
+])
+test $ac_cv_prog_cc_g = yes && : ${debugflags=-g}
+AS_IF([test "x$RUBY_DEVEL" = xyes], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_DEVEL=1)])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = ""], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[warnflags="$warnflags -qinfo=por" rb_cv_warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags -qinfo=por"])
+])
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    AS_IF([test "$gcc_major" -ge 4], [
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fvisibility=hidden, [visibility_option=yes], [visibility_option=no])
+    ])
+    AC_SUBST(WERRORFLAG, "-Werror")
+    AS_IF([test "$visibility_option" = yes], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fvisibility=hidden)
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN, [_Pragma("GCC visibility push(default)")])
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END,   [_Pragma("GCC visibility pop")])
+    ], [
+	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*], [visibility_option=ld], [visibility_option=no])
+    ])
+    test "$visibility_option" = no || OBJCOPY=:
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    # optflags
+
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [mingw*], [
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-omit-frame-pointer, [optflags="${optflags+$optflags }-fno-omit-frame-pointer"])
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-static-libgcc, [static_libgcc=yes], [static_libgcc=no])
+	AS_IF([test "$static_libgcc" = yes], [
+	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, -static-libgcc)
+	])
+    ])
+
+    # disable fast-math
+    for oflag in -fno-fast-math; do
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, $oflag)])
+    done
+    for oflag in -fexcess-precision=standard -fp-model\ precise; do
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $oflag)])
+    done
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [[i[3-6]86*]], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync_val_compare_and_swap], [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas], [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned long atomic_var;]],
+	    [[__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);]])],
+	    [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=yes],
+	    [
+	    save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -march=i486"
+	    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned long atomic_var;]],
+		[[__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);]])],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=i486],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=no])
+	    CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
+	    ])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas" = i486], [ARCH_FLAG="-march=i486"])
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(opt-dir,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-opt-dir=DIR-LIST],
+		       [add optional headers and libraries directories separated by $PATH_SEPARATOR]),
+	[
+		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -I\1/include|g;s/^ //"`
+		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $val"
+		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -L\1/lib${rpathflag:+ $rpathflag\\\\1/lib}|g;s/^ //"`
+		LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $val"
+		LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
+		OPT_DIR="$withval"
+	], [OPT_DIR=])
+
+test -z "${ac_env_CFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cflags+set}" && eval CFLAGS="\"$cflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
+test -z "${ac_env_CXXFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cxxflags+set}" && eval CXXFLAGS="\"$cxxflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
+}
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether compiler has statement and declarations in expressions],
+  rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]],[[ __extension__ ({ int a = 0; a; }); ]])],
+  [rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr=yes],
+  [rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr=no])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR)
+])
+
+: "header and library section" && {
+AC_ARG_WITH(winnt-ver,
+  AS_HELP_STRING([--with-winnt-ver=0xXXXX], [target Windows NT version (default to 0x0600)]),
+  [with_winnt_ver="$withval"], [with_winnt_ver="0x0600"])
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[mingw*], [
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D_WIN32_WINNT=$with_winnt_ver)
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D__MINGW_USE_VC2005_COMPAT)
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[freebsd*], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread should be enabled by default],
+    rb_cv_enable_pthread_default,
+    [AC_PREPROC_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <osreldate.h>
+#if __FreeBSD_version < 502102
+#error pthread should be disabled on this platform
+#endif
+      ]])],
+      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=yes,
+      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=no)])
+  enable_pthread=$rb_cv_enable_pthread_default
+  ],
+[mingw*], [
+  enable_pthread=no
+  ],
+[
+  enable_pthread=yes
+  ])
+
+dnl Checks for libraries.
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[*bsd*|dragonfly*],[],[ac_cv_func_daemon=no])
+
+AS_UNSET(ORIG_LIBS)
+POSTLINK=:
+AC_SUBST(POSTLINK)
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[nextstep*], [	],
+[openstep*], [	],
+[rhapsody*], [	],
+[darwin*], [
+		ORIG_LIBS="$LIBS"
+		RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION(LIBS, -lobjc)
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_C_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT -D_REENTRANT)
+		AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether syscall(2) is deprecated], rb_cv_syscall_deprecated,
+		    [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+			AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <unistd.h>]],
+							   [[if (syscall(0)) return 1;]])],
+			    [rb_cv_syscall_deprecated=no],
+			    [rb_cv_syscall_deprecated=yes])])])
+		AS_IF([test $rb_cv_syscall_deprecated = yes], [
+		    ac_cv_func___syscall=no
+		    ac_cv_func_syscall=no
+		    ac_cv_header_sys_syscall_h=no
+		    ac_cv_header_syscall_h=no
+		])
+		ac_cv_func_getcontext=no
+		ac_cv_func_setcontext=no
+		incs=`$CC -v -E -xc - < /dev/null 2>&1 | sed ['1,/^@%:@include </d;s/^ *//;s|[^./][^/]*/\.\./||g;/\/include$/!d;s||/lib|;/\/usr\/lib/d']`
+		for d in `$CC -print-search-dirs | sed -e '/^libraries: */!d;s///' | tr : '\012' | fgrep -v /../ | sed -n 's|^\(/.*/lib\)/$|\1|p'`; do
+		    incs=`echo "$incs" | fgrep -v "$d"`
+		done
+		for d in $incs; do
+		    test -d "$d" && RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LDFLAGS, "-L$d")
+		done
+		ac_cv_type_getgroups=gid_t # getgroups() on Rosetta fills garbage
+		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
+		ac_cv_func_fdatasync=no # Mac OS X wrongly reports it has fdatasync()
+		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
+		AS_IF([test $gcc_major -lt 4 -o \( $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3 \)], [
+		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		])
+		with_setjmp_type=sigsetjmp # to hijack SIGCHLD handler
+		AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken crypt with 8bit chars, rb_cv_broken_crypt,
+		    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void
+broken_crypt(const char *salt, const char *buf1, const char *buf2)
+{
+#if 0
+    printf("%.2x%.2x: %s -> %s\n", (unsigned char)salt[0], (unsigned char)salt[1],
+	   buf1+2, buf2+2);
+#endif
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+    int i;
+    char salt[2], buf[256], *s;
+    for (i = 0; i < 128*128; i++) {
+	salt[0] = 0x80 | (i & 0x7f);
+	salt[1] = 0x80 | (i >> 7);
+	strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
+	if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
+	    broken_crypt(salt, buf, s);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    }
+    salt[0] = salt[1] = ' ';
+    strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
+    salt[0] = salt[1] = 0x80 | ' ';
+    if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
+	broken_crypt(salt, buf, s);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+]])],
+		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=no,
+		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes,
+		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes)])
+		AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_broken_crypt" = yes], [
+		   AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CRYPT, 1)
+		])
+		POSTLINK=""
+		AC_CHECK_PROGS(codesign, codesign)
+		AC_CHECK_PROGS(dsymutil, dsymutil)
+		AS_IF([test -n "$codesign"], [
+		    POSTLINK="{ test -z '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' || $codesign -s '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' -f \$@; }${POSTLINK:+; $POSTLINK}"
+		])
+		AS_IF([test -n "$dsymutil"], [
+		    POSTLINK="$dsymutil \$@${POSTLINK:+; $POSTLINK}"
+		])
+		AS_IF([test -n "${POSTLINK}"], [
+		    LINK_SO="$LINK_SO
+\$(POSTLINK)"
+		])
+		AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crt_externs.h, [], [], [
+		    #include <crt_externs.h>
+		])
+		],
+[hpux*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_c_inline=no],
+[solaris*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
+		AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether _XOPEN_SOURCE is already given)
+		AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <unistd.h>
+			#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
+			#error _XOPEN_SOURCE is not defined
+			#endif
+			]], [[]])],
+		        [given_xopen_source=yes], [given_xopen_source=no])
+		AC_MSG_RESULT($given_xopen_source)
+		AS_IF([test $given_xopen_source = no], [
+		  AC_MSG_CHECKING(appropriate _XOPEN_SOURCE value to define)
+		  define_xopen_source=""
+		  for tmp_xpg in 7 6 5; do
+		    AS_IF([test x"$define_xopen_source" != x], [
+		      break
+		    ])
+		    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+			#define _XOPEN_SOURCE ${tmp_xpg}00
+			#include <unistd.h>
+			#ifndef _XPG${tmp_xpg}
+			#error _XPG${tmp_xpg} should be defined by _XOPEN_SOURCE=${tmp_xpg}00
+			#endif
+			]], [[]])],
+			[define_xopen_source=${tmp_xpg}00], [])
+			])
+		  done
+		  AS_IF([test x"$define_xopen_source" = x], [
+		    define_xopen_source=no
+		  ])
+		  AC_MSG_RESULT($define_xopen_source)
+		  AS_IF([test x"$define_xopen_source" != xno], [
+		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=$define_xopen_source)
+		    # _XOPEN_SOURCE should not be defined for C++ on Solaris.
+		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CXXFLAGS, -U_XOPEN_SOURCE)
+		  ])
+		])
+		],
+[haiku*], [
+		LIBS="$LIBS" # m lib is include in root
+		],
+[cygwin*], [	ac_cv_header_langinfo_h=yes
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_GNU_SOURCE)
+		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cygwin_conv_path)
+		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
+		],
+[mingw*], [	LIBS="-lshell32 -lws2_32 -liphlpapi -limagehlp -lshlwapi $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_header_a_out_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_pwd_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_utime_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_ioctl_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_param_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_select_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_time_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_times_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no
+		ac_cv_func_lstat=yes
+		ac_cv_func_times=yes
+		ac_cv_func_waitpid=yes
+		ac_cv_func_fsync=yes
+		ac_cv_func_seekdir=yes
+		ac_cv_func_telldir=yes
+		ac_cv_func_lchown=yes
+		ac_cv_func_link=yes
+		ac_cv_func_readlink=yes
+		ac_cv_func_symlink=yes
+		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
+		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
+		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
+		ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=no
+		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
+		rb_cv_negative_time_t=no
+		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
+		ac_cv_func_flock=yes
+		ac_cv_func_gmtime_r=yes
+		rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes
+		ac_cv_type_struct_timeval=yes
+                ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
+                ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
+		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
+		ac_cv_type_off_t=yes
+		ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8
+		AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" = x64], [
+		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=yes
+		    ac_cv_func_round=no
+		    rb_cv_coroutine=yes
+		])
+		ac_cv_func_tgamma=no
+		rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes
+		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
+			      [@%:@include <winsock2.h>
+			      @%:@include <iphlpapi.h>])
+		AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_type_NET_LUID" = xyes], [
+		    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TYPE_NET_LUID, 1)
+		])
+		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_gmtime64_s)
+		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_wfreopen_s)
+		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
+		],
+[bsdi*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
+		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
+                ac_cv_sizeof_rlim_t=8],
+[freebsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_func_getpeername=no
+		ac_cv_func_getsockname=no
+		ac_cv_func_shutdown=no
+		ac_cv_func_close=no
+		],
+[netbsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		],
+[dragonfly*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		],
+[aix*],[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_func_round=no
+		ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		],
+[linux*],[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		# __builtin_longjmp in ppc64* Linux does not restore
+		# the TOC register (r2), which is problematic
+		# when a global exit happens from JITted .so code.
+		AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [powerpc64*], [
+			ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		])
+		# With gcc-8's -fcf-protection, MJIT's __builtin_longjmp fails.
+		AS_CASE(["$CC $CFLAGS "], [*" -fcf-protection "*], [cf_protection=yes], [cf_protection=no])
+		AS_IF([test "$cf_protection" = yes], [
+			ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		])
+		],
+[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"])
+: ${ORIG_LIBS=$LIBS}
+
+AS_IF([test -n "${rb_there_is_in_fact_no_gplusplus_but_autoconf_is_cheating_us}"], [
+    AC_MSG_NOTICE([Test skipped due to lack of a C++ compiler.])
+],
+[test -n "${CXX}"], [
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether CXXFLAGS is valid])
+        AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
+        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <cstdio>]], [[]])],
+	    [AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],[
+            AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+            # The message mentions CXXFLAGS, but CPPFLAGS might also affects.
+            AC_MSG_WARN([something wrong with CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"])
+            CXX=false
+        ])
+        AC_LANG_POP(C++)
+    ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_LIB(crypt, crypt)      # glibc (GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd, GNU/kFreeBSD)
+AC_CHECK_LIB(dl, dlopen)	# Dynamic linking for SunOS/Solaris and SYSV
+AC_CHECK_LIB(dld, shl_load)	# Dynamic linking for HP-UX
+AC_CHECK_LIB(socket, shutdown)  # SunOS/Solaris
+
+dnl Checks for header files.
+AC_HEADER_DIRENT
+dnl AC_HEADER_STDC has been checked in AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
+AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
+
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(a.out.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(atomic.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(copyfile.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(direct.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(grp.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(fcntl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(float.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ieeefp.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(intrinsics.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(langinfo.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(limits.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(locale.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc/malloc.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc_np.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(net/socket.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(process.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pwd.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/asan_interface.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/msan_interface.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(setjmpex.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdalign.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/attr.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/eventfd.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/fcntl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/file.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/id.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/ioctl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/mkdev.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/param.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/prctl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/resource.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/select.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sendfile.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/socket.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/syscall.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sysmacros.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/time.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/times.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/uio.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/utime.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(syscall.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(time.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ucontext.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
+AS_CASE("$target_cpu", [x64|x86_64|i[3-6]86*], [
+  AC_CHECK_HEADERS(x86intrin.h)
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
+  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
+    [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
+  [],
+  [with_gmp=yes])
+AS_IF([test "x$with_gmp" != xno],
+  [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(gmp.h)
+   AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_gmp_h" != xno],
+     AC_SEARCH_LIBS([__gmpz_init], [gmp],
+       [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBGMP, 1)]))])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH([jemalloc],
+  [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-jemalloc],[use jemalloc allocator])],
+  [with_jemalloc=$withval], [with_jemalloc=no])
+AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xno],[
+  AC_SEARCH_LIBS([malloc_conf], [jemalloc],
+    [
+      AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBJEMALLOC, 1)
+      with_jemalloc=yes
+    ],
+    [test x$with_jemalloc = xyes && with_jemalloc=no])
+  AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc/jemalloc.h, [
+    AC_DEFINE(RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER, [<jemalloc/jemalloc.h>])
+  ],
+  [test x$with_jemalloc = xyes && with_jemalloc=no])
+  AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xyes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for jemalloc with JEMALLOC_MANGLE], rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle,
+      [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([@%:@define JEMALLOC_MANGLE 1
+      @%:@ifdef RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
+      @%:@include RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
+      @%:@else
+      @%:@include <jemalloc.h>
+      @%:@endif], [return !&malloc_conf])],
+      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=yes],
+      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=no])
+    ])
+  ])
+  AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle" = xyes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(JEMALLOC_MANGLE)
+    with_jemalloc=yes
+  ])
+  AS_CASE(["$with_jemalloc"],
+    [yes],
+    [
+      AC_DEFINE(HAVE_MALLOC_CONF)
+      ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=yes
+    ],
+    [no],
+    [AC_MSG_ERROR([jemalloc requested but not found])
+  ])
+])
+
+dnl check for large file stuff
+mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
+: > confdefs.h
+AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
+# On 32-bit Solaris, it is safe to define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
+# which is not added by AC_SYS_LARGEFILE.
+AS_IF([test x"$enable_largefile" != xno], [
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [solaris*], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([wheather _LARGEFILE_SOURCE should be defined])
+    AS_CASE(["${ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits}:${ac_cv_sys_large_files}"],
+      ["64:"|"64:no"|"64:unknown"], [
+	# insert _LARGEFILE_SOURCE before _FILE_OFFSET_BITS line
+	# that is the same order as "getconf LFS_CFLAGS" output
+	mv confdefs.h largefile0.h
+	: > confdefs.h
+	AC_DEFINE(_LARGEFILE_SOURCE)
+	cat largefile0.h >> confdefs.h
+	rm largefile0.h
+	AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
+      ], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
+  ])
+])
+mv confdefs.h largefile.h
+mv confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+cat largefile.h >> confdefs.h
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [aix*], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu:$ac_cv_sys_large_files"],
+	[ppc64:*|powerpc64:*], [],
+	[*:no|*:unknown], [],
+	[
+	    # AIX currently does not support a 32-bit call to posix_fadvise()
+	    # if _LARGE_FILES is defined.
+	    ac_cv_func_posix_fadvise=no
+	])
+    ])
+
+AC_C_BIGENDIAN
+AC_C_CONST
+AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
+AC_C_INLINE
+AC_C_VOLATILE
+AC_C_TYPEOF
+AC_C_RESTRICT
+
+AS_CASE(":$ac_cv_c_const:$ac_cv_c_volatile:",
+    [*:no:*], [AC_MSG_ERROR(ANSI C-conforming const and volatile are mandatory)])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([long long, off_t])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([char bit], [rb_cv_char_bit],
+    [test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=yes
+    AC_COMPUTE_INT([rb_cv_char_bit], [CHAR_BIT],
+	[AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <limits.h>])], [rb_cv_char_bit=8])
+    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=$real_cross_compiling])
+
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(int, [], [ILP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(short)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long, [int], [ILP LP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long long)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int64, [8], [ILP LP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int128, [16], [ILP LP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(off_t)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(void*, [int long "long long"], [ILP LP LLP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(float)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(double)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(time_t, [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(clock_t, [], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(packed struct attribute, rb_cv_packed_struct,
+    [rb_cv_packed_struct=no
+    for mac in \
+	"__pragma(pack(push, 1)) x __pragma(pack(pop))" \
+	"x __attribute__((packed))" \
+	; do
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@define PACKED_STRUCT(x) $mac
+			PACKED_STRUCT(struct { int a; });]], [[]])],
+		[rb_cv_packed_struct=$mac; break])
+    done])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_packed_struct" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], [$rb_cv_packed_struct])
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Wno-address-of-packed-member, [AC_DEFINE(USE_UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS)])
+], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], x)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(long long, ll I64, LL)
+], [test "x$ac_cv_type___int64" = xyes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(__int64, ll I64, LL)
+])
+
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(pid_t, int, PIDT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(uid_t, int, UIDT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(gid_t, int, GIDT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(time_t, [], TIMET, [@%:@include <time.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(dev_t, [int long "long long"], DEVT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(mode_t, ["unsigned short" "unsigned int" long], MODET, [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(rlim_t, [int long "long long"], RLIM, [
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+@%:@include <sys/types.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@include <sys/resource.h>
+])
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(off_t, [], OFFT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(clockid_t, [], CLOCKID, [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+# __VA_ARGS__ is also tested in AC_PROG_CC_C99 since autoconf 2.60a (around
+# 2006). The check below is redundant and should always success.  Remain not
+# deleted for backward compat.
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for variable length macro, rb_cv_va_args_macro,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+int foo(const char*);
+@%:@define FOO(...) foo(@%:@__VA_ARGS__)
+]], [[FOO(1);FOO(1,2);FOO(1,2,3);]])],
+  rb_cv_va_args_macro=yes,
+  rb_cv_va_args_macro=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_va_args_macro" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+])
+
+# We want C11's  `_Alignof`.  GCC (and alike) have  `__alignof__`, which behave
+# slightly differently  than the  C11's.  We cannot  use `__alignof__`  for our
+# purpose.   The problem  is, however,  that  old gcc  and old  clang had  both
+# implemented `_Alignof` as  a synonym of `__alignof__`.  They are  not what we
+# want.  We have to check sanity.
+#
+# See also: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=52023
+# See also: https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=26547
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([if _Alignof() works], rb_cv_have__alignof,[
+    rb_cv_have__alignof=no
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+            @%:@ifdef HAVE_STDALIGN_H
+            @%:@include <stdalign.h>
+            @%:@endif
+            @%:@ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+            @%:@include <stddef.h>
+            @%:@endif
+            @%:@ifndef __GNUC__
+            @%:@define __extension__
+            @%:@endif
+        ]], [[
+            typedef struct conftest_tag {
+                char _;
+                double d;
+            } T;
+            static int conftest_ary@<:@
+                offsetof(T, d) == __extension__ _Alignof(double)
+                ? 1 : -1
+            @:>@;
+            return conftest_ary@<:@0@:>@;
+        ]])],[
+            rb_cv_have__alignof=yes
+        ],[])
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have__alignof" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE__ALIGNOF)
+])
+
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__const__, CONSTFUNC)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__pure__, PUREFUNC)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__noreturn__, NORETURN)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__, DEPRECATED)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__("by "@%:@n), DEPRECATED_BY(n,x), rb_cv_func_deprecated_by)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__noinline__, NOINLINE)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__always_inline__, ALWAYS_INLINE)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__no_sanitize__(san), NO_SANITIZE(san, x), rb_cv_func_no_sanitize)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__no_sanitize_address__, NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__no_address_safety_analysis__, NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__warn_unused_result__, WARN_UNUSED_RESULT)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__unused__, MAYBE_UNUSED)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__error__ mesg, ERRORFUNC(mesg,x), rb_cv_func___error__)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__warning__ mesg, WARNINGFUNC(mesg,x), rb_cv_func___warning__)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__weak__, WEAK, rb_cv_func_weak)
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func_weak" != x], [
+   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_FUNC_WEAK)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __attribute__((__depreacted__(msg))) in C++],
+  rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround,
+  RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+    AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
+      [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+        [],
+        [__attribute__((__deprecated__("message"))) int conftest(...);])],
+      [rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround=yes],
+      [rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround=no])
+    AC_LANG_POP()]))
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround" != no],[
+  AC_DEFINE([RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED(msg)],
+    [__attribute__((__deprecated__(msg)))])])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for std::nullptr_t], rb_cv_CXX_nullptr, [
+  AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])
+  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
+    [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+      [@%:@include <cstddef>],
+      [static std::nullptr_t const *const conftest = nullptr;])],
+    [rb_cv_CXX_nullptr=yes],
+    [rb_cv_CXX_nullptr=no])
+  AC_LANG_POP()])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_CXX_nullptr" != no],[AC_DEFINE(HAVE_NULLPTR)])
+
+if_i386=${universal_binary+[defined __i386__]}
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__stdcall__,  FUNC_STDCALL,  rb_cv_func_stdcall,  ${if_i386})
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__cdecl__,    FUNC_CDECL,    rb_cv_func_cdecl,    ${if_i386})
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__fastcall__, FUNC_FASTCALL, rb_cv_func_fastcall, ${if_i386})
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__optimize__("O0"), FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED, rb_cv_func_unoptimized)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__optimize__("-Os","-fomit-frame-pointer"), FUNC_MINIMIZED, rb_cv_func_minimized)
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for function alias], [rb_cv_gcc_function_alias],
+	[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=no
+	for a in alias weak,alias; do
+	    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[void foo(void) {}
+		void bar(void) __attribute__(($a("foo")));]], [[bar()]])],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=$a; break])
+	done])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_function_alias" != no], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_FUNCTION_ALIAS)
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args)],
+			   [type prot __attribute__(($rb_cv_gcc_function_alias(@%:@name)));])
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args)],
+			   [RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(void, prot, name, args)])
+    ])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __atomic builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins], [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned int atomic_var;]],
+		    [[
+			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_fetch_add(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_fetch_sub(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_or_fetch(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+		    ]])],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=yes],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=no])])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
+    ])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins], [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned int atomic_var;]],
+		    [[
+			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 0);
+			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_fetch_and_add(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_fetch_and_sub(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_or_and_fetch(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
+		    ]])],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=yes],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=no])])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
+    ])
+])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_unreachable, rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable,
+    [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
+    [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[volatile int zero;]],
+	[[if (zero) __builtin_unreachable();]])],
+	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=yes],
+	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=no])
+    ])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UNREACHABLE, [__builtin_unreachable()])
+    ])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for exported function attribute, rb_cv_func_exported, [
+rb_cv_func_exported=no
+RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+for mac in '__attribute__ ((__visibility__("default")))' '__declspec(dllexport)'; do
+  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@define RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED $mac extern
+    RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void conftest_attribute_check(void);]], [[]])],
+    [rb_cv_func_exported="$mac"; break])
+done
+])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func_exported" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED, [$rb_cv_func_exported extern])
+])
+RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([__nonnull__(n)], [RUBY_FUNC_NONNULL(n,x)], [rb_cv_func_nonnull],
+                    [], [function], [
+@%:@define x int conftest_attribute_check(void *p)
+@%:@define n 1
+])
+
+RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_EXPORT)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(mathn,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-mathn], [enable canonicalization for mathn]),
+    [AC_MSG_ERROR([mathn support has been dropped])])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for function name string predefined identifier,
+    rb_cv_function_name_string,
+    [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[openbsd*],[
+      rb_cv_function_name_string=__func__
+     ],[
+     rb_cv_function_name_string=no
+      RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        for func in __func__ __FUNCTION__; do
+            AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdio.h>]],
+			 		    [[puts($func);]])],
+            [rb_cv_function_name_string=$func
+            break])
+        done
+      ])])]
+)
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_function_name_string" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, [$rb_cv_function_name_string])
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(if enum over int is allowed, rb_cv_enum_over_int, [
+    rb_cv_enum_over_int=no
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes], [
+	type="unsigned long long" max="ULLONG_MAX"
+    ], [
+	type="unsigned long" max="ULONG_MAX"
+    ])
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
+            AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
+                    @%:@include <limits.h>
+                    enum {conftest_max = $max};
+                ], [
+                    (conftest_max == $max) &&
+                    (sizeof(conftest_max) == sizeof($type))
+                ]
+	    )],
+	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=yes],
+	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=no]
+	)
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test $rb_cv_enum_over_int = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(ENUM_OVER_INT, 1)
+])
+
+dnl Check whether we need to define sys_nerr locally
+AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_nerr], [], [], [$ac_includes_default
+@%:@include <errno.h>])
+
+AC_CHECK_DECLS([getenv])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
+[alpha*|sh4|sh4el|sh4eb], [AS_CASE(["$target_os"::"$GCC"],
+		[*::yes],  # gcc
+			[CFLAGS="-mieee $CFLAGS"],
+		[osf*],    # ccc
+			[CFLAGS="-ieee $CFLAGS"],
+		)],
+[sparc*], [AC_LIBOBJ([sparc])])
+
+ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=no}
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_header_net_socket_h" = yes], [
+    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no}
+], [
+    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=yes}
+])
+
+
+AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
+RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS(size_t, [AC_MSG_ERROR(size_t is signed)], [],
+		      [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(size_t, [int long void*], [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(ptrdiff_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <stddef.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(size_t, z)
+RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(ptrdiff_t, t)
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blksize])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blocks])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_rdev])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_size], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" = yes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_blocks], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_ino], [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atim])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimespec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimensec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtim])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimespec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimensec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctim])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimespec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimensec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_birthtimespec])
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_birthtimespec" != xyes],
+    [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct statx.stx_btime])])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timeval], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+AS_IF([test "${ac_cv_type_struct_timeval}" = yes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct timeval.tv_sec], [time_t long "long long"], [],
+		      [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+    AS_CASE(${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_timeval_tv_sec},
+	    [SIZEOF_INT], [t=int],
+	    [SIZEOF_LONG], [t=long],
+	    [SIZEOF_LONG_LONG], [t=LONG_LONG],
+	    [t=])
+    AS_IF([test "${t}" != ""], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(TYPEOF_TIMEVAL_TV_SEC, [$t])
+    ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timespec], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timezone], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+AC_CACHE_VAL([rb_cv_large_fd_select],
+    [AC_CHECK_TYPE(fd_mask, [rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes], [rb_cv_large_fd_select=no], [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([])
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
+@%:@ include <sys/select.h>
+@%:@endif])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_large_fd_select" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT, 1)
+])
+
+RUBY_DEFINT(int8_t, 1)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint8_t, 1, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int16_t, 2)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint16_t, 2, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int32_t, 4)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint32_t, 4, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int64_t, 8)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint64_t, 8, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int128_t, 16)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint128_t, 16, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(intptr_t, void*)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uintptr_t, void*, unsigned)
+AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_type_intptr_t" != xno], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(intptr_t, '' ll I64 l, PTR)
+])
+RUBY_DEFINT(ssize_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])	dnl may differ from int, so not use AC_TYPE_SSIZE_T.
+AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_type_int64_t" != xno], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(int64_t, ll I64 l, 64)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for stack end address, rb_cv_stack_end_address,
+[rb_cv_stack_end_address=no
+  AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+      [[extern void *__libc_stack_end;]],
+      [[if (!__libc_stack_end) return 1;]])],
+    [rb_cv_stack_end_address="__libc_stack_end"])
+])
+AS_IF([test $rb_cv_stack_end_address != no], [
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_END_ADDRESS, $rb_cv_stack_end_address)
+])
+
+dnl Checks for library functions.
+AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
+AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
+[powerpc-darwin*], [
+  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
+  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
+  AC_DEFINE(C_ALLOCA)
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(alloca, alloca)
+  ],
+[universal-darwin*:*ppc*], [
+  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
+  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], C_ALLOCA, 1)
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], alloca, alloca)
+  ],
+[
+  AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
+  ])
+AS_IF([test "x$ALLOCA" = "x"], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for dynamic size alloca], rb_cv_dynamic_alloca, [
+    for chk in ok __chkstk; do
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
+	    @%:@include <alloca.h>
+	    @%:@endif
+	    void $chk() {}
+	    int dynamic_alloca_test;
+	    int dynamic_alloca_result;]],
+	    [[dynamic_alloca_result = alloca(dynamic_alloca_test) != 0;]])],
+	    [rb_cv_dynamic_alloca=$chk; break])
+    done])
+    AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca" = "x__chkstk"], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ALLOCA_CHKSTK, _$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca)
+	AS_CASE("$target_cpu",
+	[x64|x86_64], [
+	    AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}x86_64-chkstk.${ac_objext}])
+	],)
+    ])
+])
+AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[freebsd*],[
+	 AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CLOSE)
+	 AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(close)
+	 ])
+
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(acosh)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(cbrt)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(crypt)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dup2)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(erf)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(explicit_bzero)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(ffs)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(flock)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(hypot)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(lgamma_r)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(memmove)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(nan)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(nextafter)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(setproctitle)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strchr)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strerror)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcat)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcpy)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strstr)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(tgamma)
+
+RUBY_REPLACE_FUNC([finite], [@%:@include <math.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_FUNC([isinf], [@%:@include <math.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_FUNC([isnan], [@%:@include <math.h>])
+
+# for missing/setproctitle.c
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[aix* | k*bsd*-gnu | kopensolaris*-gnu | linux* | darwin*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_REUSEARGV)],
+[hpux*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_PSTAT) ],
+[])
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/pstat.h)
+
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for signbit, rb_cv_have_signbit,
+  [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+#include <math.h>
+]], [[int v = signbit(-0.0);]])],
+	rb_cv_have_signbit=yes,
+	rb_cv_have_signbit=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have_signbit" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SIGNBIT)
+], [
+  AC_LIBOBJ([signbit])
+])
+
+AC_FUNC_FORK
+
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__syscall)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_longjmp)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
+# we don't use _setjmp if _longjmp doesn't exist.
+test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(arc4random_buf)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atan2l atan2f)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chroot)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chsize)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_gettime)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(copy_file_range)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cosh)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(crypt_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(daemon)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dirfd)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dl_iterate_phdr)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dlopen)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dladdr)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup3)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(eaccess)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(endgrent)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(eventfd)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(explicit_memset)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fcopyfile)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchmod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchown)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fcntl)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fdatasync)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fdopendir)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fgetattrlist)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fmod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fstatat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fsync)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate64)		# used for Win32 platform
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getattrlist)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcwd)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgidx)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgroups)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getlogin)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getlogin_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgrp)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpriority)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwnam)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwnam_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwuid_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getrandom)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getrlimit)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getsid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gettimeofday)		# for making ac_cv_func_gettimeofday
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getuidx)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gmtime_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(grantpt)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(initgroups)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ioctl)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(isfinite)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(issetugid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(killpg)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchmod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchown)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(link)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(llabs)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lockf)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(log2)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lstat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lutimes)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_usable_size)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_size)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mblen)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memalign)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memset_s)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(writev)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memrchr)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memmem)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mkfifo)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mknod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mktime)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(openat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pipe2)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(poll)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_fadvise)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_memalign)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ppoll)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pread)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pwrite)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_s)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(readlink)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(realpath)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(round)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_getaffinity)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seekdir)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(select_large_fdset)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sendfile)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setegid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setenv)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seteuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgroups)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgrp)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setregid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setreuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrlimit)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setruid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setsid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(shutdown)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaction)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaltstack)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigprocmask)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sinh)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(spawnv)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(symlink)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(syscall)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sysconf)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(tanh)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(telldir)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timegm)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(times)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate64)		# used for Win32
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(unsetenv)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimensat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimes)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(wait4)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(waitpid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__cospi)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__sinpi)
+
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_member_struct_statx_stx_btime" = xyes],
+    [AC_CHECK_FUNCS(statx)])
+
+AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_func_memset_s:$ac_cv_func_qsort_s"], [*yes*],
+    [RUBY_DEFINE_IF([!defined __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], [__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], 1)])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_getcwd" = yes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(if getcwd allocates buffer if NULL is given, [rb_cv_getcwd_malloc],
+	[AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+@%:@include <stddef.h>
+@%:@include <stdio.h>
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+@%:@include <unistd.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+@%:@endif
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    if (!getcwd(NULL, 0)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+]])],
+	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes,
+	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no,
+	    AS_CASE($target_os,
+		[linux*|darwin*|*bsd|cygwin*|mingw*|mswin*],
+		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes],
+		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no]))])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_getcwd_malloc" = no], [AC_DEFINE(NO_GETCWD_MALLOC, 1)])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_crypt_r" = yes],
+    [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crypt.h)])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_crypt_r:$ac_cv_header_crypt_h" = yes:yes],
+    [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct crypt_data.initialized], [], [],
+		      [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <crypt.h>])])])
+
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_alloca_with_align, [__builtin_alloca_with_align(1, 4096)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_assume_aligned, [__builtin_assume_aligned((void*)32, 32)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap16, [__builtin_bswap16(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap32, [__builtin_bswap32(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap64, [__builtin_bswap64(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_popcount, [__builtin_popcount(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_popcountll, [__builtin_popcountll(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clz, [__builtin_clz(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzl, [__builtin_clzl(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzll, [__builtin_clzll(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_ctz, [__builtin_ctz(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_ctzll, [__builtin_ctzll(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_add_overflow, [int x;__builtin_add_overflow(0,0,&x)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_sub_overflow, [int x;__builtin_sub_overflow(0,0,&x)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_mul_overflow, [int x;__builtin_mul_overflow(0,0,&x)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_mul_overflow_p, [__builtin_mul_overflow_p(0,0,(int)0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_constant_p, [__builtin_constant_p(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr, [
+    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(1, 1, -1))]];
+    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(0, -1, 1))]];
+    ])
+AS_IF([test x$rb_cv_builtin___builtin_choose_expr = xyes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr_constant_p, [
+    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(1), 1, -1))]];
+    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(foo), -1, 1))]];
+    ])
+])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_types_compatible_p, [__builtin_types_compatible_p(int, int)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_trap, [__builtin_trap()])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_qsort_r" != no], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is GNU version, rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+@%:@include <stdlib.h>
+void (qsort_r)(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+	    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *),
+	    void *arg);
+]], [[ ]])],
+      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=yes],
+      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=no])
+  ])
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is BSD version, rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+@%:@include <stdlib.h>
+void (qsort_r)(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+	     void *arg, int (*compar)(void *, const void *, const void *));
+]], [[ ]])],
+      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=yes],
+      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=no])
+  ])
+  AS_CASE("$rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r:$rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r",
+  [yes:no], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GNU_QSORT_R, 1)
+  ],
+  [no:yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BSD_QSORT_R, 1)
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether atan2 handles Inf as C99, rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99, [
+    AS_IF([test $ac_cv_func_atan2f:$ac_cv_func_atan2l = yes:yes], [
+	AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+@%:@include <math.h>
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+@%:@include <unistd.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+@%:@endif
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    if (fabs(atan2(INFINITY, INFINITY) - M_PI_4) <= 0.01) return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+]])],
+	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes],
+	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no],
+	[AS_CASE($target_os, [mingw*|mswin*], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes])]
+	)
+    ], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no])
+])
+AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99" = xyes], [AC_DEFINE(ATAN2_INF_C99)])
+
+# Some platform need -lrt for clock_gettime, but the other don't.
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime" != xyes], [
+    # glibc 2.17 moves clock_* functions from librt to the main C library.
+    # http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-announce/2012/msg00001.html
+    AC_CHECK_LIB(rt, clock_gettime)
+    AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_clock_gettime" = xyes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME, 1)
+    ])
+])
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_getres) # clock_getres should be tested after clock_gettime test including librt test.
+AC_CHECK_LIB([rt], [timer_create])
+AC_CHECK_LIB([rt], [timer_settime])
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_timer_create" = xyes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TIMER_CREATE, 1)
+])
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_timer_settime" = xyes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TIMER_SETTIME, 1)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for unsetenv returns a value, rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+]], [[int v = unsetenv("foo");]])],
+	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=yes,
+	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value" = no], [
+  AC_DEFINE(VOID_UNSETENV)
+])
+
+# End of setjmp check.
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(setreuid,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-setreuid], [use setreuid()/setregid() according to need even if obsolete]),
+       [use_setreuid=$enableval])
+AS_IF([test "$use_setreuid" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREUID)
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREGID)
+])
+AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for struct tm.tm_gmtoff, rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+@%:@define _BSD_SOURCE
+@%:@define _DEFAULT_SOURCE
+@%:@include <time.h>
+    ]],
+    [[struct tm t; t.tm_gmtoff = 3600;]])],
+  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=yes],
+  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=no])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_GMTOFF)
+])
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for external int daylight, rb_cv_have_daylight,
+  [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <time.h>
+  int i;]],
+	[[i = daylight;]])],
+	rb_cv_have_daylight=yes,
+	rb_cv_have_daylight=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have_daylight" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DAYLIGHT)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for negative time_t for gmtime(3), rb_cv_negative_time_t,
+  [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+void
+check(tm, y, m, d, h, s)
+    struct tm *tm;
+    int y, m, d, h, s;
+{
+    if (!tm ||
+	tm->tm_year != y ||
+	tm->tm_mon  != m-1 ||
+	tm->tm_mday != d ||
+	tm->tm_hour != h ||
+	tm->tm_sec  != s) {
+	exit(1);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+   time_t t = -1;
+   struct tm *tm;
+
+   check(gmtime(&t), 69, 12, 31, 23, 59);
+   t = ~(time_t)0 << 31;
+   check(gmtime(&t), 1, 12, 13, 20, 52);
+   return 0;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes,
+	rb_cv_negative_time_t=no,
+	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_negative_time_t" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(NEGATIVE_TIME_T)
+])
+
+# [ruby-dev:40910] overflow of time on FreeBSD
+# http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=145341
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for localtime(3) overflow correctly, rb_cv_localtime_overflow,
+  [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+void
+check(time_t t1)
+{
+    struct tm *tm;
+    time_t t2;
+    tm = localtime(&t1);
+    if (!tm)
+	return; /* overflow detected.  ok. */
+    t2 = mktime(tm);
+    if (t1 == t2)
+        return; /* round-trip.  ok. */
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+    time_t t;
+    if (~(time_t)0 <= 0) {
+        t = (((time_t)1) << (sizeof(time_t) * 8 - 2));
+        t |= t - 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        t = ~(time_t)0;
+    }
+    check(t);
+    return 0;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=yes,
+	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no,
+	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_localtime_overflow" = no], [
+  AC_DEFINE(LOCALTIME_OVERFLOW_PROBLEM)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_sigprocmask" = yes && test "$ac_cv_func_sigaction" = yes], [
+   AC_DEFINE(POSIX_SIGNAL)
+], [
+  AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigsetmask)
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for BSD signal semantics, rb_cv_bsd_signal,
+    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+void
+sig_handler(dummy)
+     int dummy;
+{
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+  signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
+  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
+  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
+  return 0;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=yes,
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=no,
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=$ac_cv_func_sigsetmask)])
+  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_bsd_signal" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(BSD_SIGNAL)
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([sig_t],[],[],[@%:@include <signal.h>])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_getpgid" = no], [
+  # AC_FUNC_GETPGRP fails when cross-compiling with old autoconf.
+  # autoconf is changed between 2.52d and 2.52f?
+  # http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-utils/2001-09/msg00181.html
+  # "autoconf cleanup for AC_FUNC_GETPGRP and GETPGRP_VOID"
+AC_FUNC_GETPGRP
+])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_setpgid:$ac_cv_func_setpgrp" = no:yes], [
+  # AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails when cross-compiling.  (until autoconf 2.69?)
+  # https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-autoconf/2013-02/msg00002.html
+  # "AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails to work properly when cross-compiling"
+AC_FUNC_SETPGRP
+])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_func_dirfd" = xno], [
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[solaris*],
+          [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([DIR.d_fd, DIR.dd_fd],,,[
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+])])
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether right shift preserve sign bit, rb_cv_rshift_sign,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([], [(-1==(-1>>1))])],
+	rb_cv_rshift_sign=yes,
+	rb_cv_rshift_sign=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_rshift_sign" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), ((x)>>(int)(y)))
+], [
+  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), (((x)<0) ? ~((~(x))>>(int)(y)) : (x)>>(int)(y)))
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_copy_file_range" = no], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK([for copy_file_range],
+    rb_cv_use_copy_file_range,
+    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifndef O_TMPFILE
+  #define O_TMPFILE __O_TMPFILE
+#endif
+
+int
+main()
+{
+#ifdef __NR_copy_file_range
+   int ret, fd_in, fd_out;
+   fd_in = open("/tmp", O_TMPFILE|O_RDWR, S_IRUSR);
+   fd_out = open("/tmp", O_TMPFILE|O_WRONLY, S_IWUSR);
+   ret = syscall(__NR_copy_file_range, fd_in, NULL, fd_out, NULL, 0, 0);
+   close(fd_in);
+   close(fd_out);
+   if (ret == -1) { return 1; }
+   return 0;
+#else
+   return 1;
+#endif
+}
+  ]])],
+    [rb_cv_use_copy_file_range=yes],
+    [rb_cv_use_copy_file_range=no],
+    [rb_cv_use_copy_file_range=no])])
+])
+AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_func_copy_file_range:$rb_cv_use_copy_file_range"], [*yes*], [
+  AC_DEFINE(USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE)
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_func_gettimeofday:$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime"],
+[*yes*], [],
+[
+    AC_MSG_ERROR(clock_gettime() or gettimeofday() must exist)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_sysconf" = yes], [
+  RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF(CLK_TCK)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ], [
+    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
+    save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
+    save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" new_ldflags=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
+    stack_dir=
+    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
+	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
+	LDFLAGS="$new_ldflags -arch $archs"
+	RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($archs, dir)
+	AS_IF([test x$stack_dir = x], [
+	    stack_dir=$dir
+	], [test x$stack_dir != x$dir], [
+	    stack_dir=no
+	])
+    done
+    CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS"
+    AS_IF([test x$stack_dir = xno], [
+	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
+	    eval dir=\$[rb_cv_stack_grow_dir_]AS_TR_SH([$archs])
+	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__], STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
+	done
+    ], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $stack_dir)
+    ])
+], [
+    RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($target_cpu, dir)
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(coroutine,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-coroutine=IMPLEMENTATION], [specify the coroutine implementation to use]),
+    [rb_cv_coroutine=$withval])
+AS_CASE([$rb_cv_coroutine], [yes|''], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING(native coroutine implementation for ${target_cpu}-${target_os})
+    rb_cv_coroutine=
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
+        [x*64-darwin*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=amd64
+        ],
+        [arm64-darwin*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=arm64
+        ],
+        [x*64-linux*], [
+            AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp"],
+                [8], [ rb_cv_coroutine=amd64 ],
+                [4], [ rb_cv_coroutine=x86 ],
+                dnl unknown pointer size, bail out as no Context.h soon.
+            )
+        ],
+        [*86-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=x86
+        ],
+        [x64-mingw32], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=win64
+        ],
+        [*86-mingw32], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=win32
+        ],
+        [arm*-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=arm32
+        ],
+        [aarch64-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=arm64
+        ],
+        [powerpc64le-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=ppc64le
+        ],
+        [x86_64-openbsd*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=amd64
+        ],
+        [i386-openbsd*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=x86
+        ],
+        [*-openbsd*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=copy
+        ],
+        [*-haiku*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=copy
+        ],
+        [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=ucontext
+        ]
+    )
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(${rb_cv_coroutine})
+])
+COROUTINE_H=coroutine/$rb_cv_coroutine/Context.h
+AS_IF([test ! -f "$srcdir/$COROUTINE_H"],
+      [AC_MSG_ERROR('$rb_cv_coroutine' is not supported as coroutine)])
+AS_CASE([$rb_cv_coroutine],
+    [copy|ucontext], [
+        COROUTINE_SRC=coroutine/$rb_cv_coroutine/Context.c
+    ],
+    [
+        COROUTINE_SRC=coroutine/$rb_cv_coroutine/Context.'$(ASMEXT)'
+    ]
+)
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(COROUTINE_H, ["$COROUTINE_H"])
+AC_SUBST(X_COROUTINE_H, [$COROUTINE_H])
+AC_SUBST(X_COROUTINE_SRC, [$COROUTINE_SRC])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$enable_pthread" = xyes], [
+    for pthread_lib in thr pthread pthreads c c_r root; do
+	AC_CHECK_LIB($pthread_lib, pthread_create,
+		     rb_with_pthread=yes, rb_with_pthread=no)
+	AS_IF([test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"], [break])
+    done
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(_REENTRANT)
+	AC_DEFINE(_THREAD_SAFE)
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBPTHREAD)
+	AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread_np.h, [], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
+	AS_CASE(["$pthread_lib:$target_os"],
+		[c:*], [],
+		[root:*], [],
+		[c_r:*|*:openbsd*|*:mirbsd*],  [LIBS="-pthread $LIBS"],
+		[LIBS="-l$pthread_lib $LIBS"])
+    ], [
+	AC_MSG_WARN("Don't know how to find pthread library on your system -- thread support disabled")
+    ])
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread_t is scalar type], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t], [
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	    @%:@include <pthread.h>
+	    ]], [[
+	    pthread_t thread_id;
+	    thread_id = 0;
+	    if (!thread_id) return 0;
+	    ]])],[rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=yes],[rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=no])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t" = xyes], [
+	: # RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(pthread_t, [void* int long], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
+    ], [
+	AC_DEFINE(NON_SCALAR_THREAD_ID)
+    ])
+    AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_yield pthread_attr_setinheritsched \
+	pthread_attr_get_np pthread_attr_getstack pthread_attr_getguardsize \
+	pthread_get_stackaddr_np pthread_get_stacksize_np \
+	thr_stksegment pthread_stackseg_np pthread_getthrds_np \
+	pthread_condattr_setclock \
+	pthread_sigmask pthread_setname_np pthread_set_name_np)
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[ac_cv_func_pthread_getattr_np=no],[AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_getattr_np)])
+    set_current_thread_name=
+    AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_setname_np" = yes], [
+	AC_CACHE_CHECK([arguments of pthread_setname_np], [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments],
+	    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments=
+	    # Linux,AIX,  (pthread_self(), name)
+	    # NetBSD (pthread_self(), \"%s\", name)
+	    # Darwin (name)
+	    for mac in \
+		"(pthread_self(), name)" \
+		"(pthread_self(), \"%s\", name)" \
+		"(name)" \
+		; do
+		AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+		    @%:@include <pthread.h>
+		    @%:@ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_NP_H
+		    @%:@include <pthread_np.h>
+		    @%:@endif
+		    @%:@define SET_THREAD_NAME(name) pthread_setname_np${mac}
+		    ]],
+		    [[if (SET_THREAD_NAME("conftest")) return 1;]])],
+		    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments="${mac}"
+		    break])
+	    done
+	    ]
+	)
+	AS_IF([test -n "${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"], [
+	    set_current_thread_name="pthread_setname_np${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"
+	])
+    ], [test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_set_name_np" = yes], [
+	set_current_thread_name="pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name)"
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test -n "$set_current_thread_name"], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME(name), $set_current_thread_name)
+	AS_CASE([$set_current_thread_name],
+	    [*'pthread_self()'*], [
+		set_another_thread_name=`echo "$set_current_thread_name" | sed 's/pthread_self()/thid/'`
+		AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME(thid,name), $set_another_thread_name)
+	    ])
+    ])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xno], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if signal.h defines ucontext_t], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h],
+	[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <signal.h>]],
+					    [[size_t size = sizeof(ucontext_t);]])],
+	[rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=yes], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=no])])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes], [
+	    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UCONTEXT_IN_SIGNAL_H, 1)
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xyes -o x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if mcontext_t is a pointer], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr],
+	[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	    @%:@include <signal.h>
+	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_UCONTEXT_H
+	    @%:@include <ucontext.h>
+	    @%:@endif
+        mcontext_t test(mcontext_t mc) {return mc+1;}
+	  ]],
+	  [[test(0);]])],
+	[rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=yes], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=no])])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr" = xyes], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t mc = (uc)->uc_mcontext)
+    ], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t *mc = &(uc)->uc_mcontext)
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcontext setcontext)
+    ])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_fork_works" = "yes" -a "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if fork works with pthread], rb_cv_fork_with_pthread,
+	[AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+#endif
+#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+#endif
+
+void *
+thread_func(void *dmy)
+{
+    return dmy;
+}
+
+int
+use_threads(void)
+{
+    pthread_t tid;
+    if (pthread_create(&tid, 0, thread_func, 0) != 0) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    if (pthread_join(tid, 0) != 0) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    pid_t pid;
+    if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    pid = fork();
+
+    if (pid) {
+	int loc;
+	sleep(1);
+	if (waitpid(pid, &loc, WNOHANG) == 0) {
+	    kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+	}
+        if (!WIFEXITED(loc) || WEXITSTATUS(loc) != EXIT_SUCCESS)
+           return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    else {
+	if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}]])],
+	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes,
+	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=no,
+	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes)])
+    test x$rb_cv_fork_with_pthread = xyes || AC_DEFINE(CANNOT_FORK_WITH_PTHREAD)
+])
+}
+
+: "runtime section" && {
+dnl wheather use dln_a_out or not
+AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-dln-a-out], [use dln_a_out if possible]),
+	[
+	AS_CASE([$withval],
+	[yes], [
+	    AS_IF([test "$enable_shared" = yes], [
+		AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out can not make shared library)
+	    ])
+	    with_dln_a_out=yes],
+	[
+	    with_dln_a_out=no])], [with_dln_a_out=no])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
+[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],[
+AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
+[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
+rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
+
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(USE_ELF)
+  AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out does not work with ELF)
+  ])
+  AC_CHECK_HEADERS([elf.h elf_abi.h])
+  AS_IF([test $ac_cv_header_elf_h = yes -o $ac_cv_header_elf_abi_h = yes], [
+    AC_LIBOBJ([addr2line])
+    AC_CHECK_LIB([z], [uncompress])
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS([mach-o/loader.h])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_header_mach_o_loader_h" = yes], [
+  AC_LIBOBJ([addr2line])
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu], [
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = no], [
+	with_dln_a_out=yes
+    ], [
+	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
+    ])])
+LIBEXT=a
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(mjit-tabs,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--without-mjit-tabs], [expand tabs in mjit header]),
+    [AS_IF([test $withval = no], [MJIT_TABS=false])])
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_TABS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(DLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(ARCH_FLAG)dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_HEADER_FLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_CC)dnl
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = "yes"], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[mjit_std_cflag="-std=gnu99"])
+])
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_CFLAGS, [${MJIT_CFLAGS-"-w ${mjit_std_cflag} ${orig_cflags}"}])dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_OPTFLAGS, [${MJIT_OPTFLAGS-'$(optflags)'}])dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS, [${MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS-'$(debugflags)'}])dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_LDSHARED)dnl
+
+AC_SUBST(STATIC)dnl
+AC_SUBST(CCDLFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LDSHARED)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LDSHAREDXX)dnl
+AC_SUBST(DLEXT)dnl
+AC_SUBST(DLEXT2)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LIBEXT)dnl
+AC_SUBST(ASMEXT, S)dnl
+
+STATIC=
+
+AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes], [
+  rb_cv_dlopen=unknown
+  AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether OS depend dynamic link works)
+  AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [darwin*], [
+      # The -fno-common is needed if we wish to embed the Ruby interpreter
+      # into a plugin module of some project (as opposed to embedding it
+      # within the project's application).  The -I/usr/local/include is
+      # needed because CPP as discovered by configure (cc -E -traditional)
+      # fails to consult /usr/local/include by default.  This causes
+      # mkmf.rb's have_header() to fail if the desired resource happens to be
+      # installed in the /usr/local tree.
+      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fno-common)],
+    [bsdi*|cygwin*|mingw*|aix*|interix*], [ ],
+    [
+      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fPIC)])
+  ], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[hpux*],          [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS +Z"],
+	[solaris*|irix*], [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
+	[sunos*],         [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -PIC"],
+	[esix*|uxpds*],   [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
+	                  [: ${CCDLFLAGS=""}])
+  ])
+
+
+  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
+       enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
+       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[hpux*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -E"
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -b'}
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[solaris*], [	AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes], [
+				LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			    ])
+			], [
+			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -G'}
+			])
+			AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp" = 8], [
+			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64}
+			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_64}
+			], [
+			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_32}
+			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_32}
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[sunos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -assert nodefinitions'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[irix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[sysv4*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[nto-qnx*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[esix*|uxpds*], [ : ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[osf*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared -expect_unresolved "*"'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[bsdi3*], [	AS_CASE(["$CC"],
+			[*shlicc*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -r'}
+					rb_cv_dlopen=yes])],
+	[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | netbsd* | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-export-dynamic"
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[interix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
+			    DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-soname,$@'
+			], [
+			  test "$GCC" = yes && test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes || LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable'
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[openbsd*|mirbsd*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared ${CCDLFLAGS}'}
+			AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[darwin*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamic -bundle'}
+			: ${DLDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamiclib'}
+			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH}
+			: ${PRELOADENV=DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+        [aix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC)'}
+			AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+			    LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G -shared"
+			], [
+			    LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G"
+			])
+			EXTDLDFLAGS='-e$(TARGET_ENTRY)'
+			XLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}"'-bE:$(ARCHFILE)'" ${linker_flag}-brtl"
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS ${linker_flag}-blibpath:${prefix}/lib:${LIBPATH:-/usr/lib:/lib}"
+			: ${ARCHFILE="ruby.imp"}
+                        TRY_LINK='$(CC) -oconftest $(INCFLAGS) -I$(hdrdir) $(CPPFLAGS)'
+                        TRY_LINK="$TRY_LINK"' $(CFLAGS) $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LDFLAGS) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)'
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=LIBPATH}
+			: ${PRELOADENV=LDR_PRELOAD}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[nto-qnx*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable -x'}
+			LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[cygwin*|mingw*], [
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,--stack,0x00200000,--enable-auto-import"
+			DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS} -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base,--enable-auto-import"
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=PATH}
+			: ${PRELOADENV=""}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[hiuxmpp], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -r'}],
+	[atheos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
+  AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
+
+  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+      [darwin*], [
+	for flag in \
+	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
+	  "-multiply_defined suppress" \
+	  ; do
+	  test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
+	  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
+	  AS_IF([test "x$flag" != x], [
+	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
+	  ])
+	done
+      ])
+  ])
+
+  AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath:${RPATHFLAG}" = yes:], [
+      AS_IF([test "x$rpathflag" != x], [
+	  RPATHFLAG=" ${rpathflag}%1\$-s"
+      ])
+  ])
+])
+AS_IF([test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""], [
+    AS_CASE(["${LDSHARED}"],
+	[*'$(CC)'*], [
+	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\$(CC)/$(CXX)/'`
+	    ],
+	[*'${CC}'*], [
+	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\${CC}/${CXX}/'`
+	    ],
+	[*$CC*], [
+	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed "s|$CC|$CXX|"`
+	    ],
+	[ld" "*], [
+	    ])
+])
+AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
+
+AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
+AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(RPATHFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(LIBPATHENV, "${LIBPATHENV-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}")
+AC_SUBST(PRELOADENV, "${PRELOADENV-LD_PRELOAD}")
+AC_SUBST(TRY_LINK)
+
+AS_IF([test "x$OPT_DIR" != x], [
+    pat=`echo "${LDFLAGS_OPTDIR}" | sed ['s/[][\\.*|]/\\\\&/']`
+    LDFLAGS=`echo "${LDFLAGS}" | sed "s| ${pat}||"`
+    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
+        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
+            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
+            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
+        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
+    AS_IF([test x"$val" != x], [
+	test x"${LDFLAGS}" = x || LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
+	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS$val"
+	test x"${DLDFLAGS}" = x || DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "
+	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS$val"
+    ])
+    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[freebsd*], [
+    AC_CHECK_LIB([procstat], [procstat_open_sysctl])
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_lib_procstat_procstat_open_sysctl" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(procstat_getvmmap)
+    ])
+    ])
+AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
+[*-darwin*], [
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libproc.h])
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
+	AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libunwind.h])
+    ])],
+[*-freebsd*|x86_64-netbsd*], [
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
+	AC_CHECK_LIB([unwind], [unw_backtrace])
+    ])])
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(backtrace)
+
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_func_backtrace" = xyes], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken backtrace, rb_cv_broken_backtrace,
+    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <execinfo.h>
+
+]`grep '^@%:@ *define  *RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE' ${srcdir}/signal.c`[
+#define TRACE_SIZE 256
+
+void sigsegv(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *ctx){
+    void *trace[TRACE_SIZE];
+    int n = backtrace(trace, TRACE_SIZE);
+    if (n > 0) {
+	/*fprintf(stdout, "backtrace:%d\n",n);*/
+    } else {
+	_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    volatile int *a = NULL;
+    stack_t ss;
+    struct sigaction sa;
+
+    ss.ss_sp = malloc(RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE);
+    if (ss.ss_sp == NULL) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "cannot allocate memory for sigaltstack\n");
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    ss.ss_size = RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE;
+    ss.ss_flags = 0;
+    if (sigaltstack(&ss, NULL) == -1) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "sigaltstack failed\n");
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(struct sigaction));
+    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
+    sa.sa_sigaction = sigsegv;
+    sa.sa_flags |= SA_SIGINFO;
+    sa.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
+    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
+    a[0] = 1;
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no,
+	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=yes,
+	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no)])
+  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_broken_backtrace" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_BACKTRACE, 1)
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(valgrind,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--without-valgrind],[disable valgrind memcheck support]),
+        [], with_valgrind=yes)
+AS_IF([test x$with_valgrind != xno],
+        [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(valgrind/memcheck.h)])
+
+dln_a_out_works=no
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_header_a_out_h" = yes], [
+  AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes || test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = unknown], [
+    cat confdefs.h > config.h
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether matz's dln works, rb_cv_dln_a_out,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+#define USE_DLN_A_OUT
+#include "dln.c"
+]], [[]])],
+	rb_cv_dln_a_out=yes,
+	rb_cv_dln_a_out=no)])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dln_a_out" = yes], [
+      dln_a_out_works=yes
+      AC_DEFINE(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
+    ])
+  ])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$dln_a_out_works" = yes], [
+  AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    STATIC=-static
+  ], [
+    STATIC=-Bstatic
+  ])
+  DLEXT=so
+  CCDLFLAGS=
+], [
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [hpux*], [
+	DLEXT=sl],
+    [darwin*], [
+	SOEXT=dylib
+	DLEXT=bundle],
+    [cygwin*|mingw*|*djgpp*], [
+	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
+	SOEXT=dll
+	DLEXT=so],
+    [
+	DLEXT=so])
+])
+: ${SOEXT="${DLEXT}"}
+AC_SUBST(SOEXT)
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen:$load_relative" = yes:yes], [
+    AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_dladdr" = yes], [
+	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test x"$LOAD_RELATIVE" = x1], [
+    load_relative=yes
+], [
+    unset load_relative
+])
+
+len=2 # .rb
+n=`expr "$DLEXT"  : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
+n=`expr "$DLEXT2" : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT_MAXLEN, `expr $len + 1`)
+test ".$DLEXT"  = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT,  ".$DLEXT")
+test ".$DLEXT2" = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT2, ".$DLEXT2")
+AC_SUBST(DLEXT)
+
+AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes], [
+  STRIP=true
+], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for $STRIP flags])
+    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM], [AS_IF(
+        ["${STRIP}" -A -n conftest$ac_exeext 2>/dev/null], [
+            AC_MSG_RESULT([-A -n])
+            STRIP="${STRIP} -A -n"
+        ],
+        ["${STRIP}" -S -x conftest$ac_exeext 2>/dev/null], [
+            AC_MSG_RESULT([-S -x])
+            STRIP="${STRIP} -S -x"
+        ], [
+            AC_MSG_RESULT([none needed])
+        ])
+    ])
+])
+
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(ext,
+            AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ext=EXTS],
+                           [pass to --with-ext option of extmk.rb]))
+AC_ARG_WITH(out-ext,
+            AS_HELP_STRING([--with-out-ext=EXTS],
+                           [pass to --without-ext option of extmk.rb]))
+EXTSTATIC=
+AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
+AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
+            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
+AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
+  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
+  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
+], [
+  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
+])
+AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
+AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(setup,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setup=SETUP], [use extension libraries setup]),
+	    [setup=$withval])
+AS_IF([test -n "$setup"], [
+    AS_IF([! test -f "ext/$setup" -o -f "$srcdir/ext/$setup"], [
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(Setup file $setup not found under ext or $srcdir/ext)
+    ])
+], [test -f "$srcdir/ext/Setup.$target_os"], [
+    setup="Setup.$target_os"
+], [
+    setup=
+    for file in "$srcdir"/ext/Setup.*; do
+	AS_CASE(["$file"], [*~|*.bak|*.orig|*.rej|*.tmp], [continue])
+	setup=`basename "$file"`
+	AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [`expr "$setup" : 'Setup.\(.*\)'`*], [break])
+	platform=`sed '/^option  *platform  */!d;s///;s/|/*|/g;q' "$file"`
+	AS_IF([test "x$platform" != x], [
+	    eval "AS_CASE([\"\$target_os\"], [$platform*], [break])"
+	])
+	setup=
+    done
+    : ${setup:=Setup}
+])
+AC_SUBST(setup)
+
+rubylibprefix='${libdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubylibprefix,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubylibprefix=DIR], [prefix for ruby libraries [[LIBDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME]]]),
+	    [AS_IF([test "x$withval" = xno], [
+		AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby, No libprefix])
+	    ])
+	    rubylibprefix="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(rubylibprefix)
+
+AS_IF([test x"${exec_prefix}" != xNONE], [
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$exec_prefix"
+], [test x"$prefix" != xNONE], [
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$prefix"
+], [
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=$ac_default_prefix
+])
+pat=`echo "${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}" | tr -c '\012' .`'\(.*\)'
+for var in bindir libdir rubylibprefix; do
+    eval val='"$'$var'"'
+    AS_CASE(["$val"], ["${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}"*], [val='${exec_prefix}'"`expr \"$val\" : \"$pat\"`"])
+    eval $var='"$val"'
+done
+
+BTESTRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
+BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(BASERUBY)'
+AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
+  test x"$MINIRUBY" = x && MINIRUBY="${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -I`$CHDIR .; pwd` "-r'$(arch)-fake'
+  XRUBY_LIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]']`
+  XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"]']`
+  XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubyhdrdir"]']`
+  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_LIBDIR)
+  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)
+  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)
+  PREP='$(arch)-fake.rb'
+  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
+  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)'
+  XRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
+  TEST_RUNNABLE=no
+  CROSS_COMPILING=yes
+  AC_DEFINE(CROSS_COMPILING, 1)
+], [
+  MINIRUBY='./miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I.'
+  MINIRUBY="$MINIRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common'
+  PREP='miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) $(RUNRUBYOPT)'
+  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) --'
+  XRUBY='$(RUNRUBY)'
+  AS_CASE(["$HAVE_BASERUBY:$build_os"], [no:*|*:mingw*], [BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'])
+  TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
+  CROSS_COMPILING=no
+])
+AC_SUBST(TEST_RUNNABLE)
+AC_SUBST(CROSS_COMPILING)
+AC_SUBST(MINIRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(BTESTRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(PREP)
+AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)
+AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
+
+FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
+LIBRUBY_A='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static.a'
+LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_A)'
+LIBRUBYARG_STATIC='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static'
+LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)'
+SOLIBS='$(MAINLIBS)'
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+  [cygwin*|mingw*|haiku*|darwin*], [
+    : ${DLDLIBS=""}
+    ],
+  [
+    DLDLIBS="$DLDLIBS -lc"
+    ])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(multiarch,
+	      AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-multiarch], [enable multiarch compatible directories]),
+	      [multiarch=], [unset multiarch])
+AS_IF([test ${multiarch+set}], [
+   AC_DEFINE(ENABLE_MULTIARCH)
+   MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR=include/'${arch}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'
+], [
+   MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR=include/'${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/${arch}'
+])
+
+archlibdir='${libdir}/${arch}'
+sitearchlibdir='${libdir}/${sitearch}'
+archincludedir='${includedir}/${arch}'
+sitearchincludedir='${includedir}/${sitearch}'
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(soname,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-soname=SONAME], [base name of shared library]),
+	[RUBY_SO_NAME=$withval],
+	[
+	    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	    [darwin*], [
+	        RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME).$(RUBY_API_VERSION)'
+	    ],
+	    [cygwin*], [
+	        RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)0'
+	    ],
+	    [mingw*], [
+		RUBY_SO_NAME="${rb_cv_msvcrt}"'-$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)0'
+		AS_IF([test x"${target_cpu}" != xi386], [
+		    RUBY_SO_NAME="${target_cpu}-${RUBY_SO_NAME}"
+		])
+	    ],
+	    [RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'])
+	])
+
+LIBRUBY_LDSHARED=${DLDSHARED=${LDSHARED}}
+LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS=$DLDFLAGS
+LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
+LIBRUBY_SONAME='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(RUBY_API_VERSION)'
+LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+ENABLE_SHARED=no
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(shared,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-shared], [build a shared library for Ruby]),
+       [enable_shared=$enableval])
+libprefix=${multiarch+'$(archlibdir)'}${multiarch-'$(libdir)'}
+LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=${load_relative-no}
+AS_CASE("$enable_shared", [yes], [
+  LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
+  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+  LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)'
+  LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=no
+  test -z "$CCDLFLAGS" || CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $CCDLFLAGS"
+  ENABLE_SHARED=yes
+
+  # libdir can be overridden in config.site file (on OpenSUSE at least).
+  libdir_basename=lib
+  AS_IF([test "$bindir" = '${exec_prefix}/bin'], [
+    AS_CASE(["$libdir"], ['${exec_prefix}/'*], [libdir_basename=`basename "$libdir"`])
+  ])
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBDIR_BASENAME, ["${libdir_basename}"])
+  libdir_basename="${libdir_basename}"${multiarch+'/${arch}'}
+
+  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${linker_flag}--no-as-needed], [no_as_needed=yes], [no_as_needed=no])
+  AS_IF([test "$no_as_needed" = yes], [
+      RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LDFLAGS, [${linker_flag}--no-as-needed])
+  ])
+
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [],
+    [
+     AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+       RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${linker_flag}--no-undefined], [no_undefined=yes], [no_undefined=no])
+       AS_IF([test "no_undefined" = yes], [
+	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, [${linker_flag}--no-undefined])
+       ])
+     ])
+    ])
+
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [sunos4*], [
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	],
+    [linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | atheos* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ['-Wl,-soname,$(LIBRUBY_SONAME)' "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	AS_IF([test "$load_relative" = yes], [
+	    libprefix="'\$\${ORIGIN}/../${libdir_basename}'"
+	    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,${libprefix}"
+	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
+	])
+	],
+    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
+	AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" != "yes" ], [
+	    LIBRUBY_SO="$LIBRUBY_SO.\$(TEENY)"
+	    LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
+	])
+	],
+    [netbsd*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'
+	LIBRUBY_SO="${LIBRUBY_SONAME}"'.$(TEENY)'
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ['-Wl,-soname,$(LIBRUBY_SONAME)' "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
+	AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [ # ELF platforms
+	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	], [	# a.out platforms
+	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES=""
+	])
+	],
+    [openbsd*|mirbsd*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR).'`expr ${MINOR} \* 10 + ${TEENY}`
+	],
+    [solaris*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR)'
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ["${linker_flag}-h${linker_flag:+,}"'$(@F)'])
+	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-R${libdir}'
+	],
+    [hpux*], [
+	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-Wl,+s,+b,$(libdir)'
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	],
+    [aix*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ["${linker_flag}-bnoentry" "$XLDFLAGS" "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
+	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -l${RUBY_SO_NAME}'
+	LIBS="$LIBS -lm -lc"
+	],
+    [darwin*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	AS_IF([test "$load_relative" = yes], [
+	    libprefix="@executable_path/../${libdir_basename}"
+	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
+	])
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS -install_name ${libprefix}"'/$(LIBRUBY_SONAME)'
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-compatibility_version $(RUBY_API_VERSION)'
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-current_version $(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
+	AS_IF([test "$visibility_option" = ld], [
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*'
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_ruby_static_id_*'
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,*_threadptr_*'
+	])
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "' $(XLDFLAGS)'
+	],
+    [interix*], [
+	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L. -L${libdir} -l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+	],
+    [mingw*|cygwin*|mswin*], [
+	LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
+	])
+], [
+  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED=
+
+  # enable PIE if possible
+  AC_ARG_ENABLE(pie,
+          AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-pie], [disable PIE feature]),
+          [pie=$enableval], [pie=])
+  AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes -a -z "$EXTSTATIC" -a "x$pie" != xno], [
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fPIE, [pie=yes], [pie=no])
+    AS_IF([test "$pie" = yes], [
+      # Use -fPIE when testing -pie.  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS sets
+      # $save_CFLAGS internally, so set other name here.
+      save_CFLAGS_before_pie="$CFLAGS"
+      CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -fPIE"
+
+      # gcc need -pie but clang need -Wl,-pie.
+      for pie in -pie -Wl,-pie; do
+	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$pie], [], [pie=])
+	AS_IF([test "x$pie" != x], [
+	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fPIE)
+	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $pie)
+	  break
+	])
+      done
+      CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS_before_pie"
+    ])
+  ])
+])
+AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath" = yes], [
+    test -z "$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS" || LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS "
+    rpathflag="${RPATHFLAG}"
+    AS_CASE(["${cross_compiling}${load_relative}"], [*yes*], [], [rpathflag="$RPATHFLAG$LIBPATHFLAG"])
+    rpathflag=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
+        echo x "$rpathflag" |
+        sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g"
+    `
+    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS${rpathflag}"
+    LIBRUBYARG_SHARED="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
+    LIBRUBYARG_STATIC="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_STATIC"
+])
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE)
+
+LDFLAGS="-L. $LDFLAGS"
+AC_SUBST(ARCHFILE)
+
+AS_IF([test "$EXEEXT" = .exe], [
+    EXECUTABLE_EXTS='".exe",".com",".cmd",".bat"'
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXECUTABLE_EXTS, $EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
+    EXECUTABLE_EXTS=`echo $EXECUTABLE_EXTS | tr -d '"' | tr , ' '`
+    AC_SUBST(EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
+])
+
+AS_CASE("$cross_compiling:${LIBPATHENV}", [yes:* | no:], [], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether wrapper for $LIBPATHENV is needed)
+    AS_IF([env ${LIBPATHENV}=/lib /bin/sh -c ': ${'${LIBPATHENV}'?}' 2>/dev/null],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
+	[PREP="$PREP"' exe/$(PROGRAM)'
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)]
+    )
+])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(dtrace,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dtrace],
+        [enable DTrace for tracing inside ruby. enabled by default on systems having dtrace]),
+        [enable_dtrace=$enableval], [enable_dtrace=auto])
+
+LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(OBJS)'
+DTRACE_REBUILD=
+AS_CASE(["${enable_dtrace}"],
+[yes|auto], [
+    RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE()
+], [
+    rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
+])
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[freebsd*],[
+         rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
+	 ])
+AS_IF([test "${enable_dtrace}" = yes], [dnl
+    AS_IF([test -z "$DTRACE"], [dnl
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([dtrace(1) is missing])
+    ], [test "$cross_compiling" = yes], [dnl
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, cross compiling])
+    ], [test "${rb_cv_dtrace_available}" = "no"], [dnl
+       AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, USDT is not available])
+    ])
+])
+AS_CASE([$rb_cv_dtrace_available],
+[yes*], [dnl
+    RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS()
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" != no], [dnl
+	DTRACE_OBJ='probes.$(OBJEXT)'
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" = rebuild], [dnl
+	DTRACE_REBUILD=yes
+	LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ)'
+    ])
+    AS_CASE("${target_os}", [freebsd*], [dnl
+        # FreeBSD's dtrace requires libelf
+        LIBS="-lelf $LIBS"
+    ])
+    DTRACE_EXT=d
+], [dnl
+    enable_dtrace=no
+    DTRACE_EXT=dmyh
+])
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_EXT)
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OBJ)
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_REBUILD)
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OPT)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(gcov,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-gcov], [enable coverage measurement by gcov]),
+       [gcov=yes])
+AS_IF([test x"$gcov" = xyes], [
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -coverage"
+    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -coverage"
+])
+
+RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE
+}
+
+: "build section" && {
+dnl build rdoc index if requested
+RDOCTARGET=""
+CAPITARGET=""
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-doc,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-doc], [do not install either rdoc indexes or C API documents during install]),
+       [install_doc=$enableval], [install_doc=yes])
+AC_ARG_WITH(rdoc,
+      AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rdoc=ri,html], [comma/space separated list of RDoc formats to install]),
+      [install_rdoc=`echo ,$withval, | sed 'y/,/ /;s/ ri / rdoc /;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`], [
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-rdoc,
+      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-rdoc], [do not install rdoc indexes during install]),
+      [install_rdoc=$enableval], [install_rdoc=yes])
+])
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-capi,
+      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-capi], [do not install C API documents during install]),
+      [install_capi=$enableval], [install_capi=no])
+
+AS_IF([test "$install_doc" != no], [
+    AS_CASE(["$install_rdoc"],
+    [yes], [
+	RDOCTARGET="rdoc"
+    ],
+    [all], [
+	RDOCTARGET="rdoc html"
+    ],
+    [no|''], [
+	RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
+    ],
+    [
+	RDOCTARGET="$install_rdoc"
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$install_capi" != no -a -n "$DOXYGEN"], [
+	CAPITARGET="capi"
+    ], [
+	CAPITARGET="nodoc"
+    ])
+], [
+    RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
+    CAPITARGET="nodoc"
+])
+
+AC_SUBST(RDOCTARGET)
+AC_SUBST(CAPITARGET)
+
+AS_CASE(["$RDOCTARGET:$CAPITARGET"],[nodoc:nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=all])
+AC_SUBST(INSTALLDOC)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(jit-support,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-jit-support], [disable JIT features]),
+        [MJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval
+         AS_IF([test x"$enable_jit_support" = "xyes"],
+                 [AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 1)],
+                 [AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 0)])],
+        [MJIT_SUPPORT=yes
+         AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 1)])
+
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_SUPPORT)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-static-library,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-static-library], [do not install static ruby library]),
+	[INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=$enableval],
+	AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes],
+	    [INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=no],
+	    [INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=yes]))
+AC_SUBST(INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY)
+
+AS_IF([test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"], [
+    THREAD_MODEL=pthread
+])
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for prefix of external symbols], rb_cv_symbol_prefix, [
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[extern void conftest_external(void) {}]], [[]])],[
+	rb_cv_symbol_prefix=`$NM conftest.$ac_objext |
+			     sed -n ['/.*T[ 	]\([^ 	]*\)conftest_external.*/!d;s//\1/p;q']`
+	],
+	[rb_cv_symbol_prefix=''])
+    test -n "$rb_cv_symbol_prefix" || rb_cv_symbol_prefix=NONE
+])
+SYMBOL_PREFIX="$rb_cv_symbol_prefix"
+test "x$SYMBOL_PREFIX" = xNONE && SYMBOL_PREFIX=''
+DLNOBJ=dln.o
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(dln,
+	      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-dln], [disable dynamic link feature]),
+	      [test "$enableval" = yes || DLNOBJ=dmydln.o])
+AC_SUBST(DLNOBJ)
+MINIDLNOBJ=dmydln.o
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [linux*], [
+	],
+    [netbsd*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
+	],
+    [darwin*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
+	    AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([@%:@include <AvailabilityMacros.h>],
+		[MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7])],
+	    [dnl
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework Security])
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework Security])
+	    ]dnl
+	)
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework Foundation])
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework Foundation])
+	],
+    [osf*], [
+	AS_IF([test "$GCC" != "yes" ], [
+	  # compile something small: taint.c is fine for this.
+	  # the main point is the '-v' flag of 'cc'.
+	  AS_CASE(["`cc -v -I. -c main.c -o /tmp/main.o 2>&1`"],
+	  [*/gemc_cc*], [   # we have the new DEC GEM CC
+                        CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -oldc"
+                        ],
+          [            # we have the old MIPS CC
+                        ])
+	  # cleanup
+	  rm -f /tmp/main.o
+	  CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -std"
+	])
+	],
+    [cygwin*|mingw*], [
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' -Wl,--out-implib=$(LIBRUBY)'
+	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[cygwin*], [
+	    AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+		LIBRUBY_SO='cyg$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
+		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
+	    ])
+	    ],
+	[mingw*], [
+	    AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+		LIBRUBY_SO='$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
+		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
+	    ])
+	    EXPORT_PREFIX=' '
+	    DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS}"' $(DEFFILE)'
+	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/win32])
+	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/file])
+	    COMMON_LIBS=m
+#	    COMMON_MACROS="WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN="
+	    COMMON_HEADERS="winsock2.h windows.h"
+	    THREAD_MODEL=win32
+	    PLATFORM_DIR=win32
+	    ])
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
+	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+	AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll.a'
+	], [
+	    LIBRUBY_SO=dummy
+	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).a'
+	    LIBRUBYARG='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+	])
+	],
+    [hpux*], [
+	AS_CASE(["$YACC"],[*yacc*], [
+	    XCFLAGS="$XCFLAGS -DYYMAXDEPTH=300"
+	    YACC="$YACC -Nl40000 -Nm40000"
+	])
+])
+
+MINIOBJS="$MINIDLNOBJ"
+
+AS_CASE(["$THREAD_MODEL"],
+[pthread], [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread.h)],
+[win32],   [],
+[""],      [AC_MSG_ERROR(thread model is missing)],
+           [AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown thread model $THREAD_MODEL)])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(debug-env,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug-env], [enable RUBY_DEBUG environment variable]),
+       [AC_SUBST(ENABLE_DEBUG_ENV, yes)])
+
+AS_CASE(["$FIRSTMAKEFILE"], [*GNUmakefile:*], [gnumake=yes], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([if ${MAKE-make} is GNU make])
+    mkdir conftest.dir
+    echo "all:; @echo yes" > conftest.dir/GNUmakefile
+    echo "all:; @echo no" > conftest.dir/Makefile
+    gnumake=`(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make})`
+    rm -fr conftest.dir
+    AS_CASE(["$gnumake"],
+    [*yes*], [
+	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:template/GNUmakefile.in
+	gnumake=yes],
+    [
+	gnumake=no])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($gnumake)
+])
+AS_IF([test "$gnumake" = yes], [ NULLCMD=: ], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for safe null command for ${MAKE-make}])
+    mkdir conftest.dir
+    NULLCMD=
+    for cmd in : true; do
+	echo 'A=1' > conftest.dir/Makefile
+	echo 'B=$(A:1=@'$cmd')' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
+	echo 'all:; $B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
+	AS_IF([(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make} >/dev/null 2>/dev/null)], [
+	    NULLCMD=$cmd
+	    break
+	])
+    done
+    rm -fr conftest.dir
+    AS_IF([test -z "$NULLCMD"], [
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(no candidate for safe null command)
+    ])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($NULLCMD)
+])
+AC_SUBST(NULLCMD)
+
+AS_IF([test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for architecture macros], rb_cv_architecture_macros, [
+    mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
+    : > confdefs.h
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@if defined __`echo ${universal_archnames} |
+    sed 's/=[^ ]*//g;s/ /__ || defined __/g'`__
+@%:@else
+@%:@error
+>>>>>><<<<<<
+@%:@endif]], [[]])],[
+    rb_cv_architecture_macros=yes
+    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+], [
+    rb_cv_architecture_macros=no
+    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
+    new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
+    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	cpu=${archs@%:@*=}
+	archs=${archs%=*}
+	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
+	archs="__${archs}__"
+	AC_MSG_CHECKING([for macro ${archs} on ${cpu}])
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@ifndef ${archs}
+@%:@error
+@%:@endif]], [[]])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
+    done
+    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([failed])
+    ])])
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether __ARCHITECTURE__ is available, rb_cv_architecture_available,
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdio.h>
+		const char arch[[]] = __ARCHITECTURE__;]], [[puts(arch);]])],
+		[rb_cv_architecture_available=yes], [rb_cv_architecture_available=no]))
+])
+
+: ${MJIT_LDSHARED=`echo "$LDSHARED" | sed ['s|\$(LD)|'"${LD}"'|g;s|\$(CC)|$(MJIT_CC)|g']`}
+
+MAINLIBS="$LIBS"
+LIBS=$ORIG_LIBS
+AS_IF([test -n "${LIBS}"], [
+    libspat=`echo "${LIBS}" | sed 's/[[][|.*$^]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
+    MAINFLAGS=`echo " $MAINLIBS " | sed "s|$libspat"'||;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+])
+LIBRUBYARG_STATIC="${LIBRUBYARG_STATIC} \$(MAINLIBS)"
+CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "'$(DEFS)'
+test -z "$CPPFLAGS" || CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "; CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"'${cppflags}'
+AS_IF([test -n "${cflags+set}"], [
+    cflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
+    CFLAGS=`echo " $CFLAGS " | sed "s|$cflagspat"'|${cflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+])
+AS_IF([test -n "${cxxflags+set}"], [
+    cxxflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cxxflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
+    CXXFLAGS=`echo " $CXXFLAGS " | sed "s|$cxxflagspat"'|${cxxflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+])
+AS_IF([test "${ARCH_FLAG}"], [
+    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
+    CFLAGS=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
+    CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
+    LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
+])
+rb_cv_warnflags=`echo "$rb_cv_warnflags" | sed 's/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags"
+AC_SUBST(cppflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(cflags, ["${orig_cflags:+$orig_cflags }"'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'])dnl
+AC_SUBST(cxxflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(optflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(debugflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(warnflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(strict_warnflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(XCFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(XLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(EXTLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(EXTDLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_LDSHARED)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(rubyw_install_name)
+AC_SUBST(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_SO_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_SO)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_SONAME)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)
+AC_SUBST(SOLIBS)
+AC_SUBST(DLDLIBS)
+AC_SUBST(DLDSHARED)
+AC_SUBST(ENABLE_SHARED)
+AC_SUBST(MAINLIBS)
+AC_SUBST(COMMON_LIBS)
+AC_SUBST(COMMON_MACROS)
+AC_SUBST(COMMON_HEADERS)
+AC_SUBST(EXPORT_PREFIX)
+AC_SUBST(SYMBOL_PREFIX)
+AC_SUBST(MINIOBJS)
+AC_SUBST(THREAD_MODEL)
+AC_SUBST(PLATFORM_DIR)
+
+firstmf=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/:.*//'`
+firsttmpl=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/.*://'`
+MAKEFILES="Makefile $firstmf"
+MAKEFILES="`echo $MAKEFILES`"
+AC_SUBST(MAKEFILES)
+
+ri_prefix=
+test "$program_prefix" != NONE &&
+  ri_prefix=$program_prefix
+
+ri_suffix=
+test "$program_suffix" != NONE &&
+  ri_suffix=$program_suffix
+
+RUBY_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+  [cygwin*|mingw*], [
+    RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
+    rubyw_install_name='$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)'
+    ])
+
+rubylibdir='${rubylibprefix}/${ruby_version}'
+rubyarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubyarchprefix}/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibdir}/${arch}'}
+
+rubyarchprefix=${multiarch+'${archlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${arch}'}
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchprefix,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchprefix=DIR],
+			   [prefix for architecture dependent ruby libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/ARCH]]]),
+	    [rubyarchprefix="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(rubyarchprefix)
+
+rubysitearchprefix=${multiarch+'${sitearchlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${sitearch}'}
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubysitearchprefix,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubysitearchprefix=DIR],
+			   [prefix for architecture dependent site libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/SITEARCH]]]),
+	    [rubysitearchprefix="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(rubysitearchprefix)
+
+RI_BASE_NAME=`echo ${RUBY_BASE_NAME} | sed 's/ruby/ri/'`
+ridir='${datarootdir}/${RI_BASE_NAME}'
+AC_ARG_WITH(ridir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ridir=DIR], [ri documentation [[DATAROOTDIR/ri]]]),
+	    [ridir=$withval])
+AC_SUBST(ridir)
+AC_SUBST(RI_BASE_NAME)
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(ruby-version,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-version=STR], [ruby version string for version specific directories [[full]] (full|minor|STR)]),
+            [ruby_version=$withval],
+            [ruby_version=full])
+unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION
+unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE
+AS_CASE(["$ruby_version"],
+  [full],  [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='3	/* full */'],
+  [minor], [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='2	/* minor */'])
+AS_IF([test ${RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE+set}], [
+    {
+    echo "#define RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE $RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE"
+    echo '#define STRINGIZE(x) x'
+    test -f revision.h -o -f "${srcdir}/revision.h" || echo '#define RUBY_REVISION 0'
+    echo '#include "version.h"'
+    echo 'ruby_version=RUBY_LIB_VERSION'
+    } > conftest.c
+    ruby_version="`$CPP -I. -I"${srcdir}" -I"${srcdir}/include" conftest.c | sed '/^ruby_version=/!d;s/ //g'`"
+    eval $ruby_version
+], [test -z "${ruby_version}"], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby version, No place for bundled libraries])
+], [
+    RUBY_LIB_VERSION="${ruby_version}"
+])
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION)
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitedir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitedir=DIR], [site libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/site_ruby]], "no" to disable site directory]),
+            [sitedir=$withval],
+            [sitedir='${rubylibprefix}/site_ruby'])
+sitelibdir='${sitedir}/${ruby_version}'
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent site libraries in DIR [[SITEDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable site directory]),
+            [sitearchdir=$withval],
+            [sitearchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/site_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${sitelibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendordir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendordir=DIR], [vendor libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/vendor_ruby]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
+            [vendordir=$withval],
+            [vendordir='${rubylibprefix}/vendor_ruby'])
+vendorlibdir='${vendordir}/${ruby_version}'
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent vendor libraries in DIR [[VENDORDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
+            [vendorarchdir=$withval],
+            [vendorarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/vendor_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${vendorlibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AS_IF([test "${LOAD_RELATIVE+set}"], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LOAD_RELATIVE, $LOAD_RELATIVE)
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=''
+])
+
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX)
+
+AC_SUBST(libdirname, ${multiarch+arch}libdir)
+AC_SUBST(archlibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchlibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(archincludedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchincludedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(arch)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearch)dnl
+AC_SUBST(ruby_version)dnl
+AC_SUBST(rubylibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(rubyarchdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitelibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendordir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorlibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorarchdir)dnl
+
+AC_SUBST(CONFIGURE, "`echo $0 | sed 's|.*/||'`")dnl
+AC_SUBST(configure_args, "`echo "${ac_configure_args}" | sed 's/\\$/$$/g'`")dnl
+
+AS_IF([test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ], [
+    arch="universal-${target_os}"
+    AS_IF([test "${rb_cv_architecture_available}" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, __ARCHITECTURE__)
+    ], [
+	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	    cpu=`echo $archs | sed 's/.*=//'`
+	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
+	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__ &&! defined RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU], RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, ["${cpu}"])
+	done
+    ])
+    ints='long int short'
+    test "$ac_cv_type_long_long" = yes && ints="'long long' $ints"
+    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_ARCHNAMES, "${universal_archnames}")
+    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_INTS, "${ints}")
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_OS, "${target_os}")
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ARCH, "universal-" RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "universal." RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU "-" RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
+], [
+    arch="${target_cpu}-${target_os}"
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "$arch")
+])
+
+unset sitearch
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*],[sitearch="$target_cpu-$rb_cv_msvcrt"])
+: ${sitearch='${arch}'}
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(search-path,
+		AS_HELP_STRING([--with-search-path=DIR], [specify the additional search path]),
+		[search_path=$withval])
+AS_IF([test "$search_path" != ""], [
+    AC_SUBST(RUBY_SEARCH_PATH, $search_path)
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubyhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyhdrdir=DIR], [core headers in DIR [[INCLUDEDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME-RUBY_VERSION]]]),
+	    [rubyhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [rubyhdrdir='${includedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchhdrdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent core headers in DIR [[$(rubyhdrdir)/$(arch)]]]),
+	    [rubyarchhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [rubyarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${archincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubyhdrdir}/${arch}'}])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitehdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitehdrdir=DIR], [core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
+	    [sitehdrdir=$withval],
+	    [sitehdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/site_ruby'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchhdrdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
+	    [sitearchhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [sitearchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/site_ruby'}${multiarch-'${sitehdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendorhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorhdrdir=DIR], [core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
+	    [vendorhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [vendorhdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/vendor_ruby'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchhdrdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
+	    [vendorarchhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [vendorarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/vendor_ruby'}${multiarch-'${vendorhdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AC_SUBST(rubyhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitehdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(rubyarchhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorarchhdrdir)dnl
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(mantype,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-mantype=TYPE], [specify man page type; TYPE is one of man and doc]),
+		[
+			AS_CASE(["$withval"],
+			[man|man.gz|man.bz2|doc|doc.gz|doc.bz2], [MANTYPE=$withval],
+			[AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid man type: $withval)])
+		])
+AS_IF([test -z "$MANTYPE"], [
+	dnl Looks for nroff with -mdoc support.
+	AC_CACHE_VAL([ac_cv_path_NROFF], [
+		AC_PATH_PROGS_FEATURE_CHECK([NROFF],
+			[nroff awf mandoc],
+			[$ac_path_NROFF -mdoc ${srcdir}/man/ruby.1 \
+				>/dev/null 2>&1 &&
+				ac_cv_path_NROFF=$ac_path_NROFF \
+				ac_path_NROFF_found=:],
+			[], ["/usr/bin:/usr/ucb"]
+		)
+	])
+	AS_IF([test -n "$ac_cv_path_NROFF"], [
+		MANTYPE=doc
+	], [
+		MANTYPE=man
+	])
+])
+AC_SUBST(MANTYPE)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(rubygems,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-rubygems], [disable rubygems by default]),
+	[enable_rubygems="$enableval"], [enable_rubygems=yes])
+AS_IF([test x"$enable_rubygems" = xno], [
+    USE_RUBYGEMS=no
+], [
+    USE_RUBYGEMS=yes
+])
+AC_SUBST(USE_RUBYGEMS)
+
+arch_hdrdir="${EXTOUT}/include/${arch}/ruby"
+AS_MKDIR_P("${arch_hdrdir}")
+config_h="${arch_hdrdir}/config.h"
+guard=INCLUDE_RUBY_CONFIG_H
+{
+  echo "#ifndef $guard"
+  echo "#define $guard 1"
+  grep -v "^#define PACKAGE_" confdefs.h
+  echo "#endif /* $guard */"
+} | tr -d '\015' |
+(
+  AS_IF([test "x$CONFIGURE_TTY" = xyes], [color=--color], [color=])
+  exec ${tooldir}/ifchange $color "${config_h}" -
+) >&AS_MESSAGE_FD || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to create ${config_h}])
+tr -d '\015' < largefile.h > confdefs.h
+rm largefile.h
+
+BUILTIN_ENCS=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_ENCS[ 	]*=/{' \
+	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
+	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
+BUILTIN_ENCOBJS=
+for e in $BUILTIN_ENCS; do BUILTIN_ENCOBJS="$BUILTIN_ENCOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.c$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`; done
+AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
+
+BUILTIN_TRANSES=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_TRANSES[ 	]*=/{' \
+	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
+	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
+BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS=
+BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS=
+for e in $BUILTIN_TRANSES; do
+  BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS="$BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.c/'`
+  BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS="$BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`
+done
+AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS)
+AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)
+
+PACKAGE=$RUBY_BASE_NAME
+AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
+AS_MESSAGE([$PACKAGE library version = $ruby_version])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$CC_WRAPPER" != x], [
+    CC='$(CC_WRAPPER) '"${CC@%:@$CC_WRAPPER }"
+    CPP='$(CC_WRAPPER) '"${CPP@%:@$CC_WRAPPER }"
+    CC_WRAPPER='$(rubyarchdir)/darwin-cc'
+    XCC_WRAPPER='$(top_srcdir)/tool/darwin-cc'
+])
+AC_SUBST(CC_WRAPPER, '')
+AC_SUBST(XCC_WRAPPER)
+
+AS_CASE([" $CPP "], [*" $CC "*], [CPP=`echo " $CPP " | sed "s| $CC |"' $(CC) |;s/^ *//;s/  *$//'`])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$firstmf" != x], [
+    AC_CONFIG_FILES($firstmf:$firsttmpl, [], [firstmf="$firstmf" firsttmpl="$firsttmpl"])
+])
+AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
+    tmpmk=confmk$$.tmp
+    {
+	AS_IF([test ${VCS+set}], [
+	    :
+	], [git_dir=`$GIT --work-tree="$srcdir" --git-dir="$srcdir/.git" rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null`], [
+	    VCS='$(GIT)'
+	], [
+	    VCS='echo cannot'
+	])
+	AS_CASE("$VCS",
+		['$(GIT)'|git], [VCSUP='$(VCS) pull --rebase $(GITPULLOPTIONS)'],
+		[VCSUP='$(VCS)'])
+	sed -n \
+	    -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
+	    -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
+	    -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
+	    -e   p \
+	    -e '}' "$srcdir/version.h"
+	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
+	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+	AS_IF([test "$gnumake" != yes], [
+	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
+	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
+	], [
+	    echo 'distclean-local::; @$(RM) GNUmakefile uncommon.mk'
+	])
+    } > $tmpmk && AS_IF([! grep '^ruby:' $tmpmk > /dev/null], [
+	AS_IF([test "${gnumake}" = yes], [
+	    tmpgmk=confgmk$$.tmp
+	    {
+		echo "include $tmpmk"
+		echo "-include uncommon.mk"
+	    } > $tmpgmk
+	], [
+	    tmpgmk=$tmpmk
+	]) &&
+	test -z "`${MAKE-make} -f $tmpgmk info-program | grep '^PROGRAM=ruby$'`" &&
+	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
+	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
+    ]) && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
+[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-pc=FILENAME], [pc file basename]),
+	    [ruby_pc="$withval"],
+	    [ruby_pc="${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.pc"])
+AC_SUBST(ruby_pc)
+AC_SUBST(exec, [exec])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(destdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-destdir=DESTDIR], [specify default directory to install]),
+	    [DESTDIR="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(DESTDIR)
+
+AC_CONFIG_FILES($ruby_pc:template/ruby.pc.in,
+    [
+    AS_IF([sed ['s/\$(\([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\))/${\1}/g;s/@[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*@//'] $ruby_pc > ruby.tmp.pc &&
+	{
+	    test -z "$PKG_CONFIG" ||
+	    PKG_CONFIG_PATH=. $PKG_CONFIG --print-errors ruby.tmp
+	}],
+    [
+	mv -f ruby.tmp.pc $ruby_pc
+    ], [
+	exit 1
+    ])
+    ],
+    [ruby_pc='$ruby_pc' PKG_CONFIG='$PKG_CONFIG'])
+
+AC_OUTPUT
+}
+}
+
+AS_IF([test "$silent" = yes], [], [
+AS_IF([${FOLD+:} false], [], [
+AS_IF([test "`echo abcdefg hijklmno | fold -s -w10 | sed 1d`" = hijklmno], [FOLD="fold"], [FOLD=])
+])
+fold_width=`expr $COLUMNS - 30 2>/dev/null` || fold_width=50
+AS_REQUIRE_SHELL_FN([config_summary],
+    [AS_FUNCTION_DESCRIBE([config_summary], [NAME, VAL], [configuration summary])],
+    [AS_IF([test -z "$2"], [], [
+	AS_ECHO_N(["   * $1:                     "]) | dd bs=1 count=26 2>/dev/null
+	AS_IF([test "$FOLD"], [
+	    echo "$2" | fold -s -w$fold_width |
+	    sed '1!s/^/                          /;$!s/$/\\/'
+	], [echo "$2"])
+    ])]
+)
+
+AS_IF([test $install_doc = yes],
+    [DOCTARGETS=`echo " $RDOCTARGET $CAPITARGET " | sed 's/ nodoc //g;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`],
+    [DOCTARGETS=no])
+echo "---"
+echo "Configuration summary for $RUBY_BASE_NAME version $MAJOR.$MINOR.$TEENY"
+echo ""
+config_summary "Installation prefix" "$prefix"
+config_summary "exec prefix"         "$exec_prefix"
+config_summary "arch"                "$arch"
+config_summary "site arch"           "$sitearch"
+config_summary "RUBY_BASE_NAME"      "$RUBY_BASE_NAME"
+config_summary "enable shared"       "$enable_shared"
+config_summary "ruby lib prefix"     "$rubylibprefix"
+config_summary "site libraries path" "$rubysitearchprefix"
+config_summary "vendor path"         "$vendordir"
+config_summary "target OS"           "$target_os"
+config_summary "compiler"            "$CC"
+config_summary "with pthread"        "$enable_pthread"
+config_summary "with coroutine"      "$rb_cv_coroutine"
+config_summary "enable shared libs"  "$ENABLE_SHARED"
+config_summary "dynamic library ext" "$DLEXT"
+config_summary "CFLAGS"              "$cflags"
+config_summary "CPPFLAGS"            "$cppflags"
+config_summary "LDFLAGS"             "$LDFLAGS"
+config_summary "DLDFLAGS"            "$DLDFLAGS"
+config_summary "optflags"            "$optflags"
+config_summary "debugflags"          "$debugflags"
+config_summary "warnflags"           "$warnflags"
+config_summary "strip command"       "$STRIP"
+config_summary "install doc"         "$DOCTARGETS"
+config_summary "JIT support"         "$MJIT_SUPPORT"
+config_summary "man page type"       "$MANTYPE"
+config_summary "search path"         "$search_path"
+config_summary "static-linked-ext"   ${EXTSTATIC:+"yes"}
+config_summary "BASERUBY -v"         "$BASERUBY_VERSION"
+echo ""
+echo "---"
+])
diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 29b63c2401..0000000000
--- a/configure.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4506 +0,0 @@
-dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
-AC_INIT()
-{
-AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(tool)
-
-AC_PREREQ(2.67)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PREREQ_AC],
-	[m4_if(m4_version_compare(m4_defn([m4_PACKAGE_VERSION]), [$1]), [-1],
-		AC_MSG_ERROR([Autoconf version ]$1[ or higher is required]$2))])
-
-AC_DISABLE_OPTION_CHECKING
-
-AC_ARG_VAR([cflags], [additional CFLAGS])
-AC_ARG_VAR([cppflags], [additional CPPFLAGS])
-AC_ARG_VAR([cxxflags], [additional CXXFLAGS])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_RM_RECURSIVE], [
-m4_if(m4_version_compare(m4_defn([m4_PACKAGE_VERSION]), [2.70]), [-1], [
-# suppress error messages, rm: cannot remove 'conftest.dSYM', from
-# AC_EGREP_CPP with CFLAGS=-g on Darwin.
-#
-# TODO: remove this hack when AC_PREREQ() becomes 2.70 or later.
-AS_CASE([$build_os], [darwin*], [
-rm() {
-    rm_recursive=''
-    for arg do
-	AS_CASE("$arg",
-		[--*], [],
-		[-*r*], [break],
-		[conftest.*], [if test -d "$arg"; then rm_recursive=-r; break; fi],
-		[])
-    done
-    command rm $rm_recursive "[$]@"
-}
-])])])
-
-{ # environment section
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-baseruby=RUBY], [use RUBY as baseruby; RUBY is the pathname of ruby]),
-	[
-		AS_CASE(["$withval"],[*ruby*],[BASERUBY=$withval],[AC_MSG_ERROR(need ruby)])
-	],
-	[
-		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
-	])
-if test "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY -e 'print 42' 2>/dev/null`" = 42; then
-    if test "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -e 'print 42' 2>/dev/null`" = 42; then
-	BASERUBY="$BASERUBY --disable=gems"
-    fi
-    $BASERUBY -C "$srcdir/tool" downloader.rb -e gnu config.guess config.sub
-    HAVE_BASERUBY=yes
-else
-    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
-    HAVE_BASERUBY=no
-fi
-AC_SUBST(BASERUBY)
-AC_SUBST(HAVE_BASERUBY)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_MINGW32],
-[AS_CASE(["$host_os"],
-[cygwin*], [
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 environment, rb_cv_mingw32,
-[AC_TRY_CPP([
-#ifndef __MINGW32__
-# error
-#endif
-], rb_cv_mingw32=yes,rb_cv_mingw32=no)
-rm -f conftest*])
-if test "$rb_cv_mingw32" = yes; then
-    target_os="mingw32"
-    : ${ac_tool_prefix:="`expr "$CC" : ['\(.*-\)g\?cc[^/]*$']`"}
-fi
-])
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [mingw*msvc], [
-target_os="`echo ${target_os} | sed 's/msvc$//'`"
-])
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"], [x86_64-mingw*], [
-target_cpu=x64
-])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_NACL],
-[
- AS_CASE(["${host_os}"],
-[nacl], [
-  ac_cv_exeext=.nexe
-  host_vendor=chromium
-  ac_cv_host=chromium
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([wheather \$NACL_SDK_ROOT is set])
-  if test x"${NACL_SDK_ROOT}" = x; then
-    AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([You need to set \$NACL_SDK_ROOT environment variable to build for NativeClient])
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
-
-  nacl_cv_build_variant=glibc
-  AC_ARG_WITH(newlib,
-              AS_HELP_STRING([--with-newlib], [uses newlib version of NativeClient SDK]),
-              [AS_CASE([$withval],
-                       [no], [nacl_cv_build_variant=glibc],
-                       [yes], [nacl_cv_build_variant=newlib])])
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
-          [x86_64], [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=x86
-                     nacl_cv_cpu_nick2=x86_64],
-          [i?86], [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=x86
-                   nacl_cv_cpu_nick2=x86_32],
-          [le32], [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=pnacl
-                   nacl_cv_cpu_nick2=pnacl
-                   ac_cv_exeext=.pexe],
-          [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=$target_cpu])
-  AS_CASE(["$build_os"],
-          [linux*], [nacl_cv_os_nick=linux],
-          [darwin*], [nacl_cv_os_nick=mac],
-          [cygwin*|mingw*], [nacl_cv_os_nick=win],
-          [nacl_cv_os_nick=$build_os])
-
-  host="$host_cpu-chromium-$host_os-"
-  ac_tool_prefix="$host_cpu-nacl-"
-
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([NativeClient toolchain])
-  if test x"$nacl_cv_cpu_nick" = xpnacl; then
-    NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_pnacl"
-    ac_tool_prefix=pnacl-
-  elif test -d \
-    "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}_${nacl_cv_build_variant}"; then
-    NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}_${nacl_cv_build_variant}"
-  elif test -d \
-    "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_x86_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}/${nacl_cv_build_variant}"; then
-    NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_x86_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}/${nacl_cv_build_variant}"
-  else
-    AS_CASE(
-      ["${nacl_cv_build_variant}"],
-      [glibc], [if test \
-        -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}_newlib" \
-        -a -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}"; then
-        NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}"
-      fi],
-      [newlib], [ NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}" ])
-  fi
-  if test ! -e "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/${ac_tool_prefix}gcc"; then
-    if test "${build_cpu}" = i686 -a -e "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/nacl-gcc"; then
-      ac_tool_prefix=nacl-
-    fi
-    if test "${build_cpu}" = x86_64 -a -e "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/nacl-gcc"; then
-      ac_tool_prefix=nacl64-
-    fi
-  fi
-  if test -z "${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([Unrecognized --host and --build combination or NaCl SDK is not installed])
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT(${NACL_TOOLCHAIN})
-
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([path to SDK])
-  if ! echo -- "${PATH}" | grep -F "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/bin" > /dev/null; then
-    PATH="${PATH}:${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/bin"
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT(${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/bin)
-
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, '-I$(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/include')
-  if test x"${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}" = xpnacl; then
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, '-isystem $(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/include/pnacl')
-  elif test x"${nacl_cv_build_variant}" = xnewlib; then
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, '-isystem $(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/include/newlib')
-  fi
-
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([nacl library path])
-  if test -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/lib/${nacl_cv_build_variant}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}/Release"; then
-    nacl_cv_libpath="${nacl_cv_build_variant}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}"
-  elif test -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/lib/${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}/Release"; then
-    nacl_cv_libpath="${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}"
-  else
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([not found])
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT([${nacl_cv_libpath}])
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XLDFLAGS, '-L$(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/'"lib/${nacl_cv_libpath}/Release")
-
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_TOOLCHAIN)
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_SDK_ROOT)
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_SDK_VARIANT, "${nacl_cv_build_variant}")
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_LIB_PATH, "${nacl_cv_libpath}")
-  AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CC, [clang gcc])
-  AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CXX, [clang++ g++])
-])])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_NACL_CHECK_PEPPER_TYPES],
-[AS_CASE(["${host_os}"],
-[nacl], [
- AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct PPB_Core, struct PPB_Messaging, struct PPB_Var,
-              struct PPB_URLLoader, struct PPB_URLRequestInfo,
-              struct PPB_URLResponseInfo, struct PPB_FileRef,
-              struct PPP_Instance])
-])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CPPOUTFILE],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ${CPP} accepts -o, rb_cv_cppoutfile,
-[save_CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"
-CPPFLAGS='-o conftest-1.i'
-rb_cv_cppoutfile=no
-AC_TRY_CPP([test-for-cppout],
-	   [grep test-for-cppout conftest-1.i > /dev/null && rb_cv_cppoutfile=yes])
-CPPFLAGS="$save_CPPFLAGS"
-rm -f conftest*])
-if test "$rb_cv_cppoutfile" = yes; then
-  CPPOUTFILE='-o conftest.i'
-elif test "$rb_cv_cppoutfile" = no; then
-  CPPOUTFILE='> conftest.i'
-elif test -n "$rb_cv_cppoutfile"; then
-  CPPOUTFILE="$rb_cv_cppoutfile"
-fi
-AC_SUBST(CPPOUTFILE)])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether the linker is GNU ld, rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld,
-[if `$CC $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS --print-prog-name=ld 2>&1` -v 2>&1 | grep "GNU ld" > /dev/null; then
-  rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld=yes
-else
-  rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld=no
-fi
-])
-GNU_LD=$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld
-AC_SUBST(GNU_LD)])
-
-eval `sed -n 's/^#define RUBY_API_VERSION_\([A-Z][A-Z_0-9]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/\1=\2/p' $srcdir/include/ruby/version.h`
-for v in MAJOR MINOR TEENY; do
-    if eval "test \"\$$v\" = ''"; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine $v number from version.h)
-    fi
-done
-AC_SUBST(MAJOR)
-AC_SUBST(MINOR)
-AC_SUBST(TEENY)
-RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION=`sed -n 's/^#define RUBY_VERSION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $srcdir/version.h`
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)
-RUBY_PATCHLEVEL=`sed -n 's/^#define RUBY_PATCHLEVEL //p' $srcdir/version.h`
-AC_DEFINE(CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN)
-dnl checks for alternative programs
-AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
-RUBY_RM_RECURSIVE
-AC_ARG_WITH(gcc,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gcc], [never use gcc]),
-	[
-	AS_CASE([$withval],
-	    [no],  [: ${CC=cc}],
-	    [yes], [: ${CC=gcc}],
-	           [CC=$withval])])
-dnl If the user switches compilers, we can't believe the cache
-if test ! -z "$ac_cv_prog_CC" -a ! -z "$CC" -a "$CC" != "$ac_cv_prog_CC"
-then
-  AC_MSG_ERROR(cached CC is different -- throw away $cache_file
-(it is also a good idea to do 'make clean' before compiling))
-fi
-AS_CASE(["$build_os"],
-  [darwin1*.*], [
-    AS_CASE(["x$CC"],
-      [xgcc-4.2|x/usr/bin/gcc-4.2], [: ${CXX=g++-4.2}],
-      [xgcc|x/usr/bin/gcc],         [: ${CXX=g++}],
-      [xcc|x/usr/bin/cc],           [: ${CXX=c++}],
-      [xicc],                       [: ${CXX=icpc}],
-      [xclang|x/usr/bin/clang],     [: ${CXX=clang++}])
-  ])
-test -z "$CC" || ac_cv_prog_CC="$CC"
-test -z "$CXX" || ac_cv_prog_CXX="$CXX"
-
-if test "$program_prefix" = NONE; then
-  program_prefix=
-fi
-if test "$prefix" -ef .; then
-  AC_MSG_ERROR(--prefix cannot be the current working directory.)
-fi
-RUBY_BASE_NAME=`echo ruby | sed "$program_transform_name"`
-RUBYW_BASE_NAME=`echo rubyw | sed "$program_transform_name"`
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_BASE_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_VERSION_NAME, '${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${ruby_version}')
-
-AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
-test x"$target_alias" = x &&
-target_os=`echo $target_os | sed 's/linux-gnu$/linux/;s/linux-gnu/linux-/'`
-ac_install_sh='' # unusable for extension libraries.
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(os-version-style,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-os-version-style=TYPE],
-		       [OS version number for target and target_os [[full]]]
-		       [(full|teeny|minor+0|minor|major+0|major|none)]),
-	[os_version_style=$withval],
-	[os_version_style=full
-	    AS_CASE($target_os, [[*[0-9].*]],
-		[AS_CASE([`/usr/bin/ruby -e 'puts RUBY_PLATFORM' 2>/dev/null`],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].*.0]], [os_version_style=minor+0],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].*.*]], [os_version_style=full],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].0]  ], [os_version_style=major+0],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].*]  ], [os_version_style=minor],
-		    [[*-*[0-9]]    ], [os_version_style=major],
-		)])
-	])
-os_version_style_transform=
-AS_CASE("${os_version_style}",
-	[full|teeny], [],
-	[minor+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
-	[minor],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
-	[major+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
-	[major],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
-	[none],    [os_version_style_transform=['s/[0-9]\.[0-9][.0-9]*$//']],
-	[AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown --with-os-version-style: $withval)])
-AS_IF([test -z "$target_alias" -a -n "$os_version_style_transform"],
-	[
-	target=`echo ${target} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
-	target_os=`echo ${target_os} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
-	])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_APPEND_OPTION],
-	[# RUBY_APPEND_OPTION($1)
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*' $2 '*], [], ['  '], [ $1="$2"], [ $1="[$]$1 $2"])])
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS],
-	[# RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS($1)
-	for rb_opt in $2; do
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*" [$]{rb_opt} "*], [], ['  '], [ $1="[$]{rb_opt}"], [ $1="[$]$1 [$]{rb_opt}"])
-	done])
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION],
-	[# RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION($1)
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*' $2 '*], [], ['  '], [ $1="$2"], [ $1="$2 [$]$1"])])
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PREPEND_OPTIONS],
-	[# RUBY_PREPEND_OPTIONS($1)
-	unset rb_opts; for rb_opt in $2; do
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{rb_opts} [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*" [$]{rb_opt} "*], [], ['  '], [ $1="[$]{rb_opt}"], [ rb_opts="[$]{rb_opts}[$]{rb_opt} "])
-	done
-	$1="[$]{rb_opts}[$]$1"])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(arch,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-arch=ARCHS],
-		       [build an Apple/NeXT Multi Architecture Binary (MAB);
-                          ARCHS is a comma-delimited list of architectures for
-                          which to build; if this option is disabled or omitted
-			  entirely, then the package will be built only for the
-			  target platform]),
-       [target_archs="$withval"], [unset target_archs])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH], [
-AC_MSG_CHECKING([arch option])
-AS_CASE([$1],
-	[*64],        [ARCH_FLAG=-m64],
-	[[i[3-6]86]], [ARCH_FLAG=-m32],
-	[AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown target architecture: $target_archs)]
-	)
-AC_MSG_RESULT([$ARCH_FLAG])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH], [
-# RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH begin
-ARCH_FLAG=`expr " $CXXFLAGS " : ['.* \(-m[0-9][0-9]*\) ']`
-test ${CXXFLAGS+set} && CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed [-e 's/ *-arch  *[^ ]*//g' -e 's/ *-m32//g' -e 's/ *-m64//g']`
-ARCH_FLAG=`expr " $CFLAGS " : ['.* \(-m[0-9][0-9]*\) ']`
-test ${CFLAGS+set} && CFLAGS=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed [-e 's/ *-arch  *[^ ]*//g' -e 's/ *-m32//g' -e 's/ *-m64//g']`
-test ${LDFLAGS+set} && LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed [-e 's/ *-arch  *[^ ]*//g' -e 's/ *-m32//g' -e 's/ *-m64//g']`
-unset universal_binary universal_archnames
-if test ${target_archs+set}; then
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([target architectures])
-    target_archs=`echo $target_archs | tr , ' '`
-    # /usr/lib/arch_tool -archify_list $TARGET_ARCHS
-    for archs in $target_archs
-    do
-	AS_CASE([",$universal_binary,"],[*",$archs,"*], [],[
-	    cpu=`$SHELL "$ac_aux_dir/config.sub" "${archs}-${target_os}" 2>&1` || {
-	        AC_MSG_RESULT([failed])
-		AC_MSG_ERROR([$cpu])
-	    }
-	    cpu=`echo $cpu | sed 's/-.*-.*//'`
-	    universal_binary="${universal_binary+$universal_binary,}$cpu"
-	    universal_archnames="${universal_archnames} ${archs}=${cpu}"
-	    ARCH_FLAG="${ARCH_FLAG+$ARCH_FLAG }-arch $archs"
-	    ])
-    done
-    target_archs="$universal_binary"
-    unset universal_binary
-    AS_CASE(["$target_archs"],
-      [*,*], [universal_binary=yes],
-             [unset universal_archnames])
-    AC_MSG_RESULT([$target_archs])
-
-    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    target_alias=`echo $target_alias | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes; then
-	AC_SUBST(try_header,try_compile)
-	target_cpu=universal
-	real_cross_compiling=$cross_compiling
-    else
-	if test x"$target_cpu" != x"${target_archs}"; then
-	    echo 'int main(){return 0;}' > conftest.c
-	    if $CC $CFLAGS $ARCH_FLAG -o conftest conftest.c > /dev/null 2>&1; then
-		rm -fr conftest.*
-	    else
-		RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH("$target_archs")
-	    fi
-	fi
-	target_cpu=${target_archs}
-    fi
-    AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
-    AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
-else
-    if test x"$target_alias" = x; then
-	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	  [darwin*], [
-	    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for real target cpu])
-	    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-	    target_cpu=`$CC -E - 2>/dev/null <<EOF |
-#ifdef __x86_64__
-"processor-name=x86_64"
-#endif
-#ifdef __i386__
-"processor-name=i386"
-#endif
-#ifdef __ppc__
-"processor-name=powerpc"
-#endif
-#ifdef __ppc64__
-"processor-name=powerpc64"
-#endif
-EOF
-	    sed -n 's/^"processor-name=\(.*\)"/\1/p'`
-	    target="$target_cpu${target}"
-	    AC_MSG_RESULT([$target_cpu])
-	    ])
-    fi
-    target_archs="$target_cpu"
-fi
-if test "${target_archs}" != "${rb_cv_target_archs-${target_archs}}"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([target arch(s) has changed from ${rb_cv_target_archs-nothing} to ${target_archs}])
-else
-    rb_cv_target_archs=${target_archs}
-fi
-if test "x${ARCH_FLAG}" != x; then
-    CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:+$CFLAGS }${ARCH_FLAG}"
-    LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS:+$LDFLAGS }${ARCH_FLAG}"
-fi
-# RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH end
-])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(load-relative,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-load-relative], [resolve load paths at run time]),
-       [load_relative=$enableval])
-
-AC_ARG_PROGRAM
-
-dnl Checks for programs.
-
-cflagspat=
-test -z "$optflags" ||
-    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${optflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
-test -z "$debugflags" ||
-    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${debugflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
-test -z "warnflags" ||
-    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${warnflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
-if test -z "${CFLAGS+set}"; then
-    cflags=`echo " $cflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
-    orig_cflags="$cflags"
-    cflags="$cflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
-fi
-if test -z "${CXXFLAGS+set}"; then
-    cxxflags=`echo " $cxxflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
-    orig_cxxflags="$cxxflags"
-    cxxflags="$cxxflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
-fi
-
-RUBY_NACL
-AS_CASE(["$host_os:$build_os"],
-[darwin*:darwin*], [
-    AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CC, [clang gcc cc])
-    # Following Apple deployed clang are broken
-    # clang version 1.0 (http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/cfe/tags/Apple/clang-23 exported)
-    # Apple clang version 2.0 (tags/Apple/clang-137) (based on LLVM 2.9svn)
-    # Apple clang version 2.1 (tags/Apple/clang-163.7.1) (based on LLVM 3.0svn)
-    if ! $CC -E -xc - <<SRC >/dev/null; then
-	@%:@if defined __APPLE_CC__ && defined __clang_major__ && __clang_major__ < 3
-	@%:@error premature clang
-	@%:@endif
-SRC
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([clang version 3.0 or later is required])
-    fi
-])
-if test x"${build}" != x"${host}"; then
-  AC_CHECK_TOOL(CC, gcc)
-fi
-
-AC_PROG_CC
-AC_PROG_CXX
-RUBY_MINGW32
-AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
-AC_SUBST(GCC)
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[solaris*], [AC_PATH_TOOL([LD], [ld], [/usr/ccs/bin/ld], [/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH])],
-[AC_CHECK_TOOL([LD], [ld], [ld])])
-AC_SUBST(LD)
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    linker_flag=-Wl,
-    : ${optflags=-O3}
-    gcc_major=`echo =__GNUC__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
-    gcc_minor=`echo =__GNUC_MINOR__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
-    test -n "$gcc_major" || gcc_major=0
-    test -n "$gcc_minor" || gcc_minor=0
-    # RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, ["-include ruby/config.h" "-include ruby/missing.h"])
-else
-    linker_flag=
-fi
-
-RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD
-RUBY_CPPOUTFILE
-
-: ${OUTFLAG='-o '}
-: ${COUTFLAG=${OUTFLAG}}
-AC_SUBST(OUTFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(COUTFLAG)
-
-cc_version=
-for option in --version -v -V -qversion; do
-    cc_version_message=`$CC $option 2>&1`
-    cc_version_status=$?
-    AS_CASE($cc_version_status, [0], [:], [continue])
-    AS_CASE($cc_version_message, [*Warning*], [continue])
-    cc_version='$(CC) '$option
-done
-AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION, $cc_version)
-
-RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH
-if test "$target_cpu" != "$host_cpu" -a "$GCC" = yes -a "$cross_compiling" = no -a "$universal_binary" = no; then
-    RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH("$target_cpu")
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"], [[i[3-6]86*]], [
-	 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync_val_compare_and_swap], [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas], [
-			 AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned long atomic_var;],
-				     [
-				      __sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
-				      ],
-				      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=yes],
-				      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=no])])
-	 if test "$rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas" = no; then
-		 unset rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas
-		 save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
-		 CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -march=i486"
-		 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync_val_compare_and_swap with -march=i486], [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas], [
-				 AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned long atomic_var;],
-					     [
-					      __sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
-					      ],
-					      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=yes
-					       ARCH_FLAG="-march=i486"],
-					      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=no])])
-		 CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
-	 fi])
-
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(RANLIB, ranlib, :)
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(AR, ar)
-if test -z "$AR"; then
-  AC_CHECK_PROGS(AR, aal, ar)
-fi
-
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(AS, as)
-ASFLAGS=$ASFLAGS
-AC_SUBST(ASFLAGS)
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[cygwin*|mingw*], [ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_OBJCOPY=":"])
-
-# BSD's ports and MacPorts prefix GNU binutils with 'g'
-AC_CHECK_TOOLS(OBJDUMP, [objdump gobjdump])
-AC_CHECK_TOOLS(OBJCOPY, [objcopy gobjcopy])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[cygwin*|mingw*], [
-    AC_CHECK_TOOL(WINDRES, windres)
-    AC_CHECK_TOOL(DLLWRAP, dllwrap)
-    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    target_alias=`echo $target_alias | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    target_cpu=`echo $target_cpu | sed s/i.86/i386/`
-    AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
-    AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*], [
-	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && unset rb_cv_msvcrt
-	AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 runtime DLL, rb_cv_msvcrt, [
-	AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <stdio.h>],
-		    [FILE* volatile f = stdin; return 0;],
-		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=`$OBJDUMP -p conftest$ac_exeext |
-				   tr A-Z a-z |
-				   sed -n '/^[[ 	]]*dll name: \(msvc.*\)\.dll$/{s//\1/p;q;}'`],
-		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
-	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
-	RT_VER=`echo "$rb_cv_msvcrt" | tr -cd [0-9]`
-	test "$RT_VER" = "" && RT_VER=60
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION, $RT_VER)
-    ])
-    : ${enable_shared=yes}
-    ],
-[aix*],     [AC_CHECK_TOOL(NM, nm, /usr/ccs/bin/nm, /usr/ccs/bin:$PATH)],
-[hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(NM, nm)
-
-AC_PROG_LN_S
-AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
-AC_PROG_INSTALL
-AC_PROG_MKDIR_P
-if test "x$MKDIR_P" = "x -d"; then
-  if test x"$as_mkdir_p" != xfalse; then
-    MKDIR_P='mkdir -p'
-    echo "use 'mkdir -p' as MKDIR_P"
-  else
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([mkdir -p is required])
-  fi
-fi
-MAKEDIRS="$MKDIR_P"
-AC_SUBST(MAKEDIRS)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether dtrace USDT is available, rb_cv_dtrace_available,
-[
-    echo "provider conftest{ probe fire(); };" > conftest_provider.d
-    if $DTRACE -h -o conftest_provider.h -s conftest_provider.d >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
-      AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include "conftest_provider.h"], [CONFTEST_FIRE();], [
-	# DTrace is available on the system
-	rb_cv_dtrace_available=yes
-      ], [rb_cv_dtrace_available=no])
-    else
-      # DTrace is not available while dtrace command exists
-      # for example FreeBSD 8 or FreeBSD 9 without DTrace build option
-      rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
-    fi
-    rm -f conftest.[co] conftest_provider.[dho]
-])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether $DTRACE needs post processing, rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g,
-[
-  rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g=no
-  if {
-    cat >conftest_provider.d <<_PROBES &&
-    provider conftest {
-      probe fire();
-    };
-_PROBES
-    $DTRACE -h -o conftest_provider.h -s conftest_provider.d >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
-    :
-  }; then
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include "conftest_provider.h"], [CONFTEST_FIRE();], [
-	if {
-	    cp -p conftest.${ac_objext} conftest.${ac_objext}.save &&
-	    $DTRACE -G -s conftest_provider.d conftest.${ac_objext} 2>/dev/null &&
-	    :
-	}; then
-	    if cmp -s conftest.o conftest.${ac_objext}.save; then
-		rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g=yes
-	    else
-		rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g=rebuild
-	    fi
-	fi])
-  fi
-  rm -f conftest.[co] conftest_provider.[dho]
-])
-])
-
-AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace])
-if test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"; then
-    AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [dtrace], [dtrace])
-fi
-
-AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOT, dot)
-AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOXYGEN, doxygen)
-AS_CASE(["${host_os}"], [nacl], [AC_PATH_PROG(PYTHON, python)])
-
-AC_CHECK_PROG(PKG_CONFIG, pkg-config, [pkg-config], [], [],
-    [`"$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1 || echo "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"`])
-
-# checks for UNIX variants that set C preprocessor variables
-AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
-
-AC_SUBST(RM, ['rm -f'])
-AC_SUBST(CP, ['cp'])
-RMDIRS='$(top_srcdir)/tool/rmdirs'
-RMDIR=rmdir
-mkdir "rmdirs_$$_test" "rmdirs_$$_test/a"
-rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null &&
-RMDIR='rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty'
-$RMDIR -p "rmdirs_$$_test/a" 2>/dev/null &&
-{ test -d "rmdirs_$$_test" || RMDIRS="$RMDIR -p"; }
-rmdir "rmdirs_$$_test/a" "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null
-AC_SUBST(RMDIR)
-AC_SUBST(RMDIRS)
-AC_SUBST(RMALL, ['rm -fr'])
-
-AC_MSG_CHECKING([for cd using physical directory])
-rm -fr conf$$.dir
-mkdir conf$$.dir &&
-(cd conf$$.dir && mkdir src build && cd src &&
-$as_ln_s ../build . > /dev/null 2>&1 && cd build &&
-for chdir in 'cd -P' 'PWD= cd'; do
-    /bin/sh -c "$chdir ../src && echo '$chdir' > cdcmd" 2> /dev/null && break
-done)
-if test -f conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd; then
-    read CHDIR < conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd 2> /dev/null
-else
-    CHDIR=cd
-fi
-rm -fr conf$$.dir
-AC_MSG_RESULT([$CHDIR])
-AC_SUBST(CHDIR)
-
-}
-{ # compiler section
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_WERROR_FLAG], [dnl
-save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
-CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $rb_cv_warnflags"
-if test "${ac_c_werror_flag+set}"; then
-  rb_c_werror_flag="$ac_c_werror_flag"
-else
-  unset rb_c_werror_flag
-fi
-ac_c_werror_flag=yes
-$1
-CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
-save_CFLAGS=
-if test "${rb_c_werror_flag+set}"; then
-  ac_c_werror_flag="$rb_c_werror_flag"
-else
-  unset ac_c_werror_flag
-fi])
-
-RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether CFLAGS is valid])
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([], [],
-	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"])
-	]
-    )
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether LDFLAGS is valid])
-    {
-	mkdir tmp.$$.try_link &&
-	cd tmp.$$.try_link &&
-	cp ../confdefs.h . &&
-	echo '<?xml?><plist><dict><key>CFBundleIdentifier</key><string></string></dict></plist>' > Info.plist &&
-	:
-    } || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to make temporary directory])
-    AC_TRY_LINK([], [],
-	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[
-	cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"])
-	]
-    )
-    cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether ]$1[ is accepted as CFLAGS])
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    CFLAGS="[$]CFLAGS $1"
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([$4], [$5],
-	[$2
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[$3
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)])
-    ])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS], [
-    save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"
-    LDFLAGS="[$]LDFLAGS $1"
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $1 is accepted as LDFLAGS])
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    AC_TRY_LINK([$4], [$5],
-	[$2
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[$3
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)])
-    ])
-    LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS"
-    save_LDFLAGS=
-])
-
-AS_CASE([$RUBY_PATCHLEVEL], [-*],
-	[particular_werror_flags=yes], [particular_werror_flags=no])
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(werror,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-werror],
-		       [don't make warnings into errors
-		       even if a compiler support -Werror feature
-		       [[disabled by default unless development version]]]),
-	[particular_werror_flags=$enableval])
-
-rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
-if test "$GCC:${warnflags+set}:no" = yes::no; then
-    if test $gcc_major -ge 4; then
-	extra_warning=-Werror=extra-tokens
-    else
-	extra_warning=
-    fi
-    if test $gcc_major -eq 5; then
-	extra_warning="$extra_warning -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
-    fi
-    for wflag in -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-parentheses -Wno-long-long \
-                 -diag-disable=2259 \
-		 -Wno-missing-field-initializers \
-		 -Wunused-variable \
-		 -Werror=pointer-arith \
-		 -Werror=write-strings \
-		 -Werror=declaration-after-statement \
-		 -Werror=shorten-64-to-32 \
-		 -Werror=implicit-function-declaration \
-		 -Werror=division-by-zero \
-		 -Werror=deprecated-declarations \
-		 -Wno-packed-bitfield-compat \
-		 $extra_warning \
-		 ; do
-	if test "$particular_werror_flags" != yes; then
-	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/;s/^x//'`
-	fi
-	ok=no
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
-	    ok=yes
-	])
-	AS_CASE([$ok:$wflag], [no:-Werror=*], [
-	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/'`
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
-		particular_werror_flags=no
-	    ])
-	])
-    done
-    AS_CASE([" $warnflags "],[*" -Wno-missing-field-initializers "*], [wflag="-Wall -Wextra"],
-                             [wflag=-Wall])
-    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [warnflags="$wflag${warnflags+ $warnflags}"])
-    # Disable warnflags while conftest. -Werror=* flags might make bad OS capability guess.
-    rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
-    warnflags=
-fi
-RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Qunused-arguments, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_wsuppress_flags, -Qunused-arguments)])
-
-for n in infinity nan; do
-    m=AS_TR_CPP($n)
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether $m is available without C99 option], rb_cv_$n,
-	[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-	    [AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY(AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <math.h>
-@%:@ifndef $m
-@%:@error no $m
-@%:@endif
-]), [1])], [eval rb_cv_$n=yes], [eval rb_cv_$n=no])])
-    if eval test '"$rb_cv_'$n'"' = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([HAVE_]$m)
-    fi
-done
-
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    # NaCl's glibc build generates undefined references to __memset_chk.
-    # TODO(sbc): Remove this once NaCl's glibc is fixed.
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [nacl], [], [
-      # -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE
-      # When defined _FORTIFY_SOURCE, glibc enables some additional sanity
-      # argument check. The performance drop is very little and Ubuntu enables
-      # _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 by default. So, let's support it for protecting us from
-      # a mistake of silly C extensions.
-      RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)])
-   ])
-
-    # -fstack-protector
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*|nacl], [
-	stack_protector=no
-    ])
-    if test -z "${stack_protector+set}"; then
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fstack-protector, [stack_protector=yes], [stack_protector=no])
-	if test "x$stack_protector" = xyes; then
-	    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(-fstack-protector, [], [stack_protector=broken])
-	fi
-    fi
-    if test "x$stack_protector" = xyes; then
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fstack-protector)
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, -fstack-protector)
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LDFLAGS, -fstack-protector)
-    fi
-
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*], [
-      # On  Windows  platforms,   system  provided  headers  are  VC++
-      # optimized.  That  is, C++  habits are often  contaminated into
-      # various  headers.  Most frequent  situation is  the use  of //
-      # comments.   We  bypass  ANSI   C  mode  for  them.   Otherwise
-      # extension libs cannot include those headers.
-    ],
-    [cygwin*|darwin*|netbsd*|nacl], [
-      # need lgamma_r(), finite()
-    ],
-    [
-      # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-	for ansi_options in -std=iso9899:1999 "-ansi -std=iso9899:199409"; do
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-	    ], [ansi_options=])
-	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
-	done
-    ])
-
-    # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
-    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-strict-overflow, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fno-strict-overflow)])
-
-    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb3, [debugflags=-ggdb3])}
-    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb, [debugflags=-ggdb])}
-    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-g3, [debugflags=-g3])}
-fi
-test $ac_cv_prog_cc_g = yes && : ${debugflags=-g}
-
-if test "$GCC" = ""; then
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[warnflags="$warnflags -qinfo=por" rb_cv_warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags -qinfo=por"])
-fi
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    if test "$gcc_major" -ge 4; then
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fvisibility=hidden, [visibility_option=yes], [visibility_option=no])
-    fi
-    AC_SUBST(WERRORFLAG, "-Werror")
-    if test "$visibility_option" = yes; then
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fvisibility=hidden)
-	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN, [_Pragma("GCC visibility push(default)")])
-	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END,   [_Pragma("GCC visibility pop")])
-    else
-	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*], [visibility_option=ld], [visibility_option=no])
-    fi
-    test "$visibility_option" = no -o "$host_os" = nacl || OBJCOPY=:
-fi
-
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    # optflags
-
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [mingw*], [
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-omit-frame-pointer, [optflags="${optflags+$optflags }-fno-omit-frame-pointer"])
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-static-libgcc, [static_libgcc=yes], [static_libgcc=no])
-	if test "$static_libgcc" = yes; then
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, -static-libgcc)
-	fi
-    ])
-
-    # disable fast-math
-    for oflag in -fno-fast-math -fp-model\ precise; do
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(optflags, $oflag)])
-    done
-fi
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(opt-dir,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-opt-dir=DIR-LIST],
-		       [add optional headers and libraries directories separated by $PATH_SEPARATOR]),
-	[
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -I\1/include|g;s/^ //"`
-		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $val"
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -L\1/lib|g;s/^ //"`
-		LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $val"
-		LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-		OPT_DIR="$withval"
-	], [OPT_DIR=])
-
-test -z "${ac_env_CFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cflags+set}" && eval CFLAGS="\"$cflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
-test -z "${ac_env_CXXFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cxxflags+set}" && eval CXXFLAGS="\"$cxxflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
-
-}
-{ # header and library section
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(winnt-ver,
-  AS_HELP_STRING([--with-winnt-ver=0xXXXX], [target Windows NT version (default to 0x0501)]),
-  [with_winnt_ver="$withval"], [with_winnt_ver="0x0501"])
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[mingw*], [
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D_WIN32_WINNT=$with_winnt_ver)
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D__MINGW_USE_VC2005_COMPAT)
-])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[freebsd*], [
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread should be enabled by default],
-    rb_cv_enable_pthread_default,
-    [AC_TRY_CPP([
-#include <osreldate.h>
-#if __FreeBSD_version < 502102
-#error pthread should be disabled on this platform
-#endif
-      ],
-      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=yes,
-      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=no)])
-  enable_pthread=$rb_cv_enable_pthread_default
-  ],
-[mingw*], [
-  enable_pthread=no
-  ],
-[
-  enable_pthread=yes
-  ])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(pthread,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-pthread], [obsolete, and ignored]))
-
-dnl Checks for libraries.
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[*bsd*|dragonfly*],[],[ac_cv_func_daemon=no])
-
-POSTLINK=:
-AC_SUBST(POSTLINK)
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[nextstep*], [	],
-[openstep*], [	],
-[rhapsody*], [	],
-[darwin*], [	RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION(LIBS, -lobjc)
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_C_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT -D_REENTRANT)
-		AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether Mac OS X 10.5 or later)
-		AC_TRY_CPP([#include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
-		    #if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED <= 1040
-		    #error pre OS X 10.4
-		    [!<===== pre OS X 10.4 =====>]
-		    #endif
-		    ],
-		    [macosx_10_5=yes], [macosx_10_5=no])
-		AC_MSG_RESULT($macosx_10_5)
-		if test $macosx_10_5 = yes; then
-		    ac_cv_func_getcontext=no
-		    ac_cv_func_setcontext=no
-		else
-		    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
-		    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
-		fi
-		incs=`$CC -v -E -xc - < /dev/null 2>&1 | sed ['1,/^@%:@include </d;s/^ *//;s|[^./][^/]*/\.\./||g;/\/include$/!d;s||/lib|;/\/usr\/lib/d']`
-		for d in `$CC -print-search-dirs | sed -e '/^libraries: */!d;s///' | tr : '\012' | fgrep -v /../ | sed -n 's|^\(/.*/lib\)/$|\1|p'`; do
-		    incs=`echo "$incs" | fgrep -v "$d"`
-		done
-		for d in $incs; do
-		    test -d "$d" && RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LDFLAGS, "-L$d")
-		done
-		ac_cv_type_getgroups=gid_t # getgroups() on Rosetta fills garbage
-		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
-		ac_cv_func_fdatasync=no # Mac OS X wrongly reports it has fdatasync()
-		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
-		if test $gcc_major -lt 4 -o \( $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3 \); then
-		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
-		fi
-                AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken crypt with 8bit chars, rb_cv_broken_crypt,
-                    [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-int
-main()
-{
-    int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < 128*128; i++) {
-	char salt[2], buf[256], *s;
-	salt[0] = 0x80 | (i & 0x7f);
-	salt[1] = 0x80 | (i >> 7);
-	strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
-	if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
-#if 0
-	    printf("%.2x%.2x: %s -> %s\n", (unsigned char)salt[0], (unsigned char)salt[1],
-		   buf+2, s+2);
-#endif
-	    return 1;
-	}
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-],
-	            rb_cv_broken_crypt=no,
-	            rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes,
-	            rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes)])
-                if test "$rb_cv_broken_crypt" = yes; then
-                  AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CRYPT, 1)
-                fi
-		AC_CHECK_PROGS(codesign, codesign)
-		if test -n "$codesign"; then
-		    POSTLINK="test -z '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' || $codesign -s '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' -f \$@"
-		    LINK_SO="$LINK_SO
-\$(POSTLINK)"
-		fi
-		AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crt_externs.h, [], [], [
-		    #include <crt_externs.h>
-		])
-		],
-[hpux*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_c_inline=no],
-[solaris*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
-		AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether _XOPEN_SOURCE is already given)
-		AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unistd.h>
-		    #ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
-		    #error _XOPEN_SOURCE is not defined
-		    #endif
-		    ], [],
-		    [given_xopen_source=yes], [given_xopen_source=no])
-		AC_MSG_RESULT($given_xopen_source)
-		if test $given_xopen_source = no; then
-		  # On Solaris, with gcc, -std=iso9899:1999 in $ansi_options
-		  # is often also needed in CPPFLAGS, because some feature
-		  # definitions vary depending on such standards options.
-		  AS_CASE(["${ansi_options}"],
-		  [*-std=iso9899:1999*], [
-		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, ${ansi_options})
-		  ])
-		  AC_MSG_CHECKING(appropriate _XOPEN_SOURCE value to define)
-		  define_xopen_source=""
-		  for tmp_xpg in 7 6 5; do
-		    if test x"$define_xopen_source" != x; then
-		        break
-		    fi
-		    # Both AC_TRY_CPP and AC_TRY_COMPILE should pass
-		    # because some options may not be set to CPPFLAGS.
-		    AC_TRY_CPP([
-			#define _XOPEN_SOURCE ${tmp_xpg}00
-			#include <unistd.h>
-			#ifndef _XPG${tmp_xpg}
-			#error _XPG${tmp_xpg} should be defined by _XOPEN_SOURCE=${tmp_xpg}00
-			#endif
-			], [
-			AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-			#define _XOPEN_SOURCE ${tmp_xpg}00
-			#include <unistd.h>
-			#ifndef _XPG${tmp_xpg}
-			#error _XPG${tmp_xpg} should be defined by _XOPEN_SOURCE=${tmp_xpg}00
-			#endif
-			], [],
-			[define_xopen_source=${tmp_xpg}00], [])
-			], [])
-		  done
-		  if test x"$define_xopen_source" = x; then
-		    define_xopen_source=no
-		  fi
-		  AC_MSG_RESULT($define_xopen_source)
-		  if test x"$define_xopen_source" != xno; then
-		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=$define_xopen_source)
-		  fi
-		fi
-		],
-[haiku*], [
-		LIBS="$LIBS" # m lib is include in root
-		],
-[cygwin*], [	ac_cv_header_langinfo_h=yes
-		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cygwin_conv_path)
-		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
-		],
-[mingw*], [	LIBS="-lshell32 -lws2_32 -liphlpapi -limagehlp -lshlwapi $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_header_a_out_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_pwd_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_utime_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_ioctl_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_param_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_select_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_time_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_times_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no
-		ac_cv_func_lstat=yes
-		ac_cv_func_times=yes
-		ac_cv_func_waitpid=yes
-		ac_cv_func_fsync=yes
-		ac_cv_func_seekdir=yes
-		ac_cv_func_telldir=yes
-		ac_cv_func_isinf=yes
-		ac_cv_func_isnan=yes
-		ac_cv_func_finite=yes
-		ac_cv_func_lchown=yes
-		ac_cv_func_link=yes
-		ac_cv_func_readlink=yes
-		ac_cv_func_symlink=yes
-		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
-		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
-		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
-		ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=no
-		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
-		rb_cv_negative_time_t=no
-		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
-		ac_cv_func_flock=yes
-		ac_cv_func_gmtime_r=yes
-		rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes
-		ac_cv_type_struct_timeval=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
-		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
-		{ test "$target_cpu" = x64 && ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no; }
-		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
-			      [@%:@include <winsock2.h>
-			      @%:@include <iphlpapi.h>])
-		if test x"$ac_cv_type_NET_LUID" = xyes; then
-		    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TYPE_NET_LUID, 1)
-		fi
-		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_gmtime64_s)
-		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_wfreopen_s)
-		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
-		],
-[bsdi*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
-		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
-                ac_cv_sizeof_rlim_t=8],
-[freebsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_func_getpeername=no
-		ac_cv_func_getsockname=no
-		ac_cv_func_shutdown=no
-		ac_cv_func_close=no
-		],
-[netbsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		],
-[dragonfly*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		# isinf() and isnan() are macros on DragonFly.
-		ac_cv_func_isinf=yes
-		ac_cv_func_isnan=yes
-		],
-[aix*],[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_func_round=no
-		],
-[nacl], [
-  LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-  if test "${nacl_cv_build_variant}" = "newlib"; then
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -DNACL_NEWLIB)
-  else
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fPIC)
-  fi
-  ],
-[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"])
-
-AC_CHECK_LIB(crypt, crypt)      # glibc (GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd, GNU/kFreeBSD)
-AC_CHECK_LIB(dl, dlopen)	# Dynamic linking for SunOS/Solaris and SYSV
-AC_CHECK_LIB(dld, shl_load)	# Dynamic linking for HP-UX
-AC_CHECK_LIB(socket, shutdown)  # SunOS/Solaris
-
-dnl Checks for header files.
-AC_HEADER_DIRENT
-dnl AC_HEADER_STDC has been checked in AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
-AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
-AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
-
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(a.out.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(atomic.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(direct.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(grp.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(fcntl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(float.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ieeefp.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(intrinsics.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(langinfo.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(limits.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(locale.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc/malloc.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc_np.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(net/socket.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(process.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pwd.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(setjmpex.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/attr.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/fcntl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/file.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/id.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/ioctl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/mkdev.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/param.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/prctl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/resource.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/select.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sendfile.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/socket.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/syscall.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/time.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/times.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/uio.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/utime.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(syscall.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(time.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ucontext.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
-  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
-    [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
-  [],
-  [with_gmp=yes])
-AS_IF([test "x$with_gmp" != xno],
-  [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(gmp.h)
-   AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_gmp_h" != xno],
-     AC_CHECK_LIB([gmp], [__gmpz_init]))
-   with_gmp="$ac_cv_lib_gmp___gmpz_init"
-   AS_IF([test -z "$with_gmp"], [with_gmp=no])])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH([jemalloc],
-  [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-jemalloc],[use jemalloc allocator])],
-  [with_jemalloc=$withval], [with_jemalloc=no])
-AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" = xyes],[
-  AC_CHECK_LIB([jemalloc], [malloc_conf], [], [with_jemalloc=no])
-  AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc/jemalloc.h, [
-    AC_DEFINE(RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER, [<jemalloc/jemalloc.h>])
-  ])
-  AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" = xno], [
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for jemalloc with JEMALLOC_MANGLE], rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle,
-      [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([@%:@define JEMALLOC_MANGLE 1
-      @%:@ifdef RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
-      @%:@include RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
-      @%:@else
-      @%:@include <jemalloc.h>
-      @%:@endif], [return !&malloc_conf])],
-      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=yes],
-      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=no])
-    ])
-  ])
-  AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle" = xyes], [
-    AC_DEFINE(JEMALLOC_MANGLE)
-    with_jemalloc=yes
-  ])
-  AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" = xyes],
-    [
-      ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=yes
-    ],
-    [AC_MSG_ERROR([jemalloc requested but not found])
-  ])
-])
-
-dnl check for large file stuff
-mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
-: > confdefs.h
-AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
-# On 32-bit Solaris, it is safe to define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
-# which is not added by AC_SYS_LARGEFILE.
-if test x"$enable_largefile" != xno; then
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [solaris*], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([wheather _LARGEFILE_SOURCE should be defined])
-    AS_CASE(["${ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits}:${ac_cv_sys_large_files}"],
-      ["64:"|"64:no"|"64:unknown"], [
-	# insert _LARGEFILE_SOURCE before _FILE_OFFSET_BITS line
-	# that is the same order as "getconf LFS_CFLAGS" output
-	mv confdefs.h largefile0.h
-	: > confdefs.h
-	AC_DEFINE(_LARGEFILE_SOURCE)
-	cat largefile0.h >> confdefs.h
-	rm largefile0.h
-	AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
-      ], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
-  ])
-fi
-mv confdefs.h largefile.h
-mv confdefs1.h confdefs.h
-cat largefile.h >> confdefs.h
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*], [ac_cv_type_off_t=yes;ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8],
-    [aix*], [
-    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu:$ac_cv_sys_large_files"],
-	[ppc64:*|powerpc64:*], [],
-	[*:no|*:unknown], [],
-	[
-	    # AIX currently does not support a 32-bit call to posix_fadvise()
-	    # if _LARGE_FILES is defined.
-	    ac_cv_func_posix_fadvise=no
-	])
-    ])
-
-AC_C_BIGENDIAN
-AC_C_CONST
-AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
-AC_C_INLINE
-AC_C_VOLATILE
-AC_C_TYPEOF
-
-AS_CASE(":$ac_cv_c_const:$ac_cv_c_volatile:",
-    [*:no:*], [AC_MSG_ERROR(ANSI C-conforming const and volatile are mandatory)])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([long long, off_t])
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([char bit], [rb_cv_char_bit],
-    [test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=yes
-    AC_COMPUTE_INT([rb_cv_char_bit], [CHAR_BIT],
-	[AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <limits.h>])], [rb_cv_char_bit=8])
-    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=$real_cross_compiling])
-
-dnl RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF [typename], [maybe same size types], [macros], [include]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF],
-[m4_bmatch([$1], [\.], [], [if test "$universal_binary" = yes; then])
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([size of $1], [AS_TR_SH([ac_cv_sizeof_$1])], [
-    unset AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)
-    rbcv_var="
-typedef m4_bpatsubst([$1], [\..*]) ac__type_sizeof_;
-static ac__type_sizeof_ *rbcv_ptr;
-@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) sizeof((*rbcv_ptr)[]m4_bmatch([$1], [\.], .m4_bpatsubst([$1], [^[^.]*\.])))
-"
-    m4_ifval([$2], [test -z "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+set}" && {
-    for t in $2; do
-	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-	    [AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY(AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4]
-		[$rbcv_var]),
-		[AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) == sizeof($t)])], [
-		AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)=AS_TR_CPP([SIZEOF_]$t)
-		break])
-    done
-    }])
-    unset cond
-    m4_ifval([$3], [test -z "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+set}" && {
-    for s in 32 64 128; do
-	for t in $3; do
-	    cond="${cond}
-@%:@${cond+el}if defined(__${t}${s}__) || defined(__${t}${s}) || defined(_${t}${s}) || defined(${t}${s})"
-	    hdr="AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4
-@%:@if defined(__${t}${s}__) || defined(__${t}${s}) || defined(_${t}${s}) || defined(${t}${s})
-@%:@ define AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) 1
-@%:@else
-@%:@ define AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) 0
-@%:@endif])"
-	    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([$hdr], [!AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1)])], [continue])
-	    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([$hdr]
-				[$rbcv_var],
-				[AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) == (AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) == ([$[s / rb_cv_char_bit]]))])],
-		[AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)="${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-} }${t}${s}"])
-	done
-    done
-    }])
-    m4_ifval([$2][$3],
-	[test "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)@%:@SIZEOF_}" = "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)}" && ]){
-    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=yes
-    AC_COMPUTE_INT([t], AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1), [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])]
-[${cond+$cond
-@%:@else}
-$rbcv_var
-${cond+@%:@endif}
-@%:@ifndef AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1)
-@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) 0
-@%:@endif], [t=0])
-    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=$real_cross_compiling
-    if test ${t-0} != 0; then
-	AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)="${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-} }${t}"
-    fi
-    }
-    : ${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)=0}
-])
-{
-    unset cond
-    for t in ${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-}; do
-	AS_CASE(["$t"],
-	[[[0-9]*|SIZEOF_*]], [
-	    ${cond+echo "@%:@else"}
-	    echo "[@%:@define ]AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) [$t]"
-	    break
-	    ],
-	[
-	    s=`expr $t : ['.*[^0-9]\([0-9][0-9]*\)$']`
-	    echo "@%:@${cond+el}if defined(__${t}__) || defined(__${t}) || defined(_${t}) || defined($t)"
-	    echo "@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) [$[s / rb_cv_char_bit]]"
-	    cond=1
-	    ])
-    done
-    ${cond+echo "@%:@endif"}
-} >> confdefs.h
-m4_bmatch([$1], [\.], [], [else
-AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([$1], 0, [$4])
-fi])
-])
-
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(int, [], [ILP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(short)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long, [int], [ILP LP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long long)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int64)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(off_t)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(void*, [int long "long long"], [ILP LP LLP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(float)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(double)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(time_t, [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(clock_t, [], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(packed struct attribute, rb_cv_packed_struct,
-    [rb_cv_packed_struct=no
-    for mac in \
-	"__pragma(pack(push, 1)) x __pragma(pack(pop))" \
-	"x __attribute__((packed))" \
-	; do
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@define PACKED_STRUCT(x) $mac
-			PACKED_STRUCT(struct { int a; });], [],
-		[rb_cv_packed_struct=$mac; break])
-    done])
-packed_struct_unaligned=x
-if test "$rb_cv_packed_struct" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], [$rb_cv_packed_struct])
-else
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], x)
-fi
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(x), $packed_struct_unaligned)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX], [
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for printf prefix for $1], [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1),[
-    [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)=[NONE]
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CFLAGS, $rb_cv_wsuppress_flags)
-    for pri in $2; do
-        AC_TRY_COMPILE(
-            [@%:@include <stdio.h>
-	    @%:@include <stddef.h>
-            @%:@ifdef __GNUC__
-            @%:@define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) \
-              decl __attribute__((format(printf, string_index, first_to_check)))
-            @%:@else
-            @%:@define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) decl
-            @%:@endif
-	    PRINTF_ARGS(void test_sprintf(const char*, ...), 1, 2);],
-            [printf("%]${pri}[d", (]$1[)42);
-            test_sprintf("%]${pri}[d", (]$1[)42);],
-            [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)[=[$pri]; break])
-    done)])
-if test "[$rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)" != NONE; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PRI_]m4_ifval($3,$3,AS_TR_CPP(m4_bpatsubst([$1],[_t$])))[_PREFIX],
-        "[$rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)")
-fi
-])
-
-if test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(long long, ll I64, LL)
-elif test "x$ac_cv_type___int64" = xyes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(__int64, ll I64, LL)
-fi
-
-dnl RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF [typename] [if-signed] [if-unsigned] [included]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS], [dnl
-    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])], [($1)-1 > 0])],
-		      [$3], [$2])])
-
-dnl RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE [typename] [default type] [macro type] [included]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE], [dnl
-    AC_CHECK_TYPE([$1],
-		  [n="patsubst([$1],["],[\\"])"],
-		  [n="patsubst([$2],["],[\\"])"],
-		  [$4])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for convertible type of [$1]], rb_cv_[$1]_convertible, [
-	u= t=
-	AS_CASE(["$n "],
-	  [*" signed "*], [ ],
-	  [*" unsigned "*], [
-	    u=U],
-	  [RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS($n, [], [u=U], [$4])])
-	if test x"$t" = x; then
-	    for t in "long long" long int short; do
-		test -n "$u" && t="unsigned $t"
-		AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-		    [AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])]
-			[typedef $n rbcv_conftest_target_type;
-			typedef $t rbcv_conftest_replace_type;
-			extern rbcv_conftest_target_type rbcv_conftest_var;
-			extern rbcv_conftest_replace_type rbcv_conftest_var;
-			extern rbcv_conftest_target_type rbcv_conftest_func(void);
-			extern rbcv_conftest_replace_type rbcv_conftest_func(void);
-			], [sizeof(rbcv_conftest_target_type) == sizeof(rbcv_conftest_replace_type)])],
-		    [n="$t"; break])
-	    done
-	fi
-	AS_CASE([" $n "],
-	  [*" long long "*], [
-	    t=LL],
-	  [*" long "*], [
-	    t=LONG],
-	  [
-	    t=INT])
-	rb_cv_[$1]_convertible=${u}${t}])
-    if test "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_type_[$1])}" = "yes"; then
-	n="$1"
-    else
-	AS_CASE(["${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}"],
-		[*LL], [n="long long"],
-		[*LONG], [n="long"],
-		[n="int"])
-	AS_CASE(["${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}"],
-		[U*], [n="unsigned $n"])
-    fi
-    AS_CASE("${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}", [U*], [u=+1], [u=-1])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(rb_[$1], $n)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([SIGNEDNESS_OF_]AS_TR_CPP($1), $u)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([$3]2NUM[(v)], [${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}2NUM(v)])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(NUM2[$3][(v)], [NUM2${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}(v)])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PRI_[$3]_PREFIX,
-	[PRI_`echo ${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible} | sed ['s/^U//']`_PREFIX])
-])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(pid_t, int, PIDT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(uid_t, int, UIDT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(gid_t, int, GIDT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(time_t, [], TIMET, [@%:@include <time.h>])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(dev_t, [int long "long long"], DEVT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(mode_t, ["unsigned int" long], MODET, [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(rlim_t, [int long "long long"], RLIM, [
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
-@%:@include <sys/types.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@include <sys/resource.h>
-])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(off_t, [], OFFT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(clockid_t, [], CLOCKID)
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for prototypes, rb_cv_have_prototypes,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([int foo(int x) { return 0; }], [return foo(10);],
-	rb_cv_have_prototypes=yes,
-	rb_cv_have_prototypes=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_have_prototypes" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_PROTOTYPES)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(token paste string, rb_cv_tokenpaste,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@define paste(a,b) a@%:@@%:@b],
-		  [int xy = 1; return paste(x,y);],
-		  rb_cv_tokenpaste=ansi,
-		  rb_cv_tokenpaste=knr)])
-if test "$rb_cv_tokenpaste" = ansi; then
-  AC_DEFINE(TOKEN_PASTE(x,y),[x@%:@@%:@y])
-else
-  AC_DEFINE(TOKEN_PASTE(x,y),[x/**/y])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(stringization, rb_cv_stringization, [
-  rb_cv_stringization=no
-  for string in "#expr" '"expr"'; do
-    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-      AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
-#define STRINGIZE0(expr) $string
-#define STRINGIZE(expr) STRINGIZE0(expr)
-#undef real_test_for_stringization
-#define test_for_stringization -.real_test_for_stringization.-
-const char stringized[[]] = STRINGIZE(test_for_stringization);
-], [sizeof(stringized) == 32])],
-      [rb_cv_stringization="$string"; break],
-      [rb_cv_stringization=no])
-  done]
-)
-AC_DEFINE(STRINGIZE(expr),STRINGIZE0(expr))
-if test x"$rb_cv_stringization" != xno -a "$rb_cv_stringization" != "#expr"; then
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STRINGIZE0(expr),$rb_cv_stringization)
-  AC_DEFINE(OLD_FASHIONED_STRINGIZATION,1)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([string literal concatenation],
-  rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation, [
-  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-    AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
-const char concatenated_literal[[]] = "literals" "to"
-  "be" "concatenated.";
-], [sizeof(concatenated_literal) == 26])],
-    [rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation=yes],
-    [rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation=no])]
-)
-if test "$rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation" = no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(NO_STRING_LITERAL_CONCATENATION,1)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for variable length prototypes and stdarg.h, rb_cv_stdarg,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#include <stdarg.h>
-int foo(int x, ...) {
-	va_list va;
-	va_start(va, x);
-	va_arg(va, int);
-	va_arg(va, char *);
-	va_arg(va, double);
-	return 0;
-}
-], [return foo(10, "", 3.14);],
-	rb_cv_stdarg=yes,
-	rb_cv_stdarg=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_stdarg" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for variable length macro, rb_cv_va_args_macro,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-int foo(int x, ...);
-@%:@define FOO(a, ...) foo(a, @%:@@%:@__VA_ARGS__)
-], [FOO(1);FOO(1,2);FOO(1,2,3);],
-  rb_cv_va_args_macro=yes,
-  rb_cv_va_args_macro=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_va_args_macro" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
-fi
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DEFINE_IF], [dnl
-    m4_ifval([$1], [AS_LITERAL_IF([$1], [], [test "X$1" = X || ])cat <<EOH >> confdefs.h
-@%:@if $1
-EOH
-])dnl
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED($2, $3)dnl
-    m4_ifval([$1], [AS_LITERAL_IF([$1], [], [test "X$1" = X || ])cat <<EOH >> confdefs.h
-@%:@endif /* $1 */
-EOH
-])dnl
-])dnl
-
-dnl RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE(attrib, macroname, cachevar, condition, type, code)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
-m4_ifval([$2], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([attrib], m4_bpatsubst([$2], [(.*)], []))], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([attrib], m4_toupper(m4_format(%.4s, [$5]))[_]AS_TR_CPP($1))] dnl
-)dnl
-m4_ifval([$3], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv],[$3])], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv],[rb_cv_]m4_format(%.4s, [$5])[_][$1])]dnl
-)dnl
-m4_pushdef([attrib_code],[m4_bpatsubst([$1],["],[\\"])])dnl
-m4_pushdef([attrib_params],[m4_bpatsubst([$2(x)],[^[^()]*(\([^()]*\)).*],[\1])])dnl
-m4_ifval([$4], [rbcv_cond=["$4"]; test "$rbcv_cond" || unset rbcv_cond])
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for m4_ifval([$2],[m4_bpatsubst([$2], [(.*)], [])],[$1]) [$5] attribute, rbcv, dnl
-[rbcv=x
-RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-for mac in \
-    "__attribute__ ((attrib_code)) x" \
-    "x __attribute__ ((attrib_code))" \
-    "__declspec(attrib_code) x" \
-    x; do
-  m4_ifval([$4],mac="$mac"${rbcv_cond+" /* only if $rbcv_cond */"})
-  AC_TRY_COMPILE(
-    m4_ifval([$4],${rbcv_cond+[@%:@if ]$rbcv_cond})
-[@%:@define ]attrib[](attrib_params)[ $mac]
-m4_ifval([$4],${rbcv_cond+[@%:@else]}
-${rbcv_cond+[@%:@define ]attrib[](attrib_params)[ x]}
-${rbcv_cond+[@%:@endif]})
-$6
-    attrib[](attrib_params)[;], [],
-    [rbcv="$mac"; break])
-done
-])])
-if test "$rbcv" != x; then
-    RUBY_DEFINE_IF(m4_ifval([$4],[${rbcv_cond}]), attrib[](attrib_params)[], $rbcv)
-fi
-m4_ifval([$4], [unset rbcv_cond]) dnl
-m4_popdef([attrib_params])dnl
-m4_popdef([attrib_code])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([attrib])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([rbcv])dnl
-])
-
-dnl RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(attrib, macroname, cachevar, condition)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
-    RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([$1], [$2], [$3], [$4],
-	[function], [@%:@define x void conftest_attribute_check(void)]
-    )
-])
-
-dnl RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE(attrib, macroname, cachevar, condition)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
-    RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([$1], [$2], [$3], [$4],
-	[type], [
-@%:@define x struct conftest_attribute_check {int i;}
-@%:@define mesg ("")
-])
-])
-
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn, NORETURN)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated, DEPRECATED)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated("by "@%:@n), DEPRECATED_BY(n,x), rb_cv_func_deprecated_by)
-RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated mesg, DEPRECATED_TYPE(mesg,x), rb_cv_type_deprecated)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(noinline, NOINLINE)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(weak, WEAK, rb_cv_func_weak)
-if test "$rb_cv_func_weak" != x; then
-   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_FUNC_WEAK)
-fi
-
-if_i386=${universal_binary+[defined __i386__]}
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(stdcall,  [], [], ${if_i386})
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(cdecl,    [], [], ${if_i386})
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(fastcall, [], [], ${if_i386})
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(optimize("O0"), FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED, rb_cv_func_unoptimized)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(optimize("-Os","-fomit-frame-pointer"), FUNC_MINIMIZED, rb_cv_func_minimized)
-
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for function alias], [rb_cv_gcc_function_alias],
-	[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=no
-	for a in alias weak,alias; do
-	    AC_TRY_LINK([void foo(void) {}
-		void bar(void) __attribute__(($a("foo")));], [bar()],
-		[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=$a; break])
-	done])
-    if test "$rb_cv_gcc_function_alias" != no; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_FUNCTION_ALIAS)
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args)],
-			   [type prot __attribute__(($rb_cv_gcc_function_alias(@%:@name)));])
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args)],
-			   [RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(void, prot, name, args)])
-    fi
-
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __atomic builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins], [
-	AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned char atomic_var;],
-		    [
-			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_fetch_add(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_fetch_sub(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_or_fetch(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-		    ],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=yes],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=no])])
-    if test "$rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    fi
-
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins], [
-	AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned char atomic_var;],
-		    [
-			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 0);
-			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_fetch_and_add(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_fetch_and_sub(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_or_and_fetch(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
-		    ],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=yes],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=no])])
-    if test "$rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
-    fi
-
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_unreachable, rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable,
-    [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
-    [AC_TRY_LINK([volatile int zero;],
-	[if (zero) __builtin_unreachable();],
-	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=yes],
-	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=no])
-    ])
-    ])
-    if test "$rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UNREACHABLE, [__builtin_unreachable()])
-    fi
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for exported function attribute, rb_cv_func_exported, [
-rb_cv_func_exported=no
-RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-for mac in '__attribute__ ((visibility("default")))' '__declspec(dllexport)'; do
-  AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@define RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED $mac extern
-    RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void conftest_attribute_check(void);], [],
-    [rb_cv_func_exported="$mac"; break])
-done
-])])
-if test "$rb_cv_func_exported" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED, [$rb_cv_func_exported extern])
-fi
-
-RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_EXPORT)
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for function name string predefined identifier,
-    rb_cv_function_name_string,
-    [rb_cv_function_name_string=no
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-	for func in __func__ __FUNCTION__; do
-	    AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <stdio.h>],
-			[puts($func);],
-			[rb_cv_function_name_string=$func
-			break])
-	done
-    ])]
-)
-if test "$rb_cv_function_name_string" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, [$rb_cv_function_name_string])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(if enum over int is allowed, rb_cv_enum_over_int, [
-    rb_cv_enum_over_int=no
-    if test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes; then
-	type="unsigned long long" max="ULLONG_MAX"
-    else
-	type="unsigned long" max="ULONG_MAX"
-    fi
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-            AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
-                    @%:@include <limits.h>
-                    enum {conftest_max = $max};
-                ], [
-                    (conftest_max == $max) &&
-                    (sizeof(conftest_max) == sizeof($type))
-                ]
-	    )],
-	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=yes],
-	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=no]
-	)
-    ])
-])
-if test $rb_cv_enum_over_int = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(ENUM_OVER_INT, 1)
-fi
-
-dnl Check whether we need to define sys_nerr locally
-AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_nerr], [], [], [$ac_includes_default
-@%:@include <errno.h>])
-
-AC_CHECK_DECLS([getenv])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
-[alpha*|sh4|sh4el|sh4eb], [AS_CASE(["$target_os"::"$GCC"],
-		[*::yes],  # gcc
-			[CFLAGS="-mieee $CFLAGS"],
-		[osf*],    # ccc
-			[CFLAGS="-ieee $CFLAGS"],
-		)],
-[sparc*], [AC_LIBOBJ([sparc])])
-
-ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=no}
-if test "$ac_cv_header_net_socket_h" = yes; then
-    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no}
-else
-    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=yes}
-fi
-
-
-AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
-RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS(size_t, [AC_MSG_ERROR(size_t is signed)], [],
-		      [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(size_t, [int long void*], [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(ptrdiff_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <stddef.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(size_t, z)
-RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(ptrdiff_t, t)
-AC_STRUCT_ST_BLKSIZE
-AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS
-AC_STRUCT_ST_RDEV
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_size], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-if test "$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" = yes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_blocks], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-fi
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_ino], [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atim])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimespec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimensec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtim])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimespec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimensec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctim])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimespec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimensec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_birthtimespec])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timeval], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-if test "${ac_cv_type_struct_timeval}" = yes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct timeval.tv_sec], [time_t long "long long"], [],
-		      [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-    AS_CASE(${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_timeval_tv_sec},
-	    [SIZEOF_INT], [t=int],
-	    [SIZEOF_LONG], [t=long],
-	    [SIZEOF_LONG_LONG], [t=LONG_LONG],
-	    [t=])
-    if test "${t}" != ""; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(TYPEOF_TIMEVAL_TV_SEC, [$t])
-    fi
-fi
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timespec], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timezone], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([clockid_t], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-AC_CACHE_VAL([rb_cv_large_fd_select],
-    [AC_CHECK_TYPE(fd_mask, [rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes], [rb_cv_large_fd_select=no])])
-if test "$rb_cv_large_fd_select" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT, 1)
-fi
-
-dnl RUBY_DEFINT TYPENAME, SIZE, [SIGNED-OR-UNSIGNED], [INCLUDES = DEFAULT-INCLUDES]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DEFINT], [dnl
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $1], [rb_cv_type_$1],
-[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])
-typedef $1 t; int s = sizeof(t) == 42;])],
-   [rb_cv_type_$1=yes],
-   [AS_CASE([m4_bmatch([$2], [^[1-9][0-9]*$], $2, [$ac_cv_sizeof_]AS_TR_SH($2))],
-    ["1"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [signed ], [$3 ])char"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_short"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])short"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_int"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])int"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_long"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])long"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_long_long"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])long long"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof___int64"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])__int64"],
-    [ rb_cv_type_$1=no])])])
-if test "${rb_cv_type_$1}" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE([HAVE_]AS_TR_CPP($1), 1)
-    if test "${rb_cv_type_$1}" = yes; then
-	m4_bmatch([$2], [^[1-9][0-9]*$], [AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([$1], 0, [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])])],
-			[RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([$1], [$2], [], [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])])])
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED($1, [$rb_cv_type_$1])
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([SIZEOF_]AS_TR_CPP($1), [SIZEOF_]AS_TR_CPP([$rb_cv_type_$1]))
-    fi
-fi
-])
-
-RUBY_DEFINT(int8_t, 1)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint8_t, 1, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int16_t, 2)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint16_t, 2, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int32_t, 4)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint32_t, 4, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int64_t, 8)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint64_t, 8, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(intptr_t, void*)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uintptr_t, void*, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(ssize_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])	dnl may differ from int, so not use AC_TYPE_SSIZE_T.
-
-RUBY_NACL_CHECK_PEPPER_TYPES
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for stack end address, rb_cv_stack_end_address,
-[rb_cv_stack_end_address=no
-  AC_TRY_LINK(
-    [extern void *__libc_stack_end;],
-    [if (!__libc_stack_end) return 1;],
-    [rb_cv_stack_end_address="__libc_stack_end"])
-])
-if test $rb_cv_stack_end_address != no; then
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_END_ADDRESS, $rb_cv_stack_end_address)
-fi
-
-# posix_memalign(memptr, alignment, size) implemented for OpenBSD 4.8 doesn't work if alignment > MALLOC_PAGESIZE.
-# [ruby-core:42158] https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/5901
-# OpenBSD 5.2 fixed the problem. (src/lib/libc/stdlib/malloc.c:1.142)
-# MirOS #10semel has the problem but fixed in the repository.  (src/lib/libc/stdlib/malloc.c:1.9)
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[openbsd*|mirbsd*], [
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for heap align log on openbsd, rb_cv_page_size_log,
-    [rb_cv_page_size_log=no
-     for page_log in 12 13; do
-       AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <math.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-int
-main() {
-  if ((int)log2((double)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) != $page_log) return 1;
-  return 0;
-}
-       ],
-       rb_cv_page_size_log="$page_log"; break)
-     done])
-  if test $rb_cv_page_size_log != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(HEAP_ALIGN_LOG, $rb_cv_page_size_log)
-  else
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(HEAP_ALIGN_LOG, 12)
-  fi
-])
-
-dnl Checks for library functions.
-AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
-AC_TYPE_SIGNAL
-AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
-[powerpc-darwin*], [
-  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
-  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
-  AC_DEFINE(C_ALLOCA)
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(alloca, alloca)
-  ],
-[universal-darwin*:*ppc*], [
-  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
-  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], C_ALLOCA, 1)
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], alloca, alloca)
-  ],
-[
-  AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
-  ])
-if test "x$ALLOCA" = "x"; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for dynamic size alloca], rb_cv_dynamic_alloca, [
-    for chk in ok __chkstk; do
-	AC_TRY_LINK([
-	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
-	    @%:@include <alloca.h>
-	    @%:@endif
-	    void $chk() {}
-	    int dynamic_alloca_test;
-	    int dynamic_alloca_result;],
-	    [dynamic_alloca_result = alloca(dynamic_alloca_test) != 0;],
-	    [rb_cv_dynamic_alloca=$chk; break])
-    done])
-    if test "x$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca" = "x__chkstk"; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ALLOCA_CHKSTK, _$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca)
-	AS_CASE("$target_cpu",
-	[x64|x86_64], [
-	    AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}x86_64-chkstk.${ac_objext}])
-	],)
-    fi
-fi
-AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
-
-# http://sources.redhat.com/ml/libc-hacker/2005-08/msg00008.html
-# Debian GNU/Linux Etch's libc6.1 2.3.6.ds1-13etch5 has this problem.
-# Debian GNU/Linux Lenny's libc6.1 2.7-10 has no problem.
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken erfc of glibc-2.3.6 on IA64, rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc,
-  [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <math.h>
-int
-main()
-{
-   erfc(10000.0);
-   return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=no,
-	rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=yes,
-	rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=no)])
-AS_CASE([$rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc],[yes],[ac_cv_func_erf=no])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[freebsd*],[
-	 AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CLOSE)
-	 AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(close)
-	 ])
-
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(acosh)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(cbrt)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(crypt)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dup2)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(erf)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(explicit_bzero)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(ffs)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(finite)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(flock)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(hypot)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(isinf)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(isnan)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(lgamma_r)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(memmove)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(nextafter)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(setproctitle)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strchr)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strerror)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcat)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcpy)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strstr)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(tgamma)
-
-# for missing/setproctitle.c
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[aix* | k*bsd*-gnu | kopensolaris*-gnu | linux* | darwin*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_REUSEARGV)],
-[hpux*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_PSTAT) ],
-[])
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/pstat.h)
-
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for signbit, rb_cv_have_signbit,
-  [AC_TRY_LINK([
-#include <math.h>
-], [int v = signbit(-0.0);],
-	rb_cv_have_signbit=yes,
-	rb_cv_have_signbit=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_have_signbit" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SIGNBIT)
-else
-  AC_LIBOBJ([signbit])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken memmem, rb_cv_broken_memmem, [
-    AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <string.h>
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    const char *str = "hogefugafoobar";
-    const char *rs = "foo";
-    const char *empty = "";
-    char *p;
-
-    p = memmem(str, strlen(str), rs, strlen(rs));
-    if (p == str+8) {
-	p = memmem(str, strlen(str), empty, strlen(empty));
-	if (p == str)
-	    return 0;
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-    ],
-    rb_cv_broken_memmem=no,
-    rb_cv_broken_memmem=yes,
-    rb_cv_broken_memmem=yes)
-])
-test x"$rb_cv_broken_memmem" = xyes && ac_cv_func_memmem=no
-
-AC_FUNC_FORK
-
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__syscall)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_longjmp)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
-# we don't use _setjmp if _longjmp doesn't exist.
-test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_setjmp)			# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_setjmpex)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atan2l atan2f)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chroot)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chsize)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_gettime)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cosh)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(daemon)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dirfd)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dl_iterate_phdr)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dlopen)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dladdr)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup3)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(eaccess)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(endgrent)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchmod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchown)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fcntl)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fdatasync)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fgetattrlist)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fmod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fsync)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate64)		# used for Win32 platform
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getattrlist)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcwd)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgidx)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgroups)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgrp)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpriority)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwnam_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getrlimit)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getsid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gettimeofday)		# for making ac_cv_func_gettimeofday
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getuidx)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gmtime_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(initgroups)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ioctl)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(isfinite)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(issetugid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(killpg)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchmod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchown)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(link)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(llabs)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lockf)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(log2)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lstat)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_usable_size)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_size)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mblen)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memalign)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memset_s)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(writev)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memrchr)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memmem)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mkfifo)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mknod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mktime)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pipe2)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(poll)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_fadvise)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_memalign)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ppoll)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pread)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(readlink)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(round)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_getaffinity)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seekdir)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(select_large_fdset)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sendfile)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setegid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setenv)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seteuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgroups)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgrp)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setregid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setreuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrlimit)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setruid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setsid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(shutdown)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaction)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaltstack)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigprocmask)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sinh)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(spawnv)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(symlink)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(syscall)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sysconf)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(tanh)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(telldir)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timegm)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(times)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate64)		# used for Win32
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(unsetenv)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimensat)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimes)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(wait4)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(waitpid)
-
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_memset_s" = yes],
-    [RUBY_DEFINE_IF([!defined __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], [__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], 1)])
-
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_getcwd" = yes], [
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(if getcwd allocates buffer if NULL is given, [rb_cv_getcwd_malloc],
-	[AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <stddef.h>
-@%:@include <stdio.h>
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-@%:@include <unistd.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-@%:@endif
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    if (!getcwd(NULL, 0)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
-],
-	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes,
-	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no,
-	    AS_CASE($target_os,
-		[linux*|darwin*|*bsd|cygwin*|mingw*|mswin*],
-		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes],
-		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no]))])
-    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_getcwd_malloc" = no], [AC_DEFINE(NO_GETCWD_MALLOC, 1)])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC], [dnl
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $1], AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1),
-  [AC_LINK_IFELSE(
-    [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([int foo;], [$2;])],
-    [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1)=yes],
-    [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1)=no])])
-if test "${AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1)}" != no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_BUILTIN_$1))
-fi])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap16, [__builtin_bswap16(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap32, [__builtin_bswap32(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap64, [__builtin_bswap64(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clz, [__builtin_clz(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzl, [__builtin_clzl(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzll, [__builtin_clzll(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr, [
-    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(1, 1, -1))]];
-    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(0, -1, 1))]];
-    ])
-if test x$rb_cv_builtin___builtin_choose_expr = xyes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr_constant_p, [
-    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(1), 1, -1))]];
-    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(foo), -1, 1))]];
-    ])
-fi
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_types_compatible_p, [__builtin_types_compatible_p(int, int)])
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_qsort_r" != no; then
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is GNU version, rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-@%:@include <stdlib.h>
-void qsort_r(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
-	    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *),
-	    void *arg);
-],[ ],
-      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=yes],
-      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=no])
-  ])
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is BSD version, rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-@%:@include <stdlib.h>
-void qsort_r(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
-	     void *arg, int (*compar)(void *, const void *, const void *));
-],[ ],
-      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=yes],
-      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=no])
-  ])
-  AS_CASE("$rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r:$rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r",
-  [yes:no], [
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GNU_QSORT_R, 1)
-  ],
-  [no:yes], [
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BSD_QSORT_R, 1)
-  ])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether atan2 handles Inf as C99, rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99, [
-    AS_IF([test $ac_cv_func_atan2f:$ac_cv_func_atan2l = yes:yes], [
-	AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <math.h>
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-@%:@include <unistd.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-@%:@endif
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    if (fabs(atan2(INFINITY, INFINITY) - M_PI_4) <= 0.01) return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-}
-],
-	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes],
-	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no],
-	[AS_CASE($target_os, [mingw*|mswin*], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes])]
-	)
-    ], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no])
-])
-AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99" = xyes], [AC_DEFINE(ATAN2_INF_C99)])
-
-AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_func_lgamma_r" = xyes], [
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether lgamma_r handles -0.0, rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0, [
-	AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <math.h>
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-@%:@include <unistd.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-@%:@endif
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    int sign;
-    double x = lgamma_r(-0.0, &sign);
-
-    /* should be [+inf, -1] */
-    if (x <= 0) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    if (!isinf(x)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    if (sign != -1) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
-],
-	[rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0=yes],
-	[rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0=no],
-	[rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0=yes]
-	)
-    ])
-    AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_lgamma_r_m0" = xno], [AC_DEFINE(LGAMMA_R_M0_FIX)])
-])
-
-# Some platform need -lrt for clock_gettime, but the other don't.
-if test x"$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime" != xyes; then
-    # glibc 2.17 moves clock_* functions from librt to the main C library.
-    # http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-announce/2012/msg00001.html
-    AC_CHECK_LIB(rt, clock_gettime)
-    if test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_clock_gettime" = xyes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME, 1)
-    fi
-fi
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_getres) # clock_getres should be tested after clock_gettime test including librt test.
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for unsetenv returns a value, rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-], [int v = unsetenv("foo");],
-	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=yes,
-	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value" = no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(VOID_UNSETENV)
-fi
-
-# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for sigsetjmp as a macro or function, ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#include <setjmp.h>
-], [sigjmp_buf env; sigsetjmp(env,1);],
-	ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp=yes,
-	ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp=no)])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_SETJMP], [
-if test x"${ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp}" = xyes; then
-   unset ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_setjmp, ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp,
-    [
-    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
-    for cast in "" "(void **)"; do
-	RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
-	[AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <setjmp.h>
-	    @%:@include <stdio.h>
-	    jmp_buf jb;
-	    void t(void) {__builtin_longjmp($cast jb, 1);}
-	    int jump(void) {(void)(__builtin_setjmp($cast jb) ? 1 : 0); return 0;}],
-	    [
-	    void (*volatile f)(void) = t;
-	    if (!jump()) printf("%d\n", f != 0);
-	    ],
-	    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp="yes with cast ($cast)"])
-	])
-	test "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" = no || break
-    done])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE], [
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_SETJMP
-AC_MSG_CHECKING(for setjmp type)
-setjmp_suffix=
-AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setjmp-type], [select setjmp type]),
-	[
-	AS_CASE([$withval],
-	[__builtin_setjmp], [setjmp=__builtin_setjmp],
-	[_setjmp], [ setjmp_prefix=_],
-	[sigsetjmp], [ setjmp_prefix=sig],
-	[setjmp], [ setjmp_prefix=],
-	[setjmpex], [ setjmp_prefix= setjmp_suffix=ex],
-	[''], [ unset setjmp_prefix],
-	[   AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid setjmp type: $withval)])], [unset setjmp_prefix])
-setjmp_cast=
-if test ${setjmp_prefix+set}; then
-    if test "${setjmp_prefix}" && eval test '$ac_cv_func_'${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix} = no; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix} is not available)
-    fi
-elif { AS_CASE("$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp", [yes*], [true], [false]) }; then
-    setjmp_cast=`expr "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" : "yes with cast (\(.*\))"`
-    setjmp_prefix=__builtin_
-    setjmp_suffix=
-elif test "$ac_cv_header_setjmpex_h:$ac_cv_func__setjmpex" = yes:yes; then
-    setjmp_prefix=
-    setjmp_suffix=ex
-elif test "$ac_cv_func__setjmp" = yes; then
-    setjmp_prefix=_
-    setjmp_suffix=
-elif test "$ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp" = yes; then
-    AS_CASE([$target_os],[solaris*|cygwin*],[setjmp_prefix=],[setjmp_prefix=sig])
-    setjmp_suffix=
-else
-    setjmp_prefix=
-    setjmp_suffix=
-fi
-if test x$setjmp_prefix = xsig; then
-    setjmp_sigmask=yes
-else
-    unset setjmp_sigmask
-fi
-AC_MSG_RESULT(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}${setjmp_cast:+\($setjmp_cast\)})
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_SETJMP(env)], [${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}($setjmp_cast(env)${setjmp_sigmask+,0})])
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val)], [${setjmp_prefix}longjmp($setjmp_cast(env),val)])
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_JMP_BUF, ${setjmp_sigmask+${setjmp_prefix}}jmp_buf)
-])
-# End of setjmp check.
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(setreuid,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-setreuid], [use setreuid()/setregid() according to need even if obsolete]),
-       [use_setreuid=$enableval])
-if test "$use_setreuid" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREUID)
-    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREGID)
-fi
-AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for struct tm.tm_gmtoff, rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <time.h>],
-    [struct tm t; t.tm_gmtoff = 3600;],
-  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=yes],
-  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=no])])
-if test "$rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_GMTOFF)
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for external int daylight, rb_cv_have_daylight,
-  [AC_TRY_LINK([#include <time.h>
-  int i;],
-	[i = daylight;],
-	rb_cv_have_daylight=yes,
-	rb_cv_have_daylight=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_have_daylight" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DAYLIGHT)
-fi
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE], [dnl
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for external $1], AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1),
-  [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)=no
-  AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 1
-#endif
-$2
-;
-const volatile void *volatile t;],
-    [t = &(&$1)[0];],
-    [for t in $3; do
-      AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 1
-#endif
-$2
-;
-extern $t $1;
-const volatile void *volatile t;],
-        [t = &(&$1)[0];],
-        [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)=$t; break])
-    done])])
-if test "${AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)}" != no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_VAR_$1))
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(AS_TR_CPP(TYPEOF_VAR_$1), ${AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)})
-fi])
-RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE(timezone, [@%:@include <time.h>], [long int])
-RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE(altzone, [@%:@include <time.h>], [long int])
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timezone)
-if test "$ac_cv_func_timezone" = yes; then
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether timezone requires zero arguments], rb_cv_func_timezone_void,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <time.h>],
-      [(void)timezone(0, 0);],
-      [rb_cv_func_timezone_void=no],
-      [rb_cv_func_timezone_void=yes])]
-  )
-  if test $rb_cv_func_timezone_void = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(TIMEZONE_VOID)
-  fi
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for negative time_t for gmtime(3), rb_cv_negative_time_t,
-  [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-void
-check(tm, y, m, d, h, s)
-    struct tm *tm;
-    int y, m, d, h, s;
-{
-    if (!tm ||
-	tm->tm_year != y ||
-	tm->tm_mon  != m-1 ||
-	tm->tm_mday != d ||
-	tm->tm_hour != h ||
-	tm->tm_sec  != s) {
-	exit(1);
-    }
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-   time_t t = -1;
-   struct tm *tm;
-
-   check(gmtime(&t), 69, 12, 31, 23, 59);
-   t = ~(time_t)0 << 31;
-   check(gmtime(&t), 1, 12, 13, 20, 52);
-   return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes,
-	rb_cv_negative_time_t=no,
-	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes)])
-if test "$rb_cv_negative_time_t" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(NEGATIVE_TIME_T)
-fi
-
-# [ruby-dev:40910] overflow of time on FreeBSD
-# http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=145341
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for localtime(3) overflow correctly, rb_cv_localtime_overflow,
-  [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-void
-check(time_t t1)
-{
-    struct tm *tm;
-    time_t t2;
-    tm = localtime(&t1);
-    if (!tm)
-	return; /* overflow detected.  ok. */
-    t2 = mktime(tm);
-    if (t1 == t2)
-        return; /* round-trip.  ok. */
-    exit(1);
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-    time_t t;
-    if (~(time_t)0 <= 0) {
-        t = (((time_t)1) << (sizeof(time_t) * 8 - 2));
-        t |= t - 1;
-    }
-    else {
-        t = ~(time_t)0;
-    }
-    check(t);
-    return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=yes,
-	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no,
-	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_localtime_overflow" = no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(LOCALTIME_OVERFLOW_PROBLEM)
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_sigprocmask" = yes && test "$ac_cv_func_sigaction" = yes; then
-   AC_DEFINE(POSIX_SIGNAL)
-else
-  AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigsetmask)
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for BSD signal semantics, rb_cv_bsd_signal,
-    [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-
-void
-sig_handler(dummy)
-     int dummy;
-{
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-  signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
-  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
-  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
-  return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=yes,
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=no,
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=$ac_cv_func_sigsetmask)])
-  if test "$rb_cv_bsd_signal" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(BSD_SIGNAL)
-  fi
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_getpgid" = no; then
-  # AC_FUNC_GETPGRP fails when cross-compiling with old autoconf.
-  # autoconf is changed between 2.52d and 2.52f?
-  # http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-utils/2001-09/msg00181.html
-  # "autoconf cleanup for AC_FUNC_GETPGRP and GETPGRP_VOID"
-AC_FUNC_GETPGRP
-fi
-if test "$ac_cv_func_setpgid:$ac_cv_func_setpgrp" = no:yes; then
-  # AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails when cross-compiling.  (until autoconf 2.69?)
-  # https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-autoconf/2013-02/msg00002.html
-  # "AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails to work properly when cross-compiling"
-AC_FUNC_SETPGRP
-fi
-
-if test x"$ac_cv_func_dirfd" = xno; then
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[solaris*],
-          [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([DIR.d_fd, DIR.dd_fd],,,[
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
-])])
-fi
-
-if test x"$target_cpu" = xia64; then
-    AC_LIBOBJ([ia64])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base,
-                   rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base,
-    [rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base=no
-    AC_TRY_LINK(
-      [extern unsigned long __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;],
-      [unsigned long p = __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
-       printf("%ld\n", p);],
-      [rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base=yes])])
-    if test $rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base = yes; then
-      AC_DEFINE(HAVE___LIBC_IA64_REGISTER_BACKING_STORE_BASE)
-    fi
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether right shift preserve sign bit, rb_cv_rshift_sign,
-    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([], [(-1==(-1>>1))])],
-	rb_cv_rshift_sign=yes,
-	rb_cv_rshift_sign=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_rshift_sign" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), ((x)>>(int)(y)))
-else
-  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), (((x)<0) ? ~((~(x))>>(int)(y)) : (x)>>(int)(y)))
-fi
-
-if test x"$ac_cv_func_gettimeofday" != xyes; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR(gettimeofday() must exist)
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_sysconf" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF], [dnl
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether _SC_$1 is supported], rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1),
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unistd.h>
-      ],
-      [_SC_$1 >= 0],
-      rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1)=yes,
-      rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1)=no)
-    ])
-  if test "$rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1)" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE__SC_$1)
-  fi
-  ])
-  RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF(CLK_TCK)
-fi
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION], [
-    AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([stack_grow_dir], [rb_cv_stack_grow_dir_$1])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(stack growing direction on $1, stack_grow_dir, [
-AS_CASE(["$1"],
-[m68*|x86*|x64|i?86|ia64|ppc*|sparc*|alpha*], [ $2=-1],
-[hppa*], [ $2=+1],
-[
-  AC_TRY_RUN([
-/* recurse to get rid of inlining */
-static int
-stack_growup_p(addr, n)
-    volatile int *addr, n;
-{
-    volatile int end;
-    if (n > 0)
-	return *addr = stack_growup_p(addr, n - 1);
-    else
-	return (&end > addr);
-}
-int main()
-{
-    int x;
-    return stack_growup_p(&x, 10);
-}
-], $2=-1, $2=+1, $2=0)
-  ])
-eval stack_grow_dir=\$$2])
-eval $2=\$stack_grow_dir
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([stack_grow_dir])])
-if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ; then
-    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
-    save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
-    save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" new_ldflags=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
-    stack_dir=
-    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
-	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
-	LDFLAGS="$new_ldflags -arch $archs"
-	RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($archs, dir)
-	if test x$stack_dir = x; then
-	    stack_dir=$dir
-	elif test x$stack_dir != x$dir; then
-	    stack_dir=no
-	fi
-    done
-    CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS"
-    if test x$stack_dir = xno; then
-	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
-	    eval dir=\$[rb_cv_stack_grow_dir_]AS_TR_SH([$archs])
-	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__], STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
-	done
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $stack_dir)
-    fi
-else
-    RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($target_cpu, dir)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
-fi
-
-if test x"$enable_pthread" = xyes; then
-    for pthread_lib in thr pthread pthreads c c_r root; do
-	AC_CHECK_LIB($pthread_lib, pthread_kill,
-		     rb_with_pthread=yes, rb_with_pthread=no)
-	if test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"; then break; fi
-    done
-    if test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(_REENTRANT)
-	AC_DEFINE(_THREAD_SAFE)
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBPTHREAD)
-	AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread_np.h, [], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
-	AS_CASE([$pthread_lib],
-	[c],    [],
-	[root], [],
-	[c_r],  [MAINLIBS="-pthread $MAINLIBS"],
-	        [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-		    [openbsd*|mirbsd*], [LIBS="-pthread $LIBS"],
-		    [LIBS="-l$pthread_lib $LIBS"])])
-    else
-	AC_MSG_WARN("Don't know how to find pthread library on your system -- thread support disabled")
-    fi
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread_t is scalar type], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t], [
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-	    @%:@include <pthread.h>
-	    ], [
-	    pthread_t thread_id;
-	    thread_id = 0;
-	    if (!thread_id) return 0;
-	    ], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=yes], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=no])
-    ])
-    if test x"$rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t" = xyes; then
-	: # RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(pthread_t, [void* int long], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE(NON_SCALAR_THREAD_ID)
-    fi
-    AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_yield pthread_attr_setinheritsched \
-	pthread_attr_get_np pthread_attr_getstack\
-	pthread_get_stackaddr_np pthread_get_stacksize_np \
-	thr_stksegment pthread_stackseg_np pthread_getthrds_np \
-	pthread_cond_init pthread_condattr_setclock pthread_condattr_init \
-	pthread_sigmask pthread_setname_np pthread_set_name_np)
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[ac_cv_func_pthread_getattr_np=no],[AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_getattr_np)])
-    if test "${host_os}" = "nacl"; then
-      ac_cv_func_pthread_attr_init=no
-    else
-      AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_attr_init)
-    fi
-    set_current_thread_name=
-    if test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_setname_np" = yes; then
-	AC_CACHE_CHECK([arguments of pthread_setname_np], [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments],
-	    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments=
-	    # Linux,AIX,  (pthread_self(), name)
-	    # NetBSD (pthread_self(), name, \"%s\")
-	    # Darwin (name)
-	    for mac in \
-		"(pthread_self(), name)" \
-		"(pthread_self(), name, \"%s\")" \
-		"(name)" \
-		; do
-		AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-		    @%:@include <pthread.h>
-		    @%:@ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_NP_H
-		    @%:@include <pthread_np.h>
-		    @%:@endif
-		    @%:@define SET_THREAD_NAME(name) pthread_setname_np${mac}
-		    ],
-		    [if (SET_THREAD_NAME("conftest")) return 1;],
-		    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments="${mac}"
-		    break])
-	    done
-	    ]
-	)
-	if test -n "${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"; then
-	    set_current_thread_name="pthread_setname_np${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"
-	fi
-    elif test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_set_name_np" = yes; then
-	set_current_thread_name="pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name)"
-    fi
-    AS_IF([test -n "$set_current_thread_name"], [
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME(name), $set_current_thread_name)
-	AS_CASE([$set_current_thread_name],
-	    [*'pthread_self()'*], [
-		set_another_thread_name=`echo "$set_current_thread_name" | sed 's/pthread_self()/thid/'`
-		AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME(thid,name), $set_another_thread_name)
-	    ])
-    ])
-fi
-
-if test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xno; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if signal.h defines ucontext_t], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h],
-	[AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <signal.h>],
-	[size_t size = sizeof(ucontext_t);],
-	[rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=yes], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=no])])
-    if test x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes; then
-	    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UCONTEXT_IN_SIGNAL_H, 1)
-    fi
-fi
-if test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xyes -o x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if mcontext_t is a pointer], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr],
-	[AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-	    @%:@include <signal.h>
-	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_UCONTEXT_H
-	    @%:@include <ucontext.h>
-	    @%:@endif
-        mcontext_t test(mcontext_t mc) {return mc+1;}
-	],
-	[test(0);],
-	[rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=yes], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=no])])
-    if test x"$rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr" = xyes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t mc = (uc)->uc_mcontext)
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t *mc = &(uc)->uc_mcontext)
-    fi
-    if test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcontext setcontext)
-    fi
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_fork_works" = "yes" -a "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if fork works with pthread], rb_cv_fork_with_pthread,
-	[AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-#endif
-#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-#endif
-
-void *
-thread_func(void *dmy)
-{
-    return dmy;
-}
-
-int
-use_threads(void)
-{
-    pthread_t tid;
-    if (pthread_create(&tid, 0, thread_func, 0) != 0) {
-	return -1;
-    }
-    if (pthread_join(tid, 0) != 0) {
-	return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int
-main(int argc, char *argv[])
-{
-    pid_t pid;
-    if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    pid = fork();
-
-    if (pid) {
-	int loc;
-	sleep(1);
-	if (waitpid(pid, &loc, WNOHANG) == 0) {
-	    kill(pid, SIGKILL);
-	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-	}
-        if (!WIFEXITED(loc) || WEXITSTATUS(loc) != EXIT_SUCCESS)
-           return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    else {
-	if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}],
-	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes,
-	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=no,
-	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes)])
-    test x$rb_cv_fork_with_pthread = xyes || AC_DEFINE(CANNOT_FORK_WITH_PTHREAD)
-fi
-
-
-}
-{ # runtime section
-
-dnl wheather use dln_a_out or not
-AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-dln-a-out], [use dln_a_out if possible]),
-	[
-	AS_CASE([$withval],
-	[yes], [
-	    if test "$enable_shared" = yes; then
-		AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out can not make shared library)
-	    fi
-	    with_dln_a_out=yes],
-	[
-	    with_dln_a_out=no])], [with_dln_a_out=no])
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
-[AC_TRY_LINK([],[], [
-AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
-[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
-rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
-
-if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(USE_ELF)
-  if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out does not work with ELF)
-  fi
-  AC_CHECK_HEADERS([elf.h elf_abi.h])
-  if test $ac_cv_header_elf_h = yes -o $ac_cv_header_elf_abi_h = yes; then
-    AC_LIBOBJ([addr2line])
-  fi
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu | nacl], [
-    if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = no; then
-	with_dln_a_out=yes
-    else
-	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
-    fi])
-LIBEXT=a
-
-AC_SUBST(DLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(ARCH_FLAG)dnl
-
-AC_SUBST(STATIC)dnl
-AC_SUBST(CCDLFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LDSHARED)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LDSHAREDXX)dnl
-AC_SUBST(DLEXT)dnl
-AC_SUBST(DLEXT2)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LIBEXT)dnl
-AC_SUBST(ASMEXT, S)dnl
-
-STATIC=
-: ${PATHFLAG=''}
-
-if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
-  rb_cv_dlopen=unknown
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether OS depend dynamic link works)
-  if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [darwin*], [
-      # The -fno-common is needed if we wish to embed the Ruby interpreter
-      # into a plugin module of some project (as opposed to embedding it
-      # within the project's application).  The -I/usr/local/include is
-      # needed because CPP as discovered by configure (cc -E -traditional)
-      # fails to consult /usr/local/include by default.  This causes
-      # mkmf.rb's have_header() to fail if the desired resource happens to be
-      # installed in the /usr/local tree.
-      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fno-common)],
-    [bsdi*|cygwin*|mingw*|aix*|interix*], [ ],
-    [
-      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fPIC)])
-  else
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	[hpux*],          [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS +Z"],
-	[solaris*|irix*], [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
-	[sunos*],         [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -PIC"],
-	[esix*|uxpds*],   [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
-	                  [: ${CCDLFLAGS=""}])
-  fi
-
-
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
-       enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
-       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	[hpux*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -E"
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -b'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
-			if test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = no; then
-			    RPATHFLAG=' +b %1$-s'
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[solaris*], [	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			    if test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes; then
-				LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			    fi
-			else
-			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -G'}
-			fi
-			if test "$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp" = 8; then
-			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64}
-			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_64}
-			else
-			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_32}
-			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_32}
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[sunos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -assert nodefinitions'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[irix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[sysv4*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[nto-qnx*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[esix*|uxpds*], [ : ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[osf*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared -expect_unresolved "*"'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[bsdi3*], [	AS_CASE(["$CC"],
-			[*shlicc*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -r'}
-					rb_cv_dlopen=yes])],
-	[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | netbsd* | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-export-dynamic"
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[interix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
-			    DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-soname,$@'
-			else
-			  test "$GCC" = yes && test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes || LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable'
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[openbsd*|mirbsd*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared ${CCDLFLAGS}'}
-			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[darwin*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamic -bundle'}
-			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH}
-			: ${PRELOADENV=DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-        [aix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC)'}
-			LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G"
-			EXTDLDFLAGS='-e$(TARGET_ENTRY)'
-			XLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}"'-bE:$(ARCHFILE)'" ${linker_flag}-brtl"
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS ${linker_flag}-blibpath:${prefix}/lib:${LIBPATH:-/usr/lib:/lib}"
-			: ${ARCHFILE="ruby.imp"}
-                        TRY_LINK='$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -oconftest $(INCFLAGS) -I$(hdrdir) $(CPPFLAGS)'
-                        TRY_LINK="$TRY_LINK"' $(CFLAGS) $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)'
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=LIBPATH}
-			RPATHFLAG=" ${linker_flag}-blibpath:%1\$-s:${prefix}/lib:${LIBPATH:-/usr/lib:/lib}"
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[nto-qnx*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable -x'}
-			LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[cygwin*|mingw*], [
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared $(if $(filter-out -g -g0,$(debugflags)),,-s)'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,--stack,0x00200000,--enable-auto-import"
-			DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS} -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base,--enable-auto-import"
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=""}
-			: ${PRELOADENV=""}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[hiuxmpp], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -r'}],
-	[atheos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-        [nacl], [ LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared' ],
-	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
-  AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
-
-  if test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes; then
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-      [darwin*], [
-	for flag in \
-	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
-	  "-multiply_defined suppress" \
-	  ; do
-	  test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
-	  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
-	  if test "x$flag" != x; then
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
-	  fi
-	done
-      ])
-  fi
-
-  if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
-    if test x"${RPATHFLAG}" = x; then
-      for rpathflag in -R "-rpath "; do
-	AS_CASE("$rpathflag",
-		[*" "], [AS_CASE(["${linker_flag}"],
-				 [*,], [rpathflag=`echo "$rpathflag" | tr ' ' ,`])])
-	rpathflag="${linker_flag}${rpathflag}"
-	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${rpathflag}.], [], [rpathflag=])
-	if test "x${rpathflag}" != x; then
-	  RPATHFLAG=" ${rpathflag}%1\$-s"
-	  break
-	fi
-      done
-    fi
-  fi
-fi
-if test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""; then
-    AS_CASE(["${LDSHARED}"],
-	[*'$(CC)'*], [
-	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\$(CC)/$(CXX)/'`
-	    ],
-	[*'${CC}'*], [
-	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\${CC}/${CXX}/'`
-	    ],
-	[*$CC*], [
-	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed "s|$CC|$CXX|"`
-	    ],
-	[ld" "*], [
-	    ])
-fi
-AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
-
-AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
-AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(RPATHFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(LIBPATHENV, "${LIBPATHENV-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}")
-AC_SUBST(PRELOADENV, "${PRELOADENV-LD_PRELOAD}")
-AC_SUBST(TRY_LINK)
-
-if test "x$OPT_DIR" != x; then
-    pat=`echo "${LDFLAGS_OPTDIR}" | sed ['s/[][\\.*|]/\\\\&/']`
-    LDFLAGS=`echo "${LDFLAGS}" | sed "s| ${pat}||"`
-    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
-        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
-            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
-            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
-        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
-    if test x"$val" != x; then
-	test x"${LDFLAGS}" = x || LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
-	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS$val"
-	test x"${DLDFLAGS}" = x || DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "
-	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS$val"
-    fi
-    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[freebsd*], [
-    AC_CHECK_LIB([procstat], [procstat_open_sysctl])
-    if test "x$ac_cv_lib_procstat_procstat_open_sysctl" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(procstat_getvmmap)
-    fi
-    ])
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
-[*-darwin*], [
-    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
-    if test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
-	AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libunwind.h])
-    fi],
-[*-freebsd*|x86_64-netbsd*], [
-    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
-    if test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
-	AC_CHECK_LIB([unwind], [unw_backtrace])
-    fi])
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(backtrace)
-
-if test "x$ac_cv_func_backtrace" = xyes; then
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken backtrace, rb_cv_broken_backtrace,
-    [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <execinfo.h>
-
-#define TRACE_SIZE 256
-
-void sigsegv(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *ctx){
-    void *trace[TRACE_SIZE];
-    int n = backtrace(trace, TRACE_SIZE);
-    if (n > 0) {
-	/*fprintf(stdout, "backtrace:%d\n",n);*/
-    } else {
-	_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-}
-int
-main(void)
-{
-    volatile int *a = NULL;
-    stack_t ss;
-    ss.ss_sp = malloc(SIGSTKSZ);
-    if (ss.ss_sp == NULL) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "cannot allocate memory for sigaltstack\n");
-	return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    ss.ss_size = SIGSTKSZ;
-    ss.ss_flags = 0;
-    if (sigaltstack(&ss, NULL) == -1) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "sigaltstack failed\n");
-	return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    struct sigaction sa;
-    memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(struct sigaction));
-    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
-    sa.sa_sigaction = sigsegv;
-    sa.sa_flags |= SA_SIGINFO;
-    sa.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
-    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
-    a[0] = 1;
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no,
-	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=yes,
-	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no)])
-  if test "$rb_cv_broken_backtrace" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_BACKTRACE, 1)
-  fi
-fi
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(valgrind,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--without-valgrind],[disable valgrind memcheck support]),
-        [], with_valgrind=yes)
-AS_IF([test x$with_valgrind != xno],
-        [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(valgrind/memcheck.h)])
-
-dln_a_out_works=no
-if test "$ac_cv_header_a_out_h" = yes; then
-  if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes || test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = unknown; then
-    cat confdefs.h > config.h
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether matz's dln works, rb_cv_dln_a_out,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#define USE_DLN_A_OUT
-#include "dln.c"
-],
-	[],
-	rb_cv_dln_a_out=yes,
-	rb_cv_dln_a_out=no)])
-    if test "$rb_cv_dln_a_out" = yes; then
-      dln_a_out_works=yes
-      AC_DEFINE(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
-    fi
-  fi
-fi
-
-if test "$dln_a_out_works" = yes; then
-  if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    STATIC=-static
-  else
-    STATIC=-Bstatic
-  fi
-  DLEXT=so
-  CCDLFLAGS=
-else
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [hpux*], [
-	DLEXT=sl],
-    [darwin*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-Wl,-u,_objc_msgSend])
-	DLEXT=bundle],
-    [cygwin*|mingw*|*djgpp*], [
-	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
-	DLEXT=so],
-    [
-	DLEXT=so])
-fi
-if test "$rb_cv_dlopen:$load_relative" = yes:yes; then
-    if test "$ac_cv_func_dladdr" = yes; then
-	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
-    fi
-fi
-if test x"$LOAD_RELATIVE" = x1; then
-    load_relative=yes
-else
-    unset load_relative
-fi
-
-len=2 # .rb
-n=`expr "$DLEXT"  : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
-n=`expr "$DLEXT2" : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT_MAXLEN, `expr $len + 1`)
-test ".$DLEXT"  = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT,  ".$DLEXT")
-test ".$DLEXT2" = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT2, ".$DLEXT2")
-AC_SUBST(DLEXT)
-
-if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes; then
-  STRIP=true
-else
-  AC_CHECK_TOOL(STRIP, strip, :)dnl
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | kopensolaris*-gnu], [
-	STRIP="$STRIP -S -x"],
-  [darwin*], [
-	STRIP="$STRIP -A -n"])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(ext,
-            AC_HELP_STRING([--with-ext=EXTS],
-                           [pass to --with-ext option of extmk.rb]))
-AC_ARG_WITH(out-ext,
-            AC_HELP_STRING([--with-out-ext=EXTS],
-                           [pass to --without-ext option of extmk.rb]))
-EXTSTATIC=
-AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
-AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
-            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
-AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
-  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
-  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
-], [
-  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
-])
-AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
-AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(setup,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setup=SETUP], [use extension libraries setup]),
-	    [setup=$withval])
-if test -n "$setup"; then
-    if ! test -f "ext/$setup" -o -f "$srcdir/ext/$setup"; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(Setup file $setup not found under ext or $srcdir/ext)
-    fi
-elif test -f "$srcdir/ext/Setup.$target_os"; then
-    setup="Setup.$target_os"
-else
-    setup=
-    for file in "$srcdir"/ext/Setup.*; do
-	AS_CASE(["$file"], [*~|*.bak|*.orig|*.rej|*.tmp], [continue])
-	setup=`basename "$file"`
-	AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [`expr "$setup" : 'Setup.\(.*\)'`*], [break])
-	platform=`sed '/^option  *platform  */!d;s///;s/|/*|/g;q' "$file"`
-	if test "x$platform" != x; then
-	    eval "AS_CASE([\"\$target_os\"], [$platform*], [break])"
-	fi
-	setup=
-    done
-    : ${setup:=Setup}
-fi
-AC_SUBST(setup)
-
-rubylibprefix='${libdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubylibprefix,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubylibprefix=DIR], [prefix for ruby libraries [[LIBDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME]]]),
-	    [if test "x$withval" = xno; then
-		AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby, No libprefix])
-	    fi
-	    rubylibprefix="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(rubylibprefix)
-
-if test x"${exec_prefix}" != xNONE; then
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$exec_prefix"
-elif test x"$prefix" != xNONE; then
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$prefix"
-else
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=$ac_default_prefix
-fi
-pat=`echo "${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}" | tr -c '\012' .`'\(.*\)'
-for var in bindir libdir rubylibprefix; do
-    eval val='"$'$var'"'
-    AS_CASE(["$val"], ["${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}"*], [val='${exec_prefix}'"`expr \"$val\" : \"$pat\"`"])
-    eval $var='"$val"'
-done
-
-BTESTRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-if test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes; then
-  test x"$MINIRUBY" = x && MINIRUBY="${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -I`$CHDIR .; pwd` "-r'$(arch)-fake'
-  XRUBY_LIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]']`
-  XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"]']`
-  XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubyhdrdir"]']`
-  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_LIBDIR)
-  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)
-  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)
-  PREP='$(arch)-fake.rb'
-  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
-  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)'
-  XRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-  BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(BASERUBY)'
-  TEST_RUNNABLE=no
-  CROSS_COMPILING=yes
-
-  if test "$host_os" = "nacl"; then
-      if test "$build_cpu" = "$host_cpu" || test "${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}" = "x86" -a "$host_cpu" = "i686"; then
-          nacl_cv_sel_ldr='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb sel_ldr`'
-          nacl_cv_irt_core='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb irt_core`'
-          nacl_cv_runnable_ld='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb runnable_ld`'
-          nacl_cv_host_lib='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb host_lib`'
-          TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
-          BTESTRUBY="${nacl_cv_sel_ldr} -a -B ${nacl_cv_irt_core} -w 1:3 -w 2:4"
-          BTESTRUBY="$BTESTRUBY -- ${nacl_cv_runnable_ld} --library-path ${nacl_cv_host_lib}"
-          BTESTRUBY="$BTESTRUBY `pwd`/"'miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd` -I.'
-          BTESTRUBY="$BTESTRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common 3>&1 4>&2 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null '
-      fi
-  fi
-else
-  MINIRUBY='./miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I.'
-  MINIRUBY="$MINIRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common'
-  PREP='miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
-  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) $(RUNRUBYOPT)'
-  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) --'
-  XRUBY='$(RUNRUBY)'
-  BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-  TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
-  CROSS_COMPILING=no
-fi
-AC_SUBST(TEST_RUNNABLE)
-AC_SUBST(CROSS_COMPILING)
-AC_SUBST(MINIRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(BTESTRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(PREP)
-AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)
-AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
-
-FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
-LIBRUBY_A='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static.a'
-LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_A)'
-LIBRUBYARG_STATIC='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static'
-LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)'
-SOLIBS=
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [cygwin*|mingw*|haiku*|darwin*], [
-    : ${DLDLIBS=""}
-    ],
-  [
-    DLDLIBS="$DLDLIBS -lc"
-    ])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(multiarch,
-	      AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-multiarch], [enable multiarch compatible directories]),
-	      [multiarch=], [unset multiarch])
-if test ${multiarch+set}; then
-   AC_DEFINE(ENABLE_MULTIARCH)
-fi
-
-archlibdir='${libdir}/${arch}'
-sitearchlibdir='${libdir}/${sitearch}'
-archincludedir='${includedir}/${arch}'
-sitearchincludedir='${includedir}/${sitearch}'
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(soname,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-soname=SONAME], [base name of shared library]),
-	[RUBY_SO_NAME=$withval], [RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'])
-
-LIBRUBY_LDSHARED=$LDSHARED
-LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS=$DLDFLAGS
-LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)'
-LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-ENABLE_SHARED=no
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(shared,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-shared], [build a shared library for Ruby]),
-       [enable_shared=$enableval])
-libprefix=${multiarch+'$(archlibdir)'}${multiarch-'$(libdir)'}
-LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=${load_relative-no}
-AS_CASE("$enable_shared", [yes], [
-  LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
-  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
-  LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)'
-  LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=no
-  test -z "$CCDLFLAGS" || CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $CCDLFLAGS"
-  ENABLE_SHARED=yes
-  if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-    SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-  fi
-
-  # libdir can be overridden in config.site file (on OpenSUSE at least).
-  libdir_basename=lib
-  if test "$bindir" = '${exec_prefix}/bin'; then
-    AS_CASE(["$libdir"], ['${exec_prefix}/'*], [libdir_basename=`basename "$libdir"`])
-  fi
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBDIR_BASENAME, ["${libdir_basename}"])
-  libdir_basename="${libdir_basename}"${multiarch+'/${arch}'}
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [],
-    [
-     if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-       RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${linker_flag}--no-undefined], [no_undefined=yes], [no_undefined=no])
-       if test "no_undefined" = yes; then
-	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, [${linker_flag}--no-undefined])
-       fi
-     fi
-    ])
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [sunos4*], [
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	],
-    [linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | atheos* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS='-Wl,-soname,lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)'" $LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	if test "$load_relative" = yes; then
-	    libprefix="'\$\${ORIGIN}/../${libdir_basename}'"
-	    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,${libprefix}"
-	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
-	fi
-	],
-    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'
-	if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" != "yes" ; then
-	    LIBRUBY_SO="$LIBRUBY_SO.\$(TEENY)"
-	    LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
-	fi
-	],
-    [netbsd*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR).$(TEENY)'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS='-Wl,-soname,lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'" $LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"
-	if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then # ELF platforms
-	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	else	# a.out platforms
-	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES=""
-	fi
-	],
-    [openbsd*|mirbsd*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).'`expr ${MINOR} \* 10 + ${TEENY}`
-	],
-    [solaris*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)'
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-h,$(@F)'
-	else
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-h $(@F)'
-	fi
-	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-R${libdir}'
-	],
-    [hpux*], [
-	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-Wl,+s,+b,$(libdir)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)'
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl'
-	],
-    [aix*], [
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}-bnoentry $XLDFLAGS $LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"
-	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -l${RUBY_SO_NAME}'
-	SOLIBS='-lm -lc'
-	],
-    [darwin*], [
-	RUBY_SO_NAME="$RUBY_SO_NAME"'.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)'
-	LIBRUBY_LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamiclib'
-	if test "$load_relative" = yes; then
-	    libprefix="@executable_path/../${libdir_basename}"
-	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
-	fi
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-install_name '${libprefix}'/$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-current_version $(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-compatibility_version $(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
-	if test "$visibility_option" = ld; then
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*'
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_ruby_static_id_*'
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,*_threadptr_*'
-	fi
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "' $(XLDFLAGS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dylib'
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_BASE_NAME).$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).dylib lib$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).dylib'
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	],
-    [interix*], [
-	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L. -L${libdir} -l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
-	],
-    [mingw*|cygwin*|mswin*], [
-	LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
-	])
-], [
-  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED=
-
-  # enable PIE if possible
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(pie,
-          AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-pie], [disable PIE feature]),
-          [pie=$enableval], [pie=])
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [nacl], [
-    # -pie implies -shared for NaCl.
-    pie=no
-  ])
-  if test "$GCC" = yes -a -z "$EXTSTATIC" -a "x$pie" != xno; then
-    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fPIE, [pie=yes], [pie=no])
-    if test "$pie" = yes; then
-      # Use -fPIE when testing -pie.  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS sets
-      # $save_CFLAGS internally, so set other name here.
-      save_CFLAGS_before_pie="$CFLAGS"
-      CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -fPIE"
-
-      # gcc need -pie but clang need -Wl,-pie.
-      for pie in -pie -Wl,-pie; do
-	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$pie], [], [pie=])
-	if test "x$pie" != x; then
-	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fPIE)
-	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $pie)
-	  break
-	fi
-      done
-      CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS_before_pie"
-    fi
-  fi
-])
-if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
-    test -z "$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS" || LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS "
-    rpathflag="${RPATHFLAG}"
-    AS_CASE(["${cross_compiling}${load_relative}"], [*yes*], [], [rpathflag="$RPATHFLAG$LIBPATHFLAG"])
-    rpathflag=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
-        echo x "$rpathflag" |
-        sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g"
-    `
-    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS${rpathflag}"
-    LIBRUBYARG_SHARED="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
-    LIBRUBYARG_STATIC="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_STATIC"
-fi
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE)
-
-LDFLAGS="-L. $LDFLAGS"
-AC_SUBST(ARCHFILE)
-
-if test "$EXEEXT" = .exe; then
-    EXECUTABLE_EXTS='".exe",".com",".cmd",".bat"'
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXECUTABLE_EXTS, $EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
-    EXECUTABLE_EXTS=`echo $EXECUTABLE_EXTS | tr -d '"' | tr , ' '`
-    AC_SUBST(EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
-fi
-
-AS_CASE("$cross_compiling:${LIBPATHENV}", [yes:* | no:], [], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether wrapper for $LIBPATHENV is needed)
-    AS_IF([env ${LIBPATHENV}=/lib /bin/sh -c ': ${'${LIBPATHENV}'?}' 2>/dev/null],
-	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
-	[PREP="$PREP"' ruby-runner$(EXEEXT)'
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)]
-    )
-])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(dtrace,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dtrace],
-        [enable DTrace for tracing inside ruby. enabled by default on systems having dtrace]),
-        [enable_dtrace=$enableval], [enable_dtrace=auto])
-
-if test "${enable_dtrace}" = "auto"; then
-    if test x"$DTRACE" != x -a x"$cross_compiling" != xyes; then
-        RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE()
-        enable_dtrace=$rb_cv_dtrace_available
-    else
-        enable_dtrace=no
-    fi
-fi
-
-LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(OBJS)'
-DTRACE_REBUILD=
-if test "${enable_dtrace}" = "yes"; then
-    if test -z "$DTRACE"; then
-        AC_MSG_ERROR([dtrace(1) is missing])
-    elif test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then
-        AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, cross compiling])
-    else
-        RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE()
-        enable_dtrace=$rb_cv_dtrace_available
-        if test "${enable_dtrace}" = "no"; then
-            AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, USDT is not available])
-        fi
-        RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS()
-        if test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" != 'no'; then
-            DTRACE_OBJ='probes.$(OBJEXT)'
-        fi
-        if test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" = 'rebuild'; then
-            DTRACE_REBUILD=yes
-            LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ)'
-        fi
-        AS_CASE("${target_os}", [freebsd*], [
-            # FreeBSD's dtrace requires libelf
-            LIBS="-lelf $LIBS"
-        ])
-    fi
-    DTRACE_EXT=d
-else
-    DTRACE_EXT=dmyh
-fi
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_EXT)
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OBJ)
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_REBUILD)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS)
-
-RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE
-}
-{ # build section
-
-dnl build rdoc index if requested
-RDOCTARGET=""
-CAPITARGET=""
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-doc,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-doc], [do not install either rdoc indexes or C API documents during install]),
-       [install_doc=$enableval], [install_doc=yes])
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-rdoc,
-      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-rdoc], [do not install rdoc indexes during install]),
-      [install_rdoc=$enableval], [install_rdoc=yes])
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-capi,
-      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-capi], [do not install C API documents during install]),
-      [install_capi=$enableval], [install_capi=no])
-
-if test "$install_doc" != no; then
-    if test "$install_rdoc" != no; then
-	RDOCTARGET="rdoc"
-    else
-	RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
-    fi
-    if test "$install_capi" != no -a -n "$DOXYGEN"; then
-	CAPITARGET="capi"
-    else
-	CAPITARGET="nodoc"
-    fi
-else
-    RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
-    CAPITARGET="nodoc"
-fi
-
-AC_SUBST(RDOCTARGET)
-AC_SUBST(CAPITARGET)
-
-AS_CASE(["$RDOCTARGET:$CAPITARGET"],[nodoc:nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=all])
-AC_SUBST(INSTALLDOC)
-
-if test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"; then
-    THREAD_MODEL=pthread
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for prefix of external symbols], rb_cv_symbol_prefix, [
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([extern void conftest_external(void) {}], [], [
-	rb_cv_symbol_prefix=`$NM conftest.$ac_objext |
-			     sed -n ['/.*T[ 	]\([^ 	]*\)conftest_external.*/!d;s//\1/p;q']`
-	],
-	[rb_cv_symbol_prefix=''])
-    test -n "$rb_cv_symbol_prefix" || rb_cv_symbol_prefix=NONE
-])
-SYMBOL_PREFIX="$rb_cv_symbol_prefix"
-test "x$SYMBOL_PREFIX" = xNONE && SYMBOL_PREFIX=''
-DLNOBJ=dln.o
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(dln,
-	      AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-dln], [disable dynamic link feature]),
-	      [test "$enableval" = yes || DLNOBJ=dmydln.o])
-AC_SUBST(DLNOBJ)
-MINIDLNOBJ=dmydln.o
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [linux*], [
-	],
-    [netbsd*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
-	],
-    [darwin*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework CoreFoundation])
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework CoreFoundation])
-	],
-    [osf*], [
-	if test "$GCC" != "yes" ; then
-	  # compile something small: taint.c is fine for this.
-	  # the main point is the '-v' flag of 'cc'.
-	  AS_CASE(["`cc -v -I. -c main.c -o /tmp/main.o 2>&1`"],
-	  [*/gemc_cc*], [   # we have the new DEC GEM CC
-                        CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -oldc"
-                        ],
-          [            # we have the old MIPS CC
-                        ])
-	  # cleanup
-	  rm -f /tmp/main.o
-	  CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -std"
-	fi
-	],
-    [cygwin*|mingw*], [
-	RUBY_SO_NAME="${RUBY_SO_NAME}"'$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)$(TEENY)'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS}"' -Wl,--out-implib=$(LIBRUBY)'
-	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	[cygwin*], [
-	    if test x"$enable_shared" = xyes; then
-		LIBRUBY_SO='cyg$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
-		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
-	    fi
-	    ],
-	[mingw*], [
-	    RUBY_SO_NAME="${rb_cv_msvcrt}-${RUBY_SO_NAME}"
-	    if test x"${target_cpu}" != xi386; then
-		RUBY_SO_NAME="${target_cpu}-${RUBY_SO_NAME}"
-	    fi
-	    if test x"$enable_shared" = xyes; then
-		LIBRUBY_SO='$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
-		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
-	    fi
-	    EXPORT_PREFIX=' '
-	    DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS}"' $(DEFFILE)'
-	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/win32])
-	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/file])
-	    COMMON_LIBS=m
-#	    COMMON_MACROS="WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN="
-	    COMMON_HEADERS="winsock2.h windows.h"
-	    THREAD_MODEL=win32
-	    PLATFORM_DIR=win32
-	    ])
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	if test x"$enable_shared" = xyes; then
-	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll.a'
-	else
-	    LIBRUBY_SO=dummy
-	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).a'
-	    LIBRUBYARG='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
-	fi
-	],
-    [hpux*], [
-	AS_CASE(["$YACC"],[*yacc*], [
-	    XCFLAGS="$XCFLAGS -DYYMAXDEPTH=300"
-	    YACC="$YACC -Nl40000 -Nm40000"
-	])],
-    [nacl], [
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:nacl/GNUmakefile.in
-	])
-
-AS_CASE(["$with_gmp: $SOLIBS "], [no:* | *' -lgmp '*|*' $(LIBS) '*], [],
-	[SOLIBS="-lgmp $SOLIBS"])
-
-AS_CASE(["$with_jemalloc: $LIBS "], [no:* | *' -ljemalloc '*], [],
-	[LIBS="-ljemalloc $LIBS"])
-
-MINIOBJS="$MINIDLNOBJ"
-
-AS_CASE(["$THREAD_MODEL"],
-[pthread], [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread.h)],
-[win32],   [],
-[""],      [AC_MSG_ERROR(thread model is missing)],
-           [AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown thread model $THREAD_MODEL)])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(debug-env,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug-env], [enable RUBY_DEBUG environment variable]),
-       [AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG_ENV)])
-
-AS_CASE(["$FIRSTMAKEFILE"], [*GNUmakefile:*], [gnumake=yes], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([if ${MAKE-make} is GNU make])
-    mkdir conftest.dir
-    echo "all:; @echo yes" > conftest.dir/GNUmakefile
-    echo "all:; @echo no" > conftest.dir/Makefile
-    gnumake=`(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make})`
-    rm -fr conftest.dir
-    AS_CASE(["$gnumake"],
-    [*yes*], [
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:template/GNUmakefile.in
-	gnumake=yes],
-    [
-	gnumake=no])
-    AC_MSG_RESULT($gnumake)
-])
-AS_IF([test "$gnumake" = yes], [ NULLCMD=: ], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for safe null command for ${MAKE-make}])
-    mkdir conftest.dir
-    NULLCMD=
-    for cmd in : true; do
-	echo 'A=1' > conftest.dir/Makefile
-	echo 'B=$(A:1=@'$cmd')' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
-	echo 'all:; $B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
-	if (cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make} >/dev/null 2>/dev/null); then
-	    NULLCMD=$cmd
-	    break
-	fi
-    done
-    rm -fr conftest.dir
-    if test -z "$NULLCMD"; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(no candidate for safe null command)
-    fi
-    AC_MSG_RESULT($NULLCMD)
-])
-AC_SUBST(NULLCMD)
-
-if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for architecture macros], rb_cv_architecture_macros, [
-    mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
-    : > confdefs.h
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@if defined __`echo ${universal_archnames} |
-    sed 's/=[^ ]*//g;s/ /__ || defined __/g'`__
-@%:@else
-@%:@error
->>>>>><<<<<<
-@%:@endif], [],
-[
-    rb_cv_architecture_macros=yes
-    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
-], [
-    rb_cv_architecture_macros=no
-    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
-    new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
-    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	cpu=${archs@%:@*=}
-	archs=${archs%=*}
-	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
-	archs="__${archs}__"
-	AC_MSG_CHECKING([for macro ${archs} on ${cpu}])
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@ifndef ${archs}
-@%:@error
-@%:@endif], [], [AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
-    done
-    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([failed])
-    ])])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether __ARCHITECTURE__ is available, rb_cv_architecture_available,
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <stdio.h>
-		const char arch[[]] = __ARCHITECTURE__;], [puts(arch);],
-		[rb_cv_architecture_available=yes], [rb_cv_architecture_available=no]))
-fi
-
-CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "'$(DEFS)'
-test -z "$CPPFLAGS" || CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "; CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"'${cppflags}'
-if test -n "${cflags+set}"; then
-    cflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
-    CFLAGS=`echo " $CFLAGS " | sed "s|$cflagspat"'|${cflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
-fi
-if test -n "${cxxflags+set}"; then
-    cxxflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cxxflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
-    CXXFLAGS=`echo " $CXXFLAGS " | sed "s|$cxxflagspat"'|${cxxflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
-fi
-if test "${ARCH_FLAG}"; then
-    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
-    CFLAGS=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
-    CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
-    LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
-fi
-warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags"
-AC_SUBST(cppflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(cflags, ["$orig_cflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'])dnl
-AC_SUBST(cxxflags, ["$orig_cxxflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'])dnl
-AC_SUBST(optflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(debugflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(warnflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(strict_warnflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(XCFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(XLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(EXTLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(EXTDLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_LDSHARED)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(rubyw_install_name)
-AC_SUBST(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_SO_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_SO)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)
-AC_SUBST(SOLIBS)
-AC_SUBST(DLDLIBS)
-AC_SUBST(ENABLE_SHARED)
-AC_SUBST(MAINLIBS)
-AC_SUBST(COMMON_LIBS)
-AC_SUBST(COMMON_MACROS)
-AC_SUBST(COMMON_HEADERS)
-AC_SUBST(EXPORT_PREFIX)
-AC_SUBST(SYMBOL_PREFIX)
-AC_SUBST(MINIOBJS)
-AC_SUBST(THREAD_MODEL)
-AC_SUBST(PLATFORM_DIR)
-
-firstmf=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/:.*//'`
-firsttmpl=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/.*://'`
-MAKEFILES="Makefile $firstmf"
-MAKEFILES="`echo $MAKEFILES`"
-AC_SUBST(MAKEFILES)
-
-ri_prefix=
-test "$program_prefix" != NONE &&
-  ri_prefix=$program_prefix
-
-ri_suffix=
-test "$program_suffix" != NONE &&
-  ri_suffix=$program_suffix
-
-RUBY_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [cygwin*|mingw*], [
-    RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
-    rubyw_install_name='$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)'
-    ])
-
-rubylibdir='${rubylibprefix}/${ruby_version}'
-rubyarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubyarchprefix}/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibdir}/${arch}'}
-
-rubyarchprefix=${multiarch+'${archlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${arch}'}
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchprefix,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchprefix=DIR],
-			   [prefix for architecture dependent ruby libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/ARCH]]]),
-	    [rubyarchprefix="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(rubyarchprefix)
-
-rubysitearchprefix=${multiarch+'${sitearchlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${sitearch}'}
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubysitearchprefix,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubysitearchprefix=DIR],
-			   [prefix for architecture dependent site libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/SITEARCH]]]),
-	    [rubysitearchprefix="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(rubysitearchprefix)
-
-RI_BASE_NAME=`echo ${RUBY_BASE_NAME} | sed 's/ruby/ri/'`
-ridir='${datarootdir}/${RI_BASE_NAME}'
-AC_ARG_WITH(ridir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ridir=DIR], [ri documentation [[DATAROOTDIR/ri]]]),
-	    [ridir=$withval])
-AC_SUBST(ridir)
-AC_SUBST(RI_BASE_NAME)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(ruby-version,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-version=STR], [ruby version string for version specific directories [[full]] (full|minor|STR)]),
-            [ruby_version=$withval],
-            [ruby_version=full])
-unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION
-unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE
-AS_CASE(["$ruby_version"],
-  [full],  [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='3	/* full */'],
-  [minor], [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='2	/* minor */'])
-if test ${RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE+set}; then
-    {
-    echo "#define RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE $RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE"
-    echo '#define STRINGIZE(x) x'
-    test -f revision.h -o -f "${srcdir}/revision.h" || echo '#define RUBY_REVISION 0'
-    echo '#include "verconf.h"'
-    echo '#include "version.h"'
-    echo 'ruby_version=RUBY_LIB_VERSION'
-    } > conftest.c
-    test -f verconf.h || > verconf.h
-    ruby_version="`$CPP -I. -I"${srcdir}" -I"${srcdir}/include" conftest.c | sed '/^ruby_version=/!d;s/ //g'`"
-    eval $ruby_version
-elif test -z "${ruby_version}"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby version, No place for bundled libraries])
-else
-    RUBY_LIB_VERSION="${ruby_version}"
-fi
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitedir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitedir=DIR], [site libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/site_ruby]], "no" to disable site directory]),
-            [sitedir=$withval],
-            [sitedir='${rubylibprefix}/site_ruby'])
-sitelibdir='${sitedir}/${ruby_version}'
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent site libraries in DIR [[SITEDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable site directory]),
-            [sitearchdir=$withval],
-            [sitearchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/site_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${sitelibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendordir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendordir=DIR], [vendor libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/vendor_ruby]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
-            [vendordir=$withval],
-            [vendordir='${rubylibprefix}/vendor_ruby'])
-vendorlibdir='${vendordir}/${ruby_version}'
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent vendor libraries in DIR [[VENDORDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
-            [vendorarchdir=$withval],
-            [vendorarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/vendor_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${vendorlibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-if test "${LOAD_RELATIVE+set}"; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LOAD_RELATIVE, $LOAD_RELATIVE)
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=''
-fi
-
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX)
-
-AC_SUBST(libdirname, ${multiarch+arch}libdir)
-AC_SUBST(archlibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchlibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(archincludedir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchincludedir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(arch)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearch)dnl
-AC_SUBST(ruby_version)dnl
-AC_SUBST(rubylibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(rubyarchdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitedir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitelibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendordir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorlibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorarchdir)dnl
-
-AC_SUBST(CONFIGURE, "`echo $0 | sed 's|.*/||'`")dnl
-AC_SUBST(configure_args, "`echo "${ac_configure_args}" | sed 's/\\$/$$/g'`")dnl
-
-if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ; then
-    arch="universal-${target_os}"
-    if test "${rb_cv_architecture_available}" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, __ARCHITECTURE__)
-    else
-	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	    cpu=`echo $archs | sed 's/.*=//'`
-	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
-	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__], RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, ["${cpu}"])
-	done
-    fi
-    ints='long int short'
-    test "$ac_cv_type_long_long" = yes && ints="'long long' $ints"
-    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_ARCHNAMES, "${universal_archnames}")
-    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_INTS, "${ints}")
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_OS, "${target_os}")
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ARCH, "universal-"RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "universal."RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU"-"RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
-else
-    arch="${target_cpu}-${target_os}"
-    AS_CASE(["$arch"], [le32-nacl], [arch="pnacl"])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "$arch")
-fi
-
-unset sitearch
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*],[sitearch="$target_cpu-$rb_cv_msvcrt"])
-: ${sitearch='${arch}'}
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(search-path,
-		AS_HELP_STRING([--with-search-path=DIR], [specify the additional search path]),
-		[search_path=$withval])
-if test "$search_path" != ""; then
-    AC_SUBST(RUBY_SEARCH_PATH, $search_path)
-fi
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubyhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyhdrdir=DIR], [core headers in DIR [[INCLUDEDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME-RUBY_VERSION]]]),
-	    [rubyhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [rubyhdrdir='${includedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchhdrdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent core headers in DIR [[$(rubyhdrdir)/$(arch)]]]),
-	    [rubyarchhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [rubyarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${archincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubyhdrdir}/${arch}'}])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitehdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitehdrdir=DIR], [core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
-	    [sitehdrdir=$withval],
-	    [sitehdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/site_ruby'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchhdrdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
-	    [sitearchhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [sitearchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/site_ruby'}${multiarch-'${sitehdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendorhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorhdrdir=DIR], [core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
-	    [vendorhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [vendorhdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/vendor_ruby'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchhdrdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
-	    [vendorarchhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [vendorarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/vendor_ruby'}${multiarch-'${vendorhdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-AC_SUBST(rubyhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitehdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(rubyarchhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorarchhdrdir)dnl
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(mantype,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-mantype=TYPE], [specify man page type; TYPE is one of man and doc]),
-		[
-			AS_CASE(["$withval"],
-			[man|man.gz|man.bz2|doc|doc.gz|doc.bz2], [MANTYPE=$withval],
-			[AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid man type: $withval)])
-		])
-if test -z "$MANTYPE"; then
-	AC_PATH_PROGS(NROFF, nroff awf, /bin/false, "/usr/bin:/usr/ucb")
-	if ${NROFF} -mdoc ${srcdir}/man/ruby.1 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-		MANTYPE=doc
-	else
-		MANTYPE=man
-	fi
-fi
-AC_SUBST(MANTYPE)
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(rubygems,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-rubygems], [disable rubygems by default]),
-	[enable_rubygems="$enableval"], [enable_rubygems=yes])
-if test x"$enable_rubygems" = xno; then
-    AC_DEFINE(DISABLE_RUBYGEMS, 1)
-    USE_RUBYGEMS=NO
-else
-    USE_RUBYGEMS=YES
-fi
-AC_SUBST(USE_RUBYGEMS)
-
-arch_hdrdir="${EXTOUT}/include/${arch}/ruby"
-AS_MKDIR_P("${arch_hdrdir}")
-config_h="${arch_hdrdir}/config.h"
-guard=INCLUDE_RUBY_CONFIG_H
-{
-  echo "#ifndef $guard"
-  echo "#define $guard 1"
-  grep -v "^#define PACKAGE_" confdefs.h
-  echo "#endif /* $guard */"
-} | tr -d '\015' |
-(
-  if test "x$CONFIGURE_TTY" = xyes; then color=--color; else color=; fi
-  exec ${srcdir}/tool/ifchange $color "${config_h}" -
-) || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to create ${config_h}])
-tr -d '\015' < largefile.h > confdefs.h
-rm largefile.h
-
-BUILTIN_ENCS=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_ENCS[ 	]*=/{' \
-	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
-	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
-BUILTIN_ENCOBJS=
-for e in $BUILTIN_ENCS; do BUILTIN_ENCOBJS="$BUILTIN_ENCOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.c$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`; done
-AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
-
-BUILTIN_TRANSES=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_TRANSES[ 	]*=/{' \
-	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
-	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
-BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS=
-BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS=
-for e in $BUILTIN_TRANSES; do
-  BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS="$BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.c/'`
-  BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS="$BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`
-done
-AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS)
-AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)
-
-PACKAGE=$RUBY_BASE_NAME
-AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
-AS_MESSAGE([$PACKAGE library version = $ruby_version])
-
-AS_CASE([" $CPP "], [*" $CC "*], [CPP=`echo " $CPP " | sed "s| $CC |"' $(CC) |;s/^ *//;s/  *$//'`])
-
-if test x"$firstmf" != x; then
-    AC_CONFIG_FILES($firstmf:$firsttmpl, [], [firstmf="$firstmf" firsttmpl="$firsttmpl"])
-fi
-AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile, [
-    tmpmk=confmk$$.tmp
-    {
-	if test ${VCS+set}; then
-	    :
-	elif svn info "$srcdir" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
-	    VCS='svn'
-	elif test -d "$srcdir/.git/svn"; then
-	    VCS='git svn'
-	elif test -d "$srcdir/.git"; then
-	    VCS='git'
-	else
-	    VCS='echo cannot'
-	fi
-	AS_CASE("$VCS",
-		[svn],       [VCSUP='$(VCS) up $(SVNUPOPTIONS)'],
-		["git svn"], [VCSUP='$(VCS) rebase $(GITSVNREBASEOPTIONS)'],
-		[git],       [VCSUP='$(VCS) pull $(GITPULLOPTIONS)'],
-		[VCSUP='$(VCS)'])
-	sed -n 's/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_DATE\) "\(.*\)"/\1 = \2/p' "$srcdir/version.h"
-	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
-	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
-	if test "$gnumake" != yes; then
-	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
-	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
-	else
-	    echo 'distclean-local::; @$(RM) GNUmakefile uncommon.mk'
-	fi
-    } > $tmpmk && if ! grep '^ruby:' $tmpmk > /dev/null; then
-	if test "${gnumake}" = yes; then
-	    tmpgmk=confgmk$$.tmp
-	    {
-		echo "include $tmpmk"
-		echo "-include uncommon.mk"
-	    } > $tmpgmk
-	else
-	    tmpgmk=$tmpmk
-	fi &&
-	test -z "`${MAKE-make} -f $tmpgmk info-program | grep '^PROGRAM=ruby$'`" &&
-	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
-	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
-    fi && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
-[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' gnumake='$gnumake'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
-	    AC_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-pc=FILENAME], [pc file basename]),
-	    [ruby_pc="$withval"],
-	    [ruby_pc="${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.pc"])
-AC_SUBST(ruby_pc)
-AC_SUBST(exec, [exec])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(destdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-destdir=DESTDIR], [specify default directory to install]),
-	    [DESTDIR="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(DESTDIR)
-
-AC_CONFIG_FILES($ruby_pc:template/ruby.pc.in,
-    [
-    if sed ['s/\$(\([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\))/${\1}/g;s/@[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*@//'] $ruby_pc > ruby.tmp.pc &&
-	{
-	    test -z "$PKG_CONFIG" ||
-	    PKG_CONFIG_PATH=. $PKG_CONFIG --print-errors ruby.tmp
-	}
-    then
-	mv -f ruby.tmp.pc $ruby_pc
-    else
-	exit 1
-    fi
-    ],
-    [ruby_pc='$ruby_pc' PKG_CONFIG='$PKG_CONFIG'])
-
-AC_OUTPUT
-}
-}
diff --git a/constant.h b/constant.h
index 23d17ac24c..e0d36909e1 100644
--- a/constant.h
+++ b/constant.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef CONSTANT_H
+#define CONSTANT_H
 /**********************************************************************
 
   constant.h -
@@ -8,8 +10,8 @@
   Copyright (C) 2009 Yusuke Endoh
 
 **********************************************************************/
-#ifndef CONSTANT_H
-#define CONSTANT_H
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
 
 typedef enum {
     CONST_DEPRECATED = 0x100,
@@ -31,20 +33,23 @@ typedef enum {
 typedef struct rb_const_entry_struct {
     rb_const_flag_t flag;
     int line;
-    const VALUE value;            /* should be mark */
-    const VALUE file;             /* should be mark */
+    VALUE value;            /* should be mark */
+    VALUE file;             /* should be mark */
 } rb_const_entry_t;
 
 VALUE rb_mod_private_constant(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_mod_public_constant(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_mod_deprecate_constant(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
-void rb_free_const_table(st_table *tbl);
-VALUE rb_public_const_get(VALUE klass, ID id);
+void rb_free_const_table(struct rb_id_table *tbl);
+VALUE rb_const_source_location(VALUE, ID);
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+int rb_autoloading_value(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE *value, rb_const_flag_t *flag);
+rb_const_entry_t *rb_const_lookup(VALUE klass, ID id);
 VALUE rb_public_const_get_at(VALUE klass, ID id);
 VALUE rb_public_const_get_from(VALUE klass, ID id);
-int rb_public_const_defined(VALUE klass, ID id);
-int rb_public_const_defined_at(VALUE klass, ID id);
 int rb_public_const_defined_from(VALUE klass, ID id);
-rb_const_entry_t *rb_const_lookup(VALUE klass, ID id);
+VALUE rb_const_source_location_at(VALUE, ID);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif /* CONSTANT_H */
diff --git a/cont.c b/cont.c
index 10b1cc602c..a7103a087e 100644
--- a/cont.c
+++ b/cont.c
@@ -9,269 +9,947 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
-#include "gc.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
-/* FIBER_USE_NATIVE enables Fiber performance improvement using system
- * dependent method such as make/setcontext on POSIX system or
- * CreateFiber() API on Windows.
- * This hack make Fiber context switch faster (x2 or more).
- * However, it decrease maximum number of Fiber.  For example, on the
- * 32bit POSIX OS, ten or twenty thousands Fiber can be created.
- *
- * Details is reported in the paper "A Fast Fiber Implementation for Ruby 1.9"
- * in Proc. of 51th Programming Symposium, pp.21--28 (2010) (in Japanese).
- */
-
-#if !defined(FIBER_USE_NATIVE)
-# if defined(HAVE_GETCONTEXT) && defined(HAVE_SETCONTEXT)
-#   if 0
-#   elif defined(__NetBSD__)
-/* On our experience, NetBSD doesn't support using setcontext() and pthread
- * simultaneously.  This is because pthread_self(), TLS and other information
- * are represented by stack pointer (higher bits of stack pointer).
- * TODO: check such constraint on configure.
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   elif defined(__sun)
-/* On Solaris because resuming any Fiber caused SEGV, for some reason.
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   elif defined(__ia64)
-/* At least, Linux/ia64's getcontext(3) doesn't save register window.
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   elif defined(__GNU__)
-/* GNU/Hurd doesn't fully support getcontext, setcontext, makecontext
- * and swapcontext functions. Disabling their usage till support is
- * implemented. More info at
- * http://darnassus.sceen.net/~hurd-web/open_issues/glibc/#getcontext
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   else
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 1
-#   endif
-# elif defined(_WIN32)
-#   if _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0400
-/* only when _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0400 on Windows because Fiber APIs are
- * supported only such building (and running) environments.
- * [ruby-dev:41192]
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 1
-#   endif
-# endif
-#endif
-#if !defined(FIBER_USE_NATIVE)
-#define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#endif
-
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
 #ifndef _WIN32
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <ucontext.h>
 #endif
+
+#include COROUTINE_H
+
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "internal/scheduler.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
+
+static const int DEBUG = 0;
+
 #define RB_PAGE_SIZE (pagesize)
 #define RB_PAGE_MASK (~(RB_PAGE_SIZE - 1))
 static long pagesize;
-#endif /*FIBER_USE_NATIVE*/
+
+static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type, fiber_data_type;
+static VALUE rb_cContinuation;
+static VALUE rb_cFiber;
+static VALUE rb_eFiberError;
+#ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
+static VALUE rb_cFiberPool;
+#endif
 
 #define CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK 1
 
+// Defined in `coroutine/$arch/Context.h`:
+#ifdef COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+#define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+#define FIBER_POOL_INITIAL_SIZE 8
+#define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_MAXIMUM_SIZE 32
+#else
+#define FIBER_POOL_INITIAL_SIZE 32
+#define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_MAXIMUM_SIZE 1024
+#endif
+
 enum context_type {
     CONTINUATION_CONTEXT = 0,
-    FIBER_CONTEXT = 1,
-    ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT = 2
+    FIBER_CONTEXT = 1
+};
+
+struct cont_saved_vm_stack {
+    VALUE *ptr;
+#ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
+    size_t slen;  /* length of stack (head of ec->vm_stack) */
+    size_t clen;  /* length of control frames (tail of ec->vm_stack) */
+#endif
+};
+
+struct fiber_pool;
+
+// Represents a single stack.
+struct fiber_pool_stack {
+    // A pointer to the memory allocation (lowest address) for the stack.
+    void * base;
+
+    // The current stack pointer, taking into account the direction of the stack.
+    void * current;
+
+    // The size of the stack excluding any guard pages.
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The available stack capacity w.r.t. the current stack offset.
+    size_t available;
+
+    // The pool this stack should be allocated from.
+    struct fiber_pool * pool;
+
+    // If the stack is allocated, the allocation it came from.
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation;
+};
+
+// A linked list of vacant (unused) stacks.
+// This structure is stored in the first page of a stack if it is not in use.
+// @sa fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer
+struct fiber_pool_vacancy {
+    // Details about the vacant stack:
+    struct fiber_pool_stack stack;
+
+    // The vacancy linked list.
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * previous;
+#endif
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * next;
+};
+
+// Manages singly linked list of mapped regions of memory which contains 1 more more stack:
+//
+// base = +-------------------------------+-----------------------+  +
+//        |VM Stack       |VM Stack       |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        +-------------------------------+                       |  |
+//        |Machine Stack  |Machine Stack  |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               | .  .  .  .            |  |  size
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        +-------------------------------+                       |  |
+//        |Guard Page     |Guard Page     |                       |  |
+//        +-------------------------------+-----------------------+  v
+//
+//        +------------------------------------------------------->
+//
+//                                  count
+//
+struct fiber_pool_allocation {
+    // A pointer to the memory mapped region.
+    void * base;
+
+    // The size of the individual stacks.
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The stride of individual stacks (including any guard pages or other accounting details).
+    size_t stride;
+
+    // The number of stacks that were allocated.
+    size_t count;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    // The number of stacks used in this allocation.
+    size_t used;
+#endif
+
+    struct fiber_pool * pool;
+
+    // The allocation linked list.
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * previous;
+#endif
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * next;
+};
+
+// A fiber pool manages vacant stacks to reduce the overhead of creating fibers.
+struct fiber_pool {
+    // A singly-linked list of allocations which contain 1 or more stacks each.
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocations;
+
+    // Provides O(1) stack "allocation":
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancies;
+
+    // The size of the stack allocations (excluding any guard page).
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The total number of stacks that have been allocated in this pool.
+    size_t count;
+
+    // The initial number of stacks to allocate.
+    size_t initial_count;
+
+    // Whether to madvise(free) the stack or not:
+    int free_stacks;
+
+    // The number of stacks that have been used in this pool.
+    size_t used;
+
+    // The amount to allocate for the vm_stack:
+    size_t vm_stack_size;
 };
 
 typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     enum context_type type;
     int argc;
+    int kw_splat;
     VALUE self;
     VALUE value;
-    VALUE *vm_stack;
-#ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-    size_t vm_stack_slen;  /* length of stack (head of th->stack) */
-    size_t vm_stack_clen;  /* length of control frames (tail of th->stack) */
-#endif
+
+    struct cont_saved_vm_stack saved_vm_stack;
+
     struct {
-	VALUE *stack;
-	VALUE *stack_src;
-	size_t stack_size;
-#ifdef __ia64
-	VALUE *register_stack;
-	VALUE *register_stack_src;
-	int register_stack_size;
-#endif
+        VALUE *stack;
+        VALUE *stack_src;
+        size_t stack_size;
     } machine;
-    rb_thread_t saved_thread; /* selected properties of GET_THREAD() (see cont_save_thread) */
+    rb_execution_context_t saved_ec;
     rb_jmpbuf_t jmpbuf;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *ensure_array;
-    rb_ensure_list_t *ensure_list;
+    /* Pointer to MJIT info about the continuation.  */
+    struct mjit_cont *mjit_cont;
 } rb_context_t;
 
+
+/*
+ * Fiber status:
+ *    [Fiber.new] ------> FIBER_CREATED
+ *                        | [Fiber#resume]
+ *                        v
+ *                   +--> FIBER_RESUMED ----+
+ *    [Fiber#resume] |    | [Fiber.yield]   |
+ *                   |    v                 |
+ *                   +-- FIBER_SUSPENDED    | [Terminate]
+ *                                          |
+ *                       FIBER_TERMINATED <-+
+ */
 enum fiber_status {
-    CREATED,
-    RUNNING,
-    TERMINATED
+    FIBER_CREATED,
+    FIBER_RESUMED,
+    FIBER_SUSPENDED,
+    FIBER_TERMINATED
 };
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE && !defined(_WIN32)
-#define MAX_MACHINE_STACK_CACHE  10
-static int machine_stack_cache_index = 0;
-typedef struct machine_stack_cache_struct {
-    void *ptr;
-    size_t size;
-} machine_stack_cache_t;
-static machine_stack_cache_t machine_stack_cache[MAX_MACHINE_STACK_CACHE];
-static machine_stack_cache_t terminated_machine_stack;
-#endif
+#define FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber)    ((fiber)->status == FIBER_CREATED)
+#define FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber)    ((fiber)->status == FIBER_RESUMED)
+#define FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(fiber)  ((fiber)->status == FIBER_SUSPENDED)
+#define FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber) ((fiber)->status == FIBER_TERMINATED)
+#define FIBER_RUNNABLE_P(fiber)   (FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber) || FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(fiber))
 
 struct rb_fiber_struct {
     rb_context_t cont;
+    VALUE first_proc;
     struct rb_fiber_struct *prev;
-    enum fiber_status status;
-    /* If a fiber invokes "transfer",
-     * then this fiber can't "resume" any more after that.
-     * You shouldn't mix "transfer" and "resume".
-     */
-    int transferred;
+    VALUE resuming_fiber;
+
+    BITFIELD(enum fiber_status, status, 2);
+    /* Whether the fiber is allowed to implicitly yield. */
+    unsigned int yielding : 1;
+    unsigned int blocking : 1;
+
+    struct coroutine_context context;
+    struct fiber_pool_stack stack;
+};
+
+static struct fiber_pool shared_fiber_pool = {NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = {0};
+
+/*
+ * FreeBSD require a first (i.e. addr) argument of mmap(2) is not NULL
+ * if MAP_STACK is passed.
+ * http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=158755
+ */
+#if defined(MAP_STACK) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
+#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON | MAP_STACK)
+#else
+#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON)
+#endif
+
+#define ERRNOMSG strerror(errno)
+
+// Locates the stack vacancy details for the given stack.
+// Requires that fiber_pool_vacancy fits within one page.
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(void * base, size_t size)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    return (struct fiber_pool_vacancy *)(
+        (char*)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size - RB_PAGE_SIZE)
+    );
+}
+
+// Reset the current stack pointer and available size of the given stack.
+inline static void
+fiber_pool_stack_reset(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    stack->current = (char*)stack->base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, stack->size);
+    stack->available = stack->size;
+}
+
+// A pointer to the base of the current unused portion of the stack.
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_stack_base(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(stack->current);
+
+    return STACK_DIR_UPPER(stack->current, (char*)stack->current - stack->available);
+}
+
+// Allocate some memory from the stack. Used to allocate vm_stack inline with machine stack.
+// @sa fiber_initialize_coroutine
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_stack_alloca(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack, size_t offset)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_alloca(%p): %"PRIuSIZE"/%"PRIuSIZE"\n", (void*)stack, offset, stack->available);
+    VM_ASSERT(stack->available >= offset);
+
+    // The pointer to the memory being allocated:
+    void * pointer = STACK_DIR_UPPER(stack->current, (char*)stack->current - offset);
+
+    // Move the stack pointer:
+    stack->current = STACK_DIR_UPPER((char*)stack->current + offset, (char*)stack->current - offset);
+    stack->available -= offset;
+
+    return pointer;
+}
+
+// Reset the current stack pointer and available size of the given stack.
+inline static void
+fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy)
+{
+    fiber_pool_stack_reset(&vacancy->stack);
+
+    // Consume one page of the stack because it's used for the vacancy list:
+    fiber_pool_stack_alloca(&vacancy->stack, RB_PAGE_SIZE);
+}
+
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_push(struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy, struct fiber_pool_vacancy * head)
+{
+    vacancy->next = head;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    if (head) {
+        head->previous = vacancy;
+        vacancy->previous = NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return vacancy;
+}
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+static void
+fiber_pool_vacancy_remove(struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy)
+{
+    if (vacancy->next) {
+        vacancy->next->previous = vacancy->previous;
+    }
+
+    if (vacancy->previous) {
+        vacancy->previous->next = vacancy->next;
+    }
+    else {
+        // It's the head of the list:
+        vacancy->stack.pool->vacancies = vacancy->next;
+    }
+}
+
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(struct fiber_pool * pool)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = pool->vacancies;
+
+    if (vacancy) {
+        fiber_pool_vacancy_remove(vacancy);
+    }
+
+    return vacancy;
+}
+#else
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(struct fiber_pool * pool)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = pool->vacancies;
+
+    if (vacancy) {
+        pool->vacancies = vacancy->next;
+    }
+
+    return vacancy;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Initialize the vacant stack. The [base, size] allocation should not include the guard page.
+// @param base The pointer to the lowest address of the allocated memory.
+// @param size The size of the allocated memory.
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_initialize(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancies, void * base, size_t size)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(base, size);
+
+    vacancy->stack.base = base;
+    vacancy->stack.size = size;
+
+    fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
+
+    vacancy->stack.pool = fiber_pool;
+
+    return fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, vacancies);
+}
+
+// Allocate a maximum of count stacks, size given by stride.
+// @param count the number of stacks to allocate / were allocated.
+// @param stride the size of the individual stacks.
+// @return [void *] the allocated memory or NULL if allocation failed.
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_allocate_memory(size_t * count, size_t stride)
+{
+    // We use a divide-by-2 strategy to try and allocate memory. We are trying
+    // to allocate `count` stacks. In normal situation, this won't fail. But
+    // if we ran out of address space, or we are allocating more memory than
+    // the system would allow (e.g. overcommit * physical memory + swap), we
+    // divide count by two and try again. This condition should only be
+    // encountered in edge cases, but we handle it here gracefully.
+    while (*count > 1) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        void * base = VirtualAlloc(0, (*count)*stride, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
+
+        if (!base) {
+            *count = (*count) >> 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            return base;
+        }
+#else
+        errno = 0;
+        void * base = mmap(NULL, (*count)*stride, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, FIBER_STACK_FLAGS, -1, 0);
+
+        if (base == MAP_FAILED) {
+            // If the allocation fails, count = count / 2, and try again.
+            *count = (*count) >> 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            return base;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Given an existing fiber pool, expand it by the specified number of stacks.
+// @param count the maximum number of stacks to allocate.
+// @return the allocated fiber pool.
+// @sa fiber_pool_allocation_free
+static struct fiber_pool_allocation *
+fiber_pool_expand(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, size_t count)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    size_t size = fiber_pool->size;
+    size_t stride = size + RB_PAGE_SIZE;
+
+    // Allocate the memory required for the stacks:
+    void * base = fiber_pool_allocate_memory(&count, stride);
+
+    if (base == NULL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't alloc machine stack to fiber (%"PRIuSIZE" x %"PRIuSIZE" bytes): %s", count, size, ERRNOMSG);
+    }
+
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancies = fiber_pool->vacancies;
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation = RB_ALLOC(struct fiber_pool_allocation);
+
+    // Initialize fiber pool allocation:
+    allocation->base = base;
+    allocation->size = size;
+    allocation->stride = stride;
+    allocation->count = count;
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    allocation->used = 0;
+#endif
+    allocation->pool = fiber_pool;
+
+    if (DEBUG) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_expand(%"PRIuSIZE"): %p, %"PRIuSIZE"/%"PRIuSIZE" x [%"PRIuSIZE":%"PRIuSIZE"]\n",
+                count, (void*)fiber_pool, fiber_pool->used, fiber_pool->count, size, fiber_pool->vm_stack_size);
+    }
+
+    // Iterate over all stacks, initializing the vacancy list:
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
+        void * base = (char*)allocation->base + (stride * i);
+        void * page = (char*)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(size, 0);
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        DWORD old_protect;
+
+        if (!VirtualProtect(page, RB_PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_READWRITE | PAGE_GUARD, &old_protect)) {
+            VirtualFree(allocation->base, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
+            rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't set a guard page: %s", ERRNOMSG);
+        }
+#else
+        if (mprotect(page, RB_PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE) < 0) {
+            munmap(allocation->base, count*stride);
+            rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't set a guard page: %s", ERRNOMSG);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_initialize(
+            fiber_pool, vacancies,
+            (char*)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, RB_PAGE_SIZE),
+            size
+        );
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+        vacancies->stack.allocation = allocation;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // Insert the allocation into the head of the pool:
+    allocation->next = fiber_pool->allocations;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    if (allocation->next) {
+        allocation->next->previous = allocation;
+    }
+
+    allocation->previous = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    fiber_pool->allocations = allocation;
+    fiber_pool->vacancies = vacancies;
+    fiber_pool->count += count;
+
+    return allocation;
+}
+
+// Initialize the specified fiber pool with the given number of stacks.
+// @param vm_stack_size The size of the vm stack to allocate.
+static void
+fiber_pool_initialize(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, size_t size, size_t count, size_t vm_stack_size)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(vm_stack_size < size);
+
+    fiber_pool->allocations = NULL;
+    fiber_pool->vacancies = NULL;
+    fiber_pool->size = ((size / RB_PAGE_SIZE) + 1) * RB_PAGE_SIZE;
+    fiber_pool->count = 0;
+    fiber_pool->initial_count = count;
+    fiber_pool->free_stacks = 1;
+    fiber_pool->used = 0;
+
+    fiber_pool->vm_stack_size = vm_stack_size;
+
+    fiber_pool_expand(fiber_pool, count);
+}
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+// Free the list of fiber pool allocations.
+static void
+fiber_pool_allocation_free(struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(allocation->used == 0);
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_allocation_free: %p base=%p count=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", allocation, allocation->base, allocation->count);
+
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < allocation->count; i += 1) {
+        void * base = (char*)allocation->base + (allocation->stride * i) + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, RB_PAGE_SIZE);
+
+        struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(base, allocation->size);
+
+        // Pop the vacant stack off the free list:
+        fiber_pool_vacancy_remove(vacancy);
+    }
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
 #ifdef _WIN32
-    void *fib_handle;
+    VirtualFree(allocation->base, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
 #else
-    ucontext_t context;
-    /* Because context.uc_stack.ss_sp and context.uc_stack.ss_size
-     * are not necessarily valid after makecontext() or swapcontext(),
-     * they are saved in these variables for later use.
-     */
-    void *ss_sp;
-    size_t ss_size;
+    munmap(allocation->base, allocation->stride * allocation->count);
 #endif
+
+    if (allocation->previous) {
+        allocation->previous->next = allocation->next;
+    }
+    else {
+        // We are the head of the list, so update the pool:
+        allocation->pool->allocations = allocation->next;
+    }
+
+    if (allocation->next) {
+        allocation->next->previous = allocation->previous;
+    }
+
+    allocation->pool->count -= allocation->count;
+
+    ruby_xfree(allocation);
+}
 #endif
-};
 
-static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type, fiber_data_type;
-static VALUE rb_cContinuation;
-static VALUE rb_cFiber;
-static VALUE rb_eFiberError;
+// Acquire a stack from the given fiber pool. If none are available, allocate more.
+static struct fiber_pool_stack
+fiber_pool_stack_acquire(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool) {
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(fiber_pool);
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_acquire: %p used=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", (void*)fiber_pool->vacancies, fiber_pool->used);
+
+    if (!vacancy) {
+        const size_t maximum = FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_MAXIMUM_SIZE;
+        const size_t minimum = fiber_pool->initial_count;
+
+        size_t count = fiber_pool->count;
+        if (count > maximum) count = maximum;
+        if (count < minimum) count = minimum;
+
+        fiber_pool_expand(fiber_pool, count);
+
+        // The free list should now contain some stacks:
+        VM_ASSERT(fiber_pool->vacancies);
+
+        vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(fiber_pool);
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(vacancy);
+    VM_ASSERT(vacancy->stack.base);
+
+    // Take the top item from the free list:
+    fiber_pool->used += 1;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    vacancy->stack.allocation->used += 1;
+#endif
+
+    fiber_pool_stack_reset(&vacancy->stack);
+
+    return vacancy->stack;
+}
+
+// We advise the operating system that the stack memory pages are no longer being used.
+// This introduce some performance overhead but allows system to relaim memory when there is pressure.
+static inline void
+fiber_pool_stack_free(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    void * base = fiber_pool_stack_base(stack);
+    size_t size = stack->available;
+
+    // If this is not true, the vacancy information will almost certainly be destroyed:
+    VM_ASSERT(size <= (stack->size - RB_PAGE_SIZE));
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_free: %p+%"PRIuSIZE" [base=%p, size=%"PRIuSIZE"]\n", base, size, stack->base, stack->size);
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // This immediately discards the pages and the memory is reset to zero.
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+#elif defined(MADV_FREE_REUSABLE)
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE_REUSABLE);
+#elif defined(MADV_FREE)
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE);
+#elif defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    VirtualAlloc(base, size, MEM_RESET, PAGE_READWRITE);
+    // Not available in all versions of Windows.
+    //DiscardVirtualMemory(base, size);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Release and return a stack to the vacancy list.
+static void
+fiber_pool_stack_release(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * pool = stack->pool;
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(stack->base, stack->size);
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_release: %p used=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", stack->base, stack->pool->used);
+
+    // Copy the stack details into the vacancy area:
+    vacancy->stack = *stack;
+    // After this point, be careful about updating/using state in stack, since it's copied to the vacancy area.
+
+    // Reset the stack pointers and reserve space for the vacancy data:
+    fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
+
+    // Push the vacancy into the vancancies list:
+    pool->vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, stack->pool->vacancies);
+    pool->used -= 1;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation = stack->allocation;
+
+    allocation->used -= 1;
+
+    // Release address space and/or dirty memory:
+    if (allocation->used == 0) {
+        fiber_pool_allocation_free(allocation);
+    }
+    else if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
+    }
+#else
+    // This is entirely optional, but clears the dirty flag from the stack memory, so it won't get swapped to disk when there is memory pressure:
+    if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static COROUTINE
+fiber_entry(struct coroutine_context * from, struct coroutine_context * to)
+{
+    rb_fiber_start();
+}
+
+// Initialize a fiber's coroutine's machine stack and vm stack.
+static VALUE *
+fiber_initialize_coroutine(rb_fiber_t *fiber, size_t * vm_stack_size)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = fiber->stack.pool;
+    rb_execution_context_t *sec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    void * vm_stack = NULL;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber_pool != NULL);
+
+    fiber->stack = fiber_pool_stack_acquire(fiber_pool);
+    vm_stack = fiber_pool_stack_alloca(&fiber->stack, fiber_pool->vm_stack_size);
+    *vm_stack_size = fiber_pool->vm_stack_size;
+
+#ifdef COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+    coroutine_initialize(&fiber->context, fiber_entry, fiber_pool_stack_base(&fiber->stack), fiber->stack.available, sec->machine.stack_start);
+    // The stack for this execution context is still the main machine stack, so don't adjust it.
+    // If this is not managed correctly, you will fail in `rb_ec_stack_check`.
+
+    // We limit the machine stack usage to the fiber stack size.
+    if (sec->machine.stack_maxsize > fiber->stack.available) {
+        sec->machine.stack_maxsize = fiber->stack.available;
+    }
+#else
+    coroutine_initialize(&fiber->context, fiber_entry, fiber_pool_stack_base(&fiber->stack), fiber->stack.available);
+
+    // The stack for this execution context is the one we allocated:
+    sec->machine.stack_start = fiber->stack.current;
+    sec->machine.stack_maxsize = fiber->stack.available;
+#endif
+
+    return vm_stack;
+}
+
+// Release the stack from the fiber, it's execution context, and return it to the fiber pool.
+static void
+fiber_stack_release(rb_fiber_t * fiber)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_stack_release: %p, stack.base=%p\n", (void*)fiber, fiber->stack.base);
+
+    // Return the stack back to the fiber pool if it wasn't already:
+    if (fiber->stack.base) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_release(&fiber->stack);
+        fiber->stack.base = NULL;
+    }
 
-#define GetContPtr(obj, ptr)  \
-    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), rb_context_t, &cont_data_type, (ptr))
+    // The stack is no longer associated with this execution context:
+    rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(ec);
+}
+
+static const char *
+fiber_status_name(enum fiber_status s)
+{
+    switch (s) {
+      case FIBER_CREATED: return "created";
+      case FIBER_RESUMED: return "resumed";
+      case FIBER_SUSPENDED: return "suspended";
+      case FIBER_TERMINATED: return "terminated";
+    }
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_status_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_verify(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr == fiber);
+
+    switch (fiber->status) {
+      case FIBER_RESUMED:
+        VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
+        break;
+      case FIBER_SUSPENDED:
+        VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
+        break;
+      case FIBER_CREATED:
+      case FIBER_TERMINATED:
+        /* TODO */
+        break;
+      default:
+        VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_verify);
+    }
+#endif
+}
 
-#define GetFiberPtr(obj, ptr)  do {\
-    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), rb_fiber_t, &fiber_data_type, (ptr)); \
-    if (!(ptr)) rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "uninitialized fiber"); \
-} while (0)
+inline static void
+fiber_status_set(rb_fiber_t *fiber, enum fiber_status s)
+{
+    // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber: %p, status: %s -> %s\n", (void *)fiber, fiber_status_name(fiber->status), fiber_status_name(s));
+    VM_ASSERT(!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber));
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->status != s);
+    fiber_verify(fiber);
+    fiber->status = s;
+}
+
+static inline void
+ec_switch(rb_thread_t *th, rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    rb_ractor_set_current_ec(th->ractor, th->ec = ec);
+    // ruby_current_execution_context_ptr = th->ec = ec;
+
+    /*
+     * timer-thread may set trap interrupt on previous th->ec at any time;
+     * ensure we do not delay (or lose) the trap interrupt handling.
+     */
+    if (th->vm->ractor.main_thread == th &&
+        rb_signal_buff_size() > 0) {
+        RUBY_VM_SET_TRAP_INTERRUPT(ec);
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0 || ec->vm_stack != NULL);
+}
+
+static rb_context_t *
+cont_ptr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_context_t *cont;
 
-NOINLINE(static VALUE cont_capture(volatile int *stat));
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_context_t, &cont_data_type, cont);
+
+    return cont;
+}
+
+static rb_fiber_t *
+fiber_ptr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_fiber_t, &fiber_data_type, fiber);
+    if (!fiber) rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "uninitialized fiber");
+
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+NOINLINE(static VALUE cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat));
 
 #define THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th) do { \
-	if (!(th)->tag) rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "not running thread");	\
+        if (!(th)->ec->tag) rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "not running thread"); \
     } while (0)
 
+rb_thread_t*
+rb_fiber_threadptr(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+cont_thread_value(const rb_context_t *cont)
+{
+    return cont->saved_ec.thread_ptr->self;
+}
+
+static void
+cont_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
+    if (cont->self) {
+        cont->self = rb_gc_location(cont->self);
+    }
+    cont->value = rb_gc_location(cont->value);
+    rb_execution_context_update(&cont->saved_ec);
+}
+
 static void
 cont_mark(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
     RUBY_MARK_ENTER("cont");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
-	rb_gc_mark(cont->value);
-	rb_thread_mark(&cont->saved_thread);
-	rb_gc_mark(cont->saved_thread.self);
+    if (cont->self) {
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(cont->self);
+    }
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(cont->value);
 
-	if (cont->vm_stack) {
+    rb_execution_context_mark(&cont->saved_ec);
+    rb_gc_mark(cont_thread_value(cont));
+
+    if (cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr) {
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->vm_stack,
-				 cont->vm_stack + cont->vm_stack_slen + cont->vm_stack_clen);
+        rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+                             cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr + cont->saved_vm_stack.slen + cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->vm_stack,
-				 cont->vm_stack, cont->saved_thread.stack_size);
+        rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+                             cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr, cont->saved_ec.stack_size);
 #endif
-	}
+    }
 
-	if (cont->machine.stack) {
-	    if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
-		/* cont */
-		rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
-				     cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
+    if (cont->machine.stack) {
+        if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
+            /* cont */
+            rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
+                                 cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* fiber */
+            const rb_fiber_t *fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
+
+            if (!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+                rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
+                                     cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
             }
-            else {
-		/* fiber */
-		rb_thread_t *th;
-                rb_fiber_t *fib = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
-		GetThreadPtr(cont->saved_thread.self, th);
-		if ((th->fiber != fib) && fib->status == RUNNING) {
-		    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
-					 cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-#ifdef __ia64
-	if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.register_stack,
-				 cont->machine.register_stack + cont->machine.register_stack_size);
-	}
-#endif
+        }
     }
+
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("cont");
 }
 
+#if 0
+static int
+fiber_is_root_p(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber == fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr->root_fiber;
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 cont_free(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
     RUBY_FREE_ENTER("cont");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_thread.stack);
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-	if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
-	    /* cont */
-	    ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
-	    RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
-	}
-	else {
-	    /* fiber */
-	    rb_fiber_t *fib = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
-	    const rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
-#ifdef _WIN32
-	    if (th && th->fiber != fib && cont->type != ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT) {
-		/* don't delete root fiber handle */
-		if (fib->fib_handle) {
-		    DeleteFiber(fib->fib_handle);
-		}
-	    }
-#else /* not WIN32 */
-	    if (th && th->fiber != fib) {
-                if (fib->ss_sp) {
-                    if (cont->type == ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT) {
-			rb_bug("Illegal root fiber parameter");
-                    }
-		    munmap((void*)fib->ss_sp, fib->ss_size);
-		}
-	    }
-            else {
-		/* It may reached here when finalize */
-		/* TODO examine whether it is a bug */
-                /* rb_bug("cont_free: release self"); */
-            }
-#endif
-	}
-#else /* not FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
-	ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
-#endif
-#ifdef __ia64
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.register_stack);
-#endif
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->vm_stack);
 
-	/* free rb_cont_t or rb_fiber_t */
-	ruby_xfree(ptr);
+    if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
+        ruby_xfree(cont->saved_ec.vm_stack);
+        ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
+        RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
     }
+    else {
+        rb_fiber_t *fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
+        coroutine_destroy(&fiber->context);
+        fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+    }
+
+    RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
+
+    if (mjit_enabled) {
+        VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont != NULL);
+        mjit_cont_free(cont->mjit_cont);
+    }
+    /* free rb_cont_t or rb_fiber_t */
+    ruby_xfree(ptr);
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("cont");
 }
 
@@ -282,73 +960,99 @@ cont_memsize(const void *ptr)
     size_t size = 0;
 
     size = sizeof(*cont);
-    if (cont->vm_stack) {
+    if (cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr) {
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-	size_t n = (cont->vm_stack_slen + cont->vm_stack_clen);
+        size_t n = (cont->saved_vm_stack.slen + cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-	size_t n = cont->saved_thread.stack_size;
+        size_t n = cont->saved_ec.vm_stack_size;
 #endif
-	size += n * sizeof(*cont->vm_stack);
+        size += n * sizeof(*cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
     }
 
     if (cont->machine.stack) {
-	size += cont->machine.stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.stack);
-    }
-#ifdef __ia64
-    if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
-	size += cont->machine.register_stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.register_stack);
+        size += cont->machine.stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.stack);
     }
-#endif
+
     return size;
 }
 
 void
-rb_fiber_mark_self(rb_fiber_t *fib)
+rb_fiber_update_self(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
-    if (fib)
-	rb_gc_mark(fib->cont.self);
+    if (fiber->cont.self) {
+        fiber->cont.self = rb_gc_location(fiber->cont.self);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_execution_context_update(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_fiber_mark_self(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    if (fiber->cont.self) {
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(fiber->cont.self);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_execution_context_mark(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
+    fiber->first_proc = rb_gc_location(fiber->first_proc);
+
+    if (fiber->prev) rb_fiber_update_self(fiber->prev);
+
+    cont_compact(&fiber->cont);
+    fiber_verify(fiber);
 }
 
 static void
 fiber_mark(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
     RUBY_MARK_ENTER("cont");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_fiber_t *fib = ptr;
-	rb_fiber_mark_self(fib->prev);
-	cont_mark(&fib->cont);
-    }
+    fiber_verify(fiber);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(fiber->first_proc);
+    if (fiber->prev) rb_fiber_mark_self(fiber->prev);
+    cont_mark(&fiber->cont);
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("cont");
 }
 
 static void
 fiber_free(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
     RUBY_FREE_ENTER("fiber");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_fiber_t *fib = ptr;
-	if (fib->cont.type != ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT &&
-	    fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage) {
-	    st_free_table(fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage);
-	}
 
-	cont_free(&fib->cont);
+    //if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_free: %p[%p]\n", fiber, fiber->stack.base);
+
+    if (fiber->cont.saved_ec.local_storage) {
+        rb_id_table_free(fiber->cont.saved_ec.local_storage);
     }
+
+    cont_free(&fiber->cont);
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("fiber");
 }
 
 static size_t
 fiber_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
-    const rb_fiber_t *fib = ptr;
-    size_t size = 0;
+    const rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
+    size_t size = sizeof(*fiber);
+    const rb_execution_context_t *saved_ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    const rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(saved_ec);
 
-    size = sizeof(*fib);
-    if (fib->cont.type != ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT &&
-	fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage != NULL) {
-	size += st_memsize(fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage);
+    /*
+     * vm.c::thread_memsize already counts th->ec->local_storage
+     */
+    if (saved_ec->local_storage && fiber != th->root_fiber) {
+        size += rb_id_table_memsize(saved_ec->local_storage);
     }
-    size += cont_memsize(&fib->cont);
+    size += cont_memsize(&fiber->cont);
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -356,10 +1060,10 @@ VALUE
 rb_obj_is_fiber(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &fiber_data_type)) {
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
     }
     else {
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     }
 }
 
@@ -368,83 +1072,56 @@ cont_save_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th, rb_context_t *cont)
 {
     size_t size;
 
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
-#ifdef __ia64
-    th->machine.register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();
-#endif
+    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->ec->machine.stack_end);
 
-    if (th->machine.stack_start > th->machine.stack_end) {
-	size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_start - th->machine.stack_end;
-	cont->machine.stack_src = th->machine.stack_end;
+    if (th->ec->machine.stack_start > th->ec->machine.stack_end) {
+        size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_start - th->ec->machine.stack_end;
+        cont->machine.stack_src = th->ec->machine.stack_end;
     }
     else {
-	size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_end - th->machine.stack_start;
-	cont->machine.stack_src = th->machine.stack_start;
+        size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_end - th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+        cont->machine.stack_src = th->ec->machine.stack_start;
     }
 
     if (cont->machine.stack) {
-	REALLOC_N(cont->machine.stack, VALUE, size);
+        REALLOC_N(cont->machine.stack, VALUE, size);
     }
     else {
-	cont->machine.stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
+        cont->machine.stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
     }
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
     MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack, cont->machine.stack_src, VALUE, size);
-
-#ifdef __ia64
-    rb_ia64_flushrs();
-    size = cont->machine.register_stack_size = th->machine.register_stack_end - th->machine.register_stack_start;
-    cont->machine.register_stack_src = th->machine.register_stack_start;
-    if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
-	REALLOC_N(cont->machine.register_stack, VALUE, size);
-    }
-    else {
-	cont->machine.register_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
-    }
-
-    MEMCPY(cont->machine.register_stack, cont->machine.register_stack_src, VALUE, size);
-#endif
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type = {
     "continuation",
-    {cont_mark, cont_free, cont_memsize,},
+    {cont_mark, cont_free, cont_memsize, cont_compact},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static inline void
 cont_save_thread(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *sth = &cont->saved_thread;
+    rb_execution_context_t *sec = &cont->saved_ec;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(th->status == THREAD_RUNNABLE);
 
     /* save thread context */
-    sth->stack = th->stack;
-    sth->stack_size = th->stack_size;
-    sth->local_storage = th->local_storage;
-    sth->cfp = th->cfp;
-    sth->safe_level = th->safe_level;
-    sth->raised_flag = th->raised_flag;
-    sth->state = th->state;
-    sth->status = th->status;
-    sth->tag = th->tag;
-    sth->protect_tag = th->protect_tag;
-    sth->errinfo = th->errinfo;
-    sth->first_proc = th->first_proc;
-    sth->root_lep = th->root_lep;
-    sth->root_svar = th->root_svar;
-    sth->ensure_list = th->ensure_list;
-
-    sth->trace_arg = th->trace_arg;
-
-    /* saved_thread->machine.stack_(start|end) should be NULL */
+    *sec = *th->ec;
+
+    /* saved_ec->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
     /* because it may happen GC afterward */
-    sth->machine.stack_start = 0;
-    sth->machine.stack_end = 0;
-#ifdef __ia64
-    sth->machine.register_stack_start = 0;
-    sth->machine.register_stack_end = 0;
-#endif
+    sec->machine.stack_end = NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+cont_init_mjit_cont(rb_context_t *cont)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont == NULL);
+    if (mjit_enabled) {
+        cont->mjit_cont = mjit_cont_new(&(cont->saved_ec));
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -452,12 +1129,11 @@ cont_init(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
     /* save thread context */
     cont_save_thread(cont, th);
-    cont->saved_thread.self = th->self;
-    cont->saved_thread.machine.stack_maxsize = th->machine.stack_maxsize;
-    cont->saved_thread.fiber = th->fiber;
-    cont->saved_thread.local_storage = 0;
-    cont->saved_thread.local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
-    cont->saved_thread.local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
+    cont->saved_ec.thread_ptr = th;
+    cont->saved_ec.local_storage = NULL;
+    cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
+    cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
+    cont_init_mjit_cont(cont);
 }
 
 static rb_context_t *
@@ -474,278 +1150,221 @@ cont_new(VALUE klass)
     return cont;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-cont_capture(volatile int *stat)
-#if defined(__clang__) && \
-    __clang_major__ == 3 && __clang_minor__ == 8 && __clang_patch__ == 0
-__attribute__ ((optnone))
+VALUE rb_fiberptr_self(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber->cont.self;
+}
+
+unsigned int rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber->blocking;
+}
+
+// This is used for root_fiber because other fibers call cont_init_mjit_cont through cont_new.
+void
+rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    cont_init_mjit_cont(&fiber->cont);
+}
+
+#if 0
+void
+show_vm_stack(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    VALUE *p = ec->vm_stack;
+    while (p < ec->cfp->sp) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%3d ", (int)(p - ec->vm_stack));
+        rb_obj_info_dump(*p);
+        p++;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+show_vm_pcs(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp,
+            const rb_control_frame_t *end_of_cfp)
+{
+    int i=0;
+    while (cfp != end_of_cfp) {
+        int pc = 0;
+        if (cfp->iseq) {
+            pc = cfp->pc - cfp->iseq->body->iseq_encoded;
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr, "%2d pc: %d\n", i++, pc);
+        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
+    }
+}
 #endif
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#ifdef __clang__
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wduplicate-decl-specifier)
+#endif
+static VALUE
+cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat)
 {
-    rb_context_t *cont;
+    rb_context_t *volatile cont;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
     volatile VALUE contval;
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = th->ec;
 
     THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th);
-    rb_vm_stack_to_heap(th);
+    rb_vm_stack_to_heap(th->ec);
     cont = cont_new(rb_cContinuation);
     contval = cont->self;
 
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-    cont->vm_stack_slen = th->cfp->sp - th->stack;
-    cont->vm_stack_clen = th->stack + th->stack_size - (VALUE*)th->cfp;
-    cont->vm_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, cont->vm_stack_slen + cont->vm_stack_clen);
-    MEMCPY(cont->vm_stack, th->stack, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_slen);
-    MEMCPY(cont->vm_stack + cont->vm_stack_slen, (VALUE*)th->cfp, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_clen);
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.slen = ec->cfp->sp - ec->vm_stack;
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.clen = ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size - (VALUE*)ec->cfp;
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.slen + cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
+    MEMCPY(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+           ec->vm_stack,
+           VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.slen);
+    MEMCPY(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr + cont->saved_vm_stack.slen,
+           (VALUE*)ec->cfp,
+           VALUE,
+           cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-    cont->vm_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, th->stack_size);
-    MEMCPY(cont->vm_stack, th->stack, VALUE, th->stack_size);
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, ec->vm_stack_size);
+    MEMCPY(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr, ec->vm_stack, VALUE, ec->vm_stack_size);
 #endif
-    cont->saved_thread.stack = 0;
-
+    // At this point, `cfp` is valid but `vm_stack` should be cleared:
+    rb_ec_set_vm_stack(&cont->saved_ec, NULL, 0);
+    VM_ASSERT(cont->saved_ec.cfp != NULL);
     cont_save_machine_stack(th, cont);
 
     /* backup ensure_list to array for search in another context */
     {
-	rb_ensure_list_t *p;
-	int size = 0;
-	rb_ensure_entry_t *entry;
-	for (p=th->ensure_list; p; p=p->next)
-	    size++;
-	entry = cont->ensure_array = ALLOC_N(rb_ensure_entry_t,size+1);
-	for (p=th->ensure_list; p; p=p->next) {
-	    if (!p->entry.marker)
-		p->entry.marker = rb_ary_tmp_new(0); /* dummy object */
-	    *entry++ = p->entry;
-	}
-	entry->marker = 0;
+        rb_ensure_list_t *p;
+        int size = 0;
+        rb_ensure_entry_t *entry;
+        for (p=th->ec->ensure_list; p; p=p->next)
+            size++;
+        entry = cont->ensure_array = ALLOC_N(rb_ensure_entry_t,size+1);
+        for (p=th->ec->ensure_list; p; p=p->next) {
+            if (!p->entry.marker)
+                p->entry.marker = rb_ary_tmp_new(0); /* dummy object */
+            *entry++ = p->entry;
+        }
+        entry->marker = 0;
     }
 
     if (ruby_setjmp(cont->jmpbuf)) {
-	VALUE value;
+        VALUE value;
 
-	VAR_INITIALIZED(cont);
-	value = cont->value;
-	if (cont->argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(value);
-	cont->value = Qnil;
-	*stat = 1;
-	return value;
+        VAR_INITIALIZED(cont);
+        value = cont->value;
+        if (cont->argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(value);
+        cont->value = Qnil;
+        *stat = 1;
+        return value;
     }
     else {
-	*stat = 0;
-	return contval;
+        *stat = 0;
+        return contval;
     }
 }
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+
+static inline void
+fiber_restore_thread(rb_thread_t *th, rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    ec_switch(th, fiber);
+    VM_ASSERT(th->ec->fiber_ptr == fiber);
+}
 
 static inline void
 cont_restore_thread(rb_context_t *cont)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD(), *sth = &cont->saved_thread;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
     /* restore thread context */
     if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
-	/* continuation */
-	rb_fiber_t *fib;
-
-	th->fiber = sth->fiber;
-	fib = th->fiber ? th->fiber : th->root_fiber;
-
-	if (fib) {
-	    th->stack_size = fib->cont.saved_thread.stack_size;
-	    th->stack = fib->cont.saved_thread.stack;
-	}
+        /* continuation */
+        rb_execution_context_t *sec = &cont->saved_ec;
+        rb_fiber_t *fiber = NULL;
+
+        if (sec->fiber_ptr != NULL) {
+            fiber = sec->fiber_ptr;
+        }
+        else if (th->root_fiber) {
+            fiber = th->root_fiber;
+        }
+
+        if (fiber && th->ec != &fiber->cont.saved_ec) {
+            ec_switch(th, fiber);
+        }
+
+        if (th->ec->trace_arg != sec->trace_arg) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't call across trace_func");
+        }
+
+        /* copy vm stack */
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-	MEMCPY(th->stack, cont->vm_stack, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_slen);
-	MEMCPY(th->stack + sth->stack_size - cont->vm_stack_clen,
-	       cont->vm_stack + cont->vm_stack_slen, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_clen);
+        MEMCPY(th->ec->vm_stack,
+               cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+               VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.slen);
+        MEMCPY(th->ec->vm_stack + th->ec->vm_stack_size - cont->saved_vm_stack.clen,
+               cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr + cont->saved_vm_stack.slen,
+               VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-	MEMCPY(th->stack, cont->vm_stack, VALUE, sth->stack_size);
+        MEMCPY(th->ec->vm_stack, cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr, VALUE, sec->vm_stack_size);
 #endif
-    }
-    else {
-	/* fiber */
-	th->stack = sth->stack;
-	th->stack_size = sth->stack_size;
-	th->local_storage = sth->local_storage;
-	th->local_storage_recursive_hash = sth->local_storage_recursive_hash;
-	th->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = sth->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace;
-	th->fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
-    }
-
-    th->cfp = sth->cfp;
-    th->safe_level = sth->safe_level;
-    th->raised_flag = sth->raised_flag;
-    th->state = sth->state;
-    th->status = sth->status;
-    th->tag = sth->tag;
-    th->protect_tag = sth->protect_tag;
-    th->errinfo = sth->errinfo;
-    th->first_proc = sth->first_proc;
-    th->root_lep = sth->root_lep;
-    th->root_svar = sth->root_svar;
-    th->ensure_list = sth->ensure_list;
-
-}
-
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-#ifdef _WIN32
-static void
-fiber_set_stack_location(void)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    VALUE *ptr;
-
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&ptr);
-    th->machine.stack_start = (void*)(((VALUE)ptr & RB_PAGE_MASK) + STACK_UPPER((void *)&ptr, 0, RB_PAGE_SIZE));
-}
+        /* other members of ec */
 
-static VOID CALLBACK
-fiber_entry(void *arg)
-{
-    fiber_set_stack_location();
-    rb_fiber_start();
-}
-#else /* _WIN32 */
+        th->ec->cfp = sec->cfp;
+        th->ec->raised_flag = sec->raised_flag;
+        th->ec->tag = sec->tag;
+        th->ec->protect_tag = sec->protect_tag;
+        th->ec->root_lep = sec->root_lep;
+        th->ec->root_svar = sec->root_svar;
+        th->ec->ensure_list = sec->ensure_list;
+        th->ec->errinfo = sec->errinfo;
 
-/*
- * FreeBSD require a first (i.e. addr) argument of mmap(2) is not NULL
- * if MAP_STACK is passed.
- * http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=158755
- */
-#if defined(MAP_STACK) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
-#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON | MAP_STACK)
-#else
-#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON)
-#endif
-
-static char*
-fiber_machine_stack_alloc(size_t size)
-{
-    char *ptr;
-
-    if (machine_stack_cache_index > 0) {
-	if (machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index - 1].size == (size / sizeof(VALUE))) {
-	    ptr = machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index - 1].ptr;
-	    machine_stack_cache_index--;
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].ptr = NULL;
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].size = 0;
-	}
-	else{
-            /* TODO handle multiple machine stack size */
-	    rb_bug("machine_stack_cache size is not canonicalized");
-	}
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->vm_stack != NULL);
     }
     else {
-	void *page;
-	STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
-
-	errno = 0;
-	ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, FIBER_STACK_FLAGS, -1, 0);
-	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't alloc machine stack to fiber: %s", strerror(errno));
-	}
-
-	/* guard page setup */
-	page = ptr + STACK_DIR_UPPER(size - RB_PAGE_SIZE, 0);
-	if (mprotect(page, RB_PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE) < 0) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "mprotect failed");
-	}
+        /* fiber */
+        fiber_restore_thread(th, (rb_fiber_t*)cont);
     }
-
-    return ptr;
 }
-#endif
 
-static void
-fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context(rb_fiber_t *fib, size_t size)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *sth = &fib->cont.saved_thread;
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-# if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-#   define CreateFiberEx(cs, stacksize, flags, entry, param) \
-    CreateFiber((stacksize), (entry), (param))
-# endif
-    fib->fib_handle = CreateFiberEx(size - 1, size, 0, fiber_entry, NULL);
-    if (!fib->fib_handle) {
-	/* try to release unnecessary fibers & retry to create */
-	rb_gc();
-	fib->fib_handle = CreateFiberEx(size - 1, size, 0, fiber_entry, NULL);
-	if (!fib->fib_handle) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't create fiber");
-	}
-    }
-    sth->machine.stack_maxsize = size;
-#else /* not WIN32 */
-    ucontext_t *context = &fib->context;
-    char *ptr;
-    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
-
-    getcontext(context);
-    ptr = fiber_machine_stack_alloc(size);
-    context->uc_link = NULL;
-    context->uc_stack.ss_sp = ptr;
-    context->uc_stack.ss_size = size;
-    fib->ss_sp = ptr;
-    fib->ss_size = size;
-    makecontext(context, rb_fiber_start, 0);
-    sth->machine.stack_start = (VALUE*)(ptr + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size));
-    sth->machine.stack_maxsize = size - RB_PAGE_SIZE;
-#endif
-#ifdef __ia64
-    sth->machine.register_stack_maxsize = sth->machine.stack_maxsize;
-#endif
-}
-
-NOINLINE(static void fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *newfib, rb_fiber_t *oldfib));
+NOINLINE(static void fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *new_fiber, rb_fiber_t *old_fiber));
 
 static void
-fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *newfib, rb_fiber_t *oldfib)
+fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *new_fiber, rb_fiber_t *old_fiber)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD(), *sth = &newfib->cont.saved_thread;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (newfib->status != RUNNING) {
-	fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context(newfib, th->vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size);
+    /* save old_fiber's machine stack - to ensure efficient garbage collection */
+    if (!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(old_fiber)) {
+        STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+        SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->ec->machine.stack_end);
+        if (STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, 1)) {
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_start - th->ec->machine.stack_end;
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack = th->ec->machine.stack_end;
+        }
+        else {
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_end - th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack = th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+        }
     }
 
+    /* exchange machine_stack_start between old_fiber and new_fiber */
+    old_fiber->cont.saved_ec.machine.stack_start = th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+
+    /* old_fiber->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
+    old_fiber->cont.saved_ec.machine.stack_end = NULL;
+
     /* restore thread context */
-    cont_restore_thread(&newfib->cont);
-    th->machine.stack_maxsize = sth->machine.stack_maxsize;
-    if (sth->machine.stack_end && (newfib != oldfib)) {
-	rb_bug("fiber_setcontext: sth->machine.stack_end has non zero value");
-    }
-
-    /* save  oldfib's machine stack */
-    if (oldfib->status != TERMINATED) {
-	STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
-	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
-	if (STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, 1)) {
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_start - th->machine.stack_end;
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack = th->machine.stack_end;
-	}
-	else {
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_end - th->machine.stack_start;
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack = th->machine.stack_start;
-	}
-    }
-    /* exchange machine_stack_start between oldfib and newfib */
-    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine.stack_start = th->machine.stack_start;
-    th->machine.stack_start = sth->machine.stack_start;
-    /* oldfib->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
-    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine.stack_end = 0;
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    if (!newfib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp && th->root_fiber != newfib) {
-	rb_bug("non_root_fiber->context.uc_stac.ss_sp should not be NULL");
-    }
-#endif
+    fiber_restore_thread(th, new_fiber);
+
+    // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_setcontext: %p[%p] -> %p[%p]\n", old_fiber, old_fiber->stack.base, new_fiber, new_fiber->stack.base);
 
     /* swap machine context */
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    SwitchToFiber(newfib->fib_handle);
-#else
-    swapcontext(&oldfib->context, &newfib->context);
-#endif
+    coroutine_transfer(&old_fiber->context, &new_fiber->context);
+
+    // It's possible to get here, and new_fiber is already freed.
+    // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_setcontext: %p[%p] <- %p[%p]\n", old_fiber, old_fiber->stack.base, new_fiber, new_fiber->stack.base);
 }
-#endif
 
 NOINLINE(NORETURN(static void cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *)));
 
@@ -757,66 +1376,24 @@ cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *cont)
     /* restore machine stack */
 #ifdef _M_AMD64
     {
-	/* workaround for x64 SEH */
-	jmp_buf buf;
-	setjmp(buf);
-	((_JUMP_BUFFER*)(&cont->jmpbuf))->Frame =
-	    ((_JUMP_BUFFER*)(&buf))->Frame;
+        /* workaround for x64 SEH */
+        jmp_buf buf;
+        setjmp(buf);
+        _JUMP_BUFFER *bp = (void*)&cont->jmpbuf;
+        bp->Frame = ((_JUMP_BUFFER*)((void*)&buf))->Frame;
     }
 #endif
     if (cont->machine.stack_src) {
-	FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
-	MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack_src, cont->machine.stack,
-		VALUE, cont->machine.stack_size);
+        FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
+        MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack_src, cont->machine.stack,
+               VALUE, cont->machine.stack_size);
     }
 
-#ifdef __ia64
-    if (cont->machine.register_stack_src) {
-	MEMCPY(cont->machine.register_stack_src, cont->machine.register_stack,
-	       VALUE, cont->machine.register_stack_size);
-    }
-#endif
-
     ruby_longjmp(cont->jmpbuf, 1);
 }
 
 NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *, VALUE *)));
 
-#ifdef __ia64
-#define C(a) rse_##a##0, rse_##a##1, rse_##a##2, rse_##a##3, rse_##a##4
-#define E(a) rse_##a##0= rse_##a##1= rse_##a##2= rse_##a##3= rse_##a##4
-static volatile int C(a), C(b), C(c), C(d), C(e);
-static volatile int C(f), C(g), C(h), C(i), C(j);
-static volatile int C(k), C(l), C(m), C(n), C(o);
-static volatile int C(p), C(q), C(r), C(s), C(t);
-#if 0
-{/* the above lines make cc-mode.el confused so much */}
-#endif
-int rb_dummy_false = 0;
-NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void register_stack_extend(rb_context_t *, VALUE *, VALUE *)));
-static void
-register_stack_extend(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *vp, VALUE *curr_bsp)
-{
-    if (rb_dummy_false) {
-        /* use registers as much as possible */
-        E(a) = E(b) = E(c) = E(d) = E(e) =
-        E(f) = E(g) = E(h) = E(i) = E(j) =
-        E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
-        E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
-        E(a) = E(b) = E(c) = E(d) = E(e) =
-        E(f) = E(g) = E(h) = E(i) = E(j) =
-        E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
-        E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
-    }
-    if (curr_bsp < cont->machine.register_stack_src+cont->machine.register_stack_size) {
-        register_stack_extend(cont, vp, (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp());
-    }
-    cont_restore_0(cont, vp);
-}
-#undef C
-#undef E
-#endif
-
 static void
 cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 {
@@ -826,48 +1403,45 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 #else
 #define STACK_PAD_SIZE 1024
 #endif
-	VALUE space[STACK_PAD_SIZE];
+        VALUE space[STACK_PAD_SIZE];
 
 #if !STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
-	if (addr_in_prev_frame > &space[0]) {
-	    /* Stack grows downward */
+        if (addr_in_prev_frame > &space[0]) {
+            /* Stack grows downward */
 #endif
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION <= 0
-	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src;
-	    if (&space[0] > end) {
+            volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src;
+            if (&space[0] > end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
-		volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, &space[0] - end);
-		space[0] = *sp;
+                volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, &space[0] - end);
+                space[0] = *sp;
 # else
-		cont_restore_0(cont, &space[0]);
+                cont_restore_0(cont, &space[0]);
 # endif
-	    }
+            }
 #endif
 #if !STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
-	}
-	else {
-	    /* Stack grows upward */
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Stack grows upward */
 #endif
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION >= 0
-	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src + cont->machine.stack_size;
-	    if (&space[STACK_PAD_SIZE] < end) {
+            volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src + cont->machine.stack_size;
+            if (&space[STACK_PAD_SIZE] < end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
-		volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, end - &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE]);
-		space[0] = *sp;
+                volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, end - &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE]);
+                space[0] = *sp;
 # else
-		cont_restore_0(cont, &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE-1]);
+                cont_restore_0(cont, &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE-1]);
 # endif
-	    }
+            }
 #endif
 #if !STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
-	}
+        }
 #endif
     }
     cont_restore_1(cont);
 }
-#ifdef __ia64
-#define cont_restore_0(cont, vp) register_stack_extend((cont), (vp), (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp())
-#endif
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: Continuation
@@ -875,7 +1449,7 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
  *  Continuation objects are generated by Kernel#callcc,
  *  after having +require+d <i>continuation</i>. They hold
  *  a return address and execution context, allowing a nonlocal return
- *  to the end of the <code>callcc</code> block from anywhere within a
+ *  to the end of the #callcc block from anywhere within a
  *  program. Continuations are somewhat analogous to a structured
  *  version of C's <code>setjmp/longjmp</code> (although they contain
  *  more state, so you might consider them closer to threads).
@@ -919,7 +1493,7 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
  *     require "continuation"
  *     callcc {|cont|
  *       for i in 0..4
- *         print "\n#{i}: "
+ *         print "#{i}: "
  *         for j in i*5...(i+1)*5
  *           cont.call() if j == 17
  *           printf "%3d", j
@@ -959,10 +1533,10 @@ rb_callcc(VALUE self)
     volatile VALUE val = cont_capture(&called);
 
     if (called) {
-	return val;
+        return val;
     }
     else {
-	return rb_yield(val);
+        return rb_yield(val);
     }
 }
 
@@ -970,35 +1544,39 @@ static VALUE
 make_passing_arg(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
     switch (argc) {
+      case -1:
+        return argv[0];
       case 0:
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
       case 1:
-	return argv[0];
+        return argv[0];
       default:
-	return rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
+        return rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
     }
 }
 
+typedef VALUE e_proc(VALUE);
+
 /* CAUTION!! : Currently, error in rollback_func is not supported  */
 /* same as rb_protect if set rollback_func to NULL */
 void
-ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(VALUE (*ensure_func)(ANYARGS), VALUE (*rollback_func)(ANYARGS))
+ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(e_proc *ensure_func, e_proc *rollback_func)
 {
     st_table **table_p = &GET_VM()->ensure_rollback_table;
     if (UNLIKELY(*table_p == NULL)) {
-	*table_p = st_init_numtable();
+        *table_p = st_init_numtable();
     }
     st_insert(*table_p, (st_data_t)ensure_func, (st_data_t)rollback_func);
 }
 
-static inline VALUE
-lookup_rollback_func(VALUE (*ensure_func)(ANYARGS))
+static inline e_proc *
+lookup_rollback_func(e_proc *ensure_func)
 {
     st_table *table = GET_VM()->ensure_rollback_table;
     st_data_t val;
     if (table && st_lookup(table, (st_data_t)ensure_func, &val))
-	return (VALUE) val;
-    return Qundef;
+        return (e_proc *) val;
+    return (e_proc *) Qundef;
 }
 
 
@@ -1007,62 +1585,63 @@ rollback_ensure_stack(VALUE self,rb_ensure_list_t *current,rb_ensure_entry_t *ta
 {
     rb_ensure_list_t *p;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *entry;
-    size_t i;
+    size_t i, j;
     size_t cur_size;
     size_t target_size;
     size_t base_point;
-    VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS);
+    e_proc *func;
 
     cur_size = 0;
     for (p=current; p; p=p->next)
-	cur_size++;
+        cur_size++;
     target_size = 0;
     for (entry=target; entry->marker; entry++)
-	target_size++;
+        target_size++;
 
     /* search common stack point */
     p = current;
     base_point = cur_size;
     while (base_point) {
-	if (target_size >= base_point &&
-	    p->entry.marker == target[target_size - base_point].marker)
-	    break;
-	base_point --;
-	p = p->next;
+        if (target_size >= base_point &&
+            p->entry.marker == target[target_size - base_point].marker)
+            break;
+        base_point --;
+        p = p->next;
     }
 
     /* rollback function check */
     for (i=0; i < target_size - base_point; i++) {
-	if (!lookup_rollback_func(target[i].e_proc)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called from out of critical rb_ensure scope");
-	}
+        if (!lookup_rollback_func(target[i].e_proc)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called from out of critical rb_ensure scope");
+        }
     }
     /* pop ensure stack */
     while (cur_size > base_point) {
-	/* escape from ensure block */
-	(*current->entry.e_proc)(current->entry.data2);
-	current = current->next;
-	cur_size--;
+        /* escape from ensure block */
+        (*current->entry.e_proc)(current->entry.data2);
+        current = current->next;
+        cur_size--;
     }
     /* push ensure stack */
-    while (i--) {
-	func = (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS)) lookup_rollback_func(target[i].e_proc);
-	if ((VALUE)func != Qundef) {
-	    (*func)(target[i].data2);
-	}
+    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+        func = lookup_rollback_func(target[i - j - 1].e_proc);
+        if ((VALUE)func != Qundef) {
+            (*func)(target[i - j - 1].data2);
+        }
     }
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval));
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     cont.call(args, ...)
  *     cont[args, ...]
  *
- *  Invokes the continuation. The program continues from the end of the
- *  <code>callcc</code> block. If no arguments are given, the original
- *  <code>callcc</code> returns <code>nil</code>. If one argument is
- *  given, <code>callcc</code> returns it. Otherwise, an array
- *  containing <i>args</i> is returned.
+ *  Invokes the continuation. The program continues from the end of
+ *  the #callcc block. If no arguments are given, the original #callcc
+ *  returns +nil+. If one argument is given, #callcc returns
+ *  it. Otherwise, an array containing <i>args</i> is returned.
  *
  *     callcc {|cont|  cont.call }           #=> nil
  *     callcc {|cont|  cont.call 1 }         #=> 1
@@ -1072,31 +1651,27 @@ rollback_ensure_stack(VALUE self,rb_ensure_list_t *current,rb_ensure_entry_t *ta
 static VALUE
 rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
 {
-    rb_context_t *cont;
+    rb_context_t *cont = cont_ptr(contval);
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    GetContPtr(contval, cont);
 
-    if (cont->saved_thread.self != th->self) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across threads");
+    if (cont_thread_value(cont) != th->self) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across threads");
     }
-    if (cont->saved_thread.protect_tag != th->protect_tag) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across stack rewinding barrier");
+    if (cont->saved_ec.protect_tag != th->ec->protect_tag) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across stack rewinding barrier");
     }
-    if (cont->saved_thread.fiber) {
-	if (th->fiber != cont->saved_thread.fiber) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across fiber");
-	}
+    if (cont->saved_ec.fiber_ptr) {
+        if (th->ec->fiber_ptr != cont->saved_ec.fiber_ptr) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across fiber");
+        }
     }
-    rollback_ensure_stack(contval, th->ensure_list, cont->ensure_array);
+    rollback_ensure_stack(contval, th->ec->ensure_list, cont->ensure_array);
 
     cont->argc = argc;
     cont->value = make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
 
-    /* restore `tracing' context. see [Feature #4347] */
-    th->trace_arg = cont->saved_thread.trace_arg;
-
     cont_restore_0(cont, &contval);
-    return Qnil; /* unreachable */
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 /*********/
@@ -1113,14 +1688,15 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *  the programmer and not the VM.
  *
  *  As opposed to other stackless light weight concurrency models, each fiber
- *  comes with a small 4KB stack. This enables the fiber to be paused from deeply
- *  nested function calls within the fiber block.
+ *  comes with a stack.  This enables the fiber to be paused from deeply
+ *  nested function calls within the fiber block.  See the ruby(1)
+ *  manpage to configure the size of the fiber stack(s).
  *
  *  When a fiber is created it will not run automatically. Rather it must
- *  be explicitly asked to run using the <code>Fiber#resume</code> method.
+ *  be explicitly asked to run using the Fiber#resume method.
  *  The code running inside the fiber can give up control by calling
- *  <code>Fiber.yield</code> in which case it yields control back to caller
- *  (the caller of the <code>Fiber#resume</code>).
+ *  Fiber.yield in which case it yields control back to caller (the
+ *  caller of the Fiber#resume).
  *
  *  Upon yielding or termination the Fiber returns the value of the last
  *  executed expression
@@ -1142,10 +1718,10 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *    2
  *    FiberError: dead fiber called
  *
- *  The <code>Fiber#resume</code> method accepts an arbitrary number of
- *  parameters, if it is the first call to <code>resume</code> then they
- *  will be passed as block arguments. Otherwise they will be the return
- *  value of the call to <code>Fiber.yield</code>
+ *  The Fiber#resume method accepts an arbitrary number of parameters,
+ *  if it is the first call to #resume then they will be passed as
+ *  block arguments. Otherwise they will be the return value of the
+ *  call to Fiber.yield
  *
  *  Example:
  *
@@ -1154,20 +1730,42 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *    end
  *
  *    puts fiber.resume 10
- *    puts fiber.resume 14
- *    puts fiber.resume 18
+ *    puts fiber.resume 1_000_000
+ *    puts fiber.resume "The fiber will be dead before I can cause trouble"
  *
  *  <em>produces</em>
  *
  *    12
- *    14
+ *    1000000
  *    FiberError: dead fiber called
  *
+ *  == Non-blocking Fibers
+ *
+ *  Since Ruby 3.0, the concept of <em>non-blocking fiber</em> was introduced.
+ *  Non-blocking fiber, when reaching any potentially blocking operation (like
+ *  sleep, wait for another process, wait for I/O data to be ready), instead
+ *  of just freezing itself and all execution in the thread, yields control
+ *  to other fibers, and allows the <em>scheduler</em> to handle waiting and waking
+ *  (resuming) the fiber when it can proceed.
+ *
+ *  For Fiber to behave as non-blocking, it should be created in Fiber.new with
+ *  <tt>blocking: false</tt> (which is the default now), and Fiber.scheduler
+ *  should be set with Fiber.set_scheduler. If Fiber.scheduler is not set in
+ *  the current thread, blocking and non-blocking fiber's behavior is identical.
+ *
+ *  Ruby doesn't provide a scheduler class: it is expected to be implemented by
+ *  the user and correspond to Fiber::SchedulerInterface.
+ *
+ *  There is also Fiber.schedule method, which is expected to immediately perform
+ *  passed block in a non-blocking manner (but its actual implementation is up to
+ *  the scheduler).
+ *
+ *
  */
 
 static const rb_data_type_t fiber_data_type = {
     "fiber",
-    {fiber_mark, fiber_free, fiber_memsize,},
+    {fiber_mark, fiber_free, fiber_memsize, fiber_compact,},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
@@ -1178,177 +1776,405 @@ fiber_alloc(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static rb_fiber_t*
-fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fibval)
+fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fiber_value, unsigned int blocking)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (DATA_PTR(fibval) != 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot initialize twice");
+    if (DATA_PTR(fiber_value) != 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot initialize twice");
     }
 
     THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th);
-    fib = ZALLOC(rb_fiber_t);
-    fib->cont.self = fibval;
-    fib->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
-    cont_init(&fib->cont, th);
-    fib->prev = NULL;
-    fib->status = CREATED;
+    fiber = ZALLOC(rb_fiber_t);
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+    fiber->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
+    fiber->blocking = blocking;
+    cont_init(&fiber->cont, th);
+
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr = fiber;
+    rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+
+    fiber->prev = NULL;
+
+    /* fiber->status == 0 == CREATED
+     * So that we don't need to set status: fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_CREATED); */
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber));
 
-    DATA_PTR(fibval) = fib;
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
 
-    return fib;
+    return fiber;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-fiber_init(VALUE fibval, VALUE proc)
+fiber_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE proc, struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, unsigned int blocking)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib = fiber_t_alloc(fibval);
-    rb_context_t *cont = &fib->cont;
-    rb_thread_t *th = &cont->saved_thread;
-    rb_thread_t *cth = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_t_alloc(self, blocking);
 
-    /* initialize cont */
-    cont->vm_stack = 0;
+    fiber->first_proc = proc;
+    fiber->stack.base = NULL;
+    fiber->stack.pool = fiber_pool;
+
+    return self;
+}
 
-    th->stack = 0;
-    th->stack_size = 0;
+static void
+fiber_prepare_stack(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    rb_context_t *cont = &fiber->cont;
+    rb_execution_context_t *sec = &cont->saved_ec;
 
-    th->stack_size = cth->vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size / sizeof(VALUE);
-    th->stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, th->stack_size);
+    size_t vm_stack_size = 0;
+    VALUE *vm_stack = fiber_initialize_coroutine(fiber, &vm_stack_size);
 
-    th->cfp = (void *)(th->stack + th->stack_size);
-    th->cfp--;
-    th->cfp->pc = 0;
-    th->cfp->sp = th->stack + 2;
-#if VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK
-    th->cfp->bp_check = 0;
-#endif
-    th->cfp->ep = th->stack + 1;
-    th->cfp->ep[ 0] = VM_ENVVAL_BLOCK_PTR(0);
-    th->cfp->ep[-1] = 0;
-    th->cfp->self = Qnil;
-    th->cfp->flag = VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH;
-    th->cfp->iseq = 0;
-    th->cfp->proc = 0;
-    th->cfp->block_iseq = 0;
-    th->tag = 0;
-    th->local_storage = st_init_numtable();
-    th->local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
-    th->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
-
-    th->first_proc = proc;
-
-#if !FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-    MEMCPY(&cont->jmpbuf, &cth->root_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
-#endif
+    /* initialize cont */
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr = NULL;
+    rb_ec_initialize_vm_stack(sec, vm_stack, vm_stack_size / sizeof(VALUE));
 
-    return fibval;
+    sec->tag = NULL;
+    sec->local_storage = NULL;
+    sec->local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
+    sec->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
+}
+
+static struct fiber_pool *
+rb_fiber_pool_default(VALUE pool)
+{
+    return &shared_fiber_pool;
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_fiber_init(VALUE fibval)
+rb_fiber_initialize_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self, int kw_splat)
 {
-    return fiber_init(fibval, rb_block_proc());
+    VALUE pool = Qnil;
+    VALUE blocking = Qfalse;
+
+    if (kw_splat != RB_NO_KEYWORDS) {
+        VALUE options = Qnil;
+        VALUE arguments[2] = {Qundef};
+
+        argc = rb_scan_args_kw(kw_splat, argc, argv, ":", &options);
+        rb_get_kwargs(options, fiber_initialize_keywords, 0, 2, arguments);
+
+        if (arguments[0] != Qundef) {
+            blocking = arguments[0];
+        }
+
+        if (arguments[1] != Qundef) {
+            pool = arguments[1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return fiber_initialize(self, rb_block_proc(), rb_fiber_pool_default(pool), RTEST(blocking));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.new(blocking: false) { |*args| ... } -> fiber
+ *
+ *  Creates new Fiber. Initially, fiber is not running, but can be resumed with
+ *  #resume. Arguments to the first #resume call would be passed to the block:
+ *
+ *      f = Fiber.new do |initial|
+ *         current = initial
+ *         loop do
+ *           puts "current: #{current.inspect}"
+ *           current = Fiber.yield
+ *         end
+ *      end
+ *      f.resume(100)     # prints: current: 100
+ *      f.resume(1, 2, 3) # prints: current: [1, 2, 3]
+ *      f.resume          # prints: current: nil
+ *      # ... and so on ...
+ *
+ *  if <tt>blocking: false</tt> is passed to the <tt>Fiber.new</tt>, _and_ current thread
+ *  has Fiber.scheduler defined, the Fiber becomes non-blocking (see "Non-blocking
+ *  fibers" section in class docs).
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_fiber_initialize_kw(argc, argv, self, rb_keyword_given_p());
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_new(VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), VALUE obj)
+rb_fiber_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE obj)
 {
-    return fiber_init(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj));
+    return fiber_initialize(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj), rb_fiber_pool_default(Qnil), 1);
 }
 
-static void rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fib);
+static VALUE
+rb_f_fiber_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    rb_thread_t * th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = th->scheduler;
+    VALUE fiber = Qnil;
+
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        fiber = rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(scheduler, rb_intern("fiber"), argc, argv, kw_splat);
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "No scheduler is available!");
+    }
+
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.schedule { |*args| ... } -> fiber
+ *
+ *  The method is <em>expected</em> to immediately run the provided block of code in a
+ *  separate non-blocking fiber.
+ *
+ *     puts "Go to sleep!"
+ *
+ *     Fiber.set_scheduler(MyScheduler.new)
+ *
+ *     Fiber.schedule do
+ *       puts "Going to sleep"
+ *       sleep(1)
+ *       puts "I slept well"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     puts "Wakey-wakey, sleepyhead"
+ *
+ *  Assuming MyScheduler is properly implemented, this program will produce:
+ *
+ *     Go to sleep!
+ *     Going to sleep
+ *     Wakey-wakey, sleepyhead
+ *     ...1 sec pause here...
+ *     I slept well
+ *
+ *  ...e.g. on the first blocking operation inside the Fiber (<tt>sleep(1)</tt>),
+ *  the control is yielded at the outside code (main fiber), and <em>at the end
+ *  of the execution</em>, the scheduler takes care of properly resuming all the
+ *  blocked fibers.
+ *
+ *  Note that the behavior described above is how the method is <em>expected</em>
+ *  to behave, actual behavior is up to the current scheduler's implementation of
+ *  Fiber::SchedulerInterface#fiber method. Ruby doesn't enforce this method to
+ *  behave in any particular way.
+ *
+ *  If the scheduler is not set, the method raises
+ *  <tt>RuntimeError (No scheduler is available!)</tt>.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_f_fiber(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_f_fiber_kw(argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.scheduler -> obj or nil
+ *
+ *  Fiber scheduler, set in the current thread with Fiber.set_scheduler. If the scheduler
+ *  is +nil+ (which is the default), non-blocking fibers behavior is the same as blocking.
+ *  (see "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details about the scheduler concept).
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_scheduler_get();
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.set_scheduler(scheduler) -> scheduler
+ *
+ *  Sets Fiber scheduler for the current thread. If the scheduler is set, non-blocking
+ *  fibers (created by Fiber.new with <tt>blocking: false</tt>, or by Fiber.schedule)
+ *  call that scheduler's hook methods on potentially blocking operations, and the current
+ *  thread will call scheduler's +close+ method on finalization (allowing the scheduler to
+ *  properly manage all non-finished fibers).
+ *
+ *  +scheduler+ can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::SchedulerInterface. Its
+ *  implementation is up to the user.
+ *
+ *  See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_set_scheduler(VALUE klass, VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    // if (rb_scheduler_get() != Qnil) {
+    //     rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "Scheduler is already defined!");
+    // }
+
+    return rb_scheduler_set(scheduler);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int need_interrupt));
 
 void
 rb_fiber_start(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_fiber_t *fib = th->fiber;
+    rb_thread_t * volatile th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
     rb_proc_t *proc;
-    int state;
-
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	rb_context_t *cont = &VAR_FROM_MEMORY(fib)->cont;
-	int argc;
-	const VALUE *argv, args = cont->value;
-	GetProcPtr(cont->saved_thread.first_proc, proc);
-	argv = (argc = cont->argc) > 1 ? RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args) : &args;
-	cont->value = Qnil;
-	th->errinfo = Qnil;
-	th->root_lep = rb_vm_ep_local_ep(proc->block.ep);
-	th->root_svar = Qfalse;
-	fib->status = RUNNING;
-
-	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
-	cont->value = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th, proc, argc, argv, 0);
-    }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    int need_interrupt = TRUE;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(th->ec == GET_EC());
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+
+    if (fiber->blocking) {
+        th->blocking += 1;
+    }
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(th->ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+        rb_context_t *cont = &VAR_FROM_MEMORY(fiber)->cont;
+        int argc;
+        const VALUE *argv, args = cont->value;
+        GetProcPtr(fiber->first_proc, proc);
+        argv = (argc = cont->argc) > 1 ? RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args) : &args;
+        cont->value = Qnil;
+        th->ec->errinfo = Qnil;
+        th->ec->root_lep = rb_vm_proc_local_ep(fiber->first_proc);
+        th->ec->root_svar = Qfalse;
+
+        EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
+        cont->value = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th->ec, proc, argc, argv, cont->kw_splat, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE);
+    }
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 
     if (state) {
-	if (state == TAG_RAISE || state == TAG_FATAL) {
-	    rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, th->errinfo);
-	}
-	else {
-	    VALUE err = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, th->errinfo);
-	    if (!NIL_P(err))
-		rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
-	}
-	RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th);
+        VALUE err = th->ec->errinfo;
+        VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+
+        if (state == TAG_RAISE || state == TAG_FATAL) {
+            rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
+        }
+        else {
+            err = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, err);
+            if (!NIL_P(err)) {
+                rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
+            }
+        }
+        need_interrupt = TRUE;
     }
 
-    rb_fiber_terminate(fib);
-    rb_bug("rb_fiber_start: unreachable");
+    rb_fiber_terminate(fiber, need_interrupt);
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(rb_fiber_start);
 }
 
 static rb_fiber_t *
 root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    /* no need to allocate vm stack */
-    fib = fiber_t_alloc(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber));
-    fib->cont.type = ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT;
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    fib->fib_handle = ConvertThreadToFiber(0);
-#endif
+    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->status == FIBER_RESUMED);
+
+    th->root_fiber = fiber;
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+
+#ifdef COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+    fiber->stack = fiber_pool_stack_acquire(&shared_fiber_pool);
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context, fiber_pool_stack_base(&fiber->stack), fiber->stack.available, th->ec->machine.stack_start);
+#else
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
 #endif
-    fib->status = RUNNING;
 
-    return fib;
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ruby_mimmalloc(sizeof(rb_fiber_t));
+    if (!fiber) {
+        rb_bug("%s", strerror(errno)); /* ... is it possible to call rb_bug here? */
+    }
+    MEMZERO(fiber, rb_fiber_t, 1);
+    fiber->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr = th;
+    fiber->blocking = 1;
+    fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_RESUMED); /* skip CREATED */
+    th->ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    // This skips mjit_cont_new for the initial thread because mjit_enabled is always false
+    // at this point. mjit_init calls rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont again for this root_fiber.
+    rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(fiber);
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_root_fiber_release(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    if (th->root_fiber) {
+        /* ignore. A root fiber object will free th->ec */
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->fiber_ptr->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0);
+
+        if (th->ec == ec) {
+            rb_ractor_set_current_ec(th->ractor, NULL);
+        }
+        fiber_free(th->ec->fiber_ptr);
+        th->ec = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_root_fiber_terminate(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    fiber->status = FIBER_TERMINATED;
+
+    // The vm_stack is `alloca`ed on the thread stack, so it's gone too:
+    rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(th->ec);
 }
 
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
 fiber_current(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    if (th->fiber == 0) {
-	/* save root */
-	rb_fiber_t *fib = root_fiber_alloc(th);
-	th->root_fiber = th->fiber = fib;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
+        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
     }
-    return th->fiber;
+    return ec->fiber_ptr;
 }
 
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
-return_fiber(void)
+return_fiber(bool terminate)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib = fiber_current();
-    rb_fiber_t *prev = fib->prev;
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_current();
+    rb_fiber_t *prev = fiber->prev;
 
-    if (!prev) {
-	rb_fiber_t *root_fiber = GET_THREAD()->root_fiber;
-
-	if (root_fiber == fib) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't yield from root fiber");
-	}
-	return root_fiber;
+    if (prev) {
+        fiber->prev = NULL;
+        prev->resuming_fiber = Qnil;
+        return prev;
     }
     else {
-	fib->prev = NULL;
-	return prev;
+        if (!terminate) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to yield on a not resumed fiber");
+        }
+
+        rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+        rb_fiber_t *root_fiber = th->root_fiber;
+
+        VM_ASSERT(root_fiber != NULL);
+
+        // search resuming fiber
+        for (fiber = root_fiber;
+             RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber);
+             fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        }
+
+        return fiber;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1358,180 +2184,261 @@ rb_fiber_current(void)
     return fiber_current()->cont.self;
 }
 
+// Prepare to execute next_fiber on the given thread.
 static inline VALUE
-fiber_store(rb_fiber_t *next_fib, rb_thread_t *th)
+fiber_store(rb_fiber_t *next_fiber, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
 
-    if (th->fiber) {
-	fib = th->fiber;
-	cont_save_thread(&fib->cont, th);
+    if (th->ec->fiber_ptr != NULL) {
+        fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
     }
     else {
-	/* create current fiber */
-	fib = root_fiber_alloc(th);
-	th->root_fiber = th->fiber = fib;
+        /* create root fiber */
+        fiber = root_fiber_alloc(th);
     }
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-    fiber_setcontext(next_fib, fib);
-    /* restored */
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    if (terminated_machine_stack.ptr) {
-	if (machine_stack_cache_index < MAX_MACHINE_STACK_CACHE) {
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].ptr = terminated_machine_stack.ptr;
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].size = terminated_machine_stack.size;
-	    machine_stack_cache_index++;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (terminated_machine_stack.ptr != fib->cont.machine.stack) {
-		munmap((void*)terminated_machine_stack.ptr, terminated_machine_stack.size * sizeof(VALUE));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		rb_bug("terminated fiber resumed");
-	    }
-	}
-	terminated_machine_stack.ptr = NULL;
-	terminated_machine_stack.size = 0;
-    }
-#endif /* not _WIN32 */
-    fib = th->fiber;
-    if (fib->cont.argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(fib->cont.value);
-    return fib->cont.value;
-
-#else /* FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
-    cont_save_machine_stack(th, &fib->cont);
-    if (ruby_setjmp(fib->cont.jmpbuf)) {
-	/* restored */
-	fib = th->fiber;
-	if (fib->cont.argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(fib->cont.value);
-	if (next_fib->cont.value == Qundef) {
-	    cont_restore_0(&next_fib->cont, &next_fib->cont.value);
-	    rb_bug("rb_fiber_resume: unreachable");
-	}
-	return fib->cont.value;
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE undef = Qundef;
-	cont_restore_0(&next_fib->cont, &undef);
-	rb_bug("rb_fiber_resume: unreachable");
+    if (FIBER_CREATED_P(next_fiber)) {
+        fiber_prepare_stack(next_fiber);
     }
-#endif /* FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
+
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber) || FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber));
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RUNNABLE_P(next_fiber));
+
+    if (FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber)) fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_SUSPENDED);
+
+    fiber_status_set(next_fiber, FIBER_RESUMED);
+    fiber_setcontext(next_fiber, fiber);
+
+    fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    /* Raise an exception if that was the result of executing the fiber */
+    if (fiber->cont.argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(fiber->cont.value);
+
+    return fiber->cont.value;
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-fiber_switch(rb_fiber_t *fib, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int is_resume)
+fiber_switch(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE resuming_fiber, bool yielding)
 {
     VALUE value;
-    rb_context_t *cont = &fib->cont;
+    rb_context_t *cont = &fiber->cont;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (th->fiber == fib) {
-	/* ignore fiber context switch
+    /* make sure the root_fiber object is available */
+    if (th->root_fiber == NULL) root_fiber_alloc(th);
+
+    if (th->ec->fiber_ptr == fiber) {
+        /* ignore fiber context switch
          * because destination fiber is same as current fiber
-	 */
-	return make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
+         */
+        return make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
     }
 
-    if (cont->saved_thread.self != th->self) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across threads");
+    if (cont_thread_value(cont) != th->self) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across threads");
     }
-    else if (cont->saved_thread.protect_tag != th->protect_tag) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across stack rewinding barrier");
+    else if (cont->saved_ec.protect_tag != th->ec->protect_tag) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across stack rewinding barrier");
     }
-    else if (fib->status == TERMINATED) {
-	value = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFiberError, "dead fiber called");
+    else if (FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+        value = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFiberError, "dead fiber called");
 
-	if (th->fiber->status != TERMINATED) rb_exc_raise(value);
+        if (!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(th->ec->fiber_ptr)) {
+            rb_exc_raise(value);
+            VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_switch);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* th->ec->fiber_ptr is also dead => switch to root fiber */
+            /* (this means we're being called from rb_fiber_terminate, */
+            /* and the terminated fiber's return_fiber() is already dead) */
+            VM_ASSERT(FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(th->root_fiber));
 
-	/* th->fiber is also dead => switch to root fiber */
-	/* (this means we're being called from rb_fiber_terminate, */
-	/* and the terminated fiber's return_fiber() is already dead) */
-	cont = &th->root_fiber->cont;
-	cont->argc = -1;
-	cont->value = value;
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-	fiber_setcontext(th->root_fiber, th->fiber);
-#else
-	cont_restore_0(cont, &value);
-#endif
-	/* unreachable */
+            cont = &th->root_fiber->cont;
+            cont->argc = -1;
+            cont->value = value;
+
+            fiber_setcontext(th->root_fiber, th->ec->fiber_ptr);
+
+            VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_switch);
+        }
     }
 
-    if (is_resume) {
-	fib->prev = fiber_current();
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RUNNABLE_P(fiber));
+
+    rb_fiber_t *current_fiber = fiber_current();
+
+    VM_ASSERT(!RTEST(current_fiber->resuming_fiber));
+    if (RTEST(resuming_fiber)) {
+        current_fiber->resuming_fiber = resuming_fiber;
+        fiber->prev = fiber_current();
+        fiber->yielding = 0;
     }
-    else {
-	/* restore `tracing' context. see [Feature #4347] */
-	th->trace_arg = cont->saved_thread.trace_arg;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(!current_fiber->yielding);
+    if (yielding) {
+        current_fiber->yielding = 1;
+    }
+
+    if (current_fiber->blocking) {
+        th->blocking -= 1;
     }
 
     cont->argc = argc;
+    cont->kw_splat = kw_splat;
     cont->value = make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
 
-    value = fiber_store(fib, th);
-    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+    value = fiber_store(fiber, th);
+
+    if (RTEST(resuming_fiber) && FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+        fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+    }
+
+    if (fiber_current()->blocking) {
+        th->blocking += 1;
+    }
+
+    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th->ec);
 
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
 
     return value;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fibval, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return fiber_switch(fiber_ptr(fiber_value), argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, Qfalse, false);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.blocking? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +fiber+ is blocking and +false+ otherwise.
+ *  Fiber is non-blocking if it was created via passing <tt>blocking: false</tt>
+ *  to Fiber.new, or via Fiber.schedule.
+ *
+ *  Note, that even if the method returns +false+, Fiber behaves differently
+ *  only if Fiber.scheduler is set in the current thread.
+ *
+ *  See the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_blocking_p(VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return (fiber_ptr(fiber)->blocking == 0) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.blocking? -> false or number
+ *
+ *  Returns +false+ if the current fiber is non-blocking.
+ *  Fiber is non-blocking if it was created via passing <tt>blocking: false</tt>
+ *  to Fiber.new, or via Fiber.schedule.
+ *
+ *  If the current Fiber is blocking, the method, unlike usual
+ *  predicate methods, returns a *number* of blocking fibers currently
+ *  running (TBD: always 1?).
+ *
+ *  Note, that even if the method returns +false+, Fiber behaves differently
+ *  only if Fiber.scheduler is set in the current thread.
+ *
+ *  See the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_f_fiber_blocking_p(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *thread = GET_THREAD();
+    unsigned blocking = thread->blocking;
+
+    if (blocking == 0)
+        return Qfalse;
+
+    return INT2NUM(blocking);
+}
+
+void
+rb_fiber_close(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
-    return fiber_switch(fib, argc, argv, 0);
+    fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_TERMINATED);
 }
 
 static void
-rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fib)
-{
-    VALUE value = fib->cont.value;
-    fib->status = TERMINATED;
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE && !defined(_WIN32)
-    /* Ruby must not switch to other thread until storing terminated_machine_stack */
-    terminated_machine_stack.ptr = fib->ss_sp;
-    terminated_machine_stack.size = fib->ss_size / sizeof(VALUE);
-    fib->ss_sp = NULL;
-    fib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp = NULL;
-    fib->cont.machine.stack = NULL;
-    fib->cont.machine.stack_size = 0;
-#endif
-    fiber_switch(return_fiber(), 1, &value, 0);
+rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int need_interrupt)
+{
+    VALUE value = fiber->cont.value;
+    rb_fiber_t *next_fiber;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+    rb_fiber_close(fiber);
+
+    coroutine_destroy(&fiber->context);
+
+    fiber->cont.machine.stack = NULL;
+    fiber->cont.machine.stack_size = 0;
+
+    next_fiber = return_fiber(true);
+    if (need_interrupt) RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(&next_fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+    fiber_switch(next_fiber, 1, &value, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, Qfalse, false);
+    ruby_stop(0);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fibval, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+rb_fiber_resume_kw(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    rb_fiber_t *current_fiber = fiber_current();
 
-    if (fib->prev != 0 || fib->cont.type == ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "double resume");
+    if (argc == -1 && FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "cannot raise exception on unborn fiber");
+    }
+    else if (FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a terminated fiber");
+    }
+    else if (fiber == current_fiber) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume the current fiber");
+    }
+    else if (fiber->prev != NULL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a resumed fiber (double resume)");
+    }
+    else if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a resuming fiber");
     }
-    if (fib->transferred != 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "cannot resume transferred Fiber");
+    else if (fiber->prev == NULL &&
+             (!fiber->yielding && fiber->status != FIBER_CREATED)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a transferring fiber");
     }
 
-    return fiber_switch(fib, argc, argv, 1);
+    return fiber_switch(fiber, argc, argv, kw_splat, fiber_value, false);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return rb_fiber_resume_kw(fiber_value, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_yield_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    return fiber_switch(return_fiber(false), argc, argv, kw_splat, Qfalse, true);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_fiber_yield(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
-    return fiber_switch(return_fiber(), argc, argv, 0);
+    return fiber_switch(return_fiber(false), argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, Qfalse, true);
 }
 
 void
-rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(VALUE thval)
+rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th;
-
-    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);
-    if (th->root_fiber && th->root_fiber != th->fiber) {
-	th->local_storage = th->root_fiber->cont.saved_thread.local_storage;
+    if (th->root_fiber && th->root_fiber != th->ec->fiber_ptr) {
+        th->ec->local_storage = th->root_fiber->cont.saved_ec.local_storage;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1545,32 +2452,146 @@ rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(VALUE thval)
  *  before using this method.
  */
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_alive_p(VALUE fibval)
+rb_fiber_alive_p(VALUE fiber_value)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
-    return fib->status != TERMINATED ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber_ptr(fiber_value)) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     fiber.resume(args, ...) -> obj
  *
- *  Resumes the fiber from the point at which the last <code>Fiber.yield</code>
- *  was called, or starts running it if it is the first call to
- *  <code>resume</code>. Arguments passed to resume will be the value of
- *  the <code>Fiber.yield</code> expression or will be passed as block
- *  parameters to the fiber's block if this is the first <code>resume</code>.
+ *  Resumes the fiber from the point at which the last Fiber.yield was
+ *  called, or starts running it if it is the first call to
+ *  #resume. Arguments passed to resume will be the value of the
+ *  Fiber.yield expression or will be passed as block parameters to
+ *  the fiber's block if this is the first #resume.
  *
  *  Alternatively, when resume is called it evaluates to the arguments passed
- *  to the next <code>Fiber.yield</code> statement inside the fiber's block
+ *  to the next Fiber.yield statement inside the fiber's block
  *  or to the block value if it runs to completion without any
- *  <code>Fiber.yield</code>
+ *  Fiber.yield
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_m_resume(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return rb_fiber_resume_kw(fiber, argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_fiber_transfer_kw(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.raise                                 -> obj
+ *     fiber.raise(string)                         -> obj
+ *     fiber.raise(exception [, string [, array]]) -> obj
+ *
+ *  Raises an exception in the fiber at the point at which the last
+ *  +Fiber.yield+ was called. If the fiber has not been started or has
+ *  already run to completion, raises +FiberError+. If the fiber is
+ *  yielding, it is resumed. If it is transferring, it is transferred into.
+ *  But if it is resuming, raises +FiberError+.
+ *
+ *  With no arguments, raises a +RuntimeError+. With a single +String+
+ *  argument, raises a +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message.  Otherwise,
+ *  the first parameter should be the name of an +Exception+ class (or an
+ *  object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent an +exception+
+ *  message). The optional second parameter sets the message associated with
+ *  the exception, and the third parameter is an array of callback information.
+ *  Exceptions are caught by the +rescue+ clause of <code>begin...end</code>
+ *  blocks.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    VALUE exc = rb_make_exception(argc, argv);
+    if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to raise a resuming fiber");
+    }
+    else if (FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(fiber) && !fiber->yielding) {
+        return rb_fiber_transfer_kw(fiber_value, -1, &exc, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_fiber_resume_kw(fiber_value, -1, &exc, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.backtrace -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace(start) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace(start, count) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace(start..end) -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns the current execution stack of the fiber. +start+, +count+ and +end+ allow
+ *  to select only parts of the backtrace.
+ *
+ *     def level3
+ *       Fiber.yield
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     def level2
+ *       level3
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     def level1
+ *       level2
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     f = Fiber.new { level1 }
+ *
+ *     # It is empty before the fiber started
+ *     f.backtrace
+ *     #=> []
+ *
+ *     f.resume
+ *
+ *     f.backtrace
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:2:in `yield'", "test.rb:2:in `level3'", "test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'", "test.rb:13:in `block in <main>'"]
+ *     p f.backtrace(1) # start from the item 1
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:2:in `level3'", "test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'", "test.rb:13:in `block in <main>'"]
+ *     p f.backtrace(2, 2) # start from item 2, take 2
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'"]
+ *     p f.backtrace(1..3) # take items from 1 to 3
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:2:in `level3'", "test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'"]
+ *
+ *     f.resume
+ *
+ *     # It is nil after the fiber is finished
+ *     f.backtrace
+ *     #=> nil
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_backtrace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return rb_vm_backtrace(argc, argv, &fiber_ptr(fiber)->cont.saved_ec);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations(start) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations(start, count) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations(start..end) -> array
+ *
+ *  Like #backtrace, but returns each line of the execution stack as a
+ *  Thread::Backtrace::Location. Accepts the same arguments as #backtrace.
+ *
+ *    f = Fiber.new { Fiber.yield }
+ *    f.resume
+ *    loc = f.backtrace_locations.first
+ *    loc.label  #=> "yield"
+ *    loc.path   #=> "test.rb"
+ *    loc.lineno #=> 1
+ *
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_fiber_m_resume(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fib)
+rb_fiber_backtrace_locations(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber)
 {
-    return rb_fiber_resume(fib, argc, argv);
+    return rb_vm_backtrace_locations(argc, argv, &fiber_ptr(fiber)->cont.saved_ec);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1580,51 +2601,101 @@ rb_fiber_m_resume(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fib)
  *  Transfer control to another fiber, resuming it from where it last
  *  stopped or starting it if it was not resumed before. The calling
  *  fiber will be suspended much like in a call to
- *  <code>Fiber.yield</code>. You need to <code>require 'fiber'</code>
+ *  Fiber.yield. You need to <code>require 'fiber'</code>
  *  before using this method.
  *
  *  The fiber which receives the transfer call is treats it much like
  *  a resume call. Arguments passed to transfer are treated like those
  *  passed to resume.
  *
- *  You cannot resume a fiber that transferred control to another one.
- *  This will cause a double resume error. You need to transfer control
- *  back to this fiber before it can yield and resume.
+ *  The two style of control passing to and from fiber (one is #resume and
+ *  Fiber::yield, another is #transfer to and from fiber) can't be freely
+ *  mixed.
+ *
+ *  * If the Fiber's lifecycle had started with transfer, it will never
+ *    be able to yield or be resumed control passing, only
+ *    finish or transfer back. (It still can resume other fibers that
+ *    are allowed to be resumed.)
+ *  * If the Fiber's lifecycle had started with resume, it can yield
+ *    or transfer to another Fiber, but can receive control back only
+ *    the way compatible with the way it was given away: if it had
+ *    transferred, it only can be transferred back, and if it had
+ *    yielded, it only can be resumed back. After that, it again can
+ *    transfer or yield.
+ *
+ *  If those rules are broken FiberError is raised.
+ *
+ *  For an individual Fiber design, yield/resume is more easy to use
+ *  style (the Fiber just gives away control, it doesn't need to think
+ *  about who the control is given to), while transfer is more flexible
+ *  for complex cases, allowing to build arbitrary graphs of Fibers
+ *  dependent on each other.
+ *
  *
  *  Example:
  *
- *    fiber1 = Fiber.new do
- *      puts "In Fiber 1"
- *      Fiber.yield
- *    end
+ *     require 'fiber'
  *
- *    fiber2 = Fiber.new do
- *      puts "In Fiber 2"
- *      fiber1.transfer
- *      puts "Never see this message"
- *    end
+ *     manager = nil # For local var to be visible inside worker block
  *
- *    fiber3 = Fiber.new do
- *      puts "In Fiber 3"
- *    end
+ *     # This fiber would be started with transfer
+ *     # It can't yield, and can't be resumed
+ *     worker = Fiber.new { |work|
+ *       puts "Worker: starts"
+ *       puts "Worker: Performed #{work.inspect}, transferring back"
+ *       # Fiber.yield     # this would raise FiberError: attempt to yield on a not resumed fiber
+ *       # manager.resume  # this would raise FiberError: attempt to resume a resumed fiber (double resume)
+ *       manager.transfer(work.capitalize)
+ *     }
  *
- *    fiber2.resume
- *    fiber3.resume
+ *     # This fiber would be started with resume
+ *     # It can yield or transfer, and can be transferred
+ *     # back or resumed
+ *     manager = Fiber.new {
+ *       puts "Manager: starts"
+ *       puts "Manager: transferring 'something' to worker"
+ *       result = worker.transfer('something')
+ *       puts "Manager: worker returned #{result.inspect}"
+ *       # worker.resume    # this would raise FiberError: attempt to resume a transferring fiber
+ *       Fiber.yield        # this is OK, the fiber transferred from and to, now it can yield
+ *       puts "Manager: finished"
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     puts "Starting the manager"
+ *     manager.resume
+ *     puts "Resuming the manager"
+ *     # manager.transfer  # this would raise FiberError: attempt to transfer to a yielding fiber
+ *     manager.resume
  *
  *  <em>produces</em>
  *
- *    In fiber 2
- *    In fiber 1
- *    In fiber 3
+ *     Starting the manager
+ *     Manager: starts
+ *     Manager: transferring 'something' to worker
+ *     Worker: starts
+ *     Worker: Performed "something", transferring back
+ *     Manager: worker returned "Something"
+ *     Resuming the manager
+ *     Manager: finished
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_fiber_m_transfer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fibval)
+rb_fiber_m_transfer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber_value)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
-    fib->transferred = 1;
-    return fiber_switch(fib, argc, argv, 0);
+    return rb_fiber_transfer_kw(fiber_value, argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_transfer_kw(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to transfer to a resuming fiber");
+    }
+    if (fiber->yielding) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to transfer to a yielding fiber");
+    }
+    return fiber_switch(fiber, argc, argv, kw_splat, Qfalse, false);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1633,14 +2704,14 @@ rb_fiber_m_transfer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fibval)
  *
  *  Yields control back to the context that resumed the fiber, passing
  *  along any arguments that were passed to it. The fiber will resume
- *  processing at this point when <code>resume</code> is called next.
- *  Any arguments passed to the next <code>resume</code> will be the
- *  value that this <code>Fiber.yield</code> expression evaluates to.
+ *  processing at this point when #resume is called next.
+ *  Any arguments passed to the next #resume will be the value that
+ *  this Fiber.yield expression evaluates to.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_s_yield(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    return rb_fiber_yield(argc, argv);
+    return rb_fiber_yield_kw(argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1657,7 +2728,119 @@ rb_fiber_s_current(VALUE klass)
     return rb_fiber_current();
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   fiber.to_s   -> string
+ *
+ * Returns fiber information string.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_to_s(VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    const rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    const rb_proc_t *proc;
+    char status_info[0x20];
 
+    if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        snprintf(status_info, 0x20, " (%s by resuming)", fiber_status_name(fiber->status));
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(status_info, 0x20, " (%s)", fiber_status_name(fiber->status));
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_obj_is_proc(fiber->first_proc)) {
+        VALUE str = rb_any_to_s(fiber_value);
+        strlcat(status_info, ">", sizeof(status_info));
+        rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str)-1);
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, status_info);
+        return str;
+    }
+    GetProcPtr(fiber->first_proc, proc);
+    return rb_block_to_s(fiber_value, &proc->block, status_info);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
+void
+rb_fiber_atfork(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    if (th->root_fiber) {
+        if (&th->root_fiber->cont.saved_ec != th->ec) {
+            th->root_fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+        }
+        th->root_fiber->prev = 0;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
+static void
+fiber_pool_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = ptr;
+    RUBY_FREE_ENTER("fiber_pool");
+
+    fiber_pool_free_allocations(fiber_pool->allocations);
+    ruby_xfree(fiber_pool);
+
+    RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("fiber_pool");
+}
+
+static size_t
+fiber_pool_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = ptr;
+    size_t size = sizeof(*fiber_pool);
+
+    size += fiber_pool->count * fiber_pool->size;
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t FiberPoolDataType = {
+    "fiber_pool",
+    {NULL, fiber_pool_free, fiber_pool_memsize,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_pool_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = RB_ALLOC(struct fiber_pool);
+
+    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &FiberPoolDataType, fiber_pool);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_pool_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE size = Qnil, count = Qnil, vm_stack_size = Qnil;
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = NULL;
+
+    // Maybe these should be keyword arguments.
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &size, &count, &vm_stack_size);
+
+    if (NIL_P(size)) {
+        size = INT2NUM(th->vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size);
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(count)) {
+        count = INT2NUM(128);
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(vm_stack_size)) {
+        vm_stack_size = INT2NUM(th->vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size);
+    }
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct fiber_pool, &FiberPoolDataType, fiber_pool);
+
+    fiber_pool_initialize(fiber_pool, NUM2SIZET(size), NUM2SIZET(count), NUM2SIZET(vm_stack_size));
+
+    return self;
+}
+#endif
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: FiberError
@@ -1672,11 +2855,198 @@ rb_fiber_s_current(VALUE klass)
  *     fiber.resume #=> FiberError: dead fiber called
  */
 
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Fiber::SchedulerInterface
+ *
+ *  This is not an existing class, but documentation of the interface that Scheduler
+ *  object should comply in order to be used as Fiber.scheduler and handle non-blocking
+ *  fibers. See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in Fiber class docs for explanations
+ *  of some concepts.
+ *
+ *  Scheduler's behavior and usage are expected to be as follows:
+ *
+ *  * When the execution in the non-blocking Fiber reaches some blocking operation (like
+ *    sleep, wait for a process, or a non-ready I/O), it calls some of the scheduler's
+ *    hook methods, listed below.
+ *  * Scheduler somehow registers what the current fiber is waited for, and yields control
+ *    to other fibers with Fiber.yield (so the fiber would be suspended while expecting its
+ *    wait to end, and other fibers in the same thread can perform)
+ *  * At the end of the current thread execution, the scheduler's method #close is called
+ *  * The scheduler runs into a wait loop, checking all the blocked fibers (which it has
+ *    registered on hook calls) and resuming them when the awaited resource is ready (I/O
+ *    ready, sleep time passed).
+ *
+ *  A typical implementation would probably rely for this closing loop on a gem like
+ *  EventMachine[https://github.com/eventmachine/eventmachine] or
+ *  Async[https://github.com/socketry/async].
+ *
+ *  This way concurrent execution will be achieved in a way that is transparent for every
+ *  individual Fiber's code.
+ *
+ *  Hook methods are:
+ *
+ *  * #io_wait
+ *  * #process_wait
+ *  * #kernel_sleep
+ *  * #block and #unblock
+ *  * (the list is expanded as Ruby developers make more methods having non-blocking calls)
+ *
+ *  When not specified otherwise, the hook implementations are mandatory: if they are not
+ *  implemented, the methods trying to call hook will fail. To provide backward compatibility,
+ *  in the future hooks will be optional (if they are not implemented, due to the scheduler
+ *  being created for the older Ruby version, the code which needs this hook will not fail,
+ *  and will just behave in a blocking fashion).
+ *
+ *  It is also strongly suggested that the scheduler implement the #fiber method, which is
+ *  delegated to by Fiber.schedule.
+ *
+ *  Sample _toy_ implementation of the scheduler can be found in Ruby's code, in
+ *  <tt>test/fiber/scheduler.rb</tt>
+ *
+ */
+
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+/*
+ *
+ *  Document-method: Fiber::SchedulerInterface#close
+ *
+ *  Called when the current thread exits. The scheduler is expected to implement this
+ *  method in order to allow all waiting fibers to finalize their execution.
+ *
+ *  The suggested pattern is to implement the main event loop in the #close method.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#process_wait
+ *  call-seq: process_wait(pid, flags)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by Process::Status.wait in order to wait for a specified process.
+ *  See that method description for arguments description.
+ *
+ *  Suggested minimal implementation:
+ *
+ *      Thread.new do
+ *        Process::Status.wait(pid, flags)
+ *      end.value
+ *
+ *  This hook is optional: if it is not present in the current scheduler,
+ *  Process::Status.wait will behave as a blocking method.
+ *
+ *  Expected to returns a Process::Status instance.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_wait
+ *  call-seq: io_wait(io, events, timeout)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by IO#wait, IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable to ask whether the
+ *  specified descriptor is ready for specified events within
+ *  the specified +timeout+.
+ *
+ *  +events+ is a bit mask of <tt>IO::READABLE</tt>, <tt>IO::WRITABLE</tt>, and
+ *  <tt>IO::PRIORITY</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Suggested implementation should register which Fiber is waiting for which
+ *  resources and immediately calling Fiber.yield to pass control to other
+ *  fibers. Then, in the #close method, the scheduler might dispatch all the
+ *  I/O resources to fibers waiting for it.
+ *
+ *  Expected to return the subset of events that are ready immediately.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#kernel_sleep
+ *  call-seq: kernel_sleep(duration = nil)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by Kernel#sleep and Mutex#sleep and is expected to provide
+ *  an implementation of sleeping in a non-blocking way. Implementation might
+ *  register the current fiber in some list of "what fiber waits till what
+ *  moment", call Fiber.yield to pass control, and then in #close resume
+ *  the fibers whose wait period have ended.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#block
+ *  call-seq: block(blocker, timeout = nil)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by methods like Thread.join, and by Mutex, to signify that current
+ *  Fiber is blocked till further notice (e.g. #unblock) or till +timeout+ will
+ *  pass.
+ *
+ *  +blocker+ is what we are waiting on, informational only (for debugging and
+ *  logging). There are no guarantees about its value.
+ *
+ *  Expected to return boolean, specifying whether the blocking operation was
+ *  successful or not.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#unblock
+ *  call-seq: unblock(blocker, fiber)
+ *
+ *  Invoked to wake up Fiber previously blocked with #block (for example, Mutex#lock
+ *  calls #block and Mutex#unlock calls #unblock). The scheduler should use
+ *  the +fiber+ parameter to understand which fiber is unblocked.
+ *
+ *  +blocker+ is what was awaited for, but it is informational only (for debugging
+ *  and logging), and it is not guaranteed to be the same value as the +blocker+ for
+ *  #block.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#fiber
+ *  call-seq: fiber(&block)
+ *
+ *  Implementation of the Fiber.schedule. The method is <em>expected</em> to immediately
+ *  run passed block of code in a separate non-blocking fiber, and to return that Fiber.
+ *
+ *  Minimal suggested implementation is:
+ *
+ *     def fiber(&block)
+ *       Fiber.new(blocking: false, &block).tap(&:resume)
+ *     end
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
 void
 Init_Cont(void)
 {
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    size_t vm_stack_size = th->vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size;
+    size_t machine_stack_size = th->vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size;
+    size_t stack_size = machine_stack_size + vm_stack_size;
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
     SYSTEM_INFO info;
@@ -1685,15 +3055,54 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 #else /* not WIN32 */
     pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 #endif
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
-#endif
+    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->ec->machine.stack_end);
+
+    fiber_pool_initialize(&shared_fiber_pool, stack_size, FIBER_POOL_INITIAL_SIZE, vm_stack_size);
+
+    fiber_initialize_keywords[0] = rb_intern_const("blocking");
+    fiber_initialize_keywords[1] = rb_intern_const("pool");
+
+    char * fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks = getenv("RUBY_SHARED_FIBER_POOL_FREE_STACKS");
+    if (fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks) {
+        shared_fiber_pool.free_stacks = atoi(fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks);
+    }
 
     rb_cFiber = rb_define_class("Fiber", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cFiber, fiber_alloc);
     rb_eFiberError = rb_define_class("FiberError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "yield", rb_fiber_s_yield, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "initialize", rb_fiber_init, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "initialize", rb_fiber_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking?", rb_fiber_blocking_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "resume", rb_fiber_m_resume, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "raise", rb_fiber_raise, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "backtrace", rb_fiber_backtrace, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "backtrace_locations", rb_fiber_backtrace_locations, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "to_s", fiber_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cFiber, "inspect", "to_s");
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking?", rb_f_fiber_blocking_p, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "scheduler", rb_fiber_scheduler, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "set_scheduler", rb_fiber_set_scheduler, 1);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "schedule", rb_f_fiber, -1);
+    //rb_define_global_function("Fiber", rb_f_fiber, -1);
+
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+    rb_cFiberScheduler = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFiber, "SchedulerInterface", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "close", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "process_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "kernel_sleep", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "block", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "unblock", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "fiber", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber, 0);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
+    rb_cFiberPool = rb_define_class("Pool", rb_cFiber);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cFiberPool, fiber_pool_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberPool, "initialize", rb_fiber_pool_initialize, -1);
+#endif
 }
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
@@ -1712,6 +3121,9 @@ ruby_Init_Continuation_body(void)
 void
 ruby_Init_Fiber_as_Coroutine(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "transfer", rb_fiber_m_transfer, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "alive?", rb_fiber_alive_p, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "current", rb_fiber_s_current, 0);
diff --git a/coroutine/Stack.h b/coroutine/Stack.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0fc703622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/Stack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/11/2020.
+ *  Copyright, 2020, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#include COROUTINE_H
+
+#ifdef COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_LOCAL(type, name) type *name = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(type))
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_FREE(name) ruby_xfree(name)
+#else
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_LOCAL(type, name) type name##_local; type * name = &name##_local
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_FREE(name)
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/amd64/Context.S b/coroutine/amd64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..051db1c5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/amd64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+
+	# Save caller state
+	pushq %rbp
+	pushq %rbx
+	pushq %r12
+	pushq %r13
+	pushq %r14
+	pushq %r15
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer
+	movq %rsp, (%rdi)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer
+	movq (%rsi), %rsp
+
+	# Restore callee state
+	popq %r15
+	popq %r14
+	popq %r13
+	popq %r12
+	popq %rbx
+	popq %rbp
+
+	# Put the first argument into the return value
+	movq %rdi, %rax
+
+	# We pop the return address and jump to it
+	ret
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/amd64/Context.h b/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..581525b67e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 6};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/arm32/Context.S b/coroutine/arm32/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1850c4c408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm32/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.file "Context.S"
+.text
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.align 2
+.type PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer),%function
+.syntax unified
+
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	# Save caller state (8 registers + return address)
+	push {r4-r11,lr}
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer
+	str sp, [r0]
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer
+	ldr sp, [r1]
+
+	# Restore callee state (8 registers program counter)
+	pop {r4-r11,pc}
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/arm32/Context.h b/coroutine/arm32/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69f4b2eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm32/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 8};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/arm64/Context.S b/coroutine/arm64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04e3f6d1ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+.align 2
+
+.global PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+
+	# Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	sub sp, sp, 0xb0
+
+	# Save caller registers
+	stp d8, d9, [sp, 0x00]
+	stp d10, d11, [sp, 0x10]
+	stp d12, d13, [sp, 0x20]
+	stp d14, d15, [sp, 0x30]
+	stp x19, x20, [sp, 0x40]
+	stp x21, x22, [sp, 0x50]
+	stp x23, x24, [sp, 0x60]
+	stp x25, x26, [sp, 0x70]
+	stp x27, x28, [sp, 0x80]
+	stp x29, x30, [sp, 0x90]
+
+	# Save return address
+	str x30, [sp, 0xa0]
+
+	# Save stack pointer to x0 (first argument)
+	mov x2, sp
+	str x2, [x0, 0]
+
+	# Load stack pointer from x1 (second argument)
+	ldr x3, [x1, 0]
+	mov sp, x3
+
+	# Restore caller registers
+	ldp d8, d9, [sp, 0x00]
+	ldp d10, d11, [sp, 0x10]
+	ldp d12, d13, [sp, 0x20]
+	ldp d14, d15, [sp, 0x30]
+	ldp x19, x20, [sp, 0x40]
+	ldp x21, x22, [sp, 0x50]
+	ldp x23, x24, [sp, 0x60]
+	ldp x25, x26, [sp, 0x70]
+	ldp x27, x28, [sp, 0x80]
+	ldp x29, x30, [sp, 0x90]
+
+	# Load return address into x4
+	ldr x4, [sp, 0xa0]
+
+	# Pop stack frame
+	add sp, sp, 0xb0
+
+	# Jump to return address (in x4)
+	ret x4
diff --git a/coroutine/arm64/Context.h b/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34be995a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 0xb0 / 8};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+
+    context->stack_pointer[0xa0 / 8] = (void*)start;
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/copy/Context.c b/coroutine/copy/Context.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa8bb2ff05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/copy/Context.c
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 24/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#include "Context.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Alternate-Keywords.html
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+#define __asm__ asm
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__sparc)
+__attribute__((noinline))
+// https://marc.info/?l=linux-sparc&m=131914569320660&w=2
+static void coroutine_flush_register_windows(void) {
+    __asm__
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    __volatile__
+#endif
+#if defined(__sparcv9) || defined(__sparc_v9__) || defined(__arch64__)
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    ("flushw" : : : "%o7")
+#else
+    ("flushw")
+#endif
+#else
+    ("ta 0x03")
+#endif
+    ;
+}
+#else
+static void coroutine_flush_register_windows(void) {}
+#endif
+
+__attribute__((noinline))
+void *coroutine_stack_pointer(void) {
+    return (void*)(
+        (char*)__builtin_frame_address(0)
+    );
+}
+
+// Save the current stack to a private area. It is likely that when restoring the stack, this stack frame will be incomplete. But that is acceptable since the previous stack frame which called `setjmp` should be correctly restored.
+__attribute__((noinline))
+int coroutine_save_stack_1(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    assert(context->stack);
+    assert(context->base);
+
+    void *stack_pointer = coroutine_stack_pointer();
+
+    // At this point, you may need to ensure on architectures that use register windows, that all registers are flushed to the stack, otherwise the copy of the stack will not contain the valid registers:
+    coroutine_flush_register_windows();
+
+    // Save stack to private area:
+    if (stack_pointer < context->base) {
+        size_t size = (char*)context->base - (char*)stack_pointer;
+        assert(size <= context->size);
+
+        memcpy(context->stack, stack_pointer, size);
+        context->used = size;
+    } else {
+        size_t size = (char*)stack_pointer - (char*)context->base;
+        assert(size <= context->size);
+
+        memcpy(context->stack, context->base, size);
+        context->used = size;
+    }
+
+    // Initialized:
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Copy the current stack to a private memory buffer.
+int coroutine_save_stack(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    if (_setjmp(context->state)) {
+        // Restored.
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // We need to invoke the memory copy from one stack frame deeper than the one that calls setjmp. That is because if you don't do this, the setjmp might be restored into an invalid stack frame (truncated, etc):
+    return coroutine_save_stack_1(context);
+}
+
+__attribute__((noreturn, noinline))
+void coroutine_restore_stack_padded(struct coroutine_context *context, void * buffer) {
+    void *stack_pointer = coroutine_stack_pointer();
+
+    assert(context->base);
+
+    // At this point, you may need to ensure on architectures that use register windows, that all registers are flushed to the stack, otherwise when we copy in the new stack, the registers would not be updated:
+    coroutine_flush_register_windows();
+
+    // Restore stack from private area:
+    if (stack_pointer < context->base) {
+        void * bottom = (char*)context->base - context->used;
+        assert(bottom > stack_pointer);
+
+        memcpy(bottom, context->stack, context->used);
+    } else {
+        void * top = (char*)context->base + context->used;
+        assert(top < stack_pointer);
+
+        memcpy(context->base, context->stack, context->used);
+    }
+
+    // Restore registers. The `buffer` is to force the compiler NOT to elide he buffer and `alloca`:
+    _longjmp(context->state, (int)(1 | (intptr_t)buffer));
+}
+
+// In order to swap between coroutines, we need to swap the stack and registers.
+// `setjmp` and `longjmp` are able to swap registers, but what about swapping stacks? You can use `memcpy` to copy the current stack to a private area and `memcpy` to copy the private stack of the next coroutine to the main stack.
+// But if the stack yop are copying in to the main stack is bigger than the currently executing stack, the `memcpy` will clobber the current stack frame (including the context argument). So we use `alloca` to push the current stack frame *beyond* the stack we are about to copy in. This ensures the current stack frame in `coroutine_restore_stack_padded` remains valid for calling `longjmp`.
+__attribute__((noreturn))
+void coroutine_restore_stack(struct coroutine_context *context) {
+    void *stack_pointer = coroutine_stack_pointer();
+    void *buffer = NULL;
+
+    // We must ensure that the next stack frame is BEYOND the stack we are restoring:
+    if (stack_pointer < context->base) {
+        intptr_t offset = (intptr_t)stack_pointer - ((intptr_t)context->base - context->used);
+        if (offset > 0) buffer = alloca(offset);
+    } else {
+        intptr_t offset = ((intptr_t)context->base + context->used) - (intptr_t)stack_pointer;
+        if (offset > 0) buffer = alloca(offset);
+    }
+
+    assert(context->used > 0);
+
+    coroutine_restore_stack_padded(context, buffer);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context *coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context *current, struct coroutine_context *target)
+{
+    struct coroutine_context *previous = target->from;
+
+    // In theory, either this condition holds true, or we should assign the base address to target:
+    assert(current->base == target->base);
+    // If you are trying to copy the coroutine to a different thread
+    // target->base = current->base
+
+    target->from = current;
+
+    assert(current != target);
+
+    // It's possible to come here, even thought the current fiber has been terminated. We are never going to return so we don't bother saving the stack.
+
+    if (current->stack) {
+        if (coroutine_save_stack(current) == 0) {
+            coroutine_restore_stack(target);
+        }
+    } else {
+        coroutine_restore_stack(target);
+    }
+
+    target->from = previous;
+
+    return target;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/copy/Context.h b/coroutine/copy/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6038f00cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/copy/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 27/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* OpenBSD supports alloca, but does not include alloca.h */
+#ifndef __OpenBSD__
+#include <alloca.h>
+#endif
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+#if INTPTR_MAX <= INT32_MAX
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+#endif
+
+// This stack copying implementation which uses a private stack for each coroutine, including the main one.
+#define COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    // Private stack:
+    void *stack;
+    size_t size, used;
+
+    // The top (or bottom) of the currently executing stack:
+    void *base;
+
+    jmp_buf state;
+
+    struct coroutine_context *from;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(*coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+int coroutine_save_stack(struct coroutine_context * context);
+COROUTINE coroutine_restore_stack(struct coroutine_context *context);
+
+// @param stack The private stack area memory allocation (pointer to lowest address).
+// @param size The size of the private stack area.
+// @param base A stack pointer to the base of the main stack. On x86 hardware, this is the upper extent of the region that will be copied to the private stack.
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context *context, void *stack, size_t size, void *base) {
+    assert(stack);
+    assert(size >= 1024);
+
+    context->stack = stack;
+    context->size = size;
+    context->used = 0;
+
+    assert(base);
+    context->base = base;
+
+    context->from = NULL;
+}
+
+// @param start The start function to invoke.
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size,
+    void *base
+) {
+    assert(start);
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(context, stack, size, base);
+
+    if (coroutine_save_stack(context)) {
+        start(context->from, context);
+    }
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context *coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context *current, register struct coroutine_context *target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context *context)
+{
+    context->stack = NULL;
+    context->size = 0;
+    context->from = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61be9efcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+.align 2
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.type   PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer), @function
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	# Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	addi 1,1,-152
+
+	# Save caller registers
+	std 14,0(1)
+	std 15,8(1)
+	std 16,16(1)
+	std 17,24(1)
+	std 18,32(1)
+	std 19,40(1)
+	std 20,48(1)
+	std 21,56(1)
+	std 22,64(1)
+	std 23,72(1)
+	std 24,80(1)
+	std 25,88(1)
+	std 26,96(1)
+	std 27,104(1)
+	std 28,112(1)
+	std 29,120(1)
+	std 30,128(1)
+	std 31,136(1)
+
+	# Save return address
+	mflr 0
+	std 0,144(1)
+
+	# Save stack pointer to first argument
+	std 1,0(3)
+
+	# Load stack pointer from second argument
+	ld 1,0(4)
+
+	# Restore caller registers
+	ld 14,0(1)
+	ld 15,8(1)
+	ld 16,16(1)
+	ld 17,24(1)
+	ld 18,32(1)
+	ld 19,40(1)
+	ld 20,48(1)
+	ld 21,56(1)
+	ld 22,64(1)
+	ld 23,72(1)
+	ld 24,80(1)
+	ld 25,88(1)
+	ld 26,96(1)
+	ld 27,104(1)
+	ld 28,112(1)
+	ld 29,120(1)
+	ld 30,128(1)
+	ld 31,136(1)
+
+	# Load return address
+	ld 0,144(1)
+	mtlr 0
+
+	# Pop stack frame
+	addi 1,1,152
+
+	# Jump to return address
+	blr
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e36f9c3583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {
+  COROUTINE_REGISTERS =
+  19  /* 18 general purpose registers (r14-r31) and 1 return address */
+  + 4  /* space for fiber_entry() to store the link register */
+};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+
+    /* Skip a global prologue that sets the TOC register */
+    context->stack_pointer[18] = ((char*)start) + 8;
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/ucontext/Context.c b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ba76ee628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.c
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 24/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+/* According to Solaris' ucontext.h, makecontext, etc. are removed in SUSv4.
+ * To enable the prototype declarations, we need to define __EXTENSIONS__.
+ */
+#if defined(__sun) && !defined(__EXTENSIONS__)
+#define __EXTENSIONS__
+#endif
+#include "Context.h"
+
+void coroutine_trampoline(void * _start, void * _context)
+{
+    coroutine_start start = (coroutine_start)_start;
+    struct coroutine_context * context = _context;
+
+    start(context->from, context);
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/ucontext/Context.h b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b2a593793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 24/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <ucontext.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+#if INTPTR_MAX <= INT32_MAX
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+#endif
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    ucontext_t state;
+    struct coroutine_context * from;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+COROUTINE coroutine_trampoline(void * _start, void * _context);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->from = NULL;
+    getcontext(&context->state);
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(context);
+
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_size = size;
+    // Despite what it's called, this is not actually a stack pointer. It points to the address of the stack allocation (the lowest address).
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_sp = (char*)stack;
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_flags = 0;
+    context->state.uc_link = NULL;
+
+    makecontext(&context->state, (void(*)(void))coroutine_trampoline, 2, (void*)start, (void*)context);
+}
+
+static inline struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target)
+{
+    struct coroutine_context * previous = target->from;
+
+    target->from = current;
+    swapcontext(&current->state, &target->state);
+    target->from = previous;
+
+    return target;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_sp = NULL;
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_size = 0;
+    context->from = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/win32/Context.S b/coroutine/win32/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d14bf435e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win32/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Lars Kanis on 06/06/2019.
+##
+
+.text
+
+# Using fastcall is a big win (and it's the same as how x64 works).
+# In coroutine transfer, the arguments are passed in ecx and edx. We don't need
+# to touch these in order to pass them to the destination coroutine.
+
+.globl @coroutine_transfer@8
+@coroutine_transfer@8:
+	# Save the thread information block:
+	pushl %fs:0
+	pushl %fs:4
+	pushl %fs:8
+
+	# Save caller registers:
+	pushl %ebp
+	pushl %ebx
+	pushl %edi
+	pushl %esi
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer:
+	movl %esp, (%ecx)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer:
+	movl (%edx), %esp
+
+	# Restore callee stack:
+	popl %esi
+	popl %edi
+	popl %ebx
+	popl %ebp
+
+	# Restore the thread information block:
+	popl %fs:8
+	popl %fs:4
+	popl %fs:0
+
+	# Save the first argument as the return value:
+	movl %ecx, %eax
+
+	# Jump to the address on the stack:
+	ret
diff --git a/coroutine/win32/Context.asm b/coroutine/win32/Context.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8f431239b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win32/Context.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+;;
+;;  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+;;
+;;  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+;;  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+;;
+
+.386
+.model flat
+
+.code
+
+assume fs:nothing
+
+; Using fastcall is a big win (and it's the same has how x64 works).
+; In coroutine transfer, the arguments are passed in ecx and edx. We don't need
+; to touch these in order to pass them to the destination coroutine.
+
+@coroutine_transfer@8 proc
+	; Save the thread information block:
+	push fs:[0]
+	push fs:[4]
+	push fs:[8]
+
+	; Save caller registers:
+	push ebp
+	push ebx
+	push edi
+	push esi
+
+	; Save caller stack pointer:
+	mov dword ptr [ecx], esp
+
+	; Restore callee stack pointer:
+	mov esp, dword ptr [edx]
+
+	; Restore callee stack:
+	pop esi
+	pop edi
+	pop ebx
+	pop ebp
+
+	; Restore the thread information block:
+	pop fs:[8]
+	pop fs:[4]
+	pop fs:[0]
+
+	; Save the first argument as the return value:
+	mov eax, dword ptr ecx
+
+	; Jump to the address on the stack:
+	ret
+@coroutine_transfer@8 endp
+
+end
diff --git a/coroutine/win32/Context.h b/coroutine/win32/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e20342a98d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win32/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __declspec(noreturn) void __fastcall
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+/* This doesn't include thread information block */
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 4};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef void(__fastcall * coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    /* Windows Thread Information Block */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)0xFFFFFFFF; /* fs:[0] */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)top; /* fs:[4] */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)stack;  /* fs:[8] */
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * __fastcall coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/win64/Context.S b/coroutine/win64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0ee38e006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 4/11/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+.text
+
+.globl coroutine_transfer
+coroutine_transfer:
+	# Save the thread information block:
+	pushq %gs:8
+	pushq %gs:16
+
+	# Save caller registers:
+	pushq %rbp
+	pushq %rbx
+	pushq %rdi
+	pushq %rsi
+	pushq %r12
+	pushq %r13
+	pushq %r14
+	pushq %r15
+
+	movaps %xmm15, -168(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm14, -152(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm13, -136(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm12, -120(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm11, -104(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm10, -88(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm9, -72(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm8, -56(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm7, -40(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm6, -24(%rsp)
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer:
+	mov %rsp, (%rcx)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer:
+	mov (%rdx), %rsp
+
+	movaps -24(%rsp), %xmm6
+	movaps -40(%rsp), %xmm7
+	movaps -56(%rsp), %xmm8
+	movaps -72(%rsp), %xmm9
+	movaps -88(%rsp), %xmm10
+	movaps -104(%rsp), %xmm11
+	movaps -120(%rsp), %xmm12
+	movaps -136(%rsp), %xmm13
+	movaps -152(%rsp), %xmm14
+	movaps -168(%rsp), %xmm15
+
+	# Restore callee stack:
+	popq %r15
+	popq %r14
+	popq %r13
+	popq %r12
+	popq %rsi
+	popq %rdi
+	popq %rbx
+	popq %rbp
+
+	# Restore the thread information block:
+	popq %gs:16
+	popq %gs:8
+
+	# Put the first argument into the return value:
+	mov %rcx, %rax
+
+	# We pop the return address and jump to it:
+	ret
+
+.globl coroutine_trampoline
+coroutine_trampoline:
+	# Do not remove this. This forces 16-byte alignment when entering the coroutine.
+	ret
diff --git a/coroutine/win64/Context.asm b/coroutine/win64/Context.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c4dea1c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win64/Context.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+;;
+;;  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+;;
+;;  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+;;  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+;;
+
+.code
+
+coroutine_transfer proc
+	; Save the thread information block:
+	push qword ptr gs:[8]
+	push qword ptr gs:[16]
+
+	; Save caller registers:
+	push rbp
+	push rbx
+	push rdi
+	push rsi
+	push r12
+	push r13
+	push r14
+	push r15
+
+	movaps [rsp - 24], xmm6
+	movaps [rsp - 40], xmm7
+	movaps [rsp - 56], xmm8
+	movaps [rsp - 72], xmm9
+	movaps [rsp - 88], xmm10
+	movaps [rsp - 104], xmm11
+	movaps [rsp - 120], xmm12
+	movaps [rsp - 136], xmm13
+	movaps [rsp - 152], xmm14
+	movaps [rsp - 168], xmm15
+
+	; Save caller stack pointer:
+	mov [rcx], rsp
+
+	; Restore callee stack pointer:
+	mov rsp, [rdx]
+
+	movaps xmm15, [rsp - 168]
+	movaps xmm14, [rsp - 152]
+	movaps xmm13, [rsp - 136]
+	movaps xmm12, [rsp - 120]
+	movaps xmm11, [rsp - 104]
+	movaps xmm10, [rsp - 88]
+	movaps xmm9, [rsp - 72]
+	movaps xmm8, [rsp - 56]
+	movaps xmm7, [rsp - 40]
+	movaps xmm6, [rsp - 24]
+
+	; Restore callee stack:
+	pop r15
+	pop r14
+	pop r13
+	pop r12
+	pop rsi
+	pop rdi
+	pop rbx
+	pop rbp
+
+	; Restore the thread information block:
+	pop qword ptr gs:[16]
+	pop qword ptr gs:[8]
+
+	; Put the first argument into the return value:
+	mov rax, rcx
+
+	; We pop the return address and jump to it:
+	ret
+coroutine_transfer endp
+
+coroutine_trampoline proc
+	; Do not remove this. This forces 16-byte alignment when entering the coroutine.
+	ret
+coroutine_trampoline endp
+
+end
diff --git a/coroutine/win64/Context.h b/coroutine/win64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e28e6a6ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __declspec(noreturn) void
+
+enum {
+    COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 8,
+    COROUTINE_XMM_REGISTERS = 1+10*2,
+};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef void(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+void coroutine_trampoline();
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    /* Win64 ABI requires space for arguments */
+    context->stack_pointer -= 4;
+
+    /* Return address */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = 0;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)coroutine_trampoline;
+
+    /* Windows Thread Information Block */
+    /* *--context->stack_pointer = 0; */ /* gs:[0x00] is not used */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)top; /* gs:[0x08] */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)stack;  /* gs:[0x10] */
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+    memset(context->stack_pointer - COROUTINE_XMM_REGISTERS, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_XMM_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/x86/Context.S b/coroutine/x86/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6983f21c3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/x86/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 3/11/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+
+	# Save caller registers
+	pushl %ebp
+	pushl %ebx
+	pushl %edi
+	pushl %esi
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer
+	movl %esp, (%ecx)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer
+	movl (%edx), %esp
+
+	# Restore callee stack
+	popl %esi
+	popl %edi
+	popl %ebx
+	popl %ebp
+
+	# Save the first argument as the return value
+	movl %ecx, %eax
+
+	# Jump to the address on the stack
+	ret
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/x86/Context.h b/coroutine/x86/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfdde24f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/x86/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 3/11/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn, fastcall)) void
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 4};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self) __attribute__((fastcall));
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target) __attribute__((fastcall));
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coverage/README b/coverage/README
index 7e4ff59e2a..78a01826aa 100644
--- a/coverage/README
+++ b/coverage/README
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The make task `update-coverage' retrieves simplecov for coverage report.
 
 COVERAGE=1 make test-all TESTS=test/cgi
 
-it generate test coverage to coverage directory.
+it generates test coverage to coverage directory.
 
 Limitation
 
diff --git a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
index edf02242ee..86098814a1 100644
--- a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+++ b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
+gnumake = yes
+
 include Makefile
 
 ENABLE_SHARED=@ENABLE_SHARED@
 DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=@target_os@ --driver-name="$(CC)"
-WINDRES = @WINDRES@ --preprocessor="$(CPP) -xc" -DRC_INVOKED
+windres-cpp := $(CPP) -xc
+windres-cpp := --preprocessor=$(firstword $(windres-cpp)) \
+	$(addprefix --preprocessor-arg=,$(wordlist 2,$(words $(windres-cpp)),$(windres-cpp)))
+WINDRES = @WINDRES@ $(windres-cpp) -DRC_INVOKED
+STRIP = @STRIP@
 
 ifeq (@target_os@,cygwin)
   DLL_BASE_NAME := $(LIBRUBY_SO:.dll=)
@@ -10,9 +16,6 @@ else
   DLL_BASE_NAME := $(RUBY_SO_NAME)
   DLLWRAP += -mno-cygwin
   VPATH := $(VPATH):$(srcdir)/win32
-  STUBPROGRAM = rubystub$(EXEEXT)
-  IGNOREDPATTERNS = %~ .% %.orig %.rej \#%\#
-  SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/bin/*))))
 endif
 
 ifneq ($(ENABLE_SHARED),yes)
@@ -32,6 +35,8 @@ WPROGRAM = $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
 
 -include uncommon.mk
 
+include $(srcdir)/defs/gmake.mk
+
 SOLIBS := $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@ $(SOLIBS)
 override EXTOBJS += $(if $(filter-out $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME),$(@:$(EXEEXT)=)),$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME),$(@:$(EXEEXT)=)).res.$(OBJEXT)
 RCFILES = $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(DLL_BASE_NAME).rc
@@ -39,13 +44,6 @@ RUBYDEF = $(DLL_BASE_NAME).def
 
 ruby: $(PROGRAM)
 rubyw: $(WPROGRAM)
-stub: $(STUBPROGRAM)
-scriptbin: $(SCRIPTPROGRAMS)
-
-%$(EXEEXT): bin/% $(STUBPROGRAM)
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) { cat $(STUBPROGRAM); echo; sed -e '1{' -e '/^#!.*ruby/!i\' -e '#!/bin/ruby' -e '}' $<; } > $@
-	$(Q) chmod +x $@
 
 $(LIBRUBY): $(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 $(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
@@ -54,11 +52,11 @@ $(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
 	$(ECHO) compiling $@
 	$(Q) $(WINDRES) --include-dir . --include-dir $(<D) --include-dir $(srcdir)/win32 $< $@
 
-$(RCFILES): $(RBCONFIG) $(srcdir)/revision.h $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb
+%.rc: $(RBCONFIG) $(srcdir)/revision.h $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb \
 	  -ruby_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) -rubyw_name=$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME) \
-	  -so_name=$(DLL_BASE_NAME) \
+	  -so_name=$(DLL_BASE_NAME) -output=$(*F) \
 	  . $(icondirs) $(srcdir)/win32
 
 $(PROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
@@ -67,11 +65,7 @@ $(WPROGRAM): $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
 	$(ECHO) linking $@
 	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) -mwindows -e $(SYMBOL_PREFIX)mainCRTStartup $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) \
 	  $(MAINOBJ) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(LIBS) -o $@
-$(STUBPROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@ win32/stub.@OBJEXT@
-	@rm -f $@
-	$(ECHO) linking $@
-	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) \
-	  win32/stub.@OBJEXT@ $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(LIBS) -o $@
+$(STUBPROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
 
 $(RUBY_EXP): $(LIBRUBY_A)
 	$(ECHO) creating $@
@@ -105,13 +99,5 @@ $(RUBYDEF): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
 
 clean-local::
 	@$(RM) $(RUBYDEF)
-
-ifeq (@target_os@,cygwin)
-cygwin-$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)$(TEENY).dll: $(LIBRUBY_A) $(RUBYDEF)
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) @DLLWRAP@ -s --def=$(RUBYDEF) -o $@
-endif
-
-clean-local::
 	@$(RM) $(RUBY_EXP) $(RCFILES:.rc=.res.@OBJEXT@)
 	@$(RM) $(RCFILES)
diff --git a/debug.c b/debug.c
index a600259818..75d4cc6569 100644
--- a/debug.c
+++ b/debug.c
@@ -9,13 +9,33 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal/signal.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "vm_debug.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "vm_debug.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
+
+/* This is the only place struct RIMemo is actually used */
+struct RIMemo {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE v0;
+    VALUE v1;
+    VALUE v2;
+    VALUE v3;
+};
 
 /* for gdb */
 const union {
@@ -26,15 +46,49 @@ const union {
     enum ruby_method_ids        method_ids;
     enum ruby_id_types          id_types;
     enum ruby_fl_type           fl_types;
+    enum ruby_fl_ushift         fl_ushift;
     enum ruby_encoding_consts   encoding_consts;
     enum ruby_coderange_type    enc_coderange_types;
     enum ruby_econv_flag_type   econv_flag_types;
+    rb_econv_result_t           econv_result;
+    enum ruby_robject_flags     robject_flags;
+    enum ruby_robject_consts    robject_consts;
+    enum ruby_rmodule_flags     rmodule_flags;
+    enum ruby_rstring_flags     rstring_flags;
+    enum ruby_rstring_consts    rstring_consts;
+    enum ruby_rarray_flags      rarray_flags;
+    enum ruby_rarray_consts     rarray_consts;
     enum {
+	RUBY_FMODE_READABLE		= FMODE_READABLE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_WRITABLE		= FMODE_WRITABLE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_READWRITE		= FMODE_READWRITE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_BINMODE		= FMODE_BINMODE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_SYNC 		= FMODE_SYNC,
+	RUBY_FMODE_TTY			= FMODE_TTY,
+	RUBY_FMODE_DUPLEX		= FMODE_DUPLEX,
+	RUBY_FMODE_APPEND		= FMODE_APPEND,
+	RUBY_FMODE_CREATE		= FMODE_CREATE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_NOREVLOOKUP		= 0x00000100,
+	RUBY_FMODE_TRUNC		= FMODE_TRUNC,
+	RUBY_FMODE_TEXTMODE		= FMODE_TEXTMODE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_PREP 		= 0x00010000,
+	RUBY_FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM	= FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM,
+	RUBY_FMODE_UNIX 		= 0x00200000,
+	RUBY_FMODE_INET 		= 0x00400000,
+	RUBY_FMODE_INET6		= 0x00800000,
+
         RUBY_NODE_TYPESHIFT = NODE_TYPESHIFT,
         RUBY_NODE_TYPEMASK  = NODE_TYPEMASK,
         RUBY_NODE_LSHIFT    = NODE_LSHIFT,
         RUBY_NODE_FL_NEWLINE   = NODE_FL_NEWLINE
     } various;
+    union {
+	enum imemo_type                     types;
+	enum {RUBY_IMEMO_MASK = IMEMO_MASK} mask;
+	struct RIMemo                      *ptr;
+    } imemo;
+    struct RSymbol *symbol_ptr;
+    enum vm_call_flag_bits vm_call_flags;
 } ruby_dummy_gdb_enums;
 
 const SIGNED_VALUE RUBY_NODE_LMASK = NODE_LMASK;
@@ -59,14 +113,16 @@ ruby_debug_printf(const char *format, ...)
     va_end(ap);
 }
 
+#include "gc.h"
+
 VALUE
 ruby_debug_print_value(int level, int debug_level, const char *header, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (level < debug_level) {
-	VALUE str;
-	str = rb_inspect(obj);
-	fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s\n", header,
-		obj == (VALUE)(SIGNED_VALUE)-1 ? "" : StringValueCStr(str));
+	char buff[0x100];
+	rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 0x100, obj);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "DBG> %s: %s\n", header, buff);
 	fflush(stderr);
     }
     return obj;
@@ -104,29 +160,352 @@ ruby_debug_breakpoint(void)
     /* */
 }
 
-static void
-set_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
-{
-#if defined _WIN32 && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
-    extern int ruby_w32_rtc_error;
+#if defined _WIN32
+# if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
+extern int ruby_w32_rtc_error;
+# endif
 #endif
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+#include <windows.h>
+UINT ruby_w32_codepage[2];
+#endif
+extern int ruby_rgengc_debug;
+extern int ruby_on_ci;
+
+int
+ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
+{
+    int ov;
+    size_t retlen;
+    unsigned long n;
 #define SET_WHEN(name, var, val) do {	    \
 	if (len == sizeof(name) - 1 &&	    \
 	    strncmp(str, (name), len) == 0) { \
 	    (var) = (val);		    \
-	    return;			    \
+	    return 1;			    \
 	}				    \
     } while (0)
+#define NAME_MATCH_VALUE(name)				\
+    ((size_t)len >= sizeof(name)-1 &&			\
+     strncmp(str, (name), sizeof(name)-1) == 0 &&	\
+     ((len == sizeof(name)-1 && !(len = 0)) ||		\
+      (str[sizeof(name)-1] == '=' &&			\
+       (str += sizeof(name), len -= sizeof(name), 1))))
+#define SET_UINT(val) do { \
+	n = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, 10, &retlen, &ov); \
+	if (!ov && retlen) { \
+	    val = (unsigned int)n; \
+	} \
+	str += retlen; \
+	len -= retlen; \
+    } while (0)
+#define SET_UINT_LIST(name, vals, num) do { \
+	int i; \
+	for (i = 0; i < (num); ++i) { \
+	    SET_UINT((vals)[i]); \
+	    if (!len || *str != ':') break; \
+	    ++str; \
+	    --len; \
+	} \
+	if (len > 0) { \
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ignored "name" option: `%.*s'\n", len, str); \
+	} \
+    } while (0)
+#define SET_WHEN_UINT(name, vals, num, req) \
+    if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE(name)) SET_UINT_LIST(name, vals, num);
+
     SET_WHEN("gc_stress", *ruby_initial_gc_stress_ptr, Qtrue);
     SET_WHEN("core", ruby_enable_coredump, 1);
-#if defined _WIN32 && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
+    SET_WHEN("ci", ruby_on_ci, 1);
+    if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE("rgengc")) {
+	if (!len) ruby_rgengc_debug = 1;
+	else SET_UINT_LIST("rgengc", &ruby_rgengc_debug, 1);
+	return 1;
+    }
+#if defined _WIN32
+# if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
     SET_WHEN("rtc_error", ruby_w32_rtc_error, 1);
+# endif
 #endif
-    fprintf(stderr, "unexpected debug option: %.*s\n", len, str);
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+    if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE("codepage")) {
+	if (!len) fprintf(stderr, "missing codepage argument");
+	else SET_UINT_LIST("codepage", ruby_w32_codepage, numberof(ruby_w32_codepage));
+	return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+set_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
+{
+    if (!ruby_env_debug_option(str, len, arg)) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "unexpected debug option: %.*s\n", len, str);
+    }
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+STATIC_ASSERT(USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG, USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG ? RUBY_DEVEL : 1);
+#endif
+
+#if RUBY_DEVEL
+static void setup_debug_log(void);
+#else
+#define setup_debug_log()
+#endif
+
 void
 ruby_set_debug_option(const char *str)
 {
     ruby_each_words(str, set_debug_option, 0);
+    setup_debug_log();
+}
+
+#if RUBY_DEVEL
+
+// RUBY_DEBUG_LOG features
+// See vm_debug.h comments for details.
+
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG             0x1000
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN 0x0200
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER      0x0010
+
+enum ruby_debug_log_mode ruby_debug_log_mode;
+
+static struct {
+    char *mem;
+    unsigned int cnt;
+    char filters[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER][MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER];
+    unsigned int filters_num;
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
+    FILE *output;
+} debug_log;
+
+static char *
+RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(unsigned int index)
+{
+    return &debug_log.mem[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN * index];
+}
+
+static void
+setup_debug_log(void)
+{
+    // check RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+    const char *log_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG");
+    if (log_config) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=%s\n", log_config);
+
+        if  (strcmp(log_config, "mem") == 0) {
+            debug_log.mem = (char *)malloc(MAX_DEBUG_LOG * MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN);
+            if (debug_log.mem == NULL) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "setup_debug_log failed (can't allocate memory)\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            ruby_debug_log_mode |= ruby_debug_log_memory;
+        }
+        else if (strcmp(log_config, "stderr") == 0) {
+            ruby_debug_log_mode |= ruby_debug_log_stderr;
+        }
+        else {
+            ruby_debug_log_mode |= ruby_debug_log_file;
+            if ((debug_log.output = fopen(log_config, "w")) == NULL) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "can not open %s for RUBY_DEBUG_LOG\n", log_config);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            setvbuf(debug_log.output, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
+        }
+
+        rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&debug_log.lock);
+    }
+
+    // check RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER
+    const char *filter_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER");
+    if (filter_config && strlen(filter_config) > 0) {
+        unsigned int i;
+        for (i=0; i<MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER; i++) {
+            const char *p;
+            if ((p = strchr(filter_config, ',')) == NULL) {
+                if (strlen(filter_config) >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                strncpy(debug_log.filters[i], filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER - 1);
+                i++;
+                break;
+            }
+            else {
+                size_t n = p - filter_config;
+                if (n >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                strncpy(debug_log.filters[i], filter_config, n);
+                filter_config = p+1;
+            }
+        }
+        debug_log.filters_num = i;
+        for (i=0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER[%d]=%s\n", i, debug_log.filters[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+ruby_debug_log_filter(const char *func_name)
+{
+    if (debug_log.filters_num > 0) {
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
+            if (strstr(func_name, debug_log.filters[i]) != NULL) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+pretty_filename(const char *path)
+{
+    // basename is one idea.
+    const char *s;
+    while ((s = strchr(path, '/')) != NULL) {
+        path = s+1;
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_log(const char *file, int line, const char *func_name, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    char buff[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN] = {0};
+    int len = 0;
+    int r = 0;
+
+    // message title
+    if (func_name && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN, "%s\t", func_name);
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // message
+    if (fmt && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        va_list args;
+        va_start(args, fmt);
+        r = vsnprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, fmt, args);
+        va_end(args);
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log vsnprintf() returns %d", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // optional information
+
+    // C location
+    if (file && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN, "\t%s:%d", pretty_filename(file), line);
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // Ruby location
+    int ruby_line;
+    const char *ruby_file = rb_source_location_cstr(&ruby_line);
+    if (len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        if (ruby_file) {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t%s:%d", pretty_filename(ruby_file), ruby_line);
+        }
+        else {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t");
+        }
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // ractor information
+    if (ruby_single_main_ractor == NULL) {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tr:#%u/%u",
+                         (unsigned int)rb_ractor_id(cr), GET_VM()->ractor.cnt);
+            if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+            len += r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // thread information
+    if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
+        const rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+        if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tth:%p", (void *)th);
+            if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+            len += r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&debug_log.lock);
+    {
+        unsigned int cnt = debug_log.cnt++;
+
+        if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_memory) {
+            unsigned int index = cnt % MAX_DEBUG_LOG;
+            char *dst = RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(index);
+            strncpy(dst, buff, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN);
+        }
+        if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_stderr) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%4u: %s\n", cnt, buff);
+        }
+        if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_file) {
+            fprintf(debug_log.output, "%u\t%s\n", cnt, buff);
+        }
+    }
+    rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&debug_log.lock);
+}
+
+// for debugger
+static void
+debug_log_dump(FILE *out, unsigned int n)
+{
+    if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_memory) {
+        unsigned int size = debug_log.cnt > MAX_DEBUG_LOG ? MAX_DEBUG_LOG : debug_log.cnt;
+        unsigned int current_index = debug_log.cnt % MAX_DEBUG_LOG;
+        if (n == 0) n = size;
+        if (n > size) n = size;
+
+        for (unsigned int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+            int index = current_index - size + i;
+            if (index < 0) index += MAX_DEBUG_LOG;
+            VM_ASSERT(index <= MAX_DEBUG_LOG);
+            const char *mesg = RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(index);;
+            fprintf(out, "%4u: %s\n", debug_log.cnt - size + i, mesg);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=mem is not specified.");
+    }
+}
+
+// for debuggers
+
+void
+ruby_debug_log_print(unsigned int n)
+{
+    debug_log_dump(stderr, n);
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_log_dump(const char *fname, unsigned int n)
+{
+    FILE *fp = fopen(fname, "w");
+    if (fp == NULL) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't open %s. give up.\n", fname);
+    }
+    else {
+        debug_log_dump(fp, n);
+        fclose(fp);
+    }
 }
+#endif // #if RUBY_DEVEL
diff --git a/debug_counter.c b/debug_counter.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7b0bb0acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debug_counter.c
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  debug_counter.c -
+
+  created at: Tue Feb 21 16:51:18 2017
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Koichi Sasada
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
+
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+
+static const char *const debug_counter_names[] = {
+    ""
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(name) #name,
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#undef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
+};
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+size_t rb_debug_counter[numberof(debug_counter_names)];
+void rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+rb_nativethread_lock_t debug_counter_lock;
+
+__attribute__((constructor))
+static void
+debug_counter_setup(void)
+{
+    rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&debug_counter_lock);
+}
+
+void
+rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add)
+{
+    rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&debug_counter_lock);
+    {
+        rb_debug_counter[(int)type] += add;
+    }
+    rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&debug_counter_lock);
+}
+
+int debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit = 0;
+
+// note that this operation is not atomic.
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_reset(void)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+        switch (i) {
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_unit_queue:
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_active_units:
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_compact_units:
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_stale_units:
+            // These counters may be decreased and should not be reset.
+            break;
+          default:
+            rb_debug_counter[i] = 0;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// note that this operation is not atomic.
+size_t
+ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr)
+{
+    int i;
+    if (names_ptr != NULL) {
+        for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+            names_ptr[i] = debug_counter_names[i];
+        }
+    }
+    if (counters_ptr != NULL) {
+        for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+            counters_ptr[i] = rb_debug_counter[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX;
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(int enable)
+{
+    debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit = !enable;
+}
+
+void
+rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg)
+{
+    const char *env = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_DISABLE");
+
+    setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "");
+
+    if (env == NULL || strcmp("1", env) != 0) {
+	int i;
+        fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%d %s\n", getpid(), msg);
+	for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%-30s\t%'14"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+		    debug_counter_names[i],
+		    rb_debug_counter[i]);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_debug_counter_show(RB_UNUSED_VAR(VALUE klass))
+{
+    rb_debug_counter_show_results("show_debug_counters");
+    ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(FALSE);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_debug_counter_reset(RB_UNUSED_VAR(VALUE klass))
+{
+    ruby_debug_counter_reset();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+__attribute__((destructor))
+static void
+debug_counter_show_results_at_exit(void)
+{
+    if (debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit == 0) {
+        rb_debug_counter_show_results("normal exit.");
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+
+void
+rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg)
+{
+}
+
+size_t
+ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_reset(void)
+{
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(int enable)
+{
+}
+
+#endif /* USE_DEBUG_COUNTER */
diff --git a/debug_counter.h b/debug_counter.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c20821db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debug_counter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  debug_counter.h -
+
+  created at: Tue Feb 21 16:51:18 2017
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Koichi Sasada
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+#define USE_DEBUG_COUNTER 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
+
+// method cache (IMC: inline method cache)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_hit)              // IMC hit
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_klass)       // IMC miss by different class
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_invalidated) // IMC miss by invalidated ME
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_empty)       // IMC miss because prev is empty slot
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_same_cc)     // IMC miss, but same CC
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_same_cme)    // IMC miss, but same CME
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_same_def)    // IMC miss, but same definition
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_diff)        // IMC miss, different methods
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_cme_complement)          // number of acquiring complement CME
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_cme_complement_hit)      // number of cache hit for complemented CME
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_search)                  // count for method lookup in class tree
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_search_notfound)         //           method lookup, but not found
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_search_super)            // total traversed classes
+
+// callinfo
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_packed)  // number of packed CI
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_kw)      //           non-packed CI w/ keywords
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_nokw)    //           non-packed CI w/o keywords
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_runtime) //           creating temporary CI
+
+// callcache
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_new)        // number of CC
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_temp)       //           dummy CC (stack-allocated)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_found_in_ccs)      // count for CC lookup success in CCS
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_not_found_in_ccs)  // count for CC lookup success in CCS
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_ent_invalidate) // count for invalidating cc (cc->klass = 0)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_cme_invalidate) // count for invalidating CME
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf)          // count for invalidating klass if klass has no-sublcasses
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf_ccs)      //                        corresponding CCS
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf_callable) //                        complimented cache (no-subclasses)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_tree)          // count for invalidating klass if klass has sublcasses
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_tree_cme)      //                        cme if cme is found in this class or superclasses
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_tree_callable) //                        complimented cache (subclasses)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_negative)      // count for invalidating negative cache
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_free)   // count for free'ing ccs
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_maxlen) // maximum length of ccs
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_found)      // count for finding corresponding ccs on method lookup
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_not_found)  // count for not found corresponding ccs on method lookup
+
+// vm_eval.c
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(call0_public)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(call0_other)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gccct_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gccct_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gccct_null)
+
+// iseq
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(iseq_num)    // number of total created iseq
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(iseq_cd_num) // number of total created cd (call_data)
+
+/*
+ * call cache fastpath usage
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_general)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_setup)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_setup_0start)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_setup_tailcall_0start)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_fix) /* several functions created with tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_opt) /* has_opt == TRUE (has optional parameters), but other flags are FALSE */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_kw1) /* vm_call_iseq_setup_kwparm_kwarg() */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_kw2) /* vm_call_iseq_setup_kwparm_nokwarg() */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_cfunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_cfunc_with_frame)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_ivar) /* attr_reader */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_attrset) /* attr_writer */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_method_missing)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_zsuper)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_bmethod)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_opt_send)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_opt_call)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_opt_block_call)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_super_method)
+
+/*
+ * control frame push counts.
+ *
+ * * frame_push: frame push counts.
+ * * frame_push_*: frame push counts per each type.
+ * * frame_R2R: Ruby frame to Ruby frame
+ * * frame_R2C: Ruby frame to C frame
+ * * frame_C2C: C frame to C frame
+ * * frame_C2R: C frame to Ruby frame
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_method)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_block)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_class)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_top)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_cfunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_ifunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_eval)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_rescue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_dummy)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_R2R)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_R2C)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2C)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2R)
+
+/* instance variable counts
+ *
+ * * ivar_get_ic_hit/miss: ivar_get inline cache (ic) hit/miss counts (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get_ic_miss_serial: ivar_get ic miss reason by serial (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get_ic_miss_unset:                      ... by unset (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject:                   ... by "not T_OBJECT" (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_set_...: same counts with ivar_set (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get/set_base: call counts of "rb_ivar_get/set()".
+ *                      because of (1) ic miss.
+ *                                 (2) direct call by C extensions.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_serial)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_unset)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_serial)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_unset)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_iv_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_noobject)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_base)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_base)
+
+/* local variable counts
+ *
+ * * lvar_get: total lvar get counts (VM insn)
+ * * lvar_get_dynamic: lvar get counts if accessing upper env (VM insn)
+ * * lvar_set*: same as "get"
+ * * lvar_set_slowpath: counts using vm_env_write_slowpath()
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_get)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_get_dynamic)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_set)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_set_dynamic)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_set_slowpath)
+
+/* GC counts:
+ *
+ * * count: simple count
+ * * _minor: minor gc
+ * * _major: major gc
+ * * other suffix is corresponding to last_gc_info or
+ *   gc_profile_record_flag in gc.c.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_count)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_newobj)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_malloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_method)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_capi)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_stress)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_nofree)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_oldgen)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_shady)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_force)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_oldmalloc)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_start)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_mark_continue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_sweep_continue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_rest)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_finalizer)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_trial)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_range)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_align)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_maybe)
+
+/* object allocation counts:
+ *
+ * * obj_newobj: newobj counts
+ * * obj_newobj_slowpath: newobj with slowpath counts
+ * * obj_newobj_wb_unprotected: newobj for wb_unprotected.
+ * * obj_free: obj_free() counts
+ * * obj_promote: promoted counts (oldgen)
+ * * obj_wb_unprotect: wb unprotect counts
+ *
+ * * obj_[type]_[attr]: *free'ed counts* for each type.
+ *                      Note that it is not a allocated counts.
+ * * [type]
+ *   * _obj: T_OBJECT
+ *   * _str: T_STRING
+ *   * _ary: T_ARRAY
+ *   * _xxx: T_XXX (hash, struct, ...)
+ *
+ * * [attr]
+ *   * _ptr: R?? is not embed.
+ *   * _embed: R?? is embed.
+ *   * _transient: R?? uses transient heap.
+ * * type specific attr.
+ *   * str_shared: str is shared.
+ *   * str_nofree:        nofree
+ *   * str_fstr:          fstr
+ *   * hash_empty: hash is empty
+ *   * hash_1_4:       has 1 to 4 entries
+ *   * hash_5_8:       has 5 to 8 entries
+ *   * hash_g8:        has n entries (n>8)
+ *   * match_under4:    has under 4 oniguruma regions allocated
+ *   * match_ge4:       has n regions allocated (4<=n<8)
+ *   * match_ge8:       has n regions allocated (8<=n)
+ *   * data_empty: T_DATA but no memory free.
+ *   * data_xfree:        free'ed by xfree().
+ *   * data_imm_free:     free'ed immediately.
+ *   * data_zombie:       free'ed with zombie.
+ *   * imemo_*: T_IMEMO with each type.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_newobj)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_newobj_slowpath)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_newobj_wb_unprotected)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_free)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_promote)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_wb_unprotect)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_shared)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_nofree)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_fstr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_extracapa)
+/*
+  ary_shared_create: shared ary by Array#dup and so on.
+  ary_shared: finished in shard.
+  ary_shared_root_occupied: shared_root but has only 1 refcnt.
+    The number (ary_shared - ary_shared_root_occupied) is meaningful.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_shared_create)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_shared)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_shared_root_occupied)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_empty)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_1)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_2)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_3)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_4)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_5_8)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_g8)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_null)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_ar)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_st)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_force_convert)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_struct_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_struct_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_struct_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_empty)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_xfree)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_imm_free)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_zombie)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_under4)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_ge4)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_ge8)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_iclass_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_class_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_module_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_bignum_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_bignum_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_float)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_complex)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_rational)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_regexp_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_file_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_symbol)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ment)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_iseq)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_env)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_tmpbuf)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ast)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_cref)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_svar)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_throw_data)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ifunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_memo)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_parser_strterm)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_callinfo)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_callcache)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_constcache)
+
+/* ar_table */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(artable_hint_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(artable_hint_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(artable_hint_notfound)
+
+/* heap function counts
+ *
+ * * heap_xmalloc/realloc/xfree: call counts
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(heap_xmalloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(heap_xrealloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(heap_xfree)
+
+/* transient_heap */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(theap_alloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(theap_alloc_fail)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(theap_evacuate)
+
+// VM sync
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_nb)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_cr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_barrier)
+
+/* mjit_exec() counts */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_added)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_ready)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_compiled)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_call_func)
+
+/* MJIT enqueue / unload */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_add_iseq_to_process)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_unload_units)
+
+/* MJIT <-> VM frame push counts */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2VM)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2JT)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2JT)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2VM)
+
+/* MJIT cancel counters */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_ivar_inline)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_exivar_inline)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_send_inline)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_opt_insn) /* CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_invalidate_all)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_leave)
+
+/* rb_mjit_unit_list length */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_unit_queue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_active_units)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_compact_units)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_stale_units)
+
+/* Other MJIT counters */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_compile_failures)
+
+/* load (not implemented yet) */
+/*
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(load_files)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(load_path_is_not_realpath)
+*/
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_H
+#define RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_H 1
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) && USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+#error "USE_DEBUG_COUNTER is not supported by other than __GNUC__"
+#endif
+
+enum rb_debug_counter_type {
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(name) RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##name,
+#include __FILE__
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX
+#undef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
+};
+
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+extern size_t rb_debug_counter[];
+RUBY_EXTERN struct rb_ractor_struct *ruby_single_main_ractor;
+RUBY_EXTERN void rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add);
+
+inline static int
+rb_debug_counter_add(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add, int cond)
+{
+    if (cond) {
+        if (ruby_single_main_ractor != NULL) {
+            rb_debug_counter[(int)type] += add;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(type, add);
+        }
+    }
+    return cond;
+}
+
+inline static int
+rb_debug_counter_max(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, unsigned int num)
+{
+    // TODO: sync
+    if (rb_debug_counter[(int)type] < num) {
+        rb_debug_counter[(int)type] = num;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE rb_debug_counter_reset(VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_debug_counter_show(VALUE klass);
+
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(type)                rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, 1, 1)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_UNLESS(type, cond) (!rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, 1, !(cond)))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(type, cond)       rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, 1, !!(cond))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_ADD(type, num)           rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, (num), 1)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_SETMAX(type, num)        rb_debug_counter_max(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, (unsigned int)(num))
+
+#else
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(type)              ((void)0)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_UNLESS(type, cond) (!!(cond))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(type, cond)     (!!(cond))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_ADD(type, num)         ((void)0)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_SETMAX(type, num)      0
+#endif
+
+void rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+size_t ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr);
+void ruby_debug_counter_reset(void);
+void ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(int enable);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_H */
diff --git a/defs/gmake.mk b/defs/gmake.mk
index 439ca9b6f0..f093fd4e26 100644
--- a/defs/gmake.mk
+++ b/defs/gmake.mk
@@ -1,13 +1,32 @@
-# -*- makefile-gmake -*-
-gnumake = yes
+# -*- mode: makefile-gmake; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
 
-CHECK_TARGETS := exam love check%
-TEST_TARGETS := $(filter check test check% test% btest%,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
-TEST_TARGETS += $(subst check,test-all,$(patsubst check-%,test-%,$(TEST_TARGETS)))
-TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-%,yes-test-%,$(patsubst btest-%,yes-btest-%,$(TEST_TARGETS)))
-TEST_DEPENDS := $(if $(TEST_TARGETS),$(filter all main exts,$(MAKECMDGOALS)))
-TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS)),main)
-TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter main,$(TEST_DEPENDS)),$(if $(filter all,$(INSTALLDOC)),docs))
+reconfig config.status: export MAKE:=$(MAKE)
+override gnumake_recursive := $(if $(findstring n,$(firstword $(MFLAGS))),,+)
+override mflags := $(filter-out -j%,$(MFLAGS))
+MSPECOPT += $(if $(filter -j%,$(MFLAGS)),-j)
+nproc = $(subst -j,,$(filter -j%,$(MFLAGS)))
+
+CHECK_TARGETS := great exam love check test check% test% btest%
+# expand test targets, and those dependents
+TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out commit $(TEST_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst great,exam,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out great $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst exam,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst check,test-spec test-all test-tool test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-rubyspec,test-spec,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out exam check test-spec $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst love,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out love $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-almost,test-all,$(patsubst check-%,test test-%,$(TEST_TARGETS)))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test-all $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test,test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-short,btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test-short $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter great exam love check,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),all exts)
+
+in-srcdir := $(if $(filter-out .,$(srcdir)),$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) &&)
 
 ifneq ($(filter -O0 -Od,$(optflags)),)
 override XCFLAGS := $(filter-out -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=%,$(XCFLAGS))
@@ -36,24 +55,25 @@ define archcmd
 %.i: %.$(1).i
 endef
 
-$(foreach arch,$(filter -arch=%,$(subst -arch ,-arch=,$(ARCH_FLAG))),\
+$(foreach arch,$(arch_flags),\
 	$(eval $(call archcmd,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(value arch)),$(patsubst -arch=%,-arch %,$(value arch)))))
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS) test,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
-yes-test-knownbug: $(TEST_DEPENDS) yes-btest-ruby
-yes-btest-ruby: $(TEST_DEPENDS) yes-test-sample
-yes-test-sample: $(TEST_DEPENDS)
-endif
-ifneq ($(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS)) $(filter test-all,$(TEST_TARGETS)),)
-yes-test-testframework yes-test-almost yes-test-ruby: $(filter-out %test-all %test-ruby check%,$(TEST_TARGETS))
-endif
-ifneq ($(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))$(if $(filter test-all,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter test-knownbug,$(MAKECMDGOALS))),)
-yes-test-testframework yes-test-almost yes-test-ruby: yes-test-knownbug
-yes-test-almost: yes-test-testframework
+.PHONY: $(addprefix yes-,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+
+ifneq ($(filter-out btest%,$(TEST_TARGETS)),)
+$(addprefix yes-,$(TEST_TARGETS)): $(TEST_DEPENDS)
 endif
 
-$(TEST_TARGETS): $(TEST_DEPENDS)
+ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(TEST_TARGETS), \
+	btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic \
+	test-testframework test-tool test-ruby test-all \
+	test-spec test-bundler-prepare test-bundler test-bundler-parallel \
+	)
+prev_test := $(if $(filter test-spec,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS)),test-spec-precheck)
+$(foreach test,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS), \
+	$(eval yes-$(value test) no-$(value test): $(value prev_test)); \
+	$(eval prev_test := $(value test)))
 
 ifneq ($(if $(filter install,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))),)
 install-targets := $(filter install uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
@@ -65,14 +85,312 @@ install-prereq: uninstall
 uninstall sudo-precheck: all $(if $(filter all,$(INSTALLDOC)),docs)
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(filter exam,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
-test-rubyspec: check
-yes-test-all no-test-all: test
-endif
-
 ifneq ($(filter love,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
 showflags: up
-sudo-precheck: test
+sudo-precheck: test yes-test-testframework no-test-testframework
 install-prereq: sudo-precheck
 yes-test-all no-test-all: install
 endif
+yes-test-bundler-parallel: PARALLELRSPECOPTS += $(if $(nproc),-n$(shell expr $(nproc) + $(nproc) / 2))
+
+# Cross reference needs to parse all files at once
+love install reinstall: RDOCFLAGS = --force-update
+
+$(srcdir)/missing/des_tables.c: $(srcdir)/missing/crypt.c
+ifeq ($(if $(filter yes,$(CROSS_COMPILING)),,$(CC)),)
+	touch $@
+else
+	@$(ECHO) building make_des_table
+	$(CC) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DDUMP $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(LIBS) -omake_des_table $(srcdir)/missing/crypt.c
+	@[ -x ./make_des_table ]
+	@$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) ./make_des_table > $@.new
+	$(Q) mv $@.new $@
+	$(Q) $(RMALL) make_des_table*
+endif
+
+config.status: $(wildcard config.cache)
+
+STUBPROGRAM = rubystub$(EXEEXT)
+IGNOREDPATTERNS = %~ .% %.orig %.rej \#%\#
+SCRIPTBINDIR := $(if $(EXEEXT),,exec/)
+SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/libexec/*)))))
+
+stub: $(STUBPROGRAM)
+scriptbin: $(SCRIPTPROGRAMS)
+ifneq ($(STUBPROGRAM),rubystub)
+rubystub: $(STUBPROGRAM)
+endif
+
+$(SCRIPTPROGRAMS): $(STUBPROGRAM)
+
+$(STUBPROGRAM): rubystub.$(OBJEXT) $(LIBRUBY) $(MAINOBJ) $(OBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(SETUP) $(PREP)
+
+rubystub$(EXEEXT):
+	@rm -f $@
+	$(ECHO) linking $@
+	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) rubystub.$(OBJEXT) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(MAINLIBS) $(LIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
+	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
+	$(if $(STRIP),$(Q) $(STRIP) $@)
+
+$(SCRIPTBINDIR)%$(EXEEXT): bin/% $(STUBPROGRAM) \
+			   $(if $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.exec.time)
+	$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) { cat $(STUBPROGRAM); echo; sed -e '1{' -e '/^#!.*ruby/!i\' -e '#!/bin/ruby' -e '}' $<; } > $@
+	$(Q) chmod +x $@
+	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
+
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.exec.time:
+	$(Q) mkdir exec
+	$(Q) exit > $@
+
+.PHONY: commit
+commit: $(if $(filter commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter-out commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS))) up
+	@$(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" -I./tool/lib -rvcs -e 'VCS.detect(".").commit'
+	+$(Q) \
+	{ \
+	  $(in-srcdir) \
+	  exec sed -f tool/prereq.status defs/gmake.mk template/Makefile.in common.mk; \
+	} | \
+	$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) srcdir="$(srcdir)" srcs_vpath="" CHDIR="$(CHDIR)" \
+		BOOTSTRAPRUBY="$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(BASERUBY)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)" \
+		VCSUP="" ENC_MK=.top-enc.mk REVISION_FORCE=PHONY CONFIGURE="$(CONFIGURE)" -f - \
+		update-src srcs all-incs
+
+GITHUB_RUBY_URL = https://github.com/ruby/ruby
+PR =
+
+COMMIT_GPG_SIGN = $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" config commit.gpgsign)
+REMOTE_GITHUB_URL = $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" config remote.github.url)
+COMMITS_NOTES = commits
+
+.PHONY: fetch-github
+fetch-github:
+	$(call fetch-github,$(PR))
+
+define fetch-github
+	$(if $(1),,\
+	  echo "usage:"; echo "  make $@ PR=1234"; \
+	  exit 1; \
+	)
+	$(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL))
+	$(if $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL),, \
+	  echo adding $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL) as remote github; \
+	  git -C "$(srcdir)" remote add github $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL); \
+	  git -C "$(srcdir)" config --add remote.github.fetch +refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES):refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES)
+	  $(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)) \
+	)
+	$(if $(git -C "$(srcdir)" rev-parse "github/pull/$(1)/head" -- 2> /dev/null), \
+	    git -C "$(srcdir)" branch -f "gh-$(1)" "github/pull/$(1)/head", \
+	    git -C "$(srcdir)" fetch -f github "pull/$(1)/head:gh-$(1)" \
+	)
+endef
+
+.PHONY: checkout-github
+checkout-github: fetch-github
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$(PR)"
+
+.PHONY: update-github
+update-github: fetch-github
+	$(eval PULL_REQUEST_API := https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/ruby/pulls/$(PR))
+	$(eval PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH := $(shell \
+	  curl -s $(if $(GITHUB_TOKEN),-H "Authorization: bearer $(GITHUB_TOKEN)") $(PULL_REQUEST_API) | \
+	  $(BASERUBY) -rjson -e 'JSON.parse(STDIN.read)["head"].tap { |h| print "#{h["repo"]["full_name"]} #{h["ref"]}" }' \
+	))
+	$(eval FORK_REPO := $(word 1,$(PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH)))
+	$(eval PR_BRANCH := $(word 2,$(PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH)))
+
+	$(eval GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(PR)-XXXXXX"))
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(PR)"
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" merge master --no-edit
+	@$(BASERUBY) -e 'print "Are you sure to push this to PR=$(PR)? [Y/n]: "; exit(gets.chomp != "n")'
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" remote add fork-$(PR) git@github.com:$(FORK_REPO).git
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" push fork-$(PR) gh-$(PR):$(PR_BRANCH)
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" remote rm fork-$(PR)
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree remove $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE))
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" branch -D gh-$(PR)
+
+.PHONY: pull-github
+pull-github: fetch-github
+	$(call pull-github,$(PR))
+
+define pull-github
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BASE := $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" log -1 --format=format:%H))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH := $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" symbolic-ref --short HEAD))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(1)-XXXXXX"))
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(1)"
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase $(GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH)
+	$(eval COMMIT_GPG_SIGN := $(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN))
+	$(if $(filter true,$(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN)), \
+	  git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "git commit --amend --no-edit -S" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"; \
+	)
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "git notes add --message 'Merged: $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)/pull/$(1)'" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"
+endef
+
+.PHONY: fetch-github-%
+fetch-github-%:
+	$(call fetch-github,$*)
+
+.PHONY: checkout-github-%
+checkout-github-%: fetch-github-%
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$*"
+
+.PHONY: pr-% pull-github-%
+pr-% pull-github-%: fetch-github-%
+	$(call pull-github,$*)
+
+HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = \
+	"  checkout-github:     checkout GitHub Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
+	"  pull-github:         rebase GitHub Pull Request to new worktree [PR=1234]" \
+	"  update-github:       merge master branch and push it to Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
+	""
+
+extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
+
+bundled-gems := $(shell sed '/^[ 	]*\#/d;/^[ 	]*$$/d;s/[ 	][ 	]*/-/;s/[ 	].*//' $(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems)
+
+update-gems: | $(patsubst %,gems/%.gem,$(bundled-gems))
+
+test-bundler-precheck: | $(srcdir)/.bundle/cache
+
+$(srcdir)/.bundle/cache:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(CACHE_DIR)
+	$(LN_S) ../.downloaded-cache $@
+
+gems/%.gem:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem $*...
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -I./tool -rdownloader \
+	    -e 'gem = "$(@F)"' \
+	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("gems/"+gem.sub(/-[^-]*$$/, "-*.gem"))' \
+	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, "gems", nil) and' \
+	    -e '(old.delete("gems/#{gem}"); !old.empty?) and' \
+	    -e 'File.unlink(*old) and' \
+	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})'
+
+extract-gems: | $(patsubst %,.bundle/gems/%,$(bundled-gems))
+
+.bundle/gems/%: gems/%.gem | .bundle/gems
+	$(ECHO) Extracting bundle gem $*...
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -Itool -rgem-unpack \
+	    -e 'Gem.unpack("gems/$(@F).gem", ".bundle/gems")'
+
+$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $@
+
+ifneq ($(filter update-bundled_gems refresh-gems,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
+update-gems: update-bundled_gems
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(filter 0 1,$(words $(arch_flags))),)
+$(foreach x,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(arch_flags)), \
+	  $(eval $$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).h \
+		 $$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).h \
+		 $$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).time \
+		 : ARCH_FLAG := -arch $(value x)))
+
+$(foreach x,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(arch_flags)), \
+	$(eval $$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).h: \
+		$$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).time))
+
+mjit_min_headers := $(patsubst -arch=%,$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=-%.h),$(arch_flags))
+$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER): $(mjit_min_headers) $(PREP)
+	@ set -e; set $(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(arch_flags)); \
+	cd $(@D); h=$(@F:.h=); \
+	exec > $(@F).new; \
+	echo '#if 0'; \
+	for arch; do\
+	  echo "#elif defined __$${arch}__"; \
+	  echo "# include \"$$h-$$arch.h\""; \
+	done; \
+	echo "#else"; echo "# error unsupported platform"; echo "#endif"
+	$(IFCHANGE) $@ $@.new
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)
+	$(Q) $(MAKE_LINK) $@ $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)/$(@F)
+
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(if $(wildcard $(filter-out .,$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES))),,\
+	   $(wildcard $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb)),)
+# Needs the dependency when any Unicode data file exists, or
+# normalization tables script doesn't.  Otherwise, when the target
+# only exists, use it as-is.
+.PHONY: $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
+UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP =
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: \
+	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+endif
+
+REVISION_IN_HEADER := $(shell sed -n 's/^\#define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $(srcdir)/revision.h 2>/dev/null)
+REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && git log -1 --format=%H 2>/dev/null)
+ifneq ($(REVISION_IN_HEADER),$(REVISION_LATEST))
+# GNU make treat the target as unmodified when its dependents get
+# updated but it is not updated, while others may not.
+$(srcdir)/revision.h: $(REVISION_H)
+endif
+
+# Query on the generated rdoc
+#
+#   $ make rdoc:Integer#+
+rdoc\:%: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(RUNRUBY) $(srcdir)/libexec/ri --no-standard-docs --doc-dir=$(RDOCOUT) $(patsubst rdoc:%,%,$@)
+
+test_%.rb test/%: programs PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) -- $(patsubst test/%,%,$@)
+
+spec/bundler/%: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec --require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) $@
+
+spec/bundler: test-bundler-parallel
+	$(Q)$(NULLCMD)
+
+spec/%: programs exts PHONY
+	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec $(SPECOPTS) $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/%,$@)
+
+benchmark/%: miniruby$(EXEEXT) update-benchmark-driver PHONY
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -I$(srcdir)/benchmark/lib $(srcdir)/benchmark/benchmark-driver/exe/benchmark-driver \
+	            --executables="compare-ruby::$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem" \
+	            --executables="built-ruby::$(BENCH_RUBY) --disable-gem" \
+	            $(srcdir)/$@ $(BENCH_OPTS) $(OPTS)
+
+clean-srcs-ext::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(patsubst $(srcdir)/%,%,$(EXT_SRCS))
+
+clean-srcs-extra::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(patsubst $(srcdir)/%,%,$(EXTRA_SRCS))
+
+ifneq ($(filter $(VCS),git),)
+update-src::
+	@$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/lib/colorize.rb pass "Latest commit hash = $(shell $(filter-out svn,$(VCS)) -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --short=10 HEAD)"
+endif
+
+# Update dependencies and commit the updates to the current branch.
+update-deps:
+	$(eval update_deps := $(shell date +update-deps-%Y%m%d))
+	$(eval deps_dir := $(shell mktemp -d)/$(update_deps))
+	$(eval GIT_DIR := $(shell git -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --absolute-git-dir))
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree add $(deps_dir)
+	cp $(tooldir)/config.guess $(tooldir)/config.sub $(deps_dir)/tool
+	[ -f config.status ] && cp config.status $(deps_dir)
+	cd $(deps_dir) && autoconf && \
+	exec ./configure -q -C --enable-load-relative --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
+	$(RUNRUBY) -C $(deps_dir) tool/update-deps --fix
+	git -C $(deps_dir) diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
+	    git -C $(deps_dir) commit --all --message='Update dependencies'
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree remove $(deps_dir)
+	$(RMDIR) $(dir $(deps_dir))
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) merge --no-edit --ff-only $(update_deps)
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) branch --delete $(update_deps)
+
+# order-only-prerequisites doesn't work for $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)
+# because the same named directory exists in the source tree.
+$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.$(DLEXT): $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.c $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/rubyspec.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
+	$(ECHO) building $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(DLDSHARED) $(XDLDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(CFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $< $(LIBRUBY_SO)
+	$(Q) $(RMALL) $@.*
+
+rubyspec-capiext: $(patsubst %.c,$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.$(DLEXT),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.c)))
+	@ $(NULLCMD)
diff --git a/defs/id.def b/defs/id.def
index 1ff0d9aa3d..fc7a04ffbc 100644
--- a/defs/id.def
+++ b/defs/id.def
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 # -*- mode: ruby; coding: us-ascii -*-
 firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
+  max
+  min
   freeze
+  nil?
   inspect
   intern
   object_id
@@ -36,13 +39,37 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   to_a
   to_s
   to_i
+  to_f
+  to_r
   bt
   bt_locations
   call
   mesg
   exception
+  locals
+  not                                                   NOT
+  and                                                   AND
+  or                                                    OR
+  div
+  divmod
+  fdiv
+  quo
+  name
+  nil
 
   _                                                     UScore
+
+  # MUST be successive
+  _1  NUMPARAM_1
+  _2  NUMPARAM_2
+  _3  NUMPARAM_3
+  _4  NUMPARAM_4
+  _5  NUMPARAM_5
+  _6  NUMPARAM_6
+  _7  NUMPARAM_7
+  _8  NUMPARAM_8
+  _9  NUMPARAM_9
+
   "/*NULL*/"                                            NULL
   empty?
   eql?
@@ -56,22 +83,26 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   core#define_method
   core#define_singleton_method
   core#set_postexe
-  core#hash_from_ary
-  core#hash_merge_ary
   core#hash_merge_ptr
   core#hash_merge_kwd
+  core#raise
 
   -                                                     debug#created_info
+
+  $_                                                    LASTLINE
+  $~                                                    BACKREF
+  $!                                                    ERROR_INFO
 ]
 
 # VM ID         OP      Parser Token
 token_ops = %[\
   Dot2          ..      DOT2
   Dot3          ...     DOT3
+  BDot2         ..      BDOT2
+  BDot3         ...     BDOT3
   UPlus         +@      UPLUS
   UMinus        -@      UMINUS
   Pow           **      POW
-  DSTAR         **
   Cmp           <=>     CMP
   PLUS          +
   MINUS         -
@@ -88,13 +119,14 @@ token_ops = %[\
   Eqq           ===     EQQ
   Neq           !=      NEQ
   Not           !
+  And           &
+  Or            |
   Backquote     `
   EqTilde       =~      MATCH
   NeqTilde      !~      NMATCH
   AREF          []
   ASET          []=
   COLON2        ::
-  COLON3        ::
   ANDOP         &&
   OROP          ||
   ANDDOT        &.
@@ -145,7 +177,7 @@ predefined.split(/^/).each_with_index do |line, num|
   case name
   when /\A[A-Z]\w*\z/; const_ids
   when /\A(?!\d)\w+\z/; local_ids
-  when /\A\$(?:\d+|(?!\d)\w+)\z/; global_ids
+  when /\A\$(?:\d+|(?!\d)\w+|\W)\z/; global_ids
   when /\A@@(?!\d)\w+\z/; class_ids
   when /\A@(?!\d)\w+\z/; instance_ids
   when /\A((?!\d)\w+)=\z/; attrset_ids
diff --git a/defs/keywords b/defs/keywords
index e0d931cd1f..fc30ec2d15 100644
--- a/defs/keywords
+++ b/defs/keywords
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 %{
-struct kwtable {int name, id[2], state;};
+struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 %}
 
diff --git a/defs/known_errors.def b/defs/known_errors.def
index b9c490d3a2..e9694cfbda 100644
--- a/defs/known_errors.def
+++ b/defs/known_errors.def
@@ -1,148 +1,157 @@
-EPERM
-ENOENT
-ESRCH
-EINTR
-EIO
-ENXIO
 E2BIG
-ENOEXEC
-EBADF
-ECHILD
-EAGAIN
-ENOMEM
 EACCES
-EFAULT
-ENOTBLK
-EBUSY
-EEXIST
-EXDEV
-ENODEV
-ENOTDIR
-EISDIR
-EINVAL
-ENFILE
-EMFILE
-ENOTTY
-ETXTBSY
-EFBIG
-ENOSPC
-ESPIPE
-EROFS
-EMLINK
-EPIPE
-EDOM
-ERANGE
-EDEADLK
-ENAMETOOLONG
-ENOLCK
-ENOSYS
-ENOTEMPTY
-ELOOP
-EWOULDBLOCK
-ENOMSG
-EIDRM
-ECHRNG
-EL2NSYNC
-EL3HLT
-EL3RST
-ELNRNG
-EUNATCH
-ENOCSI
-EL2HLT
+EADDRINUSE
+EADDRNOTAVAIL
+EADV
+EAFNOSUPPORT
+EAGAIN
+EALREADY
+EAUTH
+EBADARCH
 EBADE
+EBADEXEC
+EBADF
+EBADFD
+EBADMACHO
+EBADMSG
 EBADR
-EXFULL
-ENOANO
+EBADRPC
 EBADRQC
 EBADSLT
-EDEADLOCK
 EBFONT
-ENOSTR
-ENODATA
-ETIME
-ENOSR
-ENONET
-ENOPKG
-EREMOTE
-ENOLINK
-EADV
-ESRMNT
+EBUSY
+ECANCELED
+ECAPMODE
+ECHILD
+ECHRNG
 ECOMM
-EPROTO
-EMULTIHOP
-EDOTDOT
-EBADMSG
-EOVERFLOW
-ENOTUNIQ
-EBADFD
-EREMCHG
-ELIBACC
-ELIBBAD
-ELIBSCN
-ELIBMAX
-ELIBEXEC
-EILSEQ
-ERESTART
-ESTRPIPE
-EUSERS
-ENOTSOCK
-EDESTADDRREQ
-EMSGSIZE
-EPROTOTYPE
-ENOPROTOOPT
-EPROTONOSUPPORT
-ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
-EOPNOTSUPP
-EPFNOSUPPORT
-EAFNOSUPPORT
-EADDRINUSE
-EADDRNOTAVAIL
-ENETDOWN
-ENETUNREACH
-ENETRESET
 ECONNABORTED
-ECONNRESET
-ENOBUFS
-EISCONN
-ENOTCONN
-ESHUTDOWN
-ETOOMANYREFS
-ETIMEDOUT
 ECONNREFUSED
+ECONNRESET
+EDEADLK
+EDEADLOCK
+EDESTADDRREQ
+EDEVERR
+EDOM
+EDOOFUS
+EDOTDOT
+EDQUOT
+EEXIST
+EFAULT
+EFBIG
+EFTYPE
 EHOSTDOWN
 EHOSTUNREACH
-EALREADY
+EHWPOISON
+EIDRM
+EILSEQ
 EINPROGRESS
-ESTALE
-EUCLEAN
-ENOTNAM
-ENAVAIL
+EINTR
+EINVAL
+EIO
+EIPSEC
+EISCONN
+EISDIR
 EISNAM
-EREMOTEIO
-EDQUOT
-ECANCELED
 EKEYEXPIRED
 EKEYREJECTED
 EKEYREVOKED
+EL2HLT
+EL2NSYNC
+EL3HLT
+EL3RST
+ELAST
+ELIBACC
+ELIBBAD
+ELIBEXEC
+ELIBMAX
+ELIBSCN
+ELNRNG
+ELOOP
 EMEDIUMTYPE
+EMFILE
+EMLINK
+EMSGSIZE
+EMULTIHOP
+ENAMETOOLONG
+ENAVAIL
+ENEEDAUTH
+ENETDOWN
+ENETRESET
+ENETUNREACH
+ENFILE
+ENOANO
+ENOATTR
+ENOBUFS
+ENOCSI
+ENODATA
+ENODEV
+ENOENT
+ENOEXEC
 ENOKEY
+ENOLCK
+ENOLINK
 ENOMEDIUM
+ENOMEM
+ENOMSG
+ENONET
+ENOPKG
+ENOPOLICY
+ENOPROTOOPT
+ENOSPC
+ENOSR
+ENOSTR
+ENOSYS
+ENOTBLK
+ENOTCAPABLE
+ENOTCONN
+ENOTDIR
+ENOTEMPTY
+ENOTNAM
 ENOTRECOVERABLE
-EOWNERDEAD
-ERFKILL
-EAUTH
-EBADRPC
-EDOOFUS
-EFTYPE
-ENEEDAUTH
-ENOATTR
+ENOTSOCK
 ENOTSUP
+ENOTTY
+ENOTUNIQ
+ENXIO
+EOPNOTSUPP
+EOVERFLOW
+EOWNERDEAD
+EPERM
+EPFNOSUPPORT
+EPIPE
 EPROCLIM
 EPROCUNAVAIL
 EPROGMISMATCH
 EPROGUNAVAIL
+EPROTO
+EPROTONOSUPPORT
+EPROTOTYPE
+EPWROFF
+EQFULL
+ERANGE
+EREMCHG
+EREMOTE
+EREMOTEIO
+ERESTART
+ERFKILL
+EROFS
 ERPCMISMATCH
-EIPSEC
-EHWPOISON
-ECAPMODE
-ENOTCAPABLE
+ESHLIBVERS
+ESHUTDOWN
+ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
+ESPIPE
+ESRCH
+ESRMNT
+ESTALE
+ESTRPIPE
+ETIME
+ETIMEDOUT
+ETOOMANYREFS
+ETXTBSY
+EUCLEAN
+EUNATCH
+EUSERS
+EWOULDBLOCK
+EXDEV
+EXFULL
diff --git a/defs/lex.c.src b/defs/lex.c.src
index e0d931cd1f..fc30ec2d15 100644
--- a/defs/lex.c.src
+++ b/defs/lex.c.src
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 %{
-struct kwtable {int name, id[2], state;};
+struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 %}
 
diff --git a/defs/opt_insn_unif.def b/defs/opt_insn_unif.def
index 1ac613dbea..31ae2eb6a1 100644
--- a/defs/opt_insn_unif.def
+++ b/defs/opt_insn_unif.def
@@ -8,12 +8,10 @@ __END__
 putobject putobject
 putobject putstring
 putobject setlocal
-putobject setdynamic
 
 putstring putstring
 putstring putobject
 putstring setlocal
-putstring setdynamic
 
 # putnil end
 
diff --git a/defs/separated_version.mk b/defs/separated_version.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72ee093da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/defs/separated_version.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# ******** FOR DEVELEPERS ONLY ********
+# Separate version.o into a shared library which varies every
+# revisions, in order to make the rest shareable.
+
+include $(firstword $(wildcard GNUmakefile Makefile))
+
+ifneq ($(filter @executable_path/%,$(DLDFLAGS)),)
+RUBY_VERSION_SO = $(subst ruby,ruby_version,$(LIBRUBY_SO))
+RUBY_VERSION_DLDFLAGS := $(patsubst @executable_path/%/$(LIBRUBY_SO),@loader_path/$(RUBY_VERSION_SO),$(DLDFLAGS)) -exported_symbol=Init_version
+else ifneq ($(findstring -soname,$(DLDFLAGS)),)
+RUBY_VERSION_SO = $(subst ruby,ruby_version,$(LIBRUBY_SO))
+RUBY_VERSION_DLDFLAGS := $(subst ruby,ruby_version,$(DLDFLAGS)) -Wl,-rpath-link,'$${ORIGIN}'
+else
+ERROR
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(RUBY_VERSION_SO),)
+
+version.$(OBJEXT): XCFLAGS := $(subst -fvisibility=hidden,,$(XCFLAGS))
+
+MINIOBJS += version.$(OBJEXT)
+DLDOBJS += $(RUBY_VERSION_SO)
+LIBRUBYARG_SHARED := -lruby_version $(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)
+$(LIBRUBY_SO): COMMONOBJS := $(filter-out version.$(OBJEXT),$(COMMONOBJS))
+$(LIBRUBY_A): COMMONOBJS := $(sort version.$(OBJEXT) $(COMMONOBJS))
+
+$(LIBRUBY_SO): $(RUBY_VERSION_SO)
+
+$(RUBY_VERSION_SO): version.$(OBJEXT)
+	$(ECHO) linking shared-library $@
+	$(LDSHARED) $(RUBY_VERSION_DLDFLAGS) version.$(OBJEXT) $(OUTFLAG)$@
+	-$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV.each{|link|' \
+		-e   'File.delete link rescue nil' \
+		-e   'File.symlink "$(RUBY_VERSION_SO)", link' \
+		-e '}' \
+		$(subst ruby,ruby_version,$(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)) || true
+
+endif
diff --git a/defs/universal.mk b/defs/universal.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c34a31b356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/defs/universal.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+arch_flags := $(filter -arch=%,$(subst -arch ,-arch=,$(ARCH_FLAG)))
+ifeq ($(filter 0 1,$(words $(arch_flags))),)
+override MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX = -%
+override MJIT_HEADER_ARCH = -$(word 2,$(ARCH_FLAG))
+endif
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 6a63172e85..c19ef637a1 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
@@ -21,6 +22,24 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifndef O_CLOEXEC
+#  define O_CLOEXEC 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef USE_OPENDIR_AT
+# if defined(HAVE_FDOPENDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD) && \
+    defined(HAVE_OPENAT) && defined(HAVE_FSTATAT)
+#   define USE_OPENDIR_AT 1
+# else
+#   define USE_OPENDIR_AT 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+# include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+
+#undef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
 #if defined HAVE_DIRENT_H && !defined _WIN32
 # include <dirent.h>
 # define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
@@ -30,6 +49,7 @@
 #else
 # define dirent direct
 # define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
+# define HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN 1
 # if HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
 #  include <sys/ndir.h>
 # endif
@@ -43,12 +63,6 @@
 #  include "win32/dir.h"
 # endif
 #endif
-#if defined(__native_client__) && defined(NACL_NEWLIB)
-# include "nacl/dirent.h"
-# include "nacl/stat.h"
-#endif
-
-#include <errno.h>
 
 #ifndef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 char *getenv();
@@ -58,52 +72,76 @@ char *getenv();
 char *strchr(char*,char);
 #endif
 
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-
-/* define system APIs */
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#undef chdir
-#define chdir(p) rb_w32_uchdir(p)
-#undef mkdir
-#define mkdir(p, m) rb_w32_umkdir((p), (m))
-#undef rmdir
-#define rmdir(p) rb_w32_urmdir(p)
-#undef opendir
-#define opendir(p) rb_w32_uopendir(p)
-#define IS_WIN32 1
-#else
-#define IS_WIN32 0
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_ATTR_H
 #include <sys/attr.h>
 #endif
 
+#define USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME 1	/* platform dependent APIs to
+					 * get real basenames */
+#define USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH 2	/* select the matching
+					 * basename by fnmatch */
+
 #ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
-# define USE_NAME_ON_FS 1
+# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 # define RUP32(size) ((size)+3/4)
 # define SIZEUP32(type) RUP32(sizeof(type))
 #elif defined _WIN32
-# define USE_NAME_ON_FS 1
+# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 #elif defined DOSISH
-# define USE_NAME_ON_FS 2	/* by fnmatch */
+# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 #else
 # define USE_NAME_ON_FS 0
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 # define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 1
+# include <sys/param.h>
+# include <sys/mount.h>
+# include <sys/vnode.h>
 #else
 # define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 0
 #endif
 
-#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/vnode.h>
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/dir.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+#ifndef AT_FDCWD
+# define AT_FDCWD -1
+#endif
+
+#define vm_initialized rb_cThread
+
+/* define system APIs */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# undef chdir
+# define chdir(p) rb_w32_uchdir(p)
+# undef mkdir
+# define mkdir(p, m) rb_w32_umkdir((p), (m))
+# undef rmdir
+# define rmdir(p) rb_w32_urmdir(p)
+# undef opendir
+# define opendir(p) rb_w32_uopendir(p)
+# define ruby_getcwd() rb_w32_ugetcwd(NULL, 0)
+# define IS_WIN32 1
+#else
+# define IS_WIN32 0
+#endif
 
+#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 # if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST || !defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST
 #   define need_normalization(dirp, path) need_normalization(dirp)
 # else
@@ -149,7 +187,7 @@ has_nonascii(const char *ptr, size_t len)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef IFTODT
-# define IFTODT(m)	(((m) & S_IFMT) / ((~S_IFMT & S_IFMT-1) + 1))
+# define IFTODT(m)	(((m) & S_IFMT) / ((~S_IFMT & (S_IFMT-1)) + 1))
 #endif
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -183,6 +221,7 @@ typedef enum {
 #else
 #define FNM_SHORTNAME	0
 #endif
+#define FNM_GLOB_NOSORT 0x40
 
 #define FNM_NOMATCH	1
 #define FNM_ERROR	2
@@ -414,7 +453,7 @@ VALUE rb_cDir;
 
 struct dir_data {
     DIR *dir;
-    VALUE path;
+    const VALUE path;
     rb_encoding *enc;
 };
 
@@ -429,9 +468,8 @@ static void
 dir_free(void *ptr)
 {
     struct dir_data *dir = ptr;
-    if (dir) {
-	if (dir->dir) closedir(dir->dir);
-    }
+
+    if (dir->dir) closedir(dir->dir);
     xfree(dir);
 }
 
@@ -444,20 +482,11 @@ dir_memsize(const void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t dir_data_type = {
     "dir",
     {dir_mark, dir_free, dir_memsize,},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static VALUE dir_close(VALUE);
 
-#define GlobPathValue(str, safe) \
-    /* can contain null bytes as separators */	\
-    (!RB_TYPE_P((str), T_STRING) ?		\
-     (void)FilePathValue(str) :			\
-     (void)(check_safe_glob((str), (safe)),		\
-      check_glob_encoding(str), (str)))
-#define check_safe_glob(str, safe) ((safe) ? rb_check_safe_obj(str) : (void)0)
-#define check_glob_encoding(str) rb_enc_check((str), rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_usascii_encoding()))
-
 static VALUE
 dir_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -465,48 +494,43 @@ dir_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);
 
     dirp->dir = NULL;
-    dirp->path = Qnil;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dirp->path, Qnil);
     dirp->enc = NULL;
 
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.new( string ) -> aDir
- *     Dir.new( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
- *
- *  Returns a new directory object for the named directory.
- *
- *  The optional <i>enc</i> argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
- *  If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
- */
-static VALUE
-dir_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE dir)
+static void *
+nogvl_opendir(void *ptr)
 {
-    struct dir_data *dp;
-    rb_encoding  *fsenc;
-    VALUE dirname, opt, orig;
-    static ID keyword_ids[1];
-    const char *path;
+    const char *path = ptr;
 
-    if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
-	keyword_ids[0] = rb_id_encoding();
-    }
+    return (void *)opendir(path);
+}
 
-    fsenc = rb_filesystem_encoding();
+static DIR *
+opendir_without_gvl(const char *path)
+{
+    if (vm_initialized) {
+	union { const void *in; void *out; } u;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &dirname, &opt);
+	u.in = path;
 
-    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-	VALUE enc;
-	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &enc);
-	if (enc != Qundef && !NIL_P(enc)) {
-	    fsenc = rb_to_encoding(enc);
-	}
+	return rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_opendir, u.out, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
     }
+    else
+	return opendir(path);
+}
 
-    GlobPathValue(dirname, FALSE);
+static VALUE
+dir_initialize(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE dir, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
+{
+    struct dir_data *dp;
+    VALUE orig;
+    const char *path;
+    rb_encoding *fsenc = NIL_P(enc) ? rb_filesystem_encoding() : rb_to_encoding(enc);
+
+    FilePathValue(dirname);
     orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
     dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
     dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
@@ -514,63 +538,53 @@ dir_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE dir)
     TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);
     if (dp->dir) closedir(dp->dir);
     dp->dir = NULL;
-    dp->path = Qnil;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, Qnil);
     dp->enc = fsenc;
     path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);
-    dp->dir = opendir(path);
+    dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
     if (dp->dir == NULL) {
-	if (rb_gc_for_fd(errno)) {
-	    dp->dir = opendir(path);
+	int e = errno;
+	if (rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
+	    dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 	}
 #ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
-	else if (errno == EIO) {
+	else if (e == EIO) {
 	    u_int32_t attrbuf[1];
 	    struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0};
 	    if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW) == 0) {
-		dp->dir = opendir(path);
+		dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 	    }
 	}
 #endif
 	if (dp->dir == NULL) {
 	    RB_GC_GUARD(dirname);
-	    rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
+	    rb_syserr_fail_path(e, orig);
 	}
     }
-    dp->path = orig;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, orig);
 
     return dir;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.open( string ) -> aDir
- *     Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
- *     Dir.open( string ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
- *     Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
- *
- *  The optional <i>enc</i> argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
- *  If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
- *
- *  With no block, <code>open</code> is a synonym for
- *  <code>Dir::new</code>. If a block is present, it is passed
- *  <i>aDir</i> as a parameter. The directory is closed at the end of
- *  the block, and <code>Dir::open</code> returns the value of the
- *  block.
- */
 static VALUE
-dir_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+dir_s_open(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
 {
     struct dir_data *dp;
     VALUE dir = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);
 
-    dir_initialize(argc, argv, dir);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	return rb_ensure(rb_yield, dir, dir_close, dir);
-    }
+    dir_initialize(ec, dir, dirname, enc);
 
     return dir;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+dir_s_close(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dir)
+{
+    return dir_close(dir);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void dir_closed(void));
+
 static void
 dir_closed(void)
 {
@@ -615,7 +629,7 @@ dir_inspect(VALUE dir)
 	rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
 	return str;
     }
-    return rb_funcallv(dir, rb_intern("to_s"), 0, 0);
+    return rb_funcallv(dir, idTo_s, 0, 0);
 }
 
 /* Workaround for Solaris 10 that does not have dirfd.
@@ -700,6 +714,29 @@ fundamental_encoding_p(rb_encoding *enc)
 # define READDIR(dir, enc) readdir((dir))
 #endif
 
+/* safe to use without GVL */
+static int
+to_be_skipped(const struct dirent *dp)
+{
+    const char *name = dp->d_name;
+    if (name[0] != '.') return FALSE;
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
+    switch (NAMLEN(dp)) {
+      case 2:
+	if (name[1] != '.') return FALSE;
+      case 1:
+	return TRUE;
+      default:
+	break;
+    }
+#else
+    if (!name[1]) return TRUE;
+    if (name[1] != '.') return FALSE;
+    if (!name[2]) return TRUE;
+#endif
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     dir.read -> string or nil
@@ -724,11 +761,20 @@ dir_read(VALUE dir)
 	return rb_external_str_new_with_enc(dp->d_name, NAMLEN(dp), dirp->enc);
     }
     else {
-	if (errno != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
+	int e = errno;
+	if (e != 0) rb_syserr_fail(e, 0);
 	return Qnil;		/* end of stream */
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE dir_each_entry(VALUE, VALUE (*)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE, int);
+
+static VALUE
+dir_yield(VALUE arg, VALUE path)
+{
+    return rb_yield(path);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     dir.each { |filename| block }  -> dir
@@ -752,11 +798,17 @@ dir_read(VALUE dir)
 static VALUE
 dir_each(VALUE dir)
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
+    return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, FALSE);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dir_each_entry(VALUE dir, VALUE (*each)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg, int children_only)
+{
     struct dir_data *dirp;
     struct dirent *dp;
     IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);
 
-    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
     GetDIR(dir, dirp);
     rewinddir(dirp->dir);
     IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp->dir, RSTRING_PTR(dirp->path)));
@@ -764,6 +816,11 @@ dir_each(VALUE dir)
 	const char *name = dp->d_name;
 	size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
 	VALUE path;
+
+	if (children_only && name[0] == '.') {
+	    if (namlen == 1) continue; /* current directory */
+	    if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') continue; /* parent directory */
+	}
 #if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 	if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen) &&
 	    !NIL_P(path = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
@@ -772,8 +829,7 @@ dir_each(VALUE dir)
 	else
 #endif
 	path = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(name, namlen, dirp->enc);
-	rb_yield(path);
-	if (dirp->dir == NULL) dir_closed();
+	(*each)(arg, path);
     }
     return dir;
 }
@@ -784,8 +840,7 @@ dir_each(VALUE dir)
  *     dir.pos -> integer
  *     dir.tell -> integer
  *
- *  Returns the current position in <em>dir</em>. See also
- *  <code>Dir#seek</code>.
+ *  Returns the current position in <em>dir</em>. See also Dir#seek.
  *
  *     d = Dir.new("testdir")
  *     d.tell   #=> 0
@@ -812,7 +867,7 @@ dir_tell(VALUE dir)
  *     dir.seek( integer ) -> dir
  *
  *  Seeks to a particular location in <em>dir</em>. <i>integer</i>
- *  must be a value returned by <code>Dir#tell</code>.
+ *  must be a value returned by Dir#tell.
  *
  *     d = Dir.new("testdir")   #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
  *     d.read                   #=> "."
@@ -840,8 +895,7 @@ dir_seek(VALUE dir, VALUE pos)
  *  call-seq:
  *     dir.pos = integer  -> integer
  *
- *  Synonym for <code>Dir#seek</code>, but returns the position
- *  parameter.
+ *  Synonym for Dir#seek, but returns the position parameter.
  *
  *     d = Dir.new("testdir")   #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
  *     d.read                   #=> "."
@@ -904,6 +958,14 @@ dir_close(VALUE dir)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static void *
+nogvl_chdir(void *ptr)
+{
+    const char *path = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)chdir(path);
+}
+
 static void
 dir_chdir(VALUE path)
 {
@@ -920,8 +982,9 @@ struct chdir_data {
 };
 
 static VALUE
-chdir_yield(struct chdir_data *args)
+chdir_yield(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct chdir_data *args = (void *)v;
     dir_chdir(args->new_path);
     args->done = TRUE;
     chdir_blocking++;
@@ -931,8 +994,9 @@ chdir_yield(struct chdir_data *args)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-chdir_restore(struct chdir_data *args)
+chdir_restore(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct chdir_data *args = (void *)v;
     if (args->done) {
 	chdir_blocking--;
 	if (chdir_blocking == 0)
@@ -950,8 +1014,8 @@ chdir_restore(struct chdir_data *args)
  *  Changes the current working directory of the process to the given
  *  string. When called without an argument, changes the directory to
  *  the value of the environment variable <code>HOME</code>, or
- *  <code>LOGDIR</code>. <code>SystemCallError</code> (probably
- *  <code>Errno::ENOENT</code>) if the target directory does not exist.
+ *  <code>LOGDIR</code>. SystemCallError (probably Errno::ENOENT) if
+ *  the target directory does not exist.
  *
  *  If a block is given, it is passed the name of the new current
  *  directory, and the block is executed with that as the current
@@ -960,7 +1024,8 @@ chdir_restore(struct chdir_data *args)
  *  block. <code>chdir</code> blocks can be nested, but in a
  *  multi-threaded program an error will be raised if a thread attempts
  *  to open a <code>chdir</code> block while another thread has one
- *  open.
+ *  open or a call to <code>chdir</code> without a block occurs inside
+ *  a block passed to <code>chdir</code> (even in the same thread).
  *
  *     Dir.chdir("/var/spool/mail")
  *     puts Dir.pwd
@@ -986,9 +1051,8 @@ dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE path = Qnil;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &path) == 1) {
-	FilePathValue(path);
-	path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
+        path = rb_str_encode_ospath(rb_get_path(argv[0]));
     }
     else {
 	const char *dist = getenv("HOME");
@@ -1000,8 +1064,10 @@ dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     if (chdir_blocking > 0) {
-	if (!rb_block_given_p() || rb_thread_current() != chdir_thread)
-	    rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
+	if (rb_thread_current() != chdir_thread)
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
+        if (!rb_block_given_p())
+            rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
     }
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -1012,31 +1078,61 @@ dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	args.done = FALSE;
 	return rb_ensure(chdir_yield, (VALUE)&args, chdir_restore, (VALUE)&args);
     }
-    dir_chdir(path);
+    else {
+	char *p = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+	int r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_chdir, p,
+							RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+	if (r < 0)
+	    rb_sys_fail_path(path);
+    }
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
+#ifndef _WIN32
 VALUE
-rb_dir_getwd(void)
+rb_dir_getwd_ospath(void)
 {
     char *path;
     VALUE cwd;
-    int fsenc = rb_enc_to_index(rb_filesystem_encoding());
+    VALUE path_guard;
 
-    if (fsenc == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII) fsenc = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
-    path = my_getcwd();
+#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+    path_guard = Data_Wrap_Struct((VALUE)0, NULL, RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE, NULL);
+    path = ruby_getcwd();
+    DATA_PTR(path_guard) = path;
 #ifdef __APPLE__
     cwd = rb_str_normalize_ospath(path, strlen(path));
-    OBJ_TAINT(cwd);
 #else
-    cwd = rb_tainted_str_new2(path);
+    cwd = rb_str_new2(path);
 #endif
-    rb_enc_associate_index(cwd, fsenc);
+    DATA_PTR(path_guard) = 0;
 
     xfree(path);
     return cwd;
 }
+#endif
+
+VALUE
+rb_dir_getwd(void)
+{
+    rb_encoding *fs = rb_filesystem_encoding();
+    int fsenc = rb_enc_to_index(fs);
+    VALUE cwd = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();
+
+    switch (fsenc) {
+      case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
+	fsenc = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
+      case ENCINDEX_ASCII:
+	break;
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
+      default:
+	return rb_str_conv_enc(cwd, NULL, fs);
+#endif
+    }
+    return rb_enc_associate_index(cwd, fsenc);
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -1099,17 +1195,29 @@ dir_s_chroot(VALUE dir, VALUE path)
 #define dir_s_chroot rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
+struct mkdir_arg {
+    const char *path;
+    mode_t mode;
+};
+
+static void *
+nogvl_mkdir(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct mkdir_arg *m = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)mkdir(m->path, m->mode);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Dir.mkdir( string [, integer] ) -> 0
  *
  *  Makes a new directory named by <i>string</i>, with permissions
  *  specified by the optional parameter <i>anInteger</i>. The
- *  permissions may be modified by the value of
- *  <code>File::umask</code>, and are ignored on NT. Raises a
- *  <code>SystemCallError</code> if the directory cannot be created. See
- *  also the discussion of permissions in the class documentation for
- *  <code>File</code>.
+ *  permissions may be modified by the value of File::umask, and are
+ *  ignored on NT. Raises a SystemCallError if the directory cannot be
+ *  created. See also the discussion of permissions in the class
+ *  documentation for File.
  *
  *    Dir.mkdir(File.join(Dir.home, ".foo"), 0700) #=> 0
  *
@@ -1117,37 +1225,53 @@ dir_s_chroot(VALUE dir, VALUE path)
 static VALUE
 dir_s_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
+    struct mkdir_arg m;
     VALUE path, vmode;
-    int mode;
+    int r;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &path, &vmode) == 2) {
-	mode = NUM2INT(vmode);
+	m.mode = NUM2MODET(vmode);
     }
     else {
-	mode = 0777;
+	m.mode = 0777;
     }
 
     path = check_dirname(path);
-    if (mkdir(RSTRING_PTR(path), mode) == -1)
+    m.path = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+    r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_mkdir, &m, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (r < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
+static void *
+nogvl_rmdir(void *ptr)
+{
+    const char *path = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)rmdir(path);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Dir.delete( string ) -> 0
  *     Dir.rmdir( string ) -> 0
  *     Dir.unlink( string ) -> 0
  *
- *  Deletes the named directory. Raises a subclass of
- *  <code>SystemCallError</code> if the directory isn't empty.
+ *  Deletes the named directory. Raises a subclass of SystemCallError
+ *  if the directory isn't empty.
  */
 static VALUE
 dir_s_rmdir(VALUE obj, VALUE dir)
 {
+    const char *p;
+    int r;
+
     dir = check_dirname(dir);
-    if (rmdir(RSTRING_PTR(dir)) < 0)
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(dir);
+    r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_rmdir, (void *)p, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (r < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail_path(dir);
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -1193,9 +1317,34 @@ sys_enc_warning_in(const char *func, const char *mesg, rb_encoding *enc)
 #define sys_warning(val, enc) \
     ((flags & GLOB_VERBOSE) ? sys_enc_warning_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (val), (enc)) :(void)0)
 
+static inline size_t
+glob_alloc_size(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t z;
+    if (rb_mul_size_overflow(x, y, SSIZE_MAX, &z)) {
+        rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
+    }
+    else {
+        return z;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void *
+glob_alloc_n(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    return malloc(glob_alloc_size(x, y));
+}
+
+static inline void *
+glob_realloc_n(void *p, size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    return realloc(p, glob_alloc_size(x, y));
+}
+
 #define GLOB_ALLOC(type) ((type *)malloc(sizeof(type)))
-#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) ((type *)malloc(sizeof(type) * (n)))
+#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) ((type *)glob_alloc_n(sizeof(type), n))
 #define GLOB_REALLOC(ptr, size) realloc((ptr), (size))
+#define GLOB_REALLOC_N(ptr, n) glob_realloc_n(ptr, sizeof(*(ptr)), n)
 #define GLOB_FREE(ptr) free(ptr)
 #define GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status) (((status) == -1) ? rb_memerror() : rb_jump_tag(status))
 
@@ -1203,32 +1352,63 @@ sys_enc_warning_in(const char *func, const char *mesg, rb_encoding *enc)
  * ENOTDIR can be returned by stat(2) if a non-leaf element of the path
  * is not a directory.
  */
-#define to_be_ignored(e) ((e) == ENOENT || (e) == ENOTDIR)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static int to_be_ignored(int e));
+static inline int
+to_be_ignored(int e)
+{
+    return e == ENOENT || e == ENOTDIR;
+}
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#define STAT(p, s)	rb_w32_ustati64((p), (s))
+#define STAT(p, s)	rb_w32_ustati128((p), (s))
 #undef lstat
-#define lstat(p, s)	rb_w32_ulstati64((p), (s))
+#define lstat(p, s)	rb_w32_ulstati128((p), (s))
 #else
 #define STAT(p, s)	stat((p), (s))
 #endif
 
+typedef int ruby_glob_errfunc(const char*, VALUE, const void*, int);
+typedef struct {
+    ruby_glob_func *match;
+    ruby_glob_errfunc *error;
+} ruby_glob_funcs_t;
+
+static const char *
+at_subpath(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path)
+{
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    if (fd != (int)AT_FDCWD && baselen > 0) {
+	path += baselen;
+	if (*path == '/') ++path;
+    }
+#endif
+    return *path ? path : ".";
+}
+
 /* System call with warning */
 static int
-do_stat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+do_stat(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    int ret = fstatat(fd, at_subpath(fd, baselen, path), pst, 0);
+#else
     int ret = STAT(path, pst);
+#endif
     if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
 	sys_warning(path, enc);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
-#if defined HAVE_LSTAT || defined lstat
+#if defined HAVE_LSTAT || defined lstat || USE_OPENDIR_AT
 static int
-do_lstat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+do_lstat(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    int ret = fstatat(fd, at_subpath(fd, baselen, path), pst, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+#else
     int ret = lstat(path, pst);
+#endif
     if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
 	sys_warning(path, enc);
 
@@ -1238,8 +1418,85 @@ do_lstat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 #define do_lstat do_stat
 #endif
 
+struct opendir_at_arg {
+    int basefd;
+    const char *path;
+};
+
+static void *
+with_gvl_gc_for_fd(void *ptr)
+{
+    int *e = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(rb_gc_for_fd(*e) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+}
+
+static int
+gc_for_fd_with_gvl(int e)
+{
+    if (vm_initialized)
+	return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_with_gvl(with_gvl_gc_for_fd, &e);
+    else
+	return rb_gc_for_fd(e) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static void *
+nogvl_opendir_at(void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct opendir_at_arg *oaa = ptr;
+    DIR *dirp;
+
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    const int opendir_flags = (O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|
+#  ifdef O_DIRECTORY
+			       O_DIRECTORY|
+#  endif /* O_DIRECTORY */
+			       0);
+    int fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);
+
+    dirp = fd >= 0 ? fdopendir(fd) : 0;
+    if (!dirp) {
+	int e = errno;
+
+	switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
+	  default:
+	    if (fd < 0) fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);
+	    if (fd >= 0) dirp = fdopendir(fd);
+	    if (dirp) return dirp;
+
+	    e = errno;
+	    /* fallthrough*/
+	  case 0:
+	    if (fd >= 0) close(fd);
+	    errno = e;
+	}
+    }
+#else  /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */
+    dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
+    if (!dirp && gc_for_fd_with_gvl(errno))
+	dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
+#endif /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */
+
+    return dirp;
+}
+
 static DIR *
-do_opendir(const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+opendir_at(int basefd, const char *path)
+{
+    struct opendir_at_arg oaa;
+
+    oaa.basefd = basefd;
+    oaa.path = path;
+
+    if (vm_initialized)
+	return rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_opendir_at, &oaa, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    else
+	return nogvl_opendir_at(&oaa);
+}
+
+static DIR *
+do_opendir(const int basefd, size_t baselen, const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc,
+	   ruby_glob_errfunc *errfunc, VALUE arg, int *status)
 {
     DIR *dirp;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -1250,9 +1507,20 @@ do_opendir(const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 	path = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
     }
 #endif
-    dirp = opendir(path);
-    if (dirp == NULL && !to_be_ignored(errno))
-	sys_warning(path, enc);
+    dirp = opendir_at(basefd, at_subpath(basefd, baselen, path));
+    if (!dirp) {
+	int e = errno;
+
+	*status = 0;
+	if (!to_be_ignored(e)) {
+	    if (errfunc) {
+		*status = (*errfunc)(path, arg, enc, e);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		sys_warning(path, enc);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
 #ifdef _WIN32
     if (tmp) rb_str_resize(tmp, 0); /* GC guard */
 #endif
@@ -1261,7 +1529,7 @@ do_opendir(const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 }
 
 /* Globing pattern */
-enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, ALPHA, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };
+enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, ALPHA, BRACE, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };
 
 /* Return nonzero if S has any special globbing chars in it.  */
 static enum glob_pattern_type
@@ -1269,15 +1537,20 @@ has_magic(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
     int hasalpha = 0;
+    int hasmagical = 0;
 
     register char c;
 
     while (p < pend && (c = *p++) != 0) {
 	switch (c) {
+	  case '{':
+	    return BRACE;
+
 	  case '*':
 	  case '?':
 	  case '[':
-	    return MAGICAL;
+	    hasmagical = 1;
+	    break;
 
 	  case '\\':
 	    if (escape && p++ >= pend)
@@ -1302,7 +1575,7 @@ has_magic(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 	p = Next(p-1, pend, enc);
     }
 
-    return hasalpha ? ALPHA : PLAIN;
+    return hasmagical ? MAGICAL : hasalpha ? ALPHA : PLAIN;
 }
 
 /* Find separator in globbing pattern. */
@@ -1323,6 +1596,13 @@ find_dirsep(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 	    open = 0;
 	    continue;
 
+	  case '{':
+	    open = 1;
+	    continue;
+	  case '}':
+	    open = 0;
+	    continue;
+
 	  case '/':
 	    if (!open)
 		return (char *)p-1;
@@ -1429,10 +1709,7 @@ glob_make_pattern(const char *p, const char *e, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 
     tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
     if (!tmp) {
-      error:
-	*tail = 0;
-	glob_free_pattern(list);
-	return 0;
+        goto error;
     }
     tmp->type = dirsep ? MATCH_DIR : MATCH_ALL;
     tmp->str = 0;
@@ -1440,6 +1717,11 @@ glob_make_pattern(const char *p, const char *e, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
     tmp->next = 0;
 
     return list;
+
+  error:
+    *tail = 0;
+    glob_free_pattern(list);
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1455,7 +1737,7 @@ glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list)
 }
 
 static char *
-join_path(const char *path, long len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namlen)
+join_path(const char *path, size_t len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namlen)
 {
     char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len+namlen+(dirsep?1:0)+1);
 
@@ -1470,8 +1752,13 @@ join_path(const char *path, long len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namle
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
+# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
+#   define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(dirp)
+# else
+#   define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(path)
+# endif
 static int
-is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp)
+is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp, const char *path)
 {
     struct {
 	u_int32_t length;
@@ -1482,8 +1769,13 @@ is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp)
     const int idx = VOL_CAPABILITIES_FORMAT;
     const uint32_t mask = VOL_CAP_FMT_CASE_SENSITIVE;
 
+#   if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
     if (fgetattrlist(dirfd(dirp), &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW))
 	return -1;
+#   else
+    if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW))
+	return -1;
+#   endif
     if (!(cap->valid[idx] & mask))
 	return -1;
     return (cap->capabilities[idx] & mask) != 0;
@@ -1615,7 +1907,7 @@ replace_real_basename(char *path, long base, rb_encoding *enc, int norm_p, int f
     }
     return path;
 }
-#elif USE_NAME_ON_FS == 1
+#elif USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 # error not implemented
 #endif
 
@@ -1634,6 +1926,8 @@ replace_real_basename(char *path, long base, rb_encoding *enc, int norm_p, int f
 struct glob_args {
     void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *);
     const char *path;
+    const char *base;
+    size_t baselen;
     VALUE value;
     rb_encoding *enc;
 };
@@ -1649,8 +1943,74 @@ glob_func_caller(VALUE val)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+struct glob_error_args {
+    const char *path;
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+    int error;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+glob_func_warning(VALUE val)
+{
+    struct glob_error_args *arg = (struct glob_error_args *)val;
+    rb_syserr_enc_warning(arg->error, arg->enc, "%s", arg->path);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static int
+rb_glob_warning(const char *path, VALUE a, const void *enc, int error)
+{
+    int status;
+    struct glob_error_args args;
+
+    args.path = path;
+    args.enc = enc;
+    args.error = error;
+    rb_protect(glob_func_warning, (VALUE)&args, &status);
+    return status;
+}
+#endif
+
+NORETURN(static VALUE glob_func_error(VALUE val));
+
+static VALUE
+glob_func_error(VALUE val)
+{
+    struct glob_error_args *arg = (struct glob_error_args *)val;
+    VALUE path = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(arg->path, arg->enc);
+    rb_syserr_fail_str(arg->error, path);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_glob_error(const char *path, VALUE a, const void *enc, int error)
+{
+    int status;
+    struct glob_error_args args;
+    VALUE (*errfunc)(VALUE) = glob_func_error;
+
+    if (error == EACCES) {
+	errfunc = glob_func_warning;
+    }
+    args.path = path;
+    args.enc = enc;
+    args.error = error;
+    rb_protect(errfunc, (VALUE)&args, &status);
+    return status;
+}
+
+typedef struct rb_dirent {
+    long d_namlen;
+    const char *d_name;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    const char *d_altname;
+#endif
+    uint8_t d_type;
+} rb_dirent_t;
+
 static inline int
-dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const struct dirent *dp, int flags)
+dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const rb_dirent_t *dp, int flags)
 {
     if (fnmatch(pat, enc, name, flags) == 0) return 1;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -1661,24 +2021,259 @@ dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const struct d
     return 0;
 }
 
+struct push_glob_args {
+    int fd;
+    const char *path;
+    size_t baselen;
+    size_t namelen;
+    int dirsep; /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
+    rb_pathtype_t pathtype; /* type of 'path' */
+    int flags;
+    const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
+    VALUE arg;
+};
+
+struct dirent_brace_args {
+    const char *name;
+    const rb_dirent_t *dp;
+    int flags;
+};
+
+static int
+dirent_match_brace(const char *pattern, VALUE val, void *enc)
+{
+    struct dirent_brace_args *arg = (struct dirent_brace_args *)val;
+
+    return dirent_match(pattern, enc, arg->name, arg->dp, arg->flags);
+}
+
+/* join paths from pattern list of glob_make_pattern() */
+static char*
+join_path_from_pattern(struct glob_pattern **beg)
+{
+    struct glob_pattern *p;
+    char *path = NULL;
+    size_t path_len = 0;
+
+    for (p = *beg; p; p = p->next) {
+	const char *str;
+	switch (p->type) {
+	  case RECURSIVE:
+	    str = "**";
+	    break;
+	  case MATCH_DIR:
+	    /* append last slash */
+	    str = "";
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    str = p->str;
+	    if (!str) continue;
+	}
+	if (!path) {
+	    path_len = strlen(str);
+	    path = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, path_len + 1);
+            if (path) {
+                memcpy(path, str, path_len);
+                path[path_len] = '\0';
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+	    size_t len = strlen(str);
+	    char *tmp;
+	    tmp = GLOB_REALLOC(path, path_len + len + 2);
+	    if (tmp) {
+		path = tmp;
+		path[path_len++] = '/';
+		memcpy(path + path_len, str, len);
+		path_len += len;
+		path[path_len] = '\0';
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+static int push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc);
+
+static int ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
+			     rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var);
+
+static const size_t rb_dirent_name_offset =
+    offsetof(rb_dirent_t, d_type) + sizeof(uint8_t);
+
+static rb_dirent_t *
+dirent_copy(const struct dirent *dp, rb_dirent_t *rdp)
+{
+    if (!dp) return NULL;
+    size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
+    const size_t altlen =
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        dp->d_altlen ? dp->d_altlen + 1 :
+#endif
+        0;
+    rb_dirent_t *newrdp = rdp;
+    if (!rdp && !(newrdp = malloc(rb_dirent_name_offset + namlen + 1 + altlen)))
+        return NULL;
+    newrdp->d_namlen = namlen;
+    if (!rdp) {
+        char *name = (char *)newrdp + rb_dirent_name_offset;
+        memcpy(name, dp->d_name, namlen);
+        name[namlen] = '\0';
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        newrdp->d_altname = NULL;
+        if (altlen) {
+            char *const altname = name + namlen + 1;
+            memcpy(altname, dp->d_altname, altlen - 1);
+            altname[altlen - 1] = '\0';
+            newrdp->d_altname = altname;
+        }
+#endif
+        newrdp->d_name = name;
+    }
+    else {
+        newrdp->d_name = dp->d_name;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        newrdp->d_altname = dp->d_altname;
+#endif
+    }
+#ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
+    newrdp->d_type = dp->d_type;
+#else
+    newrdp->d_type = 0;
+#endif
+    return newrdp;
+}
+
+typedef union {
+    struct {
+        DIR *dirp;
+        rb_dirent_t ent;
+    } nosort;
+    struct {
+        size_t count, idx;
+        rb_dirent_t **entries;
+    } sort;
+} ruby_glob_entries_t;
+
+static int
+glob_sort_cmp(const void *a, const void *b, void *e)
+{
+    const rb_dirent_t *ent1 = *(void **)a;
+    const rb_dirent_t *ent2 = *(void **)b;
+    return strcmp(ent1->d_name, ent2->d_name);
+}
+
+static void
+glob_dir_finish(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags)
+{
+    if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
+        closedir(ent->nosort.dirp);
+        ent->nosort.dirp = NULL;
+    }
+    else if (ent->sort.entries) {
+        for (size_t i = 0, count = ent->sort.count; i < count;) {
+            GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries[i++]);
+        }
+        GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries);
+        ent->sort.entries = NULL;
+        ent->sort.count = ent->sort.idx = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static ruby_glob_entries_t *
+glob_opendir(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, DIR *dirp, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    MEMZERO(ent, ruby_glob_entries_t, 1);
+    if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
+        ent->nosort.dirp = dirp;
+        return ent;
+    }
+    else {
+        void *newp;
+        struct dirent *dp;
+        size_t count = 0, capacity = 0;
+        ent->sort.count = 0;
+        ent->sort.idx = 0;
+        ent->sort.entries = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        if ((capacity = dirp->nfiles) > 0) {
+            if (!(newp = GLOB_ALLOC_N(rb_dirent_t, capacity))) {
+                closedir(dirp);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            ent->sort.entries = newp;
+        }
+#endif
+	while ((dp = READDIR(dirp, enc)) != NULL) {
+            rb_dirent_t *rdp = dirent_copy(dp, NULL);
+            if (!rdp) {
+                goto nomem;
+            }
+            if (count >= capacity) {
+                capacity += 256;
+                if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, capacity)))
+                    goto nomem;
+                ent->sort.entries = newp;
+            }
+            ent->sort.entries[count++] = rdp;
+            ent->sort.count = count;
+        }
+        closedir(dirp);
+        if (count < capacity) {
+            if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, count))) {
+                glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            ent->sort.entries = newp;
+        }
+        ruby_qsort(ent->sort.entries, ent->sort.count, sizeof(ent->sort.entries[0]),
+                   glob_sort_cmp, NULL);
+        return ent;
+    }
+
+  nomem:
+    glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
+    closedir(dirp);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static rb_dirent_t *
+glob_getent(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
+        return dirent_copy(READDIR(ent->nosort.dirp, enc), &ent->nosort.ent);
+    }
+    else if (ent->sort.idx < ent->sort.count) {
+        return ent->sort.entries[ent->sort.idx++];
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 glob_helper(
+    int fd,
     const char *path,
-    long pathlen,
+    size_t baselen,
+    size_t namelen,
     int dirsep, /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
     rb_pathtype_t pathtype, /* type of 'path' */
     struct glob_pattern **beg,
     struct glob_pattern **end,
     int flags,
-    ruby_glob_func *func,
+    const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs,
     VALUE arg,
     rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     struct stat st;
     int status = 0;
     struct glob_pattern **cur, **new_beg, **new_end;
-    int plain = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
+    int plain = 0, brace = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
     int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
+    size_t pathlen = baselen + namelen;
+
+    rb_check_stack_overflow();
 
     for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
 	struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
@@ -1691,12 +2286,17 @@ glob_helper(
 	    plain = 1;
 	    break;
 	  case ALPHA:
-#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == 1
+#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 	    plain = 1;
 #else
 	    magical = 1;
 #endif
 	    break;
+	  case BRACE:
+	    if (!recursive) {
+		brace = 1;
+	    }
+	    break;
 	  case MAGICAL:
 	    magical = 2;
 	    break;
@@ -1711,17 +2311,35 @@ glob_helper(
 	}
     }
 
+    if (brace) {
+	struct push_glob_args args;
+	char* brace_path = join_path_from_pattern(beg);
+	if (!brace_path) return -1;
+	args.fd = fd;
+	args.path = path;
+	args.baselen = baselen;
+	args.namelen = namelen;
+	args.dirsep = dirsep;
+	args.pathtype = pathtype;
+	args.flags = flags;
+	args.funcs = funcs;
+	args.arg = arg;
+	status = ruby_brace_expand(brace_path, flags, push_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
+	GLOB_FREE(brace_path);
+	return status;
+    }
+
     if (*path) {
 	if (match_all && pathtype == path_unknown) {
-	    if (do_lstat(path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
+	    if (do_lstat(fd, baselen, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
 		pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		pathtype = path_noent;
 	    }
 	}
-	if (match_dir && pathtype == path_unknown) {
-	    if (do_stat(path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
+	if (match_dir && (pathtype == path_unknown || pathtype == path_symlink)) {
+	    if (do_stat(fd, baselen, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
 		pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 	    }
 	    else {
@@ -1729,13 +2347,16 @@ glob_helper(
 	    }
 	}
 	if (match_all && pathtype > path_noent) {
-	    status = glob_call_func(func, path, arg, enc);
+	    const char *subpath = path + baselen + (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
+	    status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, subpath, arg, enc);
 	    if (status) return status;
 	}
 	if (match_dir && pathtype == path_directory) {
-	    char *tmp = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, "", 0);
+	    int seplen = (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
+	    const char *subpath = path + baselen + seplen;
+	    char *tmp = join_path(subpath, namelen - seplen, dirsep, "", 0);
 	    if (!tmp) return -1;
-	    status = glob_call_func(func, tmp, arg, enc);
+	    status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, tmp, arg, enc);
 	    GLOB_FREE(tmp);
 	    if (status) return status;
 	}
@@ -1744,22 +2365,24 @@ glob_helper(
     if (pathtype == path_noent) return 0;
 
     if (magical || recursive) {
-	struct dirent *dp;
+	rb_dirent_t *dp;
 	DIR *dirp;
-# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == 2
+# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 	char *plainname = 0;
 # endif
 	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);
-# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == 2
+# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 	if (cur + 1 == end && (*cur)->type <= ALPHA) {
 	    plainname = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, (*cur)->str, strlen((*cur)->str));
 	    if (!plainname) return -1;
-	    dirp = do_opendir(plainname, flags, enc);
+	    dirp = do_opendir(fd, basename, plainname, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
 	    GLOB_FREE(plainname);
 	}
 	else
+# else
+	    ;
 # endif
-	dirp = do_opendir(*path ? path : ".", flags, enc);
+	dirp = do_opendir(fd, baselen, path, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
 	if (dirp == NULL) {
 # if FNM_SYSCASE || NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 	    if ((magical < 2) && !recursive && (errno == EACCES)) {
@@ -1767,7 +2390,7 @@ glob_helper(
 		goto literally;
 	    }
 # endif
-	    return 0;
+	    return status;
 	}
 	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp, *path ? path : "."));
 
@@ -1778,10 +2401,21 @@ glob_helper(
 	}
 # endif
 # ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
-	if (is_case_sensitive(dirp) == 0)
+	if (is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) == 0)
 	    flags |= FNM_CASEFOLD;
 # endif
-	while ((dp = READDIR(dirp, enc)) != NULL) {
+        ruby_glob_entries_t globent;
+        if (!glob_opendir(&globent, dirp, flags, enc)) {
+            status = 0;
+            if (funcs->error) {
+                status = (*funcs->error)(path, arg, enc, ENOMEM);
+            }
+            else {
+                sys_warning(path, enc);
+            }
+            return status;
+        }
+	while ((dp = glob_getent(&globent, flags, enc)) != NULL) {
 	    char *buf;
 	    rb_pathtype_t new_pathtype = path_unknown;
 	    const char *name;
@@ -1789,21 +2423,22 @@ glob_helper(
 	    int dotfile = 0;
 	    IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(VALUE utf8str = Qnil);
 
-	    if (recursive && dp->d_name[0] == '.') {
+	    name = dp->d_name;
+	    namlen = dp->d_namlen;
+	    if (recursive && name[0] == '.') {
 		++dotfile;
-		if (!dp->d_name[1]) {
+		if (namlen == 1) {
 		    /* unless DOTMATCH, skip current directories not to recurse infinitely */
 		    if (!(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH)) continue;
 		    ++dotfile;
+		    new_pathtype = path_directory; /* force to skip stat/lstat */
 		}
-		else if (dp->d_name[1] == '.' && !dp->d_name[2]) {
+		else if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') {
 		    /* always skip parent directories not to recurse infinitely */
 		    continue;
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    name = dp->d_name;
-	    namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
 # if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 	    if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen)) {
 		if (!NIL_P(utf8str = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
@@ -1818,16 +2453,16 @@ glob_helper(
 		break;
 	    }
 	    name = buf + pathlen + (dirsep != 0);
-	    if (recursive && dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1)) {
 #ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
-		if ((new_pathtype = dp->d_type) != (rb_pathtype_t)DT_UNKNOWN)
-		    /* Got it. We need nothing more. */
-		    ;
-		else
-		    /* fall back to call lstat(2) */
+	    if (dp->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN) {
+		/* Got it. We need no more lstat. */
+		new_pathtype = dp->d_type;
+	    }
 #endif
+	    if (recursive && dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1) &&
+		new_pathtype == path_unknown) {
 		/* RECURSIVE never match dot files unless FNM_DOTMATCH is set */
-		if (do_lstat(buf, &st, flags, enc) == 0)
+		if (do_lstat(fd, baselen, buf, &st, flags, enc) == 0)
 		    new_pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 		else
 		    new_pathtype = path_noent;
@@ -1842,15 +2477,26 @@ glob_helper(
 
 	    for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
 		struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
+		struct dirent_brace_args args;
 		if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
 		    if (new_pathtype == path_directory || /* not symlink but real directory */
-			new_pathtype == path_exist)
-			*new_end++ = p; /* append recursive pattern */
+			new_pathtype == path_exist) {
+			if (dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1))
+			    *new_end++ = p; /* append recursive pattern */
+		    }
 		    p = p->next; /* 0 times recursion */
 		}
 		switch (p->type) {
+		  case BRACE:
+		    args.name = name;
+		    args.dp = dp;
+		    args.flags = flags;
+		    if (ruby_brace_expand(p->str, flags, dirent_match_brace,
+					  (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse) > 0)
+			*new_end++ = p->next;
+		    break;
 		  case ALPHA:
-# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == 2
+# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 		    if (plainname) {
 			*new_end++ = p->next;
 			break;
@@ -1865,15 +2511,15 @@ glob_helper(
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    status = glob_helper(buf, name - buf + namlen, 1,
+	    status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, name - buf - baselen + namlen, 1,
 				 new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
-				 flags, func, arg, enc);
+				 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 	    GLOB_FREE(buf);
 	    GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 	    if (status) break;
 	}
 
-	closedir(dirp);
+        glob_dir_finish(&globent, flags);
     }
     else if (plain) {
 	struct glob_pattern **copy_beg, **copy_end, **cur2;
@@ -1922,16 +2568,18 @@ glob_helper(
 		    status = -1;
 		    break;
 		}
-#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == 1
+#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 		if ((*cur)->type == ALPHA) {
-		    long base = pathlen + (dirsep != 0);
-		    buf = replace_real_basename(buf, base, enc, IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(1)+0,
+		    buf = replace_real_basename(buf, pathlen + (dirsep != 0), enc,
+						IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(1)+0,
 						flags, &new_pathtype);
+		    if (!buf) break;
 		}
 #endif
-		status = glob_helper(buf, pathlen + strlen(buf + pathlen), 1,
+		status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen,
+				     namelen + strlen(buf + pathlen), 1,
 				     new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
-				     flags, func, arg, enc);
+				     flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 		GLOB_FREE(buf);
 		GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 		if (status) break;
@@ -1945,15 +2593,64 @@ glob_helper(
 }
 
 static int
-ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc)
+push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
+{
+    struct push_glob_args *arg = (struct push_glob_args *)val;
+    struct glob_pattern *list;
+    int status;
+
+    list = glob_make_pattern(path, path + strlen(path), arg->flags, enc);
+    if (!list) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    status = glob_helper(arg->fd, arg->path, arg->baselen, arg->namelen, arg->dirsep,
+			 arg->pathtype, &list, &list + 1, arg->flags, arg->funcs,
+			 arg->arg, enc);
+    glob_free_pattern(list);
+    return status;
+}
+
+static int ruby_glob0(const char *path, int fd, const char *base, int flags,
+                      const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc);
+
+struct push_glob0_args {
+    int fd;
+    const char *base;
+    int flags;
+    const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
+    VALUE arg;
+};
+
+static int
+push_glob0_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
+{
+    struct push_glob0_args *arg = (struct push_glob0_args *)val;
+    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->fd, arg->base, arg->flags, arg->funcs, arg->arg, enc);
+}
+
+static int
+ruby_glob0(const char *path, int fd, const char *base, int flags,
+	   const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg,
+	   rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     struct glob_pattern *list;
     const char *root, *start;
     char *buf;
-    size_t n;
-    int status;
+    size_t n, baselen = 0;
+    int status, dirsep = FALSE;
 
     start = root = path;
+
+    if (*root == '{') {
+        struct push_glob0_args args;
+        args.fd = fd;
+        args.base = base;
+        args.flags = flags;
+        args.funcs = funcs;
+        args.arg = arg;
+        return ruby_brace_expand(path, flags, push_glob0_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
+    }
+
     flags |= FNM_SYSCASE;
 #if defined DOSISH
     root = rb_enc_path_skip_prefix(root, root + strlen(root), enc);
@@ -1962,6 +2659,12 @@ ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_enco
     if (*root == '/') root++;
 
     n = root - start;
+    if (!n && base) {
+	n = strlen(base);
+	baselen = n;
+	start = base;
+	dirsep = TRUE;
+    }
     buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, n + 1);
     if (!buf) return -1;
     MEMCPY(buf, start, char, n);
@@ -1972,8 +2675,9 @@ ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_enco
 	GLOB_FREE(buf);
 	return -1;
     }
-    status = glob_helper(buf, n, 0, path_unknown, &list, &list + 1,
-			 flags, func, arg, enc);
+    status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, n-baselen, dirsep,
+			 path_unknown, &list, &list + 1,
+			 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
     glob_free_pattern(list);
     GLOB_FREE(buf);
 
@@ -1983,8 +2687,11 @@ ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_enco
 int
 ruby_glob(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg)
 {
-    return ruby_glob0(path, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE, func, arg,
-		      rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+    ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
+    funcs.match = func;
+    funcs.error = 0;
+    return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE,
+		      &funcs, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1998,29 +2705,22 @@ rb_glob_caller(const char *path, VALUE a, void *enc)
     return status;
 }
 
-static int
-rb_glob2(const char *path, int flags,
-	 void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), VALUE arg,
-	 rb_encoding* enc)
+static const ruby_glob_funcs_t rb_glob_funcs = {
+    rb_glob_caller, rb_glob_error,
+};
+
+void
+rb_glob(const char *path, void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), VALUE arg)
 {
     struct glob_args args;
+    int status;
 
     args.func = func;
     args.value = arg;
-    args.enc = enc;
-
-    if (flags & FNM_SYSCASE) {
-	rb_warning("Dir.glob() ignores File::FNM_CASEFOLD");
-    }
-
-    return ruby_glob0(path, flags | GLOB_VERBOSE, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&args,
-		      enc);
-}
+    args.enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
 
-void
-rb_glob(const char *path, void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), VALUE arg)
-{
-    int status = rb_glob2(path, 0, func, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+    status = ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, GLOB_VERBOSE, &rb_glob_funcs,
+			(VALUE)&args, args.enc);
     if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
 }
 
@@ -2030,7 +2730,6 @@ push_pattern(const char *path, VALUE ary, void *enc)
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
     VALUE name = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(path);
     rb_encoding *eenc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
-    OBJ_TAINT(name);
     name = rb_str_conv_enc(name, NULL, eenc ? eenc : enc);
 #else
     VALUE name = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(path, strlen(path), enc);
@@ -2040,7 +2739,7 @@ push_pattern(const char *path, VALUE ary, void *enc)
 
 static int
 ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
-		  rb_encoding *enc)
+		  rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var)
 {
     const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
     const char *p = str;
@@ -2085,7 +2784,7 @@ ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
 	    }
 	    memcpy(buf+shift, t, p-t);
 	    strlcpy(buf+shift+(p-t), rbrace+1, len-(shift+(p-t)));
-	    status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg, enc);
+	    status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg, enc, var);
 	    if (status) break;
 	}
 	GLOB_FREE(buf);
@@ -2094,11 +2793,12 @@ ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
 	status = glob_call_func(func, s, arg, enc);
     }
 
+    RB_GC_GUARD(var);
     return status;
 }
 
 struct brace_args {
-    ruby_glob_func *func;
+    ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
     VALUE value;
     int flags;
 };
@@ -2108,7 +2808,7 @@ glob_brace(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
 {
     struct brace_args *arg = (struct brace_args *)val;
 
-    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->flags, arg->func, arg->value, enc);
+    return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, arg->flags, &arg->funcs, arg->value, enc);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2117,10 +2817,11 @@ ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE
     struct brace_args args;
 
     flags &= ~GLOB_VERBOSE;
-    args.func = func;
+    args.funcs.match = func;
+    args.funcs.error = 0;
     args.value = arg;
     args.flags = flags;
-    return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args, enc);
+    return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2129,23 +2830,11 @@ ruby_brace_glob(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg)
     return ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(str, flags, func, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
 }
 
-struct push_glob_args {
-    struct glob_args glob;
-    int flags;
-};
-
-static int
-push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
-{
-    struct push_glob_args *arg = (struct push_glob_args *)val;
-
-    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->flags, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&arg->glob, enc);
-}
-
 static int
-push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, int flags)
+push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags)
 {
-    struct push_glob_args args;
+    struct glob_args args;
+    int fd;
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(str);
 
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
@@ -2156,174 +2845,117 @@ push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, int flags)
     if (rb_enc_to_index(enc) == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII)
 	enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
     flags |= GLOB_VERBOSE;
-    args.glob.func = push_pattern;
-    args.glob.value = ary;
-    args.glob.enc = enc;
-    args.flags = flags;
+    args.func = push_pattern;
+    args.value = ary;
+    args.enc = enc;
+    args.base = 0;
+    fd = AT_FDCWD;
+    if (!NIL_P(base)) {
+	if (!RB_TYPE_P(base, T_STRING) || !rb_enc_check(str, base)) {
+	    struct dir_data *dirp = DATA_PTR(base);
+	    if (!dirp->dir) dir_closed();
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
+	    if ((fd = dirfd(dirp->dir)) == -1)
+		rb_sys_fail_path(dir_inspect(base));
+#endif
+	    base = dirp->path;
+	}
+	args.base = RSTRING_PTR(base);
+    }
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
     enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
 #endif
 
-    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
-    return ruby_brace_expand(RSTRING_PTR(str), flags,
-			     push_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc);
+    return ruby_glob0(RSTRING_PTR(str), fd, args.base, flags, &rb_glob_funcs,
+		      (VALUE)&args, enc);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_push_glob(VALUE str, int flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
+rb_push_glob(VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
 {
-    long offset = 0;
     VALUE ary;
+    int status;
 
-    GlobPathValue(str, TRUE);
+    /* can contain null bytes as separators */
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)) {
+	FilePathValue(str);
+    }
+    else if (!rb_str_to_cstr(str)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "nul-separated glob pattern is deprecated");
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_enc_check(str, rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_usascii_encoding()));
+    }
     ary = rb_ary_new();
 
-    while (offset < RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
-	char *p, *pend;
-	int status;
-	p = RSTRING_PTR(str) + offset;
-	status = push_glob(ary, rb_enc_str_new(p, strlen(p), rb_enc_get(str)),
-			   flags);
-	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
-	if (offset >= RSTRING_LEN(str)) break;
-	p += strlen(p) + 1;
-	pend = RSTRING_PTR(str) + RSTRING_LEN(str);
-	while (p < pend && !*p)
-	    p++;
-	offset = p - RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    }
+    status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
+    if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-dir_globs(long argc, const VALUE *argv, int flags)
+dir_globs(VALUE args, VALUE base, int flags)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
     long i;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(args); ++i) {
 	int status;
-	VALUE str = argv[i];
-	GlobPathValue(str, TRUE);
-	status = push_glob(ary, str, flags);
+	VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(args, i);
+	FilePathValue(str);
+	status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
 	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(args);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir[ string [, string ...] ] -> array
- *
- *  Equivalent to calling
- *  <code>Dir.glob([</code><i>string,...</i><code>],0)</code>.
- *
- */
 static VALUE
-dir_s_aref(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+dir_glob_option_base(VALUE base)
 {
-    if (argc == 1) {
-	return rb_push_glob(argv[0], 0);
+    if (base == Qundef || NIL_P(base)) {
+	return Qnil;
     }
-    return dir_globs(argc, argv, 0);
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(base, &dir_data_type)) {
+	return base;
+    }
+#endif
+    FilePathValue(base);
+    if (!RSTRING_LEN(base)) return Qnil;
+    return base;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.glob( pattern, [flags] ) -> matches
- *     Dir.glob( pattern, [flags] ) { |filename| block }  -> nil
- *
- *  Expands +pattern+, which is an Array of patterns or a pattern String, and
- *  returns the results as +matches+ or as arguments given to the block.
- *
- *  Note that this pattern is not a regexp, it's closer to a shell glob.  See
- *  File::fnmatch for the meaning of the +flags+ parameter.  Note that case
- *  sensitivity depends on your system (so File::FNM_CASEFOLD is ignored), as
- *  does the order in which the results are returned.
- *
- *  <code>*</code>::
- *    Matches any file. Can be restricted by other values in the glob.
- *    Equivalent to <code>/ .* /x</code> in regexp.
- *
- *    <code>*</code>::     Matches all files
- *    <code>c*</code>::    Matches all files beginning with <code>c</code>
- *    <code>*c</code>::    Matches all files ending with <code>c</code>
- *    <code>\*c\*</code>:: Match all files that have <code>c</code> in them
- *                         (including at the beginning or end).
- *
- *    Note, this will not match Unix-like hidden files (dotfiles).  In order
- *    to include those in the match results, you must use the
- *    File::FNM_DOTMATCH flag or something like <code>"{*,.*}"</code>.
- *
- *  <code>**</code>::
- *    Matches directories recursively.
- *
- *  <code>?</code>::
- *    Matches any one character. Equivalent to <code>/.{1}/</code> in regexp.
- *
- *  <code>[set]</code>::
- *    Matches any one character in +set+.  Behaves exactly like character sets
- *    in Regexp, including set negation (<code>[^a-z]</code>).
- *
- *  <code>{p,q}</code>::
- *    Matches either literal <code>p</code> or literal <code>q</code>.
- *    Equivalent to pattern alternation in regexp.
- *
- *    Matching literals may be more than one character in length.  More than
- *    two literals may be specified.
- *
- *  <code> \\ </code>::
- *    Escapes the next metacharacter.
- *
- *    Note that this means you cannot use backslash on windows as part of a
- *    glob, i.e.  <code>Dir["c:\\foo*"]</code> will not work, use
- *    <code>Dir["c:/foo*"]</code> instead.
- *
- *  Examples:
- *
- *     Dir["config.?"]                     #=> ["config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("config.?")                #=> ["config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("*.[a-z][a-z]")            #=> ["main.rb"]
- *     Dir.glob("*.[^r]*")                 #=> ["config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("*.{rb,h}")                #=> ["main.rb", "config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("*")                       #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
- *     Dir.glob("*", File::FNM_DOTMATCH)   #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
- *
- *     rbfiles = File.join("**", "*.rb")
- *     Dir.glob(rbfiles)                   #=> ["main.rb",
- *                                         #    "lib/song.rb",
- *                                         #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
- *     libdirs = File.join("**", "lib")
- *     Dir.glob(libdirs)                   #=> ["lib"]
- *
- *     librbfiles = File.join("**", "lib", "**", "*.rb")
- *     Dir.glob(librbfiles)                #=> ["lib/song.rb",
- *                                         #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
- *
- *     librbfiles = File.join("**", "lib", "*.rb")
- *     Dir.glob(librbfiles)                #=> ["lib/song.rb"]
- */
-static VALUE
-dir_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+static int
+dir_glob_option_sort(VALUE sort)
 {
-    VALUE str, rflags, ary;
-    int flags;
+    return (sort ? 0 : FNM_GLOB_NOSORT);
+}
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &rflags) == 2)
-	flags = NUM2INT(rflags);
-    else
-	flags = 0;
+static VALUE
+dir_s_aref(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
+{
+    const int flags = dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
+    base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(args) == 1) {
+	return rb_push_glob(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0), base, flags);
+    }
+    return dir_globs(args, base, flags);
+}
 
-    ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
+static VALUE
+dir_s_glob(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE str, VALUE rflags, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
+    const int flags = NUM2INT(rflags) | dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
+    base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
     if (NIL_P(ary)) {
-	ary = rb_push_glob(str, flags);
+	ary = rb_push_glob(str, base, flags);
     }
     else {
-	VALUE v = ary;
-	ary = dir_globs(RARRAY_LEN(v), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(v), flags);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(v);
+        ary = dir_globs(ary, base, flags);
     }
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -2336,7 +2968,7 @@ dir_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 dir_open_dir(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
-    VALUE dir = rb_funcall2(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), argc, argv);
+    VALUE dir = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 
     rb_check_typeddata(dir, &dir_data_type);
     return dir;
@@ -2376,17 +3008,25 @@ dir_foreach(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+dir_collect(VALUE dir)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    dir_each_entry(dir, rb_ary_push, ary, FALSE);
+    return ary;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Dir.entries( dirname )                -> array
  *     Dir.entries( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> array
  *
  *  Returns an array containing all of the filenames in the given
- *  directory. Will raise a <code>SystemCallError</code> if the named
- *  directory doesn't exist.
+ *  directory. Will raise a SystemCallError if the named directory
+ *  doesn't exist.
  *
- *  The optional <i>enc</i> argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
- *  If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+ *  The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the
+ *  directory. If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
  *
  *     Dir.entries("testdir")   #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
  *
@@ -2397,7 +3037,115 @@ dir_entries(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     VALUE dir;
 
     dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
-    return rb_ensure(rb_Array, dir, dir_close, dir);
+    return rb_ensure(dir_collect, dir, dir_close, dir);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dir_each_child(VALUE dir)
+{
+    return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname ) {| filename | block }                 -> nil
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname, encoding: enc ) {| filename | block }  -> nil
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname )                                       -> an_enumerator
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname, encoding: enc )                        -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block once for each entry except for "." and ".." in the
+ *  named directory, passing the filename of each entry as a parameter
+ *  to the block.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *
+ *     Dir.each_child("testdir") {|x| puts "Got #{x}" }
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Got config.h
+ *     Got main.rb
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_s_each_child(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    VALUE dir;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
+    dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
+    rb_ensure(dir_each_child, dir, dir_close, dir);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dir.each_child {| filename | block }  -> dir
+ *     dir.each_child                        -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block once for each entry except for "." and ".." in
+ *  this directory, passing the filename of each entry as a parameter
+ *  to the block.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *
+ *     d = Dir.new("testdir")
+ *     d.each_child  {|x| puts "Got #{x}" }
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Got config.h
+ *     Got main.rb
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_each_child_m(VALUE dir)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
+    return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dir.children  -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array containing all of the filenames except for "."
+ *  and ".." in this directory.
+ *
+ *     d = Dir.new("testdir")
+ *     d.children   #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_collect_children(VALUE dir)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    dir_each_entry(dir, rb_ary_push, ary, TRUE);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Dir.children( dirname )                -> array
+ *     Dir.children( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array containing all of the filenames except for "."
+ *  and ".." in the given directory. Will raise a SystemCallError if
+ *  the named directory doesn't exist.
+ *
+ *  The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the
+ *  directory. If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+ *
+ *     Dir.children("testdir")   #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_s_children(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    VALUE dir;
+
+    dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
+    return rb_ensure(dir_collect_children, dir, dir_close, dir);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2485,6 +3233,7 @@ fnmatch_brace(const char *pattern, VALUE val, void *enc)
  *
  *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT')                     #=> false # case sensitive
  *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_CASEFOLD) #=> true  # case insensitive
+ *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_SYSCASE)  #=> true or false # depends on the system default
  *
  *     File.fnmatch('?',   '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false # wildcard doesn't match '/' on FNM_PATHNAME
  *     File.fnmatch('*',   '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false # ditto
@@ -2531,7 +3280,7 @@ file_s_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     else
 	flags = 0;
 
-    StringValue(pattern);
+    StringValueCStr(pattern);
     FilePathStringValue(path);
 
     if (flags & FNM_EXTGLOB) {
@@ -2540,7 +3289,7 @@ file_s_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	args.value = path;
 	args.flags = flags;
 	if (ruby_brace_expand(RSTRING_PTR(pattern), flags, fnmatch_brace,
-			      (VALUE)&args, rb_enc_get(pattern)) > 0)
+			      (VALUE)&args, rb_enc_get(pattern), pattern) > 0)
 	    return Qtrue;
     }
     else {
@@ -2597,24 +3346,97 @@ rb_file_directory_p(void)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_dir_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_warn_deprecated("Dir.exists?", "Dir.exist?");
+    return rb_file_directory_p(obj, fname);
+}
+
+static void *
+nogvl_dir_empty_p(void *ptr)
+{
+    const char *path = ptr;
+    DIR *dir = opendir(path);
+    struct dirent *dp;
+    VALUE result = Qtrue;
+
+    if (!dir) {
+	int e = errno;
+	switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
+	  default:
+	    dir = opendir(path);
+	    if (dir) break;
+	    e = errno;
+	    /* fall through */
+	  case 0:
+	    if (e == ENOTDIR) return (void *)Qfalse;
+	    errno = e; /* for rb_sys_fail_path */
+	    return (void *)Qundef;
+	}
+    }
+    while ((dp = READDIR(dir, NULL)) != NULL) {
+	if (!to_be_skipped(dp)) {
+	    result = Qfalse;
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    closedir(dir);
+    return (void *)result;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   Dir.exists?(file_name)  ->  true or false
+ *   Dir.empty?(path_name)  ->  true or false
  *
- * Deprecated method. Don't use.
+ * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is an empty directory,
+ * <code>false</code> if it is not a directory or non-empty.
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_dir_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
+rb_dir_s_empty_p(VALUE obj, VALUE dirname)
 {
-    rb_warning("Dir.exists? is a deprecated name, use Dir.exist? instead");
-    return rb_file_directory_p(obj, fname);
+    VALUE result, orig;
+    const char *path;
+    enum {false_on_notdir = 1};
+
+    FilePathValue(dirname);
+    orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
+    dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
+    dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
+    path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);
+
+#if defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST && defined ATTR_DIR_ENTRYCOUNT
+    {
+	u_int32_t attrbuf[SIZEUP32(fsobj_tag_t)];
+	struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_OBJTAG,};
+	if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), 0) != 0)
+	    rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
+	if (*(const fsobj_tag_t *)(attrbuf+1) == VT_HFS) {
+	    al.commonattr = 0;
+	    al.dirattr = ATTR_DIR_ENTRYCOUNT;
+	    if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), 0) == 0) {
+		if (attrbuf[0] >= 2 * sizeof(u_int32_t))
+		    return attrbuf[1] ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+		if (false_on_notdir) return Qfalse;
+	    }
+	    rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+
+    result = (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_dir_empty_p, (void *)path,
+					    RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (result == Qundef) {
+	rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
+    }
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
- *  Objects of class <code>Dir</code> are directory streams representing
- *  directories in the underlying file system. They provide a variety of
- *  ways to list directories and their contents. See also
- *  <code>File</code>.
+ *  Objects of class Dir are directory streams representing
+ *  directories in the underlying file system. They provide a variety
+ *  of ways to list directories and their contents. See also File.
  *
  *  The directory used in these examples contains the two regular files
  *  (<code>config.h</code> and <code>main.rb</code>), the parent
@@ -2629,17 +3451,19 @@ Init_Dir(void)
     rb_include_module(rb_cDir, rb_mEnumerable);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cDir, dir_s_alloc);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "open", dir_s_open, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "foreach", dir_foreach, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "entries", dir_entries, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "each_child", dir_s_each_child, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "children", dir_s_children, -1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"initialize", dir_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"fileno", dir_fileno, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"path", dir_path, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"to_path", dir_path, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"inspect", dir_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"read", dir_read, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each", dir_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each_child", dir_each_child_m, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"children", dir_collect_children, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"rewind", dir_rewind, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"tell", dir_tell, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"seek", dir_seek, 1);
@@ -2657,10 +3481,9 @@ Init_Dir(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"unlink", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"home", dir_s_home, -1);
 
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"glob", dir_s_glob, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"[]", dir_s_aref, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exist?", rb_file_directory_p, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exists?", rb_dir_exists_p, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"empty?", rb_dir_s_empty_p, 1);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch", file_s_fnmatch, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch?", file_s_fnmatch, -1);
@@ -2712,3 +3535,5 @@ Init_Dir(void)
      */
     rb_file_const("FNM_SHORTNAME", INT2FIX(FNM_SHORTNAME));
 }
+
+#include "dir.rbinc"
diff --git a/dir.rb b/dir.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb46305013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dir.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+class Dir
+  #    Dir.open( string ) -> aDir
+  #    Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
+  #    Dir.open( string ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
+  #    Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
+  #
+  # The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
+  # If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+  #
+  # With no block, <code>open</code> is a synonym for Dir::new. If a
+  # block is present, it is passed <i>aDir</i> as a parameter. The
+  # directory is closed at the end of the block, and Dir::open returns
+  # the value of the block.
+  def self.open(name, encoding: nil, &block)
+    dir = Primitive.dir_s_open(name, encoding)
+    if block
+      begin
+        yield dir
+      ensure
+        Primitive.dir_s_close(dir)
+      end
+    else
+      dir
+    end
+  end
+
+  #    Dir.new( string ) -> aDir
+  #    Dir.new( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
+  #
+  # Returns a new directory object for the named directory.
+  #
+  # The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
+  # If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+  def initialize(name, encoding: nil)
+    Primitive.dir_initialize(name, encoding)
+  end
+
+  #    Dir[ string [, string ...] [, base: path] [, sort: true] ] -> array
+  #
+  # Equivalent to calling
+  # <code>Dir.glob([</code><i>string,...</i><code>], 0)</code>.
+  def self.[](*args, base: nil, sort: true)
+    Primitive.dir_s_aref(args, base, sort)
+  end
+
+  #    Dir.glob( pattern, [flags], [base: path] [, sort: true] )                       -> array
+  #    Dir.glob( pattern, [flags], [base: path] [, sort: true] ) { |filename| block }  -> nil
+  #
+  # Expands +pattern+, which is a pattern string or an Array of pattern
+  # strings, and returns an array containing the matching filenames.
+  # If a block is given, calls the block once for each matching filename,
+  # passing the filename as a parameter to the block.
+  #
+  # The optional +base+ keyword argument specifies the base directory for
+  # interpreting relative pathnames instead of the current working directory.
+  # As the results are not prefixed with the base directory name in this
+  # case, you will need to prepend the base directory name if you want real
+  # paths.
+  #
+  # The results which matched single wildcard or character set are sorted in
+  # binary ascending order, unless false is given as the optional +sort+
+  # keyword argument.  The order of an Array of pattern strings and braces
+  # are preserved.
+  #
+  # Note that the pattern is not a regexp, it's closer to a shell glob.
+  # See File::fnmatch for the meaning of the +flags+ parameter.
+  # Case sensitivity depends on your system (File::FNM_CASEFOLD is ignored).
+  #
+  # <code>*</code>::
+  #   Matches any file. Can be restricted by other values in the glob.
+  #   Equivalent to <code>/ .* /mx</code> in regexp.
+  #
+  #   <code>*</code>::     Matches all files
+  #   <code>c*</code>::    Matches all files beginning with <code>c</code>
+  #   <code>*c</code>::    Matches all files ending with <code>c</code>
+  #   <code>\*c\*</code>:: Match all files that have <code>c</code> in them
+  #                        (including at the beginning or end).
+  #
+  #   Note, this will not match Unix-like hidden files (dotfiles).  In order
+  #   to include those in the match results, you must use the
+  #   File::FNM_DOTMATCH flag or something like <code>"{*,.*}"</code>.
+  #
+  # <code>**</code>::
+  #   Matches directories recursively if followed by <code>/</code>.  If
+  #   this path segment contains any other characters, it is the same as the
+  #   usual <code>*</code>.
+  #
+  # <code>?</code>::
+  #   Matches any one character. Equivalent to <code>/.{1}/</code> in regexp.
+  #
+  # <code>[set]</code>::
+  #   Matches any one character in +set+.  Behaves exactly like character sets
+  #   in Regexp, including set negation (<code>[^a-z]</code>).
+  #
+  # <code>{p,q}</code>::
+  #   Matches either literal <code>p</code> or literal <code>q</code>.
+  #   Equivalent to pattern alternation in regexp.
+  #
+  #   Matching literals may be more than one character in length.  More than
+  #   two literals may be specified.
+  #
+  # <code> \\ </code>::
+  #   Escapes the next metacharacter.
+  #
+  #   Note that this means you cannot use backslash on windows as part of a
+  #   glob, i.e.  <code>Dir["c:\\foo*"]</code> will not work, use
+  #   <code>Dir["c:/foo*"]</code> instead.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #    Dir["config.?"]                     #=> ["config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("config.?")                #=> ["config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*.[a-z][a-z]")            #=> ["main.rb"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*.[^r]*")                 #=> ["config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*.{rb,h}")                #=> ["main.rb", "config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*")                       #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*", File::FNM_DOTMATCH)   #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
+  #    Dir.glob(["*.rb", "*.h"])           #=> ["main.rb", "config.h"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/*.rb")                 #=> ["main.rb",
+  #                                        #    "lib/song.rb",
+  #                                        #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/*.rb", base: "lib")    #=> ["song.rb",
+  #                                        #    "song/karaoke.rb"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/lib")                  #=> ["lib"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/lib/**/*.rb")          #=> ["lib/song.rb",
+  #                                        #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/lib/*.rb")             #=> ["lib/song.rb"]
+  def self.glob(pattern, _flags = 0, flags: _flags, base: nil, sort: true)
+    Primitive.dir_s_glob(pattern, flags, base, sort)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/dln.c b/dln.c
index 51545fbbb2..caaa685a6e 100644
--- a/dln.c
+++ b/dln.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 static void dln_loaderror(const char *format, ...);
 #endif
 #include "dln.h"
+#include "internal.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 # include <stdlib.h>
@@ -231,13 +232,13 @@ load_header(int fd, struct exec *hdrp, long disp)
 #  define R_RIGHTSHIFT(r)	(reloc_r_rightshift[(r)->r_type])
 #  define R_BITSIZE(r) 		(reloc_r_bitsize[(r)->r_type])
 #  define R_LENGTH(r)		(reloc_r_length[(r)->r_type])
-static int reloc_r_rightshift[] = {
+static const int reloc_r_rightshift[] = {
   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 };
-static int reloc_r_bitsize[] = {
+static const int reloc_r_bitsize[] = {
   8, 16, 32, 8, 16, 32, 30, 22, 22, 22, 13, 10, 32, 32, 16,
 };
-static int reloc_r_length[] = {
+static const int reloc_r_length[] = {
   0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
 };
 #  define R_PCREL(r) \
@@ -1170,7 +1171,7 @@ dln_strerror(void)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if defined(_AIX) && ! defined(_IA64)
+#if defined(_AIX)
 static void
 aix_loaderror(const char *pathname)
 {
@@ -1242,12 +1243,31 @@ rb_w32_check_imported(HMODULE ext, HMODULE mine)
 #define translit_separator(str) (void)(str)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_DLN_DLOPEN
+# include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+# include "internal/warnings.h"
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#if defined(__clang__) || GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4, 2, 0)
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wpedantic)
+#endif
+static bool
+dln_incompatible_library_p(void *handle)
+{
+    void *ex = dlsym(handle, EXTERNAL_PREFIX"ruby_xmalloc");
+    void *const fp = (void *)ruby_xmalloc;
+    return ex && ex != fp;
+}
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
 void*
 dln_load(const char *file)
 {
+#if (defined _WIN32 || defined USE_DLN_DLOPEN) && defined RUBY_EXPORT
+    static const char incompatible[] = "incompatible library version";
+#endif
 #if !defined(_AIX) && !defined(NeXT)
     const char *error = 0;
-#define DLN_ERROR() (error = dln_strerror(), strcpy(ALLOCA_N(char, strlen(error) + 1), error))
 #endif
 
 #if defined _WIN32
@@ -1278,7 +1298,7 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 #if defined _WIN32 && defined RUBY_EXPORT
     if (!rb_w32_check_imported(handle, rb_libruby_handle())) {
 	FreeLibrary(handle);
-	error = "incompatible library version";
+	error = incompatible;
 	goto failed;
     }
 #endif
@@ -1327,11 +1347,11 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 	}
 # if defined RUBY_EXPORT
 	{
-	    static const char incompatible[] = "incompatible library version";
-	    void *ex = dlsym(handle, EXTERNAL_PREFIX"ruby_xmalloc");
-	    if (ex && ex != ruby_xmalloc) {
+	    if (dln_incompatible_library_p(handle)) {
 
-#   if defined __APPLE__
+#   if defined __APPLE__ && \
+    defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED) && \
+    (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_11)
 		/* dlclose() segfaults */
 		rb_fatal("%s - %s", incompatible, file);
 #   else
@@ -1345,7 +1365,8 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 
 	init_fct = (void(*)())(VALUE)dlsym(handle, buf);
 	if (init_fct == NULL) {
-	    error = DLN_ERROR();
+	    const size_t errlen = strlen(error = dln_strerror()) + 1;
+	    error = memcpy(ALLOCA_N(char, errlen), error, errlen);
 	    dlclose(handle);
 	    goto failed;
 	}
@@ -1382,7 +1403,7 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
     }
 #endif /* hpux */
 
-#if defined(_AIX) && ! defined(_IA64)
+#if defined(_AIX)
 #define DLN_DEFINED
     {
 	void (*init_fct)();
diff --git a/dln.h b/dln.h
index d98b2607e2..99106fd22b 100644
--- a/dln.h
+++ b/dln.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef DLN_H
+#define DLN_H
 /**********************************************************************
 
   dln.h -
@@ -9,24 +11,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifndef DLN_H
-#define DLN_H
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-# ifndef  HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-# ifndef  HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#undef _
-#ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-# define _(args) args
-#else
-# define _(args) ()
-#endif
+#include "ruby/defines.h"       /* for RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN */
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
diff --git a/dln_find.c b/dln_find.c
index b17b0d23e1..ca62441631 100644
--- a/dln_find.c
+++ b/dln_find.c
@@ -48,13 +48,6 @@ char *dln_argv0;
 #   define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
-# include <sys/param.h>
-#endif
-#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
-# define MAXPATHLEN 1024
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
 # include <unistd.h>
 #endif
@@ -255,26 +248,14 @@ dln_find_1(const char *fname, const char *path, char *fbuf, size_t size,
 	/* now append the file name */
 	i = fnlen;
 	if (fspace < i) {
-	  toolong:
-	    PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
-	    goto next;
+            goto toolong;
 	}
 	fspace -= i;
 	memcpy(bp, fname, i + 1);
 
 #if defined(DOSISH)
 	if (exe_flag && !ext) {
-	  needs_extension:
-	    for (j = 0; j < sizeof(extension) / sizeof(extension[0]); j++) {
-		if (fspace < strlen(extension[j])) {
-		    PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
-		    continue;
-		}
-		strlcpy(bp + i, extension[j], fspace);
-		if (stat(fbuf, &st) == 0)
-		    return fbuf;
-	    }
-	    goto next;
+            goto needs_extension;
 	}
 #endif
 
@@ -291,7 +272,25 @@ dln_find_1(const char *fname, const char *path, char *fbuf, size_t size,
 	if (*ep == '\0') {
 	    return NULL;
 	}
+        continue;
+
+      toolong:
+        PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
+        goto next;
 
+#if defined(DOSISH)
+      needs_extension:
+        for (j = 0; j < sizeof(extension) / sizeof(extension[0]); j++) {
+            if (fspace < strlen(extension[j])) {
+                PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
+                continue;
+            }
+            strlcpy(bp + i, extension[j], fspace);
+            if (stat(fbuf, &st) == 0)
+                return fbuf;
+        }
+        goto next;
+#endif
 	/* otherwise try the next component in the search path */
     }
 }
diff --git a/dmydln.c b/dmydln.c
index 25872efc98..d05cda0b8e 100644
--- a/dmydln.c
+++ b/dmydln.c
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
+NORETURN(void *dln_load(const char *));
 void*
 dln_load(const char *file)
 {
     rb_loaderror("this executable file can't load extension libraries");
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
 }
diff --git a/doc/.document b/doc/.document
index b48c0387a7..ad17aada6d 100644
--- a/doc/.document
+++ b/doc/.document
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
+*.md
 *.rdoc
-ChangeLog*
 NEWS-*
 syntax
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1 b/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1
index 33b0326892..bd5f140dc3 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1
@@ -3166,7 +3166,7 @@ Fri Aug 11 14:37:03 1995  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 
 	* io.c: マクロREAD_DATA_PENDINGの定義を変更(Linux対応)
 
-	* io.c (io_fptr_finalize): fptrの開放時の処理を指定できるように．
+	* io.c (io_fptr_finalize): fptrの解放時の処理を指定できるように．
 
 Wed Aug  9 16:52:41 1995  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 
@@ -3448,7 +3448,7 @@ Thu May 18 12:27:23 1995  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ix-02>
 	  無くなった(と思う)．
 
 	* gc.c (gc): the_scopeをマークしていなかったので，ローカル変数の指
-	  しているオブジェクトが間違って開放される場合があった．
+	  しているオブジェクトが間違って解放される場合があった．
 
 	* gc.c (mark_locations_array): 若干の高速化．
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
index 0d00266735..6d9453d011 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
@@ -13020,7 +13020,7 @@ Tue Jun 12 00:41:18 2001  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 Mon Jun 11 14:29:41 2001  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 
-	* confgure.in: add RUBY_CANONICAL_BUILD.
+	* configure.in: add RUBY_CANONICAL_BUILD.
 
 Sun Jun 10 17:31:47 2001  Guy Decoux  <decoux@moulon.inra.fr>
 
@@ -21236,7 +21236,7 @@ Sun Jan  3 01:37:58 1999  Takao KAWAMURA  <kawamura@ike.tottori-u.ac.jp>
 Sat Jan  2 17:09:06 1999  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@netlab.co.jp>
 
 	* eval.c (rb_jump_tag): new api to invoke JUMP_TAG.  tag values
-	  can obtained from rb_eval_string_protect()/rb_load_protect().
+	  can be obtained from rb_eval_string_protect()/rb_load_protect().
 
 	* eval.c (rb_rescue): now catches all exceptions but SystemExit.
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3 b/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
index b3deb551b0..d6aaea7f19 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
@@ -3325,7 +3325,7 @@ Thu May 19 06:30:38 2011  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 Thu May 19 06:16:41 2011  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 
 	* lib:  Convert tabs to spaces for ruby files per
-	  http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto#coding-style
+	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto#coding-style
 	  Patch by Steve Klabnik [Ruby 1.9 - Bug #4730]
 	  Patch by Jason Dew [Ruby 1.9 - Feature #4718]
 
@@ -12814,7 +12814,7 @@ Thu Aug  5 22:09:30 2010  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
 Thu Aug  5 21:20:31 2010  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
 
 	* compile.c (NODE_ARGSCAT, NODE_ARGSPUSH): drop unused ARGSCAT
-	  results when poped is true.  [ruby-dev:41933], [Bug #3658]
+	  results when popped is true.  [ruby-dev:41933], [Bug #3658]
 	  This is retry of r28870 and r28873 which were reverted.
 
 Thu Aug  5 20:13:49 2010  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
@@ -77162,7 +77162,7 @@ Sun May 22 21:54:06 2005  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 Sun May 22 19:11:35 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
-	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer#intialize):
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer#initialize):
 	  should initialize session id context. [ruby-core:4663]
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_setup): add session id support.
@@ -82601,7 +82601,7 @@ Sat Sep 18 14:10:23 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* dir.c (dir_s_chdir): avoid memory leak and unnecessary chdir to
 	  the original directory when exception has caused in changing
-	  direcotry or within block.  thanks to Johan Holmberg
+	  directory or within block.  thanks to Johan Holmberg
 	  <holmberg@iar.se> [ruby-core:03446]
 
 Fri Sep 17 20:29:33 2004  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
@@ -92076,7 +92076,7 @@ Mon Sep  1 16:59:10 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* eval.c (rb_thread_start_0): should not error_print() within
 	  terminated thread, because $stderr used by it might be
-	  overriden now.  [ruby-dev:21280]
+	  overridden now.  [ruby-dev:21280]
 
 Sun Aug 31 22:46:55 2003  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
index a1a79b8dca..b51d742203 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
@@ -9758,7 +9758,7 @@ Thu Aug 23 16:20:04 2012  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	  are b10.
 	  If flonum is activated, then USE_FLONUM macro is 1.
 	  I'll write detailed in this technique on
-	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/Flonum_tech
+	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/Flonum_tech
 
 	* benchmark/bmx_temp.rb: add an benchmark for simple
 	  Float calculation.
@@ -13008,7 +13008,7 @@ Thu Jun  7 15:53:03 2012  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 
 	* .gdbinit: add function `trace_machine_instructions' to trace
 	  in native machine assemble.
-	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
+	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
 	  for more details.
 
 Wed Jun  6 21:31:21 2012  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
@@ -14711,7 +14711,7 @@ Fri Apr 27 01:45:05 2012  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
 	  (22) main thread waits at gvl_yield:112 (native_cond_wait)
 	  As described above, the main thread can't escape from
 	  rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts_common.
-	  See extended memo: http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/R35480_ExtendedMemo
+	  See extended memo: http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/R35480_ExtendedMemo
 
 Fri Apr 27 07:15:07 2012  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
index f80b2d6bd1..5b670b31c9 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
@@ -2948,7 +2948,7 @@ Tue Nov  5 03:31:23 2013  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	  Young objects will be promoted to old objects after one GC.
 	  Old objects are not collect until major (full) GC.
 
-	  The issue of this approach is some objects can promoted as old
+	  The issue of this approach is some objects can promote as old
 	  objects accidentally and not freed until major GC.
 	  Major GC is not frequently so short-lived but accidentally becoming
 	  old objects are not freed.
@@ -3596,7 +3596,7 @@ Tue Oct 22 19:19:05 2013  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	    maintains all pages.
 	    For example, pages are allocated from the heap_pages.
 
-	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/GC_design
+	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/GC_design
 	  and https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/attachments/4015/data-heap_structure_with_multiple_heaps.png
 	  for more details.
 
@@ -8612,7 +8612,7 @@ Wed Jul 17 14:31:13 2013  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	  (4) heap::sorted is an array of "slots", sorted by an address of
 	      slot::body.
 
-	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/GC_design
+	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/GC_design
 	  for more details (figure).
 
 	* gc.c: Avoid "heaps" terminology. It is ambiguous.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f3c4e672a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0
@@ -0,0 +1,12187 @@
+Thu Dec 24 23:01:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* NEWS: added entry for CGI.escapeHTML optimization.
+
+Thu Dec 24 18:43:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (rb_compile_error_with_enc, rb_compile_error),
+	  (rb_compile_bug): deprecate internal functions.
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yyerror): construct exception message with
+	  source code and caret.
+
+Thu Dec 24 17:25:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (append_compile_error), parse.y (compile_error):
+	  preserve encoding of source file name in exceptions.
+
+	* error.c (rb_compile_error_str, rb_compile_bug_str): add.
+
+Thu Dec 24 16:17:47 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (fake.rb): $(arch)-fake.rb must depend on miniruby because
+	  it may depend on miniruby.
+
+Thu Dec 24 16:13:05 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (ripper.c): r50045 wrongly replace $(PWD) with ../..
+	  It is the top of build directory, not topsrcdir.
+
+Thu Dec 24 15:02:42 2015  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): Refactor. Avoid assigning in condition.
+
+Thu Dec 24 15:01:38 2015  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* tool/file2lastrev.rb: Fix ArgumentError to work on Ruby 1.8.7.
+
+Thu Dec 24 14:44:08 2015  sorah (Shota Fukumori)  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): Enable on Ruby 1.9 where chdir option is not
+	  supported on IO.popen
+
+	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): Fix NoMethodError. I guess r49705 was not
+	  tested... :/
+
+Thu Dec 24 14:57:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* NEWS: rename
+	  "Implementation changes" section to
+	  "Supported platform changes" section.
+
+	* NEWS: add "Implementation improvements" and add several entries.
+
+	* NEWS: add NEWS entries by Eric Wong. [ruby-core:72450]
+
+Thu Dec 24 00:26:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/extconf.rb: fix gem build failure on Windows.
+	  only win32_vk.inc is included in the gem and no dependencies for
+	  the header, so that gperf will not be mandatory.
+	  [ruby-core:72453] [Bug #11866]
+
+	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: include depend file and
+	  win32_vk header.
+
+Wed Dec 23 23:58:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_readwrite_syserr_fail): works with the given errno than
+	  thread local errno.
+
+Wed Dec 23 17:57:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c, io.c, util.c: prefer rb_syserr_fail with saved errno
+	  over setting errno then call rb_sys_fail, not to be clobbered
+	  potentially and to reduce thread local errno accesses.
+
+Wed Dec 23 11:58:52 2015  Yuichiro Kaneko  <yui-knk@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c: Fix document. Default value of the first
+	  argument of `String#split` is not `$;` but `nil`.
+	  When `nil` is passed as first argument, `$;` is used.
+	  [ci skip] [Bug #11729] [ruby-dev:49378]
+
+Wed Dec 23 07:15:17 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_init_sock): reject reserved FDs
+	  [ruby-core:72445] [Bug #11862]
+
+Wed Dec 23 02:59:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__): necessary to use memset_s
+	  in strict C99 mode.
+
+Wed Dec 23 02:34:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* regexec.c (match_at): move direct threaded VM code to get rid of
+	  mixed declarations and code, and enable it only for gcc since it
+	  depends on a gcc extension.
+
+Wed Dec 23 02:23:19 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0
+
+	* NEWS: Add news about the did_you_mean gem
+
+Wed Dec 23 02:18:57 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/contributing.rdoc: [DOC] remove an extra word "here".
+	  [Fix GH-1169]
+
+Wed Dec 23 01:58:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* regexec.c (USE_DIRECT_THREADED_VM): enable direct threaded VM by
+	  the default.
+
+Tue Dec 22 22:15:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (internal_object_p): should not expose singleton classes
+	  without a metaclass.  based on patches by ko1 and shugo.
+	  [Bug #11740]
+
+	* class.c (rb_singleton_class_object_p): added.
+
+Tue Dec 22 22:15:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: bump up to 0.4.4.
+
+Tue Dec 22 22:11:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Added news entry of Psych 2.0.17
+
+Tue Dec 22 22:09:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Added news entry of RDoc 4.2.1
+
+Tue Dec 22 21:20:00 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec: bump version to 1.2.8.
+
+Tue Dec 22 21:08:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc.rb: bump version to 4.2.1. It contains following fixes.
+	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/340
+	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/341
+	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/367
+	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/368
+	* lib/rdoc/*: ditto.
+	* test/rdoc/*: ditto.
+
+Tue Dec 22 20:25:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version to 2.0.17
+	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: ditto.
+
+Tue Dec 22 20:14:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: move vm_callee_setup_block_arg() (and related
+	  functions) to the latter location.
+	  This moving recovers performance a little.
+	  [Bug #11829]
+
+Tue Dec 22 15:21:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_compat_and_valid): as scrub does nothing for dummy
+	  encoding string now, incompatible encoding is not a matter.
+
+Tue Dec 22 14:31:28 2015  Toru Iwase  <tietew@tietew.net>
+
+	* ext/cgi/escape/escape.c (optimized_escape_html): CGI.escapeHTML
+	  should return unfrozen new string.
+	  [ruby-core:72426] [Bug #11858]
+
+Tue Dec 22 05:39:58 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/cgi/escape/escape.c (preserve_original_state): Preserve
+	  original state for tainted and frozen.  [Fix GH-1166]
+	  [ruby-dev:49451] [Bug #11855]
+
+Tue Dec 22 03:57:20 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_init_sock): check FD after validating
+	* test/socket/test_basicsocket.rb (test_for_fd): new
+	  [ruby-core:72418] [Bug #11854]
+
+Mon Dec 21 21:29:45 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* variable.c (struct ivar_update): rename "extended" to "iv_extended"
+	  to avoid name conflict with /usr/include/floatingpoint.h on
+	  Solaris. [Bug #11853] [ruby-dev:49448]
+
+Mon Dec 21 12:15:32 2015  Kimura Wataru  <kimuraw@i.nifty.jp>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: handled rlimit value same as r52277
+	  [Bug #11852][ruby-dev:49446]
+
+Mon Dec 21 10:21:22 2015  Ilya Vassilevsky <vassilevsky@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (open_timeout): update default value in RDoc
+	  [ruby-core:72413]
+
+Mon Dec 21 10:18:46 2015  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
+
+	* vm_backtrace.c (rb_profile_frames): ignore ifunc frames as it
+	  did before.  [ruby-core:72409] [Bug #11851]
+
+Mon Dec 21 09:33:17 2015  Karol Bucek  <kares@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket): fix
+	  NotImplementedError typo.  [Fix GH-1165]
+
+Sun Dec 20 20:54:51 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+
+	* cgi/escape/escape.c: Optimize CGI.escapeHTML for
+	  ASCII-compatible encodings.  [Fix GH-1164]
+
+Sun Dec 20 15:36:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb: revert r53123. It breaks compatibility like thor and
+	  rspec-rails.
+	  We should try with Ruby 2.4 or 3.0.
+	  [Bug #11842][ruby-core:72374]
+	* lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb: ditto.
+	* template/verconf.h.tmpl: ditto.
+
+Sun Dec 20 11:43:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): allow here documents in labeled
+	  argument.  [ruby-core:72396] [Bug #11849]
+
+Sun Dec 20 11:14:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): should check Symbol or not.
+	  [Bug #11850]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test.
+
+Sun Dec 20 11:01:57 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): fix notation.
+
+Sun Dec 20 10:54:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_new): fix notation.
+
+Sun Dec 20 00:29:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_proc_get_iseq): proc made from symbol does not have
+	  iseq.  fix infinite loop.  [ruby-core:72381] [Bug #11845]
+
+Sat Dec 19 20:06:10 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* enc/windows_1250.c: Should not use C++ style comments (C99 feature).
+	  [Bug #11843]
+
+Sat Dec 19 17:17:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#initialize):
+	  use WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler::Thread, which is ignored by
+	  LeakChecker#find_threads, instead of ::Thread to get rid of
+	  thread leak checker.  since this TimeoutHandler is resident
+	  during tests because of Singleton, it waits for the next timeout
+	  if it has any schedules.  in the case of nested timeouts, inner
+	  timeout does not cancel outer timeouts and then those schedules
+	  still remain.
+
+Sat Dec 19 14:28:01 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (Init_zlib): [DOC] Fix double-word typo and
+	  grammatical error.  [Fix GH-1162]
+
+Sat Dec 19 14:23:59 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/csv.rb (CSV#initialize): [DOC] Fix double-word typo.
+	  [Fix GH-1161]
+
+Sat Dec 19 10:33:33 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* enc/iso_8859_2.c, enc/windows_1250.c: separate Windows-1250
+	  from ISO-8859-2 to fix 0x80..0x9e range (from Kimihito Matsui)
+
+Fri Dec 18 21:26:54 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler): To prevent
+	  potential deadlocks, Queue is used to tell update of @timeout_info
+	  instead of sleep and wakeup. [Bug #11742] [ruby-dev:49387]
+
+Fri Dec 18 17:24:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (ibf_load_object_string): use fstring if frozen string.
+
+Fri Dec 18 16:54:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_set_encoding): add StringIO's own
+	  encoding and separate it from the buffer string to override the
+	  encoding of string when reading.  [ruby-core:72189] [Bug #11827]
+	  note that setting the encoding of its buffer string directly
+	  without StringIO#set_encoding may cause unpredictable behavior.
+
+Fri Dec 18 16:50:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (ibf_load_setup): check tainted string argument.
+
+Fri Dec 18 16:12:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: define USE_LAZY_LOAD if it is not defined.
+
+Fri Dec 18 15:40:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_unget_bytes): extract from
+	  strio_ungetbyte to share with strio_ungetc.
+
+Fri Dec 18 12:39:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/*.rdoc: separated modifier at sentence.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1121] Patch by @clandry94
+
+Fri Dec 18 12:09:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_ungetbyte): pad with \000 when
+	  the current position is after the end.
+
+Fri Dec 18 11:24:48 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_make, check_override_opt_method):
+	  should check whether a newly created method overrides an optimize
+	  method in case the method is defined in a prepended module of a
+	  built-in class.
+	  [ruby-core:72226] [Bug #11836]
+
+Fri Dec 18 11:09:38 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_exec): call RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK instead of
+	  RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK.
+
+Fri Dec 18 10:24:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb: fixed parse error for striped heredocument syntax.
+	  [fix GH-1127] Patch by @koic
+
+Fri Dec 18 09:44:47 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c: fix double words typo.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1157] Patch by @jwworth
+
+Fri Dec 18 09:42:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c: fix a typo.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1159] Patch by @akshay-vishnoi
+	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.h: ditto.
+
+Fri Dec 18 07:39:01 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_check_redefinition_opt_method): should check the real
+	  class instead of the origin iclass.
+	  [ruby-core:72188] [Bug #11826]
+
+Thu Dec 17 22:13:10 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_args.c (vm_caller_setup_arg_block): remove code for ifunc
+	  because it was made unnecessary by r52138.
+
+Thu Dec 17 16:13:10 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_block_arity): should not call GetProcPtr() for symbols.
+	  [ruby-core:72205] [Bug #11830]
+
+Thu Dec 17 14:16:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_scrub): the result should be infected by the
+	  original string.
+
+Thu Dec 17 13:35:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (rb_econv_substr_append, econv_primitive_convert):
+	  the result should be infected by the original string.
+
+Thu Dec 17 09:46:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (reg_names_iter): should consider encoding of regexp.
+	  [ruby-core:72185] [Bug #11825]
+
+Thu Dec 17 03:52:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): should not compare with Qfalse and FALSE.
+	  Pointed at http://d.hatena.ne.jp/nagachika/20151216/ruby_trunk_changes_53128_53163
+
+Thu Dec 17 03:15:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method_each_type): should not set fastpath
+	  with keyword arguments for VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET type methods.
+
+	  Normally, we can not use keyword arguments for this kind of methods,
+	  (obj.foo = 1), but we can set alias names for them.
+	  [Bug #11657]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_keyword.rb: add a test for this fix.
+
+Wed Dec 16 20:32:43 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/handle.c: check tainted string arguments.
+	  Patch provided by tenderlove and nobu.
+
+	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb (class TestHandle): add test for above.
+
+
+Wed Dec 16 19:30:56 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_make_proc_from_block): should convert a Symbol to a Proc.
+	  [ruby-core:72083] [Bug #11811]
+
+Wed Dec 16 16:17:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: fix spelling errors
+
+Wed Dec 16 16:04:49 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* NEWS: note IO#advise change [ruby-core:72168]
+
+Wed Dec 16 15:35:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c: fix mark miss for proc given as passed block.
+	  [Bug #11750]
+
+	* vm.c (vm_make_proc_from_block): should return a Proc object
+	  if block is given. Previous implementation returns
+	  a Proc object only when corresponding Proc object is not
+	  available.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_proc.rb: add a test for this bug.
+
+Wed Dec 16 12:24:59 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* test_struct.rb: Test that initialize is overridable [#11708]
+
+Wed Dec 16 10:49:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (block_command, block_call): fix `&.` calls after
+	  block_call.  [Feature #11537]
+
+Wed Dec 16 00:53:45 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler): Acquire
+	  TimeoutMutex only when accessing @timeout_info for avoiding
+	  potential deadlock. [Bug #11742] [ruby-dev:49387]
+
+Wed Dec 16 00:39:27 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/extension.rdoc: [DOC] fix double-word typo.  [Fix GH-1153]
+
+Wed Dec 16 00:25:41 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#initialize):
+	  TimeoutMutex should be acquired when accessing @timeout_info.
+	  To avoid deadlock, interrupt() calls are delayed.
+	  Due to the mutex, it is safe to treat ary without ary.dup.
+	  [Bug #11742] [ruby-dev:49387]
+
+Tue Dec 15 23:13:10 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c: Delete excess semicolon after RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION().
+	  Suppress "syntax error:  empty declaration" warnings by
+	  Oracle Solaris Studio 12.x on Solaris. [Bug #11821]
+
+	* hash.c: ditto, after NOINSERT_UPDATE_CALLBACK().
+
+Tue Dec 15 18:04:04 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* NEWS: added news about EBCDIC encoding
+
+Tue Dec 15 17:57:57 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* enc/ebcdic.h, enc/trans/ebcdic.trans,
+	  test/ruby/test_transcode.rb: Fixed encoding name
+	  to the correct one in the IANA registry (IBM037)
+	  and added an alias (ebcdic-cp-us)
+
+Tue Dec 15 16:19:26 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb: Render erb with array buffer for function call optimization.
+	  [fix GH-1143]
+	* lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb: ditto.
+	* template/verconf.h.tmpl: ditto.
+
+Tue Dec 15 13:50:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_oct): [DOC] mention radix indicators.
+	  [ruby-core:71310] [Bug #11648]
+
+Tue Dec 15 12:20:30 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb: Simplify regexp to optimize erb scanner.
+	  [fix GH-1144]
+
+Tue Dec 15 11:56:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/common.rb: make code block for rdoc.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1152] Patch by @Tonkpils
+
+Tue Dec 15 11:55:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: fix a typo.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1149] Patch by @crismali
+
+Tue Dec 15 09:14:14 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* tool/transcode_tablegen.rb: detailed documentation
+	  for transcode_tblgen function [ci skip]
+
+Mon Dec 14 22:11:11 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* enc/ebcdic.h: new dummy encoding EBCDIC-US
+	* enc/trans/ebcdic.trans: transcodings between EBCDIC-US
+	  and iso-8859-1 [with code from Andrea Ribuoli]
+	* test/ruby/test_transcode.rb: tests for above
+	* tool/transcode_tablegen.rb: additional argument for
+	  method transcode_tblgen
+
+Mon Dec 14 17:04:14 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb: use safe navigation operator.
+	  [fix GH-1142] Patch by @mlarraz
+	* lib/drb/extservm.rb: ditto.
+	* lib/net/http.rb: ditto.
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb: ditto.
+	* lib/scanf.rb: ditto.
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb: ditto.
+
+Mon Dec 14 17:03:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bootstraptest/runner.rb: use safe navigation operator.
+	  [fix GH-1142] Patch by @mlarraz
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: ditto.
+	* test/ruby/test_econv.rb: ditto.
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: ditto.
+	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: ditto.
+
+Mon Dec 14 14:33:35 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc.rb: added documentation for parser details.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1124] Patch by @jrafanie
+
+Mon Dec 14 11:46:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c: fix a typo in documentation.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
+	* io.c: ditto.
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+	* numeric.c: ditto.
+	* process.c: ditto.
+	* string.c: ditto.
+	* vm_trace.c: ditto.
+
+Mon Dec 14 11:41:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb: fix a typo in documentation.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
+
+Mon Dec 14 11:31:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c: fix typos.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
+	* dir.c: ditto.
+	* gc.c: ditto.
+	* io.c: ditto.
+	* node.h: ditto.
+	* thread_pthread.c: ditto.
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+	* vsnprintf.c: ditto.
+
+Mon Dec 14 11:27:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/iso_2022_jp.h: fix typos.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
+	* enc/utf_16_32.h: ditto.
+	* enc/utf_7.h: ditto.
+
+Mon Dec 14 11:25:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb: fix typos.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1140] Patch by @jutaz
+	* benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pipe.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun Dec 13 23:46:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (trace_lex_state): trace lex_state changes if yydebug is
+	  set, and send the messages to rb_stdout.
+
+	* parse.y (rb_parser_printf): store YYPRINTF messages per lines
+	  so that lex_state traces do not mix.
+
+	* tool/ytab.sed: add parser argument to yy_stack_print too.
+
+Sun Dec 13 20:41:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (build_lex_state_name, trace_lex_state): lex_state is
+	  now bit flags and can be set 2 bits or more.
+
+Sun Dec 13 20:26:30 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_syntax.rb: fix typo in test
+
+Sun Dec 13 20:12:14 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
+
+	* parse.y (parse_percent): Allow %-literals in labeled arg as
+	  r51624 did for parentheses.
+	  Fixes [ruby-core:72084] [Bug #11812].
+
+Sun Dec 13 20:02:15 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: fix a typo
+
+Sun Dec 13 19:54:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/envutil.rb: move envutil's assertions under Test::Unit::Assertion.
+	* test/lib/test/unit/assertions.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun Dec 13 19:24:20 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
+
+	* parse.y (lex_state_name): Make it return the correct names.
+	  Add new names to follow r51617; Indices ffs(2) returns are 1-origin.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:40:45 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
+
+	* parse.y: debug output of lex_state transition if PARSER_DEBUG
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:49:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (parse_mode_enc): preserve encoding of mode string in
+	  warnings.
+
+	* io.c (io_encname_bom_p): check BOM prefix only, not including
+	  UTF prefix.
+
+	* io.c (parse_mode_enc): warn BOM with non-UTF encoding.
+
+	* io.c (parse_mode_enc): fix buffer overflow.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:35:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/function.c (initialize): check all arguments first.
+	  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
+
+	* ext/fiddle/conversions.h (PTR2NUM): use signed integer to make
+	  Fixnum for negative values.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:33:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* pack.c (pack_pack): always check index range against the
+	  receiver array length, which can be shortened by elements
+	  conversion.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:28:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/psych_emitter.c (start_document): should not exceed
+	  tags array range.
+
+	* ext/psych/psych_emitter.c (start_document): ensure string before
+	  encoding conversion.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:26:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (tk_hash_kv): check types of array
+	  argument.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (cbsubst_table_setup): check length of
+	  argument arrays for each access, as callback methods can modify
+	  them.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco Talos.
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (cbsubst_table_setup): check types of
+	  argument elements.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of Cisco
+	  Talos.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:19:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_vstr2wc): check argument type, vstr
+	  must be a String here.  reported by Marcin 'Icewall' Noga of
+	  Cisco Talos.
+
+Sun Dec 13 16:41:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (BOOTSTRAPRUBY): make BASERUBY full path before
+	  building ruby to get rid of unexpectedly invoking built ruby.
+	  [ruby-core:72065] [Bug #11807]
+
+	* configure.in (BOOTSTRAPRUBY): use MINIRUBY but not BASERUBY
+	  unless cross compiling.  [ruby-core:72065] [Bug #11807]
+
+Sun Dec 13 14:17:19 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* test/test_shellwords.rb (TestShellwords): Add many more tests
+	  for handling whitespace characters and frozenness.
+
+Sun Dec 13 14:16:09 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb (Shellwords#shellsplit): Document that this
+	  method does not treat shell metacharacters as such.
+
+Sun Dec 13 12:17:43 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb (shellescape): duplicate frozen literal
+	* test/test_shellwords.rb (test_stringification): new test
+
+Sun Dec 13 11:47:35 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_inspect): check the default internal encoding as
+	  String#inspect do.
+	  [ruby-dev:49415] [Bug #11787]
+
+Sun Dec 13 11:38:12 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: Turn on frozen-string-literal after fixing
+	  shellsplit.
+
+Sun Dec 13 10:44:44 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* KNOWNBUGS.rb: Fixed typo, made more explicit [ci skip]
+
+Sun Dec 13 10:26:47 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ssl_npn_select_cb_common): fix parsing
+	  protocol list.
+	  The protocol list from OpenSSL is not null-terminated.
+	  patched by Kazuki Yamaguchi [Bug #11810] [ruby-core:72082]
+
+Sun Dec 13 06:40:30 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/ostruct.rb: Have OpenStruct#dig raise if argument is not a
+	  symbol
+	  nor a string. See [#11762]
+
+Sun Dec 13 00:05:42 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method_missing): method_missing should
+	  not be refined.
+	  [ruby-core:72080] [Bug #11809]
+
+Sat Dec 12 23:00:17 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c: Merge nkf 2.1.4.
+
+Sat Dec 12 18:52:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): raise TypeError if an element does not
+	  have #dig method.  [ruby-core:71798] [Bug #11762]
+
+Sat Dec 12 17:59:07 2015  Yuichiro Kaneko  <yui-knk@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_regexp.rb: Add test cases for `$KCODE` and `$=` warning
+	  [Misc #11770][ruby-dev:49398]
+
+Sat Dec 12 17:11:57 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/NEWS-0.2.2: add description about incompatible change in Hash
+	  duplicated key overriding policy. [Bug #10315] [Bug #11501]
+
+Sat Dec 12 07:44:38 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (do_io_advise): do not raise on ENOSYS
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb (test_advise): do not skip on Errno::ENOSYS
+	  (test_advise_pipe): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:72066] [Feature #11806]
+
+Sat Dec 12 07:05:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/windows_1252.c: separate from ISO-8859-1 to fix 0x80..0x9e
+	  range.  [ruby-core:64049] [Bug #10097]
+
+Fri Dec 11 23:33:40 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sample/trick2015/: added the award-winning entries of TRICK 2015.
+	  See https://github.com/tric/trick2015 for the contest outline.
+
+Fri Dec 11 17:59:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* insns.def (opt_case_dispatch): avoid converting Infinity
+	* test/ruby/test_optimization.rb (test_opt_case_dispatch_inf): new
+	  [ruby-dev:49423] [Bug #11804]'
+
+Fri Dec 11 16:48:57 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_num_hash_start): avoid pathological behavior
+	  [ruby-core:72028] [Feature #11405]
+
+Fri Dec 11 11:58:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Mentioned rubygems-2.5.1
+
+Fri Dec 11 11:52:39 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.1
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Fri Dec 11 11:38:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each, ibf_load_object_hash): rehash
+	  case-dispatch hash to reduce collisions.
+	  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/ku-ma-me/20151210
+
+Fri Dec 11 03:44:43 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_inspect): dump inspected result with rb_str_escape()
+	  instead of raising Encoding::CompatibilityError. [Feature #11801]
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_escape): added to dump given string like
+	  rb_str_inspect without quotes and always dump in US-ASCII
+	  like rb_str_dump.
+
+Thu Dec 10 14:59:59 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb (test_expand_heap): relax condition (1->2).
+
+Thu Dec 10 14:15:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* cont.c: fix a double word typo.
+	  [Bug #11313][ruby-core:69749]
+
+Thu Dec 10 14:13:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb: fix typos.
+	  [Bug #11764][ruby-core:71800]
+
+Thu Dec 10 11:33:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): reduce needless rb_str_dup
+	  [ruby-core:72018] <5668DB6E.8000101@ruby-lang.org>
+
+Thu Dec 10 09:32:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb, lib/shellwords.rb: disable frozen-string-literal.
+	  [ruby-core:72011] [Bug #11800]
+
+Thu Dec 10 06:33:39 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (memsize_dump_arg): remove NULL check
+	  (memsize_load_arg): ditto
+
+Thu Dec 10 05:53:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/mkconfig.rb: rbconfig must not be frozen-string-literal to
+	  expand CONFIG hash.  [ruby-core:72006] [Bug #11798]
+
+Thu Dec 10 05:03:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ifaddr.c (ifaddr_mark): remove empty function
+	  (ifaddr_type): pass zero to rb_data_type_t.function.dmark
+
+Thu Dec 10 04:49:16 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* proc.c (bm_free): remove, use default free
+	  (method_data_type): use RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
+
+Thu Dec 10 02:01:41 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): do not add debug information
+	  without --debug or --debug=frozen-string-literal option
+	  because String#dup slows down with debug information.
+	  [Feature #11725]
+
+	* NEWS: apply about it.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: catch up this fix with refactoring.
+
+Thu Dec 10 00:06:56 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c: rename methods
+	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_binary_format -> #to_binary
+	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format -> .load_from_binary
+	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format_extra_data ->
+	                             .load_from_binary_extra_data
+
+	* iseq.c: fix document of iseq.to_binary.
+	  [Fix GH-1134]
+
+	* sample/iseq_loader.rb: catch up this change.
+
+	* test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb: ditto.
+
+Wed Dec  9 17:02:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* regparse.h (SET_NTYPE): get rid of breaking strict aliasing.
+	  patch by Zarko Todorovski in [ruby-core:71953].  [Bug #11790]
+
+Wed Dec  9 16:10:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_cref_in_context): Module#define_method in non-class
+	  expression should be public.
+	  [Bug #11754]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test.
+
+Wed Dec  9 14:45:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_stacked_objects): fix typo.
+	  reported by XIE Zhibang. [Bug #11763]
+
+Wed Dec  9 14:37:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc: remove outdated description.
+
+Wed Dec  9 09:58:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/**/*.c (*_memsize): same as r52986 for extensions.
+
+Wed Dec  9 09:46:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* .gitignore: ignored ISeq binary format.
+
+Wed Dec  9 09:34:41 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* *.c (*_memsize): do not check ptr.
+	  NULL checking is finished Before call of memsize functions.
+	  See r52979.
+
+Wed Dec  9 09:25:29 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/net/smtp/test_response.rb: use Test::Unit. We should use Test::Unit
+	  without rubygems and rdoc.
+
+Wed Dec  9 06:26:23 2015  Colin Kelley <colindkelley@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb: enable frozen_string_literal
+	  (split_userinfo): remove explicit .freeze for string literals
+	  (check_path): ditto
+	  (query): ditto
+	  (fragment): ditto
+	  (to_s): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:71910] [Bug #11759]
+
+Wed Dec  9 06:25:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/uri/test_generic.rb (to_s): new test
+	  [ruby-core:71820]
+
+Wed Dec  9 02:18:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (ibf_dump_memsize): should check NULL.
+
+Wed Dec  9 01:46:35 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_init): now accepts new option parameter `encoding'.
+	  [Feature #11785]
+
+Wed Dec  9 00:52:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_stat_wr, rb_stat_ww): call get_stat only once and
+	  reduce checking struct.  patch by Yuki Kurihara in
+	  [ruby-core:71949].  [Misc #11789]
+
+Wed Dec  9 00:24:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_ibf_dump): dump extra data just string length.
+
+	* sample/iseq_loader.rb: add using
+	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format_extra_data method
+	  (commented out).
+
+Mon Dec  9 00:21:19 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0.rc1
+
+Wed Dec  9 00:17:49 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (ibf_load_setup): cast to int.
+
+Wed Dec  9 00:13:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (ibf_setup_load): rename to ibf_load_setup().
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_load_setup): check binary format.
+
+Tue Dec  8 23:30:07 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/io/console/test_io_console.rb (run_pty): Avoid waiting twice
+	  for a process. Fix Errno::ECHILD in TestIO_Console#test_close and
+	  TestIO_Console#test_sync.
+
+Tue Dec  8 23:05:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_ibf_dump): fix for clang type checker.
+
+Tue Dec  8 23:04:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_s_load): fix mysterious bug.
+
+Tue Dec  8 22:31:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* introduce new ISeq binary format serializer/de-serializer
+	  and a pre-compilation/runtime loader sample.
+	  [Feature #11788]
+
+	* iseq.c: add new methods:
+	  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_binary_format(extra_data = nil)
+	  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format(binary)
+	  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence.from_binary_format_extra_data(binary)
+
+	* compile.c: implement body of this new feature.
+
+	* load.c (rb_load_internal0), iseq.c (rb_iseq_load_iseq):
+	  call RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_iseq(fname) with
+	  loading script name if this method is defined.
+
+	  We can return any ISeq object as a result value.
+	  Otherwise loading will be continue as usual.
+
+	  This interface is not matured and is not extensible.
+	  So that we don't guarantee the future compatibility of this method.
+	  Basically, you shouldn't use this method.
+
+	* iseq.h: move ISEQ_MAJOR/MINOR_VERSION (and some definitions)
+	  from iseq.c.
+
+	* encoding.c (rb_data_is_encoding), internal.h: added.
+
+	* vm_core.h: add several supports for lazy load.
+	  * add USE_LAZY_LOAD macro to specify enable or disable of
+	    this feature.
+	  * add several fields to rb_iseq_t.
+	  * introduce new macro rb_iseq_check().
+
+	* insns.def: some check for lazy loading feature.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* proc.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm.c: ditto.
+
+	* test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb: enabled iff suitable
+	  environment variables are provided.
+
+	* test/runner.rb: enable lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb.
+
+	* sample/iseq_loader.rb: add sample compiler and loader.
+
+	    $ ruby sample/iseq_loader.rb [dir]
+
+	  will compile all ruby scripts in [dir].
+	  With default setting, this compile creates *.rb.yarb files
+	  in same directory of target .rb scripts.
+
+	    $ ruby -r sample/iseq_loader.rb [app]
+
+	  will run with enable to load compiled binary data.
+
+Tue Dec  8 21:21:16 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* NEWS: mention about Enumerator::Lazy#grep_v.
+	  [ruby-core:71845] [Feature #11773]
+
+Tue Dec  8 17:36:36 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* string.c: removed unused variable
+
+Tue Dec  8 16:23:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (lazy_grep_v): add Enumerator::Lazy#grep_v as well
+	  as Enumerable, to enumerate lazily.
+	  [ruby-core:71845] [Feature #11773]
+
+Tue Dec  8 14:27:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (name_err_local_variables): new method
+	  NameError#local_variables for internal use only.
+	  [Feature #11777]
+
+Tue Dec  8 14:20:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_objivar): skip internal instance variables in
+	  T_OBJECT too.
+
+Tue Dec  8 12:58:04 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/io/console/test_io_console.rb (test_getpass): s.getpass
+	  should be tested. Narrow ensure block. This reverts r52911.
+	  [Bug #11780] [ruby-dev:49412]
+
+Tue Dec  8 10:40:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb: new benchmark
+	* compile.c (case_when_optimizable_literal): add nil/true/false
+	* insns.def (opt_case_dispatch): ditto
+	* vm.c (vm_redefinition_check_flag): ditto
+	* vm.c (vm_init_redefined_flag): ditto
+	* vm_core.h: ditto
+	* object.c (InitVM_Object): define === explicitly for nil/true/false
+	* test/ruby/test_case.rb (test_deoptimize_nil): new test
+	* test/ruby/test_optimization.rb (test_opt_case_dispatch): update
+	  (test_eqq): new test
+	  [ruby-core:71923] [Feature #11769]
+	  Original patch by Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+Tue Dec  8 10:19:02 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb: fix double word typo in the document.
+	  [Misc #10608] [Fix GH-1126]
+
+Tue Dec  8 09:03:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/date/date_core.c (d_lite_lshift): should check the argument
+	  before negation.
+
+Tue Dec  8 08:56:16 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* insns.def (opt_case_dispatch): check Float#=== redefinition
+	* test/ruby/test_optimization.rb (test_opt_case_dispatch): new
+	  [ruby-core:71920] [Bug #11784]
+
+Tue Dec  8 03:56:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb: add iseq dumper/loader checker.
+	  If you enable this checker (remove `#' in test/runner.rb),
+	  you can see comparison results between an original iseq disassembed
+	  result and dumped and loaded iseq disassembed result.
+
+	  There are several bugs around there, because of inexact stack depth
+	  calculation. Now, I leave these bugs because they are not critical
+	  and difficult to solve completely.
+
+	* test/runner.rb: require test/lib/iseq_loader_checker.rb but
+	  disabled at default (commented out).
+
+Tue Dec  8 03:45:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* doc/extension.rdoc: warn about kwargs performance in C
+	  [Feature #11339] [ci skip]
+
+Tue Dec  8 03:44:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_load): disable peephole optimization option
+	  because apply it multiple times change the sequence.
+	  (iseq != peephole_optimize(load(iseq.to_a)))
+
+Tue Dec  8 03:43:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (rb_iseq_build_from_ary): do not allocate table
+	  if table_size is 0.
+
+Tue Dec  8 03:30:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/unixsocket.c (unix_send_io): document args
+	  (unix_recv_io): ditto
+	* test/socket/test_unix.rb (test_fd_passing_class_mode): added
+
+Tue Dec 08 02:21:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_translate): at the end of constructing an iseq,
+	  call RubyVM::InstructionSequence.translate(iseq) if this method
+	  is defined. If the return value is also an object of
+	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence, then use it instead of created one.
+
+	  For example, this method is useful to test iseq dumper/loader
+	  such as RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_a and rb_iseq_load().
+
+	  Because this method is for such internal experimental usage,
+	  the interface is not matured. For example, this interface has
+	  no extensibility. Two or more translators can not run
+	  simultaneously.
+
+	  So that we don't guarantee future compatibility of this method.
+	  Basically, do not use this method.
+
+Tue Dec  8 01:57:13 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/*: update psych to 2.0.16
+	* test/psych/*: ditto
+
+Mon Dec  7 23:45:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* string.c: introduce String#+@ and String#-@ to control
+	  String mutability.
+	  [Feature #11782]
+
+Mon Dec  7 23:39:49 2015  Ben Miller  <bjmllr@gmail.com>
+
+	* parse.y: add heredoc <<~ syntax.  [Feature #9098]
+
+Mon Dec  7 23:06:16 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* prelude.rb (IO#read_nonblock): [DOC] add missing options to
+	  call-seq.  [ruby-core:71627] [Bug #11730]
+
+Mon Dec  7 15:50:50 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* .gitignore: added cygruby*.def for Cygwin
+
+Sun Dec  6 19:52:31 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_autoload): deprecate
+	* internal.h (rb_autoload_str): declare
+	* load.c (rb_mod_autoload): use rb_autoload_str
+	* variable.c (rb_autoload): become compatibility wrapper
+	  (rb_autoload_str): hoisted out from old rb_autoload
+	  [ruby-core:71369] [Feature #11664]
+
+Sun Dec  6 18:25:22 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/webrick/test_cgi.rb (TestWEBrickCGI#test_cgi): gave up the test
+	  of binary path info test on Windows because the test had passed
+	  occasionally as the comment said.
+
+Sun Dec  6 15:25:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_getpass): add IO#getpass
+	  method.
+
+Sun Dec  6 08:39:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/json/json.gemspec: bump version to json 1.8.3. CRuby already contained
+	  upstream changes.
+
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/4d059bf9f5f10f3d3088de49fc87e5555db7770d
+	  https://github.com/flori/json/commit/d4c99de78905d96c3f301f48b2c789943bb3f098
+
+	* ext/json/lib/json/version.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Dec  5 17:48:25 2015  Lars Kanis  <lars@greiz-reinsdorf.de>
+
+	* tool/fake.rb: Fix cross build when srcdir is an absolute path.
+
+	* Makefile.in: PREP dependency is needed when cross build too, not
+	  "-r$(arch)-fake" to be  used before created.  [Fix GH-1125]
+
+Sat Dec  5 17:26:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (env_str_new, env_path_str_new): make default string
+	  UTF-8 for the case conversion is not possible.  [Bug #8822]
+
+	* hash.c (get_env_cstr): convert non-ASCII string to UTF-8 string.
+
+	* hash.c (ruby_setenv): use wide char version to put environment
+	  variable to deal with non-ASCII value.
+
+Sat Dec  5 09:56:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_CAS): old value to be swapped should be
+	  same as the destination.  immediate value may need type
+	  promotion.
+
+	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS): fix the argument order of
+	  InterlockedCompareExchange64.  new value and then old value is
+	  the last.
+
+Sat Dec  5 09:23:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_seed): fix the size to be filled, not the
+	  size of element, but the whole size of array.
+
+Sat Dec  5 06:03:54 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* vm.c (ruby_vm_verbose_ptr): make static
+	  (ruby_vm_debug_ptr): ditto
+
+Sat Dec  5 00:56:29 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (RB_OBJ_TAINT): follow-up of r52881.
+	  Turn into void expression not to use unexpected result.
+	  Fix "operands have incompatible types" error with
+	  Oracle Solaris Studio 12.x on Solaris.
+
+Fri Dec  4 19:52:52 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* enc/iso_8859_13.c: Added three missing lower/upper-case
+	  character pairs (from Kimihito Matsui)
+
+Fri Dec  4 18:57:57 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* enc/iso_8859_4.c: Added missing lower/upper-case character
+	  pair (U+014A and U+014B, LATIN CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER ENG)
+	  (from Kimihito Matsui)
+
+Fri Dec  4 16:48:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_obj_as_string): fstring should not be infected.
+	  re-apply r52872 and fix a typo.
+	  TODO: other frozen strings also may not be.
+
+Fri Dec  4 15:21:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.0+ HEAD(fdab4c4).
+	  this version includes #1396, #1397, #1398, #1399
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Fri Dec  4 11:22:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): name must be ascii-compatible, as
+	  pthread APIs do not accept legacy wide char strings.
+
+Thu Dec  3 15:39:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/scanf.rb: fixed double words typo.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1123] Patch by @jwworth
+
+Thu Dec  3 15:37:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_mixed_unicode_escapes.rb: fixed typo.
+	  [fix GH-1122] Patch by @davydovanton
+	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: ditto.
+	* test/socket/test_tcp.rb: ditto.
+
+Thu Dec  3 15:33:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): fix wrong shifting position in
+	  Rational conversion when not at the beginning of the result.
+	  [ruby-core:71806] [Bug #11766]
+
+Thu Dec  3 14:22:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_to_s): should be infected by the receiver.
+	  str2 infects by appending.  [ruby-core:71811] [Bug #11767]
+
+Thu Dec  3 11:57:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: separate SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME, which can set
+	  the name of current thread only, and SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME,
+	  which can set the name of other threads.
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): use SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME.  OS X
+	  is not possible to set another thread name.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (native_set_thread_name, thread_timer): use
+	  SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME.
+
+Wed Dec 02 22:57:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h, iseq.h: remove rb_iseq_t::variable_body.
+	  Fields in rb_iseq_t::variable_body are contained by
+	  rb_iseq_t::body::mark_ary (hidden Array object).
+
+	  Index 0 to 2 of mark_ary are reserved by these objects.
+
+	* iseq.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* compile.c (rb_iseq_original_iseq): trivial rewrite.
+
+Wed Dec  2 17:19:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ() and
+	  ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_ALLOC() macro.
+
+	* compile.c: use them to access original iseq buffer.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_core.h: rename iseq field to support this fix.
+
+Wed Dec  2 17:10:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT() macro.
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): use it.
+
+	* vm_core.h: rename flip_cnt field to support this fix.
+
+Wed Dec  2 17:05:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_COVERAGE() and ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET() macro.
+
+	* compile.c: use them.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_coverage): added.
+
+	* thread.c (update_coverage): use rb_iseq_coverage().
+
+	* vm_core.h: rename coverage field name to support this fix.
+
+Wed Dec  2 17:00:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* encoding.c (enc_name, rb_enc_name_list_i, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i):
+	  make fstring instead of making each copies.
+
+Wed Dec  2 16:32:08 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.h: introduce ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA() macro.
+
+	* compile.c, iseq.c: use ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA().
+
+	* vm_core.h: rename compile_data field to support this fix.
+
+Wed Dec  2 16:27:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* encoding.c (enc_m_loader): defer finding encoding object not to
+	  be infected by marshal source.  [ruby-core:71793] [Bug #11760]
+
+	* marshal.c (r_object0): enable compatible loader on USERDEF
+	  class.  the loader function is called with the class itself,
+	  instead of an allocated object, and the loaded data.
+
+	* marshal.c (compat_allocator_table): initialize
+	  compat_allocator_tbl on demand.
+
+	* object.c (rb_undefined_alloc): extract from rb_obj_alloc.
+
+Wed Dec  2 15:12:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: Fixed double negative comments.
+	  [Bug #11698][ruby-core:71506]
+
+Wed Dec  2 14:55:01 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: removed non executing tests.
+	  [Misc #11757][ruby-dev:49397]
+
+Wed Dec  2 11:23:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/csv.rb: enable frozen_string_literal.
+	  [fix GH-1116] Patch by @marshall-lee
+
+Wed Dec  2 10:36:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: Fix double word typo.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1120] Patch by @jwworth
+
+Wed Dec  2 07:43:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (mSSLExtConfig): make static
+	  (eSSLError): ditto
+	  (ID_callback_state): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_ex_store_p): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx): ditto
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h: remove extern declarations for
+	  mSSLExtConfig and eSSLError
+
+Wed Dec  2 07:41:08 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* missing/explicit_bzero.c (explicit_bzero): fixup r52839
+	  for compilers with "weak" attribute
+
+Wed Dec  2 06:47:25 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: add ruby_explicit_bzero_hook_unused
+	  for preventing optimization. Inspired from OpenBSD.
+
+Tue Dec  1 23:36:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): allow to reset thread name.
+
+Tue Dec  1 23:14:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): check the argument if valid
+	  string.  [ruby-core:71774] [Bug #11756]
+
+Tue Dec  1 17:13:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_string_value_cstr): should not raise on frozen
+	  string.
+
+Tue Dec  1 09:35:29 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: add a few comment.
+
+Tue Dec  1 09:31:19 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: add disabling optimization on gcc.
+
+Tue Dec  1 07:50:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* missing/explicit_bzero.c: new file. define explicit_bzero.
+	  Fixup r52806
+
+Thu Oct 22 12:54:43 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (register_ubf_list): renamed from
+	  add_signal_thread_list.
+	* thread_pthread.c (unregister_ubf_list): renamed
+	  from remove_signal_thread_list.
+	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_wakeup_all_threads): renamed from
+	  ping_signal_thread_list.
+	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_wakeup_thread): renamed from
+	  ubf_select_each.
+	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_threads_empty): renamed from
+	  check_signal_thread_list().
+	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_list_lock): renamed from
+	  signal_thread_list_lock.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (register_ubf_list): large simplification
+	  by using ccan/list.h.
+	  bonus: removed malloc() and exit(EXIT_FAILURE).
+	* thread_pthread.c (unregister_ubf_list): ditto.
+	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_threads_empty): ditto.
+	* thread_pthread.c (ubf_wakeup_all_threads): ditto.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (print_signal_list): removed.
+
+Thu Oct 22 08:03:49 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_rand.rb (TestRand#test_default_seed): add
+	  srand case.
+
+Thu Oct 22 06:33:38 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (InitVM_Random): move Random::DEFAULT initialization
+	  bits to Init_Random_default.
+	* random.c (Init_Random_default): renamed from Init_RandomSeed2.
+	* random.c (Init_RandomSeedCore): renamed from Init_RandomSeed.
+
+Thu Oct 22 06:20:48 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (Init_RandomSeed): move all Random::DEFAULT
+	  construction bits to Init_RandomSeed2. Random::DEFAULT
+	  and Ruby internal hashes are no longer shared their seed.
+	* random.c (Init_RandomSeed2): ditto. And, kill evil
+	  rb_obj_reveal() stuff.
+
+	* random.c (init_hashseed): add MT argument.
+	* random.c: (init_siphash): ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_rand.rb (TestRand#test_default_seed): new
+	  test for Random::DEFAULT::seed.
+
+Thu Oct 22 05:23:48 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (init_hashseed, init_siphash): extract initialize
+	  functions.
+
+Thu Oct 22 01:01:34 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: sort AC_CHECK_HEADERS() by alphabetical order.
+
+Thu Oct 22 00:19:07 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (init_randomseed): remove "initial" argument. It never
+	  be used from outside of this function.
+
+Thu Oct 22 00:12:33 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb (SecureRandom::gen_random): use /dev/urandom
+	  for initialize OpenSSL's rand.
+
+Wed Oct 21 12:10:04 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c (ossl_rand_bytes): RAND_bytes could
+	  be return -1 as an error. Therefore, added error handling.
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c (dsa_generate): ditto.
+
+Wed Oct 21 09:04:09 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* include/ruby/util.h: remove a warning suppression C4723
+	  (potential divide by zero) for VisualC++. It's meaningless.
+	  Before r26197, there is ruby_div0() in this place and it
+	  actually made divide by zero. But now it's just garbage.
+
+Wed Oct 21 08:23:36 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c: random_raw_seed don't use GRND_NONBLOCK. GRND_NONBLOCK
+	  mean the result might not have an enough cryptic strength and
+	  easy predictable. That's no good for SecureRandom.
+
+Sun Oct 18 17:26:53 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* common.mk: add a rule for explicit_bzero.o.
+	* configure.in: detect explicit_bzero and memset_s.
+	* include/ruby/missing.h: add explicit_bzero.
+	* random.c (init_randomseed): use explicit_bzero() instead of
+	  memset(). memset could be eliminated by compiler optimization.
+
+Mon Nov 30 18:46:44 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/readline/extconf.rb: call dir_config("libedit")
+	  if --enable-libedit is specified. [Bug #11751]
+	  patched by John Hein
+
+Mon Nov 30 08:44:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c: remove spurious #define for globals
+	  [ruby-core:71735] [Feature #11749]
+
+Sun Nov 29 09:13:03 2015  Conor Landry  <clandry94@gmail.com>
+
+	* NEWS: [DOC] Various grammar corrections and clarifications to
+	  increase readability.  [Fix GH-1115]
+
+Sat Nov 28 19:33:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_here_document): store dispatched result of
+	  on_tstring_content at the last fragment of a here document.
+
+Fri Nov 27 19:19:44 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (connect): detect closed connection and reconnect
+	  If the server closes a keep-alive http connection, the client socket
+	  reaches EOF. To avoid an EOFError, detect the closed connection and
+	  reconnect.
+	  Added test to ensure HTTP#post succeeds even if the
+	  keep-alive-connection has been closed by the server.
+	  by Kristian Hanekamp <kris.hanekamp@gmail.com>
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1089 fix GH-1089
+
+Thu Nov 26 21:36:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): enable tail call
+	  optimization for specialized indexers.
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): blockiseq should be NULL, but not
+	  Qnil.
+
+Thu Nov 26 17:22:53 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* regcomp.c, regenc.c, regexec.c, regint.h, enc/unicode.c:
+	  Merge Onigmo 58fa099ed1a34367de67fb3d06dd48d076839692
+	  + https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/pull/52
+
+Thu Nov 26 09:50:02 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: Added test-case for Coverage.restart.
+	  [Misc #11732][ruby-dev:49379]
+
+Thu Nov 26 09:46:36 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: Added test-case for Coverage.peek_result
+	  without Coverage.start. [Misc #11726][ruby-core:71622]
+
+Thu Nov 26 07:22:55 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (test_copy_stream): new test
+
+Wed Nov 25 21:23:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (copy_stream_body): try to_io conversion before read,
+	  readpartial, and write methods.  [ruby-dev:49008] [Bug #11199]
+
+Wed Nov 25 10:55:21 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (argf_getpartial): should not resize str if the second
+	  argument is not given.
+	  [ruby-core:71668] [Bug #11738]
+
+Tue Nov 24 23:56:25 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: On Solaris, it is safe to define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
+	  when _FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 is defined (= when 32-bit compile).
+
+Tue Nov 24 10:00:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/installer.rb: Fix two double-word typos.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1108] Patch by @jwworth
+
+Tue Nov 24 09:17:02 2015  Alexander von Gluck IV  <kallisti5@unixzen.com>
+
+	* beos: Drop support for BeOS now that Haiku is stable.
+	  [Fix GH-1112]
+
+Tue Nov 24 09:16:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* internal.h (rb_gc_for_fd): move to export, as referred by
+	  ext/socket.
+
+Tue Nov 24 09:04:29 2015  David Rodriguez  <deivid.rodriguez@gmail.com>
+
+	* file.c: [DOC] add a missing period to File docs, to terminate
+	  the sentence and separate from the next sentence.  [Fix GH-1111]
+
+Tue Nov 24 08:30:06 2015  JuanitoFatas  <katehuang0320@gmail.com>
+
+	* NEWS: Fix the issue number of `Struct#dig`, which should be
+	  [Feature #11688].  [Fix GH-1110]
+
+Tue Nov 24 07:56:54 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept): handle ENOMEM
+
+Tue Nov 24 07:50:15 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_initialize): use rb_gc_for_fd for ENOMEM
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_socket): ditto
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (rsock_socketpair): ditto
+	* internal.h (rb_gc_for_fd): prototype
+	* io.c (rb_gc_for_fd): remove static
+	  [ruby-core:71623] [Feature #11727]
+
+Tue Nov 24 06:46:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_gc_for_fd): new helper function
+	  (ruby_dup): use rb_gc_for_fd
+	  (rb_sysopen): ditto
+	  (rb_fdopen): ditto
+	  (rb_pipe): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:71623] [Feature #11727]
+
+Tue Nov 24 05:13:35 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/function.c (struct nogvl_ffi_call_args):
+	  new struct for GVL release
+	  (nogvl_ffi_call): new function
+	  (function_call): adjust for GVL release
+	  [ruby-core:71642] [Feature #11607]
+	* ext/fiddle/closure.c (struct callback_args):
+	  new struct for GVL acquire
+	  (with_gvl_callback): adjusted original callback function
+	  (callback): wrapper for conditional GVL acquire
+	* ext/fiddle/depend: add dependencies
+	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: include top_srcdir for internal.h
+	* internal.h (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p): expose for fiddle
+	* vm_core.h (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p): moved to internal.h
+	* test/fiddle/test_function.rb (test_nogvl_poll): new test
+
+Mon Nov 23 19:53:12 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: On Solaris, with gcc, "-std=iso9899:1999"
+	  in $ansi_options is often also needed in CPPFLAGS,
+	  because some feature definitions vary depending on such
+	  standards options.
+
+Mon Nov 23 12:54:39 2015  Hamish Morrison  <hamishm53@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: remove obsolete workarounds for Haiku.
+
+	* dln.c, file.c, io.c: remove obsolete Haiku workarounds.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c: add stack bounds detection for Haiku.
+
+	* signal.c: get stack pointer from signal context on Haiku.
+	  [ruby-core:67923] [Bug #10811] [Fix GH-1109]
+
+Mon Nov 23 11:44:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: bump version to minitest-5.8.3
+
+Mon Nov 23 08:55:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: fix wrong reference for r52714
+
+Sun Nov 22 22:23:37 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): fix compile errors when USE_RGENGC
+	  is 0.
+
+Sun Nov 22 21:58:09 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/cmath.rb: methods which has suffix '!' are now deprecated.
+	  Re-apply r52469 made by Kazuki Tanaka, with fixing bug about
+	  mathn.rb compatibility. [ruby-core:68528] [Feature #10974]
+
+Sun Nov 22 19:36:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.c: fix brew command for installation of openssl.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1107] Patch by @arthurnn
+
+Sun Nov 22 17:59:50 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: On Solaris, add -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=n only when both
+	  AC_TRY_CPP and AC_TRY_COMPILE pass, because some options
+	  (e.g. -std=iso9899:1999) are not set when running C preprocessor
+	  or building ext.
+
+Sun Nov 22 16:53:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): remove unreachable code
+	  chunk after jump/leave.
+
+	* parse.y: move dead code elimination of logical operation to
+	  compile.c.  not to warn logical operation of literal constants.
+
+Sun Nov 22 16:37:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): eliminate always/never
+	  branches after a literal object and when the value is used after
+	  the branch.
+
+Sun Nov 22 01:23:43 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: Add -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500 (or 600 or 700) on Solaris
+	  if available, mainly for enabling some features in sockets.
+
+Sun Nov 22 00:17:22 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test/socket/test_socket.rb): skip
+	  the test when Socket::SO_TIMESTAMP is not defined. Fix error
+	  on Solaris 10. [Bug #11728] [ruby-dev:49377]
+
+Sat Nov 21 18:57:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (need_argument): move frozen-string-literal-debug option
+	  from --enable to --debug.  [Feature #11725]
+
+	* ruby.c (proc_options): fix pointer overrun. do not advance argv
+	  until it is valid.
+
+Sat Nov 21 13:59:09 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb: OpenSSL's struct name for SHA1 is
+	  SHA_CTX. http://openssl.org/docs/man0.9.8/crypto/SHA1.html
+
+Sat Nov 21 13:31:52 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/*/*.[ch]: include ruby.h before digest.h to avoid
+	  including ext/digest/extconf.h. [Bug #3231]
+	  https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/36k2cdd4.aspx
+
+	* ext/digest/*/extconf.rb: remove ext/digest from include search path
+	  to avoid confusion of cl.exe.
+
+	* ext/digest/*/*.[ch]: explicitly specify def.h's path.
+
+Sat Nov 21 13:05:16 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: LibreSSL doesn't have and need e_os2.h.
+
+Sat Nov 21 09:18:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* thread_sync.c: reduce the specification of Queue#close.
+	  * Queue#close accepts no arguments.
+	  * deq'ing on closed queue returns nil, always.
+	  [Feature #10600]
+
+	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: catch up this fix.
+
+Sat Nov 21 08:44:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): add debug information to NODE_STR
+	  strings as default.
+	  [Feature #11725]
+
+	* insns.def (freezestring): add new instruction to support adding
+	  debug information for dynamically constructed strings.
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): support adding debug information
+	  for NODE_DSTR with freezestring instruction.
+
+	* error.c (rb_error_frozen): change the debug information ID name
+	  id_debug_created_info and this field should have a 2 element array
+	  containing path and line information.
+
+	* defs/id.def: ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: catch up this fix.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_iseq.rb: now frozen strings are not same.
+
+Sat Nov 21 04:34:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* symbol.c (rb_str_intern): should not freeze the receiver itself
+	  unexpectedly.  [ruby-core:71611] [Bug #11721]
+
+Fri Nov 20 23:15:18 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/logger.rb: expose logger mutex
+	  [fix GH-541] Patch by @arthurnn
+
+Fri Nov 20 15:05:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Added missing reference of GitHub
+
+Fri Nov 20 14:57:01 2015  Trevor Rowe  <trevorrowe@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: Fixed regression for Net::HTTP::PUT with "Expect-100"
+	  header. [fix GH-949]
+	* test/net/http/test_http.rb: added test.
+
+Fri Nov 20 14:39:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: set hostname before call ossl_ssl_set_session.
+	  [Bug #11401][ruby-core:70152][fix GH-964] Patch by @mkarnebeek
+
+Fri Nov 20 12:53:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c: clarify docs for take_while/drop_while samples.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1028] Patch by @leriksen
+
+Fri Nov 20 12:48:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c: remove mention of :UNIX in getaddrinfo().
+	  It's typically not a support option.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-990] Patch by @eam
+
+Fri Nov 20 12:44:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/syndication.rb: Add nodoc marker for #validate_sy_updatePeriod.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1105] Patch by @davydovanton
+
+Fri Nov 20 09:05:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref): added.
+
+	  CREFs should not be shared by methods between `using'.
+	  [Bug #11247]
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref): ditto.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_dup): should copy refinements correctly.
+
+	* eval.c: use rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref().
+
+	* eval_intern.h: add a decl. of
+	  rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref().
+
+	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): do not need to pass
+	  scope's CREF because VM can find out CREF from stack frames.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test.
+
+Fri Nov 20 06:52:53 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* .gitattributes: new file for git users
+	  [ruby-core:71578] [Feature #11713]
+
+Thu Nov 19 22:35:31 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: Check buffer full and ignore MSG_TRUNC flag.
+	  buffer fullness is more robust to detect the message is too big for
+	  the buffer.
+	  AIX 7.1 recvmsg doesn't set MSG_TRUNC for rflags when MSG_PEEK is
+	  given.
+
+Thu Nov 19 21:55:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_start): force to invoke GC by GC.start
+	  even if it is GC.disable'd.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb: add a test.
+
+Thu Nov 19 20:08:59 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: trivial performance improvements.
+
+	    name    modified
+	    vm1_gc_short_lived*                1.015
+	    vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long*    1.014
+	    vm1_gc_short_with_long*            1.000
+	    vm1_gc_short_with_symbol*          1.016
+	    vm1_gc_wb_ary*                     1.002
+	    vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted*            0.996
+	    vm1_gc_wb_obj*                     1.045
+	    vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted*            1.014
+	    vm3_gc                             1.021
+
+	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational): reorder parameters to optimize
+	  register passing function call.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_incremental): ditto.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_gc_writebarrier): remove LIKELY().
+	  LIKELY() seems to move related functions not better places.
+
+Thu Nov 19 19:45:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (ruby_prog_init): [DOC] ARGV does not contain the name of
+	  the executable.  [ruby-core:71561] [Bug #11711]
+
+Thu Nov 19 15:53:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* signal.c: should also clear ruby_disable_gc.
+	  [Bug #11692]
+
+Thu Nov 19 15:31:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): T_IMEMO/iseq objects should be
+	  wrap with ISeq wrappers. [Bug #11676]
+
+Thu Nov 19 15:16:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.0+ HEAD(c6b4946).
+	  this version includes #1114, #1314, #1322, #1375, #1383, #1387
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Thu Nov 19 14:14:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (finish_overlapped_socket): return value of this
+	  function should be only 0 or SOCKET_ERROR.
+
+Thu Nov 19 14:12:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_tailcall_optimize): apply tail call optimization
+	  before conversion to specialized instructions.  when looking
+	  back from `leave` instruction, `send` instructions have been
+	  translated already.
+
+Thu Nov 19 13:57:58 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (finish_overlapped_socket): ignore EMSGSIZE when input,
+	  because POSIX platforms just do so.  fixes test errors revealed by
+	  r52647.
+
+Thu Nov 19 02:52:30 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): stretch the buffer size
+	  only when vmaxdatlen is nil.
+
+Thu Nov 19 02:20:11 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test_udp_recvmsg_truncation): rflags is
+	  nil on Solaris 10 which have no HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL.
+	  Reported by Naohisa Goto. [ruby-core:71557] [Bug #11709]
+
+Thu Nov 19 01:48:05 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: add -static-libgcc for mingw automatically if available.
+
+Thu Nov 19 00:53:26 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb (--extflags): new option to pass EXTLDFLAGS to children,
+	  especially exts.mk.
+
+	* common.mk (EXTMK_ARGS): use above option.
+
+Wed Nov 18 22:50:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_class_clear_method_cache): should clear all
+	  RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBLs of all sub-classes (T_ICLASS).
+
+	  RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL() caches complemented method entries.
+	  It should be cleared when the modules are cleared.
+	  On previous version clears only for direct children.
+	  It is enough for normal modules because corresponding T_ICLASSes
+	  are direct children.
+
+	  However, refinements create complex data structure. So that
+	  we need to clear all children (and descendants).
+	  [ruby-core:71423] [Bug #11672]
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_clear_method_cache_by_class): rb_mKernel
+	  doesn't call rb_class_clear_method_cache, so that
+	  clear child T_ICLASSes.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: enable disabled test.
+
+Wed Nov 18 21:09:08 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (prepare_callable_method_entry): use
+	  RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL() instead of accessing a filed directly.
+
+Wed Nov 18 17:08:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: introduce the following field and macros.
+
+	  * rb_method_definition_t::complemented_count to count shared method
+	    entries because of complemented method entries and separate from
+	    alias_count.
+
+	    Shared `def' only by complemented method entries should not prevent
+	    method re-definition warning.
+
+	  * METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED(me) to represent complemented method entry.
+	  * METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED_SET(me) to check it as  complemented me.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (aliased_callable_method_entry): should also
+	  check me->def->complemented_count.
+
+	* vm_method.c (method_definition_addref_complement): add to count
+	  complemented method entries number.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_release): release `def' iff
+	  alias_count == 0 and complemented_count == 0.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: add a test.
+
+Wed Nov 18 17:06:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): fix trivial issues.
+
+	  * support SPECIAL_CONSTs.
+	  * fix IMEMO/ment outputs.
+
+Wed Nov 18 11:32:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): eliminate always/never
+	  branches after a literal object.  this sequence typically
+	  appears by defined? operator for a method call on a local
+	  variable.
+
+Wed Nov 18 10:33:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): stretch the buffer size
+	  when EMSGSIZE occurs on non HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL platforms
+	  (such as, Windows).  fixes a test error revealed by r52625.
+
+Wed Nov 18 10:12:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): use 4096 as
+	  default size to match pre-r52610, which also maps to a common
+	  page size.
+
+Wed Nov 18 10:05:25 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc: update documentation to reflect
+	  recent changes.
+	  [ci skip] [ruby-core:71466] [Misc #11681] Patch by James Adam
+
+Wed Nov 18 09:50:21 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/logger/test_logdevice.rb: Fix tests of logger to make it work on
+	  windows (windows can not remove opened file) [Bug #11702]
+
+Wed Nov 18 06:59:52 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): grow buffer
+	  on unspecified maxdatlen
+	  [ruby-core:71517] [Bug #11701]
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#recvmsg): nil default for dlen
+	  (Socket#recvmsg_nonblock): ditto
+	* test/socket/test_socket.rb (test_recvmsg_udp_no_arg): new test
+
+Tue Nov 17 19:50:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (fstat): declare for mingw.
+
+Tue Nov 17 19:02:59 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (BASERUBY): use Kernel#print instead of Kernel#p because
+	  the baseruby may output CRLF as end of line.
+
+Tue Nov 17 15:34:34 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+	* NEWS: Added update from Unicode 7.0.0 to 8.0.0 [ci skip]
+
+Tue Nov 17 15:30:30 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+	* enc/unicode/casefold.h, name2ctype.h: Change Unicode
+	  Version for regular expressions from 7.0.0 to
+	  8.0.0 (with help from Kimihito Matsui) [Feature #11563]
+
+Tue Nov 17 14:36:00 2015  Kenichi Kamiya  <kachick1@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/ostruct.rb (dig): Implement OpenStruct#dig
+	  [Feature #11688]
+
+Tue Nov 17 14:04:14 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#recvmsg{,_nonblock}): default values
+	  of clen must be nil.
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): handle nil of clen.
+	  fixes test errors introduced at r52602.
+
+Tue Nov 17 13:43:46 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb: UNIXSocket is not always exists.  fixes
+	  install error on Windows, introduced at r52601.
+
+Tue Nov 17 11:27:23 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#recvfrom_nonblock):
+	  UDPSocket#recvfrom_nonblock):
+	  update doc for `exception: false` and destination buffer
+	  [ruby-core:69542] [Feature #11229]
+	  [ruby-core:69543] [Feature #11242]
+
+Tue Nov 17 11:25:05 2015  Eric Turner  <ericturnerdev@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_dig), hash.c (rb_hash_dig): [DOC] Update
+	  comments describing dig methods.  [Fix GH-1103]
+
+	* struct.c (rb_struct_dig): [DOC] add rdoc.
+
+Tue Nov 17 11:22:22 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+	* NEWS: Small grammatical fix [ci skip]
+
+Tue Nov 17 10:12:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket.accept_loop): avoid exceptions
+	  (Socket.udp_server_recv): ditto
+
+Tue Nov 17 09:59:00 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): avoid arg parsing
+	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
+	  (rsock_bsock_sendmsg): make private, adjust for above
+	  (rsock_bsock_sendmsg_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototypes
+	  (rsock_opt_false_p): remove
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (rsock_init_basicsocket):
+	  define private methods
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (BasicSocket#sendmsg): new wrapper
+	  (BasicSocket#sendmsg_nonblock): ditto
+
+Tue Nov 17 09:45:18 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): avoid arg parsing
+	  (rsock_bsock_recvmsg): adjust for above change
+	  (rsock_bsock_recvmsg_nonblock): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototypes for above
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (rsock_init_basicsocket):
+	  adjust private methods
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (BasicSocket#recvmsg): wrapper method
+	  (BasicSocket#recvmsg_nonblock): ditto
+
+Tue Nov 17 08:36:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock): avoid parsing args
+	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototype
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_accept_nonblock): make private
+	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c (tcp_accept_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/unixserver.c (unix_accept_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#accept_nonblock):
+	  implement as wrapper, move RDoc
+	  (TCPServer#accept_nonblock): ditto
+	  (UNIXServer#accept_nonblock): ditto
+
+Tue Nov 17 08:25:57 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock):
+	  avoid argument parsing in C.
+	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (Socket#connect_nonblock):
+	  new wrapper for private method, move RDoc
+
+Tue Nov 17 08:16:09 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock):
+	  avoid arg parsing with C API
+	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (bsock_recv_nonblock):
+	  adjust for above change, make private
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (BasicSocket#recv_nonblock):
+	  new wrapper for private method, move RDoc
+	  (Socket#recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+	  (UDPSocket#recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+
+Mon Nov 16 21:27:54 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/dtrace/helper.rb (Dtrace::TestCase#trap_probe): dtrace buffer
+	  size is set as 8m on Solaris (default 4m). [Bug #11697]
+
+Mon Nov 16 20:03:14 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/logger.rb: Add Logger#reopen
+
+Mon Nov 16 18:21:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): dig in nested structs too.
+
+	* struct.c (rb_struct_dig): new method Struct#dig.
+	  [Feature #11688]
+
+Mon Nov 16 17:41:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): optimize tail calls on aref
+	  and aset specialized instructions.
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): optimize replaced leave
+	  instruction copied to jump instruction too.
+
+Mon Nov 16 16:39:38 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb: Enable frozen_string_literal.
+
+	* lib/set.rb: Move << out of the begin block that ensures pop.
+
+Mon Nov 16 16:28:30 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (Hash#flatten!, #add?, #delete?, #collect!, #reject!,
+	  #select!, #^, #classify): Micro-optimize some methods for
+	  performance and readability.
+
+Mon Nov 16 16:17:58 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: fixed accidentally commit.
+
+Mon Nov 16 16:10:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb: Add some high-level documentation.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1081] Patch by @ulfalizer
+
+Mon Nov 16 15:59:14 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* proc.c: Add call-seq of `Method#super_method`
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1094]
+
+Mon Nov 16 15:58:39 2015  Kenichi Kamiya  <kachick1@gmail.com>
+
+	* struct.c: Standardize a method signature of Struct#[]=.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1095]
+
+Mon Nov 16 15:42:36 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (#>=, #>, #<=, #<): Make use of Hash#>=, #>, #<, and
+	  #<= when comparing against an instance of the same kind.
+
+Mon Nov 16 15:37:11 2015  Naotoshi Seo  <sonots@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/logger.rb: Support symbol and string log level setting
+
+Mon Nov 16 15:33:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb: fix wrong permission for gem specification without
+	  zlib runtime. [Bug #11685][ruby-dev:49343]
+
+Mon Nov 16 12:11:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpauth/basicauth.rb: fix a typo.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1099] Patch by @jwworth
+	* lib/webrick/httpauth/digestauth.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun Nov 15 18:28:43 2015  Kenichi Kamiya  <kachick1@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (set_method_visibility): should fail if the receiver
+	  is frozen.  [ruby-core:71489] [Bug #11687]
+
+Sat Nov 14 22:15:07 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sat Nov 14 21:44:56 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/time.rb: Use "<<" to reduce string allocation.
+
+Sat Nov 14 17:45:49 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/tsort.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sat Nov 14 17:25:15 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv-replace.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sat Nov 14 17:00:13 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/time.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sat Nov 14 16:43:02 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/open3.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sat Nov 14 05:04:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* node.h: remove old comments.
+
+Sat Nov 14 04:55:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* refactoring CREF related code.
+
+	* eval_intern.h: remove unused setter functions.
+	  CREF_CLASS_SET()
+	  CREF_NEXT_SET()
+	  CREF_SCOPE_VISI_COPY()
+
+	* eval_intern.h: rename flags:
+	  * NODE_FL_CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL_ -> CREF_FL_PUSHED_BY_EVAL
+	  * NODE_FL_CREF_OMOD_SHARED_ -> CREF_FL_OMOD_SHARED
+	  and use IMEMO_FL_USER1/2.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_new): accept push_by_eval parameter.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_new_use_prev): added for rb_vm_rewrite_cref().
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_cref_push): accept pushed_by_eval parameter.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h: remove unused macros:
+	  COPY_CREF_OMOD() and COPY_CREF().
+
+	* vm_eval.c, insns.def: catch up this fix.
+
+Sat Nov 14 02:58:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_define_method): refactoring.
+	  * get CREF in this function.
+	  * cbase is no longer needed (CREF_CLASS(cref) is enough).
+
+	* compile.c: RubyVM::FrozenCore.define_method only accept 2 args.
+
+Sat Nov 14 02:34:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_define_method): do not use current CREF immediately,
+	  but check CREF in environment or methods. Methods defined in methods
+	  should be public.
+	  [Bug #11571]
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_scope_module_func_check): check CREF in env or me.
+	  if CREF is contained by `me', then return FALSE.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test.
+
+Sat Nov 14 02:19:16 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: constify rb_cref_t::scope_visi;
+
+	* eval_intern.h (CREF_SCOPE_VISI_COPY): catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Sat Nov 14 01:53:52 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* pack.c (pack_unpack, AVOID_CC_BUG): Very ugly workaround for
+	  optimization bug of Oracle Solaris Studio 12.4 on Solaris
+	  with -xO4 optimization option. [Bug #11684]
+
+Fri Nov 13 23:00:23 2015  Hiroshi Shirosaki  <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: unset LD_PRELOAD on mingw. msys2 child processes
+	  crash at make test-all with LD_PRELOAD.
+	  [ruby-core:71461] [Bug #11680]
+
+Fri Nov 13 14:00:43 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c: Merge ruby/openssl@b9ea8ef [Bug #10735]
+
+Fri Nov 13 13:09:16 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: Merge ruby/openssl@81e1a30
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: ditto
+
+Fri Nov 13 13:05:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* prelude.rb (Thread.exclusive): warn as deprecated.
+
+Fri Nov 13 10:36:39 2015  Victor Nawothnig  <Victor.Nawothnig@gmail.com>
+
+	* parse.y (new_unless): optimize constant condition for `unless`
+	  as well as `if`.  [Fix GH-1092]
+
+Fri Nov 13 10:08:41 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: bump version to 2.0.15
+
+Thu Nov 12 18:44:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_magic_comment): should match exactly.
+	  [ruby-core:71460] [Bug #11679]
+
+Thu Nov 12 16:16:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* template/prelude.c.tmpl: enable tail call optimization.
+
+Thu Nov 12 14:17:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): ANDDOT at the head of the line denote
+	  line continuation from previous one to support fluent interface,
+	  as well as single dot.
+
+Thu Nov 12 13:49:50 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.5.0+ HEAD(db78980).
+	  this version includes #1367 , #1373 , #1375
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Thu Nov 12 10:53:41 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex2.rb: new benchmark based
+	  on bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb
+	* io.c (io_read_nonblock): move documentation to prelude.rb
+	  (io_write_nonblock): ditto
+	  (Init_io): private, internal methods for prelude.rb use only
+	* prelude.rb (IO#read_nonblock): wrapper + documentation
+	  (IO#write_nonblock): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:71439] [Feature #11339]
+
+Wed Nov 11 18:30:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): look up the key, then get default
+	  value and raise KeyError if the returned value is nil.
+	  [ruby-dev:49338] [Ruby trunk - Bug #11677]
+
+Wed Nov 11 17:38:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (local_var_list_add): skip internal local variable
+	  name by its type but not if it has a name.  internal local
+	  variable names are just unique per frame, not globally.
+	  [ruby-core:71437] [Bug #11674]
+
+Wed Nov 11 14:14:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c: fix a typo
+	[ci skip][fix GH-1091] Patch by @jwworth
+
+Wed Nov 11 11:58:38 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (initialize): Connections are in passive mode per
+	  default now.  The default mode can be changed by
+	  Net::FTP.default_passive=.
+	  [ruby-core:71146] [Feature #11612]
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (default_passive=, default_passive): new methods.
+
+Wed Nov 11 09:03:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): respect default value of a hash.  no
+	  longer raises KeyError unless the default value of the hash is
+	  nil.  [ruby-core:71354] [Bug #11661]
+
+Tue Nov 10 20:35:12 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/open-uri.rb: Remove indicator for "frozen_string_literal: true".
+
+	* lib/pp.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_mlsx_entry.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/open-uri/test_open-uri.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/open-uri/test_ssl.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/pathname/test_pathname.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/test_pp.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/test_prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* tool/transcode-tblgen.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb: Ditto.
+
+Tue Nov 10 18:42:24 2015  Aleksandrs Ledovskis  <aleksandrs@ledovskis.lv>
+
+	* defs/id.def, parse.y: Switch internal token name to reflect
+	  current form of safe-call operator.  [Fix GH-1090]
+
+Tue Nov 10 18:25:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_to_proc): use rb_func_proc_new to make light
+	  weight proc.  [Feature #11653]
+
+Tue Nov 10 18:23:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (cfunc_proc_t): add room for me.
+
+	* proc.c (cfunc_proc_new): generalise for cfunc proc without env.
+
+	* proc.c (rb_func_proc_new, rb_func_lambda_new): new functions to
+	  make proc/lambda without env from cfunc.
+
+Tue Nov 10 17:32:35 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* bootstraptest/test_fork.rb ([ruby-dev:37934]): :NPROC (RLIMIT_NPROC)
+	  is not supported on some platforms (e.g. Solaris 10).
+
+Tue Nov 10 16:57:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_to_proc): new method Hash#to_proc.
+	  [Feature #11653]
+
+Tue Nov 10 14:34:09 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (rb_time_timespec_new): swap utc and localtime
+	  to generate gmt flag by INT_MAX - gmtoff.
+
+Tue Nov 10 14:01:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_{le,lt,ge,gt}): new methods, Hash#<=, Hash#<,
+	  Hash#>=, Hash#>, to test if all elements of a hash are also
+	  included in another hash, and vice versa.
+	  [ruby-core:68561] [Feature #10984]
+
+Tue Nov 10 11:25:29 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (rb_timespec_now): added.  [Feature #11558]
+
+	* time.c (rb_time_timespec_new): added.  [Feature #11558]
+
+Tue Nov 10 06:17:17 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_autoload_load): allow recursive calls
+	  [ruby-core:71345] [Bug #11658]
+	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb (test_autoload_while_autoloading):
+	  new test by: Hiroshi Shirosaki <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
+	  [ruby-core:71390]
+
+Tue Nov 10 00:36:46 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Message::MessageEncoder#put_labels):
+	  Prevent overflow of pointer to labels.
+	  Patch by Hannes Georg.  [ruby-core:71248] [Bug #11632]
+
+Tue Nov 10 00:25:41 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: update to power_assert 0.2.6.
+
+Mon Nov  9 21:48:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_check_funcall_default): split from
+	  rb_check_funcall to return the given fallback value.
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): use rb_check_funcall_default so that tail
+	  call optimization will be possible.  [Feature #11643]
+
+Mon Nov  9 21:27:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_dig): new method Array#dig.
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_dig): new method Hash#dig.
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_dig): dig in nested arrays/hashes.
+	  [Feature #11643]
+
+Mon Nov  9 18:00:47 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0.beta3
+
+Mon Nov  9 17:38:14 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/runner.rb: use official repository for coverage tool.
+	* Makefile.in: ditto.
+	* common.mk: ditto.
+	* .gitignore: ignored third party repositories.
+
+Mon Nov  9 17:29:09 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): Dynamic string literals should be
+	  frozen.
+	  [ruby-core:57574] [Feature #8976]
+
+Mon Nov  9 15:56:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk: Use ruby organization url for simplecov repository.
+
+Sun Nov  8 16:24:09 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* NEWS: describe addition of File::TMPFILE
+
+Sun Nov  8 15:19:17 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* file.c: Add O_TMPFILE.
+
+Sun Nov  8 14:24:43 2015  windwiny  <windwiny.ubt@gmail.com>
+
+	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_{VISI,BASIC,FLAGS}_SET): suppress
+	  shift-op-parentheses warnings.  [Fix GH-1082]
+
+Sun Nov  8 14:01:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/psych_emitter.c: backport 5bd7744 from tenderlove/psych.
+	  support backward compatibility of Ruby 2.0
+
+Sun Nov  8 10:55:10 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_gets_m): Update IO#gets doc for characters more than
+	  1 byte.  [Fix GH-1085]
+
+Sun Nov  8 10:37:58 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/ftp.rb: fix a typo.
+	  [fix GH-1084][ci skip] Patch by @windwiny
+
+Sun Nov  8 08:10:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_trace.c (exec_hooks_precheck): check need_clean everytime
+	  to clean-up unused hooks.
+
+	* vm_trace.c (list->need_clean): use as boolean value.
+
+Sun Nov  8 01:31:27 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#initialize):
+	  default value of Net::HTTP#open_timeout is now 60 (was nil).
+
+Sat Nov  7 12:18:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* string.c (id_to_s): remove redundant variable
+	  (rb_obj_as_string): trade id_to_s for idTo_s
+	  (rb_str_equal): replace rb_intern(...) with pre-defined ID
+	  (rb_str_cmp_m): ditto
+	  (rb_str_match): ditto
+	  (str_upto_each): ditto
+	  (rb_str_sum): ditto
+	  (Init_String): remove id_to_s initialization
+
+Sat Nov  7 11:40:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_cThreadShield): make static
+
+Sat Nov  7 09:51:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_trace.c (rb_threadptr_exec_event_hooks_orig):
+	  maintain trace_running counter on internal events.
+
+	  This patch is made by Takashi Kokubun <takashikkbn@gmail.com>.
+	  [Bug #11603] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1059
+
+Sat Nov  7 03:32:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (RSTRUCT_PTR): need a close parenthesis.
+
+Sat Nov  7 01:32:06 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_fileno, dirfd): support of Dir#fileno on Solaris 10.
+	  Solaris 10 does not have dirfd, but the file descriptor of a
+	  directory is stored in the d_fd or dd_fd member in the DIR struct.
+	  Note that Solaris 11 has dirfd(3C).
+
+	* configure.in: checks for DIR.d_fd and DIR.dd_fd on Solaris 10.
+
+Fri Nov  6 23:13:53 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c: clarifies Array#reject! documentation.
+	  [fix GH-894][ci skip] Patch by @GxSplinter
+
+Fri Nov  6 20:18:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/runner.rb: extracted test helper.
+	* test/lib/zombie_hunter.rb: ditto.
+
+Fri Nov  6 18:07:47 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (rb_array_const_ptr, rb_struct_const_ptr):
+	  Suppress pointer type mismatch warnings occurred with old version
+	  of Fujitsu C Compiler (fcc) on Solaris 10. The warnings cause
+	  failure of TestMkmf::TestConvertible. [Bug #11644] [ruby-dev:49326]
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR): macro for the above,
+	  only effective with fcc.
+
+Fri Nov  6 12:39:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* defs/id.def (token_ops), parse.y (parser_yylex): change DOTQ
+	  from ".?" to "&.".  [ruby-core:71363] [Feature #11537]
+
+Fri Nov  6 09:01:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (kwd_append): fix segv after invalid keyword argument,
+	  preceding keyword list is NULL when syntax error is there.
+	  [ruby-core:71356] [Bug #11663]
+
+Fri Nov  6 06:59:37 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_autoload: hoist out ruby_impl_require
+
+Thu Nov  5 13:03:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* defs/id.def (token_ops): gather associations between IDs,
+	  operators, and parser tokens.
+
+Thu Nov  5 10:17:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (make_addrinfo): use RARRAY_ASET for
+	  write-barrier.
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c ({call,eval,invoke}_queue_handler): ditto.
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (ary2list, ary2list2): ditto.
+
+Thu Nov  5 10:09:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/**/*.c: prefer RARRAY_AREF to indexing RARRAY_CONST_PTR.
+	  pointed out by hanmac.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/3553a86#commitcomment-14187670
+
+Wed Nov  4 17:33:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/debug.rb: Add documentation for #thread_list_all.
+	  [Misc #11580][ci skip]
+
+Wed Nov  4 15:45:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c: fix documentation for rb_define_class{_id}_under.
+	  [fix GH-991][ci skip] Patch by @kachick
+
+Wed Nov  4 15:40:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* method.h: fix typo. Patch by @davydovanton
+	  [fix GH-1076][ci skip]
+
+Wed Nov  4 15:39:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c: use correct grammar. Patch by @tveastman
+	  [fix GH-1079][ci skip]
+
+Wed Nov  4 11:38:23 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* process.c (proc_getsid): [DOC] Fix double word 'for' and typo.
+	  [Fix GH-1080]
+
+Wed Nov  4 06:01:52 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (struct RObject): hide iv_index_tbl type
+	  [ruby-core:71306] [Feature #11647]
+
+Tue Nov  3 06:48:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (find_class_path): remove cast for rb_class_ivar_set
+	  (rb_ivar_set): ditto
+	  (rb_cvar_set): ditto
+
+Tue Nov  3 06:18:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_global_tbl): convert to id_table
+
+Tue Nov  3 01:58:46 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* parse.y (NO_QCALL): fix type mismatch of operands that causes
+	  compile error with Oracle Solaris Studio on Solaris.
+	  [Bug #11645] [ruby-dev:49327]
+
+Sun Nov  1 17:14:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* id_table.c (mix_id_table_insert): do not touch list during
+	  list->hash transition because GC can run during transition.
+
+Sun Nov  1 11:07:31 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_memsize): account for rb_call_cache entries
+
+Sun Nov  1 09:12:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): ':' separated by a comment and a newline
+	  is not valid as symbol.
+
+Sat Oct 31 20:15:48 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: skipped tests if openssl doesn't support
+	  ECDH cipher.
+
+Sat Oct 31 14:58:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* man/ruby.1 (SYNOPSIS): remove extraneous space for -F option as
+	  it does not allow spaces before its argument.
+	  [ruby-core:71283] [Bug #11641]
+
+Sat Oct 31 14:58:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* man/ruby.1 (SYNOPSIS): remove extraneous space for -F option as
+	  it does not allow spaces before its argument.
+	  [ruby-core:71283] [Bug #11641]
+
+Sat Oct 31 10:22:49 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* eval_error.c (undef_mesg_for): fix typo.  Before this commit
+	  `ArgumentError: malformed format string - %$` was raised when
+	  `NameError#message` is called.  [ruby-core:71282] [Bug #11640]
+	  [Fix GH-1077]
+
+Fri Oct 30 21:12:45 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: update to power_assert 0.2.5.
+
+Fri Oct 30 19:29:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_slowpath): do not need to use flags hack (commit miss).
+
+Fri Oct 30 19:08:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (heap_get_freeobj_from_next_freepage): not so UNLIKELY.
+
+Fri Oct 30 18:09:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_slowpath): reduce 1 parameter to use only registers
+	  for performance.
+
+	  On my laptop, 'N.times{x = []}' (where N = 29_000_000) is
+	  1.86 sec -> 1.74 sec.
+
+Fri Oct 30 12:53:21 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_call.rb: added test for safe navigation operator.
+	  [fix GH-1066]
+
+Fri Oct 30 12:47:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: fix wrong commit name.
+
+Fri Oct 30 12:36:16 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c: added documentation of protected/private methods.
+	  [fix GH-1072]
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: added testcase for method_defined?
+	  [fix GH-1071]
+
+Fri Oct 30 12:06:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_class_ivar_set): rename as class specific ivar
+	  setter, and st_table is no longer involved.
+
+Fri Oct 30 11:36:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (generic_ivar_remove): adjust type, set valp
+	  (rb_obj_remove_instance_variable): simplify call
+	* test/ruby/test_object.rb (test_remove_instance_variable):
+	  expand for implementation details
+
+Fri Oct 30 10:37:56 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* internal.h (rb_st_insert_id_and_value): update prototype
+	* variable.c (rb_st_insert_id_and_value): reduce args
+	  (find_class_path): adjust call for less args
+	  (rb_ivar_set): ditto
+	  (rb_cvar_set): ditto
+	* class.c (rb_singleton_class_attached): ditto
+
+Fri Oct 30 09:57:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: update latest gems.
+	  test-unit-3.1.5 and minitest-5.8.2
+
+Fri Oct 30 09:54:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems HEAD(60d7972).
+	  this version contains pull requests number of #1343, #1356, #1357, #1363
+	  at https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pulls
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Fri Oct 30 07:38:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* insns.def (getinlinecache/setinlinecache): compare ic->ic_cref and
+	  current cref only when cached CREF list includes singleton class.
+
+	  Singleton classes have own namespaces, so that we need to check
+	  cref as a key (#10943).
+
+	  However, if current CREF list does not include singleton class,
+	  no need to check CREF because it should be same name space.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_get_const_key_cref): add a function returns
+	  CREF only when it includes singleton class.
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify iseq_inline_cache_entry::ic_cref.
+
+Fri Oct 30 06:43:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_env_cref): make it inline for performance.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_get_cref): use NULL instead of 0.
+
+Fri Oct 30 06:20:40 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* insns.def: nobody set ic->ic_value.value to Qundef.
+
+Fri Oct 30 06:15:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c: add ifndef guard for VM_CHECK_MODE.
+
+Fri Oct 30 06:13:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_check_frame_detail): should require me for
+	  VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD type frame.
+
+Thu Oct 29 18:42:30 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): specify NOINLINE so that gc_mark() can return
+	  immediately when obj is not a markable object.
+
+Thu Oct 29 18:05:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* encoding.c (rb_enc_check_str): add for performance.
+	  This function only accepts T_STRING (and T_REGEXP).
+
+	  This patch improves performance of a tiny_segmenter benchmark
+	  (num=2) 2.54sec -> 2.42sec on my machine.
+	  https://github.com/chezou/TinySegmenter.jl/blob/master/benchmark/benchmark.rb
+
+	* encoding.c: add ENC_DEBUG and ENC_ASSERT() macros.
+
+	* internal.h: add a decl. of rb_enc_check_str().
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_plus): use rb_enc_check_str().
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_subpat_set): ditto.
+
+Thu Oct 29 17:16:40 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: export rb_wb_(un)protected_newobj_of()
+	  because some extensions include internal.h.
+
+Thu Oct 29 16:42:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_imemo_new): should not pass FL_WB_PROTECTED flag.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_wb_protected_newobj_of): add more assertions.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of): ditto.
+
+Thu Oct 29 16:20:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: introduce rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of() and
+	  rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(), pass the WB_PROTECTED
+	  information explicitly.
+
+	* internal.h: use introduced functions by NEWOBJ_OF().
+	  `flag' is immediate value, so that C compilers can
+	  solve them at compile time.
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: add a comment about that.
+
+Thu Oct 29 14:52:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: add rb_objspace::flags::has_hook to represent hook availability.
+
+	* gc.c: add gc_event_hook_available_p(objspace) to check that flag.
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_of): use gc_event_hook_available_p() instead of
+	  checking gc_event_hook_needed_p(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ).
+	  for performance.
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_init): add UNLIKELY() for FL_WB_PROTECTED flag.
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_init): change parameters order (trivial change).
+
+Thu Oct 29 14:45:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_thread_struct): move forward declarations before
+	  used.
+
+Thu Oct 29 14:07:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): remove debug code for #11244.
+
+Thu Oct 29 10:08:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (struct autoload_state): usable as wait-queue head
+	  (struct autoload_data_i): remove 2 words of overhead
+	  (autoload_i_mark): remove marking for thread
+	  (autoload_reset): adjust for struct changes
+	  (rb_autoload): ditto
+	  (rb_autoloading_value): ditto
+	  (rb_autoload_load): ditto
+	  (const_update): ditto
+
+Thu Oct 29 08:48:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (struct autoload_data_i): add waitq_head
+	  (struct autoload_state): new struct
+	  (autoload_require): save result in autoload_state for use
+	    in autoload_reset
+	  (autoload_reset): wake up other waiters with open-coded
+	    wait-queues
+	  (rb_autoload_load): add ensure autoload_const_set happens
+	    atomically w.r.t. autoload-triggered "require"
+	  [ruby-core:70075] [ruby-core:71239] [Bug #11384]
+
+Wed Oct 29 00:39:50 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_server_command.rb
+	  (test_handle_options_port): change port from http to discard.
+	  Solaris does not include "http 80/tcp" in its default
+	  /etc/inet/services. AFAIK, discard (9/tcp) is older than http
+	  and it is expected that all OS can resolve the service name.
+	  [Bug #10004] [ruby-core:63518]
+
+Wed Oct 28 23:52:48 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* probes_helper.h (RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK): add RB_GC_GUARD, though paranoic.
+
+Wed Oct 28 15:36:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (rb_name_err_new): store the receiver directly.
+
+	* error.c (name_err_receiver): return directly stored receiver.
+	  [Feature #10881]
+
+	* error.c (name_err_mesg_to_str): quote the name if unprintable.
+
+	* object.c (check_setter_id): use rb_check_id to convert names.
+
+	* variable.c (uninitialized_constant): use NameError::message to
+	  keep the receiver of uninitialized constant.  [Feature #10881]
+
+	* error.c (rb_name_err_new): new function to create NameError
+	  exception instance.  [Feature #10881]
+
+Wed Oct 28 13:29:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (new_attr_op_assign): fix op_assign type, which is
+	  already an ID since r52284.  [Feature #11537]
+
+Tue Oct 27 23:14:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* defs/id.def: enable anonymous IDs not to expose internal IDs for
+	  frozen-string-literal-debug by Marshal.dump.
+
+Tue Oct 27 17:06:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* defs/id.def: move internal IDs for frozen-string-literal-debug.
+
+Tue Oct 27 16:41:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (rb_error_frozen_object): use rb_attr_get instead of
+	  rb_ivar_get to get rid of warnings for string objects created
+	  when frozen-string-literal-debug is disabled.
+
+Tue Oct 27 16:18:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/logger.rb (Logger::Period#previous_period_end): as weekly
+	  rotation shifts the log file on Sundays, the end date of the
+	  previous period should be Saturdays.  fix r45072.
+	  [ruby-dev:49314] [Bug #11622]
+
+Tue Oct 27 16:12:37 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_dump.c (rb_print_backtrace): our addr2line doesn't work on sparc.
+	  http://rubyci.s3.amazonaws.com/unstable11s/ruby-trunk/log/20151027T043311Z.log.html.gz
+
+Tue Oct 27 12:00:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/logger.rb (Logger::Period#next_rotate_time): get rid of
+	  adding to mday not to exceed the days of the month.
+	  [ruby-core:71185] [Bug #11620]
+
+Mon Oct 26 22:43:03 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb (test_method_defined): Add test cases
+	  for `public/protected/private _method_defined?`
+	  These methods accept string as argument, so add string argument
+	  cases.  [Fix GH-1067]
+
+Mon Oct 26 22:23:30 2015  SimonDKnight  <simondknight@hotmail.com>
+
+	* lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc: Grammatical errors fixed.
+	  [Fix GH-1070]
+
+Mon Oct 26 18:36:43 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h) <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* vm_method.c(rb_method_entry_make):
+	  [DOC] [ci skip] Remove a needless space from comment
+	  [Fixes GH-1069] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Mon Oct 26 17:30:13 2015  Ryan Hosford  <tad.hosford@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb: rename tailing to trailing.
+	  [Misc #11548]
+
+Mon Oct 26 17:11:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (call_op, call_op2): fix values on ripper.  [Feature #11537]
+
+Mon Oct 26 12:55:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (call_op2): separate from call_op and also allow "::",
+	  while dot_or_colon should not allow ".?".  [Feature #11537]
+
+Mon Oct 26 01:03:23 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c: fix compile errors when
+	  USE_SLEEPY_TIMER_THREAD is disabled.
+
+Sun Oct 25 10:12:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* symbol.c (op_tbl): add DOTQ for ripper.  [Feature #11537]
+
+Sat Oct 24 22:51:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: fixed build failure of Haiku.
+	  [fix GH-984] Patch by @kallisti5
+	* ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c: ditto.
+	* ext/socket/getnameinfo.c: ditto.
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: ditto.
+
+Sat Oct 24 21:16:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb (test_uptodate): relax error
+	  message format.  [Feature #9025], [ruby-core:71178] [Bug #11617]
+
+Sat Oct 24 21:06:43 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h)  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: Revert r45640 because it may lead to link
+	  with different libruby. [Bug #9760]
+
+Sat Oct 24 15:42:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bootstraptest/test_method.rb: relax error message format.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_arity.rb (err_mess): ditto.
+	  [Feature #9025], [ruby-core:71178] [Bug #11617]
+
+Sat Oct 24 12:47:47 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: improved error message for "wrong number
+	  of arguments", distinguishing given and expected argument
+	  numbers clearly. [Feature #9025]
+
+Sat Oct 24 11:57:59 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: remove the typedef redeclaration of
+	  vm_call_handler.
+
+Sat Oct 24 07:29:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/forwardable.rb (def_instance_delegator, def_single_delegator):
+	  match backtraces against ::Forwardable in case the target class
+	  is a subclass of BasicObject and does not include Kernel.
+	  [ruby-core:71176] [Bug #11616]
+
+Sat Oct 24 04:10:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (make_compile_option_value): include frozen_string_literal*
+	  in a made option value.
+
+	* vm_opts.h: forgot to add OPT_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_DEBUG
+	  at last commit.
+
+Sat Oct 24 03:58:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ruby.c: introduce --enable-frozen-string-literal-debug option.
+	  If this option is enabled, the modify error will be:
+	    can't modify frozen String (RuntimeError) =>
+	    can't modify frozen String, created at test.rb:3 (RuntimeError)
+
+	* iseq.h: add compile option frozen_string_literal_debug.
+
+	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* error.c (rb_error_frozen): ditto.
+
+	* iseq.c (set_compile_option_from_hash): ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: add a test for this fix.
+
+Sat Oct 24 02:02:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: introduce new call handler for simple ISeqs.
+
+	  vm_call_iseq_setup_normal_0start() is simple, however it has
+	  some loops/conditions depends on ISeq::param.size and
+	  ISeq::local_size (in vm_push_frame(), inlined into this function).
+
+	  There are many simple methods which has a few parameters and local
+	  variables. So that this patch introduces several special functions
+	  generated in vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc by
+	  tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb.
+
+	  This script makes
+	    vm_call_iseq_setup_normal_0start_Xparams_Ylocals()
+	  where X is 0 to 3 and Y is 1 to 6 (as current setting).
+	  In this case, X * Y = 24 functions are created.
+
+	  These functions creates fast method dispatch by inlining
+	  vm_push_frame() with immediate params/locals sizes.
+
+	  On my laptop, we can have the following results.
+
+	  vm2_method*       1.083 (8.3% faster)
+	  vm2_poly_method*  0.961 (3.4% slower)
+
+	  It shows 8.3% faster for inner loop method dispatch (hit inline
+	  cache), but 3.4% slower when inline cache miss because we need
+	  to find a suitable call handler.
+
+	* common.mk: add a rule for vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc.
+
+	* tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb: added.
+
+	* vm.c: include vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc.
+
+Sat Oct 24 01:58:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: define vm_call_handler.
+
+Sat Oct 24 01:56:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h, vm_insnhelper.h: move definition of VMDEBUG
+	  from vm_insnhelper.h to vm_core.h.
+
+Sat Oct 24 01:51:01 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: [DOC] In the new safe call syntax, arguments are evaluated
+	  only if a call is made.
+
+	* doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc: Fix a typo.
+
+Sat Oct 24 00:38:34 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/forwardable (def_instance_delegator, def_single_delegator):
+	  rescue ::Exception instead of Exception in case Exception is
+	  defined under the target class.
+	  [ruby-core:71175] [Ruby trunk - Bug #11615]
+
+Fri Oct 23 21:10:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (name_err_mesg_to_str): separate class names from the
+	  receiver description.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (make_no_method_exception, raise_method_missing): add
+	  format specifiers for class names.
+
+Fri Oct 23 18:10:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* .gitignore: ignored environmental wrapper files.
+
+Fri Oct 23 17:55:29 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb.rb: Ignored assignment of STDOUT.sync = true
+	  when irb.rb loaded. It's affected to IDE such as Jetbrain.
+	  [fix GH-864] Patch by @os97673
+
+Fri Oct 23 16:35:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb, test/test_ipaddr.rb: Reject invalid address contained
+	  EOL string. Patch by @kachick [fix GH-942][Bug #11513]
+
+Fri Oct 23 16:03:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c: fix indent style. [fix GH-977]
+	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: indent. [fix GH-975]
+	  [ci skip] These patches are contributed from @yui-knk
+
+Fri Oct 23 15:46:09 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c: Added method signature to include hash. It's inconsistency
+	  with `gsub` method signature.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-1023] Patch by @danielevans
+
+Fri Oct 23 15:25:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb: remove an empty comment line and -*-.
+
+Fri Oct 23 15:20:02 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (gettextfile, getbinaryfile): use the safe
+	  navigation operator.
+
+Fri Oct 23 13:51:33 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test_call.rb (test_safe_call): Add test cases for safe
+	  navigation operator assignment.  [Fix GH-1064]
+	  Validate:
+	  * can assign an attribute which is `nil`
+	  * can "or assign" an attribute which is `nil`
+
+Fri Oct 23 11:58:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): optimize lengthy safe
+	  navigation method chain.  [Feature #11537]
+
+Fri Oct 23 10:58:41 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb (tridiagonalize): fix
+	  indentation to avoid a warning when the command line option -w of
+	  ruby is specified.
+
+	* lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb (hessenberg_to_real_schur):
+	  change the name of a block parameter to avoid a warning when the
+	  command line option -w of ruby is specified.
+
+Fri Oct 23 10:49:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): support safe navigation of simple
+	  attribute assignment.  [Feature #11537]
+
+	* parse.y (mlhs_node, lhs, attrset_gen): ditto.  keep mid
+	  non-attrset as the sign of safe navigation.
+
+Fri Oct 23 07:17:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb (test_wait_eof): test return value
+
+Fri Oct 23 00:32:02 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ssl_npn_select_cb): explicitly raise error
+	  in ext/openssl instead of OpenSSL itself because LibreSSL
+	  silently truncate the selected protocol name by casting the length
+	  from int to unsigned char. [Bug #11369]
+	  Patch by Jeremy Evans <merch-redmine@jeremyevans.net>
+
+Fri Oct 23 00:49:45 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/un.rb (help): change the name of a block parameter to avoid
+	  a warning when the command line option -w of ruby is specified.
+
+Fri Oct 23 00:22:20 2015  Josef Simanek  <josef.simanek@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_tr): [DOC] Escape backslash in String#tr
+	  documentation.  [Fix GH-1063]
+
+Fri Oct 23 00:19:04 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_collect): [DOC] Fix space of code example of
+	  Array#map.  [Fix GH-1062]
+
+Thu Oct 22 18:52:53 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_f_loop): When a loop is stopped by a StopIteration
+	  exception, return what the enumerator has returned instead of
+	  nil. [ruby-core:71133] [Feature #11498]
+
+Thu Oct 22 18:25:10 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (idle): add a new argument timeout for keep-alive.
+	  [ruby-core:63693] [Bug #10031]
+
+Thu Oct 22 15:30:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_peephole_optimize): peephole optimization for
+	  branchnil jumps.
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): generate save navigation operator
+	  code.
+
+	* insns.def (branchnil): new opcode to pop the tos and branch if
+	  it is nil.
+
+	* parse.y (NEW_QCALL, call_op, parser_yylex): parse token '.?'.
+	  [Feature #11537]
+
+Thu Oct 22 13:16:19 2015  Guilherme Reis Campos  <guilhermekbsa@gmail.com>
+
+	* dir.c (ruby_brace_expand): glob brace expansion edge case fix.
+	  When there are closing braces '}' before a open brace '{' it
+	  must be ignored and considered as literal.
+	  [ruby-core:71138] [Bug #11609]
+
+Thu Oct 22 13:13:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (argf_next_argv): check ARGV element type, and try
+	  conversion if necessary.  [ruby-core:71140] [Bug #11610]
+
+Thu Oct 22 11:11:16 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: add tests for getbinaryfile and
+	  gettextfile.
+
+Wed Oct 21 18:34:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_magic_comment): allow a sole magic comment without
+	  indicators, neither other non-space comments.  [Feature #8976]
+
+Tue Oct 20 12:17:56 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Add basic argument checking to Prime.prime?
+	  [Bug #11606]
+
+Tue Oct 20 12:17:50 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Optimize Integer#prime?
+	  Patch by Nick Slocum [Bug #10354]
+
+Tue Oct 20 08:12:47 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: pthread_getattr_np is broken on AIX.
+	  More specifically, the stack address and size returned are
+	  not correct.
+
+Tue Oct 20 05:54:46 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/closure.c (callback): static function
+
+Mon Oct 19 10:33:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_raise_socket_error): get rid of a glibc
+	  bug.  [ruby-core:71100] [Bug #11600]
+
+Mon Oct 19 01:26:26 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_identical_p): not necessary to compare the paths after
+	  comparing the file indexes on Windows.  designate by kosaki.
+
+Sun Oct 18 21:17:27 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/open-uri.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sun Oct 18 14:37:56 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_urandom): add a comment why using
+	  O_NONBLOCK and O_NOCTTY.
+
+Sun Oct 18 13:24:17 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): use ATOMIC_SET() for
+	  updating try_syscall.
+
+Sun Oct 18 13:03:52 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* include/ruby/backward/util.h: Good-by Borland-C.
+
+Sun Oct 18 13:03:09 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* common.mk: add a comment how to use "make test-all"
+
+Sun Oct 18 12:59:22 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* common.mk: add comments how to use "make benchmark"
+
+Sun Oct 18 12:58:15 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb: Specify frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+Sun Oct 18 11:22:52 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* dln.c: remove defined(__WATCOMC__).
+
+Sun Oct 18 11:16:33 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: Good-by Borland-C.
+
+Sun Oct 18 11:04:36 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* numeric.c: Good-by Borland-C.
+	* include/ruby/backward/rubyio.h: ditto.
+	* include/ruby/backward/st.h: ditto.
+	* include/ruby/backward/util.h: ditto.
+	* include/ruby/backward/rubysig.h: ditto.
+	* include/ruby/backward/classext.h: ditto.
+	* dln.c: ditto.
+	* gc.c: ditto.
+	* win32/resource.rb: ditto.
+	* win32/dir.h: ditto.
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: ditto.
+	* NEWS: announce that Borland-C is no longer supported.
+
+Sun Oct 18 10:54:52 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* dln.c: simplify #ifdef. _WIN32 and __CYGWIN__ are exclusive.
+	  see include/ruby/defines.h
+	* gc.c: ditto.
+	* ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c: ditto.
+
+Sun Oct 18 10:42:19 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* ruby.c (open_load_file): add a comment.
+
+Sun Oct 18 10:12:46 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_identical_p): simplify ifdefs
+
+Sun Oct 18 10:01:40 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* ChangeLog: Good-bye OS/2.
+	* common.mk: ditto.
+	* configure.in: ditto.
+	* dln_find.c: ditto.
+	* ext/Setup.emx: ditto.
+	* ext/extmk.rb: ditto.
+	* ext/socket/extconf.rb: ditto.
+	* ext/zlib/extconf.rb: ditto.
+	* file.c: ditto.
+	* include/ruby/defines.h: ditto.
+	* io.c: ditto.
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: ditto.
+	* missing/os2.c: ditto.
+	* process.c: ditto.
+	* ruby.c: ditto.
+	* NEWS: announce OS/2 is no longer supported.
+
+Sun Oct 18 08:50:15 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* include/ruby/defines.h (DOSISH): add comments.
+
+Sun Oct 18 08:26:51 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* io.c (fptr_finalize): don't release gvl if fptr is not writable.
+	  writable fd may block on close(2) when it's on NFS. But readonly
+	  fd doesn't. [Bug #11559]
+	  result: make benchmark OPTS="-p bm_require_t -e ruby-trunk -e ruby-2.2.2"
+	    build-ruby:             0.171
+	    ruby 2.3.0dev(r52151):  0.659
+	    ruby 2.2.0p95 (r50295): 0.834
+
+Sun Oct 18 09:32:58 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* file.c (ruby_is_fd_loadable): this should be fail if st_mode is
+	  not regular file nor FIFO.
+
+Sun Oct 18 09:20:17 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* ruby.c (open_load_file): use rb_thread_wait_fd() instead of reopen.
+
+Sun Oct 18 05:11:22 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* ruby.c (open_load_file): reset O_NONBLOCK after open.
+	  Even if S_ISREG() is true, the file may be file on FUSE filesystem
+	  or something. We can't assume O_NONBLOCK is safe.
+	  Moreover, we should wait if the path is point to FIFO. That's
+	  FIFO semantics. GVL should be transparent from ruby script.
+	  Thus, just reopen without O_NONBLOCK for filling the requirements.
+	  [Bug #11060][Bug #11559]
+
+	* ruby.c (loadopen_func): new for the above.
+
+	* file.c (ruby_is_fd_loadable): new. for checks loadable file type
+	  of not.
+	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): use ruby_is_fd_loadble()
+	* internal.h: add ruby_is_fd_loadble()
+
+	* common.mk: now, ruby.o depend on thread.h.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_require.rb
+	(TestRequire#test_loading_fifo_threading_success): new test.
+	  This test successful case that loading from FIFO.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_require.rb
+	(TestRequire#test_loading_fifo_threading_raise): rename from
+	  test_loading_fifo_threading. You shouldn't rescue an exception
+	  if you test raise or not.
+	  Moreover, this case should be caught IOError because load(FIFO)
+	  should be blocked until given any input.
+
+Sat Oct 17 13:55:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): concatenate converted
+	  string to the result instead of making converted string and
+	  append it.
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_cat_conv_enc_opts): from rb_str_conv_enc_opts,
+	  separate function to concatenate with transcoding.
+
+Sat Oct 17 13:19:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (load_file): unify each preparations and clean-ups by
+	  merging load_file_internal and load_file_internal2, and remove
+	  nested rb_protect and rb_ensure.
+
+Sat Oct 17 05:28:32 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb (test_symbol_fstr_leak): add a warm-up
+	  code and check RSS to avoid false positive on AIX and false
+	  negative on Mac OS X. [Bug #10686]
+
+Fri Oct 16 15:54:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): open in non-blocking mode withoout
+	  releasing GVL.  don't care about others than regular files and
+	  directories.  [ruby-dev:49272] [Bug #11559]
+
+	* ruby.c (load_file_internal): ditto.
+
+Thu Oct 15 23:56:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_sym_to_proc): make void env.
+
+Thu Oct 15 13:37:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_sym_to_proc): move from string.c and create a Proc
+	  with no environments.  [ruby-core:71088] [Bug #11594]
+
+Thu Oct 15 01:57:03 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb
+	  (test_trace_object_allocations_start_stop_clear): clear object
+	  allocation table first to get rid of erroneous detection for obj3.
+	  [ruby-dev:49095] [Bug #11271]
+
+Thu Oct 15 01:53:38 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ostruct/test_ostruct.rb: Add tests for OpenStruct#respond_to.
+	  Patch by @jeremy in [GH-1041]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1041
+
+Thu Oct 15 01:49:25 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/ostruct.rb: Finish defining OpenStruct attributes lazily.
+	  Patch by @sferik in [GH-1037]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1037
+	  This commit is an addendum to https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1033.
+	  It:
+	  1. lazily defines attribute accessors for copied and marshaled objects,
+	  2. returns nil when an attribute reader is not defined, and
+	  3. defines respond_to_missing? to maintain the same respond_to? behavior
+
+Wed Oct 14 16:56:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: check for libunwind.h, which is not available in
+	  very old OS X SDK.  [ruby-core:71080] [Bug #11591]
+
+Wed Oct 14 14:11:42 2015  Brian Black  <bblack@veracode.com>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_insn_operand_intern): change kw in callinfo disasm from the
+	  number of keyword arguments to an ordered list of the keywords used.
+	  [Feature #11589]
+
+Wed Oct 14 13:58:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_nextc): send a warning to ripper, not to STDERR
+	  always.
+
+	* parse.y (rb_warn1, rb_warning1): move argument conversions to
+	  callers.  PRIsVALUE is not valid in String#%.
+
+Wed Oct 14 13:37:23 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc: fix spell error.
+	  [fix GH-1053][ci skip] Patch by @Matrixbirds
+
+Tue Oct 13 22:06:50 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (rsock_fd_family): Check sa_len.
+
+Tue Oct 13 12:14:10 2015  Craig Davison  <craig65535@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/socket/rsock_addrinfo (rsock_addrinfo): specify address
+	  family.  [Fix GH-1052]
+
+	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_connect, udp_bind, udp_send):
+	  address family by the receiver.
+
+Sun Oct 11 07:09:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_push_frame): initialize other than sp (and ep)
+	  first for performance.
+
+Sun Oct 11 06:21:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_eval.c, internal.h (rb_yield_1): added for performance which
+	  doesn't check Qundef.
+
+	* numeric.c (int_dotimes): use rb_yield_1.
+
+Sun Oct 11 06:19:49 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_iseq_setup_normal): setup sp first
+	  for performance.
+
+Sun Oct 11 05:29:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (invoke_block_from_c): split this function into several
+	  functions.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_yield_callee_setup_arg): remove this function
+	  because it is only delegation function.
+
+Sun Oct 11 03:48:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_of_slowpass): fix typo (pass -> path).
+	  Pointed out by Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>.
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_of_...): `of' is unnecessary.
+
+Sat Oct 10 19:04:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_connect, udp_bind): get open files
+	  inside ensure functions.
+
+Sat Oct 10 18:35:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method0): do not propagate enable_fastpath,
+	  but pass dummy CC to prevent wrong caching.
+
+Sat Oct 10 15:28:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* import a github pull request
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1050
+	  by Kazuho Oku <kazuho@natadeco.co>.
+
+	  This pull request has the following commits.
+
+	* gc.c: reduce # of args to 6 (max. of register args on x86-64) so
+	  that the `newobj_of_slowpass` can be called via TCO.
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_of), string.c (str_duplicate): for performance,
+	  the hot functions must be inlined.
+
+	* gc.c: for performance, preceding arguments of `.*newobj_of.*`
+	  must be same, so that the arg registers can be reused in case of
+	  TCO.
+
+Sat Oct 10 08:52:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_connect, udp_bind, udp_send): fix
+	  memory leaks at closed socket.
+
+Fri Oct  9 17:29:07 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (parse257): refactor.
+
+Fri Oct  9 16:42:26 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb: use frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+	* test/net/imap/test_imap.rb: ditto.
+
+	* test/net/imap/test_imap_response_parser.rb: ditto.
+
+Fri Oct  9 15:52:28 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb: use frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb: ditto.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: ditto.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_mlsx_entry.rb: ditto.
+
+Fri Oct  9 14:12:35 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h)  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: Revert r52082 because it was
+	  dropping TLS v1.1 support too. Supporting only TLS v1.2 is too
+	  early, because many popular websites still don't support it.
+
+	  For instance, Servers where aws-sdk connects to still don't support
+	  TLS v1.2 and it became broken.
+
+	  We should consider more carefully about this.
+
+	  [Fix GH-873] [Feature #11524]
+
+Fri Oct  9 12:52:08 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): Dynamic string literals (e.g.,
+	  "#{x}") should not be frozen because they don't literally
+	  represent strings.
+	  https://twitter.com/shugomaeda/status/651937650027401216
+	  https://twitter.com/yukihiro_matz/status/651942882312482817
+	  https://twitter.com/yukihiro_matz/status/651980835181096960
+
+Fri Oct  9 06:52:49 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* benchmark/prepare_require.rb: skip file creation if it already
+	  exist. Suggested by ko1.
+
+Fri Oct  9 06:18:04 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+	* benchmark/bm_require.rb: new benchmark for require.
+	* benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb: new benchmark for conflicting
+	  require vs thread. like [Bug #11559]
+	* prepare_require.rb: new file for preparing above tests.
+	* prepare_require.rb: ditto.
+
+Thu Oct  8 14:10:45 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: Default to TLSv1.2 and drop TLS v1
+	  Patch provided by @claudijd [Fixes GH-873] [Feature #11524]:
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/873
+
+Wed Oct  7 22:55:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/minitest/metametameta.rb (with_output): restore output to
+	  fix mixing test result output in worker responses.
+
+Wed Oct  7 21:32:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_duplicate): move from rb_str_resurrect to short
+	  circuit initialization.
+
+Wed Oct  7 20:43:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_resurrect): fix resurrection of short enough to
+	  be embedded but not embedded string.
+
+Wed Oct  7 20:17:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_of): divide fast path and slow path
+	  to avoid register savings for fast path.
+
+	  This idea is given by Kazuho Oku <kazuho@natadeco.co>.
+
+Wed Oct  7 17:30:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_times): optimize for the argument 0 and 1.
+
+Wed Oct  7 01:20:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.h, gc.c: introduce new debug function rb_obj_info_dump(VALUE obj)
+	  which prints the result of rb_raw_obj_info(..., obj).
+
+Wed Oct  7 01:16:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_args.c: remove an unused field args_info::calling.
+
+Tue Oct  6 23:43:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_min_max_arity): should support
+	  OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL.
+
+Tue Oct  6 21:29:08 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb (Dir.tmpdir): return duplicated string to be
+	  modify safely even when $SAFE > 0.
+
+Tue Oct  6 19:24:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method0): use switch() for visibilities
+	  (for readability).
+
+Tue Oct  6 19:23:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (Init_Proc): Proc#call and others should be public.
+
+Tue Oct  6 18:51:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: IMEMO_FL_USER3 and IMEMO_FL_USER4 is not needed any more.
+
+Tue Oct  6 18:47:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: remove METHOD_ENTRY_SAFE(me) and related code
+	  because $SAFE = 3 and 4 is not available.
+	  Now, $SAFE is not checked on method dispatch at all.
+
+	* vm_eval.c, vm_insnhelper.c, vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Tue Oct  6 13:56:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: turn function macros into inline functions,
+	  for debuggers.
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: turn constant macros into enums, for
+	  debuggers.
+
+Tue Oct  6 13:48:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* method.h: typo fix. Patch by @davydovanton [fix GH-1032][ci skip]
+
+Tue Oct  6 06:54:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_free): free iseq::variable_body to avoid memory
+	  leak.
+
+Tue Oct  6 06:32:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c: enable optimization of Proc#call.
+	  [Feature #11569]
+
+	* NEWS: write about this optimization and incompatibilities.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb: catch up this fix.
+
+Tue Oct  6 04:41:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: solve goto spaghetti.
+
+	  Change all goto statement across blocks to tail call functions.
+
+Tue Oct  6 02:29:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_resurrect): optimize by short circuit to copy
+	  hidden string without checking length, encoding and so on.
+
+Mon Oct  5 23:08:17 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_thread.rb (test_handle_interrupt_blocking): check if
+	  exception handling was postponed until sleep.
+
+Mon Oct  5 22:25:49 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/pp.rb: Use frozen_string_literal: true.
+
+	* lib/prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/test_pp.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/test_prettyprint.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* tool/transcode-tblgen.rb: Ditto.
+
+Mon Oct  5 20:39:32 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_thread.rb: fix potential race condition.
+	  The thread could have a "sleep" status because it tries
+	  to acquire the mutex, but does not have it yet.
+
+Mon Oct  5 15:39:30 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c: [DOC] Overview for Numeric class by Joe Corcoran
+	  This patch was created at ROSSConf Berlin 2015 [Bug #11555]
+
+Mon Oct  5 15:34:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_new): link ep to calling block.
+	  [ruby-core:70980] [Bug #11566]
+
+Mon Oct  5 00:53:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (rb_dir_getwd): make ASCII-8BIT if filesystem encoding is
+	  US-ASCII, like as Dir.glob.
+
+Sun Oct  4 23:39:09 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* enum.c (nmin_filter): Fix limit value.
+	  patch by Helder Pereira.
+	  [Bug #11471] [ruby-core:70477]
+
+Sun Oct  4 15:11:48 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/euc_jp.c (mbc_case_fold): check given string is valid or not,
+	  and if invalid, return 1. [Bug #11486]
+
+Sun Oct  4 10:09:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (rb_dir_getwd): normalize OS path to UTF-8 on OS X.
+
+Sun Oct  4 00:09:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* template/ruby-runner.c.in: wrapper to set dynamic loading path
+	  environment variable.  /bin/sh on Mac OS X 10.11 (El Capitan)
+	  clears DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH.
+
+	  it must:
+	  - do nothing even if current directory is not present
+	  - do not set other environment variables, e.g. PWD, SHLVL, etc
+	  - do not open other FDs, e.g. pipes for timer thread
+
+Sun Oct 2 10:59:00 2015  schneems  <richard.schneeman@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb: freeze string literals for
+	  reduced object allocation.
+	  [Feature #11375] [ruby-core:70043]
+
+Fri Oct  2 09:20:20 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* common.mk, lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: Change Unicode
+	  Version for character normalization data from 7.0.0 to
+	  8.0.0.
+
+Fri Oct  2 00:18:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_mark): block.ep of Proc from Symbol is now NULL.
+	  [ruby-core:70961] [Bug #11560]
+
+Wed Sep 30 15:47:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_args.c (vm_caller_setup_arg_block): bypass Symbol#to_proc
+	  call to optimize symbol block passing.
+
+Wed Sep 30 01:34:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_free): fix memory leak at syntax error when
+	  warn-indent is enabled.
+
+Tue Sep 29 22:27:50 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* parse.y: fix minor typo. [ci skip][fix GH-1038].
+	  Patch by @ltratt.
+
+Tue Sep 29 16:53:53 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* tool/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl, lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb:
+	  get rid of many .freeze commands by using frozen_string_literal
+	  pragma.
+
+Tue Sep 29 16:37:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (compile_dstr_fragments): fix performance by omitting
+	  the first empty string only for keeping literal encoding if
+	  other literals are too.  [ruby-core:70930] [Bug #11556]
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_append_literal): append but keep encoding non
+	  US-ASCII.
+
+Mon Sep 28 17:40:17 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (mtime): use usec instead of fractions to parse
+	  decimal fractions of a second correctly when the number of digits
+	  is not 6.
+
+Mon Sep 28 16:07:08 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (mtime): parse decimal fractions of a second as
+	  specified in RFC 3659.
+
+Mon Sep 28 10:31:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/test_forwardable.rb: Write basic tests for lib/forwardable.
+	  [fix GH-1035] Patch by @kachick
+
+Sun Sep 27 23:32:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_define_class, rb_define_class_id_under): refine
+	  error messages.
+
+	* class.c (rb_define_module, rb_define_module_id_under): ditto,
+	  and make consistent with class.
+
+Sun Sep 27 18:44:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: removed duplicated message.
+
+Sun Sep 27 15:46:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (process_options): add an option to enable/disable
+	  frozen-string-literal.  [Feature #8976]
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): override compile option by option
+	  given by pragma.
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_make_compile_option): extract a function to
+	  overwrite rb_compile_option_t.
+
+	* parse.y (parser_set_compile_option_flag): introduce pragma to
+	  override compile options.
+
+	* parse.y (magic_comments): new pragma "frozen-string-literal".
+	  [Feature #8976]
+
+Sun Sep 27 08:16:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/ostruct.rb (delete_field): do not raise NameError for
+	  existing keys.  [Fix GH-1033]
+
+Sun Sep 27 00:34:31 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/ostruct.rb: Move method definitions for getter/setter to be lazy
+	  Patch by @sferik in [GH-1033]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1033
+
+Fri Sep 25 10:07:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: removed unused variable. It's removed at r13648.
+	  [fix GH-1022] Patch by @nkondratyev
+
+Fri Sep 25 09:48:27 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: upgrade to minitest-5.8.1
+
+Fri Sep 25 09:47:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* id_table.c: fix typo. [ci skip][fix GH-1031] Patch @davydovanton
+
+Fri Sep 25 07:54:05 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/gdbm/test_gdbm.rb (TestGDBM#test_s_open_lock): skip
+	  this test on AIX. The issue is the same as on Solaris.
+	  [ruby-dev:47631]
+
+Thu Sep 24 17:25:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (paren_args): fix separator token at `foo::bar()` in
+	  ripper.
+
+Thu Sep 24 00:00:17 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* complex.c: ruby/config.h must be included before math.h
+	  because it defines _LARGE_FILES on AIX and _LARGE_FILES
+	  must be defined before sys/types.h is included from math.h.
+	  [Bug #11483]
+
+Wed Sep 23 22:22:38 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12*: Remove svn commit id macro
+
+Wed Sep 23 01:11:28 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/*: Remove svn commit id macros to make sync easier
+
+Tue Sep 22 04:20:01 2015  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* test/drb/test_drb.rb: Run Rinda/DRb tests on localhost. [Fix GH-1027]
+	  patch by voxik.
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb: ditto
+
+Mon Sep 21 20:53:39 2015  tbpgr  <tbpgr@tbpgr.jp>
+
+	* test/win32ole/test_win32ole_event.rb: fix typo.
+	  swbemsink_avairable? => swbemsink_available?  [Fix GH-1025]
+
+Sun Sep 20 10:07:35 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
+
+	* cont.c (rb_callcc): [DOC] append continuations example across
+	  methods.  [Fix GH-1026]
+
+Sun Sep 20 03:20:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_free): free rb_iseq_t::body::cc_entries.
+
+Sun Sep 20 02:46:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: split rb_call_info_t into several structs.
+	  * rb_call_info (ci) has compiled fixed information.
+	  * if ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG, then rb_call_info is
+	    also rb_call_info_with_kwarg. This technique reduce one word
+	    for major rb_call_info data.
+	  * rb_calling_info has temporary data (argc, blockptr, recv).
+	    for each method dispatch. This data is allocated only on
+	    machine stack.
+	  * rb_call_cache is for inline method cache.
+
+	  Before this patch, only rb_call_info_t data is passed.
+	  After this patch, above three structs are passed.
+
+	  This patch improves:
+	  * data locality (rb_call_info is now read-only data).
+	  * reduce memory consumption (rb_call_info_with_kwarg,
+	    rb_calling_info).
+
+	* compile.c: use above data.
+
+	* insns.def: ditto.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_args.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h: ditto.
+
+	* iseq.h: add iseq_compile_data::ci_index and
+	  iseq_compile_data::ci_kw_index.
+
+	* tool/instruction.rb: introduce TS_CALLCACHE operand type.
+
+Sun Sep 20 02:18:10 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/lib/envutil.rb: mkfifo command based File.mkfifo method
+	  definition removed.
+
+Fri Sep 18 20:11:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_mkfifo): implement File.mkfifo.
+	  [Feature #11536]
+
+Fri Sep 18 16:56:19 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* NEWS: add Net::FTP#mlst and Net::FTP#mlsd.
+
+Fri Sep 18 07:39:22 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c (obj_type): add IMEMO types to the heap
+	  dump information.
+
+Thu Sep 17 22:33:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk: fix command error with outside builddir.
+
+Thu Sep 17 17:42:09 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk: separated test for test-framework from test-all task.
+	  They should be invoke at first before tests of test-all.
+
+Thu Sep 17 12:05:54 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_dir.rb (TestDir#test_fileno): s/?x/"x"/. Don't
+	  use tricky code, please.
+
+Wed Sep 16 20:49:56 2015  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* encindex.h: fix typo of last #endif comment. [ci skip]
+
+Wed Sep 16 20:39:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (set_const_visibility): fail if the class/module is
+	  frozen.  [ruby-core:70828] [Bug #11532]
+
+Wed Sep 16 17:16:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE): enable per-VM object space on
+	  Windows by default, as rb_w32_sysinit() no longer depends on
+	  ruby_xmalloc.
+
+Wed Sep 16 15:08:17 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Strings): [DOC] Revise the character
+	  literal part.
+
+Wed Sep 16 14:55:33 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Strings): [DOC] Document the full list
+	  of supported escape sequences in string literals.
+
+Wed Sep 16 14:49:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_setbyte): keep the code range as possible.
+
+Wed Sep 16 13:23:48 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Strings): mention about ?a literal.
+
+Wed Sep 16 12:06:53 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): check pathtype once again by lstat(2) if
+	  dp->d_type is DT_UNKNOWN. XFS may return DT_UNKNOWN.
+
+Wed Sep 16 03:49:19 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_thread.rb (TestThread#test_mutex_synchronize):
+	  insert waste loop for invoking preemptive thread context switch.
+	  [Bug #11496]
+
+Tue Sep 15 19:38:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_objspace_alloc, rb_objspace_free): define always
+	  regardless ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE, and free heap pages.
+
+Tue Sep 15 15:15:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_sysinit, rb_w32_readdir): compare by
+	  encoding index to get rid of encoding initialization before VM
+	  object space allocation.
+
+	* dir.c (fundamental_encoding_p, push_glob): compare by encoding
+	  index immediately.
+
+	* enc/{ascii,us_ascii,utf_8}.c: set encoding indexes of
+	  fundamental built-in encodings so that usable as well as
+	  allocated rb_encoding before rb_enc_init().
+
+	* encindex.h: separate encoding index constants from internal.h.
+
+Tue Sep 15 13:13:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_sort_bang, rb_ary_sort): [DOC] correct block
+	  return values, which may be a negative or positive integer, not
+	  only -1 or +1.
+
+Tue Sep 15 12:49:10 2015  Jason Barnabe  <jason.barnabe@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_sort_bang, rb_ary_sort): [DOC] Correct
+	  description of array sort block return values.  And also fix up
+	  the grammar a bit.  [Fix GH-1020]
+
+Tue Sep 15 12:44:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* util.c (ruby_qsort): use BSD-style qsort_r if available.
+
+Mon Sep 14 19:26:34 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (parse_mlsx_entry): parse pathnames including
+	  space correctly.
+
+Mon Sep 14 11:12:10 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc: [DOC] fix typo, "convertion" to
+	  "conversion".  [Fix GH-1016]
+
+Sun Sep 13 11:03:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: prefix RUBY or RB to global symbols to get
+	  rid of name conflicts with other headers.
+
+	* include/ruby/encoding.h, include/ruby/intern.h: ditto.
+
+Sun Sep 13 09:38:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (size, modify, create, type, unique, perm, lang,
+	  media_type, charset): new methods to return standard facts.
+
+Sat Sep 12 19:43:49 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_iseq_setup_normal): do not clear local
+	  variables here. vm_push_frame() clears.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_iseq_setup_tailcall): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_push_frame): move check code to
+	  vm_check_frame().
+
+	  Reorder initialization timing to reuse same values (sp).
+
+	* compile.c (rb_iseq_compile_node): use
+	  iseq_set_exception_local_table() for ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD.
+
+Sat Sep 12 23:06:51 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (file?, directory?, appendable?, creatable?,
+	  deletable?, enterable?, renamable?, listable?, directory_makable?,
+	  purgeable?, readable?, writable?): new methods.
+
+Sat Sep 12 21:27:22 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (FACT_PARSERS): support system dependent facts
+	  UNIX.mode, UNIX.owner, UNIX.group, UNIX.ctime, and UNIX.atime.
+
+Sat Sep 12 19:08:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_dup2): should return the new fd on
+	  success, while msvcrt returns 0 wrongly.
+
+Sat Sep 12 18:14:11 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (parse_mlsx_entry, mlst) raise an FTPProtoError
+	  when parsing failed.
+
+Sat Sep 12 18:00:35 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (TIME_PARSER): use "Z" instead of "+00:00" to
+	  get UTC time.  Thanks, Wilson Bilkovich.
+
+Sat Sep 12 17:55:24 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (mlst, mlsd): support new commands MLST and MLSD
+	  specified in RFC 3659.
+
+Sat Sep 12 16:14:31 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c: access()/eaccess() wrapping methods check more than just uid.
+	  [fix GH-1007][ci skip] Patch by @eam
+
+Sat Sep 12 16:07:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* README.md: improve markdown rendering for readability.
+	  [fix GH-1015][ci skip] Patch by @Matrixbirds
+
+Sat Sep 12 14:30:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (save_redirect_fd): make saved FDs close-on-exec not
+	  to be inherited.
+
+	* process.c (run_exec_dup2): restore close-on-exec flags too.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (fcntl): implement F_GETFD, F_SETFD, and
+	  F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC.
+
+Sat Sep 12 05:35:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* rational.c (string_to_r_strict): preserve encoding in exception
+
+Fri Sep 11 20:23:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_call_info_t::aux.opt_pc.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: introduce shortcut functions for opt_pc == 0
+	  because opt_pc is always 0 on shortcut function.
+
+Fri Sep 11 17:49:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c: disable ISeq.load. It enabled accidentally at r51794.
+
+Fri Sep 11 11:15:12 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (size, mdtm, system): parse responses according to
+	  RFC 959 and 3659, where reply codes must be followed by SP.
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (system): remove LF from the return value.
+
+Thu Sep 10 22:48:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (literal_concat_gen, evstr2dstr_gen): keep literal
+	  encoding beginning with an interpolation same as the source file
+	  encoding.  [ruby-core:70703] [Bug #11519]
+
+Thu Sep 10 22:15:51 2015  Joe Rafaniello  <jrafanie@redhat.com>
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_spawn): Be more specific regarding "other
+	  values" by having "non-zero positive integers" Add nil, the
+	  default value, as a possible value and what it means.
+
+	  Try to use more consistent language.
+	  [Fix GH-1008]
+
+Thu Sep 10 15:16:02 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (getmultiline): refactor.
+
+Thu Sep 10 12:17:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_build_from_ary_body): register cdhash to the
+	  iseq constant body instead of compile time mark array, not to
+	  get GCed.  [ruby-core:70708] [Feature #8543]
+
+Wed Sep  9 18:16:14 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/stub_specification.rb (Gem::StubSpecification#data):
+	  should not change the value of $. when `require`ing gems.
+	  this fixed test failures introduced by r51813.
+
+Wed Sep  9 16:55:45 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (usage, enable_option, disable_option, process_options): new
+	  option `--disable-did_you_mean`.
+
+	* gem_prelude.rb: now requires did_you_mean gem by default if available.
+
+Wed Sep  9 13:38:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/extlibs.rb (do_patch): let "patch" command change the
+	  working directory and open the patch file there, instead of
+	  spawn options, so that proper error message will be shown by the
+	  command not just "chdir" or "open".
+
+Wed Sep  9 11:33:05 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (update-gems): use BASERUBY instead of RUNRUBY.
+
+Wed Sep  9 11:08:59 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb: Remove backtrace cleaning for delegated methods
+	  This patch was provided by Rafael Franca and greatly improves
+	  performance when an exception is raised. [Bug #11461]
+
+Wed Sep  9 10:05:41 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_config.rb: fix broken tests for Windows platform.
+
+Wed Sep  9 07:46:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems HEAD(fe61e4c112).
+	  this version contains new feature that warn invalid SPDX license
+	  identifiers. https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/1249
+	  and #1032, #1023, #1332, #1328, #1306, #1321, #1324
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Tue Sep  8 23:17:36 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: Upgrade the did_you_mean gem to 1.0.0.beta2.
+
+Tue Sep  8 23:09:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_s_popen): do not wait the child process during being
+	  killed.  [ruby-core:70671] [Bug #11510]
+
+Tue Sep  8 22:18:04 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: revert because ruby trunk never be able to install
+	  the did_you_mean gem.  retry after enough test.
+
+Tue Sep  8 21:48:22 2015  Yuki Nishijima  <mail@yukinishijima.net>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: Automatically install the did_you_mean gem
+	  as a bundled gem.  [Feature #11252]
+
+Tue Sep  8 17:17:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_call_info_t::blockiseq.
+
+	* insns.def (send, invokesuper): pass blockiseq explicitly.
+
+	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_args.c: ditto.
+
+	* iseq.c (ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION): 2->3 because instruction spec was
+	  changed.
+
+Tue Sep  8 15:01:19 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (list): fetch all the lines before yielding a block
+	  to allow other commands in the block.  [Feature #11454]
+	  Patched by Srikanth Shreenivas.
+
+Tue Sep  8 12:05:00 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_read_reparse_point): return correct required
+	  buffer size for IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT.
+
+Tue Sep  8 00:14:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): raise with the target path
+	  name when open() failed.
+
+Mon Sep  7 23:45:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_exec_fail): raise with the target directory name
+	  when chdir() failed.  pointed out by sorah.
+
+Mon Sep  7 22:05:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (insert): should use plain strdup() instead of
+	  ruby_strdup() at startup time, and plain free()ed in cmdglob().
+
+Mon Sep  7 16:49:30 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_struct): define objspace always regardless
+	  ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE.
+
+Mon Sep  7 15:54:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS): fix typo.
+	  TODO: make arguments of all CAS macros consistent.
+
+Sun Sep  6 16:07:22 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ccan/list/list.h: suppress unused argument warnings
+	  [ccan commit 6aaca17e07588997417a73fac19dcf0ff17ed81b]
+
+Sat Sep  5 11:39:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/rss.rb (Time#w3cdtf): fix zero-trimmed width of fraction
+	  digits.  [ruby-core:70667] [Bug #11509]
+
+Sat Sep  5 08:28:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_equal, rb_hash_eql): [DOC] the orders of each
+	  hashes are not compared.  [Bug #11508]
+
+Fri Sep  4 23:26:22 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/win32.h: fix macro name for VC runtime version,
+	  RT_VER is only in Makefile.
+
+Fri Sep  4 17:46:17 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/contributing.rdoc: fix configuration option.
+	  [ci skip] [fix GH-1009]
+
+Fri Sep  4 04:46:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_memsize): functions for wrapper object should have
+	  iseqw_ prefix.
+
+Thu Sep  3 21:12:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi/session.rb (create_new_id): use SHA512 instead of MD5.
+	  pointed out by SARWAR JAHAN.
+
+Thu Sep  3 20:29:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): iseq->body->location.first_lineno is Fixnum.
+
+Thu Sep  3 17:54:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (raise_method_missing): "names" should be singular.
+	  pointed out by Filip Bartuzi.
+
+Thu Sep  3 17:50:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): should support IMEMO/iseq.
+
+Thu Sep  3 10:07:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (raise_method_missing): refine error messages when a
+	  symbol is not given.  [Fix GH-1013]
+
+Wed Sep  2 18:49:55 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/*: merge psych master(8737e5b). It contains following fixes.
+	  https://github.com/tenderlove/psych/pull/242
+	  https://github.com/tenderlove/psych/pull/246 [ruby-list:50219]
+	* test/psych/*: ditto.
+
+Wed Sep  2 18:04:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h (GET_PC_COUNT): remove unused macro.
+
+Wed Sep  2 17:18:37 2015  Chris Schneider  <chris@christopher-schneider.com>
+
+	* process.c (proc_detach): [DOC] fix typo "intent" as "intend" in
+	  rdoc.  [Fix GH-1011]
+
+Wed Sep  2 16:58:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_realpath_internal): use filesystem encoding if the
+	  argument is in ASCII encodings.
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_readlink): needs the result encoding.
+
+Tue Sep  1 18:37:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: catch up last commit.
+
+Tue Sep  1 18:16:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* thread_sync.c (queue_do_close): ignore multiple close to allow
+	  multiple producers.
+	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10600#note-14
+
+Tue Sep  1 18:06:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* thread_tools.c: rename thread_tools.c to thread_sync.c.
+
+Mon Aug 31 17:04:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (move_refined_method): should insert a write barrier
+	  from an original class to a created (cloned) method entry.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test.
+
+Sun Aug 30 02:42:22 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_method_tab): Only add SSLv3 support
+	  if the SSL library supports it.  Thanks Kurt Roeckx <kurt@roeckx.be>
+	  [Bug #11376]
+
+	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: check for SSLv3 support in the SSL
+	  implementation.
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): Skip tests that need SSLv3
+	  if there is no support.
+
+Fri Aug 28 16:05:09 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/*: Update rdoc master(cfffed5)
+	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/337
+	  https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/pull/367
+
+Fri Aug 28 10:16:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (hook_before_rewind): prevent kicking :return event while
+	  finishing vm_exec func because invoke_block_from_c() kick a :return
+	  event for bmethods.
+	  [Bug #11492]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+Thu Aug 27 18:05:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb: use IO::NULL instead of '/dev/null'
+	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: ditto.
+
+Thu Aug 27 15:24:57 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_set_sequence): rename variable names
+	  to make it readable.
+
+Thu Aug 27 07:45:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* thread_tools.c: add Queue#close(exception=false) and
+	  SizedQueue#close(exception=false).
+	  [Feature #10600]
+
+	  Trying to deq from a closed empty queue return nil
+	  if exception parameter equals to false (default).
+
+	  If exception parameter is truthy, it raises
+	  ClosedQueueError (< StopIteration).
+	  ClosedQueueError inherits StopIteration so that you can write:
+
+	    loop{ e = q.deq; (using e) }
+
+	  Trying to close a closed queue raises ClosedQueueError.
+
+	  Blocking threads to wait deq for Queue and SizedQueue will be
+	  restarted immediately by returning nil (exception=false) or
+	  raising a ClosedQueueError (exception=true).
+
+	  Blocking threads to wait enq for SizedQueue will be
+	  restarted by raising a ClosedQueueError immediately.
+
+	  The above specification is not proposed specification, so that
+	  we need to continue discussion to conclude specification this
+	  method.
+
+	* test/thread/test_queue.rb: add tests originally written by
+	  John Anderson and modify detailed behavior.
+
+Wed Aug 26 10:52:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_memsearch_wchar, rb_memsearch_qchar): test matching
+	  till the end of string.  [ruby-core:70592] [Bug #11488]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_m17n.rb (test_include?, test_index): add tests by
+	  Tom Stuart.
+
+Wed Aug 26 09:26:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* id_table.c (list_table_extend, hash_table_extend): remove C99
+	  features.  [ruby-dev:49239] [Bug #11487]
+
+Tue Aug 25 06:34:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (w32_symlink): implement symlink().
+
+Mon Aug 24 16:01:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* encoding.c (rb_locale_encindex): find encoding index without
+	  making a string object every time.  [ruby-core:58160] [Bug #9080]
+
+Sat Aug 22 15:43:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (check_funcall_failed, check_funcall_missing): cache
+	  results of respond_to? and respond_to_missing?, and search a
+	  public method only for compatibility with rb_respond_to.
+
+Sat Aug 22 08:23:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c: move definitions of Queue, SizedQueue
+	  and ConditionalVariables to thread_tools.c. In other words,
+	  such classes are built-in.
+	  [Feature #8919]
+
+	  At first, I planned to embed only a Queue class.
+	  However, rubygems requires 'thread.rb' (rubygems are
+	  required at first, when launch MRI without --disable-gems).
+	  So most of people require 'thread.rb' as an embedded library.
+
+	  Now, ext/thread/thread.c is empty, only for a dummy for
+	  compatibility.
+
+	* thread.c: move a definition of Mutex class to thread_tools.c.
+
+	  And define Mutex class under Thread (so now Mutex is Thread::Mutex).
+	  Because other thread related classes are also defined under Thread.
+	  We remain ::Mutex as Thread::Mutex. Only an inspect result is changed.
+
+	* common.mk: add dependency from thread.o to thread_tools.c.
+
+Sat Aug 22 05:31:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_opts.h, iseq.c, iseq.h: add compile option to force frozen
+	  string literals.
+	  [Feature #11473]
+
+	  This addition is not specification change, but to try frozen
+	  string literal world discussed on [Feature #11473].
+
+	  You can try frozen string literal world using this magical line:
+
+	    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option =
+	      {frozen_string_literal: true}
+
+	  Note that this is a global compilation option, so that you need to
+	  compile another script like that:
+
+	    p 'foo'.frozen? #=> false
+	    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option =
+	      {frozen_string_literal: true}
+	    p 'foo'.frozen? #=> false, because this line is already compiled.
+	    p eval("'foo'.frozen?") #=> true
+
+	  Details:
+	    * String literals are deduped by rb_fstring().
+	    * Dynamic string literals ("...#{xyz}...") is now only frozen,
+	      not deduped. Maybe you have other ideas.
+
+	  Now, please do not use this option on your productions :)
+	  Of course, current specification can be changed.
+
+	* compile.c: ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_iseq.rb: add a test.
+
+Sat Aug 22 02:53:12 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/*: update to Psych 2.0.14
+
+	* test/psych/*: ditto
+
+Fri Aug 21 19:58:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: add a new method ObjectSpace.count_symbols.
+	  [Feature #11158]
+
+	* symbol.c (rb_sym_immortal_count): added to count immortal symbols.
+
+	* symbol.h: ditto.
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add a test for this method.
+
+	* NEWS: describe about this method.
+
+Fri Aug 21 19:48:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub ($(LIBRUBY_SO)): needs additional libraries
+	  for extension libraries to link statically.
+	  [ruby-core:70499] [Feature #9018]
+
+Fri Aug 21 18:49:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h, cont.c, vm_trace.c: add a new event
+	  fiber_switch. We need more discussion about this feature
+	  so that I don't write it on NEWS.
+	  [Feature #11348]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add tests.
+
+Fri Aug 21 17:32:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_invoke_block): we should not expect ci->argc is
+	  stable after invoking a block. [Bug #11451]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_yield.rb: add a test. This test script is given by
+	  Alex Dowad.
+
+Fri Aug 21 06:35:50 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl_session.rb: Fix tests so that they take in to
+	  account OpenSSL installations that have SSLv3 disabled by default.
+	  Thanks Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net> for the patches.
+	  [Bug #11366] [Bug #11367]
+
+Thu Aug 20 22:19:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (basic_obj_respond_to): call respond_to_missing?
+	  only when redefined.  [ruby-core:70460] [Bug #11465]
+
+Thu Aug 20 14:13:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (check_funcall_respond_to): share the behavior with
+	  rb_obj_respond_to.  [ruby-core:70460] [Bug #11465]
+
+	* vm_method.c (vm_respond_to): extract from rb_obj_respond_to and
+	  merge r39881.
+
+Thu Aug 20 08:53:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_obj_respond_to): reuse found method entry
+	  instead of searching same entry repeatedly.
+
+Thu Aug 20 08:31:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename), win32/win32.c (opendir_internal):
+	  check reparse point tags and treat supported tags only as
+	  symbolic links.  [ruby-core:70454] [Bug #11462]
+
+Wed Aug 19 23:59:28 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): add OP_ALL to
+	  existing options rather than just setting it.  Some vendors apply
+	  custom patches to their versions of OpenSSL that set default values
+	  for options.  This commit respects the custom patches they've
+	  applied.
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): check that OP_ALL has been
+	  added to the options.
+
+Wed Aug 19 23:55:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_spawn): [DOC] elaborate environment variable
+	  values.  [ruby-core:70456] [Bug #11463]
+
+Wed Aug 19 23:48:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (winnt_lstat): check reparse point tags and treat
+	  supported tags only as symbolic links.
+	  [ruby-core:70454] [Bug #11462]
+
+Tue Aug 18 20:05:49 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): ensure the memory is really
+	  allocated. [Bug #11457]
+
+Tue Aug 18 17:19:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (IS_BEG): include labeled argument state, which was
+	  EXPR_LABELARG.  [ruby-dev:49221] [Bug #11456]
+
+Tue Aug 18 16:16:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (RClass): define only in C, `__attribute__`
+	  between `struct` and the name can't compile with g++.
+	  [ruby-core:70297] [Bug #11426]
+
+Mon Aug 17 20:56:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y: fix syntax error at do-block after a conditional
+	  operator.  separate label-allowed and after-a-label states from
+	  others as bit flags.  [ruby-dev:48790] [Bug #10653]
+
+Mon Aug 17 11:57:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_each_codepoint): raise an exception at incomplete
+	  character before EOF when conversion takes place.  [Bug #11444]
+
+Sun Aug 16 17:33:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: update latest version of bundled gems.
+	  It includes minitest-5.8.0 and test-unit 3.1.3.
+
+Sun Aug 16 17:24:10 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): check if RCLASS_EXT is valid
+	  before marking. This fixes the following test failure
+	  introduced in r51126:
+
+	    make test-all TESTOPTS='--gc-stress ruby/test_refinement.rb'
+
+Sat Aug 15 10:51:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (API#SetValue): data size should
+	  be in bytes, not in chars.  [ruby-core:70365] [Bug #11439]
+
+Sat Aug 15 10:15:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_each_codepoint): read more data when read partially.
+	  [ruby-core:70379] [Bug #11444]
+
+Sat Aug 15 04:33:39 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* hash.c (any_hash): skip rb_objid_hash for static syms
+	  (rb_num_hash_start): extract from rb_ident_hash
+	  (rb_objid_hash): call rb_num_hash_start
+	  (rb_ident_hash): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:70181] [Feature #11405]
+
+Sat Aug 15 04:16:13 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_mark): reduce NULL checks
+
+Fri Aug 14 18:50:57 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_VISI_SET): cast visi to int
+	  (METHOD_ENTRY_FLAGS_SET): ditto
+
+Fri Aug 14 18:43:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* process.c (close_unless_reserved): add extra check
+	  (dup2_with_divert): remove
+	  (redirect_dup2): use dup2 without divert
+	  (before_exec_non_async_signal_safe): adjust call + comment
+	  (rb_f_exec): stop timer thread for all OSes
+	  (rb_exec_without_timer_thread): remove
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): adjust call
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_stop_timer_thread): always close pipes
+	* thread_pthread.c (struct timer_thread_pipe): add writing field,
+	  mark owner_process volatile for signal handlers
+	  (rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread_fd): check valid FD
+	  (rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread): set writing flag to prevent close
+	  (rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread_low): ditto
+	  (CLOSE_INVALIDATE): new macro
+	  (close_invalidate): new function
+	  (close_communication_pipe): removed
+	  (setup_communication_pipe_internal): make errors non-fatal
+	  (setup_communication_pipe): ditto
+	  (thread_timer): close reading ends inside timer thread
+	  (rb_thread_create_timer_thread): make errors non-fatal
+	  (native_stop_timer_thread): close write ends only, always,
+	   wait for signal handlers to finish
+	  (rb_divert_reserved_fd): remove
+	* thread_win32.c (native_stop_timer_thread): adjust (untested)
+	  (rb_divert_reserved_fd): remove
+	* vm_core.h: adjust prototype
+	  [ruby-core:70386] [Bug #11336]
+
+Fri Aug 14 18:40:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (API#SetValue): add terminator
+	  size, not 1 byte.  [ruby-core:70365] [Bug #11439]
+
+Thu Aug 13 22:49:42 2015  Juanito Fatas  <katehuang0320@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (Timeout#timeout): freeze a string message to
+	  reduce string allocations.  [Fix GH-996]
+
+Thu Aug 13 17:42:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes): move the definition
+	  to iseq.h because this function is shared with iseq.c and compile.c.
+
+Thu Aug 13 14:36:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_num_to_dbl): move from num2dbl_with_to_f in math.c.
+
+Thu Aug 13 09:01:25 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* load.c (features_index_add): avoid repeat calculation
+
+Wed Aug 12 21:57:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* id_table.c: IMPL() macro accept op as _opname instead of opname
+	  because jemalloc seems to replace the word `free' to `je_free'.
+
+Wed Aug 12 21:51:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* id_table.c (mix_id_table_insert): fix memory leak.
+
+Wed Aug 12 21:17:38 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_memsize): reimplement for wrapper
+	  (param_keyword_size): extracted from iseq_memsize
+	  (iseqw_mark): new mark function
+	  (iseqw_data_type): new data type
+	  (iseqw_new): wrap as iseqw_data_type
+	  (iseqw_check): adjust for wrapper
+	  (Init_ISeq): remove iseqw_iseq_key initialization
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: new test
+	  [ruby-core:70344] [Feature #11435]
+
+Wed Aug 12 21:15:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes): extract from compile.c
+	* compile.c (iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash): use above function
+
+Wed Aug 12 18:00:17 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (move_refined_method): same as the last commit.
+
+Wed Aug 12 17:57:53 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c, gc.c vm.c: use ID_TABLE_* instead of ST_*
+	  (such as ST_CONTINUE) for enum rb_id_table_iterator_result.
+
+Wed Aug 12 17:05:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* id_table.h: introduce ID key table.
+	  [Feature #11420]
+
+	  This table only manage ID->VALUE table to reduce overhead of st.
+
+	  Some functions prefixed rb_id_table_* are provided.
+
+	* id_table.c: implement rb_id_table_*.
+
+	  There are several algorithms to implement it.
+
+	  Now, there are roughly 4 types:
+
+	    * st
+	    * array
+	    * hash (implemented by  Yura Sokolov)
+	    * mix of array and hash
+
+	  The macro ID_TABLE_IMPL can choose implementation.
+	  You can see detailes about them at the head of id_table.c.
+
+	  At the default, I choose 34 (mix of list and hash).
+	  This is not final decision.
+	  Please report your suitable parameters or
+	  your data structure.
+
+	  * symbol.c: introduce rb_id_serial_t and rb_id_to_serial()
+	    to represent ID by serial number.
+
+	  * internal.h: use id_table for method tables.
+
+	  * class.c, gc.c, marshal.c, vm.c, vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Aug 12 05:19:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* parse.y (rb_parser_compile_cstr): remove volatile arg
+	  (rb_parser_compile_string): ditto
+	  (rb_parser_compile_file): ditto
+	  (rb_parser_compile_string_path): ditto
+	  (rb_parser_compile_file_path): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:70323] [Misc #11431]
+
+Tue Aug 11 22:59:57 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (Init_Numeric): Fix document for Float::MIN and
+	  Float::EPSILON.
+
+Tue Aug 11 15:22:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (ALLOCV_N): check integer overflow, as well
+	  as ruby_xmalloc2.  pointed out by Paul <pawlkt AT gmail.com>.
+
+Tue Aug 11 14:57:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_repeated_permutation): fix buffer size, ALLOCV_N
+	  already multiplies element size.
+
+Tue Aug 11 12:13:20 2015  Jeremy Evans  <merch-redmine@jeremyevans.net>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: Fix LocalJumpErrors being raised
+	  in OpenSSL tests. [ruby-core:70020][Bug #11368]
+
+Tue Aug 11 11:54:13 2015  Alexey Lipnyagov  <liptonshmidt@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c: Fix documentation for String#slice
+	  [ruby-core:70298][Bug #11427]
+
+Tue Aug 11 11:53:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (superclass): make superclass rule optional and allow
+	  any contents without a terminator.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+Tue Aug 11 10:58:42 2015  Juanito Fatas  <juanitofatas@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c: [DOC] Make #end_with? example doc symmetry
+	  with #start_with? [fix GH-992][ci skip]
+
+Tue Aug 11 10:51:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: Add test for `Array#flatten` with level 1
+	  [fix GH-986] Patch @yui-knk
+
+Tue Aug 11 10:48:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c: added doc for Enumerable#zip
+	  [fix GH-985] Patch by @yui-knk
+	* test/ruby/test_enum.rb: added tests for Enumerable#zip
+	  [fix GH-985] Patch @yui-knk
+
+Tue Aug 11 10:33:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c: typo fix [fix GH-993][ci skip] Patch by @0x0dea
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun Aug  9 14:15:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c (Init_vm_objects, rb_vm_fstring_table): use frozen_strings
+	  table in rb_vm_t.  [ruby-core:70274] [Bug #11423]
+
+Sat Aug  8 03:59:51 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c: [DOC] Improve grammar for Module#===
+	  Patch by @SkyBirdSoar in documenting-ruby/ruby#52:
+	  https://github.com/documenting-ruby/ruby/pull/52
+
+Sat Aug  8 03:39:33 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c: [DOC] Improve description of symbol key syntax
+	  Patch by Raphael Das Gupta in documenting-ruby/ruby#51:
+	  https://github.com/documenting-ruby/ruby/pull/51
+
+Fri Aug  7 21:04:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_params): turn in_def and in_single into bit
+	  flags and reduce the size by 2-words.
+
+	* parse.y (parser_params): remove redundant prefixes.
+
+	* parse.y (yylex): non-pure parser has not been supported since
+	  merger of ripper.  change argument types from void pointers.
+
+Fri Aug  7 17:07:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (method_super_method): uncallable method entry does not
+	  have the defined class, use the owner instead.
+	  [ruby-core:70254] [Bug #11419]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb (test_super_method_unbound): add test
+	  by Akira Matsuda.
+
+Thu Aug  6 10:49:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* node.c (rb_alloc_tmp_buffer): round up the size and check the
+	  range.
+
+	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE, ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS): add
+	  atomic operations for VALUE.
+
+Thu Aug  6 08:15:49 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move
+	  SSLSocket#sysclose to Ruby.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_close): ditto
+
+Thu Aug  6 07:57:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move nonblock
+	  enable to SSLSocket#initialize and remove Nonblock module.
+
+Thu Aug  6 07:53:47 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move
+	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#initialize to Ruby.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: ditto
+
+Thu Aug  6 02:25:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* node.c (rb_alloc_tmp_buffer): use NODE_ALLOCA to mark locations
+	  like as builtin alloca.  [ruby-core:70251] [Bug #11418]
+
+Wed Aug  5 14:37:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (rb_econv_open0): rb_econv_t::source_encoding_name
+	  and rb_econv_t::destination_encoding_name should refer static
+	  strings always or NULL.  [ruby-core:70247] [Bug #11416]
+
+Tue Aug  4 16:53:43 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): extract callback
+	  lookup to private Ruby methods. This means we can keep the default
+	  DH callback logic hidden from consumers.  Also, since the SSLSocket
+	  always has a context, we can remove conditionals about that
+	  instance.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: move callback lookup methods to private Ruby
+	  methods.
+
+Tue Aug  4 16:40:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: should not expect a method table ordering.
+	  [Feature #11414]
+
+Tue Aug 04 15:30:04 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_block_clear_env_self): clear by Qfalse instead of Qnil.
+	  [Bug #11409]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_eval.rb: add tests for this issue,
+	  written by @0x0dea.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/988
+
+Tue Aug  4 12:12:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c: wrap long lines
+
+Tue Aug  4 09:32:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c: Removing duplicate doc [fix GH-987][ci skip]
+	  Patch by @ronakjangir47
+
+Tue Aug  4 09:21:58 2015  Richard Schneeman  <richard.schneeman+foo@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/contributing.rdoc: fixed wrong instructions with OS X
+	  [fix GH-989][ci skip] Patch by @schneems
+
+Mon Aug  3 10:08:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_memsearch): should match only char boundaries in wide
+	  character encodings.  [ruby-core:70220] [Bug #11413]
+
+Sun Aug  2 07:01:17 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb (gets):
+	  avoid comparing fixnum with nil
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: test gets with limit when EOF is hit
+	  Thanks to Bar Hofesh <bar.hofesh@safe-t.com> for the bug report
+	  and testing.
+	  [ruby-core:70149] [Bug #11400]
+
+Sat Aug  1 17:13:15 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse::Inflater#finish):
+	  fix a bug that empty gzipped response body causes Zlib::BufError.
+	  [ruby-core:68846] [Bug #11058]
+
+	* test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb: tests for the above.
+
+Sat Aug  1 17:05:18 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse#inflater):
+	  fix TypeError. An exception object might be nil.
+	  [ruby-core:68846] [Bug #11058]
+
+Sat Aug  1 09:09:46 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_setup): Implement
+	  SSLContext#options and options= using SSL_CTX_set_options and
+	  SSL_CTX_get_options. This reduces the number of ivars we need and
+	  simplifies `ossl_sslctx_setup`.
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): Default `options`
+	  to SSL_OP_ALL
+
+Sat Aug  1 06:54:36 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): OpenSSL declares these
+	  constants as longs, so we should follow that and use LONG2NUM.
+	  http://git.io/vOqxD
+
+Sat Aug  1 04:06:29 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback): change callback
+	  to return the Ruby dh (or ecdh) object that the caller cares about
+	  instead of doing rb_iv_get / set to communicate.  This means we can
+	  remove an rb_iv_get call, and only use the set calls for their
+	  intended purpose (to prevent the object from being GC'd).
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_dh_callback): ditto
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_ecdh_callback): ditto
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_ecdh_callback): ditto
+
+Sat Aug  1 03:49:31 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback): Similarly to the
+	  tmp_ecdh_callback, the SSLSocket instance always holds a reference
+	  to the SSLContext object (it's always set in `initialize`).  The
+	  SSLContext holds a reference to the tmp_dh_callback.  Ask the
+	  context for the callback instead of storing the callback in two
+	  places.
+
+Sat Aug  1 03:43:10 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback): create an array
+	  and use `rb_apply` to clean up calls to `rb_protect`.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_dh_callback): ditto
+
+Sat Aug  1 03:27:12 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_tmp_ecdh_callback): The SSL socket
+	  always holds a reference to the SSLContext object, which will have
+	  the callback object.  Ask the context for the callback instead of
+	  storing the callback in two places.
+
+Sat Aug  1 03:14:07 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): convert
+	  `tmp_dh_callback` to Ruby, and call it when setting up an SSL
+	  connection.  This allows us to move the "default" behavior to the
+	  reader method.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: call the tmp_dh_callback instead of
+	  accessing the SSLContext's internals.
+
+Fri Jul 31 23:34:27 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* .travis.yml: update libssl before running tests.
+	  Thanks to Chris Sinjakli <chris@sinjakli.co.uk> for figuring out the
+	  travis settings!
+
+Fri Jul 31 21:34:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* load.c (rb_require_internal): use rb_load_internal0 not to raise
+	  a exception to be caught.
+
+Thu Jul 30 13:19:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_const_get_0): warn deprecated constant reference.
+
+	* variable.c (rb_mod_deprecate_constant): mark constants to be
+	  warned as deprecated.  [Feature #11398]
+
+Thu Jul 30 11:53:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt): make identity hash, to
+	  compare masking classes just by their IDs.
+
+Thu Jul 30 11:52:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): stop separating exits at loading
+	  from exits from execution.  TAG_FATAL is the only case that
+	  `errinfo` is a Fixnum, and should continue to exit by JUMP_TAG
+	  but not raising as an ordinary exception.
+	  [ruby-core:70169] [Bug #11404]
+
+Thu Jul 30 10:42:27 2015  Alex Dowad  <alexinbeijing@gmail.com>
+
+	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): extra check before returning
+	  TAG_RAISE when a non-local transfer of control happens while
+	  loading and parsing a Ruby source file.
+	  [ruby-core:70169] [Bug #11404]
+
+Thu Jul 30 08:48:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* st.c (find_entry): constify st_table*
+	  (find_packed_index_from): ditto
+	  (find_packed_index): ditto
+	  (get_keys): ditto
+	  (get_values): ditto
+
+Thu Jul 30 04:29:25 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym.rb: new benchmark
+	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym_long.rb: ditto
+	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_fix.rb: ditto
+
+Wed Jul 29 21:38:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (any_hash), symbol.c (dsymbol_alloc): fix dynamic symbol
+	  hash value by restricting in Fixnum range, that is `long`.
+
+Wed Jul 29 17:25:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_obj_hash): move in order to share with rb_any_hash.
+
+Wed Jul 29 16:00:22 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_buf_cat): consider empty non-embed string case,
+	  not to loop infinitely.  [ruby-core:70074] [Bug #11383]
+
+Wed Jul 29 15:25:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (send_internal): set method_missing_reason before
+	  invoking overriding method_missing method so that the default
+	  method_missing can achieve it properly.
+	  [ruby-core:68515] [Bug #10969]
+
+Wed Jul 29 14:54:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_sym_hash): return same value as rb_any_hash() of
+	  Symbol.  [Bug #9381]
+
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): fix Float hash.  rb_dbl_hash() returns a
+	  Fixnum, but not a long.  [Bug #9381]
+
+Wed Jul 29 11:07:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* internal.h (LIKELY, UNLIKELY): make a boolean to enforce 1 or 0.
+
+Wed Jul 29 10:44:43 2015  Alex Dowad  <alexinbeijing@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c: document argument passed to finalizer proc.
+	  [fix GH-976][ci skip] Patch by @alexdowad
+
+Wed Jul 29 10:36:58 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_extract_modeenc): add option parameter `flags'
+	  to append extra oflags to normal mode.
+	  [Feature #11253] [ruby-core:69539]
+
+Wed Jul 29 04:54:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: pre-generate test key
+	  [ruby-core:70151] [Bug #11397]
+
+Tue Jul 28 10:32:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* internal.h (struct RClass): moved from ruby/ruby.h to hide the
+	  internals.
+
+Tue Jul 28 08:48:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE): attribute declaration for
+	  types.
+
+Tue Jul 28 07:23:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* symbol.h (struct RSymbol): add hashval field
+	* symbol.c (dsymbol_alloc): setup hashval field once
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): return RSymbol->hashval directly
+	* common.mk: hash.o depends on symbol.h
+	  Thanks to Bruno Escherl <bruno@escherl.net> for the bug report
+	  [ruby-core:70129] [Bug #11396]
+
+Tue Jul 28 03:26:15 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): raise a more
+	  helpful exception when verifying the peer connection and an
+	  anonymous cipher has been selected. [ruby-core:68330] [Bug #10910]
+	  Thanks to Chris Sinjakli <chris@sinjakli.co.uk> for the patch.
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): test for change
+
+Mon Jul 27 13:24:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* template/id.h.tmpl (ID2ATTRSET): remove an unused macro.
+
+Mon Jul 27 12:21:15 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: run tests on non-Unix platforms.
+
+Sun Jul 26 19:21:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_alpn_protocol): fix condition
+	  to compile, needs ALPN to be available.  [Feature #9390]
+
+Sun Jul 26 11:29:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (default_handler, Init_signal): discard SIGSYS, ENOSYS
+	  should raise a SystemCallError always instead.
+
+Sun Jul 26 10:26:35 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_call_servername_cb): set the ssl context
+	  object returned by the servername callback on to the socket as an
+	  instance variable.  If the callback allocated a new context object
+	  and didn't keep a reference to it, it could be GC'd out from under
+	  the socket object.
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): test for change.
+
+Sun Jul 26 10:07:26 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): add test coverage around
+	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#servername_cb
+
+Sun Jul 26 09:10:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: update latest version of bundled power_assert.
+
+Sun Jul 26 08:49:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: backport rubygems upstream
+	  change for OpenSSL key length. see detail to
+	  https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/1290
+
+Sun Jul 26 08:33:03 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb: implement DEFAULT_512 and
+	  DEFAULT_1024 constants in Ruby.
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): Ask PKey for the
+	  default DH callback since it already must check whether openssl has
+	  been compiled with DH support.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (OSSL_PKEY_BN): Remove C definitions of
+	  DEFAULT_512 and DEFAULT_1024
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (Init_ossl_dh): ditto
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pkey_dh.rb (class OpenSSL): add test to ensure the
+	  Ruby definitions are the same as the C definitions were.
+
+Sun Jul 26 08:14:59 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): support
+	  specifically setting the tmp_dh_callback to nil.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): ditto
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (module OpenSSL): add a test
+
+Sun Jul 26 07:47:14 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move the default
+	  tmp_dh_callback Ruby code and set it as a default in `initialize`.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (static unsigned char DEFAULT_DH_512_GEN):
+	  move this constant to Ruby.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (static unsigned char DEFAULT_DH_1024_GEN):
+	  ditto
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (Init_ossl_dh): ditto
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_tmp_dh_callback): ditto
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_setup): tmp_dh_callback should
+	  always be set, so we can remove this conditional
+
+Sun Jul 26 06:22:24 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: add a test ensuring that the default DH
+	  callback is used when no DH callback is specified.
+
+Sun Jul 26 04:08:27 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): add missing
+	  instance variables to squash warnings with alpn.
+
+Sun Jul 26 03:42:19 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): move
+	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#initialize implementation to pure Ruby.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_sslctx_initialize): ditto
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): ditto
+
+Sat Jul 25 21:03:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): get rid of blocking when
+	  no entropy is available.  based on the patch by mame in
+	  [ruby-core:70114].  [Bug #11395]
+
+Sat Jul 25 11:05:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_replace_shared_without_enc): fill the terminator
+	  of embedded strings in wide char encodings.
+
+Sat Jul 25 06:38:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: size should be unsigned.
+	  * rb_call_info_t::index
+	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::stack_max
+	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::local_size
+	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::param::size
+	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::local_table_size
+	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::is_size
+	  * rb_iseq_constant_body::callinfo_size
+
+	* iseq.h: same for iseq_catch_table::size.
+
+	* compile.c: catch up these fix.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* proc.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_args.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+Sat Jul 25 06:00:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::line_info_table.
+
+	* iseq.c: catch up this fix.
+
+Sat Jul 25 05:56:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::param::opt_table and
+	  rb_iseq_constant_body::param::keyword.
+
+	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
+
+Sat Jul 25 04:47:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::catch_table.
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_set_exception_table): catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_exec): ditto.
+
+Fri Jul 24 21:29:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* st.c (EQUAL, st_delete_safe): fix arguments order to compare
+	  function, searching key is the first and stored key is the
+	  second always.
+
+Fri Jul 24 21:27:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (fstr_update_callback): fstring must not be a shared
+	  string, or the content without RSTRING_FSTR may be freed.
+	  [ruby-dev:49188] [Bug #11386]
+
+Fri Jul 24 20:09:43 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (RingIPv6#prepare_ipv6): prevent to use
+	  IPv6 loopback interface for
+	  Rinda::TestRingFinger#test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast and
+	  Rinda::TestRingFinger#test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast_hops.
+	  The tests are skipped if there are no IPv6 devices other than the
+	  loopback device. [Bug #11394] [ruby-dev:49199]
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast): ditto
+	  for Rinda::TestRingServer#test_make_socket_ipv6_multicast.
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_ring_server_ipv6_multicast): ditto
+	  for Rinda::TestRingServer#test_ring_server_ipv6_multicast.
+
+Fri Jul 24 16:35:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (fstr_update_callback): pool bare strings only.
+
+	* string.c (rb_fstring): return the original string with sharing a
+	  fstring if it has extra attributes, not the fstring itself.
+	  [ruby-dev:49188] [Bug #11386]
+
+Fri Jul 24 16:35:34 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_extname): [DOC] add an example.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_path.rb (test_extname): add tests.  [Fix GH-978]
+	  * path starts with dot ('.a.rb')
+	  * path includes dir name ('a/b/d/test.rb')
+	  * path includes dir name and dir name starts with dot
+	    ('.a/b/d/test.rb')
+
+Thu Jul 23 18:50:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::local_table and
+	  rb_iseq_param_keyword::table and
+	  rb_iseq_param_keyword::default_values.
+
+	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+Thu Jul 23 17:30:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_constant_body::iseq_encoded and
+	  rb_control_frame_t::pc.
+
+	* compile.c (rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code): catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_exec.c (vm_exec_core): ditto.
+
+Thu Jul 23 10:25:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: add raw FL macros, which assume always the
+	  argument object is not a special constant.
+
+	* internal.h (STR_EMBED_P, STR_SHARED_P): valid only for T_STRING.
+
+	* string.c: deal with taint flags directly across String instances.
+
+Thu Jul 23 09:05:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (lambda_body): pop cmdarg stack for lookahead
+	  token.  [ruby-core:70067] [Bug #11380]
+
+Thu Jul 23 04:03:03 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: fix tests by not setting the instance
+	  variable on the frozen ssl instance.
+
+Thu Jul 23 03:32:26 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: add ECDH callback support. [Feature #11356]
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb: test for ECDH callback support
+
+Thu Jul 23 03:29:49 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: add ALPN support. [Feature #9390]
+
+	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: detect ALPN support in OpenSSL
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: test for ALPN
+
+Wed Jul 22 23:44:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_reverse): reversed string is not a substring,
+	  and should not set coderange of the original string.
+	  [ruby-dev:49189] [Bug #11387]
+
+Wed Jul 22 20:17:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: modify layout of rb_iseq_constant_body.
+
+	  Move frequent accessing fields to upper part.
+
+Wed Jul 22 19:57:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove unused declaration of
+	  iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack.
+
+Wed Jul 22 19:52:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: separate rb_iseq_body into rb_iseq_constant_body and
+	  rb_iseq_variable_body (rb_iseq_t::variable_body).
+
+	  rb_iseq_variable_body can be modified after compilation.
+
+	* compile.c: use rb_iseq_t::variable_body.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* thread.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 22 17:50:35 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb: refine code style.
+	  [fix GH-959][ci skip] Patch by @bogdanvlviv
+
+Wed Jul 22 15:48:47 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_range.rb: Add test case for Range#end with
+	  exclude_end true case. [fix GH-968] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Wed Jul 22 09:45:31 2015  Maksim Sitnikov  <sitnikovme@undev.ru>
+
+	* numeric.c (num_coerce): [DOC] fix doc for Numeric#coerce,
+	  missing '+'.  [Fix GH-974]
+
+Wed Jul 22 07:24:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* make rb_iseq_t T_IMEMO object (type is imemo_iseq).
+
+	  All contents of previous rb_iseq_t is in rb_iseq_t::body.
+	  Remove rb_iseq_t::self because rb_iseq_t is an object.
+
+	  RubyVM::InstructionSequence is wrapper object points T_IMEMO/iseq.
+	  So RubyVM::ISeq.of(something) method returns different wrapper
+	  objects but they point the same T_IMEMO/iseq object.
+
+	  This patch is big, but most of difference is replacement of
+	  iseq->xxx to iseq->body->xxx.
+
+	  (previous) rb_iseq_t::compile_data is also located to
+	  rb_iseq_t::compile_data.
+	  It was moved from rb_iseq_body::compile_data.
+
+	  Now rb_iseq_t has empty two pointers.
+	  I will split rb_iseq_body data into static data and dynamic data.
+
+	* compile.c: rename some functions/macros.
+	  Now, we don't need to separate iseq and iseqval (only VALUE).
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_exec_internal): `n' is rb_iseq_t (T_IMEMO/iseq).
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (count_imemo_objects): count T_IMEMO/iseq.
+
+	* gc.c: check T_IMEMO/iseq.
+
+	* internal.h: add imemo_type::imemo_iseq.
+
+	* iseq.c: define RubyVM::InstructionSequence as T_OBJECT.
+	  Methods are implemented by functions named iseqw_....
+
+	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): rb_iseq_new_top() returns
+	  rb_iseq_t (T_IMEMO/iesq).
+
+	* method.h (rb_add_method_iseq): accept rb_iseq_t (T_IMEMO/iseq).
+
+	* vm_core.h (GetISeqPtr): removed because it is not T_DATA now.
+
+	* vm_core.h (struct rb_iseq_body): remove padding for
+	  [Bug #10037][ruby-core:63721].
+
+Wed Jul 22 07:15:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (total_i): no need to skip singleton classes.
+
+Wed Jul 22 06:37:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_call_info_t::kw_arg,
+	  rb_control_frame_t::iseq and rb_control_frame_t::block_iseq.
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_free): catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 22 06:25:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_call_info_t::blockiseq and rb_block_t::iseq.
+
+	* vm.c, vm_insnhelper.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_data_to_ary): constify the first iseq parameter.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_make_proc_with_iseq): ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 22 06:17:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: constify rb_method_iseq_t::iseqptr.
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_min_max_arity): catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (def_iseq_ptr): constify.
+
+Wed Jul 22 03:37:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (internal_object_p): Now a singleton classes appear by
+	  ObjectSpace.each_object. [Bug #11360]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb: add a test about it.
+
+Tue Jul 21 21:21:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (do_select): replace switch and goto with a loop to
+	  suppress maybe-uninitialized warnings by gcc6.
+
+	* thread.c (set_unblock_function, rb_wait_for_single_fd): ditto.
+
+Tue Jul 21 20:32:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_range.rb: Add test for Range#hash
+	  [fix GH-969] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Tue Jul 21 19:43:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c: constify the first parameter (iseq).
+	  * iseq_add_mark_object()
+	  * iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time()
+
+	* iseq.c, iseq.h (rb_iseq_add_mark_object): ditto.
+
+Tue Jul 21 16:18:48 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: increase buffer sizes
+	  to OpenBSD limits. Thanks to Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net>
+	  [ruby-core:70058]
+
+Tue Jul 21 16:08:53 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* load.c (ruby_dln_librefs): make static
+
+Tue Jul 21 13:36:54 2015  yuuji.yaginuma  <yuuji.yaginuma@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (complete): [DOC] fix typo.  [Fix GH-973]
+
+Tue Jul 21 05:20:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (nogvl_wait_for_single_fd): new function for Linux
+	  (maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read): Linux-specific version
+	  (nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write): use nogvl_wait_for_single_fd
+	  [ruby-core:70051] [Feature #11377]
+
+Mon Jul 20 15:04:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_initialize): avoid redundant zero-ing
+
+Mon Jul 20 12:12:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* parse.y (struct parser_params): pack: 88 => 256 bytes on 64-bit
+	  [ruby-core:70034] [Feature #11371]
+
+Sun Jul 19 14:29:18 2015  windwiny  <windwiny.ubt@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c: [DOC] fix example typo, an old name at move from
+	  PTY.open.  [Fix GH-972]
+
+Sat Jul 18 21:29:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (vm_check_ints_blocking): gather common statements at
+	  the end, and prefer LIKELY for Visual C optimization.
+
+Sat Jul 18 20:44:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* load.c (rb_load_internal0): do not raise any exceptions but
+	  return the result tag state.
+
+	* load.c (rb_load_protect): reduce nested EXEC_TAGs.
+
+Sat Jul 18 19:52:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (run_finalizer): set and restore safe level here to reduce
+	  nested EXEC_TAGs.
+
+Sat Jul 18 18:45:22 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): error_handle() returns exit status to the
+	  system, not internal error state, do not convert the exit status
+	  again.
+
+Sat Jul 18 10:29:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: test thread+sigs work after failed exec
+
+Sat Jul 18 07:20:18 2015  Jeremy Evans  <code@jeremyevans.net>
+
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock: use smaller buffer for sendmsg
+	  [ruby-core:70016] [Bug #11364]
+
+Sat Jul 18 07:04:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* signal.c (trap_handler): cleanup to use RSTRING_GETMEM + memcmp
+
+Sat Jul 18 02:53:06 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (argf_read_nonblock): support `exception: false'
+	  (io_nonblock_eof): new function
+	  (io_read_nonblock): use io_nonblock_eof
+	  (argf_getpartial): accept kwargs hash for `exception: false'
+	* test/ruby/test_argf.rb (test_read_nonblock): new test
+	* NEWS: add item for ARGF.read_nonblock
+	  [ruby-core:70000] [Feature #11358]
+
+Fri Jul 17 23:51:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_eval_cmd): $SAFE=4 has been deprecated.
+
+Fri Jul 17 22:18:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): use enum ruby_tag_type names.
+
+	* vm_core.h (ruby_tag_type): move from eval_intern.h for compiling
+	  break/next/redo/return.
+
+Fri Jul 17 15:39:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/encoding.h (ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAN_P): predicate that
+	  tells if the coderange is clean, that is 7bit or valid, and no
+	  needs to scrub.
+
+	* re.c (rb_reg_expr_str): use ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAN_P.
+
+	* string.c (enc_strlen, rb_enc_cr_str_buf_cat, rb_str_scrub):
+	  ditto.
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_enumerate_chars): ditto, and suppress a warning
+	  by gcc6.
+
+Fri Jul 17 15:36:52 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_range.rb (test_first_last): Add test for
+	  `Range.new`.  [Fix GH-971]
+
+Fri Jul 17 15:36:40 2015  yui-knk  <spiketeika@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_range.rb (test_first_last): Add assertions to
+	  test of `Range#last` with exclude_end true case.  [Fix GH-970]
+
+Fri Jul 17 09:59:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_alone): simplify
+
+Fri Jul 17 09:58:32 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb: remove enumerator require
+	* test/pathname/test_pathname.rb: ditto
+
+Fri Jul 17 05:33:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_compile_with_option): reuse result of previous
+	  GET_THREAD() call
+	* thread.c (thread_create_core): ditto
+	  (rb_mutex_trylock): ditto
+	  (rb_mutex_lock): ditto
+	* process.c (rb_waitpid): avoid multiple eval from RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_check_ints): ditto
+
+Thu Jul 16 19:12:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* thread.c (mutex_alloc): remove needless volatile
+
+Thu Jul 16 22:05:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: constify rb_iseq_t::parent_iseq.
+
+	  rb_iseq_t::local_iseq is not constant data because
+	  local_iseq::flip_cnt can be modified (commented).
+
+	* compile.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+Thu Jul 16 21:47:47 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* process.c (redirect_dup2): when the new FD of dup2() conflicts
+	  with one of the timer thread FDs, the internal FD is diverted.
+	  [Bug #11336] [ruby-core:69886] [Bug #11350] [ruby-core:69961]
+
+	* process.c (dup2_with_divert): new function for the above purpose.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (rb_divert_reserved_fd): new function for
+	  diverting reserved FD. If the given FD is the same as one of the
+	  reserved FDs, the reserved FD number is internally changed.
+	  It returns -1 when error. Otherwise, returns 0. It also returns
+	  0 if there is no need to change reserved FD number.
+
+	* thread_win32.c (rb_divert_reserved_fd): always returns 0 because
+	  of no reserved FDs.
+
+	* internal.h (rb_divert_reserved_fd): prototype declaration.
+	  It is Ruby internal use only.
+
+Thu Jul 16 21:47:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_disasm): rename rb_iseq_t *iseqdat to iseq
+	  and VALUE *iseq to code.
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_disasm_insn): ditto.
+
+Thu Jul 16 14:34:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c (REWIND_CFP): keep the arguments region inside the valid
+	  value stack.  [ruby-core:69969] [Bug #11352]
+
+Thu Jul 16 11:38:21 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* process.c (close_unless_reserved): declare type of `fd' arg
+
+Thu Jul 16 08:47:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* load.c (rb_construct_expanded_load_path): fstring expanded path
+	  (get_loaded_features_index): fstring feature path
+	  (rb_provide_feature): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69871] [Feature #11331]
+
+Thu Jul 16 02:56:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* thread.c (thread_initialize): avoid RSTRING_PTR and NUMT2INT
+
+Thu Jul 16 01:00:46 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb (test_exec_close_reserved_fd): test for
+	  [Bug #11353]
+
+Thu Jul 16 00:35:42 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* .gitignore: ignore version.i.
+
+Wed Jul 15 23:40:32 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb (test_deadlock_by_signal_at_forking):
+	  use RUBY (= EnvUtil.rubybin)
+
+Wed Jul 15 23:01:22 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* process.c (redirect_close, parent_redirect_close): should not close
+	  reserved FD. It should be closed in the exec system call due to the
+	  O_CLOEXEC or FD_CLOEXEC flag. [Bug #11353] [ruby-core:69977]
+
+	* process.c (close_unless_reserved): new function to close FD unless
+	  it is reserved for internal communication.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (rb_reserved_fd_p): should check owner_process pid
+	  to avoid false positive in forked child process.
+
+Wed Jul 15 18:31:18 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_mark): remove redundant check
+	* vm.c (env_mark): ditto
+
+Wed Jul 15 17:27:40 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_mark): remove check for data pointer
+	* proc.c (binding_mark): ditto
+	* vm.c (rb_thread_mark): ditto
+	* vm_trace.c (tp_mark): ditto
+
+Wed Jul 15 16:55:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* encoding.c (enc_autoload): drop dummy encoding flag from
+	  the loaded encoding index.  this flag is used only in this
+	  source.
+
+Wed Jul 15 14:39:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): add comments about env layout.
+	  Do not use `i' to specify `new_ep'.
+
+	* vm.c (rb_proc_create, rb_vm_make_proc_lambda): envval is not used.
+
+Wed Jul 15 08:59:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.h (RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL): evaluate the argument only once
+	  to get rid of inadvertent side effects.
+
+Wed Jul 15 02:53:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h, vm.c: remove rb_proc_t::envval because we can know it via
+	  rb_proc_t::block::ep.
+
+	  rb_vm_proc_envval(const rb_proc_t *proc) returns an Env object which
+	  the Proc object use.
+
+	* proc.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_dump.c (rb_vmdebug_proc_dump_raw): ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 15 02:27:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h, vm.c: remove rb_env_t::prev_envval because we can know it
+	  via env->ep.
+
+	  rb_vm_env_prev_envval(env) returns prev_envval via env->ep.
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_env_local_variables): change parameter type
+	  from VALUE (T_DATA/env) to `const rb_env_t *' to make same as
+	  rb_vm_env_prev_envval().
+
+	* proc.c: catch up these changes.
+
+	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm.c: rename macros.
+
+	  * ENV_IN_HEAP_P() to VM_EP_IN_HEAP_P() because it uses ep.
+	  * ENV_VAL() to VM_ENV_EP_ENVVAL() because it is too short.
+
+Wed Jul 15 01:09:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c: refactoring Proc/Env related code.
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove blockprocval field from rb_proc_t and rb_binding_t.
+	  Instead of this field, mark given block in Proc at rb_env_t::env.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_make_env_each): make an Env object with this layout.
+	  And also simplify parameters.
+
+	* proc.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_env_t::local_size because it is not used.
+
+	* vm_dump.c (rb_vmdebug_env_dump_raw): catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_make_env_object): remove rb_vm_make_env_object()
+	  because it is only referred from vm.c.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): catch up this fix.
+
+Wed Jul 15 00:03:36 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* gc.c (__has_feature): move into internal.h.
+
+	* internal.h (__has_feature): ditto.
+
+	* internal.h (__has_extension): new macro.
+
+	* internal.h (STATIC_ASSERT): use _Static_assert with
+	  clang. [ruby-core:69931] [Bug #11343]
+
+Wed Jul 15 00:00:00 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): fix compile error with
+	  clang. [ruby-core:69931] [Bug #11343]
+
+Tue Jul 14 11:22:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#register):
+	  notify the handler thread of new timeout registration.
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (WEBrick::Utils::TimeoutHandler#initialize):
+	  make sleep intervals adaptive than fixed period intervals.
+
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb (WEBrick::GenericServer#start): flush
+	  shutdown pipe.
+
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb (WEBrick::GenericServer#stop): request the
+	  server to stop immediately by sending data via shutdown pipe.
+
+Mon Jul 13 23:58:08 2015  Stefano Tortarolo  <stefano.tortarolo@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpproxy.rb (WEBrick::HTTPProxyServer#do_CONNECT):
+	  fix typos in debugger statements.  [Fix GH-967]
+
+Mon Jul 13 19:11:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (timeout): warn as deprecated for a long time.
+
+Mon Jul 13 01:37:27 2015  Zachary Scott  <zzak@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.c: [DOC] Backport ruby/openssl@dbb3fdb [Bug #11345]
+	  Thanks to Tomoya Chiba for the report and help with patch.
+
+Sun Jul 12 09:20:02 2015  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c: [DOC] typo (Errno::AGAIN -> Errno::EAGAIN)
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c: ditto
+
+	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c: ditto
+
+	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c: ditto
+
+	* ext/socket/unixserver.c: ditto
+
+	* io.c: ditto
+
+Sun Jul 12 06:42:23 2015  ksss  <co000ri@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/stringio/test_stringio.rb (test_sysread): add a test for
+	  StringIO#sysread.  [Fix GH-966]
+
+Sat Jul 11 21:16:34 2015  ksss  <co000ri@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (Init_stringio): [DOC] Fix an example,
+	  StringIO#puts should be set "\n" at last.  [Fix GH-965]
+
+Sat Jul 11 12:45:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (Timeout#timeout): remove regexp with wrong line
+	  number and fix caller depth.
+
+Fri Jul 10 22:05:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (ExitException): removed internal exception class
+	  and use Timeout::Error instead, as using throw/catch to isolate
+	  each timeouts now.  [ruby-dev:49179] [Bug #11344]
+
+Fri Jul 10 17:41:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (is_case_sensitive): get attributes by the file descriptor
+	  of open directory, instead of using mount point name.
+
+Fri Jul 10 10:46:02 2015  ksss  <co000ri@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (writable): remove unnecessary check for
+	  deprecated safe level 4.  [Fix GH-963]
+
+Thu Jul  9 15:07:12 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (waitpid): return immediately if interrupted.
+	  reported by <takkanm AT gmail.com> [ruby-dev:49176] [Bug #11340]
+
+Thu Jul  9 13:03:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): use CI_SET_FASTPATH().
+
+Thu Jul  9 11:07:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_call_info_t::klass because
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t has information about defined class.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_method): don't set ci->klass because
+	  it is removed.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_equal_opt): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_superclass): removed because it is too
+	  simple to write code directly.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): don't use vm_search_superclass().
+	  This fix avoid searching current callable `me' twice.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): ditto.
+
+Thu Jul  9 10:03:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http/responses.rb: Added 308 status to CODE_TO_OBJ list.
+	  [fix GH-961] Patch by @billinghamj
+
+Thu Jul  9 09:34:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_control_frame_t): fix comments (layout index).
+
+Thu Jul  9 09:25:50 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* parse.y: Improve duplicate key warning with patch by @andremedeiros
+	  [Fix GH-938] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/938 [Bug #11327]
+
+Wed Jul  8 07:43:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/csv.rb: typo fix [ci skip][fix GH-958] Patch by @henrik
+
+Wed Jul  8 04:42:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_data_to_ary): dump kw_arg as symbol
+	* test/-ext-/iseq_load/test_iseq_load.rb: test kw_arg roundtrip
+	  [ruby-core:69891] [Bug #11338]
+
+Tue Jul  7 18:18:41 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): fix compile error.
+
+Tue Jul  7 16:47:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* compile.c (COMPILE_ERROR): reduce GET_THREAD() calls
+
+Tue Jul  7 16:39:04 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes_syscall): return -1 for error
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes): try urandom on syscall failure
+
+Tue Jul  7 15:02:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_str_normalize_ospath): skip invalid byte sequence not
+	  to loop infinitely.  this case usually does not happen as the
+	  input name should come from real file systems.
+
+Tue Jul  7 14:40:08 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_backtrace.c: remove debug flag introduced accidentally.
+
+Tue Jul  7 12:05:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* cont.c (cont_free): remove mysterious fflush()
+	  introduced at r19890, maybe accidentally.
+
+Tue Jul  7 11:45:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_call): because data->me should be non-NULL,
+	  do not check data->me
+
+	* proc.c (method_inspect): ditto.
+
+Tue Jul  7 11:37:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_iseq_t::orig because rb_iseq_clone()
+	  no longer exists.
+
+	* iseq.c: don't use rb_iseq_t::orig.
+
+Tue Jul 07 11:25:57 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c, internal.h (rb_iseq_clone): removed because we don't need to
+	  clone iseq any more.
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): share iseq between cloned methods. All of
+	  method dependent information are able to refer from method entry.
+
+Tue Jul  7 04:42:25 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* string.c (Init_String): use rb_str_freeze for String#freeze
+	  to resize internal buffer
+	  [ruby-core:69870] [Feature #11330]
+
+Tue Jul  7 04:12:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_define_method): remove an unused local variable.
+
+Tue Jul  7 03:57:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_iseq_t::defined_method_id because it is not
+	  needed.
+
+	* eval.c (frame_func_id): simplify. rb_callable_method_entry_t
+	  has enough information.
+
+	* eval.c (frame_called_id): ditto.
+
+	* iseq.c (prepare_iseq_build): catch up this fix.
+
+	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): ditto.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_define_method): ditto.
+
+Tue Jul  7 03:47:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove a useless declaration.
+
+Tue Jul  7 03:33:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_iseq_t::klass to reduce dynamic data.
+
+	* internal.h, iseq.c (rb_iseq_klass): remove it because
+	  rb_iseq_t::klass is removed.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_super_outside): do not see cfp->iseq, but
+	  check callable method entry on a frame.
+	  This fix simplify the logic to search super class.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: support super() from Proc.
+	  Now, [Bug #4881] and [Bug #3136] was solved.
+
+	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): catch up this change.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_define_method): ditto.
+
+	* vm_backtrace.c (rb_profile_frames): now, each `frame' objects
+	  are rb_callable_method_entry_t data or iseq VALUEs.
+
+	  This fix introduce minor compatibility issue that
+	  rb_profile_frame_label() always returns
+	  rb_profile_frame_base_label().
+
+	* test/-ext-/debug/test_profile_frames.rb: catch up this change.
+
+Tue Jul  7 01:52:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* cont.c (fiber_init): initialize control frame correctly.
+	  This fix does not affect any ordinal execution, but
+	  affects debug prints.
+
+Mon Jul  6 17:59:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): do not skip calling
+	  same methods in super.
+	  [Bug #3351]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_super.rb: fix a test.
+
+Mon Jul  6 17:59:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: removed deprecated safe level.
+
+Mon Jul  6 17:16:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h, proc.c (rb_method_entry_location): make it static
+	  and remove prefix `rb_' because it is used only in proc.c.
+
+Mon Jul  6 16:42:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/memory_status.rb: removed redundant path.
+
+Mon Jul  6 01:18:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb: make @@project_dir one level
+	  upper as this file had moved one level deeper.
+
+Sun Jul  5 23:54:10 2015  mizokami  <suzunatsu@yahoo.com>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb: [DOC] Fix typo.
+
+Sun Jul  5 18:25:37 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_profile_record_get): fix spelling error in keys
+
+Sun Jul  5 14:49:01 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* README.md: fix a typo pointed out by raoulvdberge.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/953#commitcomment-11998186
+
+Sun Jul  5 12:56:20 2015  Irvi Firqotul Aini  <viarc7@gmail.com>
+
+	* README.md: Added link HowToReport bugs.
+
+Sun Jul  5 10:51:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_sort_bang): the original array may not be
+	  embedded even if a substitution array is embedded, as it is
+	  embedded when the original array is short enough but not
+	  embedded.  [ruby-dev:49166] [Bug #11332]
+
+Sun Jul  5 09:31:40 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: test for fd=3 usability in child
+
+Sat Jul  4 19:43:31 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Add test case for empty array and first method with args.
+	  Patch by @yui-knk [fix GH-955]
+
+Sat Jul  4 19:39:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Add test for `Enumerable#sort` with block. Patch by @yui-knk
+	  [fix GH-954]
+
+Sat Jul  4 14:38:43 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* enum.c (zip_ary): remove volatile, use RB_GC_GUARD
+	  (zip_i): ditto
+
+Sat Jul  4 10:42:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb (teardown): do not delete features
+	  loaded from the original load paths, the same libraries should
+	  be loaded again when the same features are required.
+	  [ruby-dev:49031] [Bug #11222]
+
+Sat Jul  4 09:38:52 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_mark): reduce branches for always-set VM fields
+	  (rb_vm_add_root_module): ditto
+
+Fri Jul 03 20:05:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: introduce rb_callable_method_entry_t to remove
+	  rb_control_frame_t::klass.
+	  [Bug #11278], [Bug #11279]
+
+	  rb_method_entry_t data belong to modules/classes.
+	  rb_method_entry_t::owner points defined module or class.
+
+	    module M
+	      def foo; end
+	    end
+
+	  In this case, owner is M.
+
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t data belong to only classes.
+	  For modules, MRI creates corresponding T_ICLASS internally.
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t can also belong to T_ICLASS.
+
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t::defined_class points T_CLASS or
+	  T_ICLASS.
+	  rb_method_entry_t data for classes (not for modules) are also
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t data because it is completely same data.
+	  In this case, rb_method_entry_t::owner == rb_method_entry_t::defined_class.
+
+	  For example, there are classes C and D, and includes M,
+
+	    class C; include M; end
+	    class D; include M; end
+
+	  then, two T_ICLASS objects for C's super class and D's super class
+	  will be created.
+
+	  When C.new.foo is called, then M#foo is searched and
+	  rb_callable_method_t data is used by VM to invoke M#foo.
+
+	  rb_method_entry_t data is only one for M#foo.
+	  However, rb_callable_method_entry_t data are two (and can be more).
+	  It is proportional to the number of including (and prepending)
+	  classes (the number of T_ICLASS which point to the module).
+
+	  Now, created rb_callable_method_entry_t are collected when
+	  the original module M was modified. We can think it is a cache.
+
+	  We need to select what kind of method entry data is needed.
+	  To operate definition, then you need to use rb_method_entry_t.
+
+	  You can access them by the following functions.
+
+	  * rb_method_entry(VALUE klass, ID id);
+	  * rb_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
+	  * rb_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
+	  * rb_resolve_refined_method(VALUE refinements, const rb_method_entry_t *me);
+
+	  To invoke methods, then you need to use rb_callable_method_entry_t
+	  which you can get by the following APIs corresponding to the
+	  above listed functions.
+
+	  * rb_callable_method_entry(VALUE klass, ID id);
+	  * rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
+	  * rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
+	  * rb_resolve_refined_method_callable(VALUE refinements, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me);
+
+	  VM pushes rb_callable_method_entry_t, so that rb_vm_frame_method_entry()
+	  returns rb_callable_method_entry_t.
+	  You can check a super class of current method by
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t::defined_class.
+
+	* method.h: renamed from rb_method_entry_t::klass to
+	  rb_method_entry_t::owner.
+
+	* internal.h: add rb_classext_struct::callable_m_tbl to cache
+	  rb_callable_method_entry_t data.
+
+	  We need to consider about this field again because it is only
+	  active for T_ICLASS.
+
+	* class.c (method_entry_i): ditto.
+
+	* class.c (rb_define_attr): rb_method_entry() does not takes
+	  defined_class_ptr.
+
+	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): mark RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL() for T_ICLASS.
+
+	* cont.c (fiber_init): rb_control_frame_t::klass is removed.
+
+	* proc.c: fix `struct METHOD' data structure because
+	  rb_callable_method_t has all information.
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove several fields.
+	  * rb_control_frame_t::klass.
+	  * rb_block_t::klass.
+
+	  And catch up changes.
+
+	* eval.c: catch up changes.
+
+	* gc.c: ditto.
+
+	* insns.def: ditto.
+
+	* vm.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_args.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_backtrace.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Fri Jul  3 14:30:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c: some mingw compilers need a tweek for the
+	  declarations of _wfreopen_s.  [Bug #11320]
+
+Fri Jul  3 12:25:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (rb_econv_set_replacement): target encoding name can
+	  be empty now.  [ruby-core:69841] [Bug #11324]
+
+Fri Jul  3 07:21:06 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb: new benchmark
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (no_exception_p): new function
+	  (ossl_start_ssl): adjust for no_exception_p
+	  (ossl_ssl_connect): adjust ossl_start_ssl call
+	  (ossl_ssl_connect_nonblock): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_accept): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_accept_nonblock): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_read_internal): adjust for no_exception_p
+	  (ossl_ssl_write_internal): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_write): adjust ossl_write_internal call
+	  (ossl_ssl_write_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_read_nonblock):
+	  delay exception check
+	* io.c (no_exception_p): new function
+	  (io_getpartial): call no_exception_p
+	  (io_readpartial): adjust for io_getpartial
+	  (get_kwargs_exception): remove
+	  (io_read_nonblock): adjust for io_getpartial,
+	  check no_exception_p on EOF
+	  (io_write_nonblock): call no_exception_p
+	  (rb_io_write_nonblock): do not check `exception: false'
+	  (argf_getpartial): adjust for io_getpartial
+	  [ruby-core:69778] [Feature #11318]
+
+Fri Jul  3 07:13:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): Win32 API does not set errno, get
+	  the last error by GetLastError() and map to errno.  [Bug #10015]
+
+Thu Jul  2 21:32:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): show warnings at errors.
+	  [Bug #10015]
+
+Thu Jul  2 18:39:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: remove `#define RGENGC_OBJ_INFO 1' line introduced to
+	  debug Bug #11244.
+
+Thu Jul  2 18:34:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_raw_obj_info): separated from rb_obj_info().
+	  Fill internal object information into passed buffer.
+
+	* gc.h: declare rb_raw_obj_info().
+
+Thu Jul  2 16:15:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): update path type by the target
+	  attributes if possible, to improve the performance.  [Bug #10015]
+
+Thu Jul  2 14:45:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* st.c: get rid of VC++'s warnings of C4700 (uninitialized local
+	  variable used).  I think that these are wrong, but should shut them
+	  up.
+
+Thu Jul  2 14:15:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems.rb (Gem.load_path_insert_index): search
+	  @gem_prelude_index first.
+
+	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb (Gem::TestCase#setup): keep already
+	  expanded paths to preserve instance variables.
+
+Thu Jul  2 14:12:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (process_options): also copy initial load path marks at
+	  setting load paths encoding.
+
+Thu Jul  2 12:26:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_server.rb (process_based_port): use
+	  dynamically chosen port numbers to get rid of conflicts.
+
+Thu Jul  2 11:58:59 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_specification.rb: skip tests which the
+	  platform does not permit the filename of its test file.
+
+Thu Jul  2 11:36:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_git_specification.rb: require
+	  rubygems/installer.rb before Gem::TestCase#setup runs, otherwise
+	  as Gem::TestCase#teardown restores $LOADED_FEATURES to the state
+	  at that time, the requiring the file in GitSpecification#install
+	  method causes a lot of constant redefinitions.
+
+Thu Jul  2 10:43:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: flags for common socket families
+	  (rsock_getfamily): update signature
+	* include/ruby/io.h: comment socket FMODE flags
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_getfamily): memoize family
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c: adjust rsock_getfamily calls
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69713] [Feature #11298]
+
+Thu Jul  2 10:30:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/resolver.rb: fixed NameError of Gem::Util::NULL_DEVICE.
+
+Thu Jul  2 09:51:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/resolver.rb: fix error of null device reference with DOSISH
+	  platform.
+
+Thu Jul  2 06:49:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems HEAD(c202db2).
+	  this version contains many enhancements see http://git.io/vtNwF
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Wed Jul  1 23:50:34 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb
+	(HTTPResponseTest#test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_uppercase):
+	fix a failure without zlib.
+
+Wed Jul  1 10:54:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Add test for Enumerable#none? [fix GH-950] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Wed Jul  1 09:30:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (struct_set_members): hide internal back_members
+	  object, and members object does not need to be duped as it
+	  should be frozen and hidden.
+
+Wed Jul  1 09:28:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (struct_member_pos): revert r51080 to fix other
+	  implicit conversions but cast the return value to fix the
+	  previous implicit conversion.
+
+Wed Jul  1 08:47:24 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (struct_member_pos): avoid implicit conversion loses
+	  integer precision: 'long' to 'int'.
+
+Wed Jul  1 05:57:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_add_method_iseq): add RB_GC_GUARD
+	* class.c (clone_method): remove RB_GC_GUARD
+	* struct.c (define_aref_method): ditto
+	  (define_aset_method): ditto
+	* vm.c (vm_define_method):
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_clone): add RB_GC_GUARD
+
+Wed Jul  1 05:43:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* struct.c (AREF_HASH_THRESHOLD): new macro
+	  (id_back_members): new ID
+	  (struct_member_pos_ideal): new function
+	  (struct_member_pos_probe): ditto
+	  (struct_set_members): ditto
+	  (struct_member_pos): ditto
+	  (rb_struct_getmember): use struct_member_pos for O(1) access
+	  (rb_struct_aref_sym): ditto
+	  (rb_struct_aset_sym): ditto
+	  (setup_struct): call struct_set_members
+	  (struct_define_without_accessor): ditto
+	  (Init_Struct): initialize __members_back__
+	  [ruby-core:66851] [ruby-core:69705] [ruby-core:69821]
+
+Tue Jun 30 23:12:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_reopen): FilePathValue() ensures the path
+	  NUL-terminated and frozen, so it is unnecessary to make it shared.
+
+Tue Jun 30 23:11:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (check_dirname): ensure path name NUL-terminated for
+	  SHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING.
+
+	* io.c (rb_sysopen): ditto.
+
+Tue Jun 30 18:38:16 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_freopen): need to terminate by NUL.
+
+Tue Jun 30 17:28:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_reopen): freopen(3) with OS encoding path.
+	  [ruby-core:69780] [Bug #11320]
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_freopen): wrapper of wchar version freopen(3).
+	  use _wfreopen_s() if available.
+
+Tue Jun 30 08:24:08 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_oflags_modestr): handle O_TRUNC correctly
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb (test_reopen_stdio): new test
+	  Patch-by: cremno phobia <cremno@mail.ru>
+	  [ruby-core:69779] [Bug #11319]
+
+Tue Jun 30 02:47:02 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/st.h (struct st_table): hide struct list_head
+	* st.c (struct st_table_entry): adjust struct
+	  (head, tail): remove shortcut macros
+	  (st_head): new wrapper function
+	  (st_init_table_with_size): adjust to new struct and API
+	  (st_clear): ditto
+	  (add_direct): ditto
+	  (unpack_entries): ditto
+	  (rehash): ditto
+	  (st_copy): ditto
+	  (remove_entry): ditto
+	  (st_shift): ditto
+	  (st_foreach_check): ditto
+	  (st_foreach): ditto
+	  (get_keys): ditto
+	  (get_values): ditto
+	  (st_values_check): ditto
+	  (st_reverse_foreach_check): ditto (unused)
+	  (st_reverse_foreach): ditto (unused)
+	  [ruby-core:69726] [Misc #10278]
+
+Mon Jun 29 17:38:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* insns.def (defineclass): do not quote unprintable characters at
+	  raising an exception.
+
+Mon Jun 29 16:01:24 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (inflater): CONTENT_ENCODING can be upper
+	  case. [ruby-core:69670] [Bug #11285] patched by Andy Chu
+
+Mon Jun 29 14:50:08 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (add_activated_refinement): should not include the original
+	  class.
+
+Mon Jun 29 12:09:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* README.md: tweak styles. [fix GH-945][ci skip] Patch by @bryndyment
+
+Mon Jun 29 07:23:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* template/sizes.c.tmpl: extract RUBY_DEFINT to define sizes of
+	  types checked by configure.in, and fix size of intptr_t in
+	  universal binary.
+
+Mon Jun 29 02:10:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* insns.def (defineclass): preserve encoding of name in error
+	  messages for super class mismatch.
+
+	* insns.def (defineclass): preserve encoding of name in error
+	  messages for non-class super.
+
+	* insns.def (defineclass): preserve encoding of name in error
+	  messages when already defined but type mismatch.
+
+Sun Jun 28 12:07:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_define_class_id_under): raise TypeError exception
+	  same as ruby level class definition when superclass mismatch.
+
+Sun Jun 14 19:02:03 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (makeport): close the TCPServer
+	  when sending the port fails.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: test for above.
+
+Fri Jun 26 12:48:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (load_transcoder_entry): fix transcoder loading race
+	  condition, by waiting in require.  [ruby-dev:49106] [Bug #11277]
+
+Fri Jun 26 07:53:56 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_minmax): simplify return value creation
+	* test/ruby/test_enum.rb: test behavior on empty
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_fetch_m): remove unnecessary volatile since r41597
+	  (env_reject_bang): trade volatile for GC guard
+	  (env_select): ditto
+	  (env_select_bang): ditto
+	  (env_keep_if): ditto
+	  (rb_env_clear): ditto
+
+Thu Jun 25 21:24:28 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/-ext-/popen_deadlock/test_popen_deadlock.rb: test [Bug #11265]
+
+	* ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/infinite_loop_dlsym.c: new ext to call
+	  dlsym(3) infinitely without GVL, used in the above test.
+
+	* ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/extconf.rb: extconf.rb for the above
+	  ext. Currently, only enabled on Solaris (main target) and Linux
+	  (as a reference platform and for debugging the ext).
+
+Thu Jun 25 19:24:25 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: not to use vfork on Solaris to avoid deadlock
+	  occurred in vfork(2) with multi-threading and dynamic linker
+	  on Solaris. [Bug #11265] [ruby-dev:49089]
+
+Thu Jun 25 18:25:41 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/lib/envutil.rb (Test::Unit::Assertions#assert_no_memory_leak):
+	  NO_MEMORY_LEAK_ENVS is moved to Memory::NO_MEMORY_LEAK_ENVS
+	  to reduce child executions during test-all on Solaris.
+
+	* test/lib/memory_status.rb (Memory::NO_MEMORY_LEAK_ENVS): ditto.
+
+Thu Jun 25 17:32:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_create): need to call
+	  method_definition_reset() if def is given.
+
+	  Actually, `me' is a new object, so we don't need to call it.
+	  It is just to make sure.
+
+	* vm_method.c (method_definition_reset): remove duplicated insertion.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_clone): assign dst->def here,
+	  not in method_definition_reset().
+
+Thu Jun 25 16:44:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c: make a rb_method_definition_t data (def) *after* making
+	  a rb_method_entry_t data (me).
+
+	  Normally, `me' points `def'. Some Ruby objects pointed from `def'
+	  and objects are marked by `me' (mark_method_entry() in gc.c).
+	  However, `def' is built before making a `me', then nobody can mark
+	  objects pointed from `def' before making (and pointing from) `me'.
+
+	  I hope this patch solve #11244.
+
+	* vm_method.c: remove `rb_' prefix from some static functions.
+
+	* method.h (rb_method_entry_create): constify
+
+	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): add checking `def' and
+	  `def->body.iseq.iseqptr' availability because they can be NULL.
+
+Thu Jun 25 14:14:16 2015  takiy33  <takiy33@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/test_prime.rb (test_eratosthenes_works_fine_after_timeout):
+	  use spaces instead of TABs in ruby codes.  [Fix GH-944]
+
+Thu Jun 25 07:08:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info, method_type_name): show method type name in a string
+	  instead of a number.
+
+Thu Jun 25 06:49:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): show more details for T_IMEMO/imemo_ment.
+
+Thu Jun 25 06:40:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_reset): need a WB for
+	  VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET.
+
+Thu Jun 25 03:33:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (RGENGC_OBJ_INFO, obj_info): add a macro to enable/disable
+	  rich obj_info() output.
+
+	  At the default, the value of RGENGC_OBJ_INFO is
+	  (RGENGC_DEBUG | RGENGC_CHECK_MODE).
+
+	* gc.c (RGENGC_OBJ_INFO): force enable it to debug #11244.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): print more details with obj_info().
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): remove useless debug prints.
+
+Thu Jun 25 02:40:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_read_internal):
+	  do not process kwargs in blocking mode
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: test sysread
+
+Wed Jun 24 16:54:11 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): add additional debug code for #11244.
+
+Wed Jun 24 16:05:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_justify): use RB_GC_GUARD
+
+Wed Jun 24 14:25:17 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_ptr): add a check code for #11244.
+
+	  It should be removed later. But we can remain this check
+	  because it is only a branch.
+
+Wed Jun 24 12:49:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_fstring_cstr): new function to make a fstring from
+	  a string literal.
+
+	* internal.h (rb_fstring_lit): new macro to make a fstring from a
+	  string literal.
+
+	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_strlen_lit): new macro to get the
+	  length of a string literal, borrowed from mruby/mruby@e4afd53.
+
+Wed Jun 24 12:21:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c: Update documentation for Regexp class.
+	  [fix GH-937][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
+
+Wed Jun 24 09:23:03 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (generic_ivar_set): remove FL_ABLE check
+	  (gen_ivar_copy): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69715]
+
+Wed Jun 24 08:28:15 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): reduce stack use
+	  [ruby-core:69595] [Feature #11263]
+
+Tue Jun 23 14:32:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (name_err_receiver): raise ArgumentError if no receiver
+	  is available on this exception object.  [Feature #10881]
+
+Tue Jun 23 09:48:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* dir.c (check_dirname): avoid volatile, use return value
+	  (dir_s_chroot, dir_s_mkdir, dir_s_rmdir): adjust callers
+
+Tue Jun 23 06:37:10 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* struct.c (struct_ivar_get): cache member definition in a subclass
+	  Thanks to Sokolov Yura aka funny_falcon <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
+	  in https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10585
+
+Tue Jun 23 04:58:06 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb: new benchmark
+	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb: ditto
+	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb: ditto
+	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb: ditto
+	* benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb: ditto
+	  Thanks to Sokolov Yura aka funny_falcon <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
+	  in https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10585
+
+Mon Jun 22 18:08:48 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit::Parallel#start_watchdog): removed
+	  because it has been meaningless since r36385. [Bug #11288]
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit::Parallel#_run_parallel): delete
+	  lines related to the removed start_watchdog method
+
+Sun Jun 21 23:52:46 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* NEWS: mention about Array#bsearch_index and Hash#fetch_values.
+
+Sun Jun 21 23:46:27 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* NEWS: add a reference to a ticket.
+
+Sun Jun 21 20:28:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* internal.h (roomof): extract from type_roomof, and move from
+	  bignum.c.
+
+Sun Jun 21 18:32:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby_atomic.h (ATOMIC_PTR_CAS): define by generic CAS macro, not
+	  via size_t, to suppress a warning by mingw gcc.
+
+Sun Jun 21 05:31:41 2015  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c(dump_object): Return empty JSON object when
+	  passed object is a special const, instead of SEGV.
+	  Based patch by Kohei Suzuki (eagletmt). [ruby-core:69692] [Bug #11291]
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb(test_dump_special_consts): Test for above fix.
+
+
+Sat Jun 20 03:56:58 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/make_encmake.rb: the list of encoding extension libraries must
+	  not include encinit.c itself.  It caused "undefined reference to
+	  Init_encinit".
+
+Sat Jun 20 02:03:53 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): new macro ALWAYS_NEED_ENVP
+	  to generate envp_str anytime on Solaris 10 (or earlier version
+	  of Solaris) to avoid calling execv() which is async-signal unsafe
+	  on Solaris 10. [Bug #11265] [ruby-dev:49089]
+
+	* process.c (exec_with_sh, proc_exec_cmd): On Solaris 10,
+	  because ALWAYS_NEED_ENVP is 1 and envp_str is always generated,
+	  execv() in exec_with_sh() and proc_exec_cmd() are never called.
+	  To guarantee this, execv() is replaced by a macro to print
+	  out error message on Solaris 10.
+
+	* process.c (proc_exec_sh): Because proc_exec_sh() may be called
+	  by rb_proc_exec() with envp_str = Qfalse, execl() is replaced
+	  by a macro that calls execle() with "extern char **environ"
+	  traditional global variable on Solaris 10.
+	  TODO: This may be unsafe and should be changed in the future.
+	  Although rb_proc_exec() is not used from inside current version
+	  of ruby, it may be called by third-party extensions.
+
+Sat Jun 20 01:10:13 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* NEWS: mention about $SAFE.
+
+Fri Jun 19 14:53:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): now requires a block direct to
+	  this method call.  [ruby-core:69655] [Bug #11283]
+
+Fri Jun 19 13:54:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_mod_define_method): get rid of inadvertent ID
+	  creations at error.
+
+Fri Jun 19 07:58:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: if no with-ext option is given, default to
+	  enable everything.  [ruby-dev:49108] [Bug #11280]
+
+Fri Jun 19 06:30:07 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* bootstraptest/test_method.rb: remove a test because $SAFE=2 was
+	  obsolete.
+
+	  Please check btest, too.
+
+Thu Jun 18 23:51:51 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* bin/erb: $SAFE=3 is obsolete.
+
+Thu Jun 18 23:45:11 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* safe.c: removed needless doc related $SAFE=2
+
+Thu Jun 18 23:38:07 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_safe_level): fix document.  $SAFE=3 is obsolete.
+	  [ci skip]
+
+Thu Jun 18 23:25:51 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: configure intersection of with-ext and not
+	  without-ext, as withouts is no longer true by default if
+	  with-ext option is given.  [ruby-dev:49108] [Bug #11280]
+
+Thu Jun 18 23:20:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: $SAFE=2 is now obsolete.
+
+	* dir.c, ext/fiddle/handle.c, ext/socket/basicsocket.c, file.c
+	  gc.c, io.c, process.c, safe.c, signal.c, win32/file.c:
+	  removed code for $SAFE=2
+
+	* test/erb/test_erb.rb, test/fiddle/test_handle.rb
+	  test/ruby/test_env.rb: removed tests for $SAFE=2.
+
+Thu Jun 18 22:50:07 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/make_encmake.rb: added --transes and --no-transes options.
+
+Thu Jun 18 18:24:12 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/socket/test_unix.rb: replace sleep with select
+
+Thu Jun 18 17:59:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_control_frame_id_and_class): remove useless codes.
+	  `me' knows ID and owner class.
+
+Thu Jun 18 16:58:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: constify rb_method_alias_struct::original_me and
+	  rb_method_refined_struct::orig_me.
+
+	* class.c (move_refined_method): use RB_OBJ_WRITE() for
+	  me->def->body.refined.orig_me.
+
+Thu Jun 18 14:35:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (count_imemo_objects): support imemo_ment.
+
+Thu Jun 18 13:32:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (name_err_receiver): add NameError#receiver method.
+	  [Feature #10881]
+
+Thu Jun 18 10:00:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* safe.c: removed needless doc related $SAFE=3
+
+Thu Jun 18 09:59:23 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* safe.c: rename old method name for $SAFE=3
+
+Thu Jun 18 06:02:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* compile.c (get_exception_sym2type, iseq_build_from_ary_body):
+	  rely on %+PRIsVALUE instead of calling rb_inspect directly
+
+Wed Jun 17 20:59:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (ENC_MK): needs fake.rb if cross compilation.
+	  [ruby-dev:49098] [Bug #11272]
+
+Wed Jun 17 20:23:29 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check __float80.
+
+Wed Jun 17 15:15:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* safe.c (safe_setter): of course, don't have to warn the limitation of
+	  $SAFE=3 after it's removed.
+
+Wed Jun 17 14:29:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: $SAFE=3 is now obsolete.
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c, ext/socket/socket.c, ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
+	  ext/socket/udpsocket.c, gc.c, object.c, re.c, safe.c: removed code
+	  for $SAFE=3
+
+	* bootstraptest/test_method.rb, test/erb/test_erb.rb, test/ruby/test_dir.rb
+	  test/ruby/test_file.rb, test/ruby/test_method.rb, test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
+	  test/ruby/test_thread.rb: remove tests for $SAFE=3
+
+Wed Jun 17 12:13:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: added contributor name.
+
+Wed Jun 17 10:57:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/csv.rb: accept to use Range object for row selection.
+	  contributed by Mitsutaka Mimura.
+	  [Feature #11267][ruby-dev:49091]
+
+Wed Jun 17 09:50:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/servlet.rb (documentation_search, root_search):
+	  requires json for JSON.dump and fix sporadic failures due to
+	  the loading order.
+
+Tue Jun 16 19:19:53 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check several types defined in C99
+	  and x86_64 ABI.
+
+	* template/sizes.c.tmpl: Relax a pattern for types.
+
+Tue Jun 16 17:37:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: relax pattern because uncollectible
+	  flag and marked flag can be false at major GC.
+	  [Bug #10852]
+
+Tue Jun 16 04:50:44 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (bsock_recv): document outbuf
+	* ext/socket/unixsocket.c (unix_recvfrom): ditto
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_strbuf, recvfrom_locktmp): new functions
+	  (rsock_s_recvfrom): support destination buffer as 3rd arg
+	  (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+	* string.c (rb_str_locktmp_ensure): export for internal ext
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: test recv_nonblock
+	* test/socket/test_unix.rb: test recv
+	  [ruby-core:69543] [Feature #11242]
+
+Tue Jun 16 04:38:02 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal,
+	  bsock_recvmsg_internal):
+	  support "exception: false" kwarg
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock):
+	  ditto
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock): use rsock_opt_false_p
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h (rsock_opt_false_p): new function
+	* ext/socket/basicsocket.c (bsock_recv_nonblock): update rdoc
+	* ext/socket/udpsocket.c (udp_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: new tests
+	  [ruby-core:69542] [Feature #11229]
+
+Mon Jun 15 14:33:02 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb: Make Set#each and SortedSet#each generate a sized
+	  enumerator. [GH-931] by kachick (Kenichi Kamiya)
+
+	* test/test_set.rb: Import tests from Set into SortedSet. [GH-931]
+	  by kachick (Kenichi Kamiya)
+
+Mon Jun 15 02:26:34 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#connect): use connect_nonblock and
+	  io/wait to eliminate timeout use. fix GH-899
+
+Sat Jun 13 07:21:18 2015  KOSAKI Motohiro  <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread.c (thread_start_func_2): don't interrupt when last thread
+	  exit unless main thread is already exited. Otherwise main thread
+	  could be wrongly interrupted when it uses rb_thread_call_without_gvl().
+	  Patch by Takehiro Kubo. [Bug #11237][ruby-dev:49044][GH-898]
+
+	* test/-ext-/gvl/test_last_thread.rb: new test for the above fix.
+
+	* ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/call_without_gvl.c: new ext for
+	  the above test.
+	* ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/extconf.rb: ditto.
+
+Mon Jun 15 00:14:33 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb (descend): Blockless form supported.
+	  (ascend): Ditto.
+	  [ruby-core:68820] [Feature #11052] Patch by Piotr Szotkowski.
+
+Sun Jun 14 20:09:25 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_getlocaltime): [DOC] Add examples of valid utc_offset
+	  formats.
+	  [ruby-core:68306] [Misc #10905] Patch by Charles Korn.
+
+Sun Jun 14 18:49:56 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (parse_numeric_port): Detect
+	  port overflow.
+	  (numeric_getaddrinfo): Use parse_numeric_port.
+	  numeric_getaddrinfo fails if port is too big now.
+	  This makes rb_getaddrinfo invokes the real getaddrinfo()
+	  on such condition.
+	  This change is related to [ruby-core:69355] [Bug #11179].
+
+Sun Jun 14 17:26:03 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_chunk_while): New method Enumerable#chunk_while.
+	  [ruby-core:67738] [Feature #10769] proposed by Tsuyoshi Sawada.
+
+Sun Jun 14 17:20:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): try opening file without gvl not to
+	  lock entire process.  [Bug #11060]
+
+Sun Jun 14 10:43:50 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/runruby.rb: just remove the lines of RUBY_VERSION check and raise
+	  instead of replacing the check to `true`, for getting rid of a
+	  warning `possibly useless use of true in void context`.
+
+Sun Jun 14 10:13:55 2015  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/source.rb (REXML::IOSource#scan): Fix a typo in
+	  document. [fix GH-934]
+	  Patch by Anton Davydov. Thanks!!!
+
+Sun Jun 14 10:09:48 2015  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb (REXML::AttlistDecl): Fix a typo in
+	  document. [fix GH-934]
+	  Patch by Anton Davydov. Thanks!!!
+
+Sun Jun 14 06:24:57 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: add test for IO.binread fd leak.
+	  See r50881.
+
+Sun Jun 14 05:23:51 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_s_binread): close fd if seek offset is invalid.
+
+Sun Jun 14 04:40:32 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb (check): refactor.
+
+Sun Jun 14 04:34:14 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb: Return false for no leaks.
+	  Otherwise the GC could run for nothing.
+
+Sun Jun 14 04:15:40 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb: [DOC] Update SimpleDelegator example. [ci skip]
+
+Sat Jun 13 20:28:14 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_stat_ino): get inode from the interval of struct st.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (stati64_set_inode): get nFileIndexHigh/Low, and set it
+	  to the interval of struct st as inode.
+	  [Feature #11216]
+
+	* win32/win32.c (stati64_set_inode_handle): call stati64_set_inode.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_fstati64): call stati64_set_inode_handle.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (stati64_handle): call stati64_set_inode.
+
+Sat Jun 13 19:44:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/depend (.list.chksum): revert a part of r50859, because
+	  it was not mentioned at its commit log and it caused a build error on
+	  Windows ($(MAKE) is already quoted).
+
+Sat Jun 13 17:35:11 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_thread_t): add th->name.
+
+	* vm.c (th_init): initialize th->name.
+
+	* thread.c (Init_Thread): add Thread.name and name=. [Feature #11251]
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_inspect): show thread's name if set.
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_getname): defined.
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_setname): ditto.
+
+Sat Jun 13 11:39:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb: Fix typo. [fix GH-933] Patch by @Zorbash
+
+Sat Jun 13 11:38:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c: fix documentation on ocsp response cert status.
+	  [fix GH-932] Patch by @chrisholmes
+
+Sat Jun 13 11:35:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec: Fix require paths for released gem.
+	  [fix GH-929] Patch by @voxik
+	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: ditto.
+
+Sat Jun 13 00:45:08 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Return sized enumerators.
+	  Patch by Kenichi Kamiya [GH-931]
+
+Sat Jun 13 00:45:06 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Fix with_object with no block given
+
+Sat Jun 13 00:44:59 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Have with_index accept an offset parameter.
+	  Based on patch by T Yamada. [#11007]
+
+Fri Jun 12 22:21:12 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_extlibs.rb (TestExtLibs::check_existence): fix
+	  error. [Bug #11255] [ruby-dev:49079]
+
+Fri Jun 12 21:17:46 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* pack.c (pack_{un,}pack): new template character `j` and `J`, pointer
+	  with signed and unsigned integers.
+
+	* NEWS: mention about this feature.
+	  [Feature #11215] [ruby-dev:49015]
+
+Fri Jun 12 21:01:44 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (File::SHARE_DELETE): new flag to be able to delete opened file
+	  on Windows.
+
+	* include/win32/win32.c (O_SHARE_DELETE): new pseudo file mode flag.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_{w,}open): support above flag.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+	* NEWS: mention about this feature.
+	  [Feature #11218] [ruby-dev:49022]
+
+Fri Jun 12 18:21:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ChangeLog: added missing commit message.
+
+Fri Jun 12 18:20:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sample/exyacc.rb: Fix some typos. [fix GH-927] Patch by @davydovanton
+	* sample/list.rb: ditto.
+	* sample/trick2013/kinaba/remarks.markdown: ditto.
+
+Fri Jun 12 17:34:14 2015  Wojciech Mach  <wojtek@wojtekmach.pl>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_fetch_values): add `Hash#fetch_values`.
+	  [Feature #10017] [Fix GH-776]
+
+Fri Jun 12 16:28:17 2015  Radan Skoric  <radan.skoric@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_bsearch_index): Implement Array#bsearch_index
+	  method, which is similar to bsearch and returns the index or
+	  nil.  [Feature #10730]
+
+Thu Jun 11 19:11:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: Fix indentation for rdoc.
+	  [Bug #11221][ruby-core:69465]
+
+Thu Jun 11 16:23:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC_SET): fix last commit (unbalanced parens).
+
+Thu Jun 11 15:14:16 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: define SET_THREAD_NAME if it has pthread_set_name_np
+	  for FreeBSD, and don't define it if both pthread_setname_np
+	  and pthread_set_name_np don't exist.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (SET_THREAD_NAME): don't define if they don't exist.
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (native_set_thread_name): run if SET_THREAD_NAME
+	  is defined.
+
+Thu Jun 11 15:53:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h (METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC_SET): should clear last bit.
+
+Thu Jun 11 14:34:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems.rb: bump version to 2.4.7 and 2.4.8. these versions fixed
+	  CVE-2015-3900.
+	* lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb: ditto.
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: added testcase for CVE-2015-3900
+
+Thu Jun 11 14:18:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems.rb: bump version to 2.4.6. It's missing change at r49774.
+
+Thu Jun 11 13:50:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (ary_ensure_room_for_push): check if array size will
+	  exceed maximum size to get rid of buffer overflow.
+	  [ruby-dev:49043] [Bug #11235]
+
+	* array.c (ary_ensure_room_for_unshift, rb_ary_splice): ditto.
+
+Thu Jun 11 13:17:34 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/test_cmath.rb (TestCMath#test_trigonometric_functions): should
+	  not compare float values (in complex values) by `==`.
+
+Thu Jun 11 08:52:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: embed rb_method_entry_t::attr::flags (5 bits) into
+	  rb_method_entry_t::flags to make one word spare space.
+
+	  Add some macros to access these flags.
+
+	* vm_method.c: use these macros.
+
+	* internal.h: define IMEMO_FL_USHIFT and IMEMO_FL_USER[0-4]
+	  for T_IMEMO local flags.
+
+Thu Jun 11 08:27:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c: use VM_ASSERT instead of assert().
+
+	* vm_args.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Thu Jun 11 08:16:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: define VM_ASSERT() for assertion
+	  enabled only when (VM_CHECK_MODE > 0).
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: move definition VM_CHECK_MODE
+	  from vm_insnhelper.c to vm_core.h.
+
+	* vm.c: remove <assert.h>
+
+Thu Jun 11 06:46:07 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (check_frame): check type of cref_or_me first.
+
+Thu Jun 11 04:34:39 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/test_cmath.rb: Add some assertions.
+
+Thu Jun 11 00:34:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* template/fake.rb.in: expanded macro result may have spaces
+	  between tokens.  [ruby-dev:49047] [Bug #11243]
+
+Wed Jun 10 22:27:32 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: revert r50804 because of build failure when specifying
+	  LDFLAGS during configure, observed on Solaris with GCC 4.6.
+	  [Bug #11245]
+
+Wed Jun 10 21:59:51 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* README.ja.md: fix markup miss.
+
+Wed Jun 10 11:06:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* template/fake.rb.in: turn into erb template from autoconf
+	  template to fake more accurately.
+
+	* common.mk (fake.rb): needs preprocessed file now.
+
+	* version.c (Init_version): add dummy expression to
+	  RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION.
+
+Tue Jun  9 12:31:25 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Simplify and optimize EratosthenesSieve
+
+Tue Jun  9 11:45:00 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Simplify and optimize EratosthenesSieve
+	  based on patch by Ajay Kumar. [Fixes GH-921]
+
+Mon Jun  8 05:09:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): print method id for T_IMEMO/ment.
+
+Sun Jun  7 07:05:43 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Move test cases from test/ruby/test_complex.rb to test/test_cmath.rb
+
+Sat Jun  6 18:23:41 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: back to share rb_method_definition_t by
+	  rb_method_entry_t.
+
+	  r50728 changed sharing `def's to isolating `def's
+	  on alias and so on. However, this change conflicts
+	  future improvement plan. So I change back to sharing approach.
+
+	* method.h: move rb_method_definition_t::flags to
+	  rb_method_entry_t::attr::flags.
+
+	  rb_method_entry_t::attr is union with VALUE because this field
+	  should have same size of VALUE. rb_method_entry_t is T_IMEMO).
+
+	  And also add the following access macros to it's fields.
+
+	  * METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me)
+	  * METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC(me)
+	  * METHOD_ENTRY_SAFE(me)
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_addref): added instead of
+	  rb_method_definition_clone().
+
+	  Do not create new definition, but increment alias_count.
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): catch up this fix.
+
+	* class.c (method_entry_i): ditto.
+
+	* proc.c (mnew_internal): ditto.
+
+	* proc.c (mnew_missing): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Sat Jun  6 15:59:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c: ins_methods_push() needs rb_method_visibility_t type on
+	  2nd arg.
+
+Sat Jun  6 15:05:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (ins_methods_push): Change type and name of parameters
+	  to make more clear.
+
+Sat Jun  6 08:52:13 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: try to avoid EMSGSIZE
+	  [ruby-core:69466]
+
+Sat Jun  6 07:58:30 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: remove struct mark_tbl_arg and pass objspace directly
+	  to avoid indirect access overhead.
+
+Sat Jun  6 07:08:45 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): drop redundant assignment
+
+Sat Jun  6 01:00:06 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): all arguments are
+	  parsed even on systems without HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL
+	  to prevent SEGV caused by passing Qnil to RARRAY_LENINT and
+	  to preserve behavior before r50776.
+	  [Bug #11224] [ruby-core:69468] [Bug #11225] [ruby-core:69469]
+
+Fri Jun  5 22:37:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (ins_methods_push): change 3rd parameter's type
+	  from long to rb_method_visibility_t.
+
+	* class.c (ins_methods_i): catch up this fix.
+
+	* class.c (method_entry_i): cast to st_data_t instead of `long'.
+
+Fri Jun  5 20:37:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: move definition of rb_cref_t to method.h.
+
+	* eval_intern.h: move definition of rb_scope_visibility_t
+	  to method.h.
+
+	* method.h: change rb_cref_t::scope_visi from VALUE to
+	  rb_scope_visibility_t.
+	  [Bug #11219]
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_new): accept rb_method_visibility_t directly.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref): don't use 0,
+	  but METHOD_VISI_UNDEF.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_scope_visibility_set): don't need to use cast.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_scope_module_func_set): ditto.
+
+Fri Jun  5 17:27:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): avoid msg_control
+	  ptr if msg_controllen is zero to fix portability problems.
+
+Fri Jun  5 09:17:45 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): fix build error
+	  from r50776
+
+Fri Jun  5 07:05:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (sym_wait_readable, sym_wait_writable): declare
+	  (io_getpartial): use sym_wait_readable
+	  (io_write_nonblock): use sym_wait_writable
+	  (Init_IO): initialize sym_wait_*able
+
+Fri Jun  5 06:43:00 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* doc/extension.rdoc: note rb_get_kwargs changes keywords_hash
+	  [ruby-core:68507]
+
+Fri Jun  5 05:50:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal): use rb_scan_args
+	  [ruby-core:69439] [Feature #11207]
+
+Fri Jun  5 02:20:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/lib/envutil.rb (assert_no_memory_leak): change default value
+	  of limit from 1.5 to 2.0. It is ad-hoc fix to solve test failure
+	  in travis-ci.
+
+Fri Jun  5 01:17:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): no need to use cast.
+
+Fri Jun  5 01:14:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): show additional messages on rb_bug().
+
+Fri Jun  5 01:06:02 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_add_method_iseq): use intermediate struct to
+	  avoid initializing struct with variables.
+	  [Bug #11217]
+
+	* method.h: add a comment about it.
+
+Fri Jun  5 00:55:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: constify rb_method_refined_t::orig_me.
+
+	  Also constify the following functions.
+
+	  * rb_resolve_refined_method()
+	  * rb_method_entry_with_refinements()
+	  * rb_method_entry_without_refinements()
+	  * rb_method_entry_copy()'s parameter.
+
+	* class.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Thu Jun  4 12:47:54 SGT 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c: Revert r50763. because "reentered" is not typo.
+
+Thu Jun  4 11:12:29 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c: fix a typo. Patch by @davydovanton
+	  [fix GH-923]
+	* include/ruby/st.h: ditto.
+	* include/ruby/util.h: ditto.
+
+Thu Jun  4 10:54:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c: fix a typo. Patch by @manish-shrivastava
+	  [fix GH-922]
+
+Thu Jun  4 09:52:02 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: use io/nonblock instead of fcntl
+	  [ruby-core:69382] [Feature #11190]
+
+Thu Jun  4 07:22:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: introduce rb_method_refined_t for refined method entry.
+
+	* class.c (move_refined_method): catch up this fix.
+
+	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Thu Jun  4 07:12:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dirent_match): match short names only when FNM_SHORTNAME
+	  flag is given, for the backward compatibility, and the new
+	  behavior is often dangerous.  [ruby-core:69435] [Bug #11206]
+
+Thu Jun  4 05:44:01 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (special_generic_ivar): remove flag
+	  (givar_i, rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl): remove functions
+	  (rb_free_generic_ivar, rb_ivar_lookup, rb_ivar_delete,
+	   generic_ivar_set, rb_ivar_set, rb_ivar_defined,
+	   rb_copy_generic_ivar, rb_ivar_foreach, rb_ivar_count,
+	   rb_obj_remove_instance_variable):
+	   adjust for lack of ivar support in special constants
+	* test/ruby/test_variable.rb: test ivars for special consts
+	* internal.h: remove rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl decl
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_roots): remove rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl call
+	  [ruby-core:69441] [Feature #11208]
+
+Thu Jun  4 05:13:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (def_iseq_ptr): `iseqval' is not available any more.
+
+Thu Jun  4 04:50:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (method_entry_i): mtbl should not have `me' as NULL.
+
+Thu Jun  4 04:28:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): do not use me->klass, but use explicitly
+	  passed argument.
+
+Thu Jun  4 04:10:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack): rename to rb_vm_rewrite_cref().
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): use renamed name.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref): do not use `node' in variable
+	  names.
+
+Wed Jun  3 23:03:50 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c: rename `rb_frame_...' to `rb_scope_...'.
+
+	* eval_intern.h: move decl. of rb_scope_visibility_set() to method.h.
+
+	* load.c: catch up this fix.
+
+Wed Jun  3 21:14:20 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check C99 standard integer types.
+
+Wed Jun  3 21:00:47 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* configure.in: Don't check __int128.
+
+	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb: Check __int128.
+
+	* ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend: sizes.c depends on
+	  ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb.
+
+	* template/sizes.c.tmpl: Detect check_sizeof.
+
+Wed Jun  3 20:07:07 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): remove redundant check for me->def != NULL.
+	  Now, all `me` have `me->def`.
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_location): ditto.
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_check_redefinition_opt_method): ditto.
+
+	* vm.c (add_opt_method): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): ditto.
+
+Wed Jun  3 19:24:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: rename enum missing_reason to enum method_missing_reason.
+
+	* vm_core.h: use enum method_missing_reason for
+	  rb_thread_t::method_missing_reason.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Jun  3 16:17:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c: eagerly allocate `loading_table`.  This eliminates the need to
+	  do NULL checks when looking up the `loading_table` hash.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/918
+
+	* load.c: remove various NULL checks
+
+Wed Jun  3 11:47:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: change fields order to gather frequent access fields.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): add LIKELY().
+
+Wed Jun 03 10:35:45 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: split rb_method_definition_t::flag to several flags.
+
+	  `flag' contains several categories of attributes and it makes us
+	  confusion (at least, I had confused).
+
+	  * rb_method_visibility_t (flags::visi)
+	    * NOEX_UNDEF     -> METHOD_VISI_UNDEF     = 0
+	    * NOEX_PUBLIC    -> METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC    = 1
+	    * NOEX_PRIVATE   -> METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE   = 2
+	    * NOEX_PROTECTED -> METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED = 3
+	  * NOEX_SAFE(flag)  -> safe (flags::safe, 3 bits)
+	  * NOEX_BASIC       -> basic (flags::basic, 1 bit)
+	  * NOEX_MODFUNC     -> rb_scope_visibility_t in CREF
+	  * NOEX_SUPER       -> MISSING_SUPER (enum missing_reason)
+	  * NOEX_VCALL       -> MISSING_VCALL (enum missing_reason)
+	  * NOEX_RESPONDS    -> BOUND_RESPONDS (macro)
+
+	  Now, NOEX_NOREDEF is not supported (I'm not sure it is needed).
+
+	  Background:
+	    I did not know what "NOEX" stands for.
+	    I asked Matz (who made this name) and his answer was "Nothing".
+	    "At first, it meant NO EXport (private), but the original
+	    meaning was gone."
+	    This is why I remove the mysterious word "NOEX" from MRI.
+
+	* vm_core.h: introduce `enum missing_reason' to represent
+	  method_missing (NoMethodError) reason.
+
+	* eval_intern.h: introduce rb_scope_visibility_t to represent
+	  scope visibility.
+	  It has 3 method visibilities (public/private/protected)
+	  and `module_function`.
+
+Wed Jun  3 08:06:30 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gem/bundled_gems: updated to test-unit 3.1.1 and minitest 5.7.0.
+
+Wed Jun  3 04:48:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): check respond_to_missing?
+	  at defined?(func()).
+	  [Bug #11212]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_defined.rb: add a test for this fix.
+
+Wed Jun  3 04:34:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined): skip respond_to_missing? when
+	  a method is available.
+	  [Bug #11211]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_defined.rb: add a test for this fix.
+
+Wed Jun  3 04:14:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* insns.def (defined), vm_insnhelper.c (vm_defined):
+	  move instruction body to the vm_defined() function.
+
+Wed Jun  3 02:29:25 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: Do not assume class variable order.
+	  Patch by @enebo.
+
+Wed Jun  3 01:10:38 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_set): remove a double assignment.
+	  Coverity Scan found this bug.
+
+Wed Jun  3 00:04:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): rename parameter names.
+
+Tue Jun  2 23:27:18 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: remove rb_method_iseq_t::iseqval.
+	  While making a r50728, iseqval is needed (to mark correctly),
+	  but now just iseqptr is enough.
+
+	* class.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* gc.c: ditto.
+
+	* proc.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Tue Jun  2 21:29:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_curry): remove a debug line.
+
+Tue Jun  2 12:43:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: make rb_method_entry_t a VALUE.
+	  Motivation and new data structure are described in [Bug #11203].
+
+	  This patch also solve the following issues.
+
+	  * [Bug #11200] Memory leak of method entries
+	  * [Bug #11046] __callee__ returns incorrect method name in orphan
+	                 proc
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add a test for [Bug #11046].
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_control_frame_t::me. me is located at value
+	  stack.
+
+	* vm_core.h, gc.c, vm_method.c: remove unlinked_method... codes
+	  because method entries are simple VALUEs.
+
+	* method.h: Now, all method entries has own independent method
+	  definitions. Strictly speaking, this change is not essential,
+	  but for future changes.
+
+	  * rb_method_entry_t::flag is move to rb_method_definition_t::flag.
+	  * rb_method_definition_t::alias_count is now
+	    rb_method_definition_t::alias_count_ptr, a pointer to the counter.
+
+	* vm_core.h, vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_frame_method_entry) added to
+	  search the current method entry from value stack.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (VM_CHECK_MODE): introduced to enable/disable
+	  assertions.
+
+Tue Jun  2 10:46:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: new test for sendmsg_nonblock
+
+Tue Jun  2 09:04:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/benchmark.rb: just use Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+	  [ruby-core:69390]
+
+Mon Jun  1 22:01:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (pkg_config): split --libs if --libs-only-l option
+	  is not available.  patch in [ruby-core:69428] by Hans Mackowiak.
+	  [ruby-core:69421] [Bug #11201]
+
+Mon Jun  1 21:18:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): remove a garbage character
+	  introduced at the last commit.
+
+Mon Jun  1 19:24:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_make): do not show warning message
+	  when method_entry is an alias.
+
+Mon Jun  1 15:47:16 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: move class related definitions.
+
+Mon Jun  1 15:43:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c: remove needless include pragma for method.h.
+
+	* struct.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Mon Jun  1 05:42:00 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* eval_intern.h, vm_method.c: move macros to functions.
+	  * SCOPE_TEST(f)  -> rb_frame_visibility_test(flag).
+	  * SCOPE_CHECK(f) -> rb_frame_visibility_check(flag).
+	  * SCOPE_SET(f)   -> rb_frame_visibility_set(flag).
+
+	* load.c (load_ext): use it.
+
+Mon Jun  1 04:47:37 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* ext/date/date_core.c: [DOC] Add comparison of Time and DateTime
+	  Patch provided by @pixeltrix
+
+Mon Jun  1 04:22:09 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h (VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY): introduce new frame type to
+	  recognize dummy frame.
+
+	* vm.c (th_init): use new frame type.
+
+	* vm_args.c (raise_argument_error): ditto.
+
+Mon Jun  1 04:15:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (rb_class_has_methods): added to reduce dependency
+	  to internal class data structure.
+
+	* internal.h: ditto.
+
+	* hash.c (has_extra_methods): use added function.
+
+Mon Jun  1 04:11:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c , gc.h (rb_obj_info): export obj_info(VALUE) for debugging.
+
+Mon Jun  1 03:52:55 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_gc.rb: increase timeout seconds for GC stressful
+	  debugging.
+
+Sun May 31 04:18:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: fix typo of comments.
+
+Sun May 31 03:36:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: add VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS rb_method_definition_t::type
+	  to fix [Bug #11173].
+
+	  Now, inter class/method alias creates new method entry
+	  VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS, which has an original method entry.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (find_defined_class_by_owner): added.
+	  Search corresponding defined_class from owner class/module.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_get_without_cache): return me->klass
+	  directly for defined_class.
+
+	  Now, no need to check me->klass any more.
+
+	* vm_method.c (method_entry_set0): separated from method_entry_set().
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): make method entry has VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS.
+
+	* vm_method.c (release_method_definition): support VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_hash_method_definition): ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_definition_eq): ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c (release_method_definition): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_method_cfunc_entry): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_body): ditto.
+
+	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): ditto.
+
+	* proc.c (method_def_iseq): ditto.
+
+	* proc.c (method_cref): ditto.
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_entry_min_max_arity): ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_alias.rb: add tests.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: fix a test to catch up current behavior.
+
+Sun May 31 03:34:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_unlink_method_entry): make it static.
+
+Sun May 31 03:26:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h, vm_method.c (rb_free_method_entry): constify a parameter.
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove useless declaration about rb_unlink_method_entry().
+
+Sat May 30 18:05:02 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb (Remover#call): fixed wrong condition.  introduced at
+	  r50682.
+
+Sat May 30 16:12:35 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: use RB_GC_GUARD instead of volatile
+	  [ruby-core:69419] [Feature #11198]
+
+Sat May 30 15:59:10 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile#initialize): initialize @unlinked to fix
+	  test failures introduced at r50682.  I hope that check the results of
+	  tests before committing, at least the tests about the changed feature.
+
+Sat May 30 11:02:55 2015  Martin Englund <martin@englund.nu>
+
+	* doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc: change lingering dtrace probe documentation
+	  from function- to method-
+
+Sat May 30 10:26:09 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb: refactoring.
+	  * use warn instead of STDERR.print
+	  * remove @tmpname and use @tmpfile.path
+	  * introduce @unlinked flag
+	  * Remover takes only @tmpfile
+	  * mode will be modified just before file reopen
+
+Sat May 30 09:02:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_generic_ivar_table): deprecate
+	* internal.h (rb_attr_delete): declare
+	* marshal.c (has_ivars): use rb_ivar_foreach
+	  (w_ivar): ditto
+	  (w_object): update for new interface
+	* time.c (time_mload): use rb_attr_delete
+	* variable.c (generic_ivar_delete): implement
+	  (rb_ivar_delete): ditto
+	  (rb_attr_delete): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69323] [Feature #11170]
+
+Sat May 30 09:14:28 2015  Scott Francis  <scott.francis@shopify.com>
+
+	* cont.c (cont_free): check if ruby_current_thread is still valid.
+	  [Fix GH-914]
+
+Sat May 30 08:36:04 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (static int special_generic_ivar): move
+	  (rb_generic_ivar_table): rewrite for compatibility
+	  (gen_ivtbl_bytes): new function
+	  (generic_ivar_get): update to use ivar index
+	  (generic_ivar_update): ditto
+	  (generic_ivar_set): ditto
+	  (generic_ivar_defined): ditto
+	  (generic_ivar_remove): ditto
+	  (rb_mark_generic_ivar): ditto
+	  (givar_i): ditto
+	  (rb_free_generic_ivar): ditto
+	  (rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl): ditto
+	  (rb_generic_ivar_memsize): ditto
+	  (rb_copy_generic_ivar): ditto
+	  (rb_ivar_set): ditto
+	  (rb_ivar_foreach): ditto
+	  (rb_ivar_count): ditto
+	  (givar_mark_i): remove
+	  (gen_ivtbl_mark): new function
+	  (gen_ivar_each): ditto
+	  (iv_index_tbl_extend): update for struct ivar_update
+	  (iv_index_tbl_newsize): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69323] [Feature #11170]
+
+Sat May 30 08:10:46 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (iv_index_tbl_make): extract from rb_ivar_set
+	  (iv_index_tbl_extend): ditto
+	  (iv_index_tbl_newsize): ditto
+	  (rb_ivar_set): use extracted functions
+	  [ruby-core:69323] (Part 1)
+
+Fri May 29 17:39:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* tool/make_hgraph.rb: added.
+
+Fri May 29 14:39:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): out of range NTH_REF is always
+	  nil.
+
+	* parse.y (parse_numvar): check overflow of NTH_REF and range.
+	  [ruby-core:69393] [Bug #11192]
+
+	* util.c (ruby_scan_digits): make public and add length parameter.
+
+Fri May 29 11:18:58 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_sendmsg_internal,
+	  bsock_recvmsg_internal):
+	  avoid redundant fcntl on Linux
+	  [ruby-core:69154] [Feature #11145]
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h (MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE): new macro
+
+Fri May 29 10:30:34 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/net/resolv.rb (request): use monotonic clock
+	* lib/net/http.rb (begin_transport, end_transport): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69384] [Feature #11124]
+
+Fri May 29 04:37:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: add two methods to debug internals.
+
+	  * ObjectSpace.internal_class_of: return RBASIC_CLASS(obj).
+	  * ObjectSpace.internal_super_of: return RCLASS_SUPER(cls).
+
+	* NEWS: add information about both methods.
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add tests for both methods.
+
+Thu May 28 06:55:53 2015  Anton Davydov  <antondavydov.o@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/figmemo_sample.rb (open_file),
+	  ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb (TkTextIO): fix typo in messages.
+	  [Fix GH-916]
+
+Wed May 27 09:50:51 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c (ossl_asn1_traverse, ossl_asn1_decode,
+	  ossl_asn1_decode_all): use RB_GC_GUARD instead of volatile
+	  [ruby-core:69371] [Bug #11185]
+
+Wed May 27 09:27:30 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/drb/drb.rb (set_sockopt): remove redundant fcntl call
+	* lib/drb/unix.rb (set_sockopt): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:69128] [Feature #11137]
+
+Tue May 26 22:10:43 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): should resolve refined methods.
+	  [ruby-core:69360] [Bug #11182]
+
+Tue May 26 21:35:13 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* include/ruby/defines.h (RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE): fix condition.
+
+Mon May 25 22:35:58 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (rel): after the relations is changed,
+	  @changesets is no longer right.
+
+Mon May 25 11:27:14 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (setup_overlapped): seek to the file end only when
+	  writing (mode:a), not reading (mode:a+, read).
+
+Mon May 25 00:27:37 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* numeric.c (Numeric#negative?): [DOC] Fix call-seq.
+	  Patch by @yui-knk. [Fixes GH-908]
+
+Sun May 24 01:35:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* debug.c (ruby_debug_print_id): use rb_id2name() for fprintf().
+
+Sat May 23 18:38:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* man/*.1: updated dates in man pages.
+	  [ruby-dev:48988] [Bug #11171]
+
+Sat May 23 03:10:58 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_write_console): should return the count of
+	  actually eaten characters, include escape sequences.
+
+Fri May 22 22:36:14 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/prime.rb: Remove obsolete Prime.new
+	  patch by Ajay Kumar. [Fixes GH-891]
+
+Fri May 22 21:13:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_sym_count): move `rb_sym_all_symbols`
+	  to a symbol.c specific section.  a part of patch by Lourens
+	  Naude.
+
+Fri May 22 20:56:33 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* complex.c (f_complex_polar): simple bug reproduced only when y is
+	  a float but x is not a float.
+
+Fri May 22 19:42:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_spawn_process): do not discard global escape
+	  status.  [ruby-core:69304] [Bug #11166]
+
+	* process.c (rb_execarg_spawn): extract the start procedure in a
+	  parent process with ensuring the end procedure.
+
+Fri May 22 16:48:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* NEWS: added news for net-telnet and rake
+
+Thu May 21 20:27:07 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS): cmp -b is GNU extension.
+	  darwin uses GNU cmp, and FreeBSD and Solaris are not.
+	  Note that accidentally equals to expected result.
+
+Thu May 21 18:00:19 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c: constify.
+
+	* iseq.h: ditto.
+
+	* method.h: ditto.
+
+	* proc.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_method.c: ditto.
+
+Thu May 21 17:44:53 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c: fix issues caused by binding created from Method#to_proc.
+	  [Bug #11163]
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_new_toplevel): export as rb_vm_cref_new_toplevel().
+
+	* test/ruby/test_method.rb: add some assertions.
+
+Thu May 21 17:29:26 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/matrix.rb: added documentation for Matrix#empty and Matrix#/
+	  [Feature #10070][ruby-dev:48433] Patch by @gogotanaka
+
+Thu May 21 17:02:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c: rename functions.
+	  * method_get_def() -> method_def()
+	  * method_get_iseq() -> method_def_iseq()
+	  * method_get_cref() -> method_cref()
+
+Thu May 21 16:52:44 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_get_iseq): rename to rb_method_iseq.
+
+	* iseq.c: catch up this fix.
+
+	* iseq.h: commit ditto.
+
+Thu May 21 15:41:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/telnet.rb: gemify net-telnet.
+	  [Feature #11083]
+	* gems/bundled_gems: added net-telnet to bundled gems.
+
+Thu May 21 15:37:32 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* vm_method.c: Remove private attribute warning [Bug #10967]
+	  Patch by @spastorino [Fixes GH-849]
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/849
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: Update test for changes
+
+Thu May 21 10:59:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c (method_proc): rename to method_to_proc.
+
+Thu May 21 10:51:54 2015  Jake Worth  <jakeworth82@gmail.com>
+
+	* io.c (rb_f_select): [DOC] Fixes for grammar and style.
+	  [Fix GH-906]
+
+Thu May 21 08:25:19 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (Init_var_tables): init generic_iv_tbl
+	  (rb_generic_ivar_table, generic_ivar_get, generic_ivar_set,
+	   generic_ivar_defined, generic_ivar_remove,
+	   rb_mark_generic_ivar, givar_i, rb_mark_generic_ivar_tbl,
+	   rb_free_generic_ivar, rb_copy_generic_ivar, rb_ivar_foreach,
+	   rb_ivar_count): remove checks for uninitialize generic_iv_tbl
+	[ruby-core:69155] [Feature #11146]
+
+Thu May 21 04:11:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (exception_type2symbol): show correct bug message.
+
+Wed May 20 23:19:05 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/base64.rb: Fix rdoc-formatting for padding argument.
+	  [fix GH-905][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
+
+Wed May 20 13:16:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (DEPRECATED_BY): deprecate warning with preferable
+	  alternative.
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE): allow attribute arguments in
+	  the macro.
+
+Wed May 20 11:23:24 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_dump.c (rb_print_backtrace): return value of libexec's backtrace
+	  is size_t, so simply cast as int.
+
+Tue May 19 18:54:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_compile_with_option): check source type, must be
+	  an IO or a String.  [ruby-core:69219] [Bug #11159]
+
+Tue May 19 17:15:03 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/benchmark.rb: Update Benchmark documentation and formatting.
+	  [fix GH-903][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
+
+Tue May 19 13:10:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (num_positive_p): should false on Bignum 0.
+	  http://twitter.com/rafaelfranca/status/600509783427391488
+	  [ruby-core:69173] [Feature #11151]
+
+Tue May 19 11:22:28 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb (initialize_pattern):
+	  URI::Generic.build should accept port as a string.
+	  pattern[:PORT] is not defined for long.
+	  by Dave Slutzkin <daveslutzkin@fastmail.fm>
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/804 fix GH-804
+
+Tue May 19 11:18:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (rb_data_typed_object_alloc),
+	  (rb_data_object_alloc): add old names for source level backward
+	  compatibilities.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_data_object_alloc, rb_data_typed_object_alloc): add
+	  aliases for binary level backward compatibilities.
+
+Tue May 19 09:54:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (Data_Make_Struct0): needs function pointer
+	  casts to fix function overloading in C++.
+
+Tue May 19 09:43:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (Data_Make_Struct0, TypedData_Make_Struct0):
+	  explicit cast from void* is necessary as implicit cast is
+	  disallowed in C++.
+
+Mon May 18 15:31:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_f_notimplement): should not respond to
+	  not-implemented methods.  as the address inside a DLL and the
+	  imported address are different on Windows, use an exported
+	  variable to share the same address.
+
+Mon May 18 13:55:01 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/monitor.rb (mon_try_enter, mon_enter): should reset @mon_count
+	  just in case the previous owner thread dies without mon_exit.
+	  [fix GH-874] Patch by @chrisberkhout
+
+Sun May 17 17:21:29 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (set_non_blocking): use IO#nonblock=
+	* (set_close_on_exec): use IO#close_on_exec=
+	  [Feature #11136]
+
+Sun May 17 15:01:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (num_positive_p, num_negative_p): add methods
+	  Numeric#positive? and Numeric#negative?.
+	  [ruby-core:69173] [Feature #11151]
+
+	* numeric.c (flo_positive_p, flo_negative_p): specialized
+	  functions for Float.
+
+	* complex.c (Init_Complex): Complex do not have positive? and
+	  negative? methods
+
+Sun May 17 14:57:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb (accept_client): avoid redundant fcntl call
+	  [Feature #11137]
+
+Sun May 17 12:13:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (cloexec_accept): support nonblock flag and
+	  use SOCK_NONBLOCK if possible
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock):
+	  update cloexec_accept call
+	* ext/socket/init.c (accept_blocking): ditto for blocking
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: check nonblock? on accepted socket
+	  [Feature #11138]
+
+Sun May 17 03:58:59 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* load.c (loaded_feature_path): stop returning false negatives for
+	  filenames which are trailing substrings of file extensions.  For
+	  example, 'b', which a trailing substring of ".rb" should not return
+	  false. [Bug #11155][ruby-core:69206]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb: test for fix
+
+Sat May 16 21:41:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c: added documentation for character sequence \' with String#sub
+	  [Bug #11132][ruby-core:69121][fix GH-900][ci skip] Patch by @shishir127
+
+Sat May 16 21:38:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c: fix a sample code. Patch by @eagletmt
+	  [fix GH-901][ci skip]
+
+Sat May 16 21:17:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_data_object_wrap, rb_data_typed_object_wrap): rename
+	  alloc as wrap.  these functions do not allocate data pointers
+	  but just wrap the given pointers.
+
+Sat May 16 19:59:24 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_accept): simplified.
+
+Fri May 15 18:28:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_assoc, rb_ary_rassoc): [DOC] the result when key
+	  was found is the existing element, not a new array.  reported by
+	  Giau Nguyen <giaunv AT nustechnology.com>.
+
+Fri May 15 08:24:28 2015  Takeyuki FUJIOKA  <xibbar@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi/cookie.rb: Implement HttpOnly flag for cookies.
+	  [fix GH-887] Patch by @martinpovolny
+
+Fri May 15 06:54:19 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c: Change autoload to call `require` through Ruby rather
+	  than directly calling `rb_require_safe`.  This allows things like
+	  RubyGems to intercept file loading done though `autoload`.
+	  [Feature #11140]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb: Test for change.
+
+Wed Apr  8 19:18:02 2015  Shota Fukumori (sora_h)  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_grep_v, grep_i, grep_iter_i, Init_enum):
+	  Implement Enumerable#grep_v. [Feature #11049]
+
+Thu May 14 15:54:13 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb: Remove condition of RUBY_VERSION <= 1.9.
+	  [Feature #11082]
+
+Wed May 13 17:10:37 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_to_a): revert r50457.
+	  it requires recursion check.
+	  then, it doesn't make performance improvement.
+	  [Bug #11130] [Feature #9118]
+
+Wed May 13 11:13:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parse_gvar): separate message for gvar without
+	  non-space characters from message for invalid identifiers.
+
+Tue May 12 22:18:27 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_to_a): fix incompatibility introduced in r50457.
+	  [Bug #11130]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_enum.rb: test for above.
+
+Tue May 12 17:08:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* method.h: remove unused declaration.
+
+Mon May 11 10:58:45 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: Update minitest-5.6.1 and power_assert-0.2.3.
+
+Mon May 11 00:20:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (Data_Make_Struct, TypedData_Make_Struct):
+	  allocate wrapper data object before allocating DATA_PTR to get
+	  rid of possible memory leak when the former failed.
+
+Sun May 10 21:32:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): call dmark function for non-NULL
+	  pointers only, so that DATA_PTR can be NULL safely now.
+
+Sun May 10 16:23:58 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_binding): fix segmentation fault on marking phase.
+	  envptr of newenvval should not be NULL.
+
+	  You can reproduce by
+	   make test-all TESTS='--gc-stress -n test_to_proc_binding ruby/test_method.rb'
+
+Sun May 10 12:41:18 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (rb_gzreader_external_encoding):
+	  define GzipReader#external_encoding.
+	  [Bug #10900]
+
+	* test/zlib/test_zlib.rb: test for above.
+
+Sun May 10 11:57:48 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.c: fix typo "indicies".
+	  the patch is from davydovanton <antondavydov.o at gmail.com>.
+	  [fix GH-892]
+
+	* lib/rubygems/indexer.rb: ditto.
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_indexer.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun May 10 11:44:37 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_crypt): Raise ArgumentError when
+	  string passed to String#crypt contains null.
+	  the patch is from jrusnack <jrusnack at redhat.com>.
+	  [Bug #10988] [fix GH-853]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_string.rb: test for above.
+
+Sun May 10 11:23:03 2015  Masaki Matsushita <glass.saga@gmail.com>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_to_a): Use size to set array capa when possible.
+	  the patch is from HonoreDB <aweiner at mdsol.com>.
+	  [fix GH-444]
+
+Sat May  9 06:48:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): GC guard
+	  [Bug #11123]
+
+Fri May  8 22:57:24 2015  takiy33  <takiy33@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/matrix/test_matrix.rb (test_determinant): refactor test on
+	  Matrix#determinant, by merging with test_det for an alias method
+	  det.  [Fix GH-897]
+
+Fri May  8 15:43:11 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (body_ext_mpart): should work even if body-fld-dsp
+	  is omitted.  [ruby-core:69093] [Bug #11128]
+
+Fri May  8 15:05:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/control_expressions.rdoc: fix a missing "a"
+	  [fix GH-888][ci skip] Patch by @riffraff
+
+Fri May  8 12:11:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_method_call_status): resolve refined method entry
+	  to check if undefined.  [ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]
+
+Thu May  7 22:22:59 2015  Sho Hashimoto  <sho-h@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c: [DOC] fix Binding#local_variable_set example. [ci skip]
+
+Thu May  7 11:32:57 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (rbconfig.rb): add rule to make.
+
+Thu May  7 05:14:39 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (connect_nonblock): use IO#wait_writable
+	* lib/drb/drb.rb (DRB::DRbTCPSocket#alive?): use IO#wait_readable
+	* lib/webrick/httpserver.rb (run): ditto
+	* lib/resolv.rb (request): ditto for single socket case
+	  [ruby-core:68943] [Feature #11081]
+
+Wed May  6 22:49:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_method_call_status): undefined refined method is
+	  not callable unless using.  [ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]
+
+Sun May  3 22:40:06 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c: need to include sys/statvfs.h
+	  to use statvfs().
+
+	* ext/-test-/file/extconf.rb: check the existence of
+	  sys/statvfs.h
+
+Sun May  3 21:59:48 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/yaml.rb: fix typo. [ci skip][fix GH-890]
+	  Patch by @miketheman
+
+Sun May  3 10:02:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (linear_object_p, range_include): test if covered for
+	  linear objects.  [ruby-core:69052] [Bug #11113]
+
+Fri May  1 13:30:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dln.c (dln_load): check if a different libruby is loaded by the
+	  extension library, and then bail out to get rid of very
+	  frequently reported stale bug reports.
+
+Thu Apr 30 19:51:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): revert r46873 and r46875, not to
+	  allow to execute private readers by pretending op assign.
+	  [ruby-core:68984] [Bug #11096]
+
+Thu Apr 30 17:02:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* rational.c: Added documentation for rational literal.
+	  [Bug #11075][fix GH-885][ci skip] Patch by @shishir127
+
+Thu Apr 30 16:39:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ipsocket.c (init_inetsock_internal): preserve errno
+	  before other library calls and use rb_syserr_fail.
+	  [ruby-core:68531] [Bug #10975]
+
+Thu Apr 30 16:22:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (lambda): push and reset cmdarg_stack in lambda body.
+	  [ruby-core:69017] [Bug #11107]
+
+Sun Apr 26 07:36:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/utf_8.c (code_to_mbclen, code_to_mbc): reject values larger
+	  than UTF-8 max codepoints.  [Feature #11094]
+
+Sat Apr 25 14:26:19 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_buf_cat): expand later so that the buffer can be
+	  larger for further use.  [Bug #11080] [Bug #11095]
+
+Fri Apr 24 23:48:45 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-electric.el: Import version 2.2.3 from
+	  https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el.
+
+Fri Apr 24 10:40:02 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_{getc,putc}): removed.  they are needed for old
+	  ruby (before 1.8), but not now.
+
+Fri Apr 24 08:40:13 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c: remove bcc related code.
+
+	* include/ruby/win32.h: ditto.
+
+Fri Apr 24 08:21:07 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_acrt_lowio_lock_fh): wrap _pioinfo(i)->lock.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_acrt_lowio_unlock_fh): ditto.
+
+Fri Apr 24 06:47:19 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (_filbuf): msvc14 doesn't have it, use _fgetc_nolock.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (_flsbuf): msvc14 doesn't have it, use _fputc_nolock.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (vcruntime_file): define vcruntime_file on msvc14
+	  because it doesn't export FILE's internal structure.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (FILE_COUNT): added to abstract FILE->_cnt.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (FILE_READPTR): added to abstract FILE->_ptr.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (FILE_FILENO): added to abstract FILE->_file.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (init_stdhandle): use FILE_FILENO.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_getc): use FILE_COUNT and FILE_READPTR.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_putc): ditto.
+
+Fri Apr 24 06:37:07 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (dupfd): use _set_osfhnd.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wopen): use _set_osflags.
+
+Thu Apr 24 05:38:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_roots): fox to work PRINT_ROOT_TICKS.
+
+Fri Apr 24 04:49:05 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub: MSVC14 have struct timespec.
+
+	* win32/rtname.cmd: support vcruntime140.dll.
+
+	* time.c (localtime_with_gmtoff_zone): MSVC14 doesn't have tzname and
+	  daylight but have _tzname and _daylight.
+
+Thu Apr 23 11:35:55 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_obj_instance_eval, rb_obj_instance_exec): allow
+	  symbols to just instance_eval/exec, except for definition of
+	  singletons.  [ruby-core:68961] [Bug #11086]
+
+Thu Apr 23 10:01:36 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb: fix a typo.
+	  [fix GH-881][ci skip] Patch by @Zorbash
+
+Wed Apr 22 18:36:50 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (move, uid_move): support the MOVE command defined
+	  in RFC6851.  Patch by ojab ojab.
+	  [ruby-core:68960] [Feature #11077]
+
+Tue Apr 22 12:42:12 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: add tests for Kernel#String and Kernel#Array.
+	  [fix GH-879][fix GH-880] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Tue Apr 21 20:46:02 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: renamed tests to explicitly class name.
+	  [fix GH-877] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Tue Apr 21 05:31:00 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/lib/socket.rb (connect_internal): avoid common exceptions
+	  from connect_nonblock. [ruby-core:68909]
+
+Mon Apr 20 23:46:53 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wreadlink): follow the official format of
+	  REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER structure.
+
+Mon Apr 20 20:23:04 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk ($(arch)-fake.rb): revert r50354 because bsdmake seems not
+	  to handle such substitution.
+
+	* tool/expand-config.rb: convert path separators here.
+
+Mon Apr 20 16:52:20 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/fake.rb: don't fake libdir.  use libdirname instead.
+
+Mon Apr 20 16:49:52 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (MakeMakefile#configuration): DESTDIR should never affect
+	  top_srcdir and builddir.
+
+Mon Apr 20 16:18:17 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk ($(arch)-fake.rb): fix the path separator up for Windows.
+
+Mon Apr 20 15:02:47 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wreadlink): fixed a bug that a junction misses
+	  its drive letter.
+
+Mon Apr 20 12:54:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/*: use license instead of licence.
+	  [fix GH-876][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
+	* lib/net/https.rb: ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 20 12:42:40 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb: fix a typo.
+	  [fix GH-876][ci skip] Patch by @davydovanton
+	* tool/bisect.sh: ditto.
+	* tool/update-deps: ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 20 11:10:46 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock): do not raise EISCONN
+	  [ruby-core:68926] [Feature #11072]
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: check non-EISCONN on 2nd connect
+
+Sun Apr 19 12:19:17 2015  Chad Brewbaker  <crb002@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/{etc,openssl,tk}: Adding parens and comparisons around
+	  assignments to get rid of Wparentheses warnings.  [Fix GH-875]
+
+Sun Apr 19 10:42:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (get_env_cstr): environment variables must be ASCII
+	  compatible, as dummy encodings and wide char encodings are
+	  unsupported now.
+
+Sat Apr 18 15:18:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/json/parser/parser.rl: raise with messages in UTF-8
+	  encoding.  [ruby-core:67386] [Bug #10705]
+
+Fri Apr 17 11:58:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (STR_SET_EMBED): clear NOFREE flag at embedding as
+	  embedded strings no longer refer static strings.
+	  [ruby-core:68436] [Bug #10942]
+
+Thu Apr 16 05:15:50 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* NEWS: note IO#wait_readable change in r50263
+
+Thu Apr 16 05:09:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/net/protocol.rb (rbuf_fill): use IO#wait_*able
+	* lib/net/http/generic_request.rb (wait_for_continue): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:68891] [Feature #11056]
+
+Wed Apr 15 18:43:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_trace.c (rb_tracepoint_new): fix documentation.
+	  Commented by @emilsoman.
+
+Wed Apr 15 17:36:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_trace.c (rb_tracepoint_new): Add documentation for
+	  rb_tracepoint_new C level API [ci skip]
+	  Provided by @emilsoman. [fix GH-869]
+
+Wed Apr 15 10:37:40 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/contributors.rdoc: fix a typo. Patch by @davydovanton
+	  [fix GH-872][ci skip]
+	* doc/syntax/methods.rdoc: ditto.
+	* ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c: ditto.
+	* ext/socket/ipsocket.c: ditto.
+	* ext/tk/*: ditto.
+
+Wed Apr 15 07:51:23 2015  Yuki Yugui Sonoda  <yugui@yugui.jp>
+
+	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: Added description of TypedData_XXX.
+	  Deprecated the old DATA_XXX.
+	  Reviewed by ko1 and nobu.
+	  Fixes [ruby-dev:40881] #3064
+
+	* doc/extension.rdoc: ditto.
+
+Wed Apr 15 07:34:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): keep sp safe zone to get rid
+	  of crash by -fstack-check.  [ruby-core:68740] [Bug #11030]
+
+Tue Apr 14 16:03:49 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/merger.rb (versionup): should also increment revision when
+	  changing teeny.
+
+Tue Apr 14 11:24:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/-test-/printf/printf.c (uint_to_str): renamed to get rid of
+	  conflict on cygwin.  [ruby-core:68877] [Bug #11065]
+
+Tue Apr 14 08:59:04 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* gc.c: [DOC] Improve documentation for ObjectSpace.count_objects
+	  with regards to `:TOTAL` key, with patch by @schneems [Fixes GH-871]
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/871 [Bug #11067]
+
+Mon Apr 13 22:44:07 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/lib/envutil.rb (File.mkfifo): Defined using mkfifo command.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: Use File.mkfifo.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: Ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 13 21:20:20 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: stricter hostname verification
+	  following RFC 6125. with the patch provided by Tony Arcieri and
+	  Hiroshi Nakamura [ruby-core:61545] [Bug #9644]
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: add tests for above.
+
+Sun Apr 12 18:40:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json/json.gemspec: bump version to 1.8.2.
+	* ext/json/lib/json/version.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun Apr 12 18:12:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json/json.gemspec, lib/rdoc/rdoc.gemspec: added gemspec directly.
+	* defs/default_gems, tool/rbinstall.rb: removed default_gems definition.
+	  it make simple installation for default gems.
+
+Sun Apr 12 17:35:17 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json/*, test/json/*: Reverted r50231.  Because it's not
+	  working with cross-compile environment.
+
+Sun Apr 12 15:34:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (arg): fix segfault by null caused by syntax error.
+	  [ruby-core:68851] [Bug #10957]
+
+Sun Apr 12 15:11:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb: use explicitly exception class and reverted
+	  to require JSON library for rubygems tests with Ruby 2.2.0 or earlier.
+
+Sun Apr 12 15:10:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_wait_readable): simply returns that IO is
+	  readable without blocking, but no longer returns EOF.
+
+	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_ready_p, io_wait_readable): try polling
+	  first and check FIONREAD optionally to see if EOF.
+	  [ruby-core:36805] [Feature #4849]
+
+Sun Apr 12 14:53:23 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb: fixed json load error for rubygems tests.
+
+Sun Apr 12 14:13:28 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c: Document require name for ObjectSpace methods.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-860] Patch by @schneems
+
+Sun Apr 12 13:54:05 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: New test that open(fifo) doesn't block other
+	  threads.
+
+Sun Apr 12 13:52:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/coverage/coverage.c: Remove extension from require argument.
+	  [ci skip][fix GH-870] Patch by @yui-knk
+
+Sun Apr 12 10:29:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_connect_nonblock):
+	  support `exception: false'
+	* (get_no_exception): move function location
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_connect_nonblock):
+	  support `exception: false'
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (test_connect_accept_nonblock_no_exception):
+	  test `exception: false' on connect,
+	  rename from `test_accept_nonblock_no_exception'
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb (test_connect_nonblock_no_exception):
+	  new test
+
+Sun Apr 12 09:57:16 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test a block device on GNU/Linux.
+
+Sun Apr 12 09:24:03 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test a file not owned.
+
+Sun Apr 12 09:05:44 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/depend: Fix "Wrong mix of special targets" error with
+	  OpenBSD make.
+
+Sun Apr 12 09:04:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Windows doesn't support Unix file
+	  modes.
+
+Sun Apr 12 08:56:44 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c: OpenBSD needs sys/param.h before sys/mount.h.
+
+Sun Apr 12 08:52:01 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test suid, sgid and sticky file.
+
+Sat Apr 11 23:48:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* template/fake.rb.in: Don't assign baseruby, Because it's affect to
+	  Makefile of native gem like json on bundled gems.
+
+Sat Apr 11 23:33:22 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_f_test): Consider nsec for "=", "<" and ">" for "test"
+	  method.
+
+Sat Apr 11 23:26:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb: support destdir for native extension gem.
+
+Sat Apr 11 21:02:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
+	  (TestFileExhaustive#test_stat_socket_p): r50226 accidentally missed
+	  the guard for non-unix environments.
+
+Sat Apr 11 20:14:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json/*, test/json/*, defs/default_gems: Gemify JSON library.
+	  [fix GH-867][Feature #11057]
+	* test/ruby/test_extlibs.rb: removed json gem from existence extensions.
+	* gems/bundled_gems: added json gem into bundled gem.
+	* lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb: ignored no json environment.
+	* lib/rubygems/test_case.rb, test/rubygems/*: ditto.
+	* lib/rdoc/test_case.rb, test/rdoc/*: ditto.
+
+Sat Apr 11 15:56:58 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Create sample files lazily.
+
+Sat Apr 11 14:03:47 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test character device using
+	  /dev/null.
+
+Sat Apr 11 10:59:58 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (append_cppflags, append_cflags, append_ldflags):
+	  utility methods to append compiler options.
+
+Sat Apr 11 08:22:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/text.rb: removed duplicated code.
+
+Sat Apr 11 04:46:42 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/net/protocol.rb (rbuf_fill): avoid exception with read_nonblock
+	  [ruby-core:68787] [Feature #11044]
+
+Fri Apr 10 23:57:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (need_normalization): use getattrlist() if fgetattrlist()
+	  is unavailable, on OSX 10.5.  [ruby-core:68829] [Bug #11054]
+
+Fri Apr 10 22:29:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_compile): pass the given werror flag to try_do
+	  to check if stderr is empty.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cflags, try_ldflags): default werror to true.
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (WERRORFLAG): remove useless option.  VC does
+	  not make warnings of unknown command option an error.
+
+Fri Apr 10 19:34:24 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test socket.
+
+Fri Apr 10 19:38:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: remove debug prints.
+
+Fri Apr 10 19:35:51 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: add ObjectSpace.count_imemo_objects method
+	  to count imemo objects for each type.
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add a test.
+
+	* NEWS: describe about this addition.
+
+Fri Apr 10 19:34:24 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test anonymous pipe.
+
+Fri Apr 10 19:31:56 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb: Test named pipe.
+
+Fri Apr 10 19:10:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (setup_hash): unify common routine.
+
+Fri Apr 10 18:29:49 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_execarg_parent_start1): Handle EINTR.
+
+Fri Apr 10 17:27:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_exec): check other events when RETURN is thrown.
+	  [Bug #10724]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+Fri Apr 10 11:44:09 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/date/extconf.rb: check warnings.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cflags): pass options to try_compile.
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (WERRORFLAG): make unknown command line
+	  options an error.
+
+Fri Apr 10 08:00:17 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: unfortunately, windows is not POSIX...
+	  cygwin has mkfifo command, but it does not affect system-wide.
+
+Fri Apr 10 02:18:53 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb: Use mkfifo command instead of mknod
+	  command to create a named pipe.  mkfifo command is defined by POSIX.
+
+Fri Apr 10 01:29:05 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c: Release GVL when opening a file in spawn() to avoid whole
+	  process blocking when opening a named pipe.
+	  (open_func): New function.
+	  (rb_execarg_parent_start1): Extracted from rb_execarg_parent_start and
+	  use rb_thread_call_without_gvl2 to release GVL when opening a file.
+	  (rb_execarg_parent_start): Invoke rb_execarg_parent_start1 via
+	  rb_protect and invoke rb_execarg_parent_end when error.
+
+Thu Apr  9 22:19:19 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c (redirect_open): Removed.
+
+Thu Apr  9 21:38:20 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* internal.h (rb_execarg_parent_end): Declared.
+
+	* process.c: "spawn" opens files in the parent process.
+	  (check_exec_redirect): Add an placeholder for fd in parameters
+	  for fd_open.
+	  (check_exec_fds_1): Delete fd_open condition.
+	  (check_exec_fds): Don't call check_exec_fds_1 with fd_open.
+	  (rb_execarg_parent_start): Open files specified as "spawn" options
+	  and add "dup2" options.
+	  (rb_execarg_parent_end): New function to close opened fds.
+	  (run_exec_open): Removed.
+	  (rb_execarg_run_options): Don't call run_exec_open.
+	  (rb_spawn_internal): Call rb_execarg_parent_end.
+
+	* io.c (pipe_open): Call rb_execarg_parent_end.
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (establishShell): Call rb_execarg_parent_end.
+
+Thu Apr  9 20:52:31 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* internal.h (rb_execarg_parent_start): Renamed from rb_execarg_fixup.
+
+	* process.c: Follows the above change.
+
+	* io.c: Ditto.
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c: Ditto.
+
+Thu Apr  9 20:35:12 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c (fd_clear_cloexec): Extracted from run_exec_dup2.
+
+Thu Apr  9 09:26:47 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ccan/list/list.h: sync with ccan upstream
+	  [ccan commit c2fbfe5282ba264f3485586e7efa8a5967f2d386]
+
+Thu Apr  9 08:24:03 2015  Masahiro Tomita  <tommy@tmtm.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (addrinfo_mload): fix memory leak of
+	  addrinfo.  [ruby-dev:48923] [Bug #11051]
+
+Wed Apr  8 17:45:02 2015  Shannon Skipper  <shannonskipper@gmail.com>
+
+	* version.c (Init_version): the version of the engine or
+	  interpreter.  [Fix GH-858]
+
+Wed Apr  8 16:15:30 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@cookpad.com>
+
+	* bigdecimal: conform to ruby's license.  [ruby-core:68466] [Bug #10952]
+
+Wed Apr  8 14:57:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_wreadlink): should treat junctions like as
+	  symlinks.
+
+Wed Apr  8 14:03:47 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb: fix syntax error.
+
+Wed Apr  8 13:01:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): Symbols are compared by the identities
+	  always.  [ruby-core:68767] [Bug #11035]
+
+Tue Apr  7 10:22:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* internal.h: fix typo. Patch by @sferik [fix GH-865]
+
+Mon Apr  6 22:52:35 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* enum.c: Enumerable#chunk and Enumerable#slice_before no longer takes
+	  the initial_state argument.  [Feature #10958]
+
+Mon Apr  6 16:09:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_args.c: protect value stack from calling other methods
+	  during complex parameter setting process (splat, kw, and so on).
+	  [Bug #11027]
+
+	* vm_core.h: remove rb_thread_t::mark_stack_len.
+	  With this modification, we don't need to use th->mark_stack_len.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_keyword.rb: add a test.
+
+	* cont.c (cont_capture): catch up this fix.
+
+	* vm.c (rb_thread_mark): ditto.
+
+Mon Apr  6 11:26:42 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/downloader.rb (http_options): prevent content auto decoding
+	  because this is a downloader.
+
+Sun Apr  5 09:55:18 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/contributing.rdoc: update Maintainers list.
+
+Sun Apr  5 09:11:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb: fix bin script permission of bundled gems.
+
+Sun Apr  5 08:46:08 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb: support --program-suffix option.
+
+Sat Apr  4 21:31:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rake/*: Gemify rake [fix GH-862][Feature #11025]
+	* test/rake/*: ditto.
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Apr  4 11:30:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_setbyte): check the argument first not to
+	  discard shared string and code range unnecessarily until
+	  actually changing the contents.  pointed out by headius.
+
+Sat Apr  4 08:16:43 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (edit_path): use path which is absolute ftp url
+	  on using ftp_proxy.
+
+Fri Apr  3 11:43:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (vm_call0_cfunc): update invoker arguments.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_cfunc_latter): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_call_cfunc_push_frame): ditto, and prefix
+	  with rb_.
+
+Thu Apr  2 16:26:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk, tool/mkconfig.rb: check the running ruby version in
+	  rbconfig.rb with the program version, as RUBY_VERSION has never
+	  been affected by --with-ruby-version option.
+	  [ruby-core:68639] [Bug #11002]
+
+	* configure.in (LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS): compatibility_version must be
+	  valid version numbers, not an arbitrary string.
+
+Wed Apr  1 11:09:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (push_glob): remove indirect links of arguments for
+	  trampoline.
+
+Wed Apr  1 09:59:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (FileUtils#mv): show the exact target path in
+	  the error message instead of the destination parent directory
+	  name.  patched by Joao Britto <jabcalves AT gmail.com> at
+	  [ruby-core:68706].  [Bug #11021]
+
+Tue Mar 31 15:25:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/ChangeLog-0.06_to_0.52: added archived Changelog.
+	  [ruby-list:50105]
+	* doc/ChangeLog-0.50_to_0.60: ditto.
+	* doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1: ditto.
+
+Mon Mar 30 22:02:55 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* README.EXT.ja: add redirect [ruby-core:68631]
+
+Mon Mar 30 14:42:41 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (fileattr_to_unixmode, winnt_lstat): deal with
+	  symbolic link than directory, and set executable bits.
+
+Mon Mar 30 11:27:54 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (copy_stream_body): use the arguments without conversion if
+	  having read, readpartial, and write methods, than conversion by
+	  to_path method.  [ruby-core:68676] [Bug #11015]
+
+Sun Mar 29 21:08:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c (objspace_allrefs_destruct_i): fix a typo.
+	  [Bug #11013]
+
+Sun Mar 29 11:51:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_binding): replicate env from method object, and
+	  allocate the local variable area for the iseq local table.
+	  [ruby-core:68673] [Bug #11012]
+
+Sat Mar 28 09:19:41 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/date/extconf.rb: try_cflags("-std=iso9899:1999") [Bug #10906]
+	  ruby itself (including numeric.c) is built with strict compile
+	  options including -std=iso9899:1999, but ext/date is not.
+	  By the way -std=iso9899:1999 is not only a warning option but also
+	  changes behavior like MACRO definitions for example INFINITY.
+	  gcc on Solaris affect this.
+
+Fri Mar 27 16:34:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk: revert using BOOTSTRAPRUBY for enc.mk, as
+	  enc/depend uses CONFIG.  [ruby-core:68647] [Bug #11004]
+
+Thu Mar 26 10:05:13 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/test_observer.rb: add tests for Observable module.
+	  [fix GH-859] Patch by @brightbits
+
+Thu Mar 26 06:35:10 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* README.EXT: add redirect [ruby-core:68631]
+
+Wed Mar 25 16:46:49 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/extconf.rb: Solaris 11 has struct tcp_info.tcpi_ca_state,
+	  but it is a dummy.
+
+	* ext/socket/option.c: Solaris 11 doesn't have u_intN_t.
+
+	* ext/socket/option.c: Solaris 11 needs inspect_tcpi_msec.
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c: Solaris 11 has AF_PACKET but doesn't have
+	  related macros.
+
+Wed Mar 25 17:03:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c (get_fsname): try magic number only if
+	  f_type is included.  [ruby-dev:48913] [Bug #11000]
+
+Wed Mar 25 11:20:40 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb: make more realistic data.
+	  [ruby-core:68632] [[Bug #10999]
+
+Wed Mar 25 10:39:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* .document: removed needless entries.
+
+Wed Mar 25 08:07:28 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* doc/extension.rdoc: fix spelling of filename
+	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: ditto.
+
+Tue Mar 25 06:55:43 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* complex.c (k_inexact_p, k_exact_zero_p): use k_exact_zero_p macro
+	  to remove k_inexact_p macro.
+
+	* complex.c (k_exact_one_p): remove unused macro k_exact_one_p.
+
+Tue Mar 24 22:23:33 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/extension.rdoc: move from toplevel document and added extname.
+	* doc/extension.ja.rdoc: ditto.
+
+Tue Mar 24 22:06:58 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/standard_library.rdoc: strip.
+
+Tue Mar 24 22:06:27 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/standard_library.rdoc: move Thread to Extensions.
+
+Tue Mar 24 21:59:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/contributing.rdoc: update Maintainers list.
+
+Tue Mar 24 19:10:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational): fix messages for rb_bug().
+	  Remove `rb_' prefix.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_incremental): ditto.
+
+Tue Mar 24 17:34:01 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* README.ja.md: should be chunibyo.
+
+Tue Mar 24 17:30:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/-test-/file/fs.c (get_fsname): return filesystem name by
+	  statfs/statvfs.  [ruby-core:68624] [Bug #10998]
+
+Tue Mar 24 16:46:02 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: now doesn't required spaces just after
+	  `!`.
+
+Mon Mar 23 23:18:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_close): don't raise on double close for consistent to
+	  IO#close.  [Feature #10950]
+
+Mon Mar 23 21:22:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_readlink): move from file.c for better buffer
+	  allocation and the result encoding.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (wreadlink, rb_w32_ureadlink): implement readlink().
+
+Mon Mar 23 14:40:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (winnt_stat): stat with following symbolic links.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (winnt_lstat): rename old winnt_stat, which does
+	  not follow symbolic links.
+
+Mon Mar 23 01:44:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (r_symreal): register symbol names as strings first so
+	  that r_symlink always returns valid names.
+	  [ruby-core:68587] [Bug #10991]
+
+	* marshal.c (r_ivar, r_object0): now need to intern symbol names.
+
+	* marshal.c (r_object0): compare with symbol names.
+
+Sun Mar 22 22:07:40 2015  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* doc/etc.rd.ja: Fix wrong coding for Emacs.
+
+Sun Mar 22 09:53:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/make-snapshot (package): add default CONFIGURE name to
+	  follow r50039.
+
+	* tool/make-snapshot (package): substitute configuration variables
+	  in Makefile.in instead of passing by the command line, and make
+	  temporary Makefile instead of a pipe.
+
+Sun Mar 22 08:09:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (ext/ripper/ripper.c, ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c):
+	  strip autogenerated dependencies which have invalid syntax in
+	  other than nmake.
+
+Sat Mar 21 15:01:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_set_winsize): use handle for
+	  writing.  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo seems failing on a handle
+	  for reading.
+
+	* io.c: [DOC] update the example of IO#winsize to use $stdout
+	  instead of $stdin, which does not work on Windows.  a patch by
+	  Jan Lelis <mail AT janlelis.de> at [ruby-core:68574].
+	  [Bug #10986]
+
+Fri Mar 20 18:41:03 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (respond_to_missing_p): check if the receiver responds to
+	  the given method by respond_to_missing?.
+
+	* proc.c (mnew_missing): create Method object for method_missing.
+	  [ruby-core:68564] [Bug #10985]
+
+Fri Mar 20 17:43:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* .travis.yml: enabled email notification.
+
+Fri Mar 20 17:39:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* .travis.yml: removed Ruby 1.9.3 build on Travis CI
+
+Fri Mar 20 12:38:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): obj_info() can receive internal objects.
+
+	* gc.c (check_rvalue_consistency): obj_info() returns const char *.
+
+Fri Mar 20 12:14:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): show class name and T_DATA type_name.
+
+Thu Mar 19 22:12:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute): `dest' can be WB unprotected.
+
+Thu Mar 19 21:25:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute): demote `dest' object.
+
+Thu Mar 19 16:18:00 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c, internal.h: export rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency().
+
+Thu Mar 19 16:15:24 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): show allocation site if GC_DEBUG is not 0.
+
+Thu Mar 19 16:12:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (newobj_of): fix RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK logics.
+	  * skip on incremental marking because not sure what happen :p
+	  * rb_gc_writebarrier_remember() is enough to mark children.
+
+Thu Mar 19 16:08:42 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute): need demote for old objects.
+
+Thu Mar 19 10:31:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c (fill_random_bytes): release the handle in the static
+	  variable, not a local variable.
+
+Thu Mar 19 06:30:35 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_clone): do not touch age (FL_PROMOTED[01]) because
+	  rb_obj_alloc() can return old object in debug.
+
+Thu Mar 19 06:29:28 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: flag name was changed
+	  (long_lived -> uncollectible).
+
+Thu Mar 19 05:30:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (iseq_mark): skip some marking if iseq->orig is available.
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_clone): need WB for iseq1->klass = iseq0->klass
+	  (done in MEMCPY).
+
+Thu Mar 19 04:55:53 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h (IMEMO_DEBUG): added.
+
+	* internal.h: remove unused FL_IMEMO_MARK_V[0-3].
+
+	* gc.c (rb_imemo_new_debug): added.
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): show imemo type name.
+
+Thu Mar 19 04:52:26 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK): add check mechanism.
+
+	  If RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK > 0, then create old objects
+	  (not new objects) periodically.
+
+	  Create one old objects per RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK objects are
+	  created.
+
+Thu Mar 19 04:46:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_sort_by): add WBs.
+
+Thu Mar 19 03:37:52 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (check_rvalue_consistency): refactoring.
+	  * not inline on RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0.
+	  * check SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) first.
+	  * add a check that remembered_bit is only TRUE when old (age == 3).
+
+	* gc.c (RVALUE_DEMOTE): should clear RVALUE_REMEMBERED bit.
+
+	  remembered_bit should be TRUE only for old (age == 3) objects.
+
+	  Actually there are no effect because demoted objects will be
+	  uncollectible WB unprotected objects (marked at the beginning of
+	  every minor GC).
+
+Thu Mar 19 02:52:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: rename terminologies.
+	  * long_lived -> uncollectible:
+	    because this bitmap does not mean "long lived objects in past",
+	    but means "prohibit collection these objects until next major GC".
+
+	    Uncollectible objects consist of two types objects, one is old
+	    objects (WB protected objects which age == 3) and another is
+	    uncollectible WB unprotected objects which are referred from old
+	    objects
+
+	  * remembered_wb_unprotected_objects ->
+	    uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects:
+	    because uncollectible objects does not mean remembered objects.
+
+Wed Mar 18 17:21:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational): add an alternative write
+	  barrier (WB) implementation.
+	  When finding reference from [Old obj] to [New obj] by WB, current
+	  implementation marks [Old obj] as remembered old objects and marks
+	  children of [Old obj] at the beginning of marking.
+
+	  Added (but disabled) code changes current behaviour. This fix promote
+	  [New obj] to old and marks as a remembered old object. We can assume
+	  "new objects referred from old objects are maybe long-lived old
+	  objects".
+
+	  Disadvantage of added algorithm is we may promote unwilling
+	  short-lived objects. For example, consider many new objects push and
+	  pop to an old stack object. All of new objects (short-lived objects)
+	  promote to old objects unexpectedly.
+
+	  To compare these behaviour, I add this new code (but disabled it).
+
+Wed Mar 18 17:14:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (RVALUE_PROMOTE_RAW): rename to RVALUE_OLD_LONG_LIVED_SET()
+	  to make clear.
+
+Wed Mar 18 17:10:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (check_rvalue_consistency): do not need to check is_sweeping().
+
+Wed Mar 18 14:13:22 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb: run GC to finish "marking" phase.
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb: ditto.
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb: add parameter
+	  full_mark: false to invoke only minor GC.
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb: ditto.
+
+Wed Mar 18 12:07:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* string.c: add a comment about RSTRING_FSTR.
+
+Wed Mar 18 12:01:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): use same hash values with Float#hash so
+	  that -0.0 and +0.0 will be identical.
+	  [ruby-core:68541] [Bug #10979]
+
+Wed Mar 18 05:34:32 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* string.c: introduce STR_FAKESTR to show string is FAKESTR or not.
+
+	* string.c (STR_SET_SHARED): ignore FAKESTR because only Ruby objects
+	  can use write barrier.
+
+Tue Mar 17 18:59:16 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: use rb_gc_writebrrier() simply.
+	  For incremental GC, we need to get a pointer to the objspace.
+	  We can share this pointer for the following WB process.
+	  And considering icache hit ratio, process in the GC.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_gc_writebarrier): added.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_writebarrier_generational, gc_writebarrier_incremental):
+	  make them NOINLINE because inlining them into rb_gc_writebarrier()
+	  makes a prologue code of rb_gc_writebarrier() longer (storing callee
+	  save registers).
+
+	  This patch improve the performance of WB on micro-benchmarks.
+
+	  name                   ruby 2.1   trunk   modified
+	  vm1_gc_wb_ary*            0.511   0.632      0.532
+	  vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted*   0.578   0.701      0.674
+	  vm1_gc_wb_obj*            0.419   0.575      0.492
+	  vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted*   0.537   0.664      0.618
+	                                                 (sec)
+
+Tue Mar 17 18:51:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary(_promoted).rb: separate fastpath and
+	  slowpath for WB.
+
+	  Before this change bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb tried to check the performance
+	  for WB slowpath (making a reference from oldobj to newobj). However,
+	  from Ruby 2.2, 3 GCs are needed to promote new objects because
+	  only 3 age objects are promoted objects.
+
+	  To compare fastpath and slowpath, introduce new "promoted" version
+	  benchmark.
+
+	  bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb is for fastpath and
+	  bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb is for slowpath.
+
+	* benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj(_promoted).rb: ditto.
+
+Tue Mar 17 17:23:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): distinguish not-yet-stated and DT_UNKNOWN
+	  by readdir, and traverse recursively for the former.  Linux
+	  readdir returns DT_UNKNOWN on some filesystems, e.g., smbfs,
+	  iso9660.
+
+Mon Mar 16 17:43:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb: Fix regression bug in WEBrick's
+	  :DoNotReverseLookup config option implementation.
+	  [fix GH-731] Patch by @vais
+	* test/webrick/test_do_not_reverse_lookup.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Mar 14 20:05:23 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* math.c (math_gamma): optimization for passed small integer.
+
+Sat Mar 14 18:07:23 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c: [DOC] Fixes Enumerable#member? documentation
+	  [fix GH-756][ci skip] Patch by @shamanime
+
+Sat Mar 14 12:23:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): use d_type to reduce lstat system calls.
+
+	* win32/dir.h (struct direct): add d_type instead of d_isdir and
+	  d_isrep.  SYMLINKD is unreliable, since the target can be
+	  replaced after a link was created.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (readdir_internal): set d_type.
+
+Sat Mar 14 02:14:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (primary): empty parentheses at cmdarg can be null.
+	  [ruby-core:68477] [Bug #10957]
+
+Fri Mar 13 15:04:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_close): don't raise on double
+	  close for consistent to IO#close.
+
+Fri Mar 13 15:03:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_close_read, rb_io_close_write): don't raise after
+	  close same as IO#close.
+
+Fri Mar 13 12:29:07 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/readline/test_readline.rb: Restore environment variables:
+	  COLUMNS LINES
+
+Fri Mar 13 11:37:46 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: needs --enable-shared when linked to
+	  libruby or fiddle.so.  since --with-static-linked-ext does no
+	  longer link extensions to ruby program with --enable-shared, the
+	  only combination needs --enable-static is --disable-shared and
+	  --with-static-linked-ext.  [ruby-dev:48901] [Bug #10960]
+
+Fri Mar 13 07:02:20 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock): use rb_hash_lookup2
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (get_no_exception): new function
+	  (ossl_ssl_accept_nonblock): use get_no_exception
+	  (ossl_ssl_read_internal): ditto
+	  (ossl_ssl_write_nonblock): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:68511]
+
+Fri Mar 13 07:01:38 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: predefine wait_*able symbols
+
+Thu Mar 12 22:59:53 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb: Check environment variables.
+
+Thu Mar 12 05:54:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_s_accept_nonblock):
+	  support exception: false
+	  [ruby-core:66385] [Feature #10532]
+	* ext/socket/init.c (rsock_init_socket_init): define new symbols
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h: adjust prototype
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_accept_nonblock): support exception: false
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_accept_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (Init_socket): adjust accept_nonblock definition
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): ditto
+	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c (rsock_init_tcpserver): ditto
+	* ext/socket/unixserver.c (rsock_init_unixserver): ditto
+	* ext/socket/tcpserver.c (tcp_accept_nonblock): adjust
+	  rsock_s_accept_nonblock call
+	* ext/socket/unixserver.c (unix_accept_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_start_ssl): support no_exception
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_connect): adjust ossl_start_ssl call
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_connect_nonblock): ditto
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_accept): ditto
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb (test_accept_nonblock): test for
+	  "exception :false"
+	* test/socket/test_tcp.rb (test_accept_nonblock): new test
+	* test/socket/test_unix.rb (test_accept_nonblock): ditto
+	* test/openssl/test_pair.rb (test_accept_nonblock_no_exception): ditto
+
+Thu Mar 12 10:53:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h, node.h: move a definition of `struct rb_global_entry'
+	  and related functions from node.h to internal.h.
+
+	* variable.c: remove unused include pragma.
+
+	* common.mk: remove unused dependency.
+
+Thu Mar 12 10:32:39 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* common.mk: remove unused dependency.
+
+Thu Mar 12 08:20:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* load.c: removed unused header file "node.h".
+
+	* method.h: ditto.
+
+	* symbol.c: ditto.
+
+Thu Mar 12 08:14:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE should be 0.
+
+Thu Mar 12 07:44:17 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: use T_IMEMO to represent `struct MEMO' value.
+	  memo->v1 and memo->v2 is WB protected values.
+	  So use MEMO_V1/V2_SET() macros to set these values.
+	  memo->u3 is ambiguous (sometimes a VALUE, sometimes an integer
+	  value), so use gc_mark_maybe() in gc.c to mark it.
+
+	  Rename NEW_MEMO() to MEMO_NEW().
+
+	  Move MEMO_FOR and NEW_MEMO_FOR macros from node.h.
+
+	  Export a rb_imemo_new() function for ext/ripper.
+
+	* node.h: remove NODE_MEMO.
+
+	* enum.c: catch up these change.
+
+	* enumerator.c: ditto.
+
+	* load.c: ditto.
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c (count_nodes): ditto.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark imemo_memo type.
+
+	* parse.y (new_args_gen): use T_IMEMO.
+	  (I'm not sure it is working correctly...)
+
+Wed Mar 11 22:36:34 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* eval.c (frame_called_id): it should use vm_ifunc type.
+
+	* eval.c (frame_func_id): ditto.
+
+Wed Mar 11 22:27:05 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* node.h: remove NODE_IFUNC, NEW_IFUNC.
+
+	* internal.h: use T_IMEMO for IFUNC.
+
+	  rename `struct IFUNC' to `struct vm_ifunc' and move the definition
+	  from vm_insnhelper.h. Add imemo_ifunc.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark imemo_ifunc type T_IMEMO object.
+
+	* compile.c: catch up these changes.
+
+	* proc.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_core.h (RUBY_VM_IFUNC_P): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Mar 11 21:53:43 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h, eval_intern.h: move CREF accessors.
+
+	  List IMEMO supported types in internal.h.
+
+Wed Mar 11 21:45:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h: use T_IMEMO to create THROW_DATA.
+
+	  Add THROW_DATA_NEW().
+
+	* internal.h: move definition of `struct THROW_DATA'
+	  from vm_insnhelper.h to internal.h.
+
+	  Rename `THROW_DATA' to `vm_throw_data'.
+
+	* eval_intern.h (THROW_DATA_P): move to internal.h.
+	  THROW_DATA is no longer T_NODE, so check T_IMEMO.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark THROW_DATA.
+
+	* vm.c: catch up these changes.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Mar 11 21:21:56 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: use T_IMEMO to create SVAR.
+
+	* internal.h, vm_insnhelper.h: move definition `struct SVAR'
+	  from vm_insnhelper.h to internal.h. And rename it to struct vm_svar.
+
+	  new imemo_type imemo_svar is added.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): mark imemo_svar.
+
+	* node.c (rb_gc_mark_node): remove useless marking.
+
+Wed Mar 11 19:35:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: introduce new type T_IMEMO.
+	  T_IMEMO is Internal Memo type, internal use only.
+	  T_IMEMO has same purpose of NODE_MEMO.
+
+	  To insert T_IMEMO, type numbers are modified a little.
+
+	* internal.h: define struct RIMemo. Each RIMemo objects
+	  has imemo_type. We can observe it by the imemo_type() function.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_imemo_new): added.
+
+	* node.h: remove NODE_CREF and NEW_CREF().
+
+	* node.c (rb_gc_mark_node): ditto.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_new): use rb_imem_new().
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: use RIMemo objects for CREF.
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace.c: support T_IMEMO.
+
+Wed Mar 11 17:03:20 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: fix memory leak by prepend method.
+
+	  It is easy to reproduce with such script:
+
+	    module M; def bar; end; end
+	    loop{
+	      Class.new do
+	        def foo; end
+	        prepend M
+	      end
+	    }
+
+	* gc.c (obj_free): free T_ICLASS::m_tbl if it is created by prepend.
+	  To recognize it, check RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN flag.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_mark_children): T_ICLASS objects only need to mark
+	  T_ICLASS::m_tbl if RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN is set.
+
+	* gc.c (obj_memsize_of): count T_ICLASS if RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN is set.
+
+	* internal.h (RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN): add to set RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN.
+
+	  TODO: The word `origin' seems not good name. We need to invent
+	  another good name.
+
+	* class.c: use RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN().
+
+	* class.c (class_alloc): zero clear rb_classext_t.
+
+Wed Mar 11 13:28:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: check also procstat_getvmmap, which is not
+	  available on FreeBSD 9.  [ruby-core:68468] [Bug #10954]
+
+	* vm_dump.c (procstat_vm): use kinfo_getvmmap instead if
+	  procstat_getvmmap is not available.
+
+Wed Mar 11 09:15:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: define struct MEMO.
+
+	* enum.c: use MEMO.
+
+	* enumerator.c: ditto.
+
+	* load.c: ditto.
+
+	* node.h: return (struct MEMO *) pointer.
+
+Wed Mar 11 06:26:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h (THROW_DATA_STATE): return int, not VALUE.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h (THROW_DATA_STATE_SET): accept int value.
+
+Wed Mar 11 05:06:46 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_catch_protect): use THROW_DATA_VAL().
+
+Wed Mar 11 04:56:04 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h: define struct IFUNC.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): use it.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_yield_with_cfunc): ditto.
+
+Wed Mar 11 03:52:12 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* eval_intern.h (THROW_DATA_P): use RB_TYPE_P() instead of
+	  BUILTIN_TYPE().
+
+	* thread.c (thread_join): use THROW_DATA_P().
+
+Wed Mar 11 03:48:01 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* proc.c: use RUBY_VM_IFUNC_P() to recognize IFUNC or not.
+
+	* vm.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_dump.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_core.h (RUBY_VM_IFUNC_P): use RB_TYPE_P() instead of
+	  BUILTIN_TYPE().
+
+Wed Mar 11 03:21:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h: define struct THROW_DATA to represent
+	  throwing data. Also define accessor functions.
+
+	* eval_intern.h: move related changes into vm_insnhelper.h.
+	  Now these MACROs (functions) are only used in vm*.c.
+
+	  There is only THROW_DATA_P(err) to check this data type or not.
+
+	* vm.c: catch up these changes.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: ditto.
+
+Wed Mar 11 00:57:00 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_security_trust_dir.rb: The return value of
+	  File::Stat#mode is OS dependent. In AIX, 0200000 is set.
+
+Tue Mar 10 20:03:41 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb: Invoke setup_shutdown_pipe in start method
+	  instead of listen method.
+	  [ruby-core:68476] [Bug #10956] Reported by Shintaro Kojima.
+
+Tue Mar 10 17:27:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* thread.c (thread_join): Fixnum (except TAG_FATAL) and
+	  NODE should not be reached here.
+
+Mon Mar  9 21:42:10 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (ep_cref): rename to lep_cref() because it should be
+	  local ep.
+
+Mon Mar  9 16:34:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_close): don't raise on double
+	  close for consistent to IO#close.
+
+Mon Mar 09 06:44:48 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h: define struct SVAR for SVAR.
+	  This data type is also same layout of NODE (NODE_IF).
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: catch up this change.
+
+Mon Mar  9 06:43:21 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (lep_svar_set): add WBs.
+
+Mon Mar  9 06:19:06 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: define rb_cref_t and change to use it.
+
+	  rb_cref_t is data type of CREF. Now, the body is still NODE.
+	  It is easy to understand what is CREF and what is pure NODE.
+
+Mon Mar  9 06:00:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.h (COPY_CREF_OMOD): fix translation miss.
+
+Mon Mar  9 04:47:58 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: define CREF accessor macros.
+	  * CREF_CLASS(cref)
+	  * CREF_NEXT(cref)
+	  * CREF_VISI(cref)
+	  * CREF_VISI_SET(cref, v)
+	  * CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref)
+	  * CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL(cref)
+	  * CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL_SET(cref)
+	  * CREF_OMOD_SHARED(cref)
+	  * CREF_OMOD_SHARED_SET(cref)
+	  * CREF_OMOD_SHARED_UNSET(cref)
+
+	  This is process to change CREF data type from NODE.
+
+Sun Mar  8 22:50:57 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (rb_gzfile_close): Don't raise on double
+	  close for consistent to IO#close.
+
+Sun Mar  8 16:57:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): match patterns against legacy short names
+	  too, not only ordinary names.  [ruby-core:67954] [Bug #10819]
+
+	* win32/dir.h (struct direct): add short name members.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (opendir_internal, readdir_internal): ditto.
+
+Sat Mar  7 09:36:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c: document that first element is kept when using
+	  Array#uniq and #uniq! [fix GH-845][ci skip]
+	  Patch by @riffraff
+
+Sat Mar  7 09:28:02 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread.c: Mutex#owned? is no longer experimental since 2.1.0
+	  [fix GH-839][ci skip] Patch by @takiy33
+
+Sat Mar  7 09:18:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/merger.rb: Added documentation to version method.
+	  [fix GH-847][ci skip] Patch by @magikid
+
+Fri Mar  6 22:50:36 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (rb_prepend_module): need a WB for klass -> origin.
+
+Fri Mar  6 20:18:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* fix namespace issue on singleton class expressions. [Bug #10943]
+
+	* vm_core.h, method.h: remove rb_iseq_t::cref_stack. CREF is stored
+	  to rb_method_definition_t::body.iseq_body.cref.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: modify SVAR usage.
+	  When calling ISEQ type method, push CREF information onto method
+	  frame, SVAR located place. Before this fix, SVAR is simply nil.
+	  After this patch, CREF (or NULL == Qfalse for not iseq methods)
+	  is stored at the method invocation.
+
+	  When SVAR is required, then put NODE_IF onto SVAR location,
+	  and NDOE_IF::nd_reserved points CREF itself.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_cref_new, vm_cref_dump, vm_cref_new_toplevel): added.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_push_frame): accept CREF.
+
+	* method.h, vm_method.c (rb_add_method_iseq): added. This function
+	  accepts iseq and CREF.
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): use rb_add_method_iseq().
+
+	* gc.c (mark_method_entry): mark method_entry::body.iseq_body.cref.
+
+	* iseq.c: remove CREF related codes.
+
+	* insns.def (getinlinecache/setinlinecache): CREF should be cache key
+	  because a different CREF has a different namespace.
+
+	* node.c (rb_gc_mark_node): mark NODE_IF::nd_reserved for SVAR.
+
+	* proc.c: catch up changes.
+
+	* struct.c: ditto.
+
+	* insns.def: ditto.
+
+	* vm_args.c (raise_argument_error): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c: ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_class.rb: add a test.
+
+Fri Mar  6 18:19:13 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb: on vboxsf (on VirtualBox
+	  on Windows 7), file name and permissions are strange (can access
+	  by short file name and so on).
+
+	  Simply skip on such tests on such FS. To detect strange FS, this
+	  patch use a part of code `File.executable?(__FILE__)`.
+	  Please correct them if there are better ways.
+
+Fri Mar  6 17:31:29 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb: do not change directory.
+
+	  Run system command in the directory mounted by vboxsf on Windows 7
+	  and get warning like that "warning: Insecure world writable dir...".
+
+Fri Mar  6 10:31:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (vm_call_super): search next super class from the
+	  original class, to get rid of infinite recursion with
+	  prepending.  a patch by Seiei Higa <hanachin AT gmail.com> at
+	  [ruby-core:68434].  [ruby-core:68093] [Bug #10847]
+
+Fri Mar  6 08:45:26 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/matrix.rb: Add Vector#round. Patch by Jordan Stephens.
+	  [Fixes GH-802]
+
+Fri Mar  6 07:33:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (obj_info): show node name too.
+
+Fri Mar  6 07:00:44 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* internal.h: remove struct method_table_wrapper.
+	  struct method_table_wrapper was introduced to avoid duplicate marking
+	  for method tables.
+
+	  For example, `module M1; def foo; end; end` make one method table
+	  (mtbl) contains a method `foo`. M1 (T_MODULE) points mtbl.
+	  Classes C1 and C2 includes M1, then two T_ICLASS objects are created
+	  and they points mtbl too. In this case, three objects (one T_MODULE
+	  and two T_ICLASS objects) points same mtbl. On marking phase, these
+	  three objects mark same mtbl. To avoid such duplication, struct
+	  method_table_wrapper was introduced.
+
+	  However, created two T_ICLASS objects have same or shorter lifetime
+	  than M1 (T_MODULE) object. So that we only need to mark mtbl from M1,
+	  not from T_ICLASS objects. This patch tries marking only from M1.
+	  In other words, original module (M1) has responsibility to mark mtbl.
+	  Because of no duplicate marking, we don't need method_table_wrapper
+	  any more.
+
+	  Note that one `Module#prepend` call creates two T_ICLASS objects.
+	  One for referring to a prepending Module object, same as
+	  `Module#include`. We don't need to care this T_ICLASS.
+	  One for moving original mtbl from a prepending class. We need to
+	  mark such mtbl from this T_ICLASS object. To mark the mtbl,
+	  we need to use `RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass)` on marking from a prepended
+	  class `klass`.
+
+	* class.c: ditto.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_using_refinement): ditto.
+
+	* gc.c: ditto.
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h: define m_tbl directly. The definition of
+	  struct RClass should be moved to (srcdir)/internal.h.
+
+	* method.h: remove decl of rb_free_m_tbl_wrapper().
+
+	* object.c: use RCLASS_M_TBL() directly.
+
+Fri Mar  6 02:50:12 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): need to check the return value of
+	  GLOB_REALLOC().
+
+Fri Mar  6 02:26:03 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): shouldn't create Ruby object before
+	  the object system is loaded.
+	  [ruby-core:68430] [Bug #10941]
+
+Wed Mar  5 16:58:43 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c: [DOC] #delete method actually returns nil, if the key
+	  is not found. [fix GH-844][ci skip] Patch by @ivdma
+
+Wed Mar  5 12:22:23 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* math.c: refactoring: remove unnecessary variable d0 to unify code
+	  appearance.
+
+Thu Mar  5 11:50:54 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): A binding should keep
+	  refinements activation information and the refinements should be
+	  activated in subsequent eval calls with the binding.
+	  [ruby-core:67945] [Bug #10818]
+
+Thu Mar  5 11:16:55 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: There is no need anymore to suppress
+	  warnings.
+
+Thu Mar  5 08:31:02 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* random.c (random_raw_seed): Avoid calling fill_random_bytes()
+	  if the requested size is 0. AIX returns -1 for 0-byte read from
+	  /dev/urandom, while other UNIX returns 0. With this change,
+	  Random.raw_seed(0) consistently returns "" in any UNIX.
+
+Wed Mar  4 12:43:32 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_math.rb (assert_float_and_int): Refactor test cases
+	  by introducing assert_float_and_int. [misc #10810]
+
+Wed Mar  4 11:52:30 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* symbol.c (Init_sym): make dsym_fstrs a hash compared by identity
+	  as the keys are unique fstrings, to get rid of running hash and
+	  compare methods and causing new object allocation during garbage
+	  collection phase.  [ruby-dev:48891] [Bug #10933]
+
+Wed Mar  4 10:16:57 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* enum.c: Fix typo in slice_after's exception message.
+	  [fix GH-842][ci skip] Patch by @jsyeo
+
+Wed Mar  4 10:15:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/syntax/methods.rdoc: add some missing spaces and
+	  fix a grammatical error in method docs.
+	  [fix GH-843][ci skip] Patch by @nikolas
+
+Wed Mar  4 02:13:06 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (backport_command_string): pick up only
+	  when the revision exists in trunk.
+
+Wed Mar  4 00:44:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_io_blocking_region): assigned variables
+	  inside EXEC_TAG() should be volatile.
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt): ditto.
+
+	* thread.c (exec_recursive): ditto.
+
+Wed Mar  4 00:29:18 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: now can specify shorten form of commands.
+
+Tue Mar  3 23:41:42 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (Readline.readline): drop untreated control
+	  characters.
+
+Tue Mar  3 22:25:24 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/envutil.rb (EnvUtil.invoke_ruby): need to rescue because
+	  Signal.signame may raise exception.
+
+Tue Mar  3 16:57:39 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: use 'b' instead of 's' for showing
+	  Backport options for merger.rb.
+
+Tue Mar  3 16:55:23 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: show selected ticket number at prompt.
+
+Tue Mar  3 14:47:30 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* math.c (num2dbl_with_to_f): direct casting from Rational to double.
+	  [Feature #10909]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_math.rb: add tests for the above change.
+
+Tue Mar  3 07:52:20 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb: avoid a false positive in AIX.
+
+Tue Mar  3 00:59:39 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: set PRELOADENV in Solaris to avoid "wrong ELF class"
+	  error. [Bug #10926] [ruby-dev:48888]
+	* configure.in: set LIBPATHENV for 32-bit compile in Solaris
+	  in addition to 64-bit.
+
+Mon Mar  2 15:36:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: do not check _setjmp unless _longjmp is available,
+	  so that configure results will not be changed by cache.
+
+Mon Mar  2 14:44:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE): restore unsigned type from
+	  cached variable only if the target type is not available.
+
+Mon Mar  2 13:04:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (sig_signame): return nil if the argument is a valid
+	  signal number.
+
+Mon Mar  2 12:05:04 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb (create_ftp_server): set SO_OOBINLINE
+	  for receiving OOB data which is sent with MSG_OOB flag in
+	  portable way. [Bug #10915] [ruby-dev:48885]
+	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb (test_abort, test_status): use gets
+	  for receiving OOB data in portable way.
+
+Mon Mar  2 11:43:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE): restore unsigned type from
+	  cached variable.
+
+Mon Mar  2 06:01:41 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_nread): wrap return value with INT2FIX
+	  Thanks to Yura Sokolov <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
+	  [ruby-core:68369] [Bug#10923]
+	* test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb (test_nread_buffered):
+	  fix broken test
+
+Sun Mar  1 20:21:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE): restore convertible type from
+	  cached variable, so that configured results will be stable.
+
+Sun Mar  1 18:10:34 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (rb_cv_broken_memmem): check before adding the
+	  result HAVE_MEMMEM macro to confdefs.h, so that configured
+	  results will be stable.
+
+Sun Mar  1 11:17:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (id2ref): prohibit from accessing internal objects.
+	  [ruby-core:68348] [Bug #10918]
+
+Sun Mar  1 09:06:11 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/time.rb (strptime): Support %s.%N.
+	  [ruby-core:68301] [Bug #10904] Patch by Sadayuki Furuhashi.
+
+Sat Feb 28 17:18:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_each_slice, enum_each_cons): limit elements size by
+	  the enumerator size.  suggested by Hans Mackowiak <hanmac AT
+	  gmx.de> at [ruby-core:68335]
+
+Sat Feb 28 15:44:20 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_dump.c (rb_vm_bugreport): get rid of making new strings
+	  inside signal context.
+
+	* variable.c (rb_tmp_class_path): defer making temporary class
+	  path string.
+
+	* variable.c (rb_search_class_path): search class path or return
+	  Qnil or Qfalse if unnamed, not creating a temporary path.
+
+Sat Feb 28 15:02:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_tmp_class_path): preserve name encoding of an
+	  anonymous instance of module/class subclass.
+
+Sat Feb 28 08:24:30 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c: AIX supports autopush.
+	  Patch by Perry Smith [ruby-core:58539] [Bug #9144]
+
+Fri Feb 27 22:00:05 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rubygems: Update to RubyGems 2.4.6 and HEAD(800f2e6).
+	  Fixed #1159, #1171, #1173 on rubygems/rubygems
+	* test/rubygems: ditto.
+
+Fri Feb 27 20:55:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rake: Update to rake (9237e74), typo fix and remove needless
+	  private syntax.
+	* test/rake: ditto.
+
+Fri Feb 27 17:06:44 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: define vm_svar_index.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c, vm.c, compile.c: use vm_svar_index names.
+
+	* iseq.h: remove DEFAULT_SPECIAL_VAR_COUNT.
+	  use VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START instead.
+
+Fri Feb 27 13:57:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (setup_narg): wipe away expanded part of buffer to get rid
+	  of revealing uncleaned data.  reported by Dongkwan Kim <dkay AT
+	  kaist.ac.kr>.
+
+Wed Feb 25 22:25:07 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* spec/default.mspec: use default configuration file name.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/rubyspec/commit/cc69f337b06362e5607ffa3e3ad40ef7494960cf
+
+Wed Feb 25 22:21:56 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* spec/default.mspec: remove specific version number.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/rubyspec/commit/7a909e925c1baa9c700bd44af9241aef6e596714
+
+Wed Feb 25 22:04:04 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/Win32API.rb (initialize): accept both a string and an array
+	  for the arguments of the imported function.
+	  reported by Aaron Stone [ruby-core:68208] [Bug #10876] [Fixes GH-835]
+
+Wed Feb 25 18:12:11 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* signal.c (sighandler): preserve errno
+	  Patch by Steven Stewart-Gallus <sstewartgallus00@mylangara.bc.ca>
+	  [ruby-core:68172] [Bug #10866]
+
+Wed Feb 25 15:59:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (push_pattern, push_glob): make globbed file names same
+	  encoding to the given pattern.
+
+Wed Feb 25 15:27:16 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/merger.rb: support 2.1+ versioning scheme.
+
+Tue Feb 25 08:49:12 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cmath.rb (log): raise ArgumentError when more than 2 arguments
+	  are passed. [ruby-core:66143] [Bug #10487]
+
+Tue Feb 25 02:15:17 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_math.rb: Use assert_infinity instead of assert_equal(1.0/0, ...).
+
+	* test/ruby/test_math.rb: Add tests for overriding Integer#to_f.
+	  [ruby-core:67919] [Misc #10809]
+
+Tue Feb 24 22:58:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* complex.c (nucomp_mul): calculate as rotation in complex plane
+	  if matrix calculation resulted in NaN.
+
+Tue Feb 24 21:45:39 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_math.rb(test_cbrt): Add an assertion for Math.cbrt(1.0/0)
+	  and move #test_cbrt to more proper place.
+
+Tue Feb 24 19:09:25 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (lep_svar_place, lep_svar_get): do not create
+	  additional T_NODE object (svars holder) when only getting
+	  svars.
+
+Tue Feb 24 11:49:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_zone_name): should be US-ASCII only if all 7-bits,
+	  otherwise locale encoding.  [ruby-core:68230] [Bug #10887]
+
+Tue Feb 24 09:47:07 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (chompped_length): enable smart chomp for all non-dummy
+	  encoding strings, not only default_rs.
+	  [ruby-core:68258] [Bug #10893]
+
+Mon Feb 23 23:19:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/vcs.rb (IO.popen): support :chdir option.
+
+	* tool/vcs.rb (VCS::GIT.get_revisions): use :chdir option instead
+	  of -C option which is not supported by older git.
+	  [ruby-dev:48880] [Bug #10890]
+
+Mon Feb 23 15:26:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_split_m): raise ArgumentError at broken string
+	  not RegexpError, as Regexp is not involved in.
+	  [ruby-core:68229] [Bug #10886]
+
+Mon Feb 23 07:25:29 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* time.c: Zone encoding should be US-ASCII if all 7-bits. Fix r46907.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_time.rb, test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb: Update tests.
+
+Sun Feb 22 18:33:42 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* common.mk: use ruby organization for rubyspec.
+
+Sun Feb 22 15:56:06 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack): copy nd_refinements
+	  of original crefs. It fixes segmentation fault when calling
+	  refined method in duplicate module. [ruby-dev:48878] [Bug #10885]
+
+	* vm_core.h, class.c: change accordingly.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test for above.
+
+Sun Feb 22 10:43:37 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_objspace_call_finalizer): control GC execution during
+	  force firnalizations at the end of interpreter process.
+	  [Bug #10768]
+
+	  1) Prohibit incremental GC while running Ruby-level finalizers
+	     to avoid any danger.
+	  2) Prohibit GC while invoking T_DATA/T_FILE data structure
+	     because these operations break object relations consistency.
+
+	  This patch can introduce another memory consuming issue because
+	  Ruby-level finalizers can run after (2), GC is disabled.
+	  However, basically object consistency was broken at (2) as I
+	  described above. So that running Ruby-level finalizers contains
+	  danger originally. Because of this point, I need to suggest to
+	  remove these 3 lines (invoking remaining finalizers). And add a
+	  rule to add that finalizers should not add new finalizers, or
+	  say there is no guarantee to invoke finalizers that added by
+	  another finalizer.
+
+Sun Feb 22 04:07:05 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c: [DOC] RDoc formatting fixes for
+	  ASN1::ObjectId with patch from @vbatts [Fixes GH-834]
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c: ditto.
+
+Sat Feb 21 19:51:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (match_aref): RMatch::regexp is Qnil after matching by a
+	  string since r45451.  [ruby-core:68209] [Bug #10877]
+
+Sat Feb 21 16:18:42 2015  Stefan Schuler  <mail@stefanschuessler.de>
+
+	* compar.c (Init_Comparable): [DOC] Replace camelcase variable name.
+	  [Fix GH-833]
+
+Fri Feb 20 17:27:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_identical_p): fix handle leak, ensure to close
+	  the handle of the first argument.
+
+Fri Feb 20 17:19:23 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (different_device_p): compare by volume serial
+	  numbers, not by path names.  [ruby-core:68162] [Bug #10865]
+
+Thu Feb 19 01:58:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): neither the drive
+	  of base directory nor the current drive are involved in the
+	  result if different than the drive of path.
+	  [ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]
+
+Wed Feb 18 10:48:56 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (wrename): return EXDEV if moving a directory to
+	  another drive, since MoveFileExW does not set proper error code.
+	  [ruby-core:68162] [Bug #10865]
+
+Wed Feb 18 03:13:52 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump psych version.
+	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: ditto
+	* ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c: add latest libyaml change.
+	* test/psych/helper.rb: support newer minitest
+	* test/psych/test_to_yaml_properties.rb: ditto
+
+Tue Feb 17 11:47:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Resource#==, #hash): elements
+	  returned by Kernel#instance_variables are Symbols now.
+	  [ruby-core:68128] [Bug #10857]
+
+Tue Feb 17 10:59:10 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc: Fix documentation for "calling_methods"
+	  Patch by @sos4nt [fix GH-830][ci skip]
+
+Tue Feb 17 10:53:29 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): do not make invalid
+	  (or ADS) path if the path has a drive letter, the result also
+	  should have be under it.  [ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]
+
+Tue Feb 17 10:47:20 2015  Iain Beeston  <iain.beeston@gmail.com>
+
+	* hash.c: Added docs to explain that #include? and #member? do not
+	  check member equality
+	* lib/set.rb: ditto
+
+Mon Feb 16 20:58:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (compile_massign): optimization for special case,
+	  assignments by aset or attrset.
+	  http://kokizzu.blogspot.jp/2015/02/c-java-hhvm-ruby-nodejsrhinojscspidermo.html
+	  http://www.atdot.net/~ko1/diary/201502.html#d16
+
+Sun Feb 15 10:41:23 2015  Sho Hashimoto  <sho-h@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/standard_library.rdoc: [DOC] delete removed libraries.
+	  [misc #10843] [ci skip]
+
+Sat Feb 14 12:20:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c (rand_random_number): add a method to return a random
+	  number like SecureRandom to Random::Formatter.
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb (random_bytes): move to Random::Formatter,
+	  the base method of the module.
+
+Sat Feb 14 12:01:32 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c (random_raw_seed): extract platform dependent random
+	  seed initialization function as a new method Random.raw_seed.
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb (SecureRandom): use Random.raw_seed.
+
+Sat Feb 14 00:49:37 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/coverage/coverage.c: Add Coverage.peek_result.  Allows you to
+	  capture coverage information without stopping the coverage tool.
+	  [ruby-core:67940] [Feature #10816]
+
+	* test/coverage/test_coverage.rb: test for change.
+
+Fri Feb 13 21:52:05 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
+
+	* string.c (str_discard): does not free for STR_NOFREE string.
+	  [Bug #10853][ruby-core:68110]
+
+	* bootstraptest/test_string.rb: test for above.
+
+Fri Feb 13 21:16:00 2015  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/base64.rb: make urlsafe mode user-friendly.
+
+	* lib/base64.rb (Base64.urlsafe_encode64): a new option "padding" to
+	  suppress the padding character ("=").
+
+	* lib/base64.rb (Base64.urlsafe_decode64): now it accepts not only
+	  correctly-padded input but also unpadded input.
+	  [Feature #10740][ruby-core:67570]
+
+	* test/base64/test_base64.rb: Test for above
+
+Fri Feb 13 14:19:06 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json: merge upstream from flori/json
+	  change usage of TypedData. [Feature #10739][ruby-core:67564]
+
+Thu Feb 12 18:34:01 2015  multisnow  <infinity.blick.winkel@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: check RAND_edg to support libressl.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c (ossl_rand_egd): define only if RAND_edg
+	  is available.  [Fix GH-829]
+
+Thu Feb 12 10:46:14 2015  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_call):  Improve Proc#call documentation.  Patch by
+	  Hsing-Hui Hsu.  [fix GH-761]
+
+Thu Feb 12 04:33:02 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* compar.c (cmp_equal): no more error hiding for Comparable#==.
+	  It now behaves as other Comparable methods. See #7688.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_comparable.rb: update related test.
+
+Thu Feb 12 03:28:05 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (initialize): internal hash defaults to false
+
+	* lib/set.rb (include?): use Hash#[] for optimized dispatch.
+	  Patch by Ismael Abreu <ismaelga@gmail.com>
+	  [ruby-core:67664] [Misc #10754]
+
+Wed Feb 11 11:09:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest_conf.rb (digest_conf): check for CommonDigest.
+
+	* ext/digest/*/*cc.h: for Apple CommonCrypto/CommonDigest.h.
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.h (DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL): macro for
+	  finish functions, by inverting arguments order.
+
+	* ext/digest/digest_conf.rb (digest_conf): extract common
+	  configurations.
+
+Wed Feb 11 11:01:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/json/generator/generator.c (generate_json): get rid of
+	  unnecessary recursive calls which can cause infinite recursion.
+	  T_STRING may not have rb_cString.
+
+Wed Feb 11 07:53:35 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* test/win32ole/test_word.rb: use skip method to skip test.
+
+Tue Feb 10 11:38:28 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): stop method search when a method
+	  is not found in a refinement, to support undef in refinements.
+	  [ruby-core:66741] [Bug #10578]
+
+Tue Feb 10 11:19:11 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (chdir, delete, gettextfile, mdtm, mkdir, nlst,
+	  putbinaryfile, puttextfile, rename, rmdir, size): support
+	  Pathname. Patch by Joe Rafaniello. [fix GH-828]
+
+Mon Feb  9 16:36:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/make-snapshot (package): get rid of loading unbundled and
+	  unexpected libraries.  [ruby-core:67977] [Bug #10822]
+
+Sun Feb  8 20:09:37 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/http/header.rb: pass header names as symbols.
+	  Patch by @DamirSvrtan [fix GH-805]
+	* test/net/http/test_httpheader.rb: added test.
+
+Sun Feb  8 13:04:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c (get_addr): reject too long hostname to
+	  get rid of GHOST vulnerability on very old platforms.
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (make_hostent_internal): ditto, paranoic
+	  check for the canonical name.
+
+Sun Feb  8 12:48:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (Win32::Registry::API): use wide
+	  versions of RegDeleteValue and RegDeleteKey.
+	  [ruby-core:67958] [Bug #10820]
+
+Sat Feb  7 22:13:08 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* test/win32ole/test_win32ole_record.rb: remove test using .NET
+	  Framework 3.5 because it is not included in Windows 8/8.1.
+
+Sat Feb  7 19:25:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (has_magic): always get long path name on Windows even if
+	  no tilde is there.  [ruby-core:68011] [Bug #10819]
+
+	* dir.c (replace_real_basename): FindFirstFile ignore redirection
+	  character, check if exists before call it.  cf. [Bug #8597]
+
+Sat Feb  7 13:30:11 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* test/win32ole/test_win32ole_record.rb
+	  (test_ole_instance_variable_get): correct VT_RECORD type and
+	  instance variables.
+
+Fri Feb  6 17:47:05 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: register nodes when
+	  dumping objects with custom coders. [ruby-core:66215] [Bug #10496]
+
+	* test/psych/test_coder.rb: test for fix
+
+Fri Feb  6 16:58:31 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: fix support for regular
+	  expressions with newlines. tenderlove/psych#222
+
+	* test/psych/test_yaml.rb: test for change.
+
+Fri Feb  6 10:31:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_call_info_kw_arg_struct): make keywords a symbols
+	  list to get rid of inadvertent creation by variable keyword
+	  arguments.  [ruby-core:68031] [Bug #10831]
+
+Thu Feb  5 22:42:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rubygems:  Update to RubyGems HEAD(5c3b6f3).
+	  Fixed #1156, #1142, #1115, #1142, #1139 on rubygems/rubygems
+	* test/rubygems:  ditto.
+
+Thu Feb  5 13:41:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (send_internal), vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_opt_send):
+	  convert String method name into a Symbol, as method_missing
+	  method expects its first argument to be a Symbol.  [Bug #10828]
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (ci_missing_reason): return the reason of method
+	  missing in call info.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_opt_send): re-apply r49500 with the
+	  proper missing reason.  [Bug #10828]
+
+Thu Feb  5 10:31:46 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_obj_singleton_methods): should use RTEST() to convert
+	  VALUE to int.
+
+Thu Feb  5 03:59:33 2015  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c: Fix symbol leak with +send+ [Bug #10828]
+
+Wed Feb  4 20:26:54 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (Init_win32ole): should not use atexit to
+	  free allocated hash table to avoid error on Cygwin.
+
+Wed Feb  4 15:34:25 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (method_entry_i, class_instance_method_list,
+	  rb_obj_singleton_methods): should not include methods of
+	  superclasses if recur is false. [ruby-dev:48854] [Bug #10826]
+
+Wed Feb  4 16:32:40 2015  Matt Hoyle  <matt@deployable.co>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (VpSetPTR): fix a typo, 'expoennt'
+	  to 'exponent'.  [ruby-core:67980] [Bug #10823] [Fix GH-825]
+
+Wed Feb  4 15:55:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c: include ruby/ruby.h for PRIdPTRDIFF when a
+	  macro `DEBUG` is defined.  based on the patch by Owen Rodley in
+	  [ruby-core:67987]. [Bug #10825]
+
+Wed Feb  4 11:12:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (probes.stamp): rebuild dtrace dependent objects
+	  only when `dtrace -G` modifies its input files.
+
+Tue Feb  3 19:27:16 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* common.mk (ruby-glommed.o): dependency on $(OBJ) should be written
+	  in common.mk (in which OBJ is defined) because of Makefile include
+	  and parse order. This partly reverts r49419.
+	  [ruby-dev:48849] [Bug #10808]
+
+	* Makefile.in (ruby-glommed.o): ditto.
+
+	* Makefile.in (ruby-glommed.o): remove excess $(DTRACE_OBJ) because
+	  it is included in $(OBJS) since r49451.
+
+	* Makefile.in (probes.o): should depend on $(DTRACE_DEPENDENT_OBJS)
+
+Tue Feb  3 17:15:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cppflags, try_cflags, try_ldflags): get rid of
+	  interference by modifying global variables in have_devel? method.
+	  [ruby-core:67962] [Bug #10821]
+
+Tue Feb  3 15:23:58 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (remove_method): When remove refined
+	  method, raise a NameError if the method is not
+	  defined in refined class.
+
+	  But if the method is defined in refined class,
+	  it should keep refined method and remove original
+	  method.
+
+	  Patch by Seiei Higa. [ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]
+
+Tue Feb  3 14:04:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): obtain real name with FindFirstFile API
+	  instead of matching all entries, on Windows.
+	  [ruby-core:67954] [Bug #10819]
+
+Tue Feb  3 12:26:35 2015  Katsuhiko Nishimra  <ktns.87@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): set the default cxxflags, which is
+	  referred from the default CXXFLAGS, for extension libraries.
+	  [Fix GH-823]
+
+Tue Feb  3 05:52:00 2015  Aman Gupta <ruby@tmm1.net>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_objspace_free): cause rb_bug if lazy sweep is in progress
+	  during rb_objspace_free. Adds extra protection for r46340.
+	  Patch by Vicent Marti. [Bug #10768] [ruby-core:67734]
+	* gc.c (rb_objspace_call_finalizer): Ensure GC is completed after
+	  finalizers have run. We already call gc_rest() before invoking
+	  finalizers, but finalizer can allocate new objects and start new GC
+	  cycle, so we call gc_rest() again after finalizers are complete.
+
+Mon Feb  2 10:51:34 2015  Ari Pollak  <ajp@aripollak.com>
+
+	* doc/security.rdoc (Symbols): update about Symbol GC.  Symbols
+	  explicitly converted from Strings now can be collected, but
+	  reflection/metaprogramming still can cause memory flooding.
+	  [Fix GH-725]
+
+Sun Feb  1 13:46:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb (bin-comm): drop batch file installation.
+	  Windows 95 support has not been supported already.
+	  [Feature #10806]
+
+Sat Jan 31 12:06:23 2015  Scott Francis  <scott.francis@shopify.com>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): fix intermittent SIGBUS on
+	  Linux, by reserving the stack virtual address space at process
+	  start up so that it will not clash with the heap space.
+	  [Fix GH-822]
+
+Fri Jan 30 17:28:29 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* math.c (num2dbl_with_to_f): make faster when Bignum passed by
+	  direct conversion using rb_big2dbl().  [Feature #10800]
+
+Thu Jan 29 23:30:00 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (rb_rational_num): add fallback function
+	  for rubies lower than 2.2.0.
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (rb_rational_den): ditto.
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb: check the existences of struct RRational,
+	  rb_rational_num, and rb_rational_den.
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.bundle: bump version.
+
+Thu Jan 29 20:28:25 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/make-snapshot: removed md5 digest with package information
+
+Thu Jan 29 10:41:52 2015  Kazuki Tanaka  <gogotanaka@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* math.c (Get_Double): direct casting from Fixnum to double.
+	  [Feature #10785]
+
+Thu Jan 29 02:34:27 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: fix parsing hashes with
+	  instance variables when it is referenced multiple times.
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version
+	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: bump version
+	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for fix
+
+Thu Jan 29 02:06:09 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* thread.c (struct join_arg): restructure and make smaller
+	  (thread_join_sleep): avoid timeofday() call if forever
+	  (thread_join): pass join_arg.delay directly
+	  (rb_thread_inspect_msg): remove, inline into rb_thread_inspect
+	  (rb_thread_inspect): reduce branching and string creation
+	* thread_pthread.c (native_set_thread_name): create string directly
+	  to avoid reparsing. [Misc #10723]
+
+Wed Jan 28 21:32:24 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread.c: Improve documentation for Thread#value
+	  [Bug #10694][ruby-core:67324][ci skip]
+
+Tue Jan 27 16:04:19 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: added `!` command.
+
+Tue Jan 27 15:58:23 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: added history feature for platforms which
+	  lack readline.
+
+Mon Jan 26 22:09:35 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* .gitignore: ignored temporary file with git.
+
+Mon Jan 26 18:06:03 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-electric.el: Import version 2.2.2 from
+	  https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el.
+
+Mon Jan 26 11:37:49 2015  Dave Stevens  <dave@crowdlab.com>
+
+	* string.c (str_make_independent_expand): terminate String when
+	  moved from heap to embedded.  [Fix GH-821].
+
+Sun Jan 25 12:04:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (flatten): no need to call to_ary method on elements
+	  beyond the given level.  [ruby-core:67637] [Bug #10748]
+
+Sun Jan 25 00:42:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl: assemble without directory prefix.
+	  workaround of a bug of VC12 ml, by unak at [ruby-core:67792].
+	  [ruby-core:67789] [Bug #10780]
+
+Sat Jan 24 19:56:25 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dln_find.c (dln_find_1): search regular files only.  based on
+	  the patch by Alex Coomans in [ruby-core:67766].  [Bug #10776]
+
+Fri Jan 23 23:57:05 2015  Misumi Rize  <r@ayase-e.li>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_throw_start): search the target to break
+	  from a block with nested rescue, from the nested blocks.
+	  [ruby-core:67765] [Bug #10775] [Fix GH-820]
+
+Fri Jan 23 20:00:59 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_object, marshal_dump): use identity tables for
+	  arbitrary VALUE keys, because of performance of FLONUM.
+	  [Bug #10761]
+
+	* marshal.c (obj_alloc_by_klass, marshal_load): ditto.
+
+Fri Jan 23 17:12:33 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_flo.rb: new benchmark for [Bug #10761]
+
+Thu Jan 22 18:03:19 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (find_svn_log): use double quotes instead
+	  of single quotes because cmd.exe doesn't handle them.
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (done): the 2nd element of matched data
+	  is the offset of the end of matched string, not length.
+
+Thu Jan 22 16:45:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* st.c (st_numhash): mix float value for flonum
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): ditto
+	* benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb: new benchmark
+	* benchmark/bm_hash_ident_flo.rb: ditto
+	  [Bug #10761]
+
+Wed Jan 21 22:33:51 2015  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-electric.el: Import version 2.2.1 from
+	  https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el.  Improve compatibility
+	  with and optimize for Emacs 24.4.
+
+Wed Jan 21 09:40:52 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* file.c: Document other cases of missing birthtime on OS with patch
+	  provided by @sho-h similar to GH-817. [ci skip] [DOC]
+
+Wed Jan 21 09:09:19 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* NEWS: References to tickets added.
+	  [ruby-core:67701] [Bug #10760] Suggested by Zachary Scott.
+
+Tue Jan 20 22:59:54 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/vcs.rb: fix the exception given remote-url of svn.
+
+Tue Jan 20 12:58:33 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: now can change the page of `ls`.
+
+Tue Jan 20 12:28:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (readline): fallback to normal gets on
+	  Windows because IO.console.getch is not always do as expected.
+
+Tue Jan 20 11:31:07 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: update usage.
+
+Tue Jan 20 11:23:47 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb (mygets): to support Backspace
+	  implement gets by itself.
+
+Tue Jan 20 02:54:11 2015  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* file.c: NotImplementedError is raised if birthtime is unavailable.
+	  Patch by @y-yagi san and [Fixes GH-817] [ci skip] [DOC]
+
+	* ext/pathname/pathname.c: ditto.
+
+Mon Jan 19 22:08:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (include_modules_at): allow to prepend each module up to
+	  once for each classe.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+Sun Jan 18 18:32:20 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* math.c (math_atan2): revive documentation before r49220.
+	  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/nagachika/20150112/ruby_trunk_changes_49213_49226
+
+Sun Jan 18 15:57:32 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (check_definition): Module#public_method_defined?,
+	  Module#private_method_defined?, Module#protected_method_defined?
+	  should not use refinements. [ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]
+
+Sun Jan 18 15:50:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_dump.c (rb_vm_bugreport): check by configured result instead
+	  of system name for old FreeBSD.  based on a patch by Steve Wills
+	  at [ruby-core:67655].  [Bug #10752]
+
+Sun Jan 18 12:56:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (VPATH, NEWLINE_C), common.mk (common-srcs): make
+	  and use newline.c under enc/trans directory, not toplevel.  no
+	  longer search enc directory implicitly.
+
+	* configure.in, enc/Makefile.in (BUILTIN_ENCS, BUILTIN_TRANSES):
+	  prefix respective directory names to builtin encodings and
+	  transcoder source names.
+
+Sun Jan 18 11:49:46 2015  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_invoke): avoid SEGV when VT_RECORD
+	  variable is passed by reference. [ruby-dev:48803] [Bug #10697]
+
+Sat Jan 17 23:59:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb (visit_String):
+	  anchors like `\Z` are not valid inside character class.  use
+	  negative-lookahead instead.
+	  Fixes: https://github.com/tenderlove/psych/issues/221
+
+Sat Jan 17 23:42:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: get rid of pattern substitution, which is not
+	  supported by ash, and ash on NetBSD parses whole source first
+	  and fails to start.  [ruby-dev:48823] [Bug #10750]
+
+Fri Jan 16 18:42:58 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/redmine-backporter.rb: support adding related revisions
+	  to issues.
+
+Fri Jan 16 17:20:33 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	vm.c, vm_core.h: constify VM_CF_LEP, VM_CF_PREV_EP, VM_CF_BLOCK_PTR
+	and rb_vm_control_frame_block_ptr.
+
+Fri Jan 16 15:41:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version
+
+	* ext/psych/psych.gemspec: ditto
+
+Fri Jan 16 15:37:49 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: only dump hash
+	  subclasses. Thanks Joe Eli McIlvain <joe.eli.mac@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for change
+
+Fri Jan 16 15:35:21 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych.rb: bump version
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: fix line width wrapping
+	  for long strings.  Thanks Jakub Jirutka <jakub@jirutka.cz>
+
+	* test/psych/test_string.rb: test for change
+
+Fri Jan 16 11:44:44 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* eval_intern.h, vm.c, vm_eval.c, vm_insnhelper.c:
+	  change throw mechanism (not save target ep, but save target cfp).
+	  It fixes `unexpected break' bug that occurs when
+	  TracePoint#binding is called.
+	  [ruby-dev:48797] [Bug #10689]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+Thu Jan 15 23:55:15 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_close_m): Don't raise when the IO object is closed.
+	  [ruby-core:67444] [Feature #10718]
+
+Thu Jan 15 21:34:57 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_obj_singleton_method): Kernel#singleton_method should
+	  not use refinements, as well as Kernel#method.
+	  [ruby-core:67603] [Bug #10744]
+
+Thu Jan 15 10:45:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_select_bang, ary_reject_bang): linear
+	  performance.  [ruby-core:67418] [Feature #10714]
+
+Wed Jan 14 18:06:06 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
+
+	* lib/uri/mailto.rb: raising URI::InvalidComponentError instead
+	  of failing with undefined method `split' for nil:NilClass for
+	  mailto: URIs without opaque part. [Bug #10738]
+	* test/uri/testuri.rb: Test for above
+
+Wed Jan 14 16:45:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/downloader.rb (RubyGems.download): verify downloaded gem
+	  packages.  LowSecurity to allow untrusted certificates now.
+
+Wed Jan 14 15:43:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/readline/readline.c (readline_s_refresh_line): initialize
+	  before rl_refresh_line(), as some function make the internal
+	  state non-clean but rl_refresh_line() does not re-initialize it.
+	  [ruby-core:43957] [Bug #6232]
+
+Tue Jan 13 21:59:24 2015  Michal Papis  <mpapis@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb (gem): fix changing permissions of installed
+	  bundled gems.  [Fix GH-812]
+
+Tue Jan 13 21:57:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (distclean-local): remove autom4te.cache generated by
+	  autoconf.
+
+	* common.mk (realclean-local): remove id sources and dummy header
+	  for dtrace.  [ruby-core:67562] [Bug #10737]
+
+Tue Jan 13 21:08:22 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json, test/json: merge JSON HEAD(259dee6)
+	  separate implementation of Typed_Data macro.
+	  https://github.com/flori/json/compare/v1.8.1...v1.8.2
+
+Tue Jan 13 14:16:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/net/http/test_http.rb: get rid of accessing DNS actually
+	  for some servers returning wrong results.
+	  [ruby-core:67454] [Bug #10721]
+
+Mon Jan 12 23:21:57 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gems/bundled_gems: update test-unit to 3.0.9.
+
+Mon Jan 12 18:35:44 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (bit_coerce): use original value for error message
+	  [ruby-core:67405] [Bug #10711]
+	* test/ruby/test_numeric.rb (test_coerce): check error message
+
+Mon Jan 12 18:01:24 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/text.rb (expand_tabs): get rid of infinite loop with
+	  CR.  should check if substitution occurred too.
+	  [ruby-dev:48813] [Bug #10732]
+
+Mon Jan 12 16:45:46 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): raise a NameError when creating alias to
+	  a refined method if the original method of the refined method is
+	  not defined.  [ruby-core:67523] [Bug #10731]
+
+Mon Jan 12 13:53:17 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* math.c (math_atan2): improve documentation.
+	  [Feature #10323][ruby-core:65400][ci skip]
+
+Mon Jan 12 13:50:49 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: fixes documentation like labeled lists,
+	  code examples etc. [ruby-core:66730][Bug #10576][ci skip]
+
+Mon Jan 12 13:36:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb: improvements for OptionParser documentation.
+	  [misc #10608][ruby-core:66901][ci skip]
+
+Mon Jan 12 13:33:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_each): documented return value.
+	  [misc #10469][ruby-core:66063]
+
+Sun Jan 11 15:11:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/webrick/test_utils.rb (test_create_listeners): use
+	  dynamically chosen port number, not hardcoded port number.
+	  [ruby-core:67508]
+
+Sat Jan 10 12:57:12 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: fix document of method signatures.
+	  [Bug #10668][ruby-core:67186][ci skip]
+
+Sat Jan 10 12:32:44 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval_error.c (error_print): pos and len parameters of rb_str_substr()
+	  are counted by characters, not bytes.  use rb_str_subseq() instead.
+	  [Bug #10727] [ruby-core:67473]
+
+Sat Jan 10 10:58:55 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* complex.c: removed commented-out code.
+
+Sat Jan 10 10:57:19 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* rational.c: removed commented-out code.
+	  [Feature #10376][ruby-core:65643]
+
+Sat Jan 10 10:12:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_select_bang): keep the array consistent by
+	  removing unselected values soon.  [ruby-dev:48805] [Bug #10722]
+
+Fri Jan  9 23:20:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/rubygems:  Update to RubyGems HEAD(e53c54a).
+	* test/rubygems:  ditto.
+
+Fri Jan  9 11:13:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (assocs, assoc): eliminate splatting empty literal
+	  hashes.  [ruby-core:67446] [Bug #10719]
+
+	* compile.c (compile_array_): support splatted hash in hash type.
+
+Fri Jan  9 10:57:09 2015  Vit Ondruch  <vondruch@redhat.com>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE): Remove superfluous semicolon
+	  which causes a syntax error with autoconf 2.63.
+	  [ruby-core:67429] [Bug #10716]
+
+Fri Jan  9 07:23:32 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: correctly quote non-ascii
+	  letters. Thanks @jirutka for the patch.
+
+	* test/psych/test_string.rb: test for change
+
+Fri Jan  9 07:13:55 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: call `allocate` on hash
+	  subclasses.  Fixes github.com/tenderlove/psych/issues/196
+
+	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for change
+
+Fri Jan  9 06:58:43 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb: revive hashes with ivars
+
+	* ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb: dump hashes with ivars.
+	  Fixes github.com/psych/issues/43
+
+	* test/psych/test_hash.rb: test for change
+
+Thu Jan  8 17:05:00 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry): if no super class, no original
+	  method entry.  [ruby-core:67389] [Bug #10707]
+
+Thu Jan  8 16:31:43 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_export_method): bail out if the original method
+	  is undefined when the method is refined.
+	  [ruby-core:67387] [Bug #10706]
+
+Thu Jan  8 12:53:44 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): match in case-folding only if the directory
+	  resides on a case-insensitive file system, on OSX.
+	  [ruby-core:67364] [Bug #10700]
+
+Thu Jan  8 11:39:18 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* .travis.yml: Remove redundant configuration option.
+	  [fix GH-809] Patch by @gxworld
+
+Thu Jan  8 07:17:14 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: consider ENETUNREACH as ResolvTimeout
+	  [ruby-core:67411] [Bug #10712]
+
+Thu Jan  8 00:13:52 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/open3.rb: Open3 properly passes non-keyword hash args to spawn.
+	  Fixed by Josh Cheek.  [Fix GH-808]
+	  Related to [ruby-core:67347] [Bug #10699]
+
+Wed Jan  7 19:19:26 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_initialize): workaround of opendir failure at symlink
+	  directories on Windows via CIFS.
+
+Wed Jan  7 18:52:50 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (need_normalization): not only HFS+, CIFS (SMB) is also
+	  decomposed.  [Bug #10704]
+
+	* dir.c (NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH): Unicode decomposition seems to
+	  perform in an upper layer than file systems on OSX, as all path
+	  names are always decomposed regardless of file system types.
+
+Tue Jan  6 21:41:04 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* time.c (timelocalw): Set tm_isdst field -1 if vtm->isdst is
+	  VTM_ISDST_INITVAL.  This bug is introduced at packing struct
+	  vtm (r45155).
+	  [ruby-core:67345] [Bug #10698] Reported by Boris Ruf.
+
+Tue Jan  6 03:10:54 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb: fix syntax.
+
+Tue Jan  6 00:16:10 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb (test_NEXT): use -test-/dln/empty
+	  which is always a shared object and is not used by others.
+	  [ruby-dev:48629] [Bug #10384]
+
+Mon Jan  5 14:58:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: added timeout for AIX environment.
+	  [ruby-core:62983][Bug #9917]
+
+Sun Jan  4 22:33:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (ExcludesOption): add "excludes" support
+	  to test suite, for alternative implementations and platforms.
+	  [Feature #10682]
+
+Sun Jan  4 22:32:42 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit): reorder modules and merge
+	  each modules.
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit.rb (Test::Unit): split the large class into
+	  each modules.
+
+Sun Jan  4 21:32:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (f_label): return tLABEL value as it is.
+	  [ruby-core:67315] [Bug #10693]
+
+Sun Jan  4 14:02:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb (run): expand the file name to be
+	  loaded, so that relative paths work in parallel mode.
+
+Sun Jan  4 13:36:56 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/test_tempfile.rb: use assert_file for more descriptive message.
+	  following r49131.
+
+Sun Jan  4 13:05:09 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c: improve docs for String#<=>. [ruby-core:65399][Feature #10322]
+	  Patch by gogo tanaka.
+
+Sun Jan  4 12:42:24 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c: improve docs for Array#reject. [ruby-core:65324][misc #10307]
+	  Patched by Nebu Pookins.
+
+Sun Jan  4 12:24:11 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c: improve docs for String#strip and variations.
+	  [ruby-core:66081][Bug #10476]
+
+Sun Jan  4 09:21:04 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/drb/drb.rb: removed unused argument. Patch by @vipulnsward
+	  [fix GH-515]
+
+Sun Jan  4 09:18:31 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb: provide default basename parameter.
+	  [fix GH-523] Patch by @dissolved
+	* test/test_tempfile.rb: ditto.
+
+Sun Jan  4 00:43:41 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
+
+	* README.ja.md: add guidance of mailing list and bugs.r-l.o.
+
+Sat Jan  3 23:56:28 2015  Ayumu AIZAWA  <ayumu.aizawa@gmail.com>
+
+	* hash.c: fix docs for Hash#invert. [ruby-core:66917] [Bug #10612]
+
+Sat Jan  3 19:52:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/intern.h (rb_str_new_literal): define on all
+	  platforms, not only gcc.
+
+Sat Jan  3 18:53:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb (parse_ctype): limit split word
+	  number as the rest are not used.
+
+Sat Jan  3 18:19:50 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb: r49110 broke Fiddle::Import with
+	  type_alias.
+	* test/fiddle/test_cparser.rb: added type_alias test for parse_ctype
+	  and parse_struct_signature.
+
+Sat Jan  3 11:50:16 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: avoid to build failure of Windows environment.
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c: ditto.
+
+Sat Jan  3 11:27:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* array.c: Improve performance of Array#shift. use shared instead of
+	  MEMMOVE if with arguments. Patch by @ksss [fix GH-537]
+	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: ditto.
+	* benchmark/bm_array_shift.rb: Added benchmark of GH-537 issue.
+
+Sat Jan  3 10:38:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: More descriptive error message when net/http fails
+	  to connect to a server. Patch by @xaviershay [fix GH-700]
+	* test/net/http/test_http.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Jan  3 10:14:51 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: Make `SSL_SESSION_cmp` use `CRYPTO_memcmp`
+	  [fix GH-591] Patch by @PiPeep
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c: ditto.
+
+Sat Jan  3 09:54:32 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb: Support for Fiddle::CParser
+	  to handle rich signatures including parameter names and function
+	  pointer types. Patch by @theryan [fix GH-590]
+	* test/fiddle/test_cparser.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Jan  3 09:01:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* NEWS: added compatibility entry of r49101.
+
+Fri Jan  2 21:06:59 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#send_request): there is no response body
+	  with HEAD request. Patch by @rodrigosaito [fix GH-520]
+
+Fri Jan  2 21:04:36 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/net/http/test_http.rb (_test_send_request__HEAD): Added
+	  failing test for send_request with HEAD method.
+
+Fri Jan  2 18:41:20 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_init): Print ruby_setup() error only in debug mode.
+	  Unsuppressable error message is not a good idea.
+	  Note that the message is printed sometimes with following
+	  code (highly timing dependent, though):
+	  pid = spawn("ruby -e ''"); Process.kill(:TERM, pid)
+
+Fri Jan  2 16:18:44 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb: Refactor invalid testcase.
+	  [fix GH-472][ruby-core:59035][Bug #9240]
+
+Fri Jan  2 15:53:00 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb: removed unused argument variable.
+	  [fix GH-356] Patch by @vipulnsward
+	* lib/webrick/server.rb: ditto.
+	* lib/webrick/ssl.rb: ditto.
+	* test/webrick/test_utils.rb: added test for WEBrick::Utils#create_listeners.
+
+Fri Jan  2 15:35:53 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb: improve syntax and grammar of documentation.
+	  [fix GH-796][ci skip] Patch by @Erol
+
+Fri Jan  2 15:10:01 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl_session.rb (OpenSSL#test_ctx_client_session_cb):
+	  fix test failure with OpenSSL disabled SSLv3 protocol.
+	  [ruby-core:63772] [Bug #10046]
+
+Fri Jan  2 09:08:31 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Label::Str#==): Check class equality.
+	  (Resolv::DNS::Name#initialize): Normalize labels as
+	  Resolv::DNS::Label::Str objects.
+
+Thu Jan  1 21:41:49 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* doc/regexp.rdoc: fix regexp docs for whitespace character.
+	  [ruby-dev:48765] [Bug #10624]
+
+Thu Jan  1 17:50:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb: try locale encoding name.
+	  [ruby-core:67109] [Bug #10643]
+
+Thu Jan  1 11:07:12 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* symbol.c (rb_gc_free_dsymbol): delete from global fstr hash
+	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb (test_symbol_fstr_leak): test for bug
+	  [ruby-core:67268] [Bug #10686]
+
+Thu Jan  1 09:14:21 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_args.c (keyword_hash_p): fix non-symbol keys hash.
+	  rb_extract_keywords() returns 0 not Qnil when no symbol keys is
+	  included.  [ruby-core:67264] [Bug #10685]
+
+Wed Dec 31 17:48:43 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Label::Str#initialize): Set encoding
+	  ASCII-8BIT before downcase.  case insensitivity of DNS labels doesn't
+	  apply non-ASCII characters.  [RFC 4343]
+
+Wed Dec 31 16:48:44 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (gettable_gen): disable warnings of possible reference
+	  to a local variable defined in a past scope.
+	  [ruby-core:67162] [Bug #10661]
+
+Wed Dec 31 13:43:48 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name#==): Compare an array of Label:Str
+	  objects.  Label#Str#== is case-insensitive.
+
+Tue Dec 30 16:16:12 2014  Ben Miller  <bmiller@rackspace.com>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name#==): DNS is case-insensitive, so the
+	  comparison should be case-insensitive as well.
+	  [ruby-core:66498] [Bug #10550]
+
+Tue Dec 30 16:03:45 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name): names with different dots
+	  should be different.
+
+Tue Dec 30 13:16:56 2014  Martin Duerst  <bernhard+git@lsmod.de>
+
+	* lib/uri/common.rb: Initialize HTML5ASCIIINCOMPAT to empty Array
+	  to avoid error during bootstrap when encodings are not yet defined.
+	  [Bug #10678]
+
+Tue Dec 30 09:29:26 2014  Bernhard M. Wiedemann  <bernhard+git@lsmod.de>
+
+	* ext/dbm/dbm.c (Init_dbm): [DOC] as UNIX permissions are octal
+	  numbers, needs to be prefixed by 0.  [Fix GH-800]
+
+Tue Dec 30 08:57:39 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/unicode_normalize.rb: typo fix. [ci skip]
+	  [ruby-dev:48794][misc #10675]
+
+Mon Dec 29 19:38:01 2014  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* version.h (RUBY_VERSION): 2.3.0 development has started.
+
+Mon Dec 29 18:58:46 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (unescape_nonascii): append escape sequence as-is not
+	  unescaped character, to get rid of unexpected meta-character.
+	  [ruby-core:67193] [Bug #10670]
+
+Mon Dec 29 14:27:33 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* doc/syntax/literals.rdoc (Symbols): now Symbols created by
+	  interpolation can be garbage collected.  patch by Yihang Ho in
+	  [ruby-core:67194].  [Bug #10671]
+
+Mon Dec 29 11:18:17 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (rb_thread_variable_get): fix dynamic symbol keys.
+	  rb_check_id() returns non-zero only for static symbols, whereas
+	  thread local variable keys can be dynamic symbols.
+	  [ruby-core:67185] [Bug #10667]
+
+Mon Dec 29 10:37:27 2014  Thiago Lewin  <thiago_lewin@yahoo.com.br>
+
+	* io.c (rb_f_select): [DOC] workaround for YARD doc.  [Fix GH-799]
+
+	* process.c (proc_detach): [DOC] fix missing closing parenthesis.
+	  [Fix GH-799]
+
+Mon Dec 29 07:27:23 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/json, test/json: merge JSON HEAD(17fe8e7)
+	  https://github.com/flori/json/compare/v1.8.1...17fe8e7
+
+Sun Dec 28 23:49:37 2014  Michal Papis  <mpapis@gmail.com>
+
+	* rbinstall.rb: fix target location for installing bundled gems.
+	  install to the prepared directory instead of default Gem.dir,
+	  not to be affected GEM_HOME environment variable.  [Fix GH-798]
+
+Sun Dec 28 18:19:28 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* test/-ext-/iseq_load/test_iseq_load.rb
+	  (test_next_in_block_in_block): test using ISeq#eval
+	  (test_break_ensure): ditto
+	  [ruby-core:66988]
+
+Sun Dec 28 16:25:12 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* cygwin/GNUmakefile.in (EXTOBJS): override to add resource files
+	  always.  [ruby-core:67153] [Bug #10657]
+
+Sun Dec 28 13:54:26 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (f_kwrest, new_args_tail_gen): unnamed rest keyword and
+	  keywords bits arguments should be unique.  since internal IDs
+	  depend on the local variable index in the current scope, new ID
+	  should be made before popping those vtables.
+	  [ruby-core:67157] [Bug #10659]
+
+Sat Dec 27 20:12:55 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/json/generator/generator.c (JSON_Generator_State_type): add
+	  #ifdef for backward compatibility.
+
+	* ext/json/parser/parser.rl (JSON_Parser_type): ditto.
+
+	* ext/json/generator/generator.h (ZALLOC): add fallback definition.
+
+	* ext/json/parser/parser.h (ZALLOC): ditto.
+
+Sat Dec 27 16:54:05 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c: Unused code removed.
+	  It seems waitpid() is universally available on POSIX platforms.
+
+Sat Dec 27 15:08:27 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_living_threads_insert): preserve order
+	  [Bug #10660] [ruby-core:67154] [ruby-core:67159]
+
+Sat Dec 27 13:08:20 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c: improved document for YARD doc.
+	  [fix GH-795][ci skip] Patch by @tlewin
+
+Sat Dec 27 10:11:21 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb: fix to invoke correct function
+	  of tcllib. Patch by @zalt50 [fix GH-787]
+
+Sat Dec 27 10:03:41 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* tool/make-snapshot: show sha1 digest when making packages.
+	  it's request from https://github.com/ruby/www.ruby-lang.org/issues/921
+	  [fix GH-794]
+
+Fri Dec 26 15:32:16 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c (ip_invoke_core): remove probably duplicate
+	  dead code.
+
+Fri Dec 26 15:28:27 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c (ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_const_get): simply use
+	  rb_path2class() to get a class/module from its name.
+
+Fri Dec 26 15:20:54 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_long): append at once by w_nbyte() instead of
+	  appending byte by byte.
+
+Fri Dec 26 15:13:13 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/json/parser/parser.rl (unescape_unicode): check if valid
+	  before bit-or assignments.
+	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
+
+	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c (nkf_iconv_t): fix a missing semicolon.
+	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
+
+	* process.c (rb_spawn_process): get rid of usage of uninitialized
+	  variable.
+	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
+
+	* regexec.c (match_at): ditto.
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_wc2mb_alloc, ole_vstr2wc, ole_mb2wc):
+	  ditto.
+
+	* dir.c (ruby_glob0): no need to check never-NULL pointer.
+	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): ditto.
+
+	* win32/file.c (code_page_i): handle realloc failure.
+	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
+
+	* win32/stub.c (stub_sysinit): ditto.
+
+	* fix printf format conversion specifiers.
+	  reported by Denis Denisov <denji0k AT gmail.com>.
+
+Fri Dec 26 01:41:40 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/rbinstall.rb: skip installing bundle gems if zlib is unavailable.
+	  [Bug #10647] [ruby-dev:48787]
+
+Fri Dec 26 01:24:42 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/downloader.rb: support old versions of ruby.
+
+	* tool/downloader.rb: now can download gems by http if openssl is not
+	  available (this may be danger!)
+
+Fri Dec 26 00:13:48 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_extlibs.rb: check existence of extension libraries
+	  which not depend on outer libraries. (experimental)
+
+Thu Dec 25 21:58:15 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: make PIC objects if it will be linked as
+	  a shared object eventually.  [ruby-core:67128]
+
+Thu Dec 25 19:01:13 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-3.2.1-mswin.patch: support mswin32.
+
+Thu Dec 25 17:30:40 2014  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c (wmap_final_func): fix memory size shortage when realloc wmap.
+	  Fix SEGV during finalize of WeakRef on Solaris (though the SEGV
+	  could occur on all OS/platforms). [ruby-dev:48779] [Bug #10646]
+
+Thu Dec 25 17:27:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (NET_LUID): include winsock2.h instead of windows.h.
+	  patch by Jon Forums in [ruby-core:67125].  [Bug #10640]
+
+Thu Dec 25 16:14:10 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_dev): send the given arguments
+	  to the opened console.  as a special case, do nothing if :close
+	  is given.
+
+	* test/lib/leakchecker.rb (LeakChecker#check_fd_leak): close if
+	  console.
+
+For the changes before 2.2.0, see doc/ChangeLog-2.2.0
+For the changes before 2.1.0, see doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
+For the changes before 2.0.0, see doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
+For the changes before 1.9.3, see doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
+For the changes before 1.8.0, see doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
+
+Local variables:
+coding: us-ascii
+add-log-time-format: (lambda ()
+  (let* ((time (current-time))
+	 (system-time-locale "C")
+	 (diff (+ (cadr time) 32400))
+	 (lo (% diff 65536))
+	 (hi (+ (car time) (/ diff 65536))))
+  (format-time-string "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y" (list hi lo) t)))
+indent-tabs-mode: t
+tab-width: 8
+change-log-indent-text: 2
+end:
+vim: tabstop=8 shiftwidth=2
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.4.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.4.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96b5ecb077