200 files changed, 131950 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/ruby/allpairs.rb b/test/ruby/allpairs.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5893e252a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/allpairs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+module AllPairs
+  module_function
+
+  def make_prime(v)
+    return 2 if v < 2
+    ary = [true] * (v*2)
+    2.upto(Math.sqrt(ary.length).ceil) {|i|
+      return i if ary[i] && v <= i
+      (i*2).step(ary.length, i) {|j|
+        ary[j] = false
+      }
+    }
+    v.upto(ary.length-1) {|i|
+      return i if ary[i]
+    }
+    raise "[bug] prime not found greater than #{v}"
+  end
+
+  def make_basic_block(prime)
+    prime.times {|i|
+      prime.times {|j|
+        row = [i]
+        0.upto(prime-1) {|m|
+          row << (i*m + j) % prime
+        }
+        yield row
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def combine_block(tbl1, tbl2)
+    result = []
+    tbl2.each {|row|
+      result << row * tbl1.first.length
+    }
+    tbl1.each_with_index {|row, k|
+      next if k == 0
+      result << row.map {|i| [i] * tbl2.first.length }.flatten
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  def make_large_block(v, prime)
+    if prime <= v+1
+      make_basic_block(v) {|row|
+        yield row
+      }
+    else
+      tbl = []
+      make_basic_block(v) {|row|
+        tbl << row
+      }
+      tbls = [tbl]
+      while tbl.first.length ** 2 < prime
+        tbl = combine_block(tbl, tbl)
+        tbls << tbl
+      end
+      tbl1 = tbls.find {|t| prime <= t.first.length * tbl.first.length }
+      tbl = combine_block(tbl, tbl1)
+      tbl.each {|row|
+        yield row
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def each_index(*vs)
+    n = vs.length
+    max_v = vs.max
+    h = {}
+    make_large_block(max_v, n) {|row|
+      row = vs.zip(row).map {|v, i| i % v }
+      next if h[row]
+      h[row] = true
+      yield row
+    }
+  end
+
+  # generate all pairs test.
+  def each(*args)
+    args.map! {|a| a.to_a }
+    each_index(*args.map {|a| a.length}) {|is|
+      yield is.zip(args).map {|i, a| a[i] }
+    }
+  end
+
+  # generate all combination in cartesian product.  (not all-pairs test)
+  def exhaustive_each(*args)
+    args = args.map {|a| a.to_a }
+    i = 0
+    while true
+      n = i
+      as = []
+      args.reverse_each {|a|
+        n, m = n.divmod(a.length)
+        as.unshift a[m]
+      }
+      break if 0 < n
+      yield as
+      i += 1
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/beginmainend.rb b/test/ruby/beginmainend.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6de5d65fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/beginmainend.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+BEGIN {
+  puts "b1"
+  # local_begin1 = "local_begin1"
+  $global_begin1 = "global_begin1"
+  ConstBegin1 = "ConstBegin1"
+}
+
+BEGIN {
+  puts "b2"
+
+  BEGIN {
+    puts "b2-1"
+  }
+}
+
+# for scope check
+#raise if defined?(local_begin1)
+raise unless defined?($global_begin1)
+raise unless defined?(::ConstBegin1)
+local_for_end2 = "e2"
+$global_for_end1 = "e1"
+
+puts "main"
+
+END {
+  puts local_for_end2	# e2
+}
+
+eval <<EOE
+  BEGIN {
+    puts "b3"
+
+    BEGIN {
+      puts "b3-1"
+    }
+  }
+
+  BEGIN {
+    puts "b4"
+  }
+
+  END {
+    puts "e3"
+  }
+
+  END {
+    puts "e4"
+
+    END {
+      puts "e4-1"
+
+      END {
+	puts "e4-1-1"
+      }
+    }
+
+    END {
+      puts "e4-2"
+    }
+  }
+EOE
+
+END {
+  exit
+  puts "should not be dumped"
+
+  END {
+    puts "not reached"
+  }
+}
+
+END {
+  puts $global_for_end1	# e1
+
+  END {
+    puts "e1-1"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/a.1_1_0.rb b/test/ruby/box/a.1_1_0.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0322585097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/a.1_1_0.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class BOX_A
+  VERSION = "1.1.0"
+
+  def yay
+    "yay #{VERSION}"
+  end
+end
+
+module BOX_B
+  VERSION = "1.1.0"
+
+  def self.yay
+    "yay_b1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/a.1_2_0.rb b/test/ruby/box/a.1_2_0.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29813ea57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/a.1_2_0.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class BOX_A
+  VERSION = "1.2.0"
+
+  def yay
+    "yay #{VERSION}"
+  end
+end
+
+module BOX_B
+  VERSION = "1.2.0"
+
+  def self.yay
+    "yay_b1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/a.rb b/test/ruby/box/a.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26a622c92b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/a.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+class BOX_A
+  FOO = "foo_a1"
+
+  def yay
+    "yay_a1"
+  end
+end
+
+module BOX_B
+  BAR = "bar_b1"
+
+  def self.yay
+    "yay_b1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/autoloading.rb b/test/ruby/box/autoloading.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cba57ab377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/autoloading.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+autoload :BOX_A, File.join(__dir__, 'a.1_1_0')
+BOX_A.new.yay
+
+module BOX_B
+  autoload :BAR, File.join(__dir__, 'a')
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/blank.rb b/test/ruby/box/blank.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d201b0966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/blank.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Blank1
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/blank1.rb b/test/ruby/box/blank1.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d201b0966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/blank1.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Blank1
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/blank2.rb b/test/ruby/box/blank2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba38c1d6db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/blank2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Blank2
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/box.rb b/test/ruby/box/box.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b7da14e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/box.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+BOX1 = Ruby::Box.new
+BOX1.require_relative('a.1_1_0')
+
+def yay
+  BOX1::BOX_B::yay
+end
+
+yay
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/call_proc.rb b/test/ruby/box/call_proc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8acf538fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/call_proc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Bar
+  def self.caller(proc_value)
+    proc_value.call
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/call_toplevel.rb b/test/ruby/box/call_toplevel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c311a37028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/call_toplevel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+foo
+
+#### TODO: this code should be valid, but can't be for now
+# module Foo
+#   def self.wow
+#     foo
+#   end
+# end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/consts.rb b/test/ruby/box/consts.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e40cd5c50c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/consts.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+$VERBOSE = nil
+class String
+  STR_CONST1 = 111
+  STR_CONST2 = 222
+  STR_CONST3 = 333
+end
+
+class String
+  STR_CONST1 = 112
+
+  def self.set0(val)
+    const_set(:STR_CONST0, val)
+  end
+
+  def self.remove0
+    remove_const(:STR_CONST0)
+  end
+
+  def refer0
+    STR_CONST0
+  end
+
+  def refer1
+    STR_CONST1
+  end
+
+  def refer2
+    STR_CONST2
+  end
+
+  def refer3
+    STR_CONST3
+  end
+end
+
+module ForConsts
+  CONST1 = 111
+end
+
+TOP_CONST = 10
+
+module ForConsts
+  CONST1 = 112
+  CONST2 = 222
+  CONST3 = 333
+
+  def self.refer_all
+    ForConsts::CONST1
+    ForConsts::CONST2
+    ForConsts::CONST3
+    String::STR_CONST1
+    String::STR_CONST2
+    String::STR_CONST3
+  end
+
+  def self.refer1
+    CONST1
+  end
+
+  def self.get1
+    const_get(:CONST1)
+  end
+
+  def self.refer2
+    CONST2
+  end
+
+  def self.get2
+    const_get(:CONST2)
+  end
+
+  def self.refer3
+    CONST3
+  end
+
+  def self.get3
+    const_get(:CONST3)
+  end
+
+  def self.refer_top_const
+    TOP_CONST
+  end
+
+  # for String
+  class Proxy
+    def call_str_refer0
+      String.new.refer0
+    end
+
+    def call_str_get0
+      String.const_get(:STR_CONST0)
+    end
+
+    def call_str_set0(val)
+      String.set0(val)
+    end
+
+    def call_str_remove0
+      String.remove0
+    end
+
+    def call_str_refer1
+      String.new.refer1
+    end
+
+    def call_str_get1
+      String.const_get(:STR_CONST1)
+    end
+
+    String::STR_CONST2 = 223
+
+    def call_str_refer2
+      String.new.refer2
+    end
+
+    def call_str_get2
+      String.const_get(:STR_CONST2)
+    end
+
+    def call_str_set3
+      String.const_set(:STR_CONST3, 334)
+    end
+
+    def call_str_refer3
+      String.new.refer3
+    end
+
+    def call_str_get3
+      String.const_get(:STR_CONST3)
+    end
+
+    # for Integer
+    Integer::INT_CONST1 = 1
+
+    def refer_int_const1
+      Integer::INT_CONST1
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# should not raise errors
+ForConsts.refer_all
+String::STR_CONST1
+Integer::INT_CONST1
+
+# If we execute this sentence once, the constant value will be cached on ISeq inline constant cache.
+# And it changes the behavior of ForConsts.refer_consts_directly called from global.
+# ForConsts.refer_consts_directly # should not raise errors too
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/define_toplevel.rb b/test/ruby/box/define_toplevel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa77db3a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/define_toplevel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+def foo
+  "foooooooooo"
+end
+
+foo # should not raise errors
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/global_vars.rb b/test/ruby/box/global_vars.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..590363f617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/global_vars.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+module LineSplitter
+  def self.read
+    $-0
+  end
+
+  def self.write(char)
+    $-0 = char
+  end
+end
+
+module FieldSplitter
+  def self.read
+    $,
+  end
+
+  def self.write(char)
+    $, = char
+  end
+end
+
+module UniqueGvar
+  def self.read
+    $used_only_in_box
+  end
+
+  def self.write(val)
+    $used_only_in_box = val
+  end
+
+  def self.write_only(val)
+    $write_only_var_in_box = val
+  end
+
+  def self.gvars_in_box
+    global_variables
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/instance_variables.rb b/test/ruby/box/instance_variables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1562ad5d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/instance_variables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+class String
+  class << self
+    attr_reader :str_ivar1
+
+    def str_ivar2
+      @str_ivar2
+    end
+  end
+
+  @str_ivar1 = 111
+  @str_ivar2 = 222
+end
+
+class StringDelegator < BasicObject
+private
+  def method_missing(...)
+    ::String.public_send(...)
+  end
+end
+
+StringDelegatorObj = StringDelegator.new
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/line_splitter.rb b/test/ruby/box/line_splitter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2596975ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/line_splitter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module LineSplitter
+  def self.read
+    $-0
+  end
+
+  def self.write(char)
+    $-0 = char
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/load_path.rb b/test/ruby/box/load_path.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e5a83ef96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/load_path.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+module LoadPathCheck
+  FIRST_LOAD_PATH = $LOAD_PATH.dup
+  FIRST_LOAD_PATH_RESPOND_TO_RESOLVE = $LOAD_PATH.respond_to?(:resolve_feature_path)
+  FIRST_LOADED_FEATURES = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
+
+  HERE = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+
+  def self.current_load_path
+    $LOAD_PATH
+  end
+
+  def self.current_loaded_features
+    $LOADED_FEATURES
+  end
+
+  def self.require_blank1
+    $LOAD_PATH << HERE
+    require 'blank1'
+  end
+
+  def self.require_blank2
+    require 'blank2'
+  end
+end
+
+LoadPathCheck.require_blank1
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/open_class_with_include.rb b/test/ruby/box/open_class_with_include.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad8fd58ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/open_class_with_include.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+module StringExt
+  FOO = "foo 1"
+  def say_foo
+    "I'm saying " + FOO
+  end
+end
+
+class String
+  include StringExt
+  def say
+    say_foo
+  end
+end
+
+module OpenClassWithInclude
+  def self.say
+    String.new.say
+  end
+
+  def self.say_foo
+    String.new.say_foo
+  end
+
+  def self.say_with_obj(str)
+    str.say
+  end
+
+  def self.refer_foo
+    String::FOO
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/proc_callee.rb b/test/ruby/box/proc_callee.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d30ab5d9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/proc_callee.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module Target
+  def self.foo
+    "fooooo"
+  end
+end
+
+module Foo
+  def self.callee
+    lambda do
+      Target.foo
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/proc_caller.rb b/test/ruby/box/proc_caller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8acf538fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/proc_caller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Bar
+  def self.caller(proc_value)
+    proc_value.call
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/procs.rb b/test/ruby/box/procs.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c39a8231b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/procs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+class String
+  FOO = "foo"
+  def yay
+    "yay"
+  end
+end
+
+module ProcLookupTestA
+  module B
+    VALUE = 222
+  end
+end
+
+module ProcInBox
+  def self.make_proc_from_block(&b)
+    b
+  end
+
+  def self.call_proc(proc_arg)
+    proc_arg.call
+  end
+
+  def self.make_str_proc(type)
+    case type
+    when :proc_new then Proc.new { String.new.yay }
+    when :proc_f   then proc { String.new.yay }
+    when :lambda_f then lambda { String.new.yay }
+    when :lambda_l then ->(){ String.new.yay }
+    when :block    then make_proc_from_block { String.new.yay }
+    else
+      raise "invalid type :#{type}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.make_const_proc(type)
+    case type
+    when :proc_new then Proc.new { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }
+    when :proc_f   then proc { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }
+    when :lambda_f then lambda { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }
+    when :lambda_l then ->(){ ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }
+    when :block    then make_proc_from_block { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }
+    else
+      raise "invalid type :#{type}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.make_str_const_proc(type)
+    case type
+    when :proc_new then Proc.new { String::FOO }
+    when :proc_f   then proc { String::FOO }
+    when :lambda_f then lambda { String::FOO }
+    when :lambda_l then ->(){ String::FOO }
+    when :block    then make_proc_from_block { String::FOO }
+    else
+      raise "invalid type :#{type}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  CONST_PROC_NEW = Proc.new { [String.new.yay, String::FOO, ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE.to_s].join(',') }
+  CONST_PROC_F   = proc { [String.new.yay, String::FOO, ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE.to_s].join(',') }
+  CONST_LAMBDA_F = lambda { [String.new.yay, String::FOO, ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE.to_s].join(',') }
+  CONST_LAMBDA_L = ->() { [String.new.yay, String::FOO, ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE.to_s].join(',') }
+  CONST_BLOCK    = make_proc_from_block { [String.new.yay, String::FOO, ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE.to_s].join(',') }
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/raise.rb b/test/ruby/box/raise.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efb67f85c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/raise.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+raise "Yay!"
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/returns_proc.rb b/test/ruby/box/returns_proc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb816e5024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/returns_proc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module Foo
+  def self.foo
+    "fooooo"
+  end
+
+  def self.callee
+    lambda do
+      Foo.foo
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/singleton_methods.rb b/test/ruby/box/singleton_methods.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05470932d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/singleton_methods.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+class String
+  def self.greeting
+    "Good evening!"
+  end
+end
+
+class Integer
+  class << self
+    def answer
+      42
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Array
+  def a
+    size
+  end
+  def self.blank
+    []
+  end
+  def b
+    size
+  end
+end
+
+class Hash
+  def a
+    size
+  end
+  class << self
+    def http_200
+      {status: 200, body: 'OK'}
+    end
+  end
+  def b
+    size
+  end
+end
+
+module SingletonMethods
+  def self.string_greeing
+    String.greeting
+  end
+
+  def self.integer_answer
+    Integer.answer
+  end
+
+  def self.array_blank
+    Array.blank
+  end
+
+  def self.hash_http_200
+    Hash.http_200
+  end
+
+  def self.array_instance_methods_return_size(ary)
+    [ary.a, ary.b]
+  end
+
+  def self.hash_instance_methods_return_size(hash)
+    [hash.a, hash.b]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/string_ext.rb b/test/ruby/box/string_ext.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8c5a3d661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/string_ext.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+class String
+  def yay
+    "yay"
+  end
+end
+
+String.new.yay # check this doesn't raise NoMethodError
+
+module Bar
+  def self.yay
+    String.new.yay
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/string_ext_caller.rb b/test/ruby/box/string_ext_caller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8345d98ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/string_ext_caller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Foo
+  def self.yay
+    String.new.yay
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/string_ext_calling.rb b/test/ruby/box/string_ext_calling.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6467b728dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/string_ext_calling.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Foo.yay
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/string_ext_eval_caller.rb b/test/ruby/box/string_ext_eval_caller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e6b20c19f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/string_ext_eval_caller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module Baz
+  def self.yay
+    eval 'String.new.yay'
+  end
+
+  def self.yay_with_binding
+    suffix = ", yay!"
+    eval 'String.new.yay + suffix', binding
+  end
+end
+
+Baz.yay # should not raise NeMethodError
diff --git a/test/ruby/box/top_level.rb b/test/ruby/box/top_level.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90df145578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/box/top_level.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+def yaaay
+  "yay!"
+end
+
+module Foo
+  def self.foo
+    yaaay
+  end
+end
+
+eval 'def foo; "foo"; end'
+
+Foo.foo # Should not raise NameError
+
+foo
+
+module Bar
+  def self.bar
+    foo
+  end
+end
+
+Bar.bar
+
+$def_retval_in_namespace = def boooo
+  "boo"
+end
+
+module Baz
+  def self.baz
+    raise "#{$def_retval_in_namespace}"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/bug-11928.rb b/test/ruby/bug-11928.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72b3b0f8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/bug-11928.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+class Segfault
+  at_exit { Segfault.new.segfault }
+
+  define_method 'segfault' do
+    n = 11928
+    v = nil
+    i = 0
+    while i < n
+      i += 1
+      v = (foo rescue $!).local_variables
+    end
+    assert_equal(%i[i n v], v.sort)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/bug-13526.rb b/test/ruby/bug-13526.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50c6c67a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/bug-13526.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# From https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13526#note-1
+
+Thread.report_on_exception = true
+
+sleep if $load
+$load = true
+
+n = 10
+threads = Array.new(n) do
+  Thread.new do
+    begin
+      autoload :Foo, File.expand_path(__FILE__)
+      Thread.pass
+      Foo
+    ensure
+      Thread.pass
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Thread.pass until threads.all?(&:stop?)
+1000.times { Thread.pass }
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_big5.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_big5.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5dcf93e8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_big5.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestBig5 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def s(s)
+    s.force_encoding("big5")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_enc_len
+    assert_equal(1, s("\xa1\xa1").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    assert_equal(0xa1a1, s("\xa1\xa1").ord)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), 0xa1a1.chr("big5"))
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    r = Regexp.new(s("(\xa1\xa1)\\1"), "i")
+    assert_match(r, s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_left_adjust_char_head
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1").chop)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_case_comprehensive.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_case_comprehensive.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b812b88b83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_case_comprehensive.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# Copyright © 2016 Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestComprehensiveCaseMapping < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  UNICODE_VERSION = RbConfig::CONFIG['UNICODE_VERSION']
+  path = File.expand_path("../../../enc/unicode/data/#{UNICODE_VERSION}", __dir__)
+  UNICODE_DATA_PATH = File.directory?("#{path}/ucd") ? "#{path}/ucd" : path
+
+  def self.hex2utf8(s)
+    s.split(' ').map { |c| c.to_i(16) }.pack('U*')
+  end
+
+  def self.expand_filename(basename)
+    File.expand_path("#{UNICODE_DATA_PATH}/#{basename}.txt", __dir__)
+  end
+
+  def self.data_files_available?
+    %w[UnicodeData CaseFolding SpecialCasing].all? do |f|
+      File.exist?(expand_filename(f))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_data_files_available
+    unless TestComprehensiveCaseMapping.data_files_available?
+      omit "Unicode data files not available in #{UNICODE_DATA_PATH}."
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+TestComprehensiveCaseMapping.data_files_available? and  class TestComprehensiveCaseMapping
+  (CaseTest = Struct.new(:method_name, :attributes, :first_data, :follow_data)).class_eval do
+    def initialize(method_name, attributes, first_data, follow_data=first_data)
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.read_data_file(filename)
+    File.foreach(expand_filename(filename), encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) do |line|
+      if $. == 1
+        if filename == 'UnicodeData'
+        elsif line.start_with?("# #{filename}-#{UNICODE_VERSION}.txt")
+        else
+          raise "File Version Mismatch"
+        end
+      end
+      next if /\A(?:[\#@]|\s*\z)|Surrogate/.match?(line)
+      data = line.chomp.split('#')[0].split(/;\s*/, 15)
+      code = data[0].to_i(16).chr(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      yield code, data
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.read_data
+    @@codepoints = []
+
+    downcase  = Hash.new { |h, c| c }
+    upcase    = Hash.new { |h, c| c }
+    titlecase = Hash.new { |h, c| c }
+    casefold  = Hash.new { |h, c| c }
+    swapcase  = Hash.new { |h, c| c }
+    turkic_upcase    = Hash.new { |h, c| upcase[c] }
+    turkic_downcase  = Hash.new { |h, c| downcase[c] }
+    turkic_titlecase = Hash.new { |h, c| titlecase[c] }
+    turkic_swapcase  = Hash.new { |h, c| swapcase[c] }
+    ascii_upcase     = Hash.new { |h, c| /\A[a-zA-Z]\z/.match?(c) ? upcase[c] : c }
+    ascii_downcase   = Hash.new { |h, c| /\A[a-zA-Z]\z/.match?(c) ? downcase[c] : c }
+    ascii_titlecase  = Hash.new { |h, c| /\A[a-zA-Z]\z/.match?(c) ? titlecase[c] : c }
+    ascii_swapcase   = Hash.new { |h, c| /\A[a-z]\z/.match?(c) ? upcase[c] : (/\A[A-Z]\z/.match?(c) ? downcase[c] : c) }
+
+    read_data_file('UnicodeData') do |code, data|
+      @@codepoints << code
+      upcase[code] = hex2utf8 data[12] unless data[12].empty?
+      downcase[code] = hex2utf8 data[13] unless data[13].empty?
+      if code>="\u1C90" and code<="\u1CBF" # exception for Georgian: use lowercase for titlecase
+        titlecase[code] = hex2utf8(data[13]) unless data[13].empty?
+      else
+        titlecase[code] = hex2utf8 data[14] unless data[14].empty?
+      end
+    end
+    read_data_file('CaseFolding') do |code, data|
+      casefold[code] = hex2utf8(data[2]) if data[1] =~ /^[CF]$/
+    end
+
+    read_data_file('SpecialCasing') do |code, data|
+      case data[4]
+      when ''
+        upcase[code] = hex2utf8 data[3]
+        downcase[code] = hex2utf8 data[1]
+        titlecase[code] = hex2utf8 data[2]
+      when /\Atr\s*/
+        if data[4]!='tr After_I'
+          turkic_upcase[code] = hex2utf8 data[3]
+          turkic_downcase[code] = hex2utf8 data[1]
+          turkic_titlecase[code] = hex2utf8 data[2]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    @@codepoints.each do |c|
+      if upcase[c] != c
+        if downcase[c] != c
+          swapcase[c] = turkic_swapcase[c] =
+            case c
+            when "\u01C5" then "\u0064\u017D"
+            when "\u01C8" then "\u006C\u004A"
+            when "\u01CB" then "\u006E\u004A"
+            when "\u01F2" then "\u0064\u005A"
+            else # Greek
+              downcase[upcase[c][0]] + "\u0399"
+            end
+        else
+          swapcase[c] = upcase[c]
+          turkic_swapcase[c] = turkic_upcase[c]
+        end
+      else
+        if downcase[c] != c
+          swapcase[c] = downcase[c]
+          turkic_swapcase[c] = turkic_downcase[c]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    [
+      CaseTest.new(:downcase,   [], downcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:upcase,     [], upcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:capitalize, [], titlecase, downcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:swapcase,   [], swapcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:downcase,   [:fold],       casefold),
+      CaseTest.new(:upcase,     [:turkic],     turkic_upcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:downcase,   [:turkic],     turkic_downcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:capitalize, [:turkic],     turkic_titlecase, turkic_downcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:swapcase,   [:turkic],     turkic_swapcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:upcase,     [:ascii],      ascii_upcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:downcase,   [:ascii],      ascii_downcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:capitalize, [:ascii],      ascii_titlecase, ascii_downcase),
+      CaseTest.new(:swapcase,   [:ascii],      ascii_swapcase),
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.all_tests
+    @@tests ||= read_data
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    @@tests ||= []
+  end
+
+  def self.generate_unicode_case_mapping_tests(encoding)
+    all_tests.each do |test|
+      attributes = test.attributes.map(&:to_s).join '-'
+      attributes.prepend '_' unless attributes.empty?
+      define_method "test_#{encoding}_#{test.method_name}#{attributes}" do
+        @@codepoints.each do |code|
+          source = code.encode(encoding) * 5
+          target = "#{test.first_data[code]}#{test.follow_data[code]*4}".encode(encoding)
+          result = source.__send__(test.method_name, *test.attributes)
+          assert_equal target, result,
+            proc{"from #{code*5} (#{source.dump}) expected #{target.dump} but was #{result.dump}"}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests(encoding)
+    all_tests
+    # precalculate codepoints to speed up testing for small encodings
+    codepoints = []
+    (0..255).each do |cp|
+      begin
+        codepoints << cp.chr(encoding).encode('UTF-8')
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError, RangeError
+      end
+    end
+    all_tests.each do |test|
+      attributes = test.attributes.map(&:to_s).join '-'
+      attributes.prepend '_' unless attributes.empty?
+      define_method "test_#{encoding}_#{test.method_name}#{attributes}" do
+        codepoints.each do |code|
+          begin
+            source = code.encode(encoding) * 5
+            begin
+              target = "#{test.first_data[code]}#{test.follow_data[code]*4}".encode(encoding)
+            rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+              if test.first_data[code]=="i\u0307" or test.follow_data[code]=="i\u0307" # explicit dot above
+                first_data = test.first_data[code]=="i\u0307" ? 'i' : test.first_data[code]
+                follow_data = test.follow_data[code]=="i\u0307" ? 'i' : test.follow_data[code]
+                target = "#{first_data}#{follow_data*4}".encode(encoding)
+              elsif code =~ /i|I/ # special case for Turkic
+                raise
+              else
+                target = source
+              end
+            end
+            result = source.send(test.method_name, *test.attributes)
+            assert_equal target, result,
+              proc{"from #{code*5} (#{source.dump}) expected #{target.dump} but was #{result.dump}"}
+          rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # test for encodings that don't yet (or will never) deal with non-ASCII characters
+  def self.generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests(encoding)
+    all_tests
+    # preselect codepoints to speed up testing for small encodings
+    codepoints = @@codepoints.select do |code|
+      begin
+        code.encode(encoding)
+        true
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    define_method "test_#{encoding}_upcase" do
+      codepoints.each do |code|
+        begin
+          source = code.encode(encoding) * 5
+          target = source.tr 'a-z', 'A-Z'
+          result = source.upcase
+          assert_equal target, result,
+            "from #{code*5} (#{source.dump}) expected #{target.dump} but was #{result.dump}"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    define_method "test_#{encoding}_downcase" do
+      codepoints.each do |code|
+        begin
+          source = code.encode(encoding) * 5
+          target = source.tr 'A-Z', 'a-z'
+          result = source.downcase
+          assert_equal target, result,
+            "from #{code*5} (#{source.dump}) expected #{target.dump} but was #{result.dump}"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    define_method "test_#{encoding}_capitalize" do
+      codepoints.each do |code|
+        begin
+          source = code.encode(encoding) * 5
+          target = source[0].tr('a-z', 'A-Z') + source[1..-1].tr('A-Z', 'a-z')
+          result = source.capitalize
+          assert_equal target, result,
+            "from #{code*5} (#{source.dump}) expected #{target.dump} but was #{result.dump}"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    define_method "test_#{encoding}_swapcase" do
+      codepoints.each do |code|
+        begin
+          source = code.encode(encoding) * 5
+          target = source.tr('a-zA-Z', 'A-Za-z')
+          result = source.swapcase
+          assert_equal target, result,
+            "from #{code*5} (#{source.dump}) expected #{target.dump} but was #{result.dump}"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'US-ASCII'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ASCII-8BIT'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-1'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-2'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-3'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-4'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-5'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-6'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-7'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-8'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-9'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-10'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-11'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-13'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-14'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-15'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'ISO-8859-16'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'KOI8-R'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'KOI8-U'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'Big5'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'EUC-JP'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'EUC-KR'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'GB18030'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'GB2312'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'GBK'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'Shift_JIS'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-31J'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1250'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1251'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1252'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1253'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1254'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1255'
+  generate_ascii_only_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1256'
+  generate_single_byte_case_mapping_tests 'Windows-1257'
+  generate_unicode_case_mapping_tests 'UTF-8'
+  generate_unicode_case_mapping_tests 'UTF-16BE'
+  generate_unicode_case_mapping_tests 'UTF-16LE'
+  generate_unicode_case_mapping_tests 'UTF-32BE'
+  generate_unicode_case_mapping_tests 'UTF-32LE'
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_case_mapping.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_case_mapping.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7d1ed0d16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_case_mapping.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# Copyright © 2016 Kimihito Matsui (�井 �人) and Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+# preliminary tests, using  as a guard
+# to test new implementation strategy
+class TestCaseMappingPreliminary < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  # checks, including idempotence and non-modification; not always guaranteed
+  def check_upcase_properties(expected, start, *flags)
+    assert_equal expected, start.upcase(*flags)
+    temp = start.dup
+    assert_equal expected, temp.upcase!(*flags) unless expected==temp
+    assert_equal nil, temp.upcase!(*flags) if expected==temp
+    assert_equal expected, expected.upcase(*flags)
+    temp = expected.dup
+    assert_nil   temp.upcase!(*flags)
+  end
+
+  def check_downcase_properties(expected, start, *flags)
+    assert_equal expected, start.downcase(*flags)
+    temp = start.dup
+    assert_equal expected, temp.downcase!(*flags) unless expected==temp
+    assert_equal nil, temp.downcase!(*flags) if expected==temp
+    assert_equal expected, expected.downcase(*flags)
+    temp = expected.dup
+    assert_nil   temp.downcase!(*flags)
+  end
+
+  def check_capitalize_properties(expected, start, *flags)
+    assert_equal expected, start.capitalize(*flags)
+    temp = start.dup
+    assert_equal expected, temp.capitalize!(*flags) unless expected==temp
+    assert_equal nil, temp.capitalize!(*flags) if expected==temp
+    assert_equal expected, expected.capitalize(*flags)
+    temp = expected.dup
+    assert_nil   temp.capitalize!(*flags)
+  end
+
+  def check_capitalize_suffixes(lower, upper)
+    while upper.length > 1
+      lower = lower[1..-1]
+      check_capitalize_properties upper[0]+lower, upper
+      upper = upper[1..-1]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # different properties; careful: roundtrip isn't always guaranteed
+  def check_swapcase_properties(expected, start, *flags)
+    assert_equal expected, start.swapcase(*flags)
+    temp = +start
+    assert_equal expected, temp.swapcase!(*flags)
+    assert_equal start, start.swapcase(*flags).swapcase(*flags)
+    assert_equal expected, expected.swapcase(*flags).swapcase(*flags)
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii
+    check_downcase_properties   'yukihiro matsumoto (matz)', 'Yukihiro MATSUMOTO (MATZ)'
+    check_upcase_properties     'YUKIHIRO MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', 'yukihiro matsumoto (matz)'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Yukihiro matsumoto (matz)', 'yukihiro MATSUMOTO (MATZ)'
+    check_swapcase_properties   'yUKIHIRO matsumoto (MAtz)', 'Yukihiro MATSUMOTO (maTZ)'
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Should not be possible to upcase invalid string.") { "\xEB".dup.force_encoding('UTF-8').upcase }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Should not be possible to downcase invalid string.") { "\xEB".dup.force_encoding('UTF-8').downcase }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Should not be possible to capitalize invalid string.") { "\xEB".dup.force_encoding('UTF-8').capitalize }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Should not be possible to swapcase invalid string.") { "\xEB".dup.force_encoding('UTF-8').swapcase }
+  end
+
+  def test_general
+    check_downcase_properties   'résumé dürst ĭñŧėřŋãţijňőńæłĩżàťï�ņ', 'RÉSUMÉ DÜRST ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤ�ŌŅ'
+    check_upcase_properties     'RÉSUMÉ DÜRST ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤ�ŌŅ', 'résumé dürst ĭñŧėřŋãţijňőńæłĩżàťï�ņ'
+    check_capitalize_suffixes   'résumé dürst ĭñŧėřŋãţijňőńæłĩżàťï�ņ', 'RÉSUMÉ DÜRST ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤ�ŌŅ'
+    check_swapcase_properties   'résumé DÜRST ĭñŧėřŊÃŢIJŇ�Ńæłĩżàťï�ņ', 'RÉSUMÉ dürst ĬÑŦĖŘŋãţijňőńÆ�ĨŻÀŤ�ŌŅ'
+  end
+
+  def test_one_way_upcase
+    check_upcase_properties     'ΜΜΜΜΜ', 'µµµµµ' # MICRO SIGN -> Greek Mu
+    check_downcase_properties   'µµµµµ', 'µµµµµ' # MICRO SIGN -> Greek Mu
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Μµµµµ', 'µµµµµ' # MICRO SIGN -> Greek Mu
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Μµµµµ', 'µµµµµ', :turkic # MICRO SIGN -> Greek Mu
+    check_capitalize_properties 'H̱ẖẖẖẖ', 'ẖẖẖẖẖ'
+    check_capitalize_properties '����', '�����'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Θϑϑϑϑ', 'ϑϑϑϑϑ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Φϕ', 'ϕϕ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Πϖ', 'ϖϖ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Κϰ', 'ϰϰ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Ρϱϱ', 'ϱϱϱ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Εϵ', 'ϵϵ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Ιͅͅͅͅ', 'ͅͅͅͅͅ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'SÅ¿Å¿Å¿Å¿', 'Å¿Å¿Å¿Å¿Å¿'
+  end
+
+  def test_various
+    check_upcase_properties     'Μ', 'µ' # MICRO SIGN -> Greek Mu
+    check_downcase_properties   'µµµµµ', 'µµµµµ' # MICRO SIGN
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Ss', 'ß'
+    check_upcase_properties     'SS', 'ß'
+  end
+
+  def test_cherokee
+    check_downcase_properties   "\uab70\uab71\uab72\uab73\uab74\uab75\uab76\uab77\uab78\uab79", 'ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩ'
+    check_upcase_properties     'ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩ', "\uab70\uab71\uab72\uab73\uab74\uab75\uab76\uab77\uab78\uab79"
+    check_capitalize_suffixes   "\uab70\uab71\uab72\uab73\uab74\uab75\uab76\uab77\uab78\uab79", 'ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩ'
+    assert_equal                'ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩ', 'ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩ'.downcase(:fold)
+    assert_equal                'ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩ', "\uab70\uab71\uab72\uab73\uab74\uab75\uab76\uab77\uab78\uab79".downcase(:fold)
+  end
+
+  def test_titlecase
+    check_downcase_properties   'dz dž lj nj', 'Dz Dž Lj Nj'
+    check_downcase_properties   'dz dž lj nj', 'DZ DŽ LJ NJ'
+    check_upcase_properties     'DZ DŽ LJ NJ', 'Dz Dž Lj Nj'
+    check_upcase_properties     'DZ DŽ LJ NJ', 'dz dž lj nj'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Dz', 'DZ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Ç…', 'Ç„'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Lj', 'LJ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Ç‹', 'ÇŠ'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Dz', 'dz'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Dž', 'dž'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Lj', 'lj'
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Nj', 'nj'
+  end
+
+  def test_swapcase
+    assert_equal                'dZ', 'Dz'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'dŽ', 'Dž'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'lJ', 'Lj'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'nJ', 'Ç‹'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'ἀΙ', 'ᾈ'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'ἣΙ', 'ᾛ'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'ὧΙ', 'ᾯ'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'αΙ', 'ᾼ'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'ηΙ', 'ῌ'.swapcase
+    assert_equal                'ωΙ', 'ῼ'.swapcase
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_option
+    check_downcase_properties   'yukihiro matsumoto (matz)', 'Yukihiro MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', :ascii
+    check_upcase_properties     'YUKIHIRO MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', 'yukihiro matsumoto (matz)', :ascii
+    check_capitalize_properties 'Yukihiro matsumoto (matz)', 'yukihiro MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', :ascii
+    check_swapcase_properties   'yUKIHIRO matsumoto (MAtz)', 'Yukihiro MATSUMOTO (maTZ)', :ascii
+    check_downcase_properties   'yukÄ°hÄ°ro matsumoto (matz)', 'YUKÄ°HÄ°RO MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', :ascii
+    check_downcase_properties   'rÉsumÉ dÜrst ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤĬŌŅ', 'RÉSUMÉ DÜRST ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤĬŌŅ', :ascii
+    check_swapcase_properties   'rÉsumÉ dÜrst ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤĬŌŅ', 'RÉSUMÉ DÜRST ĬÑŦĖŘŊÃŢIJŇ�ŃÆ�ĨŻÀŤĬŌŅ', :ascii
+  end
+
+  def test_fold_option
+    check_downcase_properties   'ss', 'ß', :fold
+    check_downcase_properties   'fifl', '�fl', :fold
+    check_downcase_properties   'σ', 'ς', :fold
+    check_downcase_properties   'μ', 'µ', :fold # MICRO SIGN -> Greek mu
+  end
+
+  def test_turcic
+    check_downcase_properties   'yukihiro matsumoto (matz)', 'Yukihiro MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', :turkic
+    check_upcase_properties     'YUKÄ°HÄ°RO MATSUMOTO (MATZ)', 'Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)', :turkic
+    check_downcase_properties   "yuki\u0307hi\u0307ro matsumoto (matz)", 'YUKÄ°HÄ°RO MATSUMOTO (MATZ)'
+  end
+
+  def test_greek
+    check_downcase_properties   'αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπ�στυφχψω', 'ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜ�ΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ'
+    check_upcase_properties     'ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜ�ΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ', 'αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπ�στυφχψω'
+  end
+
+  # This test checks against problems when changing the order of mapping results
+  # in some of the entries of the unfolding table (related to
+  # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12990).
+  def test_reorder_unfold
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA
+    assert_equal 0, "\u03B9" =~ /\u0345/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u0345" =~ /\u03B9/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u03B9" =~ /\u0399/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u0399" =~ /\u03B9/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u03B9" =~ /\u1fbe/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u1fbe" =~ /\u03B9/i
+
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER MU
+    assert_equal 0, "\u03BC" =~ /\u00B5/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u00B5" =~ /\u03BC/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u03BC" =~ /\u039C/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u039C" =~ /\u03BC/i
+
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK
+    assert_equal 0, "\uA64B" =~ /\u1c88/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\u1c88" =~ /\uA64B/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\uA64B" =~ /\ua64A/i
+    assert_equal 0, "\ua64A" =~ /\uA64B/i
+  end
+
+  def test_georgian_canary
+    message = "Reexamine implementation of Georgian in String#capitalize"
+    assert_equal false, "\u1CBB".match?(/\p{assigned}/), message
+    assert_equal false, "\u1CBC".match?(/\p{assigned}/), message
+  end
+
+  def test_georgian_unassigned
+    message = "Unassigned codepoints should not be converted"
+    assert_equal "\u1CBB", "\u1CBB".capitalize, message
+    assert_equal "\u1CBC", "\u1CBC".capitalize, message
+  end
+
+  def test_georgian_capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u1C90\u1C91\u1C92".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u1C90\u1C91\u10D2".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u1C90\u10D1\u1C92".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u1C90\u10D1\u10D2".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u10D0\u1C91\u1C92".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u10D0\u1C91\u10D2".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u10D0\u10D1\u1C92".capitalize
+    assert_equal "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2", "\u10D0\u10D1\u10D2".capitalize
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_jis_downcase_ascii
+    s = ("A".."Z").map {|c| "\x89#{c}"}.join("").force_encoding("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal s, s.downcase(:ascii)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_jis_upcase_ascii
+    s = ("a".."z").map {|c| "\x89#{c}"}.join("").force_encoding("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal s, s.upcase(:ascii)
+  end
+
+  def no_longer_a_test_buffer_allocations
+    assert_equal 'TURKISH*ı'*10, ('I'*10).downcase(:turkic)
+    assert_equal 'TURKISH*ı'*100, ('I'*100).downcase(:turkic)
+    assert_equal 'TURKISH*ı'*1_000, ('I'*1_000).downcase(:turkic)
+    assert_equal 'TURKISH*ı'*10_000, ('I'*10_000).downcase(:turkic)
+    assert_equal 'TURKISH*ı'*100_000, ('I'*100_000).downcase(:turkic)
+    assert_equal 'TURKISH*ı'*1_000_000, ('I'*1_000_000).downcase(:turkic)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_case_options.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_case_options.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9c81d804e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_case_options.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Copyright © 2016 Kimihito Matsui (�井 �人) and Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestCaseOptions < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_raise_functional_operations(arg, *options)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.upcase(*options) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.downcase(*options) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.capitalize(*options) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.swapcase(*options) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_raise_bang_operations(arg, *options)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.upcase!(*options) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.downcase!(*options) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.capitalize!(*options) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { arg.swapcase!(*options) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_raise_both_types(*options)
+    assert_raise_functional_operations 'a', *options
+    assert_raise_bang_operations(+'a', *options)
+    assert_raise_functional_operations :a, *options
+  end
+
+  def test_option_errors
+    assert_raise_both_types :invalid
+    assert_raise_both_types :lithuanian, :turkic, :fold
+    assert_raise_both_types :fold, :fold
+    assert_raise_both_types :ascii, :fold
+    assert_raise_both_types :fold, :ascii
+    assert_raise_both_types :ascii, :turkic
+    assert_raise_both_types :turkic, :ascii
+    assert_raise_both_types :ascii, :lithuanian
+    assert_raise_both_types :lithuanian, :ascii
+  end
+
+  def assert_okay_functional_operations(arg, *options)
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.upcase(*options) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.downcase(*options) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.capitalize(*options) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.swapcase(*options) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_okay_bang_operations(arg, *options)
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.upcase!(*options) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.downcase!(*options) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.capitalize!(*options) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { arg.swapcase!(*options) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_okay_both_types(*options)
+    assert_okay_functional_operations 'a', *options
+    assert_okay_bang_operations(+'a', *options)
+    assert_okay_functional_operations :a, *options
+  end
+
+  def test_options_okay
+    assert_okay_both_types
+    assert_okay_both_types :ascii
+    assert_okay_both_types :turkic
+    assert_okay_both_types :lithuanian
+    assert_okay_both_types :turkic, :lithuanian
+    assert_okay_both_types :lithuanian, :turkic
+  end
+
+  def test_operation_specific   # :fold option only allowed on downcase
+    assert_nothing_raised { 'a'.downcase :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 'a'.upcase :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 'a'.capitalize :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 'a'.swapcase :fold }
+    assert_nothing_raised { 'a'.dup.downcase! :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 'a'.dup.upcase! :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 'a'.dup.capitalize! :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 'a'.dup.swapcase! :fold }
+    assert_nothing_raised { :a.downcase :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :a.upcase :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :a.capitalize :fold }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :a.swapcase :fold }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_cesu8.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_cesu8.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68a08389ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_cesu8.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestCESU8 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def encdump(obj)
+    case obj
+    when String
+      obj.dump
+    when Regexp
+      "Regexp.new(#{encdump(obj.source)}, #{obj.options})"
+    else
+      raise Argument, "unexpected: #{obj.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def enccall(recv, meth, *args)
+    desc = ''
+    if String === recv
+      desc << encdump(recv)
+    else
+      desc << recv.inspect
+    end
+    desc << '.' << meth.to_s
+    if !args.empty?
+      desc << '('
+      args.each_with_index {|a, i|
+        desc << ',' if 0 < i
+        if String === a
+          desc << encdump(a)
+        else
+          desc << a.inspect
+        end
+      }
+      desc << ')'
+    end
+    result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(desc) {
+      result = recv.send(meth, *args)
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  def assert_str_equal(expected, actual, message=nil)
+    full_message = build_message(message, <<EOT)
+#{encdump expected} expected but not equal to
+#{encdump actual}.
+EOT
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, full_message)
+  end
+
+  # tests start
+
+  def test_cesu8_valid_encoding
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [
+        "\x00",
+        "\x7f",
+        "\u0080",
+        "\u07ff",
+        "\u0800",
+        "\ud7ff",
+        "\xed\xa0\x80\xed\xb0\x80",
+        "\xed\xaf\xbf\xed\xbf\xbf",
+        "\ue000",
+        "\uffff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("cesu-8")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+      [
+        "\x80",
+        "\xc0\x80",
+        "\xc0",
+        "\xe0\x80\x80",
+        "\xed\xa0\x80",
+        "\xed\xb0\x80\xed\xb0\x80",
+        "\xe0",
+        "\xff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("cesu-8")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cesu8_ord
+    [
+      ["\x00", 0],
+      ["\x7f", 0x7f],
+      ["\u0080", 0x80],
+      ["\u07ff", 0x7ff],
+      ["\u0800", 0x800],
+      ["\ud7ff", 0xd7ff],
+      ["\xed\xa0\x80\xed\xb0\x80", 0x10000],
+      ["\xed\xaf\xbf\xed\xbf\xbf", 0x10ffff],
+      ["\xee\x80\x80", 0xe000],
+      ["\xef\xbf\xbf", 0xffff],
+    ].each do |chr, ord|
+      chr.force_encoding("cesu-8")
+      assert_equal ord, chr.ord
+      assert_equal chr, ord.chr("cesu-8")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cesu8_left_adjust_char_head
+    assert_equal("", "\u{10000}".encode("cesu-8").chop)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_cp949.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_cp949.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0684162d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_cp949.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestCP949 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def s(s)
+    s.force_encoding("cp949")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_enc_len
+    assert_equal(1, s("\xa1\xa1").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    assert_equal(0xa1a1, s("\xa1\xa1").ord)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), 0xa1a1.chr("cp949"))
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    r = Regexp.new(s("(\xa1\xa1)\\1"), "i")
+    assert_match(r, s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_left_adjust_char_head
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1").chop)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_emoji.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_emoji.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..330ff70cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_emoji.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+module Emoji
+
+  class TestRenameSJIS < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    def test_shift_jis
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".force_encoding("Shift_JIS-DoCoMo") }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".force_encoding("Shift_JIS-KDDI") }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".force_encoding("Shift_JIS-SoftBank") }
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestUTF8_BLACK_SUN_WITH_RAYS < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include Emoji
+
+    def setup
+      @codes = {
+        "UTF8-DoCoMo"     => utf8_docomo("\u{E63E}"),
+        "UTF8-KDDI"       => utf8_kddi("\u{E488}"),
+        "UTF8-SoftBank"   => utf8_softbank("\u{E04A}"),
+        "UTF-8"           => "\u{2600}",
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_convert
+      @codes.each do |from_enc, from_str|
+        @codes.each do |to_enc, to_str|
+          next if from_enc == to_enc
+          assert_equal to_str, from_str.encode(to_enc), "convert from #{from_enc} to #{to_enc}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestDoCoMo < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include Emoji
+
+    def setup
+      setup_instance_variable(self)
+    end
+
+    def test_encoding_name
+      %w(UTF8-DoCoMo
+         SJIS-DoCoMo).each do |n|
+        assert_include Encoding.name_list, n, "encoding not found: #{n}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_comparison
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF8_DoCoMo
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::Windows_31J, Encoding::SJIS_DoCoMo
+    end
+
+    def test_from_utf8
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_docomo(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_docomo(@aiueo_utf8) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_docomo(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_docomo(@aiueo_utf8) }
+    end
+
+    def test_from_sjis
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_docomo(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_docomo(@aiueo_sjis) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_docomo(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_docomo(@aiueo_sjis) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_utf8
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@utf8_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@sjis_docomo) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_sjis
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@utf8_docomo) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@sjis_docomo) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_eucjp
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@utf8_docomo) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@sjis_docomo) }
+    end
+
+    def test_docomo
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@sjis_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_docomo) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_kddi
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_kddi, to_utf8_kddi(@utf8_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@utf8_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@utf8_docomo) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_kddi, to_utf8_kddi(@sjis_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@sjis_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@sjis_docomo) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_kddi(@utf8_docomo_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_kddi(@utf8_docomo_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_iso2022jp_kddi(@utf8_docomo_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_kddi(@sjis_docomo_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_kddi(@sjis_docomo_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_iso2022jp_kddi(@sjis_docomo_only) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_softbank
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@utf8_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_docomo) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@sjis_docomo) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@sjis_docomo) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_softbank(@utf8_docomo_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_docomo_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_softbank(@sjis_docomo_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_softbank(@sjis_docomo_only) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestKDDI < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include Emoji
+
+    def setup
+      setup_instance_variable(self)
+    end
+
+    def test_encoding_name
+      %w(UTF8-KDDI
+         SJIS-KDDI
+         ISO-2022-JP-KDDI
+         stateless-ISO-2022-JP-KDDI).each do |n|
+        assert_include Encoding.name_list, n, "encoding not found: #{n}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_comparison
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF8_KDDI
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::Windows_31J, Encoding::SJIS_KDDI
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::ISO_2022_JP, Encoding::ISO_2022_JP_KDDI
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::Stateless_ISO_2022_JP, Encoding::Stateless_ISO_2022_JP_KDDI
+    end
+
+    def test_from_utf8
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_kddi(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_kddi(@aiueo_utf8) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_kddi(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_kddi(@aiueo_utf8) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal iso2022jp_kddi(@aiueo_iso2022jp), to_iso2022jp_kddi(@aiueo_utf8) }
+    end
+
+    def test_from_sjis
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_kddi(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_kddi(@aiueo_sjis) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_kddi(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_kddi(@aiueo_sjis) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal iso2022jp_kddi(@aiueo_iso2022jp), to_iso2022jp_kddi(@aiueo_sjis) }
+    end
+
+    def test_from_iso2022jp
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_kddi(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_kddi(@aiueo_iso2022jp) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_kddi(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_kddi(@aiueo_iso2022jp) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal iso2022jp_kddi(@aiueo_iso2022jp), to_iso2022jp_kddi(@aiueo_iso2022jp) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_utf8
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@utf8_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_sjis
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@utf8_kddi) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_eucjp
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@utf8_kddi) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+    end
+
+    def test_kddi
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_kddi, to_utf8_kddi(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_kddi, to_utf8_kddi(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_docomo
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@utf8_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_kddi) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@sjis_kddi) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@utf8_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_kddi_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@utf8_undoc_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_undoc_kddi_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@sjis_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@sjis_kddi_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@iso2022jp_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@iso2022jp_kddi_only) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_softbank
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@utf8_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_kddi) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_undoc_kddi) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@sjis_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@sjis_kddi) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@iso2022jp_kddi) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@utf8_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_kddi_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@utf8_undoc_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_undoc_kddi_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@sjis_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@sjis_kddi_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@iso2022jp_kddi_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@iso2022jp_kddi_only) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestSoftBank < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include Emoji
+
+    def setup
+      setup_instance_variable(self)
+    end
+
+    def test_encoding_name
+      %w(UTF8-SoftBank
+         SJIS-SoftBank).each do |n|
+        assert_include Encoding.name_list, n, "encoding not found: #{n}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_comparison
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF8_SoftBank
+      assert_not_equal Encoding::Windows_31J, Encoding::SJIS_SoftBank
+    end
+
+    def test_from_utf8
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_softbank(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_softbank(@aiueo_utf8) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_softbank(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_softbank(@aiueo_utf8) }
+    end
+
+    def test_from_sjis
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal utf8_softbank(@aiueo_utf8), to_utf8_softbank(@aiueo_sjis) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal sjis_softbank(@aiueo_sjis), to_sjis_softbank(@aiueo_sjis) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_utf8
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@utf8_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8, to_utf8(@sjis_softbank) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_sjis
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@utf8_softbank) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis(@sjis_softbank) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_eucjp
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@utf8_softbank) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_eucjp(@sjis_softbank) }
+    end
+
+    def test_softbank
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_softbank, to_utf8_softbank(@sjis_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_softbank, to_sjis_softbank(@utf8_softbank) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_docomo
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@utf8_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_softbank) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_docomo, to_utf8_docomo(@sjis_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_docomo, to_sjis_docomo(@sjis_softbank) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_docomo(@utf8_softbank_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_docomo(@utf8_softbank_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_docomo(@sjis_softbank_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_docomo(@sjis_softbank_only) }
+    end
+
+    def test_to_kddi
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_kddi, to_utf8_kddi(@utf8_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@utf8_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@utf8_softbank) }
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @utf8_kddi, to_utf8_kddi(@sjis_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @sjis_kddi, to_sjis_kddi(@sjis_softbank) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal @iso2022jp_kddi, to_iso2022jp_kddi(@sjis_softbank) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_kddi(@utf8_softbank_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_kddi(@utf8_softbank_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_iso2022jp_kddi(@utf8_softbank_only) }
+
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_utf8_kddi(@sjis_softbank_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_sjis_kddi(@sjis_softbank_only) }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { to_iso2022jp_kddi(@sjis_softbank_only) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def setup_instance_variable(obj)
+    obj.instance_eval do
+      @aiueo_utf8 = "\u{3042}\u{3044}\u{3046}\u{3048}\u{304A}"
+      @aiueo_sjis = to_sjis(@aiueo_utf8)
+      @aiueo_iso2022jp = to_iso2022jp(@aiueo_utf8)
+
+      @utf8 = "\u{2600}"
+
+      @utf8_docomo = utf8_docomo("\u{E63E}")
+      @sjis_docomo = sjis_docomo("\xF8\x9F")
+      @utf8_docomo_only = utf8_docomo("\u{E6B1}")
+      @sjis_docomo_only = sjis_docomo("\xF9\x55")
+
+      @utf8_kddi = utf8_kddi("\u{E488}")
+      @utf8_undoc_kddi = utf8_kddi("\u{EF60}")
+      @sjis_kddi = sjis_kddi("\xF6\x60")
+      @iso2022jp_kddi = iso2022jp_kddi("\x1B$B\x75\x41\x1B(B")
+      @stateless_iso2022jp_kddi = stateless_iso2022jp_kddi("\x92\xF5\xC1")
+      @utf8_kddi_only = utf8_kddi("\u{E5B3}")
+      @utf8_undoc_kddi_only = utf8_kddi("\u{F0D0}")
+      @sjis_kddi_only = sjis_kddi("\xF7\xD0")
+      @iso2022jp_kddi_only = iso2022jp_kddi("\x1B$B\x78\x52\x1B(B")
+      @stateless_iso2022jp_kddi_only = stateless_iso2022jp_kddi("\x92\xF8\xD2")
+
+      @utf8_softbank = utf8_softbank("\u{E04A}")
+      @sjis_softbank = sjis_softbank("\xF9\x8B")
+      @utf8_softbank_only = utf8_softbank("\u{E524}")
+      @sjis_softbank_only = sjis_softbank("\xFB\xC4")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def utf8(str)
+    str.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+  end
+
+  def to_utf8(str)
+    str.encode("UTF-8")
+  end
+
+  def to_sjis(str)
+    str.encode("Windows-31J")
+  end
+
+  def to_eucjp(str)
+    str.encode("eucJP-ms")
+  end
+
+  def to_iso2022jp(str)
+    str.encode("ISO-2022-JP")
+  end
+
+  def utf8_docomo(str)
+    str.force_encoding("UTF8-DoCoMo")
+  end
+
+  def to_utf8_docomo(str)
+    str.encode("UTF8-DoCoMo")
+  end
+
+  def utf8_kddi(str)
+    str.force_encoding("UTF8-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def to_utf8_kddi(str)
+    str.encode("UTF8-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def utf8_softbank(str)
+    str.force_encoding("UTF8-SoftBank")
+  end
+
+  def to_utf8_softbank(str)
+    str.encode("UTF8-SoftBank")
+  end
+
+  def sjis_docomo(str)
+    str.force_encoding("SJIS-DoCoMo")
+  end
+
+  def to_sjis_docomo(str)
+    str.encode("SJIS-DoCoMo")
+  end
+
+  def sjis_kddi(str)
+    str.force_encoding("SJIS-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def to_sjis_kddi(str)
+    str.encode("SJIS-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def sjis_softbank(str)
+    str.force_encoding("SJIS-SoftBank")
+  end
+
+  def to_sjis_softbank(str)
+    str.encode("SJIS-SoftBank")
+  end
+
+  def iso2022jp_kddi(str)
+    str.force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def to_iso2022jp_kddi(str)
+    str.encode("ISO-2022-JP-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def stateless_iso2022jp_kddi(str)
+    str.force_encoding("stateless-ISO-2022-JP-KDDI")
+  end
+
+  def to_stateless_iso2022jp_kddi(str)
+    str.encode("stateless-ISO-2022-JP-KDDI")
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_emoji_breaks.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_emoji_breaks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0873e681c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_emoji_breaks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# Copyright © 2018 Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestEmojiBreaks < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class BreakTest
+    attr_reader :string, :comment, :filename, :line_number, :type, :shortname
+
+    def initialize(filename, line_number, data, comment='')
+      @filename = filename
+      @line_number = line_number
+      @comment = comment.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').strip
+      if filename=='emoji-test' or filename=='emoji-variation-sequences'
+        codes, @type = data.split(/\s*;\s*/)
+        @shortname = ''
+      else
+        codes, @type, @shortname = data.split(/\s*;\s*/)
+      end
+      @type = @type.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').strip
+      @shortname = @shortname.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').strip
+      @string = codes.split(/\s+/)
+                     .map do |ch|
+                            c = ch.to_i(16)
+                             # eliminate cases with surrogates
+                            # raise ArgumentError if 0xD800 <= c and c <= 0xDFFF
+                            c.chr('UTF-8')
+                          end.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BreakFile
+    attr_reader :basename, :fullname, :version
+    FILES = []
+
+    def initialize(basename, path, version)
+      @basename = basename
+      @fullname = "#{path}/#{basename}.txt" # File.expand_path(path + version, __dir__)
+      @version  = version
+      FILES << self
+    end
+
+    def self.files
+      FILES
+    end
+  end
+
+  UNICODE_VERSION   = RbConfig::CONFIG['UNICODE_VERSION']
+  UNICODE_DATA_PATH = File.expand_path("../../../enc/unicode/data/#{UNICODE_VERSION}/ucd/emoji", __dir__)
+  EMOJI_VERSION     = RbConfig::CONFIG['UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION']
+  EMOJI_DATA_PATH   = File.expand_path("../../../enc/unicode/data/emoji/#{EMOJI_VERSION}", __dir__)
+
+  EMOJI_DATA_FILES  = %w[emoji-sequences emoji-test emoji-zwj-sequences].map do |basename|
+    BreakFile.new(basename, EMOJI_DATA_PATH, EMOJI_VERSION)
+  end
+  UNICODE_DATA_FILE = BreakFile.new('emoji-variation-sequences', UNICODE_DATA_PATH, EMOJI_VERSION)
+  EMOJI_DATA_FILES << UNICODE_DATA_FILE
+
+  def self.data_files_available?
+    EMOJI_DATA_FILES.all? do |f|
+      File.exist?(f.fullname)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_data_files_available
+    assert_equal 4, EMOJI_DATA_FILES.size # debugging test
+    unless TestEmojiBreaks.data_files_available?
+      omit "Emoji data files not available in #{EMOJI_DATA_PATH}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  if data_files_available?
+    def read_data
+      tests = []
+      EMOJI_DATA_FILES.each do |file|
+        version_mismatch = true
+        file_tests = []
+        File.foreach(file.fullname, encoding: Encoding::UTF_8) do |line|
+          line.chomp!
+          if $.==1
+            if line=="# #{file.basename}-#{file.version}.txt"
+              version_mismatch = false
+            elsif line!="# #{file.basename}.txt"
+              raise "File Name Mismatch: line: #{line}, expected filename: #{file.basename}.txt"
+            end
+          end
+          version_mismatch = false  if line =~ /^# Version: #{file.version}/                 # 13.0 and older
+          version_mismatch = false  if line =~ /^# Used with Emoji Version #{EMOJI_VERSION}/ # 14.0 and newer
+          next  if line.match?(/\A(#|\z)/)
+          if line =~ /^(\h{4,6})\.\.(\h{4,6}) *(;.+)/  # deal with Unicode ranges in emoji-sequences.txt (Bug #18028)
+            range_start = $1.to_i(16)
+            range_end   = $2.to_i(16)
+            rest        = $3
+            (range_start..range_end).each do |code_point|
+              file_tests << BreakTest.new(file.basename, $., *(code_point.to_s(16)+rest).split('#', 2))
+            end
+          else
+            file_tests << BreakTest.new(file.basename, $., *line.split('#', 2))
+          end
+        end
+        raise "File Version Mismatch: file: #{file.fullname}, version: #{file.version}"  if version_mismatch
+        tests += file_tests
+      end
+      tests
+    end
+
+    def all_tests
+      @@tests ||= read_data
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      @@tests ||= []
+    end
+
+    def test_single_emoji
+      all_tests.each do |test|
+        expected = [test.string]
+        actual = test.string.each_grapheme_cluster.to_a
+        assert_equal expected, actual,
+          "file: #{test.filename}, line #{test.line_number}, " +
+          "type: #{test.type}, shortname: #{test.shortname}, comment: #{test.comment}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_embedded_emoji
+      all_tests.each do |test|
+        expected = ["\t", test.string, "\t"]
+        actual = "\t#{test.string}\t".each_grapheme_cluster.to_a
+        assert_equal expected, actual,
+          "file: #{test.filename}, line #{test.line_number}, " +
+          "type: #{test.type}, shortname: #{test.shortname}, comment: #{test.comment}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # test some pseodorandom combinations of emoji
+    def test_mixed_emoji
+      srand 0
+      length = all_tests.length
+      step =  503 # use a prime number
+      all_tests.each do |test1|
+        start = rand step
+        start.step(by: step, to: length-1) do |t2|
+          test2 = all_tests[t2]
+          # exclude skin tones, because they glue to previous grapheme clusters
+          next  if (0x1F3FB..0x1F3FF).include? test2.string.ord
+          expected = [test1.string, test2.string]
+          actual = (test1.string+test2.string).each_grapheme_cluster.to_a
+          assert_equal expected, actual,
+            "file1: #{test1.filename}, line1 #{test1.line_number}, " +
+            "file2: #{test2.filename}, line2 #{test2.line_number},\n" +
+            "type1: #{test1.type}, shortname1: #{test1.shortname}, comment1: #{test1.comment},\n" +
+            "type2: #{test2.type}, shortname2: #{test2.shortname}, comment2: #{test2.comment}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_jp.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_jp.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4aec69e4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_jp.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# vim: set fileencoding=euc-jp
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestEUC_JP < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    assert_match(/(£á)(a)\1\2/i, "£áa£áA")
+    assert_match(/(£á)(a)\1\2/i, "£áa£ÁA")
+  end
+
+  def test_property
+    assert_match(/¤¢{0}\p{Hiragana}{4}/, "¤Ò¤é¤¬¤Ê")
+    assert_no_match(/¤¢{0}\p{Hiragana}{4}/, "¥«¥¿¥«¥Ê")
+    assert_no_match(/¤¢{0}\p{Hiragana}{4}/, "´Á»ú´Á»ú")
+    assert_no_match(/¤¢{0}\p{Katakana}{4}/, "¤Ò¤é¤¬¤Ê")
+    assert_match(/¤¢{0}\p{Katakana}{4}/, "¥«¥¿¥«¥Ê")
+    assert_no_match(/¤¢{0}\p{Katakana}{4}/, "´Á»ú´Á»ú")
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new('¤¢{0}\p{foobarbaz}') }
+  end
+
+  def test_charboundary
+    assert_nil(/\xA2\xA2/ =~ "\xA1\xA2\xA2\xA3")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9de2cc4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestEucKr < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def s(s)
+    s.force_encoding("euc-kr")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_enc_len
+    assert_equal(1, s("\xa1\xa1").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    assert_equal(0xa1a1, s("\xa1\xa1").ord)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), 0xa1a1.chr("euc-kr"))
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    r = Regexp.new(s("(\xa1\xa1)\\1"), "i")
+    assert_match(r, s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_left_adjust_char_head
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1").chop)
+  end
+
+  def test_euro_sign
+    assert_equal("\u{20ac}", s("\xa2\xe6").encode("utf-8"))
+  end
+
+  def test_registered_mark
+    assert_equal("\u{00ae}", s("\xa2\xe7").encode("utf-8"))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_tw.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_tw.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..649b1b81c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_tw.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestEucTw < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def s(s)
+    s.force_encoding("euc-tw")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_enc_len
+    assert_equal(1, s("\xa1\xa1").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    assert_equal(0xa1a1, s("\xa1\xa1").ord)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), 0xa1a1.chr("euc-tw"))
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    r = Regexp.new(s("(\xa1\xa1)\\1"), "i")
+    assert_match(r, s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_left_adjust_char_head
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1").chop)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_gb18030.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_gb18030.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76ac785951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_gb18030.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestGB18030 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def s(s)
+    s.force_encoding("gb18030")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_enc_len
+    assert_equal(1, s("\x81\x40").size)
+    assert_equal(1, s("\x81\x30\x81\x30").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    assert_equal(0x8140, s("\x81\x40").ord)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal(s("\x81\x40"), 0x8140.chr("gb18030"))
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    r = Regexp.new(s("(\x81\x40)\\1"), "i")
+    assert_match(r, s("\x81\x40\x81\x40"))
+  end
+
+  def scheck(c, i)
+    assert_equal(s(c.reverse.take(c.size - i).join), s(c.reverse.join).chop)
+  end
+
+  def fcheck(c)
+    c = s(c.reverse.join)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, c) { c.chop }
+  end
+
+  def test_left_adjust_char_head
+    # C1: 00-2f, 3a-3f, 7f, ff
+    # C2: 40-7e, 80
+    # C4: 30-39
+    # CM: 81-fe
+    c1 = "\x2f"
+    c2 = "\x40"
+    c4 = "\x30"
+    cm = "\x81"
+
+    # S_START-c1
+    # S_START-c2-S_one_C2-0
+    # S_START-c2-S_one_C2-c1
+    # S_START-c2-S_one_C2-cm-S_odd_CM_one_CX-c1
+    # S_START-c2-S_one_C2-cm-S_odd_CM_one_CX-cm-S_even_CM_one_CX-c1
+    # S_START-c2-S_one_C2-cm-S_odd_CM_one_CX-cm-S_even_CM_one_CX-cm-S_odd_CM_one_CX(rec)
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_even_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4(rec)
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_odd_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CM_odd_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CM_odd_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_odd_CMC4(rec)
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_even_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_even_CMC4-cm-S_even_CM_even_CMC4-c1
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-c4-S_one_C4_odd_CMC4-cm-S_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_even_CMC4-cm-S_even_CM_even_CMC4-cm-S_odd_CM_even_CMC4(rec)
+    # S_START-c4-S_one_C4-cm-S_one_CMC4-cm-S_even_CM_one_CX(rec)
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c4-S_even_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c4-S_even_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_even_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c4-S_even_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_even_C4CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM(rec)
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c4-S_even_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_even_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_even_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c4-S_even_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_even_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_even_C4CM-cm-S_odd_CM_even_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-c4-S_even_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_even_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_even_C4CM-cm-S_odd_CM_even_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_even_C4CM(rec)
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_odd_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_odd_C4CM-cm-S_odd_CM_odd_C4CM-c1
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-c4-S_odd_C4CM-cm-S_one_CM_odd_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_odd_C4CM-cm-S_odd_CM_odd_C4CM-cm-S_even_CM_odd_C4CM(rec)
+    # S_START-cm-S_one_CM-cm-S_odd_CM_one_CX(rec)
+
+    scheck([c1], 1)
+    scheck([c2], 1)
+    scheck([c2, c1], 1)
+    scheck([c2, cm, c1], 2)
+    scheck([c2, cm, cm, c1], 1)
+    scheck([c2, cm, cm, cm], 2)
+    scheck([c4], 1)
+    scheck([c4, c1], 1)
+    scheck([c4, cm], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c1], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, c1], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c1], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, c1], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, c1], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, c4], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, c1], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, c1], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, cm], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, c1], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, c1], 4)
+    scheck([c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, cm], 2)
+    scheck([c4, cm, cm], 1)
+    scheck([cm], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c1], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, c1], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c1], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, c1], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, c1], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, c4], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, c1], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, c1], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, cm], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, cm, c1], 1)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, cm, cm], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, c1], 3)
+    scheck([cm, c4, cm, cm, cm, cm], 1)
+    scheck([cm, cm], 2)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_gbk.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_gbk.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e541b5821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_gbk.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestGBK < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def s(s)
+    s.force_encoding("gbk")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_enc_len
+    assert_equal(1, s("\x81\x40").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    assert_equal(0x8140, s("\x81\x40").ord)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal(s("\x81\x40"), 0x8140.chr("gbk"))
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    r = Regexp.new(s("(\x81\x40)\\1"), "i")
+    assert_match(r, s("\x81\x40\x81\x40"))
+  end
+
+  def test_left_adjust_char_head
+    assert_equal(s("\x81\x40"), s("\x81\x40\x81\x40").chop)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_grapheme_breaks.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_grapheme_breaks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e6d722d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_grapheme_breaks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# Copyright © 2018 Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestGraphemeBreaksFromFile < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class BreakTest
+    attr_reader :clusters, :string, :comment, :line_number
+
+    def initialize(line_number, data, comment)
+      @line_number = line_number
+      @comment = comment
+      @clusters = data.sub(/\A\s*÷\s*/, '')
+                      .sub(/\s*÷\s*\z/, '')
+                      .split(/\s*÷\s*/)
+                      .map do |cl|
+                        cl.split(/\s*×\s*/)
+                          .map do |ch|
+                            c = ch.to_i(16)
+                             # eliminate cases with surrogates
+                            raise ArgumentError if 0xD800 <= c and c <= 0xDFFF
+                            c.chr('UTF-8')
+                          end.join
+                      end
+      @string = @clusters.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  UNICODE_VERSION = RbConfig::CONFIG['UNICODE_VERSION']
+  path = File.expand_path("../../../enc/unicode/data/#{UNICODE_VERSION}", __dir__)
+  UNICODE_DATA_PATH = File.directory?("#{path}/ucd/auxiliary") ? "#{path}/ucd/auxiliary" : path
+  GRAPHEME_BREAK_TEST_FILE = File.expand_path("#{UNICODE_DATA_PATH}/GraphemeBreakTest.txt", __dir__)
+
+  def self.file_available?
+    File.exist? GRAPHEME_BREAK_TEST_FILE
+  end
+
+  def test_data_files_available
+    unless TestGraphemeBreaksFromFile.file_available?
+      omit "Unicode data file GraphemeBreakTest not available in #{UNICODE_DATA_PATH}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  if file_available?
+    def read_data
+      tests = []
+      File.foreach(GRAPHEME_BREAK_TEST_FILE, encoding: Encoding::UTF_8) do |line|
+        if $. == 1 and not line.start_with?("# GraphemeBreakTest-#{UNICODE_VERSION}.txt")
+          raise "File Version Mismatch"
+        end
+        next if /\A#/.match? line
+        tests << BreakTest.new($., *line.chomp.split('#')) rescue 'whatever'
+      end
+      tests
+    end
+
+    def all_tests
+      @@tests ||= read_data
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      @@tests ||= []
+    end
+
+    def test_each_grapheme_cluster
+      all_tests.each do |test|
+        expected = test.clusters
+        actual = test.string.each_grapheme_cluster.to_a
+        assert_equal expected, actual,
+          "line #{test.line_number}, expected '#{expected}', " +
+          "but got '#{actual}', comment: #{test.comment}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_backslash_X
+      all_tests.each do |test|
+        clusters = test.clusters.dup
+        string = test.string.dup
+        removals = 0
+        while string.sub!(/\A\X/, '')
+          removals += 1
+          clusters.shift
+          expected = clusters.join
+          assert_equal expected, string,
+            "line #{test.line_number}, removals: #{removals}, expected '#{expected}', " +
+            "but got '#{string}', comment: #{test.comment}"
+        end
+        assert_equal expected, string,
+          "line #{test.line_number}, after last removal, expected '#{expected}', " +
+          "but got '#{string}', comment: #{test.comment}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_iso_8859.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_iso_8859.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed663be243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_iso_8859.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestISO8859 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  ASSERTS = %q(
+    assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "\xdf\xdf")
+    assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "ssss")
+    # assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "\xdfss") # this must be bug...
+    assert_match(/^[\xdfz]+$/i, "sszzsszz")
+    assert_match(/^SS$/i, "\xdf")
+    assert_match(/^Ss$/i, "\xdf")
+    ((0xc0..0xde).to_a - [0xd7]).each do |c|
+      c1 = c.chr("ENCODING")
+      c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("ENCODING")
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+    end
+    assert_match(/^\xff$/i, "\xff")
+  )
+
+  def test_iso_8859_1
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-1\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_2
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-2\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-2"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_3
+    # todo: decide on behavior, test, and fix implementation re. İ and ı (0xA9/0xB9)
+    # treating them as case equivalents is definitely an error
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-3
+      assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "\xdf\xdf")
+      assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "ssss")
+      assert_match(/^[\xdfz]+$/i, "sszzsszz")
+      assert_match(/^SS$/i, "\xdf")
+      assert_match(/^Ss$/i, "\xdf")
+      [0xa1, 0xa6, *(0xaa..0xac), 0xaf].each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-3")
+        c2 = (c + 0x10).chr("iso8859-3")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+      end
+      ([*(0xc0..0xde)] - [0xc3, 0xd0, 0xd7]).each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-3")
+        c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("iso8859-3")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_4
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-4\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-4"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_5
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-5
+      (0xb0..0xcf).each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-5")
+        c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("iso8859-5")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+      end
+      ((0xa1..0xaf).to_a - [0xad]).each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-5")
+        c2 = (c + 0x50).chr("iso8859-5")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_6
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-6
+      [0xa4, 0xac, 0xbb, 0xbf, *(0xc1..0xda), *(0xe0..0xf2)].each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-6")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c1 * 2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_7
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-7
+      ((0xa0..0xfe).to_a - [0xae, 0xd2]).each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-7")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c1 * 2)
+      end
+      ((0xc1..0xd9).to_a - [0xd2]).each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-7")
+        c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("iso8859-7")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_8
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-8
+      [0xa0, *(0xa2..0xbe), *(0xdf..0xfa), 0xfc, 0xfd].each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-8")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c1 * 2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_9
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-9
+      assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "\xdf\xdf")
+      assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "ssss")
+      assert_match(/^[\xdfz]+$/i, "sszzsszz")
+      assert_match(/^SS$/i, "\xdf")
+      assert_match(/^Ss$/i, "\xdf")
+      ([*(0xc0..0xde)] - [0xd7, 0xdd]).each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-9")
+        c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("iso8859-9")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+        assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_10
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-10\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-10"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_11
+    eval(%q(# encoding: iso8859-11
+      [*(0xa0..0xda), *(0xdf..0xfb)].each do |c|
+        c1 = c.chr("iso8859-11")
+        assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c1 * 2)
+      end
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_13
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-13\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-13"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_14
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-14\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-14"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_15
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-15\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-15"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_8859_16
+    eval("# encoding: iso8859-16\n" + ASSERTS.gsub(/ENCODING/m, "iso8859-16"))
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_koi8.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_koi8.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a4d233e8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_koi8.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestKOI8 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  ASSERTS = %q(
+    (0xc0..0xdf).each do |c|
+      c1 = c.chr("ENCODING")
+      c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("ENCODING")
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+    end
+  )
+
+  def test_koi8_r
+    eval("# encoding: koi8-r\n" + ASSERTS.gsub("ENCODING", "koi8-r"))
+  end
+
+  def test_koi8_u
+    eval("# encoding: koi8-u\n" + ASSERTS.gsub("ENCODING", "koi8-u"))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_regex_casefold.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_regex_casefold.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5d5c6e337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_regex_casefold.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# Copyright Kimihito Matsui (�井 �人) and Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestCaseFold < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  UNICODE_VERSION = RbConfig::CONFIG['UNICODE_VERSION']
+  path = File.expand_path("../../../enc/unicode/data/#{UNICODE_VERSION}", __dir__)
+  UNICODE_DATA_PATH = File.directory?("#{path}/ucd") ? "#{path}/ucd" : path
+  CaseTest = Struct.new :source, :target, :kind, :line
+
+  def check_downcase_properties(expected, start, *flags)
+    assert_equal expected, start.downcase(*flags)
+    temp = start.dup
+    assert_equal expected, temp.downcase!(*flags)
+    assert_equal expected, expected.downcase(*flags)
+    temp = expected
+    assert_nil   temp.downcase!(*flags)
+  end
+
+  def read_tests
+    File.readlines("#{UNICODE_DATA_PATH}/CaseFolding.txt", encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    .collect.with_index { |linedata, linenumber| [linenumber.to_i+1, linedata.chomp] }
+    .reject { |number, data| data =~ /^(#|$)/ }
+    .collect do |linenumber, linedata|
+      data, _ = linedata.split(/#\s*/)
+      code, kind, result, _ = data.split(/;\s*/)
+      CaseTest.new code.to_i(16).chr('UTF-8'),
+                   result.split(/ /).collect { |hex| hex.to_i(16) }.pack('U*'),
+                   kind, linenumber
+    end.select { |test| test.kind=='C' }
+  end
+
+  def to_codepoints(string)
+    string.codepoints.collect { |cp| cp.to_s(16).upcase.rjust(4, '0') }
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @@tests ||= read_tests
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT => e
+    @@tests ||= []
+    omit e.message
+  end
+
+  def self.generate_test_casefold(encoding)
+    define_method "test_mbc_case_fold_#{encoding}" do
+      @@tests.each do |test|
+        begin
+          source = test.source.encode encoding
+          target = test.target.encode encoding
+          assert_equal 5, "12345#{target}67890" =~ /#{source}/i,
+              "12345#{to_codepoints(target)}67890 and /#{to_codepoints(source)}/ do not match case-insensitive " +
+              "(CaseFolding.txt line #{test[:line]})"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    define_method "test_get_case_fold_codes_by_str_#{encoding}" do
+      @@tests.each do |test|
+        begin
+          source = test.source.encode encoding
+          target = test.target.encode encoding
+          assert_equal 5, "12345#{source}67890" =~ /#{target}/i,
+              "12345#{to_codepoints(source)}67890 and /#{to_codepoints(target)}/ do not match case-insensitive " +
+              "(CaseFolding.txt line #{test[:line]}), " +
+              "error may also be triggered by mbc_case_fold"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    define_method "test_apply_all_case_fold_#{encoding}" do
+      @@tests.each do |test|
+        begin
+          source = test.source.encode encoding
+          target = test.target.encode encoding
+          reg = '\p{Upper}'
+          regexp = Regexp.compile reg.encode(encoding)
+          regexpi = Regexp.compile reg.encode(encoding), Regexp::IGNORECASE
+            assert_equal 5, "12345#{target}67890" =~ regexpi,
+                "12345#{to_codepoints(target)}67890 and /#{reg}/i do not match " +
+                "(CaseFolding.txt line #{test[:line]})"
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+          source = source
+          regexp = regexp
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_downcase_fold
+    @@tests.each do |test|
+      check_downcase_properties test.target, test.source, :fold
+    end
+  end
+
+  # start with good encodings only
+  generate_test_casefold 'US-ASCII'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-1'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-2'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-3'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-4'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-5'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-6'
+  # generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-7'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-8'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-9'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-10'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-11'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-13'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-14'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-15'
+  generate_test_casefold 'ISO-8859-16'
+  generate_test_casefold 'Windows-1250'
+  # generate_test_casefold 'Windows-1251'
+  generate_test_casefold 'Windows-1252'
+  generate_test_casefold 'koi8-r'
+  generate_test_casefold 'koi8-u'
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_shift_jis.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_shift_jis.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..059992d167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_shift_jis.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# vim: set fileencoding=shift_jis
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestShiftJIS < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    assert_match(/(‚�)(a)\1\2/i, "‚�a‚�A")
+    assert_match(/(‚�)(a)\1\2/i, "‚�a‚`A")
+  end
+
+  def test_property
+    assert_match(/‚ {0}\p{Hiragana}{4}/, "‚Ђ炪‚È")
+    assert_no_match(/‚ {0}\p{Hiragana}{4}/, "ƒJƒ^ƒJƒi")
+    assert_no_match(/‚ {0}\p{Hiragana}{4}/, "Š¿ŽšŠ¿Žš")
+    assert_no_match(/‚ {0}\p{Katakana}{4}/, "‚Ђ炪‚È")
+    assert_match(/‚ {0}\p{Katakana}{4}/, "ƒJƒ^ƒJƒi")
+    assert_no_match(/‚ {0}\p{Katakana}{4}/, "Š¿ŽšŠ¿Žš")
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new('‚ {0}\p{foobarbaz}') }
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbclen
+    s = "‚ ‚¢‚¤‚¦‚¨"
+    s << 0x82a9
+    assert_equal("‚ ‚¢‚¤‚¦‚¨‚©", s)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { s << 0x82 }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_utf16.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_utf16.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e08f2ea14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_utf16.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestUTF16 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def encdump(obj)
+    case obj
+    when String
+      d = obj.dump
+      if /\.force_encoding\("[A-Za-z0-9.:_+-]*"\)\z/ =~ d
+        d
+      else
+        "#{d}.force_encoding(#{obj.encoding.name.dump})"
+      end
+    when Regexp
+      "Regexp.new(#{encdump(obj.source)}, #{obj.options})"
+    else
+      raise Argument, "unexpected: #{obj.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def enccall(recv, meth, *args)
+    desc = ''
+    if String === recv
+      desc << encdump(recv)
+    else
+      desc << recv.inspect
+    end
+    desc << '.' << meth.to_s
+    if !args.empty?
+      desc << '('
+      args.each_with_index {|a, i|
+        desc << ',' if 0 < i
+        if String === a
+          desc << encdump(a)
+        else
+          desc << a.inspect
+        end
+      }
+      desc << ')'
+    end
+    result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(desc) {
+      result = recv.send(meth, *args)
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  def assert_str_equal(expected, actual, message=nil)
+    full_message = build_message(message, <<EOT)
+#{encdump expected} expected but not equal to
+#{encdump actual}.
+EOT
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, full_message)
+  end
+
+  # tests start
+
+  def test_utf16be_valid_encoding
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [
+        "\x00\x00",
+        "\xd7\xff",
+        "\xd8\x00\xdc\x00",
+        "\xdb\xff\xdf\xff",
+        "\xe0\x00",
+        "\xff\xff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-16be")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+      [
+        "\x00",
+        "\xd7",
+        "\xd8\x00",
+        "\xd8\x00\xd8\x00",
+        "\xdc\x00",
+        "\xdc\x00\xd8\x00",
+        "\xdc\x00\xdc\x00",
+        "\xe0",
+        "\xff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-16be")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_utf16le_valid_encoding
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [
+        "\x00\x00",
+        "\xff\xd7",
+        "\x00\xd8\x00\xdc",
+        "\xff\xdb\xff\xdf",
+        "\x00\xe0",
+        "\xff\xff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-16le")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+      [
+        "\x00",
+        "\xd7",
+        "\x00\xd8",
+        "\x00\xd8\x00\xd8",
+        "\x00\xdc",
+        "\x00\xdc\x00\xd8",
+        "\x00\xdc\x00\xdc",
+        "\xe0",
+        "\xff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-16le")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime
+    s = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Time.now.strftime(#{encdump s})") { Time.now.strftime(s) }
+  end
+
+  def test_intern
+    s = "aaaa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(s.encoding, s.intern.to_s.encoding, "#{encdump s}.intern.to_s.encoding")
+  end
+
+  def test_sym_eq
+    s = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    assert_not_equal(:aa, s.intern, "#{encdump s}.intern != :aa")
+  end
+
+  def test_compatible
+    s1 = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    s2 = "z".force_encoding("us-ascii")
+    assert_nil(Encoding.compatible?(s1, s2), "Encoding.compatible?(#{encdump s1}, #{encdump s2})")
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp
+    s1 = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    s2 = "AA"
+    assert_not_equal(0, s1.casecmp(s2), "#{encdump s1}.casecmp(#{encdump s2})")
+  end
+
+  def test_end_with
+    s1 = "ab".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    s2 = "b".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(false, s1.end_with?(s2), "#{encdump s1}.end_with?(#{encdump s2})")
+  end
+
+  def test_hex
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      "ff".encode("utf-16le").hex
+    }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      "ff".encode("utf-16be").hex
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_oct
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      "77".encode("utf-16le").oct
+    }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      "77".encode("utf-16be").oct
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    s1 = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    s2 = "aa"
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{encdump s1}.count(#{encdump s2})") {
+      s1.count(s2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    s1 = "a".force_encoding("us-ascii")
+    s2 = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{encdump s1} + #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 + s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_find
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Encoding.find("utf-8".force_encoding("utf-16be"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_interpolation
+    s = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, "\"a\#{#{encdump s}}\"") {
+      "a#{s}"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_slice!
+    enccall("aa".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), :slice!, -1)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus_empty1
+    s1 = ""
+    s2 = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_nothing_raised("#{encdump s1} << #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 + s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_plus_empty2
+    s1 = "aa"
+    s2 = "".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_nothing_raised("#{encdump s1} << #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 + s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_plus_nonempty
+    s1 = "aa"
+    s2 = "bb".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{encdump s1} << #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 + s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_empty1
+    s1 = ""
+    s2 = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_nothing_raised("#{encdump s1} << #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 << s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_empty2
+    s1 = "aa"
+    s2 = "".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_nothing_raised("#{encdump s1} << #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 << s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_nonempty
+    s1 = "aa"
+    s2 = "bb".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{encdump s1} << #{encdump s2}") {
+      s1 << s2
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_chomp
+    s = "\1\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(s, s.chomp, "#{encdump s}.chomp")
+    s = "\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal("", s.chomp, "#{encdump s}.chomp")
+    s = "\0\r\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal("", s.chomp, "#{encdump s}.chomp")
+  end
+
+  def test_succ
+    s = "\xff\xff".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_predicate(s.succ, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.succ.valid_encoding?")
+
+    s = "\xdb\xff\xdf\xff".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_predicate(s.succ, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.succ.valid_encoding?")
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_union
+    enccall(Regexp, :union, "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be"), "bb".force_encoding("utf-16be"))
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_regexp
+    s = "".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("utf-16be"), Regexp.new(s).encoding,
+                "Regexp.new(#{encdump s}).encoding")
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_match
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { Regexp.new("aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")) =~ "aa" }
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub
+    s = "abcd".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      s.gsub(Regexp.new(".".encode("utf-16be")), "xy")
+    }
+    s = "ab\0\ncd".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      s.gsub(Regexp.new(".".encode("utf-16be")), "xy")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_split_awk
+    s = " ab cd ".encode("utf-16be")
+    r = s.split(" ".encode("utf-16be"))
+    assert_equal(2, r.length)
+    assert_str_equal("ab".encode("utf-16be"), r[0])
+    assert_str_equal("cd".encode("utf-16be"), r[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_count2
+    e = "abc".count("^b")
+    assert_equal(e, "abc".encode("utf-16be").count("^b".encode("utf-16be")))
+    assert_equal(e, "abc".encode("utf-16le").count("^b".encode("utf-16le")))
+  end
+
+  def test_header
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { eval("# encoding:utf-16le\nfoo") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { eval("# encoding:utf-16be\nfoo") }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_is_mbc_newline
+    sl = "f\0o\0o\0\n\0b\0a\0r\0\n\0b\0a\0z\0\n\0".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    sb = "\0f\0o\0o\0\n\0b\0a\0r\0\n\0b\0a\0z\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    al = sl.lines.to_a
+    ab = sb.lines.to_a
+    assert_equal("f\0o\0o\0\n\0".force_encoding("utf-16le"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal("b\0a\0r\0\n\0".force_encoding("utf-16le"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal("b\0a\0z\0\n\0".force_encoding("utf-16le"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal("\0f\0o\0o\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be"), ab.shift)
+    assert_equal("\0b\0a\0r\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be"), ab.shift)
+    assert_equal("\0b\0a\0z\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be"), ab.shift)
+
+    sl = "f\0o\0o\0\n\0".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    sb = "\0f\0o\0o\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    sl2 = "f\0o\0o\0".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    sb2 = "\0f\0o\0o".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(sl2, sl.chomp)
+    assert_equal(sl2, sl.chomp.chomp)
+    assert_equal(sb2, sb.chomp)
+    assert_equal(sb2, sb.chomp.chomp)
+
+    sl = "f\0o\0o\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    sb = "\0f\0o\0o\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(sl, sl.chomp)
+    assert_equal(sb, sb.chomp)
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    assert_equal("a\0".force_encoding("utf-16le"), "a".ord.chr("utf-16le"))
+    assert_equal("\0a".force_encoding("utf-16be"), "a".ord.chr("utf-16be"))
+  end
+
+  def utf8_to_utf16(s, e)
+    s.chars.map {|c| c.ord.chr(e) }.join
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    rl = Regexp.new(utf8_to_utf16("^(\u3042)(a)\\1\\2$", "utf-16le"), "i")
+    rb = Regexp.new(utf8_to_utf16("^(\u3042)(a)\\1\\2$", "utf-16be"), "i")
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("utf-16le"), rl.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("utf-16be"), rb.encoding)
+    assert_match(rl, utf8_to_utf16("\u3042a\u3042a", "utf-16le"))
+    assert_match(rb, utf8_to_utf16("\u3042a\u3042a", "utf-16be"))
+  end
+
+  def test_surrogate_pair
+    sl = "\x42\xd8\xb7\xdf".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    sb = "\xd8\x42\xdf\xb7".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+
+    assert_equal(1, sl.size)
+    assert_equal(1, sb.size)
+    assert_equal(0x20bb7, sl.ord)
+    assert_equal(0x20bb7, sb.ord)
+    assert_equal(sl, 0x20bb7.chr("utf-16le"))
+    assert_equal(sb, 0x20bb7.chr("utf-16be"))
+    assert_equal("", sl.chop)
+    assert_equal("", sb.chop)
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_escape
+    s = "\0*".force_encoding("UTF-16BE")
+    r = Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s))
+    assert_match(r, s, "#{encdump(r)} =~ #{encdump(s)}")
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp2
+    assert_equal(0, "\0A".force_encoding("UTF-16BE").casecmp("\0a".force_encoding("UTF-16BE")))
+    assert_not_equal(0, "\0A".force_encoding("UTF-16LE").casecmp("\0a".force_encoding("UTF-16LE")))
+    assert_not_equal(0, "A\0".force_encoding("UTF-16BE").casecmp("a\0".force_encoding("UTF-16BE")))
+    assert_equal(0, "A\0".force_encoding("UTF-16LE").casecmp("a\0".force_encoding("UTF-16LE")))
+
+    ary = ["01".force_encoding("UTF-16LE"),
+           "10".force_encoding("UTF-16LE")]
+    e = ary.sort {|x,y| x <=> y }
+    a = ary.sort {|x,y| x.casecmp(y) }
+    assert_equal(e, a)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_utf32.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_utf32.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76379abca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_utf32.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestUTF32 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def encdump(str)
+    d = str.dump
+    if /\.force_encoding\("[A-Za-z0-9.:_+-]*"\)\z/ =~ d
+      d
+    else
+      "#{d}.force_encoding(#{str.encoding.name.dump})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_str_equal(expected, actual, message=nil)
+    full_message = build_message(message, <<EOT)
+#{encdump expected} expected but not equal to
+#{encdump actual}.
+EOT
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, full_message)
+  end
+
+  def test_substr
+    assert_str_equal(
+      "abcdefgh".force_encoding("utf-32le"),
+      "abcdefgh".force_encoding("utf-32le")[0,3])
+    assert_str_equal(
+      "abcdefgh".force_encoding("utf-32be"),
+      "abcdefgh".force_encoding("utf-32be")[0,3])
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_len
+    al = "abcdefghijkl".force_encoding("utf-32le").each_char.to_a
+    ab = "abcdefghijkl".force_encoding("utf-32be").each_char.to_a
+    assert_equal("abcd".force_encoding("utf-32le"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal("efgh".force_encoding("utf-32le"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal("ijkl".force_encoding("utf-32le"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal("abcd".force_encoding("utf-32be"), ab.shift)
+    assert_equal("efgh".force_encoding("utf-32be"), ab.shift)
+    assert_equal("ijkl".force_encoding("utf-32be"), ab.shift)
+  end
+
+  def ascii_to_utf16le(s)
+    s.unpack("C*").map {|x| [x,0,0,0] }.flatten.pack("C*").force_encoding("utf-32le")
+  end
+
+  def ascii_to_utf16be(s)
+    s.unpack("C*").map {|x| [0,0,0,x] }.flatten.pack("C*").force_encoding("utf-32be")
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_newline
+    al = ascii_to_utf16le("foo\nbar\nbaz\n").lines.to_a
+    ab = ascii_to_utf16be("foo\nbar\nbaz\n").lines.to_a
+
+    assert_equal(ascii_to_utf16le("foo\n"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal(ascii_to_utf16le("bar\n"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal(ascii_to_utf16le("baz\n"), al.shift)
+    assert_equal(ascii_to_utf16be("foo\n"), ab.shift)
+    assert_equal(ascii_to_utf16be("bar\n"), ab.shift)
+    assert_equal(ascii_to_utf16be("baz\n"), ab.shift)
+
+    sl = "a\0".force_encoding("utf-32le")
+    sb = "a\0".force_encoding("utf-32be")
+    assert_equal(sl, sl.chomp)
+    assert_equal(sb, sb.chomp)
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_to_code
+    sl = "a\0\0\0".force_encoding("utf-32le")
+    sb = "\0\0\0a".force_encoding("utf-32be")
+    assert_equal("a".ord, sl.ord)
+    assert_equal("a".ord, sb.ord)
+  end
+
+  def utf8_to_utf32(s, e)
+    s.chars.map {|c| c.ord.chr(e) }.join
+  end
+
+  def test_mbc_case_fold
+    rl = Regexp.new(utf8_to_utf32("^(\u3042)(a)\\1\\2$", "utf-32le"), "i")
+    rb = Regexp.new(utf8_to_utf32("^(\u3042)(a)\\1\\2$", "utf-32be"), "i")
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("utf-32le"), rl.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("utf-32be"), rb.encoding)
+    assert_match(rl, utf8_to_utf32("\u3042a\u3042a", "utf-32le"))
+    assert_match(rb, utf8_to_utf32("\u3042a\u3042a", "utf-32be"))
+  end
+
+  def test_code_to_mbc
+    sl = "a\0\0\0".force_encoding("utf-32le")
+    sb = "\0\0\0a".force_encoding("utf-32be")
+    assert_equal(sl, "a".ord.chr("utf-32le"))
+    assert_equal(sb, "a".ord.chr("utf-32be"))
+  end
+
+  def test_utf32be_valid_encoding
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [
+        "\x00\x00\x00\x00",
+        "\x00\x00\x00a",
+        "\x00\x00\x30\x40",
+        "\x00\x00\xd7\xff",
+        "\x00\x00\xe0\x00",
+        "\x00\x00\xff\xff",
+        "\x00\x10\xff\xff",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-32be")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+      [
+        "a",
+        "\x00a",
+        "\x00\x00a",
+        "\x00\x00\xd8\x00",
+        "\x00\x00\xdb\xff",
+        "\x00\x00\xdc\x00",
+        "\x00\x00\xdf\xff",
+        "\x00\x11\x00\x00",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-32be")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_utf32le_valid_encoding
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [
+        "\x00\x00\x00\x00",
+        "a\x00\x00\x00",
+        "\x40\x30\x00\x00",
+        "\xff\xd7\x00\x00",
+        "\x00\xe0\x00\x00",
+        "\xff\xff\x00\x00",
+        "\xff\xff\x10\x00",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-32le")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+      [
+        "a",
+        "a\x00",
+        "a\x00\x00",
+        "\x00\xd8\x00\x00",
+        "\xff\xdb\x00\x00",
+        "\x00\xdc\x00\x00",
+        "\xff\xdf\x00\x00",
+        "\x00\x00\x11\x00",
+      ].each {|s|
+        s.force_encoding("utf-32le")
+        a.for(s) {
+          assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.valid_encoding?")
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_windows_1251.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_windows_1251.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..002dbaa3cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_windows_1251.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# encoding:windows-1251
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestWindows1251 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_windows_1251
+    (0xc0..0xdf).each do |c|
+      c1 = c.chr("windows-1251")
+      c2 = (c + 0x20).chr("windows-1251")
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_windows_1252.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_windows_1252.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f264cba759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_windows_1252.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# encoding:windows-1252
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require "test/unit"
+
+class TestWindows1252 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_stset
+    assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "\xdf\xdf")
+    assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "ssss")
+    # assert_match(/^(\xdf)\1$/i, "\xdfss") # this must be bug...
+    assert_match(/^[\xdfz]+$/i, "sszzsszz")
+    assert_match(/^SS$/i, "\xdf")
+    assert_match(/^Ss$/i, "\xdf")
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1252
+    [0x8a, 0x8c, 0x8e, *0xc0..0xd6, *0xd8..0xde, 0x9f].zip([0x9a, 0x9c, 0x9e, *0xe0..0xf6, *0xf8..0xfe, 0xff]).each do |c1, c2|
+      c1 = c1.chr("windows-1252")
+      c2 = c2.chr("windows-1252")
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c1 })\1$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^(#{ c2 })\1$/i, c1 + c2)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c1 }]+$/i, c2 + c1)
+      assert_match(/^[#{ c2 }]+$/i, c1 + c2)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/lbtest.rb b/test/ruby/lbtest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7822c9e9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/lbtest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+class LocalBarrier
+  def initialize(n)
+    @wait = Thread::Queue.new
+    @done = Thread::Queue.new
+    @keeper = begin_keeper(n)
+  end
+
+  def sync
+    @done.push(true)
+    @wait.pop
+  end
+
+  def join
+    @keeper.join
+  end
+
+  private
+  def begin_keeper(n)
+    Thread.start do
+      n.times do
+        @done.pop
+      end
+      n.times do
+        @wait.push(true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+n = 10
+
+lb = LocalBarrier.new(n)
+
+(n - 1).times do |i|
+  Thread.start do
+    sleep((rand(n) + 1) / 100.0)
+    print "#{i}: done\n"
+    lb.sync
+    print "#{i}: cont\n"
+  end
+end
+
+lb.sync
+print "#{n-1}: cont\n"
+# lb.join # [ruby-dev:30653]
+
+print "exit.\n"
diff --git a/test/ruby/marshaltestlib.rb b/test/ruby/marshaltestlib.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f100b7873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/marshaltestlib.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+module MarshalTestLib
+  # include this module to a Test::Unit::TestCase and define encode(o) and
+  # decode(s) methods.  e.g.
+  #
+  # def encode(o)
+  #   SOAPMarshal.dump(o)
+  # end
+  #
+  # def decode(s)
+  #   SOAPMarshal.load(s)
+  # end
+
+  NegativeZero = (-1.0 / (1.0 / 0.0))
+
+  module Mod1; end
+  module Mod2; end
+
+  def marshaltest(o1)
+    str = encode(o1)
+    print str.dump, "\n" if $DEBUG
+    o2 = decode(str)
+    o2
+  end
+
+  def marshal_equal(o1, msg = nil)
+    msg = msg ? msg + "(#{ caller[0] })" : caller[0]
+    o2 = marshaltest(o1)
+    assert_equal(o1.class, o2.class, msg)
+    iv1 = o1.instance_variables.sort
+    iv2 = o2.instance_variables.sort
+    assert_equal(iv1, iv2)
+    val1 = iv1.map {|var| o1.instance_eval {eval var.to_s}}
+    val2 = iv1.map {|var| o2.instance_eval {eval var.to_s}}
+    assert_equal(val1, val2, msg)
+    if block_given?
+      assert_equal(yield(o1), yield(o2), msg)
+    else
+      assert_equal(o1, o2, msg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1, msg = nil)
+    marshal_equal(o1, msg) do |o|
+      ancestry = o.singleton_class.ancestors
+      ancestry[ancestry.index(o.singleton_class)] = :singleton_class
+      ancestry
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MyObject; def initialize(v) @v = v end; attr_reader :v; end
+  def test_object
+    o1 = Object.new
+    o1.instance_eval { @iv = 1 }
+    marshal_equal(o1) {|o| o.instance_eval { @iv }}
+  end
+
+  def test_object_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyObject.new(2)) {|o| o.v}
+  end
+
+  def test_object_extend
+    o1 = Object.new
+    o1.extend(Mod1)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+    o1.extend(Mod2)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+  end
+
+  def test_object_subclass_extend
+    o1 = MyObject.new(2)
+    o1.extend(Mod1)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+    o1.extend(Mod2)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+  end
+
+  def test_object_prepend
+    bug8041 = '[ruby-core:53202] [Bug #8041]'
+
+    o1 = MyObject.new(42)
+    o1.singleton_class.class_eval {prepend Mod1}
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug8041) {
+      marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1, bug8041)
+    }
+  end
+
+  class MyArray < Array
+    def initialize(v, *args)
+      super(args)
+      @v = v
+    end
+  end
+  def test_array
+    marshal_equal(5)
+    marshal_equal([1,2,3])
+  end
+
+  def test_array_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyArray.new(0, 1, 2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_array_ivar
+    o1 = Array.new
+    o1.instance_eval { @iv = 1 }
+    marshal_equal(o1) {|o| o.instance_eval { @iv }}
+  end
+
+  class MyException < Exception; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end; attr_reader :v; end
+  def test_exception
+    marshal_equal(Exception.new('foo')) {|o| o.message}
+    obj = Object.new
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {obj.no_such_method()}
+    marshal_equal(e) {|o| o.message.lines.first.chomp}
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyException.new(20, "bar")) {|o| [o.message, o.v]}
+  end
+
+  def test_false
+    marshal_equal(false)
+  end
+
+  class MyHash < Hash; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end end
+  def test_hash
+    marshal_equal({1=>2, 3=>4})
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_default
+    h = Hash.new(:default)
+    h[5] = 6
+    marshal_equal(h)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_subclass
+    h = MyHash.new(7, 8)
+    h[4] = 5
+    marshal_equal(h)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_default_proc
+    h = Hash.new {}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(h) }
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_ivar
+    o1 = Hash.new
+    o1.instance_eval { @iv = 1 }
+    marshal_equal(o1) {|o| o.instance_eval { @iv }}
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_extend
+    o1 = Hash.new
+    o1.extend(Mod1)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+    o1.extend(Mod2)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_subclass_extend
+    o1 = MyHash.new(2)
+    o1.extend(Mod1)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+    o1.extend(Mod2)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+  end
+
+  def test_bignum
+    marshal_equal(-0x4000_0000_0000_0001)
+    marshal_equal(-0x4000_0001)
+    marshal_equal(0x4000_0000)
+    marshal_equal(0x4000_0000_0000_0000)
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum
+    marshal_equal(-0x4000_0000)
+    marshal_equal(-0x3fff_ffff)
+    marshal_equal(-1)
+    marshal_equal(0)
+    marshal_equal(1)
+    marshal_equal(0x3fff_ffff)
+  end
+
+  def test_float
+    marshal_equal(-1.0)
+    marshal_equal(0.0)
+    marshal_equal(1.0)
+  end
+
+  def test_float_inf_nan
+    marshal_equal(1.0/0.0)
+    marshal_equal(-1.0/0.0)
+    marshal_equal(0.0/0.0) {|o| o.nan?}
+    marshal_equal(NegativeZero) {|o| 1.0/o}
+  end
+
+  class MyRange < Range; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end end
+  def test_range
+    marshal_equal(1..2)
+    marshal_equal(1...3)
+  end
+
+  def test_range_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyRange.new(4,5,8, false))
+  end
+
+  class MyRegexp < Regexp; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end end
+  def test_regexp
+    marshal_equal(/a/)
+    marshal_equal(/A/i)
+    marshal_equal(/A/mx)
+    marshal_equal(/a\u3042/)
+    marshal_equal(/a�/)
+    assert_equal(Regexp.new("�".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")),
+                 Marshal.load("\004\b/\b\343\201\202\000"))
+    assert_equal(/au3042/, Marshal.load("\004\b/\fa\\u3042\000"))
+    #assert_equal(/au3042/u, Marshal.load("\004\b/\fa\\u3042@")) # spec
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyRegexp.new(10, "a"))
+  end
+
+  class MyString < String; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end end
+  def test_string
+    marshal_equal("abc")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_ivar
+    o1 = ""
+    o1.instance_eval { @iv = 1 }
+    marshal_equal(o1) {|o| o.instance_eval { @iv }}
+  end
+
+  def test_string_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyString.new(10, "a"))
+  end
+
+  def test_string_subclass_cycle
+    str = MyString.new(10, "b")
+    str.instance_eval { @v = str }
+    marshal_equal(str) { |o|
+      assert_same(o, o.instance_eval { @v })
+      o.instance_eval { @v }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_string_subclass_extend
+    o = "abc"
+    o.extend(Mod1)
+    str = MyString.new(o, "c")
+    marshal_equal(str) { |v|
+      assert_kind_of(Mod1, v.instance_eval { @v })
+    }
+  end
+
+  MyStruct = Struct.new("MyStruct", :a, :b)
+  class MySubStruct < MyStruct; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end end
+  def test_struct
+    marshal_equal(MyStruct.new(1,2))
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MySubStruct.new(10,1,2))
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_ivar
+    o1 = MyStruct.new
+    o1.instance_eval { @iv = 1 }
+    marshal_equal(o1) {|o| o.instance_eval { @iv }}
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_subclass_extend
+    o1 = MyStruct.new
+    o1.extend(Mod1)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+    o1.extend(Mod2)
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o1)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol
+    marshal_equal(:a)
+    marshal_equal(:a?)
+    marshal_equal(:a!)
+    marshal_equal(:a=)
+    marshal_equal(:|)
+    marshal_equal(:^)
+    marshal_equal(:&)
+    marshal_equal(:<=>)
+    marshal_equal(:==)
+    marshal_equal(:===)
+    marshal_equal(:=~)
+    marshal_equal(:>)
+    marshal_equal(:>=)
+    marshal_equal(:<)
+    marshal_equal(:<=)
+    marshal_equal(:<<)
+    marshal_equal(:>>)
+    marshal_equal(:+)
+    marshal_equal(:-)
+    marshal_equal(:*)
+    marshal_equal(:/)
+    marshal_equal(:%)
+    marshal_equal(:**)
+    marshal_equal(:~)
+    marshal_equal(:+@)
+    marshal_equal(:-@)
+    marshal_equal(:[])
+    marshal_equal(:[]=)
+    marshal_equal(:`)   #`
+    marshal_equal("a b".intern)
+  end
+
+  class MyTime < Time; def initialize(v, *args) super(*args); @v = v; end end
+  def test_time
+    # once there was a bug caused by usec overflow.  try a little harder.
+    10.times do
+      t = Time.now
+      marshal_equal(t, t.usec.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_time_subclass
+    marshal_equal(MyTime.new(10))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_ivar
+    o1 = Time.now
+    o1.instance_eval { @iv = 1 }
+    marshal_equal(o1) {|o| o.instance_eval { @iv }}
+  end
+
+  def test_time_in_array
+    t = Time.now
+    assert_equal([t,t], Marshal.load(Marshal.dump([t, t])), "[ruby-dev:34159]")
+  end
+
+  def test_true
+    marshal_equal(true)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil
+    marshal_equal(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_share
+    o = [:share]
+    o1 = [o, o]
+    o2 = marshaltest(o1)
+    assert_same(o2.first, o2.last)
+  end
+
+  class CyclicRange < Range
+    def <=>(other); true; end
+  end
+  def test_range_cyclic
+    return unless CyclicRange.respond_to?(:allocate) # test for 1.8
+    o1 = CyclicRange.allocate
+    o1.instance_eval { initialize(o1, o1) }
+    o2 = marshaltest(o1)
+    assert_same(o2, o2.begin)
+    assert_same(o2, o2.end)
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.m() end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(o) }
+
+    bug8043 = '[ruby-core:53206] [Bug #8043]'
+    class << o; prepend Mod1; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug8043) {marshaltest(o)}
+
+    o = Object.new
+    c = class << o
+      @v = 1
+      class C; self; end
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(o) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(c) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(ARGF) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(ENV) }
+  end
+
+  def test_extend
+    o = Object.new
+    o.extend Mod1
+    marshal_equal(o) { |obj| obj.kind_of? Mod1 }
+    o = Object.new
+    o.extend Mod1
+    o.extend Mod2
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o)
+    o = Object.new
+    o.extend Module.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(o) }
+  end
+
+  def test_extend_string
+    o = ""
+    o.extend Mod1
+    marshal_equal(o) { |obj| obj.kind_of? Mod1 }
+    o = ""
+    o.extend Mod1
+    o.extend Mod2
+    marshal_equal_with_ancestry(o)
+    o = ""
+    o.extend Module.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(o) }
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(c) }
+    o = c.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(o) }
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { marshaltest(m) }
+  end
+
+  def test_string_empty
+    marshal_equal("")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_crlf
+    marshal_equal("\r\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_escape
+    marshal_equal("\0<;;>\1;;")
+  end
+
+  MyStruct2 = Struct.new(:a, :b)
+  def test_struct_toplevel
+    o = MyStruct2.new(1,2)
+    marshal_equal(o)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/sentence.rb b/test/ruby/sentence.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99ced05d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/sentence.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,669 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# == sentence library
+#
+# = Features
+#
+# * syntax based sentences generation
+# * sentence operations such as substitution.
+#
+# = Example
+#
+# Some arithmetic expressions using "+", "-", "*" and "/" are generated as follows.
+#
+#  require 'sentence'
+#  Sentence.each({
+#    :exp => [["num"],
+#             [:exp, "+", :exp],
+#             [:exp, "-", :exp],
+#             [:exp, "*", :exp],
+#             [:exp, "/", :exp]]
+#  }, :exp, 2) {|sent| p sent }
+#  #=>
+#  #<Sentence: "num">
+#  #<Sentence: ("num") "+" ("num")>
+#  #<Sentence: ("num") "+" (("num") "+" ("num"))>
+#  #<Sentence: ("num") "+" (("num") "-" ("num"))>
+#  #<Sentence: ("num") "+" (("num") "*" ("num"))>
+#  #<Sentence: ("num") "+" (("num") "/" ("num"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("num") "+" ("num")) "+" ("num")>
+#  ...
+#
+# Sentence.each takes 3 arguments.
+# The first argument is the syntax for the expressions.
+# The second argument, :exp, is a generating nonterminal.
+# The third argument, 2, limits derivation to restrict results finitely.
+#
+# Some arithmetic expressions including parenthesis can be generated as follows.
+#
+#  syntax = {
+#    :factor => [["n"],
+#                ["(", :exp, ")"]],
+#    :term => [[:factor],
+#              [:term, "*", :factor],
+#              [:term, "/", :factor]],
+#    :exp => [[:term],
+#             [:exp, "+", :term],
+#             [:exp, "-", :term]]
+#  }
+#  Sentence.each(syntax, :exp, 2) {|sent| p sent }
+#  #=>
+#  #<Sentence: (("n"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("(" ((("n"))) ")"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("(" ((("(" ((("n"))) ")"))) ")"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("(" (((("n")) "*" ("n"))) ")"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("(" (((("n")) "/" ("n"))) ")"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("(" (((("n"))) "+" (("n"))) ")"))>
+#  #<Sentence: (("(" (((("n"))) "-" (("n"))) ")"))>
+#  #<Sentence: ((("n")) "*" ("n"))>
+#  #<Sentence: ((("n")) "*" ("(" ((("n"))) ")"))>
+#  ...
+#
+#  Sentence#to_s can be used to concatenate strings
+#  in a sentence:
+#
+#  Sentence.each(syntax, :exp, 2) {|sent| p sent.to_s }
+#  #=>
+#  "n"
+#  "(n)"
+#  "((n))"
+#  "(n*n)"
+#  "(n/n)"
+#  "(n+n)"
+#  "(n-n)"
+#  "n*n"
+#  "n*(n)"
+#  ...
+#
+
+# Sentence() instantiates a sentence object.
+#
+#  Sentence("foo", "bar")
+#  #=> #<Sentence: "foo" "bar">
+#
+#  Sentence("foo", ["bar", "baz"])
+#  #=> #<Sentence: "foo" ("bar" "baz")>
+#
+def Sentence(*ary)
+  Sentence.new(ary)
+end
+
+# Sentence class represents a tree with string leaves.
+#
+class Sentence
+  # _ary_ represents a tree.
+  # It should be a possibly nested array which contains strings.
+  #
+  # Note that _ary_ is not copied.
+  # Don't modify _ary_ after the sentence object is instantiated.
+  #
+  #  Sentence.new(["a", "pen"])
+  #  #<Sentence: "a" "pen">
+  #
+  #  Sentence.new(["I", "have", ["a", "pen"]])
+  #  #<Sentence: "I" "have" ("a" "pen")>
+  #
+  def initialize(ary)
+    @sent = ary
+  end
+
+  # returns a string which is concatenation of all strings.
+  # No separator is used.
+  #
+  #  Sentence("2", "+", "3").to_s
+  #  "2+3"
+  #
+  #  Sentence("2", "+", ["3", "*", "5"]).to_s
+  #  "2+3*5"
+  #
+  def to_s
+    @sent.join('')
+  end
+
+  # returns a string which is concatenation of all strings separated by _sep_.
+  # If _sep_ is not given, single space is used.
+  #
+  #  Sentence("I", "have", ["a", "pen"]).join
+  #  "I have a pen"
+  #
+  #  Sentence("I", "have", ["a", "pen"]).join("/")
+  #  "I/have/a/pen"
+  #
+  #  Sentence("a", [], "b").join("/")
+  #  "a/b"
+  #
+  def join(sep=' ')
+    @sent.flatten.join(sep)
+  end
+
+  # returns a tree as a nested array.
+  #
+  # Note that the result is not copied.
+  # Don't modify the result.
+  #
+  #  Sentence(["foo", "bar"], "baz").to_a
+  #  #=> [["foo", "bar"], "baz"]
+  #
+  def to_a
+    @sent
+  end
+
+  # returns <i>i</i>th element as a sentence or string.
+  #
+  #  s = Sentence(["foo", "bar"], "baz")
+  #  s    #=> #<Sentence: ("foo" "bar") "baz">
+  #  s[0] #=> #<Sentence: "foo" "bar">
+  #  s[1] #=> "baz"
+  #
+  def [](i)
+    e = @sent[i]
+    e.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? Sentence.new(e) : e
+  end
+
+  # returns the number of top level elements.
+  #
+  #  Sentence.new(%w[foo bar]).length
+  #  #=> 2
+  #
+  #  Sentence(%w[2 * 7], "+", %w[3 * 5]).length
+  #  #=> 3
+  #
+  def length
+    @sent.length
+  end
+
+  # iterates over children.
+  #
+  #  Sentence(%w[2 * 7], "+", %w[3 * 5]).each {|v| p v }
+  #  #=>
+  #  #<Sentence: "2" "*" "7">
+  #  "+"
+  #  #<Sentence: "3" "*" "5">
+  #
+  def each # :yield: element
+    @sent.each_index {|i|
+      yield self[i]
+    }
+  end
+  include Enumerable
+
+  def inspect
+    "#<#{self.class}: #{inner_inspect(@sent, '')}>"
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  def inner_inspect(ary, r)
+    first = true
+    ary.each {|obj|
+      r << ' ' if !first
+      first = false
+      if obj.respond_to? :to_ary
+        r << '('
+        inner_inspect(obj, r)
+        r << ')'
+      else
+        r << obj.inspect
+      end
+    }
+    r
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # returns new sentence object which
+  # _target_ is substituted by the block.
+  #
+  # Sentence#subst invokes <tt>target === string</tt> for each
+  # string in the sentence.
+  # The strings which === returns true are substituted by the block.
+  # The block is invoked with the substituting string.
+  #
+  #  Sentence.new(%w[2 + 3]).subst("+") { "*" }
+  #  #<Sentence: "2" "*" "3">
+  #
+  #  Sentence.new(%w[2 + 3]).subst(/\A\d+\z/) {|s| ((s.to_i)*2).to_s }
+  #  #=> #<Sentence: "4" "+" "6">
+  #
+  def subst(target, &b) # :yield: string
+    Sentence.new(subst_rec(@sent, target, &b))
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  def subst_rec(obj, target, &b)
+    if obj.respond_to? :to_ary
+      a = []
+      obj.each {|e| a << subst_rec(e, target, &b) }
+      a
+    elsif target === obj
+      yield obj
+    else
+      obj
+    end
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # find a subsentence and return it.
+  # The block is invoked for each subsentence in preorder manner.
+  # The first subsentence which the block returns true is returned.
+  #
+  #  Sentence(%w[2 * 7], "+", %w[3 * 5]).find_subtree {|s| s[1] == "*" }
+  #  #=> #<Sentence: "2" "*" "7">
+  #
+  def find_subtree(&b) # :yield: sentence
+    find_subtree_rec(@sent, &b)
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  def find_subtree_rec(obj, &b)
+    if obj.respond_to? :to_ary
+      s = Sentence.new(obj)
+      if b.call s
+        return s
+      else
+        obj.each {|e|
+          r = find_subtree_rec(e, &b)
+          return r if r
+        }
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # returns a new sentence object which expands according to the condition
+  # given by the block.
+  #
+  # The block is invoked for each subsentence.
+  # The subsentences which the block returns true are
+  # expanded into parent.
+  #
+  #  s = Sentence(%w[2 * 7], "+", %w[3 * 5])
+  #  #=> #<Sentence: ("2" "*" "7") "+" ("3" "*" "5")>
+  #
+  #  s.expand { true }
+  #  #=> #<Sentence: "2" "*" "7" "+" "3" "*" "5">
+  #
+  #  s.expand {|s| s[0] == "3" }
+  #  #=> #<Sentence: (("2" "*" "7") "+" "3" "*" "5")>
+  #
+  def expand(&b) # :yield: sentence
+    Sentence.new(expand_rec(@sent, &b))
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  def expand_rec(obj, r=[], &b)
+    if obj.respond_to? :to_ary
+      obj.each {|o|
+        s = Sentence.new(o)
+        if b.call s
+          expand_rec(o, r, &b)
+        else
+          a = []
+          expand_rec(o, a, &b)
+          r << a
+        end
+      }
+    else
+      r << obj
+    end
+    r
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Sentence.each generates sentences
+  # by deriving the start symbol _sym_ using _syntax_.
+  # The derivation is restricted by an positive integer _limit_ to
+  # avoid infinite generation.
+  #
+  # Sentence.each yields the block with a generated sentence.
+  #
+  #  Sentence.each({
+  #    :exp => [["n"],
+  #             [:exp, "+", :exp],
+  #             [:exp, "*", :exp]]
+  #    }, :exp, 1) {|sent| p sent }
+  #  #=>
+  #  #<Sentence: "n">
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "+" ("n")>
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "*" ("n")>
+  #
+  #  Sentence.each({
+  #    :exp => [["n"],
+  #             [:exp, "+", :exp],
+  #             [:exp, "*", :exp]]
+  #    }, :exp, 2) {|sent| p sent }
+  #  #=>
+  #  #<Sentence: "n">
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "+" ("n")>
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "+" (("n") "+" ("n"))>
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "+" (("n") "*" ("n"))>
+  #  #<Sentence: (("n") "+" ("n")) "+" ("n")>
+  #  #<Sentence: (("n") "*" ("n")) "+" ("n")>
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "*" ("n")>
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "*" (("n") "+" ("n"))>
+  #  #<Sentence: ("n") "*" (("n") "*" ("n"))>
+  #  #<Sentence: (("n") "+" ("n")) "*" ("n")>
+  #  #<Sentence: (("n") "*" ("n")) "*" ("n")>
+  #
+  def Sentence.each(syntax, sym, limit)
+    Gen.new(syntax).each_tree(sym, limit) {|tree|
+      yield Sentence.new(tree)
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Sentence.expand_syntax returns an expanded syntax:
+  # * No rule derives to empty sequence
+  # * Underivable rule simplified
+  # * No channel rule
+  # * Symbols which has zero or one choices are not appeared in rhs.
+  #
+  # Note that the rules which can derive empty and non-empty
+  # sequences are modified to derive only non-empty sequences.
+  #
+  #  Sentence.expand_syntax({
+  #    :underivable1 => [],
+  #    :underivable2 => [[:underivable1]],
+  #    :underivable3 => [[:underivable3]],
+  #    :empty_only1 => [[]],
+  #    :empty_only2 => [[:just_empty1, :just_empty1]],
+  #    :empty_or_not => [[], ["foo"]],
+  #    :empty_or_not_2 => [[:empty_or_not, :empty_or_not]],
+  #    :empty_or_not_3 => [[:empty_or_not, :empty_or_not, :empty_or_not]],
+  #    :empty_or_not_4 => [[:empty_or_not_2, :empty_or_not_2]],
+  #    :channel1 => [[:channeled_data]],
+  #    :channeled_data => [["a", "b"], ["c", "d"]],
+  #    :single_choice => [["single", "choice"]],
+  #    :single_choice_2 => [[:single_choice, :single_choice]],
+  #  })
+  #  #=>
+  #  {
+  #   :underivable1=>[], # underivable rules are simplified to [].
+  #   :underivable2=>[],
+  #   :underivable3=>[],
+  #   :empty_only1=>[], # derivation to empty sequence are removed.
+  #   :empty_only2=>[],
+  #   :empty_or_not=>[["foo"]], # empty sequences are removed too.
+  #   :empty_or_not_2=>[["foo"], ["foo", "foo"]],
+  #   :empty_or_not_3=>[["foo"], ["foo", "foo"], ["foo", "foo", "foo"]],
+  #   :empty_or_not_4=> [["foo"], ["foo", "foo"], [:empty_or_not_2, :empty_or_not_2]],
+  #   :channel1=>[["a", "b"], ["c", "d"]], # channel rules are removed.
+  #   :channeled_data=>[["a", "b"], ["c", "d"]],
+  #   :single_choice=>[["single", "choice"]], # single choice rules are expanded.
+  #   :single_choice_2=>[["single", "choice", "single", "choice"]],
+  #  }
+  #
+  #  Sentence.expand_syntax({
+  #    :factor => [["n"],
+  #                ["(", :exp, ")"]],
+  #    :term => [[:factor],
+  #              [:term, "*", :factor],
+  #              [:term, "/", :factor]],
+  #    :exp => [[:term],
+  #             [:exp, "+", :term],
+  #             [:exp, "-", :term]]
+  #  })
+  #  #=>
+  #  {:exp=> [["n"],
+  #           ["(", :exp, ")"],
+  #           [:exp, "+", :term],
+  #           [:exp, "-", :term],
+  #           [:term, "*", :factor],
+  #           [:term, "/", :factor]],
+  #   :factor=> [["n"],
+  #              ["(", :exp, ")"]],
+  #   :term=> [["n"],
+  #            ["(", :exp, ")"],
+  #            [:term, "*", :factor],
+  #            [:term, "/", :factor]]
+  #  }
+  #
+  def Sentence.expand_syntax(syntax)
+    Sentence::Gen.expand_syntax(syntax)
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  class Gen
+    def Gen.each_tree(syntax, sym, limit, &b)
+      Gen.new(syntax).each_tree(sym, limit, &b)
+    end
+
+    def Gen.each_string(syntax, sym, limit, &b)
+      Gen.new(syntax).each_string(sym, limit, &b)
+    end
+
+    def initialize(syntax)
+      @syntax = syntax
+    end
+
+    def self.expand_syntax(syntax)
+      syntax = simplify_underivable_rules(syntax)
+      syntax = simplify_emptyonly_rules(syntax)
+      syntax = make_rules_no_empseq(syntax)
+      syntax = expand_channel_rules(syntax)
+
+      syntax = expand_noalt_rules(syntax)
+      syntax = reorder_rules(syntax)
+    end
+
+    def self.simplify_underivable_rules(syntax)
+      deribable_syms = {}
+      changed = true
+      while changed
+        changed = false
+        syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+          next if deribable_syms[sym]
+          rules.each {|rhs|
+            if rhs.all? {|e| String === e || deribable_syms[e] }
+              deribable_syms[sym] = true
+              changed = true
+              break
+            end
+          }
+        }
+      end
+      result = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        if deribable_syms[sym]
+          rules2 = []
+          rules.each {|rhs|
+            rules2 << rhs if rhs.all? {|e| String === e || deribable_syms[e] }
+          }
+          result[sym] = rules2.uniq
+        else
+          result[sym] = []
+        end
+      }
+      result
+    end
+
+    def self.simplify_emptyonly_rules(syntax)
+      justempty_syms = {}
+      changed = true
+      while changed
+        changed = false
+        syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+          next if justempty_syms[sym]
+          if !rules.empty? && rules.all? {|rhs| rhs.all? {|e| justempty_syms[e] } }
+            justempty_syms[sym] = true
+            changed = true
+          end
+        }
+      end
+      result = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        result[sym] = rules.map {|rhs| rhs.reject {|e| justempty_syms[e] } }.uniq
+      }
+      result
+    end
+
+    def self.expand_emptyable_syms(rhs, emptyable_syms)
+      if rhs.empty?
+        yield []
+      else
+        first = rhs[0]
+        rest = rhs[1..-1]
+        if emptyable_syms[first]
+          expand_emptyable_syms(rest, emptyable_syms) {|rhs2|
+            yield [first] + rhs2
+            yield rhs2
+          }
+        else
+          expand_emptyable_syms(rest, emptyable_syms) {|rhs2|
+            yield [first] + rhs2
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.make_rules_no_empseq(syntax)
+      emptyable_syms = {}
+      changed = true
+      while changed
+        changed = false
+        syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+          next if emptyable_syms[sym]
+          rules.each {|rhs|
+            if rhs.all? {|e| emptyable_syms[e] }
+              emptyable_syms[sym] = true
+              changed = true
+              break
+            end
+          }
+        }
+      end
+      result = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        rules2 = []
+        rules.each {|rhs|
+          expand_emptyable_syms(rhs, emptyable_syms) {|rhs2|
+            next if rhs2.empty?
+            rules2 << rhs2
+          }
+        }
+        result[sym] = rules2.uniq
+      }
+      result
+    end
+
+    def self.expand_channel_rules(syntax)
+      channel_rules = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        channel_rules[sym] = {sym=>true}
+        rules.each {|rhs|
+          if rhs.length == 1 && Symbol === rhs[0]
+            channel_rules[sym][rhs[0]] = true
+          end
+        }
+      }
+      changed = true
+      while changed
+        changed = false
+        channel_rules.each {|sym, set|
+          n1 = set.size
+          set.keys.each {|s|
+            set.update(channel_rules[s])
+          }
+          n2 = set.size
+          changed = true if n1 < n2
+        }
+      end
+      result = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        rules2 = []
+        channel_rules[sym].each_key {|s|
+          syntax[s].each {|rhs|
+            unless rhs.length == 1 && Symbol === rhs[0]
+              rules2 << rhs
+            end
+          }
+        }
+        result[sym] = rules2.uniq
+      }
+      result
+    end
+
+    def self.expand_noalt_rules(syntax)
+      noalt_syms = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        if rules.length == 1
+          noalt_syms[sym] = true
+        end
+      }
+      result = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        rules2 = []
+        rules.each {|rhs|
+          rhs2 = []
+          rhs.each {|e|
+            if noalt_syms[e]
+              rhs2.concat syntax[e][0]
+            else
+              rhs2 << e
+            end
+          }
+          rules2 << rhs2
+        }
+        result[sym] = rules2.uniq
+      }
+      result
+    end
+
+    def self.reorder_rules(syntax)
+      result = {}
+      syntax.each {|sym, rules|
+        result[sym] = rules.sort_by {|rhs|
+          [rhs.find_all {|e| Symbol === e }.length, rhs.length]
+        }
+      }
+      result
+    end
+
+    def each_tree(sym, limit)
+      generate_from_sym(sym, limit) {|_, tree|
+        yield tree
+      }
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def each_string(sym, limit)
+      generate_from_sym(sym, limit) {|_, tree|
+        yield [tree].join('')
+      }
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def generate_from_sym(sym, limit, &b)
+      return if limit < 0
+      if String === sym
+        yield limit, sym
+      else
+        rules = @syntax[sym]
+        raise "undefined rule: #{sym}" if !rules
+        rules.each {|rhs|
+          if rhs.length == 1 || rules.length == 1
+            limit1 = limit
+          else
+            limit1 = limit-1
+          end
+          generate_from_rhs(rhs, limit1, &b)
+        }
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def generate_from_rhs(rhs, limit)
+      return if limit < 0
+      if rhs.empty?
+        yield limit, []
+      else
+        generate_from_sym(rhs[0], limit) {|limit1, child|
+          generate_from_rhs(rhs[1..-1], limit1) {|limit2, arr|
+            yield limit2, [child, *arr]
+          }
+        }
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+end
+
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_alias.rb b/test/ruby/test_alias.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..539cd49488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_alias.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestAlias < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Alias0
+    def foo
+      "foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Alias1 < Alias0
+    alias bar foo
+
+    def foo
+      "foo+#{super}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Alias2 < Alias1
+    alias baz foo
+    undef foo
+  end
+
+  class Alias3 < Alias2
+    def foo
+      super
+    end
+
+    def bar
+      super
+    end
+
+    def quux
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Alias4 < Alias0
+    alias foo1 foo
+    alias foo2 foo1
+    alias foo3 foo2
+  end
+
+  class Alias5 < Alias4
+    alias foo1 foo
+    alias foo3 foo2
+    alias foo2 foo1
+  end
+
+  def test_alias
+    x = Alias2.new
+    assert_equal "foo", x.bar
+    assert_equal "foo+foo", x.baz
+    assert_equal "foo+foo", x.baz   # test_check for cache
+
+    x = Alias3.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { x.foo }
+    assert_equal "foo", x.bar
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { x.quux }
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_inspect
+    o = Alias4.new
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias4(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo()", o.method(:foo).inspect.split[1])
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias4(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo1(foo)()", o.method(:foo1).inspect.split[1])
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias4(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo2(foo)()", o.method(:foo2).inspect.split[1])
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias4(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo3(foo)()", o.method(:foo3).inspect.split[1])
+
+    o = Alias5.new
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias5(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo()", o.method(:foo).inspect.split[1])
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias5(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo1(foo)()", o.method(:foo1).inspect.split[1])
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias5(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo2(foo)()", o.method(:foo2).inspect.split[1])
+    assert_equal("TestAlias::Alias5(TestAlias::Alias0)#foo3(foo)()", o.method(:foo3).inspect.split[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexistmethod
+    assert_raise(NameError){
+      Class.new{
+        alias_method :foobarxyzzy, :barbaz
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_send_alias
+    x = "abc"
+    class << x
+      alias_method :try, :__send__
+    end
+    assert_equal("ABC", x.try(:upcase), '[ruby-dev:38824]')
+  end
+
+  def test_special_const_alias
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      1.instance_eval do
+        alias to_string to_s
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_with_zsuper_method
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval do
+      def foo
+        :ok
+      end
+      def bar
+        :ng
+      end
+      private :foo
+    end
+    d = Class.new(c)
+    d.class_eval do
+      public :foo
+      alias bar foo
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, d.new.bar)
+  end
+
+  module SuperInAliasedModuleMethod
+    module M
+      def foo
+        super << :M
+      end
+
+      alias bar foo
+    end
+
+    class Base
+      def foo
+        [:Base]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Derived < Base
+      include M
+    end
+  end
+
+  # [ruby-dev:46028]
+  def test_super_in_aliased_module_method # fails in 1.8
+    assert_equal([:Base, :M], SuperInAliasedModuleMethod::Derived.new.bar)
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_wb_miss
+    assert_normal_exit "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      require 'stringio'
+      GC.verify_internal_consistency
+      GC.start
+      class StringIO
+        alias_method :read_nonblock, :sysread
+      end
+      GC.verify_internal_consistency
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_cyclic_zsuper
+    bug9475 = '[ruby-core:60431] [Bug #9475]'
+
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        "A"
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Class.new do
+      include a
+      attr_reader :b
+
+      def foo
+        @b ||= 0
+        raise SystemStackError if (@b += 1) > 1
+        # "foo from B"
+        super + "B"
+      end
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new(b) do
+      alias orig_foo foo
+
+      def foo
+        # "foo from C"
+        orig_foo + "C"
+      end
+    end
+
+    b.class_eval do
+      alias orig_foo foo
+      attr_reader :b2
+
+      def foo
+        @b2 ||= 0
+        raise SystemStackError if (@b2 += 1) > 1
+        # "foo from B (again)"
+        orig_foo + "B2"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug9475) do
+      assert_equal("ABC", c.new.foo, bug9475)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_in_module
+    bug9663 = '[ruby-core:61635] [Bug #9663]'
+
+    assert_separately(['-', bug9663], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug = ARGV[0]
+
+      m = Module.new do
+        alias orig_to_s to_s
+      end
+
+      o = Object.new.extend(m)
+      assert_equal(o.to_s, o.orig_to_s, bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  class C0; def foo; end; end
+  class C1 < C0; alias bar foo; end
+
+  def test_alias_method_equation
+    obj = C1.new
+    assert_equal(obj.method(:bar), obj.method(:foo))
+    assert_equal(obj.method(:foo), obj.method(:bar))
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_class_method_added
+    name = nil
+    k = Class.new {
+      def foo;end
+      def self.method_added(mid)
+        @name = instance_method(mid).original_name
+      end
+      alias bar foo
+      name = @name
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, k.instance_method(:bar).original_name)
+    assert_equal(:foo, name)
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_module_method_added
+    name = nil
+    k = Module.new {
+      def foo;end
+      def self.method_added(mid)
+        @name = instance_method(mid).original_name
+      end
+      alias bar foo
+      name = @name
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, k.instance_method(:bar).original_name)
+    assert_equal(:foo, name)
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_suppressing_redefinition
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[-w], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class A
+        def foo; end
+        alias foo foo
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  class C2
+    public :system
+    alias_method :bar, :system
+    alias_method :system, :bar
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_alias_visibility
+    assert(C2.new.respond_to?(:system))
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      class A
+        500.times do
+          1000.times do |i|
+            define_method(:"foo_#{i}") {}
+
+            alias :"foo_#{i}" :"foo_#{i}"
+
+            remove_method :"foo_#{i}"
+          end
+          GC.start
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_complemented_method
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[-w], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      module M
+        def foo = 1
+        self.extend M
+      end
+
+      3.times{|i|
+        module M
+          alias foo2 foo
+          remove_method :foo
+          def foo = 2
+        ensure
+          remove_method :foo
+          alias foo foo2
+          remove_method :foo2
+        end
+
+        M.foo
+
+        original_foo = M.method(:foo)
+
+        M.class_eval do
+          remove_method :foo
+          def foo = 3
+        end
+
+        M.class_eval do
+          remove_method :foo
+          define_method :foo, original_foo
+        end
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_method_error_message_with_zsuper_method
+    modules = [
+      Module.new { private :class },
+      Module.new { prepend Module.new { private :class } },
+    ]
+    message = "undefined method 'class' for module '%s'"
+    modules.each do |mod|
+      assert_raise_with_message(NameError, message % mod) do
+        mod.alias_method :xyz, :class
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_allocation.rb b/test/ruby/test_allocation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90d7c04f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_allocation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,957 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestAllocation < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    # The namespace changes on i686 platform triggers a bug to allocate objects unexpectedly.
+    # For now, skip these tests only on i686
+    pend if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /^i686/
+  end
+
+  def munge_checks(checks)
+    checks
+  end
+
+  def check_allocations(checks)
+    dups = checks.split("\n").reject(&:empty?).tally.select{|_,v| v > 1}
+    raise "duplicate checks:\n#{dups.keys.join("\n")}" unless dups.empty?
+
+    checks = munge_checks(checks)
+
+    assert_separately([], <<~RUBY)
+      $allocations = [0, 0]
+      $counts = {}
+      failures = []
+
+      def self.num_allocations
+        ObjectSpace.count_objects($counts)
+        arrays = $counts[:T_ARRAY]
+        hashes = $counts[:T_HASH]
+        yield
+        ObjectSpace.count_objects($counts)
+        arrays -= $counts[:T_ARRAY]
+        hashes -= $counts[:T_HASH]
+        $allocations[0] = -arrays
+        $allocations[1] = -hashes
+      end
+
+      define_singleton_method(:check_allocations) do |num_arrays, num_hashes, check_code|
+        instance_eval <<~RB
+          empty_array = empty_array = []
+          empty_hash = empty_hash = {}
+          array1 = array1 = [1]
+          r2k_array = r2k_array = [Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(a: 3)]
+          r2k_array1 = r2k_array1 = [1, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(a: 3)]
+          r2k_empty_array = r2k_empty_array = [Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({})]
+          r2k_empty_array1 = r2k_empty_array1 = [1, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({})]
+          hash1 = hash1 = {a: 2}
+          nill = nill = nil
+          block = block = lambda{}
+
+          num_allocations do
+            \#{check_code}
+          end
+        RB
+
+        if num_arrays != $allocations[0]
+          failures << "Expected \#{num_arrays} array allocations for \#{check_code.inspect}, but \#{$allocations[0]} arrays allocated"
+        end
+        if num_hashes != $allocations[1]
+          failures << "Expected \#{num_hashes} hash allocations for \#{check_code.inspect}, but \#{$allocations[1]} hashes allocated"
+        end
+      end
+
+      GC.start
+      GC.disable
+
+      #{checks}
+
+      assert_empty(failures)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  class Literal < self
+    def test_array_literal
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "[]")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "[1]")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "[*empty_array]")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "[*empty_array, 1, *empty_array]")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "[*empty_array, *empty_array]")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "[#{'1,'*100000}]")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_hash_literal
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "{}")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "{a: 1}")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "{**empty_hash}")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "{**empty_hash, a: 1, **empty_hash}")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "{**empty_hash, **empty_hash}")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "{#{100000.times.map{|i| "a#{i}: 1"}.join(',')}}")
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MethodCall < self
+    def block
+      ''
+    end
+    alias only_block block
+
+    def test_no_parameters
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.none(#{only_block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "none(#{only_block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "none(*nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "none(*empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "none(**empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "none(*empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "none(*empty_array, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "none(**empty_hash, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "none(*empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "none(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_required_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.required(x#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required(1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required(1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required(*array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required(**hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "required(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "required(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required(*r2k_array#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_optional_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.optional(x=nil#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(*array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "optional(**hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "optional(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "optional(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "optional(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "optional(*r2k_array#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(*empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(*nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "optional(#{only_block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "optional(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_splat_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.splat(*x#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, *array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, *array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, *array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(1, *array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(#{only_block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat(**hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_required_and_positional_splat_parameters
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.req_splat(x, *y#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(*array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(1, *array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "req_splat(**hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "req_splat(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "req_splat(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "req_splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "req_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "req_splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_splat_and_post_parameters
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.splat_post(*x, y#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(*array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(1, *array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_post(**hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_post(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_post(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_post(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_post(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_post(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_keyword_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.keyword(a: nil#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(*empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(**empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(**nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(**empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(**hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(*empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(**empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(*nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(*empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "keyword(*empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "keyword(*r2k_array#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_keyword_splat_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.keyword_splat(**kw#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(**empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(**nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(**empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(**hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(**empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword_splat(*empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_splat(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_keyword_and_keyword_splat_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.keyword_and_keyword_splat(a: 1, **kw#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(**empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(**nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(**empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(**hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(**hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(**empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword_and_keyword_splat(*empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_required_positional_and_keyword_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.required_and_keyword(b, a: nil#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, *nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "required_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "required_and_keyword(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_splat_and_keyword_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.splat_and_keyword(*b, a: nil#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, *nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "splat_and_keyword(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_required_and_keyword_splat_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.required_and_keyword_splat(b, **kw#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "required_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_splat_and_keyword_splat_parameter
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.splat_and_keyword_splat(*b, **kw#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "splat_and_keyword_splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_anonymous_splat_parameter
+      only_block = block.empty? ? block : block[2..]
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.anon_splat(*#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat(*nil, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat(#{only_block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat(**empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        unless defined?(RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?) && RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+          check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+          check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+          check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+          check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+          check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_anonymous_splat_and_anonymous_keyword_splat_parameters
+      only_block = block.empty? ? block : block[2..]
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*, **#{block}); end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*nil, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(#{only_block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(**empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_nested_anonymous_splat_and_anonymous_keyword_splat_parameters
+      only_block = block.empty? ? block : block[2..]
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.t(*, **#{block}); end
+        def self.anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*, **#{block}); t(*, **) end
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*nil, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(#{only_block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(**empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "anon_splat_and_anon_keyword_splat(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_argument_forwarding
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.argument_forwarding(...); end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(**nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*nil, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_nested_argument_forwarding
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.t(...) end
+        def self.argument_forwarding(...); t(...) end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(**nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*nil, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(0, 0, "argument_forwarding(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby2_keywords
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.r2k(*a#{block}); end
+        singleton_class.send(:ruby2_keywords, :r2k)
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, *empty_array, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, a:2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(1, **nil#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, **empty_hash, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(1, *empty_array, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, a: 2#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(**nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*nil, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*array1, **nill#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*array1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, **hash1#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*array1, *empty_array#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*array1, *empty_array, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, *empty_array, a: 2, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(1, *empty_array, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, **empty_hash, a: 2#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*array1, **hash1, **empty_hash#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*array1, **nil#{block})")
+
+        check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*r2k_empty_array#{block})")
+        unless defined?(RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?) && RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+          # YJIT may or may not allocate depending on arch?
+          check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*r2k_array#{block})")
+          check_allocations(1, 0, "r2k(*r2k_empty_array1#{block})")
+          check_allocations(1, 1, "r2k(*r2k_array1#{block})")
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_no_array_allocation_with_splat_and_nonstatic_keywords
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.keyword(a: nil, b: nil#{block}); end
+        def self.Object; Object end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*nil, a: empty_array#{block})") # LVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array#{block})") # LVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "->{keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array#{block})}.call") # DVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "$x = empty_array;  keyword(*empty_array, a: $x#{block})") # GVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "@x = empty_array; keyword(*empty_array, a: @x#{block})") # IVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "self.class.const_set(:X, empty_array); keyword(*empty_array, a: X#{block})") # CONST
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: Object::X#{block})") # COLON2 - safe
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: Object()::X#{block})") # COLON2 - unsafe
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: ::X#{block})") # COLON3
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "T = self; #{'B = block' unless block.empty?}; class Object; @@x = X; T.keyword(*X, a: @@x#{', &B' unless block.empty?}) end") # CVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1#{block})") # INTEGER
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1.0#{block})") # FLOAT
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1.0r#{block})") # RATIONAL
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1.0i#{block})") # IMAGINARY
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 'a'#{block})") # STR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: :b#{block})") # SYM
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: /a/#{block})") # REGX
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: self#{block})") # SELF
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: nil#{block})") # NIL
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: true#{block})") # TRUE
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: false#{block})") # FALSE
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: ->{}#{block})") # LAMBDA
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: $1#{block})") # NTH_REF
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: $`#{block})") # BACK_REF
+
+        # LIST: Only 1 array (literal [:c]), not 2 (one for [:c] and one for *empty_array)
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [:c]#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [:c, $x]#{block})")
+        # LIST unsafe: 2 (one for [Object()] and one for *empty_array)
+        check_allocations(2, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [Object()]#{block})")
+        check_allocations(2, 1, "keyword(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [:c, $x, Object()]#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    class WithBlock < self
+      def block
+        ', &block'
+      end
+      def only_block
+        '&block'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ProcCall < MethodCall
+    def munge_checks(checks)
+      return checks if @no_munge
+      sub = rep = nil
+      checks.split("\n").map do |line|
+        case line
+        when "singleton_class.send(:ruby2_keywords, :r2k)"
+          "r2k.ruby2_keywords"
+        when /\Adef self.([a-z0-9_]+)\((.*)\);(.*)end\z/
+          sub = $1 + '('
+          rep = $1 + '.('
+          "#{$1} = #{$1} = proc{ |#{$2}| #{$3} }"
+        when /check_allocations/
+          line.gsub(sub, rep)
+        else
+          line
+        end
+      end.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    # Generic argument forwarding not supported in proc definitions
+    undef_method :test_argument_forwarding
+    undef_method :test_nested_argument_forwarding
+
+    # Proc anonymous arguments cannot be used directly
+    undef_method :test_nested_anonymous_splat_and_anonymous_keyword_splat_parameters
+
+    def test_no_array_allocation_with_splat_and_nonstatic_keywords
+      @no_munge = true
+
+      check_allocations(<<~RUBY)
+        keyword = keyword = proc{ |a: nil, b: nil #{block}| }
+        def self.Object; Object end
+
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array#{block})") # LVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "->{keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array#{block})}.call") # DVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "$x = empty_array;  keyword.(*empty_array, a: $x#{block})") # GVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "@x = empty_array; keyword.(*empty_array, a: @x#{block})") # IVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "self.class.const_set(:X, empty_array); keyword.(*empty_array, a: X#{block})") # CONST
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: Object::X#{block})") # COLON2 - safe
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: Object()::X#{block})") # COLON2 - unsafe
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: ::X#{block})") # COLON3
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "T = keyword; #{'B = block' unless block.empty?}; class Object; @@x = X; T.(*X, a: @@x#{', &B' unless block.empty?}) end") # CVAR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1#{block})") # INTEGER
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1.0#{block})") # FLOAT
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1.0r#{block})") # RATIONAL
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 1.0i#{block})") # IMAGINARY
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: 'a'#{block})") # STR
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: :b#{block})") # SYM
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: /a/#{block})") # REGX
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: self#{block})") # SELF
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: nil#{block})") # NIL
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: true#{block})") # TRUE
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: false#{block})") # FALSE
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: ->{}#{block})") # LAMBDA
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: $1#{block})") # NTH_REF
+        check_allocations(0, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: $`#{block})") # BACK_REF
+
+        # LIST safe: Only 1 array (literal [:c]), not 2 (one for [:c] and one for *empty_array)
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [:c]#{block})")
+        check_allocations(1, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [:c, $x]#{block})")
+        # LIST unsafe: 2 (one for [:c] and one for *empty_array)
+        check_allocations(2, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [Object()]#{block})")
+        check_allocations(2, 1, "keyword.(*empty_array, a: empty_array, b: [:c, $x, Object()]#{block})")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    class WithBlock < self
+      def block
+        ', &block'
+      end
+      def only_block
+        '&block'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_argf.rb b/test/ruby/test_argf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55a06296aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_argf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1153 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+class TestArgf < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir
+    @tmp_count = 0
+    @t1 = make_tempfile("argf-foo", %w"1 2", binmode: true)
+    @t2 = make_tempfile("argf-bar", %w"3 4", binmode: true)
+    @t3 = make_tempfile("argf-baz", %w"5 6", binmode: true)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    FileUtils.rmtree(@tmpdir)
+  end
+
+  def make_tempfile(basename = "argf-qux", data = %w[foo bar baz], binmode: false)
+    @tmp_count += 1
+    path = "#{@tmpdir}/#{basename}-#{@tmp_count}"
+    File.open(path, "w") do |f|
+      f.binmode if binmode
+      f.puts(*data)
+      f
+    end
+  end
+
+  def ruby(*args, external_encoding: Encoding::UTF_8)
+    args = ['-e', '$>.write($<.read)'] if args.empty?
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    f = IO.popen([ruby] + args, 'r+', external_encoding: external_encoding)
+    yield(f)
+  ensure
+    f.close unless !f || f.closed?
+  end
+
+  def no_safe_rename
+    /cygwin|mswin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  end
+
+  def assert_src_expected(src, args = nil, line: caller_locations(1, 1)[0].lineno+1)
+    args ||= [@t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path]
+    expected = src.split(/^/)
+    ruby('-e', src, *args) do |f|
+      expected.each_with_index do |e, i|
+        /#=> *(.*)/ =~ e or next
+        a = f.gets
+        assert_not_nil(a, "[ruby-dev:34445]: remained")
+        assert_equal($1, a.chomp, "[ruby-dev:34445]: line #{line+i}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_argf
+    assert_src_expected("#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      a = ARGF
+      b = a.dup
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["1", 1, "1", 1]
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["2", 2, "2", 2]
+      a.rewind
+      b.rewind
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["1", 1, "1", 1]
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["2", 2, "2", 2]
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["3", 3, "3", 3]
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["4", 4, "4", 4]
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["5", 5, "5", 5]
+      a.rewind
+      b.rewind
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["5", 5, "5", 5]
+      p [a.gets.chomp, a.lineno, b.gets.chomp, b.lineno] #=> ["6", 6, "6", 6]
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno
+    assert_src_expected("#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      a = ARGF
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 3
+      a.rewind; p($.) #=> 3
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 3
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 4
+      a.rewind; p($.) #=> 4
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 3
+      a.lineno = 1000; p($.) #=> 1000
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1001
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1002
+      $. = 2000
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2001
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2001
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno2
+    assert_src_expected("#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      a = ARGF.dup
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.rewind; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.lineno = 1000; p($.) #=> 1
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2
+      $. = 2000
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2000
+      a.gets; p($.) #=> 2000
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno3
+    expected = %w"1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 2"
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", @t1.path, @t2.path],
+                      "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", expected, [], "[ruby-core:25205]")
+    {#
+      ARGF.each do |line|
+        puts [$., ARGF.lineno, ARGF.file.lineno]
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno_after_shebang
+    expected = %w"1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 2"
+    assert_in_out_err(["--enable=gems", "-", @t1.path, @t2.path], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", expected)
+    #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+    {#
+      ARGF.each do |line|
+        puts [$., ARGF.lineno, ARGF.file.lineno]
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_new_lineno_each
+    f = ARGF.class.new(@t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path)
+    result = []
+    f.each {|line| result << [f.lineno, line]; break if result.size == 3}
+    assert_equal(3, f.lineno)
+    assert_equal((1..3).map {|i| [i, "#{i}\n"]}, result)
+
+    f.rewind
+    assert_equal(2, f.lineno)
+  ensure
+    f.close
+  end
+
+  def test_new_lineno_each_char
+    f = ARGF.class.new(@t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path)
+    f.each_char.to_a
+    assert_equal(0, f.lineno)
+  ensure
+    f.close
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path],
+                      "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = '.bak'
+      while line = ARGF.gets
+        puts line.chomp + '.new'
+      end
+    };
+    assert_equal("1.new\n2.new\n", File.read(@t1.path))
+    assert_equal("3.new\n4.new\n", File.read(@t2.path))
+    assert_equal("5.new\n6.new\n", File.read(@t3.path))
+    assert_equal("1\n2\n", File.read(@t1.path + ".bak"))
+    assert_equal("3\n4\n", File.read(@t2.path + ".bak"))
+    assert_equal("5\n6\n", File.read(@t3.path + ".bak"))
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace2
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path],
+                      "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = '.bak'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      p ARGF.inplace_mode
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = nil
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      p ARGF.inplace_mode
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = '.bak'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      p ARGF.inplace_mode
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = nil
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+    };
+    assert_equal("1.new\n2.new\n\".bak\"\n3.new\n4.new\nnil\n", File.read(@t1.path))
+    assert_equal("3\n4\n", File.read(@t2.path))
+    assert_equal("5.new\n\".bak\"\n6.new\n", File.read(@t3.path))
+    assert_equal("1\n2\n", File.read(@t1.path + ".bak"))
+    assert_equal(false, File.file?(@t2.path + ".bak"))
+    assert_equal("5\n6\n", File.read(@t3.path + ".bak"))
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace3
+    assert_in_out_err(["-i.bak", "-", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path],
+                      "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      p $-i
+      $-i = nil
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      p $-i
+      $-i = '.bak'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      p $-i
+      $-i = nil
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+    };
+    assert_equal("1.new\n2.new\n\".bak\"\n3.new\n4.new\nnil\n", File.read(@t1.path))
+    assert_equal("3\n4\n", File.read(@t2.path))
+    assert_equal("5.new\n\".bak\"\n6.new\n", File.read(@t3.path))
+    assert_equal("1\n2\n", File.read(@t1.path + ".bak"))
+    assert_equal(false, File.file?(@t2.path + ".bak"))
+    assert_equal("5\n6\n", File.read(@t3.path + ".bak"))
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_rename_impossible
+    t = make_tempfile
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", t.path], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}") do |r, e|
+      {#
+        ARGF.inplace_mode = '/\\\\:'
+        while line = ARGF.gets
+          puts line.chomp + '.new'
+        end
+      };
+      assert_match(/Can't rename .* to .*: .*. skipping file/, e.first) #'
+      assert_equal([], r)
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", File.read(t.path))
+    end
+
+    base = "argf-\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}"
+    name = "#{@tmpdir}/#{base}"
+    File.write(name, "foo")
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(name)
+    argf.inplace_mode = '/\\:'
+    assert_warning(/#{base}/) {argf.gets}
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_nonascii
+    ext = Encoding.default_external or
+      omit "no default external encoding"
+    t = nil
+    ["\u{3042}", "\u{e9}"].any? do |n|
+      t = make_tempfile(n.encode(ext))
+    rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+    end
+    t or omit "no name to test"
+    assert_in_out_err(["-i.bak", "-", t.path],
+                      "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+      puts ARGF.gets.chomp + '.new'
+    };
+    assert_equal("foo.new\n""bar.new\n""baz.new\n", File.read(t.path))
+    assert_equal("foo\n""bar\n""baz\n", File.read(t.path + ".bak"))
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_no_backup
+    t = make_tempfile
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", t.path], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}") do |r, e|
+      {#
+        ARGF.inplace_mode = ''
+        while line = ARGF.gets
+          puts line.chomp + '.new'
+        end
+      };
+      if no_safe_rename
+        assert_match(/Can't do inplace edit without backup/, e.join) #'
+      else
+        assert_equal([], e)
+        assert_equal([], r)
+        assert_equal("foo.new\nbar.new\nbaz.new\n", File.read(t.path))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_dup
+    t = make_tempfile
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", t.path], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", [], [])
+    {#
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = '.bak'
+      f = ARGF.dup
+      while line = f.gets
+        puts line.chomp + '.new'
+      end
+    };
+    assert_equal("foo.new\nbar.new\nbaz.new\n", File.read(t.path))
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_stdin
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", "-"], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", [], /Can't do inplace edit for stdio; skipping/)
+    {#
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = '.bak'
+      f = ARGF.dup
+      while line = f.gets
+        puts line.chomp + '.new'
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_stdin2
+    assert_in_out_err(["-"], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", [], /Can't do inplace edit for stdio/)
+    {#
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = '.bak'
+      while line = ARGF.gets
+        puts line.chomp + '.new'
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_invalid_backup
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:50272] [Bug #13960]') {
+      ARGF.inplace_mode = "a\0"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_to_path
+    base = "argf-test"
+    name = "#{@tmpdir}/#{base}"
+    File.write(name, "foo")
+    stdout = $stdout
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(Struct.new(:to_path).new(name))
+    begin
+      result = argf.gets
+    ensure
+      $stdout = stdout
+      argf.close
+    end
+    assert_equal("foo", result)
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_ascii_incompatible_path
+    base = "argf-\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}"
+    name = "#{@tmpdir}/#{base}"
+    File.write(name, "foo")
+    stdout = $stdout
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(name.encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE))
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+      argf.gets
+    end
+  ensure
+    $stdout = stdout
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_suffix_encoding
+    base = "argf-\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}"
+    name = "#{@tmpdir}/#{base}"
+    suffix = "-bak"
+    File.write(name, "foo")
+    stdout = $stdout
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(name)
+    argf.inplace_mode = suffix.encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+    begin
+      argf.each do |s|
+        puts "+"+s
+      end
+    ensure
+      $stdout.close unless $stdout == stdout
+      $stdout = stdout
+    end
+    assert_file.exist?(name)
+    assert_equal("+foo\n", File.read(name))
+    assert_file.not_exist?(name+"-")
+    assert_file.exist?(name+suffix)
+    assert_equal("foo", File.read(name+suffix))
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_bug_17117
+    assert_in_out_err(["-", @t1.path], "#{<<~"{#"}#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      #!/usr/bin/ruby -pi.bak
+      BEGIN {
+        GC.start
+        arr = []
+        1000000.times { |x| arr << "fooo#{x}" }
+      }
+      puts "hello"
+    };
+    assert_equal("hello\n1\nhello\n2\n", File.read(@t1.path))
+    assert_equal("1\n2\n", File.read("#{@t1.path}.bak"))
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        p ARGF.external_encoding.is_a?(Encoding)
+        p ARGF.internal_encoding.is_a?(Encoding)
+        ARGF.gets
+        p ARGF.external_encoding.is_a?(Encoding)
+        p ARGF.internal_encoding
+      };
+      assert_equal("true\ntrue\ntrue\nnil\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tell
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        begin
+          ARGF.binmode
+          loop do
+            p ARGF.tell
+            p ARGF.gets
+          end
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          puts "end"
+        end
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      [0, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4].map {|i| i.to_s }.
+        zip((1..6).map {|i| '"' + i.to_s + '\n"' } + ["nil"]).flatten.
+        each do |x|
+        assert_equal(x, a.shift)
+      end
+      assert_equal('end', a.shift)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_seek
+    assert_src_expected("#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      ARGF.seek(4)
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "3\n"
+      ARGF.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "5\n"
+      ARGF.seek(4)
+      p ARGF.gets #=> nil
+      begin
+        ARGF.seek(0)
+      rescue
+        puts "end" #=> end
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_set_pos
+    assert_src_expected("#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "3\n"
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "5\n"
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      p ARGF.gets #=> nil
+      begin
+        ARGF.pos = 4
+      rescue
+        puts "end" #=> end
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_rewind
+    assert_src_expected("#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      ARGF.rewind
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "1\n"
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "3\n"
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      p ARGF.gets #=> "5\n"
+      ARGF.pos = 4
+      p ARGF.gets #=> nil
+      begin
+        ARGF.rewind
+      rescue
+        puts "end" #=> end
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_fileno
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        p ARGF.fileno
+        ARGF.gets
+        ARGF.gets
+        p ARGF.fileno
+        ARGF.gets
+        ARGF.gets
+        p ARGF.fileno
+        ARGF.gets
+        ARGF.gets
+        p ARGF.fileno
+        ARGF.gets
+        begin
+          ARGF.fileno
+        rescue
+          puts "end"
+        end
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      fd1, fd2, fd3, fd4, tag = a
+      assert_match(/^\d+$/, fd1)
+      assert_match(/^\d+$/, fd2)
+      assert_match(/^\d+$/, fd3)
+      assert_match(/^\d+$/, fd4)
+      assert_equal('end', tag)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_io
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        8.times do
+          p ARGF.to_io
+          ARGF.gets
+        end
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      f11, f12, f13, f21, f22, f31, f32, f4 = a
+      assert_equal(f11, f12)
+      assert_equal(f11, f13)
+      assert_equal(f21, f22)
+      assert_equal(f31, f32)
+      assert_match(/\(closed\)/, f4)
+      f4.sub!(/ \(closed\)/, "")
+      assert_equal(f31, f4)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eof
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        begin
+          8.times do
+            p ARGF.eof?
+            ARGF.gets
+          end
+        rescue IOError
+          puts "end"
+        end
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      (%w(false) + (%w(false true) * 3) + %w(end)).each do |x|
+        assert_equal(x, a.shift)
+      end
+    end
+
+    t1 = "#{@tmpdir}/argf-hoge"
+    t2 = "#{@tmpdir}/argf-moge"
+    File.binwrite(t1, "foo\n")
+    File.binwrite(t2, "bar\n")
+    ruby('-e', 'STDERR.reopen(STDOUT); ARGF.gets; ARGF.skip; p ARGF.eof?', t1, t2) do |f|
+      assert_equal(%w(false), f.read.split(/\n/))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read
+    ruby('-e', "p ARGF.read(8)", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      assert_equal("\"1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\"\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read2
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +""
+        ARGF.read(8, s)
+        p s
+      };
+      assert_equal("\"1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\"\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read2_with_not_empty_buffer
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +"0123456789"
+        ARGF.read(8, s)
+        p s
+      };
+      assert_equal("\"1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\"\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read3
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        nil while ARGF.gets
+        p ARGF.read
+        p ARGF.read(0, +"")
+      };
+      assert_equal("nil\n\"\"\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +""
+        begin
+          loop do
+            s << ARGF.readpartial(1)
+            t = +""; ARGF.readpartial(1, t); s << t
+            # not empty buffer
+            u = +"abcdef"; ARGF.readpartial(1, u); s << u
+          end
+        rescue EOFError
+          puts s
+        end
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial2
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}") do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +""
+        begin
+          loop do
+            s << ARGF.readpartial(1)
+            t = +""; ARGF.readpartial(1, t); s << t
+          end
+        rescue EOFError
+          $stdout.binmode
+          puts s
+        end
+      };
+      f.binmode
+      f.puts("foo")
+      f.puts("bar")
+      f.puts("baz")
+      f.close_write
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_eof_twice
+    ruby('-W1', '-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        $stderr = $stdout
+        print ARGF.readpartial(256)
+        ARGF.readpartial(256) rescue p($!.class)
+        ARGF.readpartial(256) rescue p($!.class)
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n2\nEOFError\nEOFError\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_getc
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +""
+        while c = ARGF.getc
+          s << c
+        end
+        puts s
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_getbyte
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = []
+        while c = ARGF.getbyte
+          s << c
+        end
+        p s
+      };
+      assert_equal("[49, 10, 50, 10, 51, 10, 52, 10, 53, 10, 54, 10]\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readchar
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +""
+        begin
+          while c = ARGF.readchar
+            s << c
+          end
+        rescue EOFError
+          puts s
+        end
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readbyte
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        begin
+          s = []
+          while c = ARGF.readbyte
+            s << c
+          end
+        rescue EOFError
+          p s
+        end
+      };
+      assert_equal("[49, 10, 50, 10, 51, 10, 52, 10, 53, 10, 54, 10]\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = []
+        ARGF.each_line {|l| s << l }
+        p s
+      };
+      assert_equal("[\"1\\n\", \"2\\n\", \"3\\n\", \"4\\n\", \"5\\n\", \"6\\n\"]\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line_paragraph
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'ARGF.each_line("") {|para| p para}'], "a\n\nb\n",
+                      ["\"a\\n\\n\"", "\"b\\n\""], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line_chomp
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'ARGF.each_line(chomp: false) {|para| p para}'], "a\nb\n",
+                      ["\"a\\n\"", "\"b\\n\""], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'ARGF.each_line(chomp: true) {|para| p para}'], "a\nb\n",
+                      ["\"a\"", "\"b\""], [])
+
+    t = make_tempfile
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(t.path)
+    lines = []
+    begin
+      argf.each_line(chomp: true) do |line|
+        lines << line
+      end
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+    assert_equal(%w[foo bar baz], lines)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = []
+        ARGF.each_byte {|c| s << c }
+        p s
+      };
+      assert_equal("[49, 10, 50, 10, 51, 10, 52, 10, 53, 10, 54, 10]\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_char
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        s = +""
+        ARGF.each_char {|c| s << c }
+        puts s
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_filename
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        begin
+          puts ARGF.filename.dump
+        end while ARGF.gets
+        puts ARGF.filename.dump
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t2.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t2.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_filename2
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        begin
+          puts $FILENAME.dump
+        end while ARGF.gets
+        puts $FILENAME.dump
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t2.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t2.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        begin
+          puts ARGF.file.path.dump
+        end while ARGF.gets
+        puts ARGF.file.path.dump
+      };
+      a = f.read.split("\n")
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t1.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t2.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t2.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+      assert_equal(@t3.path.dump, a.shift)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode
+    bug5268 = '[ruby-core:39234]'
+    File.binwrite(@t3.path, "5\r\n6\r\n")
+    ruby('-e', "ARGF.binmode; STDOUT.binmode; puts ARGF.read", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      f.binmode
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\r\n6\r\n", f.read, bug5268)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode
+    bug5268 = '[ruby-core:39234]'
+    File.binwrite(@t3.path, "5\r\n6\r\n")
+    ruby('-e', "STDOUT.binmode; puts ARGF.read", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      f.binmode
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read, bug5268)
+    end
+  end unless IO::BINARY.zero?
+
+  def test_skip
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.skip
+        puts ARGF.gets
+        ARGF.skip
+        puts ARGF.read
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_in_each_line
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.each_line {|l| print l; ARGF.skip}
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n3\n5\n", f.read, '[ruby-list:49185]')
+    end
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.each_line {|l| ARGF.skip; puts [l, ARGF.gets].map {|s| s ? s.chomp : s.inspect}.join("+")}
+      };
+      assert_equal("1+3\n4+5\n6+nil\n", f.read, '[ruby-list:49185]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_in_each_byte
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.each_byte {|l| print l; ARGF.skip}
+      };
+      assert_equal("135".unpack("C*").join(""), f.read, '[ruby-list:49185]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_in_each_char
+    [[@t1, "\u{3042}"], [@t2, "\u{3044}"], [@t3, "\u{3046}"]].each do |f, s|
+      File.write(f.path, s, mode: "w:utf-8")
+    end
+    ruby('-Eutf-8', '-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.each_char {|l| print l; ARGF.skip}
+      };
+      assert_equal("\u{3042 3044 3046}", f.read, '[ruby-list:49185]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_in_each_codepoint
+    [[@t1, "\u{3042}"], [@t2, "\u{3044}"], [@t3, "\u{3046}"]].each do |f, s|
+      File.write(f.path, s, mode: "w:utf-8")
+    end
+    ruby('-Eutf-8', '-Eutf-8', '-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.each_codepoint {|l| printf "%x:", l; ARGF.skip}
+      };
+      assert_equal("3042:3044:3046:", f.read, '[ruby-list:49185]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        ARGF.close
+        puts ARGF.read
+      };
+      assert_equal("3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close_replace
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}") do |f|
+      paths = ['#{@t1.path}', '#{@t2.path}', '#{@t3.path}']
+      {#
+        ARGF.close
+        ARGV.replace paths
+        puts ARGF.read
+      };
+      assert_equal("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_closed
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        3.times do
+          p ARGF.closed?
+          ARGF.gets
+          ARGF.gets
+        end
+        p ARGF.closed?
+        ARGF.gets
+        p ARGF.closed?
+      };
+      assert_equal("false\nfalse\nfalse\nfalse\ntrue\n", f.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_argv
+    ruby('-e', "p ARGF.argv; p $*", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      assert_equal([@t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path].inspect, f.gets.chomp)
+      assert_equal([@t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path].inspect, f.gets.chomp)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readlines_limit_0
+    bug4024 = '[ruby-dev:42538]'
+    t = make_tempfile
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(t.path)
+    begin
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug4024) do
+        argf.readlines(0)
+      end
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line_limit_0
+    bug4024 = '[ruby-dev:42538]'
+    t = make_tempfile
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(t.path)
+    begin
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug4024) do
+        argf.each_line(0).next
+      end
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unreadable
+    bug4274 = '[ruby-core:34446]'
+    paths = (1..2).map do
+      t = Tempfile.new("bug4274-")
+      path = t.path
+      t.close!
+      path
+    end
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(*paths)
+    paths.each do |path|
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, /- #{Regexp.quote(path)}\z/) {argf.gets}
+    end
+    assert_nil(argf.gets, bug4274)
+  end
+
+  def test_readlines_chomp
+    t = make_tempfile
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(t.path)
+    begin
+      assert_equal(%w[foo bar baz], argf.readlines(chomp: true))
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'p readlines(chomp: true)'], "a\nb\n",
+                      ["[\"a\", \"b\"]"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_chomp
+    t = make_tempfile
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(t.path)
+    begin
+      assert_equal("foo", argf.readline(chomp: true))
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'p readline(chomp: true)'], "a\nb\n",
+                      ["\"a\""], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_chomp
+    t = make_tempfile
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(t.path)
+    begin
+      assert_equal("foo", argf.gets(chomp: true))
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'p gets(chomp: true)'], "a\nb\n",
+                      ["\"a\""], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_readlines_twice
+    bug5952 = '[ruby-dev:45160]'
+    assert_ruby_status(["-e", "2.times {STDIN.tty?; readlines}"], "", bug5952)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint
+    ruby('-W1', '-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      {#
+        print Marshal.dump(ARGF.each_codepoint.to_a)
+      };
+      assert_equal([49, 10, 50, 10, 51, 10, 52, 10, 53, 10, 54, 10], Marshal.load(f.read))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_nonblock
+    ruby('-e', "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}") do |f|
+      {#
+        $stdout.sync = true
+        :wait_readable == ARGF.read_nonblock(1, +"", exception: false) or
+          abort "did not return :wait_readable"
+
+        begin
+          ARGF.read_nonblock(1)
+          abort 'fail to raise IO::WaitReadable'
+        rescue IO::WaitReadable
+        end
+        puts 'starting select'
+
+        IO.select([ARGF]) == [[ARGF], [], []] or
+          abort 'did not awaken for readability (before byte)'
+
+        buf = +''
+        buf.object_id == ARGF.read_nonblock(1, buf).object_id or
+          abort "read destination buffer failed"
+        print buf
+
+        IO.select([ARGF]) == [[ARGF], [], []] or
+          abort 'did not awaken for readability (before EOF)'
+
+        ARGF.read_nonblock(1, buf, exception: false) == nil or
+          abort "EOF should return nil if exception: false"
+
+        begin
+          ARGF.read_nonblock(1, buf)
+          abort 'fail to raise IO::WaitReadable'
+        rescue EOFError
+          puts 'done with eof'
+        end
+      };
+      f.sync = true
+      assert_equal "starting select\n", f.gets
+      f.write('.') # wake up from IO.select
+      assert_equal '.', f.read(1)
+      f.close_write
+      assert_equal "done with eof\n", f.gets
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_wrong_type
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}")
+    {#
+      bug11610 = '[ruby-core:71140] [Bug #11610]'
+      ARGV[0] = nil
+      assert_raise(TypeError, bug11610) {gets}
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_read
+    s = "a"
+    [@t1, @t2, @t3].each { |t|
+      File.binwrite(t.path, s)
+      s = s.succ
+    }
+
+    ruby('-e', "print ARGF.read(3)", @t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path) do |f|
+      assert_equal("abc", f.read)
+    end
+
+    argf = ARGF.class.new(@t1.path, @t2.path, @t3.path)
+    begin
+      assert_equal("abc", argf.read(3))
+    ensure
+      argf.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_putc
+    t = make_tempfile("argf-#{__method__}", 'bar')
+    ruby('-pi-', '-e', "print ARGF.putc('x')", t.path) do |f|
+    end
+    assert_equal("xxbar\n", File.read(t.path))
+  end
+
+  def test_puts
+    t = make_tempfile("argf-#{__method__}", 'bar')
+    err = "#{@tmpdir}/errout"
+    ruby('-pi-', '-W2', '-e', "print ARGF.puts('foo')", t.path, {err: err}) do |f|
+    end
+    assert_equal("foo\nbar\n", File.read(t.path))
+    assert_empty File.read(err)
+  end
+
+  def test_print
+    t = make_tempfile("argf-#{__method__}", 'bar')
+    ruby('-pi-', '-e', "print ARGF.print('foo')", t.path) do |f|
+    end
+    assert_equal("foobar\n", File.read(t.path))
+  end
+
+  def test_printf
+    t = make_tempfile("argf-#{__method__}", 'bar')
+    ruby('-pi-', '-e', "print ARGF.printf('%s', 'foo')", t.path) do |f|
+    end
+    assert_equal("foobar\n", File.read(t.path))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_arithmetic_sequence.rb b/test/ruby/test_arithmetic_sequence.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e2a825265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_arithmetic_sequence.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestArithmeticSequence < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_allocate
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence.allocate }
+  end
+
+  def test_begin
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step.begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(10).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(to: 10).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(nil).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(to: nil).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(by: 2).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(by: -1).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(by: nil).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(10, 2).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(10, by: 2).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(to: 10, by: 2).begin)
+    assert_equal(10, 10.step(to: 1, by: -1).begin)
+    assert_equal(10, 10.step(to: 1, by: -2).begin)
+    assert_equal(10, 10.step(to: -1, by: -2).begin)
+    assert_equal(10.0, 10.0.step(to: -1.0, by: -2.0).begin)
+
+    assert_equal(3, (3..).step(2).begin)
+    assert_equal(4, (4...).step(7).begin)
+    assert_equal(nil, (..10).step(9).begin)
+    assert_equal(nil, (...11).step(5).begin)
+  end
+
+  def test_end
+    assert_equal(nil, 1.step.end)
+    assert_equal(10, 1.step(10).end)
+    assert_equal(10, 1.step(to: 10).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, 1.step(nil).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, 1.step(to: nil).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, 1.step(by: 2).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, 1.step(by: -1).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, 1.step(by: nil).end)
+    assert_equal(10, 1.step(10, 2).end)
+    assert_equal(10, 1.step(10, by: 2).end)
+    assert_equal(10, 1.step(to: 10, by: 2).end)
+    assert_equal(1, 10.step(to: 1, by: -1).end)
+    assert_equal(1, 10.step(to: 1, by: -2).end)
+    assert_equal(-1, 10.step(to: -1, by: -2).end)
+    assert_equal(-1.0, 10.0.step(to: -1.0, by: -2.0).end)
+
+    assert_equal(nil, (3..).step(2).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, (4...).step(7).end)
+    assert_equal(10, (..10).step(9).end)
+    assert_equal(11, (...11).step(5).end)
+  end
+
+  def test_exclude_end_p
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step.exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(10).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(to: 10).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(nil).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(to: nil).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(by: 2).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(by: -1).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(by: nil).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(10, 2).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(10, by: 2).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 1.step(to: 10, by: 2).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 10.step(to: 1, by: -1).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 10.step(to: 1, by: -2).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, 10.step(to: -1, by: -2).exclude_end?)
+
+    assert_equal(false, (3..).step(2).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(true,  (4...).step(7).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(false, (..10).step(9).exclude_end?)
+    assert_equal(true,  (...11).step(5).exclude_end?)
+  end
+
+  def test_step
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step.step)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(10).step)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(to: 10).step)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(nil).step)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(to: nil).step)
+    assert_equal(2, 1.step(by: 2).step)
+    assert_equal(-1, 1.step(by: -1).step)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(by: nil).step)
+    assert_equal(2, 1.step(10, 2).step)
+    assert_equal(2, 1.step(10, by: 2).step)
+    assert_equal(2, 1.step(to: 10, by: 2).step)
+    assert_equal(-1, 10.step(to: 1, by: -1).step)
+    assert_equal(-2, 10.step(to: 1, by: -2).step)
+    assert_equal(-2, 10.step(to: -1, by: -2).step)
+    assert_equal(-2.0, 10.0.step(to: -1.0, by: -2.0).step)
+
+    assert_equal(2, (3..).step(2).step)
+    assert_equal(7, (4...).step(7).step)
+    assert_equal(9, (..10).step(9).step)
+    assert_equal(5, (...11).step(5).step)
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    seq = 1.step
+    assert_equal(seq, seq)
+    assert_equal(seq, 1.step)
+    assert_equal(seq, 1.step(nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq
+    seq = 1.step
+    assert_operator(seq, :===, seq)
+    assert_operator(seq, :===, 1.step)
+    assert_operator(seq, :===, 1.step(nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_eql_p
+    seq = 1.step
+    assert_operator(seq, :eql?, seq)
+    assert_operator(seq, :eql?, 1.step)
+    assert_operator(seq, :eql?, 1.step(nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    seq = 1.step
+    assert_equal(seq.hash, seq.hash)
+    assert_equal(seq.hash, 1.step.hash)
+    assert_equal(seq.hash, 1.step(nil).hash)
+    assert_kind_of(String, seq.hash.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_first
+    seq = 1.step
+    assert_equal(1, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([1], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = 1.step(by: 2)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([1], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = 10.step(by: -2)
+    assert_equal(10, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([10], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([10, 8, 6], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = 1.step(by: 4)
+    assert_equal([1, 5, 9], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = 1.step(10, by: 4)
+    assert_equal([1, 5, 9], seq.first(5))
+
+    seq = 1.step(0)
+    assert_equal(nil, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = 1.step(10, by: -1)
+    assert_equal(nil, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = 10.0.step(-1.0, by: -2.0)
+    assert_equal(10.0, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([10.0], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([10.0, 8.0, 6.0], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = (1..).step(2)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.first)
+    assert_equal([1], seq.first(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5], seq.first(3))
+
+    seq = (..10).step(2)
+    assert_equal(nil, seq.first)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { seq.first(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { seq.first(3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_bug15518
+    bug15518 = '[Bug #15518]'
+    seq = (1 .. 10.0).step(1)
+    five_float_classes = Array.new(5) { Float }
+    assert_equal(five_float_classes, seq.first(5).map(&:class), bug15518)
+    assert_equal([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0], seq.first(5), bug15518)
+    seq = (1 .. Float::INFINITY).step(1)
+    assert_equal(five_float_classes, seq.first(5).map(&:class), bug15518)
+    assert_equal([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0], seq.first(5), bug15518)
+    seq = (1 .. Float::INFINITY).step(1r)
+    assert_equal(five_float_classes, seq.first(5).map(&:class), bug15518)
+    assert_equal([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0], seq.first(5), bug15518)
+  end
+
+  def test_last
+    seq = 1.step(10)
+    assert_equal(10, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([10], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([8, 9, 10], seq.last(3))
+
+    seq = 1.step(10, 2)
+    assert_equal(9, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([9], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([5, 7, 9], seq.last(3))
+
+    seq = 10.step(1, -2)
+    assert_equal(2, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([2], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([6, 4, 2], seq.last(3))
+
+    seq = 10.step(-1, -2)
+    assert_equal(0, seq.last)
+
+    seq = 1.step(10, 4)
+    assert_equal([1, 5, 9], seq.last(5))
+
+    seq = 10.step(1)
+    assert_equal(nil, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([], seq.last(5))
+
+    seq = 1.step(10, -1)
+    assert_equal(nil, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([], seq.last(5))
+
+    seq = (1..10).step
+    assert_equal(10, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([10], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([8, 9, 10], seq.last(3))
+
+    seq = (1...10).step
+    assert_equal(9, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([9], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([7, 8, 9], seq.last(3))
+
+    seq = 10.0.step(-3.0, by: -2.0)
+    assert_equal(-2.0, seq.last)
+    assert_equal([-2.0], seq.last(1))
+    assert_equal([2.0, 0.0, -2.0], seq.last(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_last_with_float
+    res = (1..3).step(2).last(2.0)
+    assert_equal([1, 3], res)
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[0]
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[1]
+
+    res = (1..3).step(2).last(5.0)
+    assert_equal([1, 3], res)
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[0]
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_last_with_rational
+    res = (1..3).step(2).last(2r)
+    assert_equal([1, 3], res)
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[0]
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[1]
+
+    res = (1..3).step(2).last(10/2r)
+    assert_equal([1, 3], res)
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[0]
+    assert_instance_of Integer, res[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_last_bug17218
+    seq = (1.0997r .. 1.1r).step(0.0001r)
+    assert_equal(1.1r, seq.last, '[ruby-core:100312] [Bug #17218]')
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], 1.step(10).to_a)
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 1.step(10, 2).to_a)
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5, 7, 9], (1..10).step(2).to_a)
+    assert_equal([10, 8, 6, 4, 2], 10.step(1, by: -2).to_a)
+    assert_equal([10, 8, 6, 4, 2], (10..1).step(-2).to_a)
+    assert_equal([10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 4.0, 2.0], (10.0..1.0).step(-2.0).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_bug15444
+    seq = ((1/10r)..(1/2r)).step(1/10r)
+    assert_num_equal_type([1/10r, 1/5r, 3/10r, 2/5r, 1/2r], seq.to_a,
+                          '[ruby-core:90648] [Bug #15444]')
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_bug17218
+    seq = (1.0997r .. 1.1r).step(0.0001r)
+    assert_equal([1.0997r, 1.0998r, 1.0999r, 1.1r], seq.to_a, '[ruby-core:100312] [Bug #17218]')
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    seq = 1.step(10, 2)
+    assert_equal([[1, 3, 5], [7, 9]], seq.each_slice(3).to_a)
+
+    seq = 10.step(1, -2)
+    assert_equal([[10, 8, 6], [4, 2]], seq.each_slice(3).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_cons
+    seq = 1.step(10, 2)
+    assert_equal([[1, 3, 5], [3, 5, 7], [5, 7, 9]], seq.each_cons(3).to_a)
+
+    seq = 10.step(1, -2)
+    assert_equal([[10, 8, 6], [8, 6, 4], [6, 4, 2]], seq.each_cons(3).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index
+    seq = 1.step(6, 2)
+    assert_equal([[1, 0], [3, 1], [5, 2]], seq.with_index.to_a)
+    assert_equal([[1, 10], [3, 11], [5, 12]], seq.with_index(10).to_a)
+
+    seq = 10.step(5, -2)
+    assert_equal([[10, 0], [8, 1], [6, 2]], seq.with_index.to_a)
+    assert_equal([[10, 10], [8, 11], [6, 12]], seq.with_index(10).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_object
+    obj = [0, 1]
+    seq = 1.step(10, 2)
+    ret = seq.each_with_object(obj) do |i, memo|
+      memo[0] += i
+      memo[1] *= i
+    end
+    assert_same(obj, ret)
+    assert_equal([25, 945], ret)
+
+    obj = [0, 1]
+    seq = 10.step(1, -2)
+    ret = seq.each_with_object(obj) do |i, memo|
+      memo[0] += i
+      memo[1] *= i
+    end
+    assert_same(obj, ret)
+    assert_equal([30, 3840], ret)
+  end
+
+  def test_next
+    seq = 1.step(10, 2)
+    [1, 3, 5, 7, 9].each do |i|
+      assert_equal(i, seq.next)
+    end
+
+    seq = 10.step(1, -2)
+    [10, 8, 6, 4, 2].each do |i|
+      assert_equal(i, seq.next)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_next_bug15444
+    seq = ((1/10r)..(1/2r)).step(1/10r)
+    assert_equal(1/10r, seq.next, '[ruby-core:90648] [Bug #15444]')
+  end
+
+  def test_next_rewind
+    seq = 1.step(6, 2)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.next)
+    assert_equal(3, seq.next)
+    seq.rewind
+    assert_equal(1, seq.next)
+    assert_equal(3, seq.next)
+    assert_equal(5, seq.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+
+    seq = 10.step(5, -2)
+    assert_equal(10, seq.next)
+    assert_equal(8, seq.next)
+    seq.rewind
+    assert_equal(10, seq.next)
+    assert_equal(8, seq.next)
+    assert_equal(6, seq.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+  end
+
+  def test_next_after_stopiteration
+    seq = 1.step(2, 2)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+    seq.rewind
+    assert_equal(1, seq.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+  end
+
+  def test_stop_result
+    seq = 1.step(2, 2)
+    res = seq.each {}
+    assert_equal(1, seq.next)
+    exc = assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.next }
+    assert_equal(res, exc.result)
+  end
+
+  def test_peek
+    seq = 1.step(2, 2)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.peek)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.peek)
+    assert_equal(1, seq.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.peek }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.peek }
+
+    seq = 10.step(9, -2)
+    assert_equal(10, seq.peek)
+    assert_equal(10, seq.peek)
+    assert_equal(10, seq.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.peek }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { seq.peek }
+  end
+
+  def test_next_values
+    seq = 1.step(2, 2)
+    assert_equal([1], seq.next_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_peek_values
+    seq = 1.step(2, 2)
+    assert_equal([1], seq.peek_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_num_step_inspect
+    assert_equal('(1.step)', 1.step.inspect)
+    assert_equal('(1.step(10))', 1.step(10).inspect)
+    assert_equal('(1.step(10, 2))', 1.step(10, 2).inspect)
+    assert_equal('(1.step(10, by: 2))', 1.step(10, by: 2).inspect)
+    assert_equal('(1.step(by: 2))', 1.step(by: 2).inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_range_step_inspect
+    assert_equal('((1..).step)', (1..).step.inspect)
+    assert_equal('((1..10).step)', (1..10).step.inspect)
+    assert_equal('((1..10).step(2))', (1..10).step(2).inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_num_step_size
+    assert_equal(10, 1.step(10).size)
+    assert_equal(5, 1.step(10, 2).size)
+    assert_equal(4, 1.step(10, 3).size)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.step(10, 10).size)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.step(0).size)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, 1.step.size)
+
+    assert_equal(10, 10.step(1, -1).size)
+    assert_equal(5, 10.step(1, -2).size)
+    assert_equal(4, 10.step(1, -3).size)
+    assert_equal(1, 10.step(1, -10).size)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.step(2, -1).size)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, 1.step(by: -1).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_range_step_size
+    assert_equal(10, (1..10).step.size)
+    assert_equal(9, (1...10).step.size)
+    assert_equal(5, (1..10).step(2).size)
+    assert_equal(5, (1...10).step(2).size)
+    assert_equal(4, (1...9).step(2).size)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (1..).step.size)
+
+    assert_equal(10, (10..1).step(-1).size)
+    assert_equal(9, (10...1).step(-1).size)
+    assert_equal(5, (10..1).step(-2).size)
+    assert_equal(5, (10...1).step(-2).size)
+    assert_equal(4, (10...2).step(-2).size)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (1..).step(-1).size)
+  end
+
+  def assert_num_equal_type(ary1, ary2, message=nil)
+    assert_equal(ary1.length, ary2.length, message)
+    ary1.zip(ary2) do |e1, e2|
+      assert_equal(e1.class, e2.class, message)
+      if e1.is_a? Complex
+        assert_equal(e1.real, e2.real, message)
+        assert_equal(e1.imag, e2.imag, message)
+      else
+        assert_equal(e1, e2, message)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_complex
+    assert_num_equal_type([1, 1+1i, 1+2i], (1..).step(1i).take(3))
+    assert_num_equal_type([1, 1+1.0i, 1+2.0i], (1..).step(1.0i).take(3))
+    assert_num_equal_type([0.0, 0.0+1.0i, 0.0+2.0i], (0.0..).step(1.0i).take(3))
+    assert_num_equal_type([0.0+0.0i, 0.0+1.0i, 0.0+2.0i], (0.0i..).step(1.0i).take(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_sum
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5, 7, 9].sum, (1..10).step(2).sum)
+    assert_equal([1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 10.0].sum, (1.0..10.0).step(1.5).sum)
+    assert_equal([1/2r, 1r, 3/2r, 2, 5/2r, 3, 7/2r, 4].sum, ((1/2r)...(9/2r)).step(1/2r).sum)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_arity.rb b/test/ruby/test_arity.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd26d5f0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_arity.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestArity < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_arity(expected, method_proc = nil, argc = 0)
+    args = (1..argc).to_a
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(.*\b(\d+)\b.* (\d\S*?)\)/) do
+      case method_proc
+      when nil
+        yield
+      when Symbol
+        method(method_proc).call(*args)
+      else
+        method_proc.call(*args)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal expected, [$1, $2]
+  end
+
+  def a
+  end
+
+  def b(a, b, c, d=1, e=2, f, g, h, i, &block)
+  end
+
+  def c(a, b, c, d=1, e=2, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def d(a, b: 42)
+  end
+
+  def e(a, b:42, **c)
+  end
+
+  def f(a, b, c=1, *rest, d: 3)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_err_mess
+    assert_arity(%w[1 0],     :a, 1)
+    assert_arity(%w[10 7..9], :b, 10)
+    assert_arity(%w[2 3+],    :c, 2)
+    assert_arity(%w[2 1],     :d, 2)
+    assert_arity(%w[0 1],     :d, 0)
+    assert_arity(%w[2 1],     :e, 2)
+    assert_arity(%w[0 1],     :e, 0)
+    assert_arity(%w[1 2+],    :f, 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_err_mess
+    assert_arity(%w[0 1..2],  ->(b, c=42){}, 0)
+    assert_arity(%w[1 2+],    ->(a, b, c=42, *d){}, 1)
+    assert_arity(%w[3 4+],    ->(a, b, *c, d, e){}, 3)
+    assert_arity(%w[3 1..2],  ->(b, c=42){}, 3)
+    assert_arity(%w[1 0],     ->(&block){}, 1)
+    # Double checking:
+    p = Proc.new{|b, c=42| :ok}
+    assert_equal :ok,  p.call(1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal :ok,  p.call
+  end
+
+  def test_message_change_issue_6085
+    assert_arity(%w[3 1..2])  { SignalException.new(1, "", nil) }
+    assert_arity(%w[1 0])     { Hash.new(1){} }
+    assert_arity(%w[3 1..2])  { Module.send :define_method, 1, 2, 3 }
+    assert_arity(%w[1 2])     { "".sub!(//) }
+    assert_arity(%w[0 1..2])  { "".sub!{} }
+    assert_arity(%w[0 1+])    { exec }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_array.rb b/test/ruby/test_array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04e15b6d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3660 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require "delegate"
+require "rbconfig/sizeof"
+
+class TestArray < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    @cls = Array
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def assert_equal_instance(x, y, *msg)
+    assert_equal(x, y, *msg)
+    assert_instance_of(x.class, y)
+  end
+
+  def test_percent_i
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], %i[foo bar])
+    assert_equal([:"\"foo"], %i["foo])
+  end
+
+  def test_percent_I
+    x = 10
+    assert_equal([:foo, :b10], %I[foo b#{x}])
+    assert_equal([:"\"foo10"], %I["foo#{x}])
+  end
+
+  def test_0_literal
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2] + [3, 4])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 1, 2], [1, 2] * 2)
+    assert_equal("1:2", [1, 2] * ":")
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2].hash, [1, 2].hash)
+
+    assert_equal([2,3], [1,2,3] & [2,3,4])
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], [1,2,3] | [2,3,4])
+    assert_equal([1,2,3] - [2,3], [1])
+
+    x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(2, x[2])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x[1..3])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x[1,3])
+    assert_equal([3, 4, 5], x[3..])
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], x[..2])
+    assert_equal([0, 1], x[...2])
+
+    x[0, 2] = 10
+    assert_equal([10, 2, 3, 4, 5], x)
+
+    x[0, 0] = -1
+    assert_equal([-1, 10, 2, 3, 4, 5], x)
+
+    x[-1, 1] = 20
+    assert_equal(20, x[-1])
+    assert_equal(20, x.pop)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_andor_0
+    assert_equal([2], ([1,2,3]&[2,4,6]))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4,6], ([1,2,3]|[2,4,6]))
+  end
+
+  def test_compact_0
+    a = [nil, 1, nil, nil, 5, nil, nil]
+    assert_equal [1, 5], a.compact
+    assert_equal [nil, 1, nil, nil, 5, nil, nil], a
+    a.compact!
+    assert_equal [1, 5], a
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq_0
+    x = [1, 1, 4, 2, 5, 4, 5, 1, 2]
+    x.uniq!
+    assert_equal([1, 4, 2, 5], x)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_0
+    assert_equal true, [].empty?
+    assert_equal false, [1].empty?
+    assert_equal false, [1, 1, 4, 2, 5, 4, 5, 1, 2].empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_0
+    x = ["it", "came", "to", "pass", "that", "..."]
+    x = x.sort.join(" ")
+    assert_equal("... came it pass that to", x)
+    x = [2,5,3,1,7]
+    x.sort!{|a,b| a<=>b}		# sort with condition
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,5,7], x)
+    x.sort!{|a,b| b-a}		# reverse sort
+    assert_equal([7,5,3,2,1], x)
+  end
+
+  def test_split_0
+    x = "The Book of Mormon"
+    assert_equal(x.reverse, x.split(//).reverse!.join)
+    assert_equal(x.reverse, x.reverse!)
+    assert_equal("g:n:i:r:t:s: :e:t:y:b: :1", "1 byte string".split(//).reverse.join(":"))
+    x = "a b c  d"
+    assert_equal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], x.split)
+    assert_equal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], x.split(' '))
+  end
+
+  def test_misc_0
+    assert(defined? "a".chomp, '"a".chomp is not defined')
+    assert_equal(["a", "b", "c"], "abc".scan(/./))
+    assert_equal([["1a"], ["2b"], ["3c"]], "1a2b3c".scan(/(\d.)/))
+    # non-greedy match
+    assert_equal([["a", "12"], ["b", "22"]], "a=12;b=22".scan(/(.*?)=(\d*);?/))
+
+    x = [1]
+    assert_equal('1:1:1:1:1', (x * 5).join(":"))
+    assert_equal('1', (x * 1).join(":"))
+    assert_equal('', (x * 0).join(":"))
+
+    assert_instance_of(Array, (@cls[] * 5))
+    assert_instance_of(Array, (@cls[1] * 5))
+
+    *x = *(1..7).to_a
+    assert_equal(7, x.size)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], x)
+
+    x = [1,2,3]
+    x[1,0] = x
+    assert_equal([1,1,2,3,2,3], x)
+
+    x = [1,2,3]
+    x[-1,0] = x
+    assert_equal([1,2,1,2,3,3], x)
+
+    x = [1,2,3]
+    x.concat(x)
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,1,2,3], x)
+
+    x = [1,2,3]
+    x.clear
+    assert_equal([], x)
+
+    x = [1,2,3]
+    y = x.dup
+    x << 4
+    y << 5
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], x)
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,5], y)
+  end
+
+  def test_beg_end_0
+    x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    assert_equal(1, x.first)
+    assert_equal([1], x.first(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x.first(3))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /0\.\.1/) {x.first(1, 2)}
+
+    assert_equal(5, x.last)
+    assert_equal([5], x.last(1))
+    assert_equal([3, 4, 5], x.last(3))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /0\.\.1/) {x.last(1, 2)}
+
+    assert_equal(1, x.shift)
+    assert_equal([2, 3, 4], x.shift(3))
+    assert_equal([5], x)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /0\.\.1/) {x.first(1, 2)}
+
+    assert_equal([2, 3, 4, 5], x.unshift(2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], x.unshift(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], x)
+
+    assert_equal(5, x.pop)
+    assert_equal([3, 4], x.pop(2))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /0\.\.1/) {x.pop(1, 2)}
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], x.push(3, 4))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], x.push(5))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], x)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_0
+    assert_respond_to([], :find_all)
+    assert_respond_to([], :select)       # Alias
+    assert_respond_to([], :filter)       # Alias
+    assert_equal([], [].find_all{ |obj| obj == "foo"})
+
+    x = ["foo", "bar", "baz", "baz", 1, 2, 3, 3, 4]
+    assert_equal(["baz","baz"], x.find_all{ |obj| obj == "baz" })
+    assert_equal([3,3], x.find_all{ |obj| obj == 3 })
+  end
+
+  def test_fill_0
+    assert_equal([-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, -1, -1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 3))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, -1, -1, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 3, 2))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 3, 5))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, -1, -1, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 2, 2))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 2, 5))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, -1, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, -2, 1))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, -1, -1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, -2, 3))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, -1, -1, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 3..4))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, -1, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 3...4))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, -1, -1, -1, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 2..-2))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, -1, -1, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-1, 2...-2))
+    assert_equal([10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill{|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3, 2){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3, 5){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3..4){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3...4){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 12, 13, 14, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(2..-2){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 12, 13, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(2...-2){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3..){|i| i+10})
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(3...){|i| i+10})
+  end
+
+  # From rubicon
+
+  def test_00_new
+    a = @cls.new()
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, a)
+    assert_equal(0, a.length)
+    assert_nil(a[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_01_square_brackets
+    a = @cls[ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ]
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, a)
+    assert_equal(5, a.length)
+    5.times { |i| assert_equal(5-i, a[i]) }
+    assert_nil(a[6])
+  end
+
+  def test_AND # '&'
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 3], @cls[ 1, 1, 3, 5 ] & @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[ 1, 1, 3, 5 ] & @cls[ ])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[  ]           & @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]    & @cls[ 4, 5, 6 ])
+  end
+
+  def test_AND_big_array # '&'
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 3], @cls[ 1, 1, 3, 5 ]*64 & @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]*64)
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[ 1, 1, 3, 5 ]*64 & @cls[ ])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[  ]           & @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]*64)
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]*64 & @cls[ 4, 5, 6 ]*64)
+  end
+
+  def test_intersection
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2], @cls[1, 2, 3].intersection(@cls[1, 2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], @cls[1].intersection(@cls[ ]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], @cls[ ].intersection(@cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1, 2, 3].intersection(@cls[1, 2], @cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], @cls[1, 2, 3].intersection(@cls[1, 2], @cls[3]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], @cls[1, 2, 3].intersection(@cls[4, 5, 6]))
+  end
+
+  def test_intersection_big_array
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2], (@cls[1, 2, 3] * 64).intersection(@cls[1, 2] * 64))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], (@cls[1] * 64).intersection(@cls[ ]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], @cls[ ].intersection(@cls[1] * 64))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], (@cls[1, 2, 3] * 64).intersection((@cls[1, 2] * 64), (@cls[1] * 64)))
+    assert_equal(@cls[ ], (@cls[1, 2, 3] * 64).intersection(@cls[4, 5, 6] * 64))
+  end
+
+  def test_MUL # '*'
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[]*3)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1], @cls[1]*3)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2], @cls[1, 2]*3)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[1, 2, 3] * 0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @cls[1, 2]*(-3) }
+
+    assert_equal('1-2-3-4-5', @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] * '-')
+    assert_equal('12345',     @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] * '')
+
+  end
+
+  def test_PLUS # '+'
+    assert_equal(@cls[],     @cls[]  + @cls[])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1],    @cls[1] + @cls[])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1],    @cls[]  + @cls[1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1], @cls[1] + @cls[1])
+    assert_equal(@cls['cat', 'dog', 1, 2, 3], %w(cat dog) + (1..3).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_MINUS # '-'
+    assert_equal(@cls[],  @cls[1] - @cls[1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] - @cls[2, 3, 4, 5])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1, 1], @cls[1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5] - @cls[2, 3, 4, 5])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1],  @cls[1, 2, 1] - @cls[2])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], @cls[1, 2, 3] - @cls[4, 5, 6])
+  end
+
+  def test_MINUS_big_array # '-'
+    assert_equal(@cls[1]*64, @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]*64 - @cls[2, 3, 4, 5]*64)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1, 1]*64, @cls[1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5]*64 - @cls[2, 3, 4, 5]*64)
+    a = @cls[]
+    1000.times { a << 1 }
+    assert_equal(1000, a.length)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1] * 1000, a - @cls[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_difference
+    assert_equal(@cls[],  @cls[1].difference(@cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].difference(@cls[2, 3, 4, 5]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1],  @cls[1, 2, 1].difference(@cls[2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1, 1], @cls[1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5].difference(@cls[2, 3, 4, 5]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[1, 2, 3, 4].difference(@cls[1], @cls[2], @cls[3], @cls[4]))
+    a = [1]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], a.difference(@cls[2], @cls[2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.difference(@cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_difference_big_array
+    assert_equal(@cls[1]*64, (@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] * 64).difference(@cls[2, 3, 4] * 64, @cls[3, 5] * 64))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1, 1]*64, (@cls[1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5] * 64).difference(@cls[2, 3, 4, 5] * 64))
+    a = @cls[1] * 1000
+    assert_equal(@cls[1] * 1000, a.difference(@cls[2], @cls[2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.difference(@cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1] * 1000, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_LSHIFT # '<<'
+    a = @cls[]
+    a << 1
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], a)
+    a << 2 << 3
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], a)
+    a << nil << 'cat'
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, nil, 'cat'], a)
+    a << a
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, nil, 'cat', a], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_CMP # '<=>'
+    assert_equal(0,  @cls[] <=> @cls[])
+    assert_equal(0,  @cls[1] <=> @cls[1])
+    assert_equal(0,  @cls[1, 2, 3, 'cat'] <=> @cls[1, 2, 3, 'cat'])
+    assert_equal(-1, @cls[] <=> @cls[1])
+    assert_equal(1,  @cls[1] <=> @cls[])
+    assert_equal(-1, @cls[1, 2, 3] <=> @cls[1, 2, 3, 'cat'])
+    assert_equal(1,  @cls[1, 2, 3, 'cat'] <=> @cls[1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal(-1, @cls[1, 2, 3, 'cat'] <=> @cls[1, 2, 3, 'dog'])
+    assert_equal(1,  @cls[1, 2, 3, 'dog'] <=> @cls[1, 2, 3, 'cat'])
+  end
+
+  def test_EQUAL # '=='
+    assert_operator(@cls[], :==, @cls[])
+    assert_operator(@cls[1], :==, @cls[1])
+    assert_operator(@cls[1, 1, 2, 2], :==, @cls[1, 1, 2, 2])
+    assert_operator(@cls[1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0], :==, @cls[1, 1, 2, 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_VERY_EQUAL # '==='
+    assert_operator(@cls[], :===, @cls[])
+    assert_operator(@cls[1], :===, @cls[1])
+    assert_operator(@cls[1, 1, 2, 2], :===, @cls[1, 1, 2, 2])
+    assert_operator(@cls[1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0], :===, @cls[1, 1, 2, 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF # '[]'
+    a = @cls[*(1..100).to_a]
+
+    assert_equal(1, a[0])
+    assert_equal(100, a[99])
+    assert_nil(a[100])
+    assert_equal(100, a[-1])
+    assert_equal(99,  a[-2])
+    assert_equal(1,   a[-100])
+    assert_nil(a[-101])
+    assert_nil(a[-101,0])
+    assert_nil(a[-101,1])
+    assert_nil(a[-101,-1])
+    assert_nil(a[10,-1])
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1],   a[0,1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[100], a[99,1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],    a[100,1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[100], a[99,100])
+    assert_equal(@cls[100], a[-1,1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[99],  a[-2,1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],    a[-100,0])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1],   a[-100,1])
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[10, 11, 12], a[9, 3])
+    assert_equal(@cls[10, 11, 12], a[-91, 3])
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1],   a[0..0])
+    assert_equal(@cls[100], a[99..99])
+    assert_equal(@cls[],    a[100..100])
+    assert_equal(@cls[100], a[99..200])
+    assert_equal(@cls[100], a[-1..-1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[99],  a[-2..-2])
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[10, 11, 12], a[9..11])
+    assert_equal(@cls[98, 99, 100], a[97..])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], a[..2])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2], a[...2])
+    assert_equal(@cls[10, 11, 12], a[-91..-89])
+    assert_equal(@cls[98, 99, 100], a[-3..])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], a[..-98])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2], a[...-98])
+
+    assert_nil(a[10, -3])
+    assert_equal [], a[10..7]
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {a['cat']}
+  end
+
+  def test_ASET # '[]='
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0, a[0] = 0)
+    assert_equal(@cls[0] + @cls[*(1..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0, a[10,10] = 0)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + @cls[0] + @cls[*(20..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0, a[-1] = 0)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..98).to_a] + @cls[0], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0, a[-10, 10] = 0)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..89).to_a] + @cls[0], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0, a[0,1000] = 0)
+    assert_equal(@cls[0] , a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0, a[10..19] = 0)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + @cls[0] + @cls[*(20..99).to_a], a)
+
+    b = @cls[*%w( a b c )]
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(b, a[0,1] = b)
+    assert_equal(b + @cls[*(1..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(b, a[10,10] = b)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + b + @cls[*(20..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(b, a[-1, 1] = b)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..98).to_a] + b, a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(b, a[-10, 10] = b)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..89).to_a] + b, a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(b, a[0,1000] = b)
+    assert_equal(b , a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(b, a[10..19] = b)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + b + @cls[*(20..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[0,1] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[nil] + @cls[*(1..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[10,10] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + @cls[nil] + @cls[*(20..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[-1, 1] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..98).to_a] + @cls[nil], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[-10, 10] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..89).to_a] + @cls[nil], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[0,1000] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[nil] , a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[10..19] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + @cls[nil] + @cls[*(20..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[10..] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*(0..9).to_a] + @cls[nil], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[..10] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[nil] + @cls[*(11..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a[...10] = nil)
+    assert_equal(@cls[nil] + @cls[*(10..99).to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    a[1, 0] = a
+    assert_equal([1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    a[-1, 0] = a
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3], a)
+
+    a = @cls[]
+    a[5,0] = [5]
+    assert_equal([nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1]
+    a[1,0] = [2]
+    assert_equal([1, 2], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1]
+    a[1,1] = [2]
+    assert_equal([1, 2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_append
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a.append(4, 5))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil], a.append(nil))
+
+    a.append
+    assert_equal @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil], a
+    a.append 6, 7
+    assert_equal @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, 6, 7], a
+  end
+
+  def test_assoc
+    def (a4 = Object.new).to_ary
+      %w( pork porcine )
+    end
+
+    a1 = @cls[*%w( cat feline )]
+    a2 = @cls[*%w( dog canine )]
+    a3 = @cls[*%w( mule asinine )]
+
+    a = @cls[ a1, a2, a3, a4 ]
+
+    assert_equal(a1, a.assoc('cat'))
+    assert_equal(a3, a.assoc('mule'))
+    assert_equal(%w( pork porcine ), a.assoc("pork"))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.assoc('asinine'))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.assoc('wombat'))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.assoc(1..2))
+  end
+
+  def test_at
+    a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+    assert_equal(0,   a.at(0))
+    assert_equal(10,  a.at(10))
+    assert_equal(99,  a.at(99))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.at(100))
+    assert_equal(99,  a.at(-1))
+    assert_equal(0,  a.at(-100))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.at(-101))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a.at('cat') }
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    b = a.clear
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], b)
+    assert_equal(a.__id__, b.__id__)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    for frozen in [ false, true ]
+      a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+      a.freeze if frozen
+      b = a.clone
+
+      assert_equal(a, b)
+      assert_not_equal(a.__id__, b.__id__)
+      assert_equal(a.frozen?, b.frozen?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_collect
+    a = @cls[ 1, 'cat', 1..1 ]
+    assert_equal([ Integer, String, Range], a.collect {|e| e.class} )
+    assert_equal([ 99, 99, 99], a.collect { 99 } )
+
+    assert_equal([], @cls[].collect { 99 })
+
+    assert_kind_of Enumerator, @cls[1, 2, 3].collect
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_equal([[1, 2, 3]], [[1, 2, 3]].collect(&->(a, b, c) {[a, b, c]}))
+    }
+  end
+
+  # also update map!
+  def test_collect!
+    a = @cls[ 1, 'cat', 1..1 ]
+    assert_equal([ Integer, String, Range], a.collect! {|e| e.class} )
+    assert_equal([ Integer, String, Range], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 'cat', 1..1 ]
+    assert_equal([ 99, 99, 99], a.collect! { 99 } )
+    assert_equal([ 99, 99, 99], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ ]
+    assert_equal([], a.collect! { 99 })
+    assert_equal([], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact
+    a = @cls[ 1, nil, nil, 2, 3, nil, 4 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact)
+
+    a = @cls[ nil, 1, nil, 2, 3, nil, 4 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, nil, nil, 2, 3, nil, 4, nil ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact!
+    a = @cls[ 1, nil, nil, 2, 3, nil, 4 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ nil, 1, nil, 2, 3, nil, 4 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, nil, nil, 2, 3, nil, 4, nil ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.compact!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.compact!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_concat
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4],     @cls[1, 2].concat(@cls[3, 4]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4],     @cls[].concat(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4],     @cls[1].concat(@cls[2, 3], [4]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4],     @cls[1, 2, 3, 4].concat(@cls[]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4],     @cls[1, 2, 3, 4].concat())
+    assert_equal(@cls[],               @cls[].concat(@cls[]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[@cls[1, 2], @cls[3, 4]], @cls[@cls[1, 2]].concat(@cls[@cls[3, 4]]))
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    a.concat(a)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    b = @cls[4, 5]
+    b.concat(b, b)
+    assert_equal([4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5], b)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { @cls[0].concat(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { @cls[0].freeze.concat(:foo) }
+
+    a = @cls[nil]
+    def (x = Object.new).to_ary
+      ary = Array.new(2)
+      ary << [] << [] << :ok
+    end
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_stress {a.concat(x)}
+    GC.start
+    assert_equal(:ok, a.last)
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
+    assert_equal(5, a.count)
+    assert_equal(2, a.count(1))
+    assert_equal(3, a.count {|x| x % 2 == 1 })
+    assert_equal(2, assert_warning(/given block not used/) {a.count(1) {|x| x % 2 == 1 }})
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.count(0, 1) }
+
+    bug8654 = '[ruby-core:56072]'
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, ["0"], [], bug8654
+      a1 = []
+      a2 = Array.new(100) { |i| i }
+      a2.count do |i|
+        p i
+        a2.replace(a1) if i == 0
+      end
+    EOS
+
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, ["[]", "0"], [], bug8654
+      ARY = Array.new(100) { |i| i }
+      class Integer
+        alias old_equal ==
+        def == other
+          ARY.replace([]) if self.equal?(0)
+          p ARY
+          self.equal?(other)
+        end
+      end
+      p ARY.count(42)
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    a = @cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a]
+    assert_equal('cap', a.delete('cap'))
+    assert_equal(@cls[*('cab'..'cao').to_a] + @cls[*('caq'..'cat').to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a]
+    assert_equal('cab', a.delete('cab'))
+    assert_equal(@cls[*('cac'..'cat').to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a]
+    assert_equal('cat', a.delete('cat'))
+    assert_equal(@cls[*('cab'..'cas').to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.delete('cup'))
+    assert_equal(@cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a]
+    assert_equal(99, a.delete('cup') { 99 } )
+    assert_equal(@cls[*('cab'..'cat').to_a], a)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.==(other); true; end
+    o2 = Object.new
+    def o2.==(other); true; end
+    a = @cls[1, o, o2, 2]
+    assert_equal(o2, a.delete(42))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_at
+    a = @cls[*(1..5).to_a]
+    assert_equal(3, a.delete_at(2))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(1..5).to_a]
+    assert_equal(4, a.delete_at(-2))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(1..5).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.delete_at(5))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[*(1..5).to_a]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.delete_at(-6))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+  end
+
+  # also reject!
+  def test_delete_if
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.delete_if { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.delete_if { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.delete_if { |i| i > 3 })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    bug2545 = '[ruby-core:27366]'
+    a = @cls[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]
+    assert_equal(9, a.delete_if {|i| break i if i > 8; i < 7})
+    assert_equal(@cls[7, 8, 9, 10], a, bug2545)
+
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 42]
+      a.delete_if do
+        a.freeze
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 42], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    for frozen in [ false, true ]
+      a = @cls[*(0..99).to_a]
+      a.freeze if frozen
+      b = a.dup
+
+      assert_equal(a, b)
+      assert_not_equal(a.__id__, b.__id__)
+      assert_equal(false, b.frozen?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    a = @cls[*%w( ant bat cat dog )]
+    i = 0
+    a.each { |e|
+      assert_equal(a[i], e)
+      i += 1
+    }
+    assert_equal(4, i)
+
+    a = @cls[]
+    i = 0
+    a.each { |e|
+      assert(false, "Never get here")
+      i += 1
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, i)
+
+    assert_equal(a, a.each {})
+  end
+
+  def test_each_index
+    a = @cls[*%w( ant bat cat dog )]
+    i = 0
+    a.each_index { |ind|
+      assert_equal(i, ind)
+      i += 1
+    }
+    assert_equal(4, i)
+
+    a = @cls[]
+    i = 0
+    a.each_index { |ind|
+      assert(false, "Never get here")
+      i += 1
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, i)
+
+    assert_equal(a, a.each_index {})
+  end
+
+  def test_empty?
+    assert_empty(@cls[])
+    assert_not_empty(@cls[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_eql?
+    assert_send([@cls[], :eql?, @cls[]])
+    assert_send([@cls[1], :eql?, @cls[1]])
+    assert_send([@cls[1, 1, 2, 2], :eql?, @cls[1, 1, 2, 2]])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0], :eql?, @cls[1, 1, 2, 2]])
+  end
+
+  def test_fill
+    assert_equal(@cls[],   @cls[].fill(99))
+    assert_equal(@cls[],   @cls[].fill(99, 0))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99], @cls[].fill(99, 0, 1))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99], @cls[].fill(99, 0..0))
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[99],   @cls[1].fill(99))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99],   @cls[1].fill(99, 0))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99],   @cls[1].fill(99, 0, 1))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99],   @cls[1].fill(99, 0..0))
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[99, 99], @cls[1, 2].fill(99))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99, 99], @cls[1, 2].fill(99, 0))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99, 99], @cls[1, 2].fill(99, nil))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,  99], @cls[1, 2].fill(99, 1, nil))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99,  2], @cls[1, 2].fill(99, 0, 1))
+    assert_equal(@cls[99,  2], @cls[1, 2].fill(99, 0..0))
+  end
+
+  def test_first
+    assert_equal(3,   @cls[3, 4, 5].first)
+    assert_equal(nil, @cls[].first)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten
+    a1 = @cls[ 1, 2, 3]
+    a2 = @cls[ 5, 6 ]
+    a3 = @cls[ 4, a2 ]
+    a4 = @cls[ a1, a3 ]
+    assert_equal_instance([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], a4.flatten)
+    assert_equal_instance(@cls[ a1, a3], a4)
+
+    a5 = @cls[ a1, @cls[], a3 ]
+    assert_equal_instance([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], a5.flatten)
+    assert_equal_instance([1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6]], a5.flatten(1))
+    assert_equal_instance([], @cls[].flatten)
+    assert_equal_instance([],
+                 @cls[@cls[@cls[@cls[],@cls[]],@cls[@cls[]],@cls[]],@cls[@cls[@cls[]]]].flatten)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_wrong_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "[ruby-dev:31197]") { [[]].flatten("") }
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_level0
+    a8 = @cls[[1, 2], 3]
+    a9 = a8.flatten(0)
+    assert_equal(a8, a9)
+    assert_not_same(a8, a9)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_splat
+    bug10748 = '[ruby-core:67637] [Bug #10748]'
+    o = Object.new
+    o.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:to_ary) do
+        raise bug10748
+      end
+    end
+    a = @cls[@cls[o]]
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, bug10748) {a.flatten}
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug10748) {a.flatten(1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_flattern_singleton_class
+    bug12738 = '[ruby-dev:49781] [Bug #12738]'
+    a = [[0]]
+    class << a
+      def m; end
+    end
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug12738) { a.flatten.m }
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_recursive
+    a = []
+    a << a
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.flatten }
+    b = [1]; c = [2, b]; b << c
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { b.flatten }
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2, b], b.flatten(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 1, 2, 1, c], b.flatten(4))
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten!
+    a1 = @cls[ 1, 2, 3]
+    a2 = @cls[ 5, 6 ]
+    a3 = @cls[ 4, a2 ]
+    a4 = @cls[ a1, a3 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], a4.flatten!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], a4)
+
+    a5 = @cls[ a1, @cls[], a3 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], a5.flatten!)
+    assert_nil(a5.flatten!(0), '[ruby-core:23382]')
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], a5)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_empty!
+    assert_nil(@cls[].flatten!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[],
+                 @cls[@cls[@cls[@cls[],@cls[]],@cls[@cls[]],@cls[]],@cls[@cls[@cls[]]]].flatten!)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_level0!
+    assert_nil(@cls[].flatten!(0), '[ruby-core:23382]')
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_splat!
+    bug10748 = '[ruby-core:67637] [Bug #10748]'
+    o = Object.new
+    o.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:to_ary) do
+        raise bug10748
+      end
+    end
+    a = @cls[@cls[o]]
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, bug10748) {a.flatten!}
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug10748) {a.flatten!(1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_flattern_singleton_class!
+    bug12738 = '[ruby-dev:49781] [Bug #12738]'
+    a = [[0]]
+    class << a
+      def m; end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError, bug12738) { a.flatten!.m }
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_ary() callcc {|k| @cont = k; [1,2,3]} end
+    begin
+      assert_equal([10, 20, 1, 2, 3, 30, 1, 2, 3, 40], [10, 20, o, 30, o, 40].flatten)
+    rescue => e
+    else
+      o.instance_eval {@cont}.call
+    end
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e, '[ruby-dev:34798]')
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message, '[ruby-dev:34798]')
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_respond_to_missing
+    bug11465 = '[ruby-core:70460] [Bug #11465]'
+
+    obj = Class.new do
+      def respond_to_missing?(method, stuff)
+        return false if method == :to_ary
+        super
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(*args)
+        super
+      end
+    end.new
+
+    ex = nil
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:raise) do |tp|
+      ex = tp.raised_exception
+    end
+    trace.enable {[obj].flatten}
+    assert_nil(ex, bug11465)
+  end
+
+  def test_permutation_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    n = 1000
+    cont = nil
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+    begin
+      ary.permutation {
+        callcc {|k| cont = k} unless cont
+      }
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    n -= 1
+    cont.call if 0 < n
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e)
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_product_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    n = 1000
+    cont = nil
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+    begin
+      ary.product {
+        callcc {|k| cont = k} unless cont
+      }
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    n -= 1
+    cont.call if 0 < n
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e)
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_combination_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    n = 1000
+    cont = nil
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+    begin
+      ary.combination(2) {
+        callcc {|k| cont = k} unless cont
+      }
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    n -= 1
+    cont.call if 0 < n
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e)
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_permutation_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    n = 1000
+    cont = nil
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+    begin
+      ary.repeated_permutation(2) {
+        callcc {|k| cont = k} unless cont
+      }
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    n -= 1
+    cont.call if 0 < n
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e)
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_combination_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    n = 1000
+    cont = nil
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+    begin
+      ary.repeated_combination(2) {
+        callcc {|k| cont = k} unless cont
+      }
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    n -= 1
+    cont.call if 0 < n
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e)
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    a1 = @cls[ 'cat', 'dog' ]
+    a2 = @cls[ 'cat', 'dog' ]
+    a3 = @cls[ 'dog', 'cat' ]
+    assert_equal(a1.hash, a2.hash)
+    assert_not_equal(a1.hash, a3.hash)
+    bug9231 = '[ruby-core:58993] [Bug #9231]'
+    assert_not_equal(false.hash, @cls[].hash, bug9231)
+  end
+
+  def test_include?
+    a = @cls[ 'cat', 99, /a/, @cls[ 1, 2, 3] ]
+    assert_include(a, 'cat')
+    assert_include(a, 99)
+    assert_include(a, /a/)
+    assert_include(a, [1,2,3])
+    assert_not_include(a, 'ca')
+    assert_not_include(a, [1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_monkey_patch_include?
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 30)
+    begin;
+      $-w = false
+      class Array
+        alias :old_include? :include?
+        def include? x
+          return true if x == :always
+          old_include?(x)
+        end
+      end
+      def test
+        a, c, always = :a, :c, :always
+        [
+          [:a, :b].include?(a),
+          [:a, :b].include?(c),
+          [:a, :b].include?(always),
+        ]
+      end
+      v = test
+      class Array
+        alias :include? :old_include?
+      end
+      assert_equal [true, false, true], v
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_intersect?
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3]
+    assert_send([a, :intersect?, [3]])
+    assert_not_send([a, :intersect?, [4]])
+    assert_not_send([a, :intersect?, []])
+  end
+
+  def test_intersect_big_array
+    assert_send([@cls[ 1, 4, 5 ]*64, :intersect?, @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]*64])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]*64, :intersect?, @cls[ 4, 5, 6 ]*64])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :intersect?, @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]*64])
+  end
+
+  def test_index
+    a = @cls[ 'cat', 99, /a/, 99, @cls[ 1, 2, 3] ]
+    assert_equal(0, a.index('cat'))
+    assert_equal(1, a.index(99))
+    assert_equal(4, a.index([1,2,3]))
+    assert_nil(a.index('ca'))
+    assert_nil(a.index([1,2]))
+
+    assert_equal(1, assert_warn(/given block not used/) {a.index(99) {|x| x == 'cat' }})
+  end
+
+  def test_values_at
+    a = @cls[*('a'..'j').to_a]
+    assert_equal(@cls['a', 'c', 'e'], a.values_at(0, 2, 4))
+    assert_equal(@cls['j', 'h', 'f'], a.values_at(-1, -3, -5))
+    assert_equal(@cls['h', nil, 'a'], a.values_at(-3, 99, 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_join
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal("", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join})
+    assert_equal("", a.join(','))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join}.encoding)
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[1, 2]
+    assert_equal("12", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join})
+    assert_equal("12", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join(nil)})
+    assert_equal("1,2", a.join(','))
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal("123", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join})
+    assert_equal("123", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join(nil)})
+    assert_equal("1,2,3", a.join(','))
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ":"}
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal("1:2:3", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join})
+    assert_equal("1:2:3", assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {a.join(nil)})
+    assert_equal("1,2,3", a.join(','))
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+
+    e = ''.force_encoding('EUC-JP')
+    u = ''.force_encoding('UTF-8')
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[[]].join}.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[1, [u]].join}.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[u, [e]].join}.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[u, [1]].join}.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[Struct.new(:to_str).new(u)].join}.encoding)
+    bug5379 = '[ruby-core:39776]'
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[[], u, nil].join}.encoding, bug5379)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, assert_deprecated_warn(/non-nil value/) {[[], "\u3042", nil].join}.encoding, bug5379)
+  ensure
+    $, = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_last
+    assert_equal(nil, @cls[].last)
+    assert_equal(1, @cls[1].last)
+    assert_equal(99, @cls[*(3..99).to_a].last)
+  end
+
+  def test_length
+    assert_equal(0, @cls[].length)
+    assert_equal(1, @cls[1].length)
+    assert_equal(2, @cls[1, nil].length)
+    assert_equal(2, @cls[nil, 1].length)
+    assert_equal(234, @cls[*(0..233).to_a].length)
+  end
+
+  # also update collect!
+  def test_map!
+    a = @cls[ 1, 'cat', 1..1 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[ Integer, String, Range], a.map! {|e| e.class} )
+    assert_equal(@cls[ Integer, String, Range], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 'cat', 1..1 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[ 99, 99, 99], a.map! { 99 } )
+    assert_equal(@cls[ 99, 99, 99], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.map! { 99 })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_format_mutation
+    ary = [Object.new]
+    fmt = "c" * 0x20000
+    class << ary[0]; self end.send(:define_method, :to_int) {
+      fmt.replace ""
+      1
+    }
+    e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) { ary.pack(fmt) }
+    assert_equal "format string modified", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_pack
+    a = @cls[*%w( cat wombat x yy)]
+    assert_equal("catwomx  yy ", a.pack("A3A3A3A3"))
+    assert_equal("cat", a.pack("A*"))
+    assert_equal("cwx  yy ", a.pack("A3@1A3@2A3A3"))
+    assert_equal("catwomx\000\000yy\000", a.pack("a3a3a3a3"))
+    assert_equal("cat", a.pack("a*"))
+    assert_equal("ca", a.pack("a2"))
+    assert_equal("cat\000\000", a.pack("a5"))
+
+    assert_equal("\x61",     @cls["01100001"].pack("B8"))
+    assert_equal("\x61",     @cls["01100001"].pack("B*"))
+    assert_equal("\x61",     @cls["0110000100110111"].pack("B8"))
+    assert_equal("\x61\x37", @cls["0110000100110111"].pack("B16"))
+    assert_equal("\x61\x37", @cls["01100001", "00110111"].pack("B8B8"))
+    assert_equal("\x60",     @cls["01100001"].pack("B4"))
+    assert_equal("\x40",     @cls["01100001"].pack("B2"))
+
+    assert_equal("\x86",     @cls["01100001"].pack("b8"))
+    assert_equal("\x86",     @cls["01100001"].pack("b*"))
+    assert_equal("\x86",     @cls["0110000100110111"].pack("b8"))
+    assert_equal("\x86\xec", @cls["0110000100110111"].pack("b16"))
+    assert_equal("\x86\xec", @cls["01100001", "00110111"].pack("b8b8"))
+    assert_equal("\x06",     @cls["01100001"].pack("b4"))
+    assert_equal("\x02",     @cls["01100001"].pack("b2"))
+
+    assert_equal("ABC",      @cls[ 65, 66, 67 ].pack("C3"))
+    assert_equal("\377BC",   @cls[ -1, 66, 67 ].pack("C*"))
+    assert_equal("ABC",      @cls[ 65, 66, 67 ].pack("c3"))
+    assert_equal("\377BC",   @cls[ -1, 66, 67 ].pack("c*"))
+
+
+    assert_equal("AB\n\x10",  @cls["4142", "0a", "12"].pack("H4H2H1"))
+    assert_equal("AB\n\x02",  @cls["1424", "a0", "21"].pack("h4h2h1"))
+
+    assert_equal("abc=02def=\ncat=\n=01=\n",
+                 @cls["abc\002def", "cat", "\001"].pack("M9M3M4"))
+
+    assert_equal("aGVsbG8K\n",  @cls["hello\n"].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal(",:&5L;&\\*:&5L;&\\*\n",  @cls["hello\nhello\n"].pack("u"))
+
+    assert_equal("\u{a9 42 2260}", @cls[0xa9, 0x42, 0x2260].pack("U*"))
+
+
+    format = "c2x5CCxsdils_l_a6";
+    # Need the expression in here to force ary[5] to be numeric.  This avoids
+    # test2 failing because ary2 goes str->numeric->str and ary does not.
+    ary = [1, -100, 127, 128, 32767, 987.654321098/100.0,
+      12345, 123456, -32767, -123456, "abcdef"]
+    x    = ary.pack(format)
+    ary2 = x.unpack(format)
+
+    assert_equal(ary.length, ary2.length)
+    assert_equal(ary.join(':'), ary2.join(':'))
+    assert_not_nil(x =~ /def/)
+
+    # more comprehensive tests are in test_pack.rb
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_with_buffer
+    n = [ 65, 66, 67 ]
+    str = "a" * 100
+    assert_equal("aaaABC", n.pack("@3ccc", buffer: str.dup), "[Bug #19116]")
+  end
+
+  def test_pop
+    a = @cls[ 'cat', 'dog' ]
+    assert_equal('dog', a.pop)
+    assert_equal(@cls['cat'], a)
+    assert_equal('cat', a.pop)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+    assert_nil(a.pop)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(@cls['cat'], a.prepend('cat'))
+    assert_equal(@cls['dog', 'cat'], a.prepend('dog'))
+    assert_equal(@cls[nil, 'dog', 'cat'], a.prepend(nil))
+    assert_equal(@cls[@cls[1,2], nil, 'dog', 'cat'], a.prepend(@cls[1, 2]))
+  end
+
+  def test_tolerant_to_redefinition
+    *code = __FILE__, __LINE__+1, "#{<<-"{#"}\n#{<<-'};'}"
+    {#
+      module M
+        def <<(a)
+          super(a * 2)
+        end
+      end
+      class Array; prepend M; end
+      ary = [*1..10]
+      mapped = ary.map {|i| i}
+      selected = ary.select {true}
+      module M
+        remove_method :<<
+      end
+      assert_equal(ary, mapped)
+      assert_equal(ary, selected)
+    };
+    assert_separately(%w[--disable-yjit], *code)
+    assert_separately(%w[--enable-yjit], *code)
+  end
+
+  def test_push
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a.push(4, 5))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil], a.push(nil))
+    a.push
+    assert_equal @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil], a
+    a.push 6, 7
+    assert_equal @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, 6, 7], a
+  end
+
+  def test_rassoc
+    def (a4 = Object.new).to_ary
+      %w( pork porcine )
+    end
+    a1 = @cls[*%w( cat  feline )]
+    a2 = @cls[*%w( dog  canine )]
+    a3 = @cls[*%w( mule asinine )]
+    a  = @cls[ a1, a2, a3, a4 ]
+
+    assert_equal(a1,  a.rassoc('feline'))
+    assert_equal(a3,  a.rassoc('asinine'))
+    assert_equal(%w( pork porcine ), a.rassoc("porcine"))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.rassoc('dog'))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.rassoc('mule'))
+    assert_equal(nil, a.rassoc(1..2))
+  end
+
+  # also delete_if
+  def test_reject!
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.reject! { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.reject! { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.reject! { |i| i > 3 })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    bug2545 = '[ruby-core:27366]'
+    a = @cls[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]
+    assert_equal(9, a.reject! {|i| break i if i > 8; i < 7})
+    assert_equal(@cls[7, 8, 9, 10], a, bug2545)
+
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 42]
+      a.reject! do
+        a.freeze
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 42], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_array_reject!
+    c = []
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    3.times do
+      a = b.dup
+      c << a.dup
+
+      begin
+        a.reject! do |x|
+          case x
+          when 2 then true
+          when 3 then raise StandardError, 'Oops'
+          else false
+          end
+        end
+      rescue StandardError
+      end
+
+      c << a.dup
+    end
+
+    bug90781 = '[ruby-core:90781]'
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 2, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 2, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 3, 4]], c, bug90781
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_shared_array_reject!
+    c = []
+    3.times do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+      c << a.dup
+
+      begin
+        a.reject! do |x|
+          case x
+          when 2 then true
+          when 3 then raise StandardError, 'Oops'
+          else false
+          end
+        end
+      rescue StandardError
+      end
+
+      c << a.dup
+    end
+
+    bug90781 = '[ruby-core:90781]'
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 2, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 2, 3, 4],
+                  [1, 3, 4]], c, bug90781
+  end
+
+  def test_replace
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3]
+    a_id = a.__id__
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 5, 6], a.replace(@cls[4, 5, 6]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 5, 6], a)
+    assert_equal(a_id, a.__id__)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.replace(@cls[]))
+
+    fa = a.dup.freeze
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) { a.replace(a) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { fa.replace(fa) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { fa.replace() }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a.replace(42) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { fa.replace(42) }
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_wb_variable_width_alloc
+    small_embed = []
+    4.times { GC.start } # age small_embed
+    large_embed = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Array.new] # new young object
+    small_embed.replace(large_embed) # adds old to young reference
+    GC.verify_internal_consistency
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse
+    a = @cls[*%w( dog cat bee ant )]
+    assert_equal(@cls[*%w(ant bee cat dog)], a.reverse)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*%w(dog cat bee ant)], a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[].reverse)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse!
+    a = @cls[*%w( dog cat bee ant )]
+    assert_equal(@cls[*%w(ant bee cat dog)], a.reverse!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[*%w(ant bee cat dog)], a)
+    assert_equal @cls[], @cls[].reverse!
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each
+    a = @cls[*%w( dog cat bee ant )]
+    i = a.length
+    a.reverse_each { |e|
+      i -= 1
+      assert_equal(a[i], e)
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, i)
+
+    a = @cls[]
+    i = 0
+    a.reverse_each { |e|
+      i += 1
+      assert(false, "Never get here")
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, i)
+  end
+
+  def test_rindex
+    a = @cls[ 'cat', 99, /a/, 99, [ 1, 2, 3] ]
+    assert_equal(0, a.rindex('cat'))
+    assert_equal(3, a.rindex(99))
+    assert_equal(4, a.rindex([1,2,3]))
+    assert_nil(a.rindex('ca'))
+    assert_nil(a.rindex([1,2]))
+
+    assert_equal(3, assert_warning(/given block not used/) {a.rindex(99) {|x| x == [1,2,3] }})
+
+    bug15951 = "[Bug #15951]"
+    o2 = Object.new
+    def o2.==(other)
+      other.replace([]) if Array === other
+      false
+    end
+    a = Array.new(10)
+    a.fill(o2)
+    assert_nil(a.rindex(a), bug15951)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift
+    a = @cls[ 'cat', 'dog' ]
+    assert_equal('cat', a.shift)
+    assert_equal(@cls['dog'], a)
+    assert_equal('dog', a.shift)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+    assert_nil(a.shift)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_equal(0,   @cls[].size)
+    assert_equal(1,   @cls[1].size)
+    assert_equal(100, @cls[*(0..99).to_a].size)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    a = @cls[*(1..100).to_a]
+
+    assert_equal(1, a.slice(0))
+    assert_equal(100, a.slice(99))
+    assert_nil(a.slice(100))
+    assert_equal(100, a.slice(-1))
+    assert_equal(99,  a.slice(-2))
+    assert_equal(1,   a.slice(-100))
+    assert_nil(a.slice(-101))
+
+    assert_equal_instance([1],   a.slice(0,1))
+    assert_equal_instance([100], a.slice(99,1))
+    assert_equal_instance([],    a.slice(100,1))
+    assert_equal_instance([100], a.slice(99,100))
+    assert_equal_instance([100], a.slice(-1,1))
+    assert_equal_instance([99],  a.slice(-2,1))
+
+    assert_equal_instance([10, 11, 12], a.slice(9, 3))
+    assert_equal_instance([10, 11, 12], a.slice(-91, 3))
+
+    assert_nil(a.slice(-101, 2))
+
+    assert_equal_instance([1],   a.slice(0..0))
+    assert_equal_instance([100], a.slice(99..99))
+    assert_equal_instance([],    a.slice(100..100))
+    assert_equal_instance([100], a.slice(99..200))
+    assert_equal_instance([100], a.slice(-1..-1))
+    assert_equal_instance([99],  a.slice(-2..-2))
+
+    assert_equal_instance([10, 11, 12], a.slice(9..11))
+    assert_equal_instance([98, 99, 100], a.slice(97..))
+    assert_equal_instance([10, 11, 12], a.slice(-91..-89))
+    assert_equal_instance([10, 11, 12], a.slice(-91..-89))
+
+    assert_equal_instance([5, 8, 11], a.slice((4..12)%3))
+    assert_equal_instance([95, 97, 99], a.slice((94..)%2))
+
+    #        [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
+    # ary = [ 1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8  ... ]
+    #        (0)         (1)         (2)           <- (..7) % 3
+    #            (2)         (1)         (0)       <- (7..) % -3
+    assert_equal_instance([1, 4, 7], a.slice((..7)%3))
+    assert_equal_instance([8, 5, 2], a.slice((7..)% -3))
+
+    #             [-98] [-97] [-96] [-95] [-94] [-93] [-92] [-91] [-90]
+    # ary = [ ...   3     4     5     6     7     8     9     10    11  ... ]
+    #              (0)               (1)               (2)                    <- (-98..-90) % 3
+    #                          (2)               (1)               (0)        <- (-90..-98) % -3
+    assert_equal_instance([3, 6, 9], a.slice((-98..-90)%3))
+    assert_equal_instance([11, 8, 5], a.slice((-90..-98)% -3))
+
+    #             [ 48] [ 49] [ 50] [ 51] [ 52] [ 53]
+    #             [-52] [-51] [-50] [-49] [-48] [-47]
+    # ary = [ ...   49    50    51    52    53    54  ... ]
+    #              (0)         (1)         (2)              <- (48..-47) % 2
+    #                    (2)         (1)          (0)       <- (-47..48) % -2
+    assert_equal_instance([49, 51, 53], a.slice((48..-47)%2))
+    assert_equal_instance([54, 52, 50], a.slice((-47..48)% -2))
+
+    idx = ((3..90) % 2).to_a
+    assert_equal_instance(a.values_at(*idx), a.slice((3..90)%2))
+    idx = 90.step(3, -2).to_a
+    assert_equal_instance(a.values_at(*idx), a.slice((90 .. 3)% -2))
+
+    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal([2, 1, 0], a.slice((2..).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([2, 0], a.slice((2..).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([2], a.slice((2..).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([2], a.slice((2..).step(-4)))
+
+    assert_equal([3, 2, 1, 0], a.slice((-3..).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([3, 1], a.slice((-3..).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([3, 0], a.slice((-3..).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([3], a.slice((-3..).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([3], a.slice((-3..).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0], a.slice((..0).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([5, 3, 1], a.slice((..0).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([5, 2], a.slice((..0).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([5, 1], a.slice((..0).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([5, 0], a.slice((..0).step(-5)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((..0).step(-6)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((..0).step(-7)))
+
+    assert_equal([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], a.slice((...0).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([5, 3, 1], a.slice((...0).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([5, 2], a.slice((...0).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([5, 1], a.slice((...0).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((...0).step(-5)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((...0).step(-6)))
+
+    assert_equal([5, 4, 3, 2], a.slice((...1).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([5, 3], a.slice((...1).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([5, 2], a.slice((...1).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((...1).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((...1).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], a.slice((..-5).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([5, 3, 1], a.slice((..-5).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([5, 2], a.slice((..-5).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([5, 1], a.slice((..-5).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((..-5).step(-5)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((..-5).step(-6)))
+
+    assert_equal([5, 4, 3, 2], a.slice((...-5).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([5, 3], a.slice((...-5).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([5, 2], a.slice((...-5).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((...-5).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([5], a.slice((...-5).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2, 1], a.slice((4..1).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((4..1).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4, 1], a.slice((4..1).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4..1).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4..1).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2], a.slice((4...1).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((4...1).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4...1).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4...1).step(-4)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2, 1], a.slice((-2..1).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((-2..1).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4, 1], a.slice((-2..1).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2..1).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2..1).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2], a.slice((-2...1).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((-2...1).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2...1).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2...1).step(-4)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2, 1], a.slice((4..-5).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((4..-5).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4, 1], a.slice((4..-5).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4..-5).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4..-5).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2], a.slice((4...-5).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((4...-5).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4...-5).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((4...-5).step(-4)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2, 1], a.slice((-2..-5).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((-2..-5).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4, 1], a.slice((-2..-5).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2..-5).step(-4)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2..-5).step(-5)))
+
+    assert_equal([4, 3, 2], a.slice((-2...-5).step(-1)))
+    assert_equal([4, 2], a.slice((-2...-5).step(-2)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2...-5).step(-3)))
+    assert_equal([4], a.slice((-2...-5).step(-4)))
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_out_of_range
+    a = @cls[*(1..100).to_a]
+
+    assert_nil(a.slice(-101..-1))
+    assert_nil(a.slice(-101..))
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, "((-101..-1).%(2)) out of range") { a.slice((-101..-1)%2) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, "((-101..).%(2)) out of range") { a.slice((-101..)%2) }
+
+    assert_nil(a.slice(10, -3))
+    assert_equal @cls[], a.slice(10..7)
+
+    assert_equal([100], a.slice(-1, 1_000_000_000))
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress { assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (0..10).to_a[1, 5]) }
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      assert_equal([2, 1, 0], a.slice((2..).step(-1)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_slice!
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(3, a.slice!(2))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(4, a.slice!(-2))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    s = a.slice!(2,2)
+    assert_equal_instance([3,4], s)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    s = a.slice!(-2,2)
+    assert_equal_instance([4,5], s)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    s = a.slice!(2..3)
+    assert_equal_instance([3,4], s)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.slice!(20))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.slice!(-6))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.slice!(-6..4))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.slice!(-6,2))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    assert_equal("[2, 3]", [1,2,3].slice!(1,10000).inspect, "moved from btest/knownbug")
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @cls[1].slice! }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @cls[1].slice!(0, 0, 0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_out_of_range!
+    a = @cls[*(1..100).to_a]
+
+    assert_nil(a.clone.slice!(-101..-1))
+    assert_nil(a.clone.slice!(-101..))
+
+    # assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, "((-101..-1).%(2)) out of range") { a.clone.slice!((-101..-1)%2) }
+    # assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, "((-101..).%(2)) out of range") { a.clone.slice!((-101..)%2) }
+
+    assert_nil(a.clone.slice!(10, -3))
+    assert_equal @cls[], a.clone.slice!(10..7)
+
+    assert_equal([100], a.clone.slice!(-1, 1_000_000_000))
+  end
+
+  def test_sort
+    a = @cls[ 4, 1, 2, 3 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 3, 2, 1], a.sort { |x, y| y <=> x} )
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.sort { |x, y| (x - y) * (2**100) })
+
+    a.fill(1)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1, 1], a.sort)
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[].sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_sort!
+    a = @cls[ 4, 1, 2, 3 ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a.sort!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 3, 2, 1], a.sort! { |x, y| y <=> x} )
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 3, 2, 1], a)
+
+    a.fill(1)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 1, 1, 1], a.sort!)
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1].sort!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[].sort!)
+
+    a = @cls[4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a.sort! {|m, n| a.replace([9, 8, 7, 6]); m <=> n }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+
+    a = @cls[4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a.sort! {|m, n| a.replace([9, 8, 7]); m <=> n }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_inside_sort!
+    array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    frozen_array = nil
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      count = 0
+      array.sort! do |a, b|
+        array.freeze if (count += 1) == 6
+        frozen_array ||= array.map.to_a if array.frozen?
+        b <=> a
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(frozen_array, array)
+
+    object = Object.new
+    array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    object.define_singleton_method(:>){|_| array.freeze; true}
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      array.sort! do |a, b|
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    object = Object.new
+    array = [object, object]
+    object.define_singleton_method(:>){|_| array.freeze; true}
+    object.define_singleton_method(:<=>){|o| object}
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      array.sort!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    n = 1000
+    cont = nil
+    ary = (1..100).to_a
+    begin
+      ary.sort! {|a,b|
+        callcc {|k| cont = k} unless cont
+        assert_equal(100, ary.size, '[ruby-core:16679]')
+        a <=> b
+      }
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    n -= 1
+    cont.call if 0 < n
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, e, '[ruby-core:16679]')
+    assert_match(/reentered/, e.message, '[ruby-core:16679]')
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_with_replace
+    bug = '[ruby-core:34732]'
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 30)
+    bug = "#{bug}"
+    begin;
+      xary = (1..100).to_a
+      100.times do
+        ary = (1..100).to_a
+        ary.sort! {|a,b| ary.replace(xary); a <=> b}
+        GC.start
+        assert_equal(xary, ary, '[ruby-dev:34732]')
+      end
+      assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug) do
+        assert_equal(:ok, Array.new(100_000, nil).permutation {break :ok})
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_bang_with_freeze
+    ary = []
+    o1 = Object.new
+    o1.singleton_class.class_eval {
+      define_method(:<=>) {|v|
+        ary.freeze
+        1
+      }
+    }
+    o2 = o1.clone
+    ary << o1 << o2
+    orig = ary.dup
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, "frozen during comparison") {ary.sort!}
+    assert_equal(orig, ary, "must not be modified once frozen")
+  end
+
+  def test_short_heap_array_sort_bang_memory_leak
+    bug11332 = '[ruby-dev:49166] [Bug #11332]'
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-PREP, <<-TEST, bug11332, limit: 1.3, timeout: 60)
+      def t; ary = [*1..5]; ary.pop(2); ary.sort!; end
+      1.times {t}
+    PREP
+      500000.times {t}
+    TEST
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_uncomparable
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1, Float::NAN].sort}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1.0, Float::NAN].sort}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[Float::NAN, 1].sort}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[Float::NAN, 1.0].sort}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]
+    a_id = a.__id__
+    assert_equal(a, a.to_a)
+    assert_equal(a_id, a.to_a.__id__)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_ary
+    a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
+    b = @cls[*a]
+
+    a_id = a.__id__
+    assert_equal(a, b.to_ary)
+    if (@cls == Array)
+      assert_equal(a_id, a.to_ary.__id__)
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_ary
+      [4, 5]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a.concat(o))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_ary
+      foo_bar()
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /foo_bar/) {a.concat(o)}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal("[]", a.to_s)
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[1, 2]
+    assert_equal("[1, 2]", a.to_s)
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal("[1, 2, 3]", a.to_s)
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning {$, = ""}
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal("[1, 2, 3]", a.to_s)
+  ensure
+    $, = nil
+  end
+
+  StubToH = [
+    [:key, :value],
+    Object.new.tap do |kvp|
+      def kvp.to_ary
+        [:obtained, :via_to_ary]
+      end
+    end,
+  ]
+
+  def test_to_h
+    array = StubToH
+    assert_equal({key: :value, obtained: :via_to_ary}, array.to_h)
+
+    e = assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      [[:first_one, :ok], :not_ok].to_h
+    }
+    assert_equal "wrong element type Symbol at 1 (expected array)", e.message
+    array = [eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new]
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {array.to_h}
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      [[:first_one, :ok], [1, 2], [:not_ok]].to_h
+    }
+    assert_equal "wrong array length at 2 (expected 2, was 1)", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_block
+    array = StubToH
+    assert_equal({"key" => "value", "obtained" => "via_to_ary"},
+                 array.to_h {|k, v| [k.to_s, v.to_s]})
+
+    assert_equal({first_one: :ok, not_ok: :ng},
+                 [[:first_one, :ok], :not_ok].to_h {|k, v| [k, v || :ng]})
+
+    e = assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      [[:first_one, :ok], :not_ok].to_h {|k, v| v ? [k, v] : k}
+    }
+    assert_equal "wrong element type Symbol at 1 (expected array)", e.message
+    array = [1]
+    k = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {array.to_h {k}}
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      [[:first_one, :ok], [1, 2], [:not_ok]].to_h {|kv| kv}
+    }
+    assert_equal "wrong array length at 2 (expected 2, was 1)", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_min
+    assert_equal(3, [3].min)
+    assert_equal(1, [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].min)
+    assert_equal(3, [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].min {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    cond = ->((a, ia), (b, ib)) { (b <=> a).nonzero? or ia <=> ib }
+    assert_equal([3, 2], [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].each_with_index.min(&cond))
+    assert_equal(1.0, [3.0, 1.0, 2.0].min)
+    ary = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal("albatross", ary.min)
+    assert_equal("dog", ary.min {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal(1, [3,2,1].min)
+    assert_equal(%w[albatross dog], ary.min(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[dog horse],
+                 ary.min(2) {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal([13, 14], [20, 32, 32, 21, 30, 25, 29, 13, 14].min(2))
+    assert_equal([2, 4, 6, 7], [2, 4, 8, 6, 7].min(4))
+
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      def <=>(x) 1 <=> x end
+      def coerce(x) [x, 1] end
+    end
+    assert_same(obj, [obj, 1.0].min)
+  end
+
+  def test_min_uncomparable
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1, Float::NAN].min}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1.0, Float::NAN].min}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[Float::NAN, 1].min}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[Float::NAN, 1.0].min}
+  end
+
+  def test_max
+    assert_equal(1, [1].max)
+    assert_equal(3, [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].max)
+    assert_equal(1, [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].max {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    cond = ->((a, ia), (b, ib)) { (b <=> a).nonzero? or ia <=> ib }
+    assert_equal([1, 3], [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].each_with_index.max(&cond))
+    assert_equal(3.0, [1.0, 3.0, 2.0].max)
+    ary = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal("horse", ary.max)
+    assert_equal("albatross", ary.max {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal(1, [3,2,1].max{|a,b| b <=> a })
+    assert_equal(%w[horse dog], ary.max(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[albatross horse],
+                 ary.max(2) {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal([3, 2], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2].max(2))
+
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      def <=>(x) 1 <=> x end
+      def coerce(x) [x, 1] end
+    end
+    assert_same(obj, [obj, 1.0].max)
+  end
+
+  def test_max_uncomparable
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1, Float::NAN].max}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1.0, Float::NAN].max}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[Float::NAN, 1].max}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[Float::NAN, 1.0].max}
+  end
+
+  def test_minmax
+    assert_equal([3, 3], [3].minmax)
+    assert_equal([1, 3], [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].minmax)
+    assert_equal([3, 1], [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].minmax {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    cond = ->((a, ia), (b, ib)) { (b <=> a).nonzero? or ia <=> ib }
+    assert_equal([[3, 2], [1, 3]], [1, 2, 3, 1, 2].each_with_index.minmax(&cond))
+    ary = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal(["albatross", "horse"], ary.minmax)
+    assert_equal(["dog", "albatross"], ary.minmax {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal([1, 3], [3,2,1].minmax)
+
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      def <=>(x) 1 <=> x end
+      def coerce(x) [x, 1] end
+    end
+    ary = [obj, 1.0].minmax
+    assert_same(obj, ary[0])
+    assert_equal(obj, ary[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq
+    a = []
+    b = a.uniq
+    assert_equal([], a)
+    assert_equal([], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1]
+    b = a.uniq
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+    assert_equal([1], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1,1]
+    b = a.uniq
+    assert_equal([1,1], a)
+    assert_equal([1], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1,2]
+    b = a.uniq
+    assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    assert_equal([1,2], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, nil ]
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, nil], a.uniq)
+    assert_equal(b, a)
+
+    c = @cls["a:def", "a:xyz", "b:abc", "b:xyz", "c:jkl"]
+    d = c.dup
+    assert_equal(@cls[ "a:def", "b:abc", "c:jkl" ], c.uniq {|s| s[/^\w+/]})
+    assert_equal(d, c)
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3], @cls[1, 2, 3].uniq)
+
+    a = %w(a a)
+    b = a.uniq
+    assert_equal(%w(a a), a)
+    assert(a.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert_equal(%w(a), b)
+    assert(b.none?(&:frozen?))
+
+    bug9340 = "[ruby-core:59457]"
+    ary = [bug9340, bug9340.dup, bug9340.dup]
+    assert_equal 1, ary.uniq.size
+    assert_same bug9340, ary.uniq[0]
+
+    sc = Class.new(@cls)
+    a = sc[]
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal_instance([], a.uniq)
+    assert_equal(b, a)
+
+    a = sc[1]
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal_instance([1], a.uniq)
+    assert_equal(b, a)
+
+    a = sc[1, 1]
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal_instance([1], a.uniq)
+    assert_equal(b, a)
+
+    a = sc[1, 1]
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal_instance([1], a.uniq{|x| x})
+    assert_equal(b, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq_with_block
+    a = []
+    b = a.uniq {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal([], a)
+    assert_equal([], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1]
+    b = a.uniq {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+    assert_equal([1], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1,3]
+    b = a.uniq {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal([1,3], a)
+    assert_equal([1], b)
+    assert_not_same(a, b)
+
+    a = %w(a a)
+    b = a.uniq {|v| v }
+    assert_equal(%w(a a), a)
+    assert(a.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert_equal(%w(a), b)
+    assert(b.none?(&:frozen?))
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq!
+    a = []
+    b = a.uniq!
+    assert_equal(nil, b)
+
+    a = [1]
+    b = a.uniq!
+    assert_equal(nil, b)
+
+    a = [1,1]
+    b = a.uniq!
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+    assert_equal([1], b)
+    assert_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1,2]
+    b = a.uniq!
+    assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    assert_equal(nil, b)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, nil ]
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, nil], a.uniq!)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, nil], a)
+
+    c = @cls["a:def", "a:xyz", "b:abc", "b:xyz", "c:jkl"]
+    assert_equal(@cls[ "a:def", "b:abc", "c:jkl" ], c.uniq! {|s| s[/^\w+/]})
+    assert_equal(@cls[ "a:def", "b:abc", "c:jkl" ], c)
+
+    c = @cls["a:def", "b:abc", "c:jkl"]
+    assert_equal(nil, c.uniq! {|s| s[/^\w+/]})
+    assert_equal(@cls[ "a:def", "b:abc", "c:jkl" ], c)
+
+    assert_nil(@cls[1, 2, 3].uniq!)
+
+    f = a.dup.freeze
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.uniq!(1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f.uniq!(1) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { f.uniq! }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      a = [ {c: "b"}, {c: "r"}, {c: "w"}, {c: "g"}, {c: "g"} ]
+      a.sort_by!{|e| e[:c]}
+      a.uniq!   {|e| e[:c]}
+    end
+
+    a = %w(a a)
+    b = a.uniq
+    assert_equal(%w(a a), a)
+    assert(a.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert_equal(%w(a), b)
+    assert(b.none?(&:frozen?))
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq_bang_with_block
+    a = []
+    b = a.uniq! {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal(nil, b)
+
+    a = [1]
+    b = a.uniq! {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal(nil, b)
+
+    a = [1,3]
+    b = a.uniq! {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+    assert_equal([1], b)
+    assert_same(a, b)
+
+    a = [1,2]
+    b = a.uniq! {|v| v.even? }
+    assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    assert_equal(nil, b)
+
+    a = %w(a a)
+    b = a.uniq! {|v| v }
+    assert_equal(%w(a), b)
+    assert_same(a, b)
+    assert b.none?(&:frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq_bang_with_freeze
+    ary = [1,2]
+    orig = ary.dup
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, "frozen during comparison") {
+      ary.uniq! {|v| ary.freeze; 1}
+    }
+    assert_equal(orig, ary, "must not be modified once frozen")
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(@cls['cat'], a.unshift('cat'))
+    assert_equal(@cls['dog', 'cat'], a.unshift('dog'))
+    assert_equal(@cls[nil, 'dog', 'cat'], a.unshift(nil))
+    assert_equal(@cls[@cls[1,2], nil, 'dog', 'cat'], a.unshift(@cls[1, 2]))
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_frozen
+    bug15952 = '[Bug #15952]'
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, bug15952) do
+      a = [1] * 100
+      b = a[4..-1]
+      a.replace([1])
+      b.freeze
+      b.unshift("a")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_OR # '|'
+    assert_equal(@cls[],  @cls[]  | @cls[])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1] | @cls[])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[]  | @cls[1])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1] | @cls[1])
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1] | @cls[2])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1, 1] | @cls[2, 2])
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1, 2] | @cls[1, 2])
+
+    a = %w(a b c)
+    b = %w(a b c d e)
+    c = a | b
+    assert_equal(c, b)
+    assert_not_same(c, b)
+    assert_equal(%w(a b c), a)
+    assert_equal(%w(a b c d e), b)
+    assert(a.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert(b.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert(c.none?(&:frozen?))
+  end
+
+  def test_OR_in_order
+    obj1, obj2 = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :name
+      def initialize(name) @name = name; end
+      def inspect; "test_OR_in_order(#{@name})"; end
+      def hash; 0; end
+      def eql?(a) true; end
+      break [new("1"), new("2")]
+    end
+    assert_equal([obj1], [obj1]|[obj2])
+  end
+
+  def test_OR_big_in_order
+    obj1, obj2 = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :name
+      def initialize(name) @name = name; end
+      def inspect; "test_OR_in_order(#{@name})"; end
+      def hash; 0; end
+      def eql?(a) true; end
+      break [new("1"), new("2")]
+    end
+    assert_equal([obj1], [obj1]*64|[obj2]*64)
+  end
+
+  def test_OR_big_array # '|'
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1]*64 | @cls[2]*64)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1, 2]*64 | @cls[1, 2]*64)
+
+    a = (1..64).to_a
+    b = (1..128).to_a
+    c = a | b
+    assert_equal(c, b)
+    assert_not_same(c, b)
+    assert_equal((1..64).to_a, a)
+    assert_equal((1..128).to_a, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_union
+    assert_equal(@cls[],  @cls[].union(@cls[]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1].union(@cls[]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[].union(@cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[].union(@cls[], @cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1].union(@cls[1]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1], @cls[1].union(@cls[1], @cls[1], @cls[1]))
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1].union(@cls[2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1, 1].union(@cls[2, 2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1, 2].union(@cls[1, 2]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], @cls[1, 1].union(@cls[1, 1], @cls[1, 2], @cls[2, 1], @cls[2, 2, 2]))
+
+    a = %w(a b c)
+    b = %w(a b c d e)
+    c = a.union(b)
+    assert_equal(c, b)
+    assert_not_same(c, b)
+    assert_equal(%w(a b c), a)
+    assert_equal(%w(a b c d e), b)
+    assert(a.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert(b.none?(&:frozen?))
+    assert(c.none?(&:frozen?))
+  end
+
+  def test_union_big_array
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2], (@cls[1]*64).union(@cls[2]*64))
+    assert_equal(@cls[1,2,3], (@cls[1, 2]*64).union(@cls[1, 2]*64, @cls[3]*60))
+
+    a = (1..64).to_a
+    b = (1..128).to_a
+    c = a | b
+    assert_equal(c, b)
+    assert_not_same(c, b)
+    assert_equal((1..64).to_a, a)
+    assert_equal((1..128).to_a, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_combination
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(1, a.combination(0).size)
+    assert_equal(0, a.combination(1).size)
+    a = @cls[1,2,3,4]
+    assert_equal(1, a.combination(0).size)
+    assert_equal(4, a.combination(1).size)
+    assert_equal(6, a.combination(2).size)
+    assert_equal(4, a.combination(3).size)
+    assert_equal(1, a.combination(4).size)
+    assert_equal(0, a.combination(5).size)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[]], a.combination(0).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1],[2],[3],[4]], a.combination(1).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,2],[1,3],[1,4],[2,3],[2,4],[3,4]], a.combination(2).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,2,3],[1,2,4],[1,3,4],[2,3,4]], a.combination(3).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,2,3,4]], a.combination(4).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.combination(5).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_product
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,4],[1,5],[2,4],[2,5],[3,4],[3,5]],
+                 @cls[1,2,3].product([4,5]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]], @cls[1,2].product([1,2]))
+
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,3,5],[1,3,6],[1,4,5],[1,4,6],
+                   [2,3,5],[2,3,6],[2,4,5],[2,4,6]],
+                 @cls[1,2].product([3,4],[5,6]))
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1],[2]], @cls[1,2].product)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], @cls[1,2].product([]))
+
+    bug3394 = '[ruby-dev:41540]'
+    acc = []
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_stress {[1,2].product([3,4,5],[6,8]){|array| acc << array}}
+    assert_equal([[1, 3, 6], [1, 3, 8], [1, 4, 6], [1, 4, 8], [1, 5, 6], [1, 5, 8],
+                  [2, 3, 6], [2, 3, 8], [2, 4, 6], [2, 4, 8], [2, 5, 6], [2, 5, 8]],
+                 acc, bug3394)
+
+    def (o = Object.new).to_ary; GC.start; [3,4] end
+    acc = [1,2].product(*[o]*10)
+    assert_equal([1,2].product([3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4], [3,4]),
+                 acc)
+
+    a = []
+    [1, 2].product([0, 1, 2, 3, 4][1, 4]) {|x| a << x }
+    a.all? {|x| assert_not_include(x, 0)}
+  end
+
+  def test_permutation
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(1, a.permutation(0).size)
+    assert_equal(0, a.permutation(1).size)
+    a = @cls[1,2,3]
+    assert_equal(1, a.permutation(0).size)
+    assert_equal(3, a.permutation(1).size)
+    assert_equal(6, a.permutation(2).size)
+    assert_equal(6, a.permutation(3).size)
+    assert_equal(0, a.permutation(4).size)
+    assert_equal(6, a.permutation.size)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[]], a.permutation(0).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1],[2],[3]], a.permutation(1).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,2],[1,3],[2,1],[2,3],[3,1],[3,2]],
+                 a.permutation(2).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]],
+                 a.permutation(3).sort.to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.permutation(4).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.permutation(-1).to_a)
+    assert_equal("abcde".each_char.to_a.permutation(5).sort,
+                 "edcba".each_char.to_a.permutation(5).sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[].permutation(0).to_a, @cls[[]])
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = @cls[]
+    a.permutation {|x| b << x; a.replace(@cls[9, 8, 7, 6]) }
+    assert_equal(@cls[9, 8, 7, 6], a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4].permutation.to_a, b)
+
+    bug3708 = '[ruby-dev:42067]'
+    assert_equal(b, @cls[0, 1, 2, 3, 4][1, 4].permutation.to_a, bug3708)
+  end
+
+  def test_permutation_stack_error
+    bug9932 = '[ruby-core:63103] [Bug #9932]'
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 30)
+    bug = "#{bug9932}"
+    begin;
+      assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug) do
+        assert_equal(:ok, Array.new(100_000, nil).permutation {break :ok})
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_permutation
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(1, a.repeated_permutation(0).size)
+    assert_equal(0, a.repeated_permutation(1).size)
+    a = @cls[1,2]
+    assert_equal(1, a.repeated_permutation(0).size)
+    assert_equal(2, a.repeated_permutation(1).size)
+    assert_equal(4, a.repeated_permutation(2).size)
+    assert_equal(8, a.repeated_permutation(3).size)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[]], a.repeated_permutation(0).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1],[2]], a.repeated_permutation(1).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]],
+                 a.repeated_permutation(2).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,1],[1,2,2],
+                      [2,1,1],[2,1,2],[2,2,1],[2,2,2]],
+                 a.repeated_permutation(3).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.repeated_permutation(-1).to_a)
+    assert_equal("abcde".each_char.to_a.repeated_permutation(5).sort,
+                 "edcba".each_char.to_a.repeated_permutation(5).sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[].repeated_permutation(0).to_a, @cls[[]])
+    assert_equal(@cls[].repeated_permutation(1).to_a, @cls[])
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = @cls[]
+    a.repeated_permutation(4) {|x| b << x; a.replace(@cls[9, 8, 7, 6]) }
+    assert_equal(@cls[9, 8, 7, 6], a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4].repeated_permutation(4).to_a, b)
+
+    a = @cls[0, 1, 2, 3, 4][1, 4].repeated_permutation(2)
+    assert_empty(a.reject {|x| !x.include?(0)})
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_permutation_stack_error
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 30)
+    begin;
+      assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError) do
+        assert_equal(:ok, Array.new(100_000, nil).repeated_permutation(500_000) {break :ok})
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_combination
+    a = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(1, a.repeated_combination(0).size)
+    assert_equal(0, a.repeated_combination(1).size)
+    a = @cls[1,2,3]
+    assert_equal(1, a.repeated_combination(0).size)
+    assert_equal(3, a.repeated_combination(1).size)
+    assert_equal(6, a.repeated_combination(2).size)
+    assert_equal(10, a.repeated_combination(3).size)
+    assert_equal(15, a.repeated_combination(4).size)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[]], a.repeated_combination(0).to_a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1],[2],[3]], a.repeated_combination(1).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,1],[1,2],[1,3],[2,2],[2,3],[3,3]],
+                 a.repeated_combination(2).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,1,3],[1,2,2],[1,2,3],
+                      [1,3,3],[2,2,2],[2,2,3],[2,3,3],[3,3,3]],
+                 a.repeated_combination(3).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[[1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,2],[1,1,1,3],[1,1,2,2],[1,1,2,3],
+                      [1,1,3,3],[1,2,2,2],[1,2,2,3],[1,2,3,3],[1,3,3,3],
+                      [2,2,2,2],[2,2,2,3],[2,2,3,3],[2,3,3,3],[3,3,3,3]],
+                 a.repeated_combination(4).to_a.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a.repeated_combination(-1).to_a)
+    assert_equal("abcde".each_char.to_a.repeated_combination(5).map{|e|e.sort}.sort,
+                 "edcba".each_char.to_a.repeated_combination(5).map{|e|e.sort}.sort)
+    assert_equal(@cls[].repeated_combination(0).to_a, @cls[[]])
+    assert_equal(@cls[].repeated_combination(1).to_a, @cls[])
+
+    a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = @cls[]
+    a.repeated_combination(4) {|x| b << x; a.replace(@cls[9, 8, 7, 6]) }
+    assert_equal(@cls[9, 8, 7, 6], a)
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4].repeated_combination(4).to_a, b)
+
+    a = @cls[0, 1, 2, 3, 4][1, 4].repeated_combination(2)
+    assert_empty(a.reject {|x| !x.include?(0)})
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_combination_stack_error
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 20)
+    begin;
+      assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError) do
+        assert_equal(:ok, Array.new(100_000, nil).repeated_combination(500_000) {break :ok})
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_take
+    assert_equal_instance([1,2,3], @cls[1,2,3,4,5,0].take(3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:34123]') { [1,2].take(-1) }
+    assert_equal_instance([1,2], @cls[1,2].take(1000000000), '[ruby-dev:34123]')
+  end
+
+  def test_take_while
+    assert_equal_instance([1,2], @cls[1,2,3,4,5,0].take_while {|i| i < 3 })
+  end
+
+  def test_drop
+    assert_equal_instance([4,5,0], @cls[1,2,3,4,5,0].drop(3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:34123]') { [1,2].drop(-1) }
+    assert_equal_instance([], @cls[1,2].drop(1000000000), '[ruby-dev:34123]')
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_while
+    assert_equal_instance([3,4,5,0], @cls[1,2,3,4,5,0].drop_while {|i| i < 3 })
+  end
+
+  LONGP = [127, 63, 31, 15, 7].map {|x| 2**x-1 }.find do |x|
+    begin
+      [].first(x)
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      true
+    rescue RangeError
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ary_new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].to_enum.first(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].to_enum.first(LONGP) }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal([1], Array.try_convert([1]))
+    assert_equal(nil, Array.try_convert("1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    assert_nothing_raised { [].instance_eval { initialize } }
+    assert_warning(/given block not used/) { Array.new { } }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], Array.new([1, 2, 3]))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Array.new(-1, 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Array.new(LONGP, 1) }
+    assert_equal([1, 1, 1], Array.new(3, 1))
+    assert_equal([1, 1, 1], Array.new(3) { 1 })
+    assert_equal([1, 1, 1], assert_warning(/block supersedes default value argument/) {Array.new(3, 1) { 1 }})
+  end
+
+  def test_aset_error
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0][-2] = 1 }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0][LONGP] = 2 }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0][(LONGP + 1) / 2 - 1] = 2 }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0][LONGP..-1] = 2 }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0][LONGP..] = 2 }
+    a = [0]
+    a[2] = 4
+    assert_equal([0, nil, 4], a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [0][0, 0, 0] = 0 }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [0].freeze[0, 0, 0] = 0 }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { [0][:foo] = 0 }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { [0].freeze[:foo] = 0 }
+
+    # [Bug #17271]
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, "-7.. out of range") { [*0..5][-7..] = 1 }
+  end
+
+  def test_first2
+    assert_equal([0], [0].first(2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [0].first(-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_last2
+    assert_equal([0], [0].last(2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [0].last(-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_shift2
+    assert_equal(0, ([0] * 16).shift)
+    # check
+    a = [0, 1, 2]
+    a[3] = 3
+    a.shift(2)
+    assert_equal([2, 3], a)
+
+    assert_equal([1,1,1], ([1] * 100).shift(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_error
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { [].freeze.unshift('cat') }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { [].freeze.unshift() }
+  end
+
+  def test_aref
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [][0, 0, 0] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @cls[][0, 0, 0] }
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch
+    assert_equal(1, assert_warning(/block supersedes default value argument/) {[].fetch(0, 0) { 1 }})
+    assert_equal(1, [0, 1].fetch(-1))
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0, 1].fetch(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [0, 1].fetch(-3) }
+    assert_equal(2, [0, 1].fetch(2, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_values
+    ary = @cls[1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal([], ary.fetch_values())
+    assert_equal([1], ary.fetch_values(0))
+    assert_equal([3, 1, 3], ary.fetch_values(2, 0, -1))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {ary.fetch_values("")}
+    assert_raise(IndexError) {ary.fetch_values(10)}
+    assert_raise(IndexError) {ary.fetch_values(-20)}
+    assert_equal(["10 not found"], ary.fetch_values(10) {|i| "#{i} not found"})
+    assert_equal(["10 not found", 3], ary.fetch_values(10, 2) {|i| "#{i} not found"})
+  end
+
+  def test_index2
+    a = [0, 1, 2]
+    assert_equal(a, a.index.to_a)
+    assert_equal(1, a.index {|x| x == 1 })
+  end
+
+  def test_rindex2
+    a = [0, 1, 2]
+    assert_equal([2, 1, 0], a.rindex.to_a)
+    assert_equal(1, a.rindex {|x| x == 1 })
+
+    a = [0, 1]
+    e = a.rindex
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    a.clear
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o; self; end.class_eval do
+      define_method(:==) {|x| a.clear; false }
+    end
+    a = [nil, o]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.rindex(0))
+  end
+
+  def test_ary_to_ary
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_ary; [1, 2, 3]; end
+    a, b, c = o
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], [a, b, c])
+  end
+
+  def test_splice
+    a = [0]
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { a[-2, 0] = nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_insert
+    a = [0]
+    assert_equal([0], a.insert(1))
+    assert_equal([0, 1], a.insert(1, 1))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.insert }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a.insert(Object.new) }
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], a.insert(-1, 2))
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 3, 2], a.insert(-2, 3))
+    assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /-6/) { a.insert(-6, 4) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { [0].freeze.insert(0)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [0].freeze.insert }
+  end
+
+  def test_join2
+    a = []
+    a << a
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){a.join}
+
+    def (a = Object.new).to_ary
+      [self]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-core:24150]'){[a].join}
+    assert_equal("12345", [1,[2,[3,4],5]].join)
+  end
+
+  def test_join_recheck_elements_type
+    x = Struct.new(:ary).new
+    def x.to_str
+      ary[2] = [0, 1, 2]
+      "z"
+    end
+    (x.ary = ["a", "b", "c", x])
+    assert_equal("ab012z", x.ary.join(""))
+  end
+
+  def test_join_recheck_array_length
+    x = Struct.new(:ary).new
+    def x.to_str
+      ary.clear
+      ary[0] = "b"
+      "z"
+    end
+    x.ary = Array.new(1023) {"a"*1} << x
+    assert_equal("b", x.ary.join(""))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a2
+    klass = Class.new(Array)
+    a = klass.new.to_a
+    assert_equal([], a)
+    assert_equal(Array, a.class)
+  end
+
+  def test_values_at2
+    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a.values_at(1..3))
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], a.values_at(7..8))
+    bug6203 = '[ruby-core:43678]'
+    assert_equal([4, 5, nil, nil], a.values_at(4..7), bug6203)
+    assert_equal([nil], a.values_at(2**31-1))
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    assert_equal([0, 2], [0, 1, 2, 3].select {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+  end
+
+  # also keep_if
+  def test_select!
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.select! { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.select! { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.select! { |i| i > 3 })
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 5], a)
+
+    bug10722 = '[ruby-dev:48805] [Bug #10722]'
+    a = @cls[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]
+    r = a.select! {|i|
+      break i if i > 8
+      # assert_equal(a[0], i, "should be selected values only") if i == 7
+      i >= 7
+    }
+    assert_equal(9, r)
+    assert_equal(@cls[7, 8, 9, 10], a, bug10722)
+
+    bug13053 = '[ruby-core:78739] [Bug #13053] Array#select! can resize to negative size'
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    a.select! {|i| a.clear if i == 5; false }
+    assert_equal(0, a.size, bug13053)
+
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 42]
+      a.select! do
+        a.freeze
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 42], a)
+  end
+
+  # also select!
+  def test_keep_if
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.keep_if { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.keep_if { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.keep_if { |i| i > 3 })
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 5], a)
+
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      a = @cls[1, 2, 3, 42]
+      a.keep_if do
+        a.freeze
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 42], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_filter
+    assert_equal([0, 2], [0, 1, 2, 3].filter {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+  end
+
+  # alias for select!
+  def test_filter!
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(nil, a.filter! { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.filter! { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], a)
+
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+    assert_equal(a, a.filter! { |i| i > 3 })
+    assert_equal(@cls[4, 5], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete2
+    a = [0] * 1024 + [1] + [0] * 1024
+    a.delete(0)
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_reject
+    assert_equal([1, 3], [0, 1, 2, 3].reject {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_with_callcc
+    need_continuation
+    bug9727 = '[ruby-dev:48101] [Bug #9727]'
+    cont = nil
+    a = [*1..10].reject do |i|
+      callcc {|c| cont = c} if !cont and i == 10
+      false
+    end
+    if a.size < 1000
+      a.unshift(:x)
+      cont.call
+    end
+    assert_equal(1000, a.size, bug9727)
+    assert_equal([:x, *1..10], a.uniq, bug9727)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip
+    assert_equal([[1, :a, "a"], [2, :b, "b"], [3, nil, "c"]],
+      [1, 2, 3].zip([:a, :b], ["a", "b", "c", "d"]))
+    a = []
+    [1, 2, 3].zip([:a, :b], ["a", "b", "c", "d"]) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([[1, :a, "a"], [2, :b, "b"], [3, nil, "c"]], a)
+
+    ary = Object.new
+    def ary.to_a;   [1, 2]; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {%w(a b).zip(ary)}
+    def ary.each; [3, 4].each{|e|yield e}; end
+    assert_equal([['a', 3], ['b', 4]], %w(a b).zip(ary))
+    def ary.to_ary; [5, 6]; end
+    assert_equal([['a', 5], ['b', 6]], %w(a b).zip(ary))
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_bug
+    bug8153 = "ruby-core:53650"
+    r = [1]
+    def r.respond_to?(*)
+      super
+    end
+    assert_equal [[42, 1]], [42].zip(r), bug8153
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_with_enumerator
+    bug17814 = "ruby-core:103513"
+
+    step = 0.step
+    e = Enumerator.produce { step.next }
+    a = %w(a b c)
+    assert_equal([["a", 0], ["b", 1], ["c", 2]], a.zip(e), bug17814)
+    assert_equal([["a", 3], ["b", 4], ["c", 5]], a.zip(e), bug17814)
+    assert_equal([["a", 6], ["b", 7], ["c", 8]], a.zip(e), bug17814)
+  end
+
+  def test_transpose
+    assert_equal([[1, :a], [2, :b], [3, :c]],
+      [[1, 2, 3], [:a, :b, :c]].transpose)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { [[1, 2, 3], [:a, :b]].transpose }
+  end
+
+  def test_clear2
+    assert_equal([], ([0] * 1024).clear)
+  end
+
+  def test_fill2
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].fill(0, 1, LONGP) }
+  end
+
+  def test_times
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [0, 0, 0, 0] * ((LONGP + 1) / 4) }
+  end
+
+  def test_equal
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_ary; end
+    def o.==(x); :foo; end
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], o)
+    assert_not_equal([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3])
+  end
+
+  def test_equal_resize
+    $test_equal_resize_a = Array.new(3, &:to_s)
+    $test_equal_resize_b = $test_equal_resize_a.dup
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.==(o)
+      $test_equal_resize_a.clear
+      $test_equal_resize_b.clear
+      true
+    end
+    $test_equal_resize_a[1] = o
+    assert_equal($test_equal_resize_a, $test_equal_resize_b)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_error
+    a = []
+    f = [].freeze
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.flatten!(1, 2) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a.flatten!(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f.flatten!(1, 2) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { f.flatten! }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { f.flatten!(:foo) }
+  end
+
+  def test_shuffle
+    100.times do
+      assert_equal([0, 1, 2], [2, 1, 0].shuffle.sort)
+    end
+
+    gen = Random.new(0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {[1, 2, 3].shuffle(1, random: gen)}
+    srand(0)
+    100.times do
+      assert_equal([0, 1, 2].shuffle, [0, 1, 2].shuffle(random: gen))
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/) do
+      [0, 1, 2].shuffle(xawqij: "a")
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/) do
+      [0, 1, 2].shuffle!(xawqij: "a")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shuffle_random_out_of_range
+    gen = random_generator {10000000}
+    assert_raise(RangeError) {
+      [*0..2].shuffle(random: gen)
+    }
+    gen = random_generator {-1}
+    assert_raise(RangeError) {
+      [*0..2].shuffle(random: gen)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_shuffle_random_clobbering
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    gen = random_generator do
+      ary.replace([])
+      0.5
+    end
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) {ary.shuffle!(random: gen)}
+  end
+
+  def test_shuffle_random_zero
+    zero = Struct.new(:to_int).new(0)
+    gen_to_int = random_generator {|max| zero}
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal(ary.rotate, ary.shuffle(random: gen_to_int))
+  end
+
+  def test_shuffle_random_invalid_generator
+    ary = (0...10).to_a
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      ary.shuffle(random: Object.new)
+    }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      ary.shuffle!(random: Object.new)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sample
+    100.times do
+      assert_include([0, 1, 2], [2, 1, 0].sample)
+      samples = [2, 1, 0].sample(2)
+      samples.each{|sample|
+        assert_include([0, 1, 2], sample)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_statistics
+    srand(0)
+    a = (1..18).to_a
+    (0..20).each do |n|
+      100.times do
+        b = a.sample(n)
+        assert_equal([n, 18].min, b.size)
+        assert_equal(a, (a | b).sort)
+        assert_equal(b.sort, (a & b).sort)
+      end
+
+      h = Hash.new(0)
+      1000.times do
+        a.sample(n).each {|x| h[x] += 1 }
+      end
+      assert_operator(h.values.min * 2, :>=, h.values.max) if n != 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_invalid_argument
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-core:23374]') {[1, 2].sample(-1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_random_srand0
+    gen = Random.new(0)
+    srand(0)
+    a = (1..18).to_a
+    (0..20).each do |n|
+      100.times do |i|
+        assert_equal(a.sample(n), a.sample(n, random: gen), "#{i}/#{n}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_unknown_keyword
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/) do
+      [0, 1, 2].sample(xawqij: "a")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_random_generator
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {ary.sample(1, 2, random: nil)}
+    gen0 = random_generator {|max| max/2}
+    gen1 = random_generator do |max|
+      ary.replace([])
+      max/2
+    end
+    assert_equal(5000, ary.sample(random: gen0))
+    assert_nil(ary.sample(random: gen1))
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal([5000], ary.sample(1, random: gen0))
+    assert_equal([], ary.sample(1, random: gen1))
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal([5000, 4999], ary.sample(2, random: gen0))
+    assert_equal([], ary.sample(2, random: gen1))
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal([5000, 4999, 5001], ary.sample(3, random: gen0))
+    assert_equal([], ary.sample(3, random: gen1))
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal([5000, 4999, 5001, 4998], ary.sample(4, random: gen0))
+    assert_equal([], ary.sample(4, random: gen1))
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal([5000, 4999, 5001, 4998, 5002, 4997, 5003, 4996, 5004, 4995], ary.sample(10, random: gen0))
+    assert_equal([], ary.sample(10, random: gen1))
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal([5000, 0, 5001, 2, 5002, 4, 5003, 6, 5004, 8, 5005], ary.sample(11, random: gen0))
+    ary.sample(11, random: gen1) # implementation detail, may change in the future
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_random_generator_half
+    half = Struct.new(:to_int).new(5000)
+    gen_to_int = random_generator {|max| half}
+    ary = (0...10000).to_a
+    assert_equal(5000, ary.sample(random: gen_to_int))
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_random_out_of_range
+    gen = random_generator {10000000}
+    assert_raise(RangeError) {
+      [*0..2].sample(random: gen)
+    }
+    gen = random_generator {-1}
+    assert_raise(RangeError) {
+      [*0..2].sample(random: gen)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sample_random_invalid_generator
+    ary = (0..10).to_a
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      ary.sample(random: Object.new)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle
+    a = []
+    [0, 1, 2].cycle do |i|
+      a << i
+      break if a.size == 10
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0], a)
+
+    a = [0, 1, 2]
+    assert_nil(a.cycle { a.clear })
+
+    a = []
+    [0, 1, 2].cycle(3) {|i| a << i }
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2], a)
+
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, a.cycle.size)
+    assert_equal(27, a.cycle(3).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each2
+    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    r = []
+    a.reverse_each do |x|
+      r << x
+      a.pop
+      a.pop
+    end
+    assert_equal([5, 3, 1], r)
+  end
+
+  def test_combination2
+    assert_equal(:called, (0..100).to_a.combination(50) { break :called }, "[ruby-core:29240] ... must be yielded even if 100C50 > signed integer")
+  end
+
+  def test_combination_clear
+    bug9939 = '[ruby-core:63149] [Bug #9939]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug9939) {
+      a = [*0..100]
+      a.combination(3) {|*,x| a.clear}
+    }
+
+    bug13052 = '[ruby-core:78738] [Bug #13052] Array#combination segfaults if the Array is modified during iteration'
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug13052) {
+      a = [*0..100]
+      a.combination(1) { a.clear }
+      a = [*0..100]
+      a.repeated_combination(1) { a.clear }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_product2
+    a = (0..100).to_a
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      a.product(a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a)
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(RangeError) do
+      a.product(a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a) { break }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize2
+    a = [1] * 1000
+    a.instance_eval { initialize }
+    assert_equal([], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_shared_ary
+    a = (1..100).to_a
+    b = []
+    b.replace(a)
+    assert_equal((1..10).to_a, a.shift(10))
+    assert_equal((11..100).to_a, a)
+
+    a = (1..30).to_a
+    assert_equal((1..3).to_a, a.shift(3))
+    # occupied
+    assert_equal((4..6).to_a, a.shift(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_shared_ary
+    a = [1] * 100
+    b = []
+    b.replace(a)
+    a.replace([1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+    assert_equal([1] * 100, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_fill_negative_length
+    a = (1..10).to_a
+    a.fill(:foo, 5, -3)
+    assert_equal((1..10).to_a, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_frozen_array
+    a = [1,2,3,4,5].freeze
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], a[0,4])
+    assert_equal([2,3,4,5], a[1,4])
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_by!
+    a = [1,3,5,2,4]
+    a.sort_by! {|x| -x }
+    assert_equal([5,4,3,2,1], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_rotate
+    a = [1,2,3,4,5].freeze
+    assert_equal([2,3,4,5,1], a.rotate)
+    assert_equal([5,1,2,3,4], a.rotate(-1))
+    assert_equal([3,4,5,1,2], a.rotate(2))
+    assert_equal([4,5,1,2,3], a.rotate(-2))
+    assert_equal([4,5,1,2,3], a.rotate(13))
+    assert_equal([3,4,5,1,2], a.rotate(-13))
+    a = [1].freeze
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate)
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate(2))
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate(-4))
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate(13))
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate(-13))
+    a = [].freeze
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate)
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate(2))
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate(-4))
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate(13))
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate(-13))
+    a = [1,2,3]
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.rotate(1, 1) }
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4,5].rotate(2**31-1), [1,2,3,4,5].rotate(2**31-0.1))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4,5].rotate(-2**31), [1,2,3,4,5].rotate(-2**31-0.9))
+  end
+
+  def test_rotate!
+    a = [1,2,3,4,5]
+    assert_equal([2,3,4,5,1], a.rotate!)
+    assert_equal([2,3,4,5,1], a)
+    assert_equal([4,5,1,2,3], a.rotate!(2))
+    assert_equal([5,1,2,3,4], a.rotate!(-4))
+    assert_equal([3,4,5,1,2], a.rotate!(13))
+    assert_equal([5,1,2,3,4], a.rotate!(-13))
+    a = [1]
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate!)
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate!(2))
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate!(-4))
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate!(13))
+    assert_equal([1], a.rotate!(-13))
+    a = []
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate!)
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate!(2))
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate!(-4))
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate!(13))
+    assert_equal([], a.rotate!(-13))
+    a = [].freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /can\'t modify frozen/) {a.rotate!}
+    a = [1,2,3]
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.rotate!(1, 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_typechecks_return_values
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch{ "not ok" }
+    end
+    c = eval("class C\u{309a 26a1 26c4 1f300};self;end")
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{309a 26a1 26c4 1f300}/) do
+      [0,1].bsearch {c.new}
+    end
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch{}, [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch{false}
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_with_no_block
+    enum = [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch
+    assert_nil enum.size
+    assert_equal 42, enum.each{|x| x >= 33 }
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_in_find_minimum_mode
+    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+    assert_equal(4, a.bsearch {|x| x >=   4 })
+    assert_equal(7, a.bsearch {|x| x >=   6 })
+    assert_equal(0, a.bsearch {|x| x >=  -1 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch {|x| x >= 100 })
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_in_find_any_mode
+    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+    assert_include([4, 7], a.bsearch {|x| 1 - x / 4 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch {|x| 4 - x / 2 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch {|x| 1 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch {|x| -1 })
+
+    assert_include([4, 7], a.bsearch {|x| (1 - x / 4) * (2**100) })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch {|x|   1  * (2**100) })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch {|x| (-1) * (2**100) })
+
+    assert_equal(4, a.bsearch {|x| (4 - x).to_r })
+
+    assert_include([4, 7], a.bsearch {|x| (2**100).coerce((1 - x / 4) * (2**100)).first })
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_index_typechecks_return_values
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch_index {"not ok"}
+    end
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch_index {}, [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch_index {false}
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_index_with_no_block
+    enum = [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch_index
+    assert_nil enum.size
+    assert_equal 2, enum.each{|x| x >= 33 }
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_index_in_find_minimum_mode
+    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+    assert_equal(1, a.bsearch_index {|x| x >=   4 })
+    assert_equal(2, a.bsearch_index {|x| x >=   6 })
+    assert_equal(0, a.bsearch_index {|x| x >=  -1 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch_index {|x| x >= 100 })
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_index_in_find_any_mode
+    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+    assert_include([1, 2], a.bsearch_index {|x| 1 - x / 4 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch_index {|x| 4 - x / 2 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch_index {|x| 1 })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch_index {|x| -1 })
+
+    assert_include([1, 2], a.bsearch_index {|x| (1 - x / 4) * (2**100) })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch_index {|x|   1  * (2**100) })
+    assert_equal(nil, a.bsearch_index {|x| (-1) * (2**100) })
+
+    assert_equal(1, a.bsearch_index {|x| (4 - x).to_r })
+
+    assert_include([1, 2], a.bsearch_index {|x| (2**100).coerce((1 - x / 4) * (2**100)).first })
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_marking
+    reduce = proc do |s|
+      s.gsub(/(verify_internal_consistency_reachable_i:\sWB\smiss\s\S+\s\(T_ARRAY\)\s->\s)\S+\s\((proc|T_NONE)\)\n
+             \K(?:\1\S+\s\(\2\)\n)*/x) do
+        "...(snip #{$&.count("\n")} lines)...\n"
+      end
+    end
+    begin
+      assert_normal_exit(<<-EOS, '[Bug #9718]', timeout: 5, stdout_filter: reduce)
+      queue = []
+      50.times do
+        10_000.times do
+          queue << lambda{}
+        end
+        GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_sweep: true)
+        GC.verify_internal_consistency
+        queue.shift.call
+      end
+    EOS
+    rescue Timeout::Error => e
+      omit e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  sizeof_long = [0].pack("l!").size
+  sizeof_voidp = [""].pack("p").size
+  if sizeof_long < sizeof_voidp
+    ARY_MAX = (1<<(8*sizeof_long-1)) / sizeof_voidp - 1
+    Bug11235 = '[ruby-dev:49043] [Bug #11235]'
+
+    def test_push_over_ary_max
+      assert_separately(['-', ARY_MAX.to_s, Bug11235], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 120)
+      begin;
+        a = Array.new(ARGV[0].to_i)
+        assert_raise(IndexError, ARGV[1]) {0x1000.times {a.push(1)}}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_unshift_over_ary_max
+      assert_separately(['-', ARY_MAX.to_s, Bug11235], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        a = Array.new(ARGV[0].to_i)
+        assert_raise(IndexError, ARGV[1]) {0x1000.times {a.unshift(1)}}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_splice_over_ary_max
+      assert_separately(['-', ARY_MAX.to_s, Bug11235], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        a = Array.new(ARGV[0].to_i)
+        assert_raise(IndexError, ARGV[1]) {a[0, 0] = Array.new(0x1000)}
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dig
+    h = @cls[@cls[{a: 1}], 0]
+    assert_equal(1, h.dig(0, 0, :a))
+    assert_nil(h.dig(2, 0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {h.dig(1, 0)}
+  end
+
+  FIXNUM_MIN = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+  FIXNUM_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+
+  def assert_typed_equal(e, v, cls, msg=nil)
+    assert_kind_of(cls, v, msg)
+    assert_equal(e, v, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_int_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Integer, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_rational_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Rational, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_float_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Float, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_complex_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Complex, msg)
+  end
+
+  def test_shrink_shared_array
+    assert_normal_exit(<<~'RUBY', '[Feature #20589]')
+      array = []
+      # Make sure the array is allocated
+      10.times { |i| array << i }
+      # Simulate a C extension using OBJ_FREEZE
+      Object.instance_method(:freeze).bind_call(array)
+      array.dup
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_sum
+    assert_int_equal(0, [].sum)
+    assert_int_equal(3, [3].sum)
+    assert_int_equal(8, [3, 5].sum)
+    assert_int_equal(15, [3, 5, 7].sum)
+    assert_rational_equal(8r, [3, 5r].sum)
+    assert_float_equal(15.0, [3, 5, 7.0].sum)
+    assert_float_equal(15.0, [3, 5r, 7.0].sum)
+    assert_complex_equal(8r + 1i, [3, 5r, 1i].sum)
+    assert_complex_equal(15.0 + 1i, [3, 5r, 7.0, 1i].sum)
+
+    assert_int_equal(2*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MAX).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(2*(FIXNUM_MAX+1), Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MAX+1).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(10*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(10, FIXNUM_MAX).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(0, ([FIXNUM_MAX, 1, -FIXNUM_MAX, -1]*10).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(FIXNUM_MAX*10, ([FIXNUM_MAX+1, -1]*10).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(2*FIXNUM_MIN, Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MIN).sum)
+
+    assert_float_equal(0.0, [].sum(0.0))
+    assert_float_equal(3.0, [3].sum(0.0))
+    assert_float_equal(3.5, [3].sum(0.5))
+    assert_float_equal(8.5, [3.5, 5].sum)
+    assert_float_equal(10.5, [2, 8.5].sum)
+    assert_float_equal((FIXNUM_MAX+1).to_f, [FIXNUM_MAX, 1, 0.0].sum)
+    assert_float_equal((FIXNUM_MAX+1).to_f, [0.0, FIXNUM_MAX+1].sum)
+
+    assert_rational_equal(3/2r, [1/2r, 1].sum)
+    assert_rational_equal(5/6r, [1/2r, 1/3r].sum)
+
+    assert_equal(2.0+3.0i, [2.0, 3.0i].sum)
+
+    assert_int_equal(13, [1, 2].sum(10))
+    assert_int_equal(16, [1, 2].sum(10) {|v| v * 2 })
+
+    yielded = []
+    three = SimpleDelegator.new(3)
+    ary = [1, 2.0, three]
+    assert_float_equal(12.0, ary.sum {|x| yielded << x; x * 2 })
+    assert_equal(ary, yielded)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { [Object.new].sum }
+
+    large_number = 100000000
+    small_number = 1e-9
+    until (large_number + small_number) == large_number
+      small_number /= 10
+    end
+    assert_float_equal(large_number+(small_number*10), [large_number, *[small_number]*10].sum)
+    assert_float_equal(large_number+(small_number*10), [large_number/1r, *[small_number]*10].sum)
+    assert_float_equal(large_number+(small_number*11), [small_number, large_number/1r, *[small_number]*10].sum)
+    assert_float_equal(small_number, [large_number, small_number, -large_number].sum)
+    assert_equal(+Float::INFINITY, [+Float::INFINITY].sum)
+    assert_equal(+Float::INFINITY, [0.0, +Float::INFINITY].sum)
+    assert_equal(+Float::INFINITY, [+Float::INFINITY, 0.0].sum)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, [-Float::INFINITY].sum)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, [0.0, -Float::INFINITY].sum)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, [-Float::INFINITY, 0.0].sum)
+    assert_predicate([-Float::INFINITY, Float::INFINITY].sum, :nan?)
+
+    assert_equal("abc", ["a", "b", "c"].sum(""))
+    assert_equal([1, [2], 3], [[1], [[2]], [3]].sum([]))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {[0].sum("")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {[1].sum("")}
+  end
+
+  def test_big_array_literal_with_kwsplat
+    lit = "["
+    10000.times { lit << "{}," }
+    lit << "**{}]"
+
+    assert_equal(10000, eval(lit).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_safely_modified_by_sort_block
+    var_0 = (1..70).to_a
+    var_0.sort! do |var_0_block_129, var_1_block_129|
+      var_0.pop
+      var_1_block_129 <=> var_0_block_129
+    end.shift(3)
+    assert_equal((1..67).to_a.reverse, var_0)
+  end
+
+  def test_find
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(2, ary.find {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+    assert_equal(nil, ary.find {|x| false })
+    assert_equal(:foo, ary.find(proc { :foo }) {|x| false })
+  end
+
+  def test_rfind
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal(4, ary.rfind {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+    assert_equal(1, ary.rfind {|x| x < 2 })
+    assert_equal(5, ary.rfind {|x| x > 4 })
+    assert_equal(nil, ary.rfind {|x| false })
+    assert_equal(:foo, ary.rfind(proc { :foo }) {|x| false })
+    assert_equal(nil, ary.rfind {|x| ary.clear; false })
+  end
+
+  private
+  def need_continuation
+    unless respond_to?(:callcc, true)
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+    end
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc, true)
+  end
+
+  def random_generator(&block)
+    class << block
+      alias rand call
+    end
+    block
+  end
+end
+
+class TestArraySubclass < TestArray
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    @cls = Class.new(Array)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    a = @cls[ 1, 2, 3 ]
+    a_id = a.__id__
+    assert_equal_instance([1, 2, 3], a.to_a)
+    assert_not_equal(a_id, a.to_a.__id__)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_subclass
+    assert_equal(Array, @cls[1,2,3].uniq.class, "[ruby-dev:34581]")
+    assert_equal(Array, @cls[1,2][0,1].class) # embedded
+    assert_equal(Array, @cls[*(1..100)][1..99].class) #not embedded
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_assignment.rb b/test/ruby/test_assignment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d0e773c82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_assignment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestAssignment < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_assign
+    a=[]; a[0] ||= "bar";
+    assert_equal("bar", a[0])
+    h={}; h["foo"] ||= "bar";
+    assert_equal("bar", h["foo"])
+
+    aa = 5
+    aa ||= 25
+    assert_equal(5, aa)
+    bb ||= 25
+    assert_equal(25, bb)
+    cc &&=33
+    assert_nil(cc)
+    cc = 5
+    cc &&=44
+    assert_equal(44, cc)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_simple
+    a = nil; assert_nil(a)
+    a = 1; assert_equal(1, a)
+    a = []; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = [1]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = [nil]; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    a = [[]]; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    a = [1,2]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    a = [*[]]; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = [*[1]]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = [*[1,2]]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_splat
+    a = *[]; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = *[1]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = *[nil]; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    a = *[[]]; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    a = *[1,2]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    a = *[*[]]; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = *[*[1]]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = *[*[1,2]]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_ary
+    *a = nil; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = 1; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = []; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = [1]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = [nil]; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = [[]]; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    *a = [1,2]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    *a = [*[]]; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = [*[1]]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = [*[1,2]]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_ary_splat
+    *a = *[]; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = *[1]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = *[nil]; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = *[[]]; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    *a = *[1,2]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    *a = *[*[]]; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = *[*[1]]; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = *[*[1,2]]; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_simple
+    a,b,*c = nil; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = 1; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = []; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [1]; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [nil]; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [[]]; assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [1,2]; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [*[]]; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [*[1]]; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = [*[1,2]]; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_order
+    order = []
+    define_singleton_method(:x1){order << :x1; self}
+    define_singleton_method(:y1){order << :y1; self}
+    define_singleton_method(:z=){|x| order << [:z=, x]}
+    define_singleton_method(:x2){order << :x2; self}
+    define_singleton_method(:x3){order << :x3; self}
+    define_singleton_method(:x4){order << :x4; self}
+    define_singleton_method(:x5=){|x| order << [:x5=, x]; self}
+    define_singleton_method(:[]=){|*args| order << [:[]=, *args]}
+    define_singleton_method(:r1){order << :r1; :r1}
+    define_singleton_method(:r2){order << :r2; :r2}
+
+    x1.y1.z, x2[1, 2, 3], self[4] = r1, 6, r2
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, 6], [:[]=, 4, :r2]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    x1.y1.z, *x2[1, 2, 3], self[4] = r1, 6, 7, r2
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    x1.y1.z, *x2[1, 2, 3], x3[4] = r1, 6, 7, r2
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, :x3, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    x1.y1.z, *x2[1, 2, 3], x3[4], x4.x5 = r1, 6, 7, r2, 8
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, :x3, :x4, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2], [:x5=, 8]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    (x1.y1.z, x2.x5), _a = [r1, r2], 7
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:x5=, :r2]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    (x1.y1.z, x1.x5), *x2[1, 2, 3] = [r1, 5], 6, 7, r2, 8
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:x5=, 5], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7, :r2, 8]]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    *x2[1, 2, 3], (x3[4], x4.x5) = 6, 7, [r2, 8]
+    assert_equal([:x2, :x3, :x4, :r2, [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2], [:x5=, 8]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    (x1.y1.z, x1.x5), *x2[1, 2, 3], x3[4], x4.x5 = [r1, 5], 6, 7, r2, 8
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, :x3, :x4, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:x5=, 5], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2], [:x5=, 8]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    (x1.y1.z, x1.x5), *x2[1, 2, 3], (x3[4], x4.x5) = [r1, 5], 6, 7, [r2, 8]
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, :x3, :x4, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:x5=, 5], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2], [:x5=, 8]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    ((x1.y1.z, x1.x5), _a), *x2[1, 2, 3], ((x3[4], x4.x5), _b) = [[r1, 5], 10], 6, 7, [[r2, 8], 11]
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, :x3, :x4, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:x5=, 5], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, :r2], [:x5=, 8]], order)
+    order.clear
+
+    ((x1.y1.z, *x1.x5), _a), *x2[1, 2, 3], ((*x3[4], x4.x5), _b) = [[r1, 5], 10], 6, 7, [[r2, 8], 11]
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, :x3, :x4, :r1, :r2, [:z=, :r1], [:x5=, [5]], [:[]=, 1, 2, 3, [6, 7]], [:[]=, 4, [:r2]], [:x5=, 8]], order)
+    order.clear
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_const_order
+    order = []
+
+    test_mod_class = Class.new(Module) do
+      define_method(:x1){order << :x1; self}
+      define_method(:y1){order << :y1; self}
+      define_method(:x2){order << :x2; self}
+      define_method(:x3){order << :x3; self}
+      define_method(:x4){order << :x4; self}
+      define_method(:[]){|*args| order << [:[], *args]; self}
+      define_method(:r1){order << :r1; :r1}
+      define_method(:r2){order << :r2; :r2}
+
+      define_method(:constant_values) do
+        h = {}
+        constants.each do |sym|
+          h[sym] = const_get(sym)
+        end
+        h
+      end
+
+      define_singleton_method(:run) do |code|
+        m = new
+        m.instance_eval(code)
+        ret = [order.dup, m.constant_values]
+        order.clear
+        ret
+      end
+    end
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "x1.y1::A, x2[1, 2, 3]::B, self[4]::C = r1, 6, r2"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], [:[], 4], :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>6, :C=>:r2}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "x1.y1::A, *x2[1, 2, 3]::B, self[4]::C = r1, 6, 7, r2"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], [:[], 4], :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>[6, 7], :C=>:r2}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "x1.y1::A, *x2[1, 2, 3]::B, x3[4]::C = r1, 6, 7, r2"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>[6, 7], :C=>:r2}, constants)
+
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "x1.y1::A, *x2[1, 2, 3]::B, x3[4]::C, x4::D = r1, 6, 7, r2, 8"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :x4, :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>[6, 7], :C=>:r2, :D=>8}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "(x1.y1::A, x2::B), _a = [r1, r2], 7"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x2, :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>:r2}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "(x1.y1::A, x1::B), *x2[1, 2, 3]::C = [r1, 5], 6, 7, r2, 8"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>5, :C=>[6, 7, :r2, 8]}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "*x2[1, 2, 3]::A, (x3[4]::B, x4::C) = 6, 7, [r2, 8]"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :x4, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>[6, 7], :B=>:r2, :C=>8}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "(x1.y1::A, x1::B), *x2[1, 2, 3]::C, x3[4]::D, x4::E = [r1, 5], 6, 7, r2, 8"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :x4, :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>5, :C=>[6, 7], :D=>:r2, :E=>8}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "(x1.y1::A, x1::B), *x2[1, 2, 3]::C, (x3[4]::D, x4::E) = [r1, 5], 6, 7, [r2, 8]"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :x4, :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>5, :C=>[6, 7], :D=>:r2, :E=>8}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "((x1.y1::A, x1::B), _a), *x2[1, 2, 3]::C, ((x3[4]::D, x4::E), _b) = [[r1, 5], 10], 6, 7, [[r2, 8], 11]"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :x4, :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>5, :C=>[6, 7], :D=>:r2, :E=>8}, constants)
+
+    ord, constants = test_mod_class.run(
+      "((x1.y1::A, x1::B), _a), *x2[1, 2, 3]::C, ((*x3[4]::D, x4::E), _b) = [[r1, 5], 10], 6, 7, [[r2, 8], 11]"
+    )
+    assert_equal([:x1, :y1, :x1, :x2, [:[], 1, 2, 3], :x3, [:[], 4], :x4, :r1, :r2], ord)
+    assert_equal({:A=>:r1, :B=>5, :C=>[6, 7], :D=>[:r2], :E=>8}, constants)
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_splat
+    a,b,*c = *[]; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[1]; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[nil]; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[[]]; assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[1,2]; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[*[]]; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[*[1]]; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = *[*[1,2]]; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_optimized_literal_bug_21012
+    a = []
+    def a.[]=(*args)
+      push args
+    end
+    a["a", "b"], = 1
+    a["a", 10], = 2
+    assert_equal [["a", "b", 1], ["a", 10, 2]], a
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_rescue
+    a = raise rescue 2; assert_equal(2, a)
+    a, b = raise rescue [3,4]; assert_equal([3, 4], [a, b])
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_abbreviated
+    bug2050 = '[ruby-core:25629]'
+    a = Hash.new {[]}
+    b = [1, 2]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a[:x] += [*b, 3], bug2050)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a[:x], bug2050)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, [1, 2, 3]], a[:x] <<= [*b, 3], bug2050)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, [1, 2, 3]], a[:x], bug2050)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_private_self
+    bug11096 = '[ruby-core:68984] [Bug #11096]'
+
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      private
+      def foo; 42; end
+      def [](i); 42; end
+      def foo=(a); 42; end
+      def []=(i, a); 42; end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      o.instance_eval {o.foo = 1}
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      assert_equal(1, o.instance_eval {self.foo = 1})
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      o.instance_eval {o[0] = 1}
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      assert_equal(1, o.instance_eval {self[0] = 1})
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      o.instance_eval {self.foo += 1}
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      o.instance_eval {self.foo &&= 1}
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      o.instance_eval {self[0] += 1}
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11096) {
+      o.instance_eval {self[0] &&= 1}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_yield
+    def f; yield(nil); end; f {|a| assert_nil(a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(1); end; f {|a| assert_equal(1, a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([1]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([1], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([nil]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([nil], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([[]]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([[]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[]]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[1]]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([1], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[1,2]]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([1,2], a)}; undef f
+
+    def f; yield(*[1]); end; f {|a| assert_equal(1, a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[nil]); end; f {|a| assert_equal(nil, a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[[]]); end; f {|a| assert_equal([], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[1]]); end; f {|a| assert_equal(1, a)}; undef f
+
+    def f; yield; end; f {|*a| assert_equal([], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(nil); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([nil], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(1); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([1], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([1]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[1]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([nil]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[nil]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([[]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[[]]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([1,2]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[1,2]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[1]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[1]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[1,2]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[1,2]], a)}; undef f
+
+    def f; yield(*[]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[1]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([1], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[nil]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([nil], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[[]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([[]], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[1]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([1], a)}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[1,2]]); end; f {|*a| assert_equal([1,2], a)}; undef f
+
+    def f; yield; end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(nil); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(1); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([1]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([nil]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([[]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[1]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield([*[1,2]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+
+    def f; yield(*[]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[1]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[nil]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[[]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[1]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+    def f; yield(*[*[1,2]]); end; f {|a,b,*c| assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])}; undef f
+  end
+
+  def test_return
+    def r; return; end; a = r(); assert_nil(a); undef r
+    def r; return nil; end; a = r(); assert_nil(a); undef r
+    def r; return 1; end; a = r(); assert_equal(1, a); undef r
+    def r; return []; end; a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return [1]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return [nil]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([nil], a); undef r
+    def r; return [[]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([[]], a); undef r
+    def r; return [*[]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return [*[1]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return [*[1,2]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+
+    def r; return *[]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[1]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[nil]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([nil], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[[]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([[]], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; a = r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+
+    def r; return *[[]]; end; a = *r(); assert_equal([[]], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; a = *r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+
+    def r; return; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([nil], a); undef r
+    def r; return nil; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([nil], a); undef r
+    def r; return 1; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return []; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return [1]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return [nil]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([nil], a); undef r
+    def r; return [[]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([[]], a); undef r
+    def r; return [1,2]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+    def r; return [*[]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return [*[1]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return [*[1,2]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+
+    def r; return *[]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[1]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[nil]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([nil], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[[]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([[]], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[1,2]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; *a = r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+
+    def r; return *[[]]; end; *a = *r(); assert_equal([[]], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[1,2]; end; *a = *r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; *a = *r(); assert_equal([1,2], a); undef r
+
+    def r; return; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return nil; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return 1; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return []; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [1]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [nil]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [1,2]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [*[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [*[1]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return [*[1,2]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+
+    def r; return *[]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[1]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[nil]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[1,2]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+    def r; return *[*[1,2]]; end; a,b,*c = r(); assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c]); undef r
+
+    def r; return 1, *[]; end; a,b = r(); assert_equal([1,nil], [a,b]); undef r
+    def r; return 1,2,*[1]; end; a,b = r(); assert_equal([1,2], [a,b]); undef r
+    def r; return 1,2,3,*[1,2]; end; a,b = r(); assert_equal([1,2], [a,b]); undef r
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda
+    f = lambda {|r,| assert_equal([], r)}
+    f.call([], *[])
+
+    f = lambda {|r,*l| assert_equal([], r); assert_equal([1], l)}
+    f.call([], *[1])
+
+    f = lambda{|x| x}
+    assert_equal(42, f.call(42))
+    assert_equal([42], f.call([42]))
+    assert_equal([[42]], f.call([[42]]))
+    assert_equal([42,55], f.call([42,55]))
+
+    f = lambda{|x,| x}
+    assert_equal(42, f.call(42))
+    assert_equal([42], f.call([42]))
+    assert_equal([[42]], f.call([[42]]))
+    assert_equal([42,55], f.call([42,55]))
+
+    f = lambda{|*x| x}
+    assert_equal([42], f.call(42))
+    assert_equal([[42]], f.call([42]))
+    assert_equal([[[42]]], f.call([[42]]))
+    assert_equal([[42,55]], f.call([42,55]))
+    assert_equal([42,55], f.call(42,55))
+  end
+
+  def test_multi
+    a,=*[1]
+    assert_equal(1, a)
+    a,=*[[1]]
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+    a,=*[[[1]]]
+    assert_equal([[1]], a)
+
+    x, (y, z) = 1, 2, 3
+    assert_equal([1,2,nil], [x,y,z])
+    x, (y, z) = 1, [2,3]
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], [x,y,z])
+    x, (y, z) = 1, [2]
+    assert_equal([1,2,nil], [x,y,z])
+  end
+
+  def test_break
+    a = loop do break; end; assert_nil(a)
+    a = loop do break nil; end; assert_nil(a)
+    a = loop do break 1; end; assert_equal(1, a)
+    a = loop do break []; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = loop do break [1]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = loop do break [nil]; end; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    a = loop do break [[]]; end; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    a = loop do break [*[]]; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = loop do break [*[1]]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = loop do break [*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+
+    a = loop do break *[]; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = loop do break *[1]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = loop do break *[nil]; end; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    a = loop do break *[[]]; end; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    a = loop do break *[*[]]; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    a = loop do break *[*[1]]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    a = loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+
+    *a = loop do break; end; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = loop do break nil; end; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = loop do break 1; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = loop do break []; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = loop do break [1]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = loop do break [nil]; end; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = loop do break [[]]; end; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    *a = loop do break [1,2]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    *a = loop do break [*[]]; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = loop do break [*[1]]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = loop do break [*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+
+    *a = loop do break *[]; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[1]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[nil]; end; assert_equal([nil], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[[]]; end; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[1,2]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[*[]]; end; assert_equal([], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[*[1]]; end; assert_equal([1], a)
+    *a = loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+
+    *a = *loop do break *[[]]; end; assert_equal([[]], a)
+    *a = *loop do break *[1,2]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+    *a = *loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2], a)
+
+    a,b,*c = loop do break; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break nil; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break 1; end; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break []; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [1]; end; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [nil]; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [[]]; end; assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [1,2]; end; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [*[]]; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [*[1]]; end; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break [*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[]; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[1]; end; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[nil]; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[[]]; end; assert_equal([[],nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[1,2]; end; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[*[]]; end; assert_equal([nil,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[*[1]]; end; assert_equal([1,nil,[]], [a,b,c])
+    a,b,*c = loop do break *[*[1,2]]; end; assert_equal([1,2,[]], [a,b,c])
+  end
+
+  def test_next
+    def r(val); a = yield(); assert_equal(val, a); end
+    r(nil){next}
+    r(nil){next nil}
+    r(1){next 1}
+    r([]){next []}
+    r([1]){next [1]}
+    r([nil]){next [nil]}
+    r([[]]){next [[]]}
+    r([]){next [*[]]}
+    r([1]){next [*[1]]}
+    r([1,2]){next [*[1,2]]}
+
+    r([]){next *[]}
+    r([1]){next *[1]}
+    r([nil]){next *[nil]}
+    r([[]]){next *[[]]}
+    r([]){next *[*[]]}
+    r([1]){next *[*[1]]}
+    r([1,2]){next *[*[1,2]]}
+    undef r
+
+    def r(val); *a = yield(); assert_equal(val, a); end
+    r([nil]){next}
+    r([nil]){next nil}
+    r([1]){next 1}
+    r([]){next []}
+    r([1]){next [1]}
+    r([nil]){next [nil]}
+    r([[]]){next [[]]}
+    r([1,2]){next [1,2]}
+    r([]){next [*[]]}
+    r([1]){next [*[1]]}
+    r([1,2]){next [*[1,2]]}
+    undef r
+
+    def r(val); *a = *yield(); assert_equal(val, a); end
+    r([[]]){next *[[]]}
+    r([1,2]){next *[1,2]}
+    r([1,2]){next *[*[1,2]]}
+    undef r
+
+    def r(val); a,b,*c = yield(); assert_equal(val, [a,b,c]); end
+    r([nil,nil,[]]){next}
+    r([nil,nil,[]]){next nil}
+    r([1,nil,[]]){next 1}
+    r([nil,nil,[]]){next []}
+    r([1,nil,[]]){next [1]}
+    r([nil,nil,[]]){next [nil]}
+    r([[],nil,[]]){next [[]]}
+    r([1,2,[]]){next [1,2]}
+    r([nil,nil,[]]){next [*[]]}
+    r([1,nil,[]]){next [*[1]]}
+    r([1,2,[]]){next [*[1,2]]}
+    undef r
+
+    def r(val); a,b,*c = *yield(); assert_equal(val, [a,b,c]); end
+    r([[],nil,[]]){next *[[]]}
+    r([1,2,[]]){next *[1,2]}
+    r([1,2,[]]){next *[*[1,2]]}
+    undef r
+  end
+
+  def test_massign
+    a = nil
+    assert(defined?(a))
+    assert_nil(a)
+
+    # multiple assignment
+    a, b = 1, 2
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal 2, b
+
+    a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal 2, b
+    assert_equal 3, c
+
+    a = 1
+    b = 2
+    a, b = b, a
+    assert_equal 2, a
+    assert_equal 1, b
+
+    a, = 1, 2
+    assert_equal 1, a
+
+    a, = 1, 2, 3
+    assert_equal 1, a
+
+    a, * = 1, 2, 3
+    assert_equal 1, a
+
+    a, *b = 1, 2, 3
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal [2, 3], b
+
+    a, *b, c = 1, 2, 3, 4
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal [2,3], b
+    assert_equal 4, c
+
+    a = 1, 2
+    assert_equal [1, 2], a
+
+    a = [1, 2], [3, 4]
+    assert_equal [[1,2], [3,4]], a
+
+    a, (b, c), d = 1, [2, 3], 4
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal 2, b
+    assert_equal 3, c
+    assert_equal 4, d
+
+    *a = 1, 2, 3
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    *a = 4
+    assert_equal([4], a)
+
+    *a = nil
+    assert_equal([nil], a)
+
+    a, b = 1
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_nil b
+
+    a, b = [1, 2]
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal 2, b
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_massign
+    (a, b), c = [[1, 2], 3]; assert_equal [1,2,3], [a,b,c]
+    a, (b, c) = [[1, 2], 3]; assert_equal [[1,2], 3, nil], [a,b,c]
+    a, (b, c) = [1, [2, 3]]; assert_equal [1,2,3], [a,b,c]
+    (a, b), *c = [[1, 2], 3]; assert_equal [1,2,[3]], [a,b,c]
+    (a,b),c,(d,e) = [[1,2],3,[4,5]]; assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5],[a,b,c,d,e]
+    (a,*b),c,(d,e,*) = [[1,2],3,[4,5]]; assert_equal [1,[2],3,4,5],[a,b,c,d,e]
+    (a,b),c,(d,*e) = [[1,2,3],4,[5,6,7,8]]; assert_equal [1,2,4,5,[6,7,8]],[a,b,c,d,e]
+    (a,(b1,b2)),c,(d,e) = [[1,2],3,[4,5]]; assert_equal [1,2,nil,3,4,5],[a,b1,b2,c,d,e]
+    (a,(b1,b2)),c,(d,e) = [[1,[21,22]],3,[4,5]]; assert_equal [1,21,22,3,4,5],[a,b1,b2,c,d,e]
+  end
+
+  class MyObj
+    def to_ary
+      [[1,2],[3,4]]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_ary_splat
+    a, b = MyObj.new
+    assert_equal [[1,2],[3,4]], [a,b]
+  end
+
+  A = 1
+  B = 2
+  X, Y = A, B
+  class Base
+    A = 3
+    B = 4
+  end
+
+  def test_const_massign
+    assert_equal [1,2], [X,Y]
+    a, b = Base::A, Base::B
+    assert_equal [3,4], [a,b]
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_in_cond
+    result = eval("if (a, b = MyObj.new); [a, b]; end", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[1,2],[3,4]], result
+  end
+
+  def test_const_assign_order
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      eval('raise("recv")::C = raise(ArgumentError, "bar")')
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      eval('m = 1; m::C = raise("bar")')
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative 'sentence'
+class TestAssignmentGen < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  Syntax = {
+    :exp => [["0"],
+             ["nil"],
+             ["false"],
+             ["[]"],
+             ["[",:exps,"]"]],
+    :exps => [[:exp],
+              [:exp,",",:exps]],
+    :arg => [[:exp]],
+    :mrhs => [[:args,",",:arg],
+              [:args,",","*",:arg],
+              ["*",:arg]],
+    :args => [[:arg],
+              ["*",:arg],
+              [:args,",",:arg],
+              [:args,",","*",:arg]],
+    :mlhs => [[:mlhs_basic],
+              ["(",:mlhs_inner,")"]],
+    :mlhs_inner => [[:mlhs_basic],
+              ["(",:mlhs_inner,")"]],
+    :mlhs_basic => [[:mlhs_head],
+                    [:mlhs_head,:mlhs_item],
+                    [:mlhs_head,"*",:mlhs_node],
+                    [:mlhs_head,"*",:mlhs_node,",",:mlhs_post],
+                    [:mlhs_head,"*"],
+                    [:mlhs_head,"*",",",           :mlhs_post],
+                    [           "*",:mlhs_node],
+                    [           "*",:mlhs_node,",",:mlhs_post],
+                    [           "*"],
+                    [           "*",",",           :mlhs_post]],
+    :mlhs_head => [[:mlhs_item,","],
+                   [:mlhs_head,:mlhs_item,","]],
+    :mlhs_post => [[:mlhs_item],
+                   [:mlhs_post,",",:mlhs_item]],
+    :mlhs_item => [[:mlhs_node],
+                   ["(",:mlhs_inner,")"]],
+    :mlhs_node => [["var"]],
+    :xassign => [["var"," = ",:exp],
+                 ["var"," = ",:mrhs],
+                 [:mlhs," = ",:exp],
+                 [:mlhs," = ",:mrhs]],
+  }
+
+  def rename_var(obj)
+    vars = []
+    r = obj.subst('var') {
+      var = "v#{vars.length}"
+      vars << var
+      var
+    }
+    return r, vars
+  end
+
+  def expand_except_paren(obj)
+    return obj if obj.respond_to? :to_str
+    obj.expand {|s|
+      !(s[0] == '(' && s[-1] == ')') &&
+      !(s[0] == '[' && s[-1] == ']')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def extract_single_element(ary)
+    raise "not a single element array: #{ary.inspect}" if ary.length != 1
+    ary[0]
+  end
+
+  def emu_assign_ary(lhs, rv, h)
+    rv = rv.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? rv : [rv]
+    rv = rv.dup
+    a = [[]]
+    lhs.each {|e|
+      if e == ','
+        a << []
+      else
+        a.last << e
+      end
+    }
+    a.pop if a.last == []
+    pre = []
+    star = post = nil
+    a.each {|e|
+      if post
+        post << e
+      elsif e[0] == '*'
+        star = e
+        post = []
+      else
+        pre << e
+      end
+    }
+    pre.map! {|e| extract_single_element(e) }
+    if star
+      if star == ['*']
+        star = nil
+      else
+        star = extract_single_element(star[1..-1])
+      end
+    end
+    post.map! {|e| extract_single_element(e) } if post
+
+    until pre.empty?
+      emu_assign_single(pre.shift, rv.shift, h)
+    end
+
+    if post
+      if rv.length < post.length
+        until post.empty?
+          emu_assign_single(post.shift, rv.shift, h)
+        end
+      else
+        until post.empty?
+          emu_assign_single(post.pop, rv.pop, h)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    if star
+      emu_assign_single(star, rv, h)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def emu_assign_single(lhs, rv, h={})
+    if lhs.respond_to? :to_str
+      if /\A[a-z0-9]+\z/ =~ lhs
+        h[lhs] = rv
+      else
+        raise "unexpected lhs string: #{lhs.inspect}"
+      end
+    elsif Sentence === lhs
+      if lhs[0] == '(' && lhs[-1] == ')'
+        emu_assign_ary(lhs[1...-1], rv, h)
+      elsif lhs.length == 1 && String === lhs[0] && /\A[a-z0-9]+\z/ =~ lhs[0]
+        h[lhs[0]] = rv
+      else
+        raise "unexpected lhs sentence: #{lhs.inspect}"
+      end
+    else
+      raise "unexpected lhs: #{lhs.inspect}"
+    end
+    h
+  end
+
+  def emu_assign(assign)
+    lhs = expand_except_paren(assign[0])
+    rhs = expand_except_paren(assign[2])
+    lopen = Sentence === lhs && lhs[-1] != ')' && lhs.any? {|e| e == '*' || e == ',' }
+    ropen = Sentence === rhs && rhs[-1] != ']' && rhs.any? {|e| e == '*' || e == ',' }
+    lhs = Sentence.new(['(']+lhs.to_a+[')']) if lopen
+    begin
+      rv = eval((ropen ? ["[",assign[2],"]"] : assign[2]).join(''))
+    rescue Exception
+      rv = $!.message
+    end
+    emu_assign_single(lhs, rv)
+  end
+
+  def do_assign(assign, vars)
+    assign = assign.to_s
+    code1 = "#{assign}; [#{vars.join(",")}]"
+    assign.gsub!(/\bv\d+\b/, "o.a")
+    code2 = "o=[];class << o; self end.send(:define_method,:a=){|v|self << v};#{assign};o"
+    begin
+      vals1 = eval(code1)
+    rescue Exception
+      return {:ex=>$!.message}
+    end
+    begin
+      vals2 = eval(code2)
+    rescue Exception
+      return {:ex=>$!.message}
+    end
+    assert_equal(vals1, vals2, code1)
+    vals = vals1
+    h = {}
+    [vars, vals].transpose.each {|k,v| h[k] = v }
+    h
+  end
+
+  def check(assign)
+    assign, vars = rename_var(assign)
+    sent = assign.to_s
+    bruby = do_assign(assign, vars).to_a.sort
+    bemu = emu_assign(assign).to_a.sort
+    assert_equal(bemu, bruby, sent)
+  end
+
+  def test_assignment
+    syntax = Sentence.expand_syntax(Syntax)
+    Sentence.each(syntax, :xassign, 4) {|assign|
+      check(assign)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_aset
+    bug9448 = Class.new do
+      def []=(key, new_value)
+        '[ruby-core:60071] [Bug #9448]'
+      end
+    end
+    o = bug9448.new
+    assert_equal("ok", o['current'] = "ok")
+  end
+
+  def test_massign_aref_lhs_splat
+    bug11970 = '[ruby-core:72777] [Bug #11970]'
+    h = {}
+    k = [:key]
+    h[*k], = ["ok", "ng"]
+    assert_equal("ok", h[:key], bug11970)
+  end
+
+  def test_chainged_assign_command
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      asgn = %w'= +='
+      asgn.product(asgn) do |a1, a2|
+        stmt = "a #{a1} b #{a2} raise 'x'"
+        a.for(stmt) {assert_valid_syntax(stmt)}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_ast.rb b/test/ruby/test_ast.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22ccbfb604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_ast.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1753 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'pp'
+require_relative '../lib/parser_support'
+
+class RubyVM
+  module AbstractSyntaxTree
+    class Node
+      class CodePosition
+        include Comparable
+        attr_reader :lineno, :column
+        def initialize(lineno, column)
+          @lineno = lineno
+          @column = column
+        end
+
+        def <=>(other)
+          case
+          when lineno < other.lineno
+            -1
+          when lineno == other.lineno
+            column <=> other.column
+          when lineno > other.lineno
+            1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def beg_pos
+        CodePosition.new(first_lineno, first_column)
+      end
+
+      def end_pos
+        CodePosition.new(last_lineno, last_column)
+      end
+
+      alias to_s inspect
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestAst < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Helper
+    attr_reader :errors
+
+    def initialize(path, src: nil)
+      @path = path
+      @errors = []
+      @debug = false
+      @ast = EnvUtil.suppress_warning { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(src) } if src
+    end
+
+    def validate_range
+      @errors = []
+      validate_range0(ast)
+
+      @errors.empty?
+    end
+
+    def validate_not_cared
+      @errors = []
+      validate_not_cared0(ast)
+
+      @errors.empty?
+    end
+
+    def ast
+      return @ast if defined?(@ast)
+      @ast = EnvUtil.suppress_warning { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(@path) }
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def validate_range0(node)
+      beg_pos, end_pos = node.beg_pos, node.end_pos
+      children = node.children.grep(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node)
+
+      return true if children.empty?
+      # These NODE_D* has NODE_LIST as nd_next->nd_next whose last locations
+      # we can not update when item is appended.
+      return true if [:DSTR, :DXSTR, :DREGX, :DSYM].include? node.type
+
+      min = children.map(&:beg_pos).min
+      max = children.map(&:end_pos).max
+
+      unless beg_pos <= min
+        @errors << { type: :min_validation_error, min: min, beg_pos: beg_pos, node: node }
+      end
+
+      unless max <= end_pos
+        @errors << { type: :max_validation_error, max: max, end_pos: end_pos, node: node }
+      end
+
+      p "#{node} => #{children}" if @debug
+
+      children.each do |child|
+        p child if @debug
+        validate_range0(child)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def validate_not_cared0(node)
+      beg_pos, end_pos = node.beg_pos, node.end_pos
+      children = node.children.grep(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node)
+
+      @errors << { type: :first_lineno, node: node } if beg_pos.lineno == 0
+      @errors << { type: :first_column, node: node } if beg_pos.column == -1
+      @errors << { type: :last_lineno,  node: node } if end_pos.lineno == 0
+      @errors << { type: :last_column,  node: node } if end_pos.column == -1
+
+      children.each {|c| validate_not_cared0(c) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  SRCDIR = File.expand_path("../../..", __FILE__)
+
+  Dir.glob("test/**/*.rb", base: SRCDIR).each do |path|
+    define_method("test_ranges:#{path}") do
+      helper = Helper.new("#{SRCDIR}/#{path}")
+      helper.validate_range
+
+      assert_equal([], helper.errors)
+    end
+  end
+
+  Dir.glob("test/**/*.rb", base: SRCDIR).each do |path|
+    define_method("test_not_cared:#{path}") do
+      helper = Helper.new("#{SRCDIR}/#{path}")
+      helper.validate_not_cared
+
+      assert_equal([], helper.errors)
+    end
+  end
+
+  Dir.glob("test/**/*.rb", base: SRCDIR).each do |path|
+    define_method("test_all_tokens:#{path}") do
+      node = EnvUtil.suppress_warning { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file("#{SRCDIR}/#{path}", keep_tokens: true) }
+      tokens = node.all_tokens.sort_by { [_1.last[0], _1.last[1]] }
+      tokens_bytes = tokens.map { _1[2]}.join.bytes
+      source_bytes = File.read("#{SRCDIR}/#{path}").bytes
+
+      assert_equal(source_bytes, tokens_bytes)
+
+      (tokens.count - 1).times do |i|
+        token_0 = tokens[i]
+        token_1 = tokens[i + 1]
+        end_pos = token_0.last[2..3]
+        beg_pos = token_1.last[0..1]
+
+        if end_pos[0] == beg_pos[0]
+          # When both tokens are same line, column should be consecutives
+          assert_equal(beg_pos[1], end_pos[1], "#{token_0}. #{token_1}")
+        else
+          # Line should be next
+          assert_equal(beg_pos[0], end_pos[0] + 1, "#{token_0}. #{token_1}")
+          # It should be on the beginning of the line
+          assert_equal(0, beg_pos[1], "#{token_0}. #{token_1}")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def parse(src)
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning {
+      RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(src)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_allocate
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node.allocate}
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_argument_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(0)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(nil)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(false)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(true)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(:foo)}
+  end
+
+  def test_column_with_long_heredoc_identifier
+    term = "A"*257
+    ast = parse("<<-#{term}\n""ddddddd\n#{term}\n")
+    node = ast.children[2]
+    assert_equal(:STR, node.type)
+    assert_equal(0, node.first_column)
+  end
+
+  def test_column_of_heredoc
+    node = parse("<<-SRC\nddddddd\nSRC\n").children[2]
+    assert_equal(:STR, node.type)
+    assert_equal(0, node.first_column)
+    assert_equal(6, node.last_column)
+
+    node = parse("<<SRC\nddddddd\nSRC\n").children[2]
+    assert_equal(:STR, node.type)
+    assert_equal(0, node.first_column)
+    assert_equal(5, node.last_column)
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_raises_syntax_error
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /\bend\b/) do
+      RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("end")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_file_raises_syntax_error
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_ast .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "end"
+      f.close
+      assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /\bend\b/) do
+        RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(f.path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_parse(code, warning: '')
+    node = assert_warning(warning) {RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(code)}
+    assert_kind_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, node, code)
+  end
+
+  def assert_invalid_parse(msg, code)
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, msg, code) do
+      RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(code)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_exit
+    [
+      "break",
+      "break true",
+      "next",
+      "next true",
+      "redo",
+    ].each do |code, *args|
+      msg = /Invalid #{code[/\A\w+/]}/
+      assert_parse("while false; #{code}; end")
+      assert_parse("until true; #{code}; end")
+      assert_parse("begin #{code}; end while false")
+      assert_parse("begin #{code}; end until true")
+      assert_parse("->{#{code}}")
+      assert_parse("->{class X; #{code}; end}")
+      assert_invalid_parse(msg, "#{code}")
+      assert_invalid_parse(msg, "def m; #{code}; end")
+      assert_invalid_parse(msg, "begin; #{code}; end")
+      assert_parse("END {#{code}}")
+
+      assert_parse("!defined?(#{code})")
+      assert_parse("def m; defined?(#{code}); end")
+      assert_parse("!begin; defined?(#{code}); end")
+
+      next if code.include?(" ")
+      assert_parse("!defined? #{code}")
+      assert_parse("def m; defined? #{code}; end")
+      assert_parse("!begin; defined? #{code}; end")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_retry
+    msg = /Invalid retry/
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "retry")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "def m; retry; end")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "begin retry; end")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; retry; end")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "begin rescue; else; retry; end")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "begin rescue; ensure; retry; end")
+    assert_parse("nil rescue retry")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "END {retry}")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "begin rescue; END {retry}; end")
+
+    assert_parse("!defined?(retry)")
+    assert_parse("def m; defined?(retry); end")
+    assert_parse("!begin defined?(retry); end")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; else; defined?(retry); end")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; ensure; p defined?(retry); end")
+    assert_parse("END {defined?(retry)}")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; END {defined?(retry)}; end")
+    assert_parse("!defined? retry")
+
+    assert_parse("def m; defined? retry; end")
+    assert_parse("!begin defined? retry; end")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; else; defined? retry; end")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; ensure; p defined? retry; end")
+    assert_parse("END {defined? retry}")
+    assert_parse("begin rescue; END {defined? retry}; end")
+
+    assert_parse("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      def foo
+        begin
+          yield
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          begin
+            puts "hi"
+            retry
+          rescue
+            retry unless e
+            raise e
+          else
+            retry
+          ensure
+            retry
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_yield
+    msg = /Invalid yield/
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "yield")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "class C; yield; end")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "BEGIN {yield}")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "END {yield}")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "-> {yield}")
+
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "yield true")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "class C; yield true; end")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "BEGIN {yield true}")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "END {yield true}")
+    assert_invalid_parse(msg, "-> {yield true}")
+
+    assert_parse("!defined?(yield)")
+    assert_parse("class C; defined?(yield); end")
+    assert_parse("BEGIN {defined?(yield)}")
+    assert_parse("END {defined?(yield)}")
+
+    assert_parse("!defined?(yield true)")
+    assert_parse("class C; defined?(yield true); end")
+    assert_parse("BEGIN {defined?(yield true)}")
+    assert_parse("END {defined?(yield true)}")
+
+    assert_parse("!defined? yield")
+    assert_parse("class C; defined? yield; end")
+    assert_parse("BEGIN {defined? yield}")
+    assert_parse("END {defined? yield}")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_yield_no_memory_leak
+    # [Bug #21383]
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<-"begin;"}", "#{<<-'end;'}", rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        eval("class C; yield; end")
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      end
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      100_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_node_id_for_location
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    exception = begin
+                  raise
+                rescue => e
+                  e
+                end
+    loc = exception.backtrace_locations.first
+    node_id = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(loc)
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(loc, keep_script_lines: true)
+
+    assert_equal node.node_id, node_id
+  end
+
+  def add(x, y)
+  end
+
+  def test_node_id_for_backtrace_location_of_method_definition
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    begin
+      add(1)
+    rescue ArgumentError => exc
+      loc = exc.backtrace_locations.first
+      node_id = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(loc)
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method(:add))
+      assert_equal node.node_id, node_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_node_id_for_backtrace_location_of_lambda
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    v = -> {}
+    begin
+      v.call(1)
+    rescue ArgumentError => exc
+      loc = exc.backtrace_locations.first
+      node_id = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(loc)
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(v)
+      assert_equal node.node_id, node_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_node_id_for_backtrace_location_of_lambda_method
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    v = lambda {}
+    begin
+      v.call(1)
+    rescue ArgumentError => exc
+      loc = exc.backtrace_locations.first
+      node_id = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(loc)
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(v)
+      assert_equal node.node_id, node_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_node_id_for_backtrace_location_raises_argument_error
+    bug19262 = '[ruby-core:111435]'
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug19262) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_of_proc_and_method
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled? || ParserSupport.prism_enabled_in_subprocess?
+
+    proc = Proc.new { 1 + 2 }
+    method = self.method(__method__)
+
+    node_proc = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc)
+    node_method = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method)
+
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, node_proc)
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, node_method)
+
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_of .rb") do |tmp|
+      tmp.print "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}"
+      begin;
+        SCRIPT_LINES__ = {}
+        assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc {|x| x}))
+      end;
+      tmp.close
+      assert_separately(["-", tmp.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        load ARGV[0]
+        assert_empty(SCRIPT_LINES__)
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def sample_backtrace_location
+    [caller_locations(0).first, __LINE__]
+  end
+
+  def test_of_backtrace_location
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    backtrace_location, lineno = sample_backtrace_location
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(backtrace_location)
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, node)
+    assert_equal(lineno, node.first_lineno)
+  end
+
+  def test_of_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of("1 + 2") }
+  end
+
+  def test_of_proc_and_method_under_eval
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    keep_script_lines_back = RubyVM.keep_script_lines
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = false
+
+    method = self.method(eval("def example_method_#{$$}; end"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+    method = self.method(eval("def self.example_singleton_method_#{$$}; end"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+    method = eval("proc{}")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+    method = self.method(eval("singleton_class.define_method(:example_define_method_#{$$}){}"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+    method = self.method(eval("define_singleton_method(:example_dsm_#{$$}){}"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+    method = eval("Class.new{def example_method; end}.instance_method(:example_method)")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+    method = eval("Class.new{def example_method; end}.instance_method(:example_method)")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) }
+
+  ensure
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = keep_script_lines_back
+  end
+
+  def test_of_proc_and_method_under_eval_with_keep_script_lines
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+    pend if ENV['RUBY_ISEQ_DUMP_DEBUG'] # TODO
+
+    keep_script_lines_back = RubyVM.keep_script_lines
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = true
+
+    method = self.method(eval("def example_method_#{$$}_with_keep_script_lines; end"))
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+    method = self.method(eval("def self.example_singleton_method_#{$$}_with_keep_script_lines; end"))
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+    method = eval("proc{}")
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+    method = self.method(eval("singleton_class.define_method(:example_define_method_#{$$}_with_keep_script_lines){}"))
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+    method = self.method(eval("define_singleton_method(:example_dsm_#{$$}_with_keep_script_lines){}"))
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+    method = eval("Class.new{def example_method_with_keep_script_lines; end}.instance_method(:example_method_with_keep_script_lines)")
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+    method = eval("Class.new{def example_method_with_keep_script_lines; end}.instance_method(:example_method_with_keep_script_lines)")
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method))
+
+  ensure
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = keep_script_lines_back
+  end
+
+  def test_of_backtrace_location_under_eval
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    keep_script_lines_back = RubyVM.keep_script_lines
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = false
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      eval(<<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        def self.sample_backtrace_location
+          caller_locations(0).first
+        end
+      END
+    end
+    backtrace_location = m.sample_backtrace_location
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(backtrace_location) }
+
+  ensure
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = keep_script_lines_back
+  end
+
+  def test_of_backtrace_location_under_eval_with_keep_script_lines
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+    pend if ENV['RUBY_ISEQ_DUMP_DEBUG'] # TODO
+
+    keep_script_lines_back = RubyVM.keep_script_lines
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = true
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      eval(<<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        def self.sample_backtrace_location
+          caller_locations(0).first
+        end
+      END
+    end
+    backtrace_location = m.sample_backtrace_location
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(backtrace_location)
+    assert_instance_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, node)
+    assert_equal(2, node.first_lineno)
+
+  ensure
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = keep_script_lines_back
+  end
+
+  def test_of_c_method
+    c = Class.new { attr_reader :foo }
+    assert_nil(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(c.instance_method(:foo)))
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_local_variables
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("_x = 0")
+    lv, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal([:_x], lv)
+    assert_equal(:LASGN, body.type)
+  end
+
+  def test_call
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("nil.foo")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:CALL, body.type)
+    recv, mid, args = body.children
+    assert_equal(:NIL, recv.type)
+    assert_equal(:foo, mid)
+    assert_nil(args)
+  end
+
+  def test_fcall
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("foo()")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:FCALL, body.type)
+    mid, args = body.children
+    assert_equal(:foo, mid)
+    assert_nil(args)
+  end
+
+  def test_vcall
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("foo")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:VCALL, body.type)
+    mid, args = body.children
+    assert_equal(:foo, mid)
+    assert_nil(args)
+  end
+
+  def test_defn
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a; end")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:DEFN, body.type)
+    mid, defn = body.children
+    assert_equal(:a, mid)
+    assert_equal(:SCOPE, defn.type)
+    _, args, = defn.children
+    assert_equal(:ARGS, args.type)
+  end
+
+  def test_defn_endless
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a = nil")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:DEFN, body.type)
+    mid, defn = body.children
+    assert_equal(:a, mid)
+    assert_equal(:SCOPE, defn.type)
+    _, args, = defn.children
+    assert_equal(:ARGS, args.type)
+  end
+
+  def test_defs
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a.b; end")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:DEFS, body.type)
+    recv, mid, defn = body.children
+    assert_equal(:VCALL, recv.type)
+    assert_equal(:b, mid)
+    assert_equal(:SCOPE, defn.type)
+    _, args, = defn.children
+    assert_equal(:ARGS, args.type)
+  end
+
+  def test_defs_endless
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a.b = nil")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:DEFS, body.type)
+    recv, mid, defn = body.children
+    assert_equal(:VCALL, recv.type)
+    assert_equal(:b, mid)
+    assert_equal(:SCOPE, defn.type)
+    _, args, = defn.children
+    assert_equal(:ARGS, args.type)
+  end
+
+  def test_dstr
+    node = parse('"foo#{1}bar"')
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:DSTR, body.type)
+    head, body = body.children
+    assert_equal("foo", head)
+    assert_equal(:EVSTR, body.type)
+    body, = body.children
+    assert_equal(:INTEGER, body.type)
+    assert_equal([1], body.children)
+  end
+
+  def test_while
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse('1 while qux')
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:WHILE, body.type)
+    type1 = body.children[2]
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse('begin 1 end while qux')
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:WHILE, body.type)
+    type2 = body.children[2]
+    assert_not_equal(type1, type2)
+  end
+
+  def test_until
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse('1 until qux')
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:UNTIL, body.type)
+    type1 = body.children[2]
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse('begin 1 end until qux')
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:UNTIL, body.type)
+    type2 = body.children[2]
+    assert_not_equal(type1, type2)
+  end
+
+  def test_rest_arg
+    rest_arg = lambda do |arg_str|
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a(#{arg_str}) end")
+      node = node.children.last.children.last.children[1].children[-4]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(nil, rest_arg.call(''))
+    assert_equal(:r, rest_arg.call('*r'))
+    assert_equal(:r, rest_arg.call('a, *r'))
+    assert_equal(:*, rest_arg.call('*'))
+    assert_equal(:*, rest_arg.call('a, *'))
+  end
+
+  def test_block_arg
+    block_arg = lambda do |arg_str|
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a(#{arg_str}) end")
+      node = node.children.last.children.last.children[1].children[-1]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(nil, block_arg.call(''))
+    assert_equal(:block, block_arg.call('&block'))
+    assert_equal(:&, block_arg.call('&'))
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_rest
+    kwrest = lambda do |arg_str|
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a(#{arg_str}) end")
+      node = node.children.last.children.last.children[1].children[-2]
+      node ? node.children : node
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(nil, kwrest.call(''))
+    assert_equal([:**], kwrest.call('**'))
+    assert_equal(false, kwrest.call('**nil'))
+    assert_equal([:a], kwrest.call('**a'))
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding
+    forwarding = lambda do |arg_str|
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("def a(#{arg_str}) end")
+      node = node.children.last.children.last.children[1]
+      node ? [node.children[-4], node.children[-2]&.children, node.children[-1]] : []
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([:*, [:**], :&], forwarding.call('...'))
+  end
+
+  def test_ranges_numbered_parameter
+    helper = Helper.new(__FILE__, src: "1.times {_1}")
+    helper.validate_range
+    assert_equal([], helper.errors)
+  end
+
+  def test_op_asgn2
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("struct.field += foo")
+    _, _, body = *node.children
+    assert_equal(:OP_ASGN2, body.type)
+    recv, _, mid, op, value = body.children
+    assert_equal(:VCALL, recv.type)
+    assert_equal(:field, mid)
+    assert_equal(:+, op)
+    assert_equal(:VCALL, value.type)
+  end
+
+  def test_args
+    rest = 6
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("proc { |a| }")
+    _, args = *node.children.last.children[1].children
+    assert_equal(nil, args.children[rest])
+
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("proc { |a,| }")
+    _, args = *node.children.last.children[1].children
+    assert_equal(:NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA, args.children[rest])
+
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("proc { |*a| }")
+    _, args = *node.children.last.children[1].children
+    assert_equal(:a, args.children[rest])
+  end
+
+  def test_return
+    assert_ast_eqaul(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      def m(a)
+        return a
+      end
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-3:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (DEFN@1:0-3:3
+          mid: :m
+          body:
+            (SCOPE@1:0-3:3
+             tbl: [:a]
+             args:
+               (ARGS@1:6-1:7
+                pre_num: 1
+                pre_init: nil
+                opt: nil
+                first_post: nil
+                post_num: 0
+                post_init: nil
+                rest: nil
+                kw: nil
+                kwrest: nil
+                block: nil)
+             body: (RETURN@2:2-2:10 (LVAR@2:9-2:10 :a)))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_script_lines_for_parse
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~END, keep_script_lines: true)
+1.times do
+  2.times do
+  end
+end
+__END__
+dummy
+    END
+
+    expected = [
+      "1.times do\n",
+      "  2.times do\n",
+      "  end\n",
+      "end\n",
+      "__END__\n",
+    ]
+    assert_equal(expected, node.script_lines)
+
+    expected =
+      "1.times do\n" +
+      "  2.times do\n" +
+      "  end\n" +
+      "end"
+    assert_equal(expected, node.source)
+
+    expected =
+             "do\n" +
+      "  2.times do\n" +
+      "  end\n" +
+      "end"
+    assert_equal(expected, node.children.last.children.last.source)
+
+    expected =
+        "2.times do\n" +
+      "  end"
+    assert_equal(expected, node.children.last.children.last.children.last.source)
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_script_lines_for_of
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+
+    proc = Proc.new { 1 + 2 }
+    method = self.method(__method__)
+
+    node_proc = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc, keep_script_lines: true)
+    node_method = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method, keep_script_lines: true)
+
+    assert_equal("Proc.new { 1 + 2 }", node_proc.source)
+    assert_equal("def test_keep_script_lines_for_of\n", node_method.source.lines.first)
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_script_lines_for_of_with_existing_SCRIPT_LINES__that_has__FILE__as_a_key
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled? || ParserSupport.prism_enabled_in_subprocess?
+
+    # This test confirms that the bug that previously occurred because of
+    # `AbstractSyntaxTree.of`s unnecessary dependence on SCRIPT_LINES__ does not reproduce.
+    # The bug occurred only if SCRIPT_LINES__ included __FILE__ as a key.
+    lines = [
+      "SCRIPT_LINES__ = {__FILE__ => []}",
+      "puts RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(->{ 1 + 2 }, keep_script_lines: true).script_lines",
+      "p SCRIPT_LINES__"
+    ]
+    test_stdout = lines + ['{"-e" => []}']
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", lines.join("\n")], "", test_stdout, [])
+  end
+
+  def test_source_with_multibyte_characters
+    ast = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(%{a("\u00a7");b("\u00a9")}, keep_script_lines: true)
+    a_fcall, b_fcall = ast.children[2].children
+
+    assert_equal(%{a("\u00a7")}, a_fcall.source)
+    assert_equal(%{b("\u00a9")}, b_fcall.source)
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_tokens_for_parse
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~END, keep_tokens: true)
+    1.times do
+    end
+    __END__
+    dummy
+    END
+
+    expected = [
+      [:tINTEGER, "1"],
+      [:".", "."],
+      [:tIDENTIFIER, "times"],
+      [:tSP, " "],
+      [:keyword_do, "do"],
+      [:tIGNORED_NL, "\n"],
+      [:keyword_end, "end"],
+      [:nl, "\n"],
+    ]
+    assert_equal(expected, node.all_tokens.map { [_2, _3]})
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_tokens_unexpected_backslash
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /unexpected backslash/) do
+      RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("\\", keep_tokens: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_with_keep_script_lines
+    # Stop a warning "possibly useless use of a literal in void context"
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+
+    enc = Encoding::EUC_JP
+    code = "__ENCODING__".encode(enc)
+
+    assert_equal(enc, eval(code))
+
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(code, keep_script_lines: false)
+    assert_equal(enc, node.children[2].children[0])
+
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(code, keep_script_lines: true)
+    assert_equal(enc, node.children[2].children[0])
+
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_e_option
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled? || ParserSupport.prism_enabled_in_subprocess?
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", "def foo; end; pp RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method(:foo)).type"],
+                      "", [":DEFN"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, false
+    node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~STR, error_tolerant: true)
+      class A
+        def m
+          if;
+          a = 10
+        end
+      end
+    STR
+    assert_nil($!)
+
+    assert_equal(:SCOPE, node.type)
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_method_define
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      def m
+        m2
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:4
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (DEFN@1:0-2:4
+          mid: :m
+          body:
+            (SCOPE@1:0-2:4
+             tbl: []
+             args:
+               (ARGS@1:5-1:5
+                pre_num: 0
+                pre_init: nil
+                opt: nil
+                first_post: nil
+                post_num: 0
+                post_init: nil
+                rest: nil
+                kw: nil
+                kwrest: nil
+                block: nil)
+             body: (VCALL@2:2-2:4 :m2))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_singleton_method_define
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      def obj.m
+        m2
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:4
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (DEFS@1:0-2:4 (VCALL@1:4-1:7 :obj) :m
+            (SCOPE@1:0-2:4
+             tbl: []
+             args:
+               (ARGS@1:9-1:9
+                pre_num: 0
+                pre_init: nil
+                opt: nil
+                first_post: nil
+                post_num: 0
+                post_init: nil
+                rest: nil
+                kw: nil
+                kwrest: nil
+                block: nil)
+             body: (VCALL@2:2-2:4 :m2))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_begin
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      begin
+        a = 1
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:7 tbl: [:a] args: nil body: (LASGN@2:2-2:7 :a (INTEGER@2:6-2:7 1)))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_if
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      if cond
+        a = 1
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:7
+       tbl: [:a]
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (IF@1:0-2:7 (VCALL@1:3-1:7 :cond) (LASGN@2:2-2:7 :a (INTEGER@2:6-2:7 1))
+            nil))
+    EXP
+
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      if cond
+        a = 1
+      else
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-3:4
+       tbl: [:a]
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (IF@1:0-3:4 (VCALL@1:3-1:7 :cond) (LASGN@2:2-2:7 :a (INTEGER@2:6-2:7 1))
+            (BEGIN@3:4-3:4 nil)))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_unless
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      unless cond
+        a = 1
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:7
+       tbl: [:a]
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (UNLESS@1:0-2:7 (VCALL@1:7-1:11 :cond) (LASGN@2:2-2:7 :a (INTEGER@2:6-2:7 1))
+            nil))
+    EXP
+
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      unless cond
+        a = 1
+      else
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-3:4
+       tbl: [:a]
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (UNLESS@1:0-3:4 (VCALL@1:7-1:11 :cond) (LASGN@2:2-2:7 :a (INTEGER@2:6-2:7 1))
+            (BEGIN@3:4-3:4 nil)))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_while
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      while true
+        m
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body: (WHILE@1:0-2:3 (TRUE@1:6-1:10) (VCALL@2:2-2:3 :m) true))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_until
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      until true
+        m
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body: (UNTIL@1:0-2:3 (TRUE@1:6-1:10) (VCALL@2:2-2:3 :m) true))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_case
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      case a
+      when 1
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:6
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (CASE@1:0-2:6 (VCALL@1:5-1:6 :a)
+            (WHEN@2:0-2:6 (LIST@2:5-2:6 (INTEGER@2:5-2:6 1) nil) (BEGIN@2:6-2:6 nil)
+               nil)))
+    EXP
+
+
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      case
+      when a == 1
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:11
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (CASE2@1:0-2:11 nil
+            (WHEN@2:0-2:11
+               (LIST@2:5-2:11
+                  (OPCALL@2:5-2:11 (VCALL@2:5-2:6 :a) :==
+                     (LIST@2:10-2:11 (INTEGER@2:10-2:11 1) nil)) nil)
+               (BEGIN@2:11-2:11 nil) nil)))
+    EXP
+
+
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      case a
+      in {a: String}
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:14
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (CASE3@1:0-2:14 (VCALL@1:5-1:6 :a)
+            (IN@2:0-2:14
+               (HSHPTN@2:4-2:13
+                const: nil
+                kw:
+                  (HASH@2:4-2:13
+                     (LIST@2:4-2:13 (SYM@2:4-2:6 :a) (CONST@2:7-2:13 :String) nil))
+                kwrest: nil) (BEGIN@2:14-2:14 nil) nil)))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_for
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      for i in ary
+        m
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+       tbl: [:i]
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (FOR@1:0-2:3 (VCALL@1:9-1:12 :ary)
+            (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+             tbl: [nil]
+             args:
+               (ARGS@1:4-1:5
+                pre_num: 1
+                pre_init: (LASGN@1:4-1:5 :i (DVAR@1:4-1:5 nil))
+                opt: nil
+                first_post: nil
+                post_num: 0
+                post_init: nil
+                rest: nil
+                kw: nil
+                kwrest: nil
+                block: nil)
+             body: (VCALL@2:2-2:3 :m))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_class
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      class C
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-1:7
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (CLASS@1:0-1:7 (COLON2@1:6-1:7 nil :C) nil
+            (SCOPE@1:0-1:7 tbl: [] args: nil body: (BEGIN@1:7-1:7 nil))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_module
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      module M
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-1:8
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (MODULE@1:0-1:8 (COLON2@1:7-1:8 nil :M)
+            (SCOPE@1:0-1:8 tbl: [] args: nil body: (BEGIN@1:8-1:8 nil))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_do
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      m do
+        a
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (ITER@1:0-2:3 (FCALL@1:0-1:1 :m nil)
+            (SCOPE@1:2-2:3 tbl: [] args: nil body: (VCALL@2:2-2:3 :a))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_do_block
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      m 1 do
+        a
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (ITER@1:0-2:3 (FCALL@1:0-1:3 :m (LIST@1:2-1:3 (INTEGER@1:2-1:3 1) nil))
+            (SCOPE@1:4-2:3 tbl: [] args: nil body: (VCALL@2:2-2:3 :a))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_end_is_short_for_do_LAMBDA
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      -> do
+        a
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (LAMBDA@1:0-2:3
+            (SCOPE@1:0-2:3
+             tbl: []
+             args:
+               (ARGS@1:2-1:2
+                pre_num: 0
+                pre_init: nil
+                opt: nil
+                first_post: nil
+                post_num: 0
+                post_init: nil
+                rest: nil
+                kw: nil
+                kwrest: nil
+                block: nil)
+             body: (VCALL@2:2-2:3 :a))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_treat_end_as_keyword_based_on_indent
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      module Z
+        class Foo
+          foo.
+        end
+
+        def bar
+        end
+      end
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-8:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (MODULE@1:0-8:3 (COLON2@1:7-1:8 nil :Z)
+            (SCOPE@1:0-8:3
+             tbl: []
+             args: nil
+             body:
+               (BLOCK@1:8-7:5 (BEGIN@1:8-1:8 nil)
+                  (CLASS@2:2-4:5 (COLON2@2:8-2:11 nil :Foo) nil
+                     (SCOPE@2:2-4:5
+                      tbl: []
+                      args: nil
+                      body: (BLOCK@2:11-4:5 (BEGIN@2:11-2:11 nil) (ERROR@3:4-4:5))))
+                  (DEFN@6:2-7:5
+                   mid: :bar
+                   body:
+                     (SCOPE@6:2-7:5
+                      tbl: []
+                      args:
+                        (ARGS@6:9-6:9
+                         pre_num: 0
+                         pre_init: nil
+                         opt: nil
+                         first_post: nil
+                         post_num: 0
+                         post_init: nil
+                         rest: nil
+                         kw: nil
+                         kwrest: nil
+                         block: nil)
+                      body: nil))))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_expr_value_can_be_error
+    assert_error_tolerant(<<~STR, <<~EXP)
+      def m
+        if
+      end
+    STR
+      (SCOPE@1:0-3:3
+       tbl: []
+       args: nil
+       body:
+         (DEFN@1:0-3:3
+          mid: :m
+          body:
+            (SCOPE@1:0-3:3
+             tbl: []
+             args:
+               (ARGS@1:5-1:5
+                pre_num: 0
+                pre_init: nil
+                opt: nil
+                first_post: nil
+                post_num: 0
+                post_init: nil
+                rest: nil
+                kw: nil
+                kwrest: nil
+                block: nil)
+             body: (IF@2:2-3:3 (ERROR@3:0-3:3) nil nil))))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_error_tolerant_unexpected_backslash
+    node = assert_error_tolerant("\\", <<~EXP, keep_tokens: true)
+      (SCOPE@1:0-1:1 tbl: [] args: nil body: (ERROR@1:0-1:1))
+    EXP
+    assert_equal([[0, :backslash, "\\", [1, 0, 1, 1]]], node.children.last.tokens)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_bom
+    assert_error_tolerant("\u{feff}nil", <<~EXP)
+      (SCOPE@1:0-1:3 tbl: [] args: nil body: (NIL@1:0-1:3))
+    EXP
+  end
+
+  def test_unused_block_local_variable
+    assert_warning('') do
+      RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(%{->(; foo) {}})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "\n#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        eval("")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_locations
+    begin
+      verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, false
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("1 + 2")
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+    end
+    locations = node.locations
+
+    assert_equal(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Location, locations[0].class)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_error_tolerant(src, expected, keep_tokens: false)
+    assert_ast_eqaul(src, expected, error_tolerant: true, keep_tokens: keep_tokens)
+  end
+
+  def assert_ast_eqaul(src, expected, **options)
+    begin
+      verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, false
+      node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(src, **options)
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+    end
+    assert_nil($!)
+    str = ""
+    PP.pp(node, str, 80)
+    assert_equal(expected, str)
+    node
+  end
+
+  class TestLocation < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    def test_lineno_and_column
+      node = ast_parse("1 + 2")
+      assert_locations(node.locations, [[1, 0, 1, 5]])
+    end
+
+    def test_alias_locations
+      node = ast_parse("alias foo bar")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 13], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+    end
+
+    def test_and_locations
+      node = ast_parse("1 and 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 7], [1, 2, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 && 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 2, 1, 4]])
+    end
+
+    def test_block_pass_locations
+      node = ast_parse("foo(&bar)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 8], [1, 4, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("def a(&); b(&) end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 12, 1, 13], [1, 12, 1, 13]])
+    end
+
+    def test_break_locations
+      node = ast_parse("loop { break 1 }")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 7, 1, 14], [1, 7, 1, 12]])
+    end
+
+    def test_case_locations
+      node = ast_parse("case a; when 1; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 19], [1, 0, 1, 4], [1, 16, 1, 19]])
+    end
+
+    def test_case2_locations
+      node = ast_parse("case; when 1; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 17], [1, 0, 1, 4], [1, 14, 1, 17]])
+    end
+
+    def test_case3_locations
+      node = ast_parse("case a; in 1; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 17], [1, 0, 1, 4], [1, 14, 1, 17]])
+    end
+
+    def test_class_locations
+      node = ast_parse("class A end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 11], [1, 0, 1, 5], nil, [1, 8, 1, 11]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("class A < B; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 16], [1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 8, 1, 9], [1, 13, 1, 16]])
+    end
+
+    def test_colon2_locations
+      node = ast_parse("A::B")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 4], [1, 1, 1, 3], [1, 3, 1, 4]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("A::B::C")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 7], [1, 4, 1, 6], [1, 6, 1, 7]])
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 4], [1, 1, 1, 3], [1, 3, 1, 4]])
+    end
+
+    def test_colon3_locations
+      node = ast_parse("::A")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 3], [1, 0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1, 3]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("::A::B")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 3, 1, 5], [1, 5, 1, 6]])
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 3], [1, 0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1, 3]])
+    end
+
+    def test_defined_locations
+      node = ast_parse("defined? x")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 10], [1, 0, 1, 8]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("defined?(x)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 11], [1, 0, 1, 8]])
+    end
+
+    def test_dot2_locations
+      node = ast_parse("1..2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 4], [1, 1, 1, 3]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("foo(1..2)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 8], [1, 5, 1, 7]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("foo(1..2, 3)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 8], [1, 5, 1, 7]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("foo(..2)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 7], [1, 4, 1, 6]])
+    end
+
+    def test_dot3_locations
+      node = ast_parse("1...2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 1, 1, 4]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("foo(1...2)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 9], [1, 5, 1, 8]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("foo(1...2, 3)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 9], [1, 5, 1, 8]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("foo(...2)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 8], [1, 4, 1, 7]])
+    end
+
+    def test_evstr_locations
+      node = ast_parse('"#{foo}"')
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 8], [1, 1, 1, 3], [1, 6, 1, 7]])
+
+      node = ast_parse('"#$1"')
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 1, 1, 2], nil])
+    end
+
+    def test_flip2_locations
+      node = ast_parse("if 'a'..'z'; foo; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 3, 1, 11], [1, 6, 1, 8]])
+
+      node = ast_parse('if 1..5; foo; end')
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 3, 1, 7], [1, 4, 1, 6]])
+    end
+
+    def test_flip3_locations
+      node = ast_parse("if 'a'...('z'); foo; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 3, 1, 14], [1, 6, 1, 9]])
+
+      node = ast_parse('if 1...5; foo; end')
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[0].locations, [[1, 3, 1, 8], [1, 4, 1, 7]])
+    end
+
+    def test_for_locations
+      node = ast_parse("for a in b; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 15], [1, 0, 1, 3], [1, 6, 1, 8], nil, [1, 12, 1, 15]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("for a in b do; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 18], [1, 0, 1, 3], [1, 6, 1, 8], [1, 11, 1, 13], [1, 15, 1, 18]])
+    end
+
+    def test_lambda_locations
+      node = ast_parse("-> (a, b) { foo }")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 17], [1, 0, 1, 2], [1, 10, 1, 11], [1, 16, 1, 17]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("-> (a, b) do foo end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 20], [1, 0, 1, 2], [1, 10, 1, 12], [1, 17, 1, 20]])
+    end
+
+    def test_module_locations
+      node = ast_parse('module A end')
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 12], [1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 9, 1, 12]])
+    end
+
+    def test_if_locations
+      node = ast_parse("if cond then 1 else 2 end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 25], [1, 0, 1, 2], [1, 8, 1, 12], [1, 22, 1, 25]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 if 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 2, 1, 4], nil, nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("if 1; elsif 2; else end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 23], [1, 0, 1, 2], [1, 4, 1, 5], [1, 20, 1, 23]])
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 6, 1, 19], [1, 6, 1, 11], [1, 13, 1, 14], [1, 20, 1, 23]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("true ? 1 : 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 12], nil, [1, 9, 1, 10], nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("case a; in b if c; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].children[0].locations, [[1, 11, 1, 17], [1, 13, 1, 15], nil, nil])
+    end
+
+    def test_in_locations
+      node = ast_parse("case 1; in 2 then 3; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 8, 1, 20], [1, 8, 1, 10], [1, 13, 1, 17], nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 => a")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 5, 1, 6], nil, nil, [1, 2, 1, 4]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 in a")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 5, 1, 6], [1, 2, 1, 4], nil, nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("case 1; in 2; 3; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 8, 1, 16], [1, 8, 1, 10], [1, 12, 1, 13], nil])
+    end
+
+    def test_next_locations
+      node = ast_parse("loop { next 1 }")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 7, 1, 13], [1, 7, 1, 11]])
+    end
+
+    def test_op_asgn1_locations
+      node = ast_parse("ary[1] += foo")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 13], nil, [1, 3, 1, 4], [1, 5, 1, 6], [1, 7, 1, 9]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("ary[1, 2] += foo")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 16], nil, [1, 3, 1, 4], [1, 8, 1, 9], [1, 10, 1, 12]])
+    end
+
+    def test_or_locations
+      node = ast_parse("1 or 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 2, 1, 4]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 || 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 2, 1, 4]])
+    end
+
+    def test_op_asgn2_locations
+      node = ast_parse("a.b += 1")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 8], [1, 1, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1, 3], [1, 4, 1, 6]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("A::B.c += d")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 11], [1, 4, 1, 5], [1, 5, 1, 6], [1, 7, 1, 9]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("a = b.c += d")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 12], [1, 5, 1, 6], [1, 6, 1, 7], [1, 8, 1, 10]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("a = A::B.c += d")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 15], [1, 8, 1, 9], [1, 9, 1, 10], [1, 11, 1, 13]])
+    end
+
+    def test_postexe_locations
+      node = ast_parse("END {  }")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 8], [1, 0, 1, 3], [1, 4, 1, 5], [1, 7, 1, 8]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("END { 1 }")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 9], [1, 0, 1, 3], [1, 4, 1, 5], [1, 8, 1, 9]])
+    end
+
+    def test_redo_locations
+      node = ast_parse("loop { redo }")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 7, 1, 11], [1, 7, 1, 11]])
+    end
+
+    def test_regx_locations
+      node = ast_parse("/foo/")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 4], [1, 4, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("/foo/i")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 4], [1, 4, 1, 6]])
+    end
+
+    def test_return_locations
+      node = ast_parse("return 1")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 8], [1, 0, 1, 6]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("return")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 0, 1, 6]])
+    end
+
+    def test_sclass_locations
+      node = ast_parse("class << self; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 18], [1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 6, 1, 8], [1, 15, 1, 18]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("class << obj; foo; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 22], [1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 6, 1, 8], [1, 19, 1, 22]])
+    end
+
+    def test_splat_locations
+      node = ast_parse("a = *1")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 6], [1, 4, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("a = *1, 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].children[0].locations, [[1, 4, 1, 6], [1, 4, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("case a; when *1; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].children[0].locations, [[1, 13, 1, 15], [1, 13, 1, 14]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("case a; when *1, 2; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].children[0].children[0].locations, [[1, 13, 1, 15], [1, 13, 1, 14]])
+    end
+
+    def test_super_locations
+      node = ast_parse("super 1")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 7], [1, 0, 1, 5], nil, nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("super(1)")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 8], [1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 5, 1, 6], [1, 7, 1, 8]])
+    end
+
+    def test_unless_locations
+      node = ast_parse("unless cond then 1 else 2 end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 29], [1, 0, 1, 6], [1, 12, 1, 16], [1, 26, 1, 29]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 unless 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 10], [1, 2, 1, 8], nil, nil])
+    end
+
+    def test_undef_locations
+      node = ast_parse("undef foo")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 9], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("undef foo, bar")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 14], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+    end
+
+    def test_valias_locations
+      node = ast_parse("alias $foo $bar")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 15], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("alias $foo $&")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 13], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("alias $foo $`")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 13], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("alias $foo $'")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 13], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("alias $foo $+")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 13], [1, 0, 1, 5]])
+    end
+
+    def test_when_locations
+      node = ast_parse("case a; when 1 then 2; end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[1].locations, [[1, 8, 1, 22], [1, 8, 1, 12], [1, 15, 1, 19]])
+    end
+
+    def test_while_locations
+      node = ast_parse("while cond do 1 end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 19], [1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 16, 1, 19]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 while 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 9], [1, 2, 1, 7], nil])
+    end
+
+    def test_until_locations
+      node = ast_parse("until cond do 1 end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 19], [1, 0, 1, 5], [1, 16, 1, 19]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("1 until 2")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].locations, [[1, 0, 1, 9], [1, 2, 1, 7], nil])
+    end
+
+    def test_yield_locations
+      node = ast_parse("def foo; yield end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 9, 1, 14], [1, 9, 1, 14], nil, nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("def foo; yield() end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 9, 1, 16], [1, 9, 1, 14], [1, 14, 1, 15], [1, 15, 1, 16]])
+
+      node = ast_parse("def foo; yield 1, 2 end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 9, 1, 19], [1, 9, 1, 14], nil, nil])
+
+      node = ast_parse("def foo; yield(1, 2) end")
+      assert_locations(node.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].locations, [[1, 9, 1, 20], [1, 9, 1, 14], [1, 14, 1, 15], [1, 19, 1, 20]])
+    end
+
+    private
+    def ast_parse(src, **options)
+      begin
+        verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+        RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(src, **options)
+      ensure
+        $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_locations(locations, expected)
+      ary = locations.map {|loc| loc && [loc.first_lineno, loc.first_column, loc.last_lineno, loc.last_column] }
+
+      assert_equal(ary, expected)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb b/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82bf2d9d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class TestAutoload < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_autoload_so
+    # Date is always available, unless excluded intentionally.
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], [])
+    autoload :Date, "date"
+    begin Date; rescue LoadError; end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_non_realpath_in_loadpath
+    require 'tmpdir'
+    tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir('autoload')
+    tmpdirs = [tmpdir]
+    tmpdirs.unshift(tmpdir + '/foo')
+    Dir.mkdir(tmpdirs[0])
+    tmpfiles = [tmpdir + '/foo.rb', tmpdir + '/foo/bar.rb']
+    open(tmpfiles[0] , 'w') do |f|
+      f.puts <<-INPUT
+$:.unshift(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)+'/./foo')
+module Foo
+  autoload :Bar, 'bar'
+end
+p Foo::Bar
+      INPUT
+    end
+    open(tmpfiles[1], 'w') do |f|
+      f.puts 'class Foo::Bar; end'
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err([tmpfiles[0]], "", ["Foo::Bar"], [])
+  ensure
+    File.unlink(*tmpfiles) rescue nil if tmpfiles
+    tmpdirs.each {|dir| Dir.rmdir(dir)}
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_p
+    bug4565 = '[ruby-core:35679]'
+
+    require 'tmpdir'
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') {|tmpdir|
+      tmpfile = tmpdir + '/foo.rb'
+      tmpfile2 = tmpdir + '/bar.rb'
+      a = Module.new do
+        autoload :X, tmpfile
+        autoload :Y, tmpfile2
+      end
+      b = Module.new do
+        include a
+      end
+      assert_equal(true, a.const_defined?(:X))
+      assert_equal(true, b.const_defined?(:X))
+      assert_equal(tmpfile, a.autoload?(:X), bug4565)
+      assert_equal(tmpfile, b.autoload?(:X), bug4565)
+      assert_equal(tmpfile, a.autoload?(:X, false))
+      assert_equal(tmpfile, a.autoload?(:X, nil))
+      assert_nil(b.autoload?(:X, false))
+      assert_nil(b.autoload?(:X, nil))
+      assert_equal(true, a.const_defined?("Y"))
+      assert_equal(true, b.const_defined?("Y"))
+      assert_equal(tmpfile2, a.autoload?("Y"))
+      assert_equal(tmpfile2, b.autoload?("Y"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_p_with_static_extensions
+    require 'rbconfig'
+    omit unless RbConfig::CONFIG['EXTSTATIC'] == 'static'
+    begin
+      require 'fcntl.so'
+    rescue LoadError
+      omit('fcntl not included in the build')
+    end
+
+    assert_separately(['--disable-all'], <<~RUBY)
+      autoload :Fcntl, 'fcntl.so'
+
+      assert_equal('fcntl.so', autoload?(:Fcntl))
+      assert(Object.const_defined?(:Fcntl))
+      assert_equal('constant', defined?(Fcntl), '[Bug #19115]')
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_with_unqualified_file_name # [ruby-core:69206]
+    Object.send(:remove_const, :A) if Object.const_defined?(:A)
+
+    lp = $LOAD_PATH.dup
+    lf = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') { |tmpdir|
+      $LOAD_PATH << tmpdir
+
+      Dir.chdir(tmpdir) do
+        eval <<-END
+          class ::Object
+            module A
+              autoload :C, 'test-ruby-core-69206'
+            end
+          end
+        END
+
+        File.write("test-ruby-core-69206.rb", 'module A; class C; end; end')
+        assert_kind_of Class, ::A::C
+      end
+    }
+  ensure
+    $LOAD_PATH.replace lp
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace lf
+    Object.send(:remove_const, :A) if Object.const_defined?(:A)
+  end
+
+  def test_require_explicit
+    Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+      file.puts 'class Object; AutoloadTest = 1; end'
+      file.close
+      add_autoload(file.path)
+      begin
+        assert_nothing_raised do
+          assert(require file.path)
+          assert_equal(1, ::AutoloadTest)
+        end
+      ensure
+        remove_autoload_constant
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_threaded_accessing_constant
+    # Suppress "warning: loading in progress, circular require considered harmful"
+    EnvUtil.default_warning {
+      Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+        file.puts 'sleep 0.5; class AutoloadTest; X = 1; end'
+        file.close
+        add_autoload(file.path)
+        begin
+          assert_nothing_raised do
+            t1 = Thread.new { ::AutoloadTest::X }
+            t2 = Thread.new { ::AutoloadTest::X }
+            [t1, t2].each(&:join)
+          end
+        ensure
+          remove_autoload_constant
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_threaded_accessing_inner_constant
+    # Suppress "warning: loading in progress, circular require considered harmful"
+    EnvUtil.default_warning {
+      Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+        file.puts 'class AutoloadTest; sleep 0.5; X = 1; end'
+        file.close
+        add_autoload(file.path)
+        begin
+          assert_nothing_raised do
+            t1 = Thread.new { ::AutoloadTest::X }
+            t2 = Thread.new { ::AutoloadTest::X }
+            [t1, t2].each(&:join)
+          end
+        ensure
+          remove_autoload_constant
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nameerror_when_autoload_did_not_define_the_constant
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+      file.puts ''
+      file.close
+      add_autoload(file.path)
+      begin
+        assert_raise(NameError) do
+          AutoloadTest
+        end
+      ensure
+        remove_autoload_constant
+      end
+    }
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_override_autoload
+    Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+      file.puts ''
+      file.close
+      add_autoload(file.path)
+      begin
+        eval %q(class AutoloadTest; end)
+        assert_equal(Class, AutoloadTest.class)
+      ensure
+        remove_autoload_constant
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_override_while_autoloading
+    Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+      file.puts 'class AutoloadTest; sleep 0.5; end'
+      file.close
+      add_autoload(file.path)
+      begin
+        # while autoloading...
+        t = Thread.new { AutoloadTest }
+        sleep 0.1
+        # override it
+        EnvUtil.suppress_warning {
+          eval %q(AutoloadTest = 1)
+        }
+        t.join
+        assert_equal(1, AutoloadTest)
+      ensure
+        remove_autoload_constant
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def ruby_impl_require
+    Kernel.module_eval do
+      alias old_require require
+    end
+    Ruby::Box.module_eval do
+      alias old_require require
+    end
+    called_with = []
+    Kernel.send :define_method, :require do |path|
+      called_with << path
+      old_require path
+    end
+    Ruby::Box.send :define_method, :require do |path|
+      called_with << path
+      old_require path
+    end
+    yield called_with
+  ensure
+    Kernel.module_eval do
+      undef require
+      alias require old_require
+      undef old_require
+    end
+    Ruby::Box.module_eval do
+      undef require
+      alias require old_require
+      undef old_require
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_implemented_in_ruby_is_called
+    ruby_impl_require do |called_with|
+      Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+        file.puts 'class AutoloadTest; end'
+        file.close
+        add_autoload(file.path)
+        begin
+          assert(Object::AutoloadTest)
+        ensure
+          remove_autoload_constant
+        end
+        # .dup to prevent breaking called_with by autoloading pp, etc
+        assert_equal [file.path], called_with.dup
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_while_autoloading
+    ruby_impl_require do |called_with|
+      Tempfile.create(%w(a .rb)) do |a|
+        Tempfile.create(%w(b .rb)) do |b|
+          a.puts "require '#{b.path}'; class AutoloadTest; end"
+          b.puts "class AutoloadTest; module B; end; end"
+          [a, b].each(&:flush)
+          add_autoload(a.path)
+          begin
+            assert(Object::AutoloadTest)
+          ensure
+            remove_autoload_constant
+          end
+          # .dup to prevent breaking called_with by autoloading pp, etc
+          assert_equal [a.path, b.path], called_with.dup
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_13526
+    # Skip this on macOS 10.13 because of the following error:
+    # http://rubyci.s3.amazonaws.com/osx1013/ruby-master/log/20231011T014505Z.fail.html.gz
+    require "rbconfig"
+
+    script = File.join(__dir__, 'bug-13526.rb')
+    assert_ruby_status([script], '', '[ruby-core:81016] [Bug #13526]')
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_private_constant
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      File.write(tmpdir+"/test-bug-14469.rb", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          ZZZ = :ZZZ
+          private_constant :ZZZ
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      bug = '[ruby-core:85516] [Bug #14469]'
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          autoload :ZZZ, "test-bug-14469.rb"
+        end
+        assert_raise(NameError, bug) {AutoloadTest::ZZZ}
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_deprecate_constant
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      File.write(tmpdir+"/test-bug-14469.rb", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          ZZZ = :ZZZ
+          deprecate_constant :ZZZ
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      bug = '[ruby-core:85516] [Bug #14469]'
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          autoload :ZZZ, "test-bug-14469.rb"
+        end
+        assert_warning(/ZZZ is deprecated/, bug) {AutoloadTest::ZZZ}
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_private_constant_before_autoload
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      File.write(tmpdir+"/test-bug-11055.rb", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          ZZZ = :ZZZ
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      bug = '[Bug #11055]'
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          autoload :ZZZ, "test-bug-11055.rb"
+          private_constant :ZZZ
+          ZZZ
+        end
+        assert_raise(NameError, bug) {AutoloadTest::ZZZ}
+      end;
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      bug = '[Bug #11055]'
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          autoload :ZZZ, "test-bug-11055.rb"
+          private_constant :ZZZ
+        end
+        assert_raise(NameError, bug) {AutoloadTest::ZZZ}
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_deprecate_constant_before_autoload
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      File.write(tmpdir+"/test-bug-11055.rb", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          ZZZ = :ZZZ
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      bug = '[Bug #11055]'
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          autoload :ZZZ, "test-bug-11055.rb"
+          deprecate_constant :ZZZ
+        end
+        assert_warning(/ZZZ is deprecated/, bug) {class AutoloadTest; ZZZ; end}
+        assert_warning(/ZZZ is deprecated/, bug) {AutoloadTest::ZZZ}
+      end;
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      bug = '[Bug #11055]'
+      begin;
+        class AutoloadTest
+          autoload :ZZZ, "test-bug-11055.rb"
+          deprecate_constant :ZZZ
+        end
+        assert_warning(/ZZZ is deprecated/, bug) {AutoloadTest::ZZZ}
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_fork
+    EnvUtil.default_warning do
+      Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
+        file.puts 'sleep 0.3; class AutoloadTest; end'
+        file.close
+        add_autoload(file.path)
+        begin
+          thrs = []
+          3.times do
+            thrs << Thread.new { AutoloadTest && nil }
+            thrs << Thread.new { fork { AutoloadTest } }
+          end
+          thrs.each(&:join)
+          thrs.each do |th|
+            pid = th.value or next
+            _, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+            assert_predicate status, :success?
+          end
+        ensure
+          remove_autoload_constant
+          assert_nil $!, '[ruby-core:86410] [Bug #14634]'
+        end
+      }
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_autoload_same_file
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      File.write("#{tmpdir}/test-bug-14742.rb", "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        module Foo; end
+        module Bar; end
+      end;
+      3.times do # timing-dependent, needs a few times to hit [Bug #14742]
+        assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-'begin;'}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+        begin;
+          autoload :Foo, 'test-bug-14742'
+          autoload :Bar, 'test-bug-14742'
+          t1 = Thread.new do Foo end
+          t2 = Thread.new do Bar end
+          t1.join
+          t2.join
+          bug = '[ruby-core:86935] [Bug #14742]'
+          assert_instance_of Module, t1.value, bug
+          assert_instance_of Module, t2.value, bug
+        end;
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_same_file_with_raise
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      File.write("#{tmpdir}/test-bug-16177.rb", "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        raise '[ruby-core:95055] [Bug #16177]'
+      end;
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError, '[ruby-core:95055] [Bug #16177]') do
+        assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-'begin;'}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+        begin;
+          autoload :Foo, 'test-bug-16177'
+          autoload :Bar, 'test-bug-16177'
+          t1 = Thread.new do Foo end
+          t2 = Thread.new do Bar end
+          t1.join
+          t2.join
+        end;
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_source_location
+    bug = "Bug16764"
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      path = "#{tmpdir}/test-#{bug}.rb"
+      File.write(path, "C::#{bug} = __FILE__\n")
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        class C; end
+        C.autoload(:Bug16764, #{path.dump})
+        assert_equal [__FILE__, __LINE__-1], C.const_source_location(#{bug.dump})
+        assert_equal #{path.dump}, C.const_get(#{bug.dump})
+        assert_equal [#{path.dump}, 1], C.const_source_location(#{bug.dump})
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_source_location_after_require
+    bug = "Bug18624"
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      path = "#{tmpdir}/test-#{bug}.rb"
+      File.write(path, "C::#{bug} = __FILE__\n")
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        class C; end
+        C.autoload(:Bug18624, #{path.dump})
+        require #{path.dump}
+        assert_equal [#{path.dump}, 1], C.const_source_location(#{bug.dump})
+        assert_equal #{path.dump}, C.const_get(#{bug.dump})
+        assert_equal [#{path.dump}, 1], C.const_source_location(#{bug.dump})
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], '', "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", 'many autoloads', timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      200000.times do |i|
+        m = Module.new
+        m.instance_eval do
+          autoload :Foo, 'x'
+          autoload :Bar, i.to_s
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_after_failed_and_removed_from_loaded_features
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      autoload_path = File.join(tmpdir, "test-bug-15790.rb")
+      File.write(autoload_path, '')
+
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], <<-RUBY)
+        $VERBOSE = nil
+        path = #{File.realpath(autoload_path).inspect}
+        autoload :X, path
+        assert_equal(path, Object.autoload?(:X))
+
+        assert_raise(NameError){X}
+        assert_nil(Object.autoload?(:X))
+        assert_equal(false, Object.const_defined?(:X))
+
+        $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(path)
+        assert_equal(false, Object.const_defined?(:X))
+        assert_nil(Object.autoload?(:X))
+
+        assert_raise(NameError){X}
+        assert_equal(false, Object.const_defined?(:X))
+        assert_nil(Object.autoload?(:X))
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def add_autoload(path)
+    (@autoload_paths ||= []) << path
+    ::Object.class_eval {autoload(:AutoloadTest, path)}
+  end
+
+  def remove_autoload_constant
+    $".replace($" - @autoload_paths)
+    ::Object.class_eval {remove_const(:AutoloadTest)} if defined? Object::AutoloadTest
+    TestAutoload.class_eval {remove_const(:AutoloadTest)} if defined? TestAutoload::AutoloadTest
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_module_gc
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      autoload_path = File.join(tmpdir, "autoload_module_gc.rb")
+      File.write(autoload_path, "X = 1; Y = 2;")
+
+      x = Module.new
+      x.autoload :X, "./feature.rb"
+
+      1000.times do
+        y = Module.new
+        y.autoload :Y, "./feature.rb"
+      end
+
+      x = y = nil
+
+      # Ensure the internal data structures are cleaned up correctly / don't crash:
+      GC.start
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_parallel_race
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      autoload_path = File.join(tmpdir, "autoload_parallel_race.rb")
+      File.write(autoload_path, 'module Foo; end; module Bar; end')
+
+      assert_ruby_status([], <<-RUBY, timeout: 100)
+        autoload_path = #{File.realpath(autoload_path).inspect}
+
+        # This should work with no errors or failures.
+        1000.times do
+          autoload :Foo, autoload_path
+          autoload :Bar, autoload_path
+
+          t1 = Thread.new {Foo}
+          t2 = Thread.new {Bar}
+
+          t1.join
+          GC.start # force GC.
+          t2.join
+
+          Object.send(:remove_const, :Foo)
+          Object.send(:remove_const, :Bar)
+
+          $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(autoload_path)
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_parent_namespace
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      autoload_path = File.join(tmpdir, "some_const.rb")
+      File.write(autoload_path, 'class SomeConst; end')
+
+      assert_separately(%W[-I #{tmpdir}], <<-RUBY)
+        module SomeNamespace
+          autoload :SomeConst, #{File.realpath(autoload_path).inspect}
+          assert_warning(%r{/some_const\.rb to define SomeNamespace::SomeConst but it didn't}) do
+            assert_not_nil SomeConst
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_separately(*args, **kwargs)
+    super(*args, timeout: 60, **kwargs)
+  end
+
+  def assert_ruby_status(*args, **kwargs)
+    super(*args, timeout: 60, **kwargs)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb b/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dad7dfcb55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class TestBacktrace < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_exception
+    bt = Fiber.new{
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue => e
+        e.backtrace
+      end
+    }.resume
+    assert_equal(1, bt.size)
+    assert_match(/.+:\d+:.+/, bt[0])
+  end
+
+  def helper_test_exception_backtrace_locations
+    raise
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_backtrace_locations
+    backtrace, backtrace_locations = Fiber.new{
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue => e
+        [e.backtrace, e.backtrace_locations]
+      end
+    }.resume
+    assert_equal(backtrace, backtrace_locations.map{|e| e.to_s})
+
+    backtrace, backtrace_locations = Fiber.new{
+      begin
+        begin
+          helper_test_exception_backtrace_locations
+        rescue
+          raise
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        [e.backtrace, e.backtrace_locations]
+      end
+    }.resume
+    assert_equal(backtrace, backtrace_locations.map{|e| e.to_s})
+  end
+
+  def call_helper_test_exception_backtrace_locations
+    helper_test_exception_backtrace_locations(:bad_argument)
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_error_backtrace_locations
+    backtrace, backtrace_locations = Fiber.new{
+      begin
+        helper_test_exception_backtrace_locations(1)
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        [e.backtrace, e.backtrace_locations]
+      end
+    }.resume
+    assert_equal(backtrace, backtrace_locations.map{|e| e.to_s})
+
+    backtrace, backtrace_locations = Fiber.new{
+      begin
+        call_helper_test_exception_backtrace_locations
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        [e.backtrace, e.backtrace_locations]
+      end
+    }.resume
+    assert_equal(backtrace, backtrace_locations.map{|e| e.to_s})
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_lev
+    cs = []
+    Fiber.new{
+      Proc.new{
+        cs << caller(0)
+        cs << caller(1)
+        cs << caller(2)
+        cs << caller(3)
+        cs << caller(4)
+        cs << caller(5)
+      }.call
+    }.resume
+    assert_equal(2, cs[0].size)
+    assert_equal(1, cs[1].size)
+    assert_equal(0, cs[2].size)
+    assert_equal(nil, cs[3])
+    assert_equal(nil, cs[4])
+
+    #
+    max = 7
+    rec = lambda{|n|
+      if n > 0
+        1.times{
+          rec[n-1]
+        }
+      else
+        (max*3).times{|i|
+          total_size = caller(0).size
+          c = caller(i)
+          if c
+            assert_equal(total_size - i, caller(i).size, "[ruby-dev:45673]")
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    Fiber.new{
+      rec[max]
+    }.resume
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_lev_and_n
+    m = 10
+    rec = lambda{|n|
+      if n < 0
+        (m*6).times{|lev|
+          (m*6).times{|i|
+            t = caller(0).size
+            r = caller(lev, i)
+            r = r.size if r.respond_to? :size
+
+            # STDERR.puts [t, lev, i, r].inspect
+            if i == 0
+              assert_equal(0, r, [t, lev, i, r].inspect)
+            elsif t < lev
+              assert_equal(nil, r, [t, lev, i, r].inspect)
+            else
+              if t - lev > i
+                assert_equal(i, r, [t, lev, i, r].inspect)
+              else
+                assert_equal(t - lev, r, [t, lev, i, r].inspect)
+              end
+            end
+          }
+        }
+      else
+        rec[n-1]
+      end
+    }
+    rec[m]
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_with_limit
+    x = nil
+    c = Class.new do
+      define_method(:bar) do
+        x = caller(1, 1)
+      end
+    end
+    [c.new].group_by(&:bar)
+    assert_equal 1, x.length
+    assert_equal caller(0), caller(0, nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_with_nil_length
+    assert_equal caller(0), caller(0, nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_backtrace_location
+    assert_nil(Thread.each_caller_location {})
+
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {Thread.each_caller_location}
+
+    i = 0
+    cl = caller_locations(1, 1)[0]; ecl = Thread.each_caller_location{|x| i+=1; break x if i == 1}
+    assert_equal(cl.to_s, ecl.to_s)
+    assert_kind_of(Thread::Backtrace::Location, ecl)
+
+    i = 0
+    ary = []
+    cllr = caller_locations(1, 2); last = Thread.each_caller_location{|x| ary << x; i+=1; break x if i == 2}
+    assert_equal(cllr.map(&:to_s), ary.map(&:to_s))
+    assert_kind_of(Thread::Backtrace::Location, last)
+
+    i = 0
+    ary = []
+    ->{->{
+      cllr = caller_locations(1, 2); last = Thread.each_caller_location{|x| ary << x; i+=1; break x if i == 2}
+    }.()}.()
+    assert_equal(cllr.map(&:to_s), ary.map(&:to_s))
+    assert_kind_of(Thread::Backtrace::Location, last)
+
+    cllr = caller_locations(1, 2); ary = Thread.to_enum(:each_caller_location).to_a[2..3]
+    assert_equal(cllr.map(&:to_s), ary.map(&:to_s))
+
+    ecl = Thread.to_enum(:each_caller_location)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) {
+      ecl.next
+    }
+
+    ary = []
+    cl = caller_locations(1, 2); Thread.each_caller_location(1, 2) {|x| ary << x}
+    assert_equal(cl.map(&:to_s), ary.map(&:to_s))
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_first_label
+    def self.label
+      caller_locations.first.label
+    end
+
+    def self.label_caller
+      label
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'label_caller', label_caller
+
+    [1].group_by do
+      assert_equal 'label_caller', label_caller
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_limit_cfunc_iseq_no_pc
+    def self.a; [1].group_by { b } end
+    def self.b
+      [
+        caller_locations(2, 1).first.base_label,
+        caller_locations(3, 1).first.base_label
+      ]
+    end
+    assert_equal({["each", "group_by"]=>[1]}, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_location_inspect_cfunc_iseq_no_pc
+    def self.foo
+      @res = caller_locations(2, 1).inspect
+    end
+    @line = __LINE__ + 1
+    [1].map.map { [1].map.map { foo } }
+    assert_equal("[\"#{__FILE__}:#{@line}:in 'Array#map'\"]", @res)
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_location_path_cfunc_iseq_no_pc
+    def self.foo
+      @res = caller_locations(2, 1)[0].path
+    end
+    [1].map.map { [1].map.map { foo } }
+    assert_equal(__FILE__, @res)
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations
+    cs = caller(0); locs = caller_locations(0).map{|loc|
+      loc.to_s
+    }
+    assert_equal(cs, locs)
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_with_range
+    cs = caller(0,2); locs = caller_locations(0..1).map { |loc|
+      loc.to_s
+    }
+    assert_equal(cs, locs)
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_to_s_inspect
+    cs = caller(0); locs = caller_locations(0)
+    cs.zip(locs){|str, loc|
+      assert_equal(str, loc.to_s)
+      assert_equal(str.inspect, loc.inspect)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_path
+    loc, = caller_locations(0, 1)
+    assert_equal(__FILE__, loc.path)
+    Tempfile.create(%w"caller_locations .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "caller_locations(0, 1)[0].tap {|loc| puts loc.path}"
+      f.close
+      dir, base = File.split(f.path)
+      assert_in_out_err(["-C", dir, base], "", [base])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_absolute_path
+    loc, = caller_locations(0, 1)
+    assert_equal(__FILE__, loc.absolute_path)
+    Tempfile.create(%w"caller_locations .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "caller_locations(0, 1)[0].tap {|loc| puts loc.absolute_path}"
+      f.close
+      assert_in_out_err(["-C", *File.split(f.path)], "", [File.realpath(f.path)])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_lineno
+    loc, = caller_locations(0, 1)
+    assert_equal(__LINE__-1, loc.lineno)
+    Tempfile.create(%w"caller_locations .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "caller_locations(0, 1)[0].tap {|loc| puts loc.lineno}"
+      f.close
+      assert_in_out_err(["-C", *File.split(f.path)], "", ["1"])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_base_label
+    assert_equal("#{__method__}", caller_locations(0, 1)[0].base_label)
+    loc, = tap {break caller_locations(0, 1)}
+    assert_equal("#{__method__}", loc.base_label)
+    begin
+      raise
+    rescue
+      assert_equal("#{__method__}", caller_locations(0, 1)[0].base_label)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_locations_label
+    assert_equal("TestBacktrace##{__method__}", caller_locations(0, 1)[0].label)
+    loc, = tap {break caller_locations(0, 1)}
+    assert_equal("block in TestBacktrace##{__method__}", loc.label)
+    begin
+      raise
+    rescue
+      assert_equal("TestBacktrace##{__method__}", caller_locations(0, 1)[0].label)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def th_rec q, n=10
+    if n > 1
+      th_rec q, n-1
+    else
+      q.pop
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_backtrace
+    begin
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      th = Thread.new{
+        th_rec q
+      }
+      sleep 0.5
+      th_backtrace = th.backtrace
+      th_locations = th.backtrace_locations
+
+      assert_equal(10, th_backtrace.count{|e| e =~ /th_rec/})
+      assert_equal(th_backtrace, th_locations.map{|e| e.to_s})
+      assert_equal(th_backtrace, th.backtrace(0))
+      assert_equal(th_locations.map{|e| e.to_s},
+                   th.backtrace_locations(0).map{|e| e.to_s})
+      th_backtrace.size.times{|n|
+        assert_equal(n, th.backtrace(0, n).size)
+        assert_equal(n, th.backtrace_locations(0, n).size)
+      }
+      n = th_backtrace.size
+      assert_equal(n, th.backtrace(0, n + 1).size)
+      assert_equal(n, th.backtrace_locations(0, n + 1).size)
+    ensure
+      q << true
+      th.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_backtrace_locations_with_range
+    begin
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      th = Thread.new{
+        th_rec q
+      }
+      sleep 0.5
+      bt = th.backtrace(0,2)
+      locs = th.backtrace_locations(0..1).map { |loc|
+        loc.to_s
+      }
+      assert_equal(bt, locs)
+    ensure
+      q << true
+      th.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_core_backtrace_alias
+    obj = BasicObject.new
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) do
+      class << obj
+        alias foo bar
+      end
+    end
+    assert_not_match(/\Acore#/, e.backtrace_locations[0].base_label)
+  end
+
+  def test_core_backtrace_undef
+    obj = BasicObject.new
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) do
+      class << obj
+        undef foo
+      end
+    end
+    assert_not_match(/\Acore#/, e.backtrace_locations[0].base_label)
+  end
+
+  def test_core_backtrace_hash_merge
+    e = assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      {**1}
+    end
+    assert_not_match(/\Acore#/, e.backtrace_locations[0].base_label)
+  end
+
+  def test_notty_backtrace
+    err = ["-:1:in '<main>': unhandled exception"]
+    assert_in_out_err([], "raise", [], err)
+
+    err = ["-:2:in 'Object#foo': foo! (RuntimeError)",
+           "\tfrom -:4:in '<main>'"]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], err)
+    def foo
+      raise "foo!"
+    end
+    foo
+    end;
+
+    err = ["-:7:in 'Object#bar': bar! (RuntimeError)",
+           "\tfrom -:9:in '<main>'",
+           "-:2:in 'Object#foo': foo! (RuntimeError)",
+           "\tfrom -:5:in 'Object#bar'",
+           "\tfrom -:9:in '<main>'"]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], err)
+    def foo
+      raise "foo!"
+    end
+    def bar
+      foo
+    rescue
+      raise "bar!"
+    end
+    bar
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_to_enum
+    err = ["-:3:in 'Object#foo': unhandled exception", "\tfrom -:in 'Enumerator#each'"]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], err, "[ruby-core:91911]")
+      def foo
+        return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+        raise
+        yield 1
+      end
+
+      enum = foo
+      enum.next
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_no_receiver_for_anonymous_class
+    err = ["-:2:in 'bar': unhandled exception", # Not '#<Class:0xXXX>.bar'
+           "\tfrom -:3:in '<main>'"]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], err)
+    foo = Class.new
+    def foo.bar = raise
+    foo.bar
+    end;
+
+    err = ["-:3:in 'baz': unhandled exception", # Not '#<Class:0xXXX>::Bar.baz'
+           "\tfrom -:4:in '<main>'"]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], err)
+    foo = Class.new
+    foo::Bar = Class.new
+    def (foo::Bar).baz = raise
+    foo::Bar.baz
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_backtrace_internal_frame
+    backtrace = tap { break caller_locations(0) }
+    assert_equal(__FILE__, backtrace[1].path) # not "<internal:kernel>"
+    assert_equal("Kernel#tap", backtrace[1].label)
+  end
+
+  def test_backtrace_on_argument_error
+    lineno = __LINE__; [1, 2].inject(:tap)
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    assert_equal("#{ __FILE__ }:#{ lineno }:in 'Kernel#tap'", $!.backtrace[0].to_s)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_basicinstructions.rb b/test/ruby/test_basicinstructions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6b69cc1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_basicinstructions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+ConstTest = 3
+class Class
+  alias _remove_const remove_const
+  public :_remove_const
+end
+
+class TestBasicInstructions < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_immediates
+    assert_equal((1==1), true)
+    assert_equal((1==2), false)
+    assert_equal [][0], nil
+    assert_equal "sym".intern, :sym
+    assert_equal "sym".intern, :"sym"
+    assert_equal 1234 + 0, 1234
+    assert_equal 1234, 1_2_3_4
+    assert_equal 41, 0b0101001
+    assert_equal 420, 0644
+    assert_equal 18, 0x12
+    assert_equal 123456789012345678901234567890 + 0,
+                 123456789012345678901234567890
+    assert_equal 1.234 + 0.0, 1.234
+  end
+
+  def test_self
+    assert_equal self, self
+    assert_equal false, (self == false)   # Qfalse==0 in C
+    assert_equal false, (self == nil)
+    assert_equal false, (self == 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    expected = "str" + "ing"
+    assert_equal expected, 'string'
+    assert_equal expected, "string"
+    assert_equal expected, %q(string)
+    assert_equal expected, %Q(string)
+    assert_equal expected, %(string)
+  end
+
+  def test_dstring
+    assert_equal "2", "#{1+1}"
+    s = "OK"
+    assert_equal "OK", "#{s}"
+    assert_equal "OKx", "#{s}x"
+    assert_equal "xOK", "x#{s}"
+    assert_equal "xOKx", "x#{s}x"
+  end
+
+  def test_dsym
+    assert_equal :a3c, :"a#{1+2}c"
+    s = "sym"
+    assert_equal :sym, :"#{s}"
+    assert_equal :sym, :"#{"#{"#{s}"}"}"
+  end
+
+  def test_xstr
+    assert_equal 'hoge', `echo hoge`.chomp
+    assert_equal '3', `echo #{1 + 2}`.chomp
+    hoge = 'huga'
+    assert_equal 'huga', `echo #{hoge}`.chomp
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp
+    assert_equal(/test/, /test/)
+    assert_equal 'test', /test/.source
+    assert_equal 'TEST', /TEST/.source
+    assert_equal true, !!(/test/ =~ 'test')
+    assert_equal false, !!(/test/ =~ 'does not match')
+
+    re = /test/
+    assert_equal re, re
+    assert_equal 'test', re.source
+    assert_equal true, !!(re =~ 'test')
+    assert_equal false, !!(re =~ 'does not match')
+
+    assert_equal(/x#{1+1}x/, /x#{1+1}x/)
+    s = "OK"
+    assert_equal(/x#{s}x/, /x#{s}x/)
+    assert_equal true, !!(/x#{s}x/ =~ "xOKx")
+    assert_equal false, !!(/x#{s}x/ =~ "does not match")
+
+    s = "OK"
+    prev = nil
+    3.times do
+      re = /#{s}/o
+      assert_same prev, re if prev
+      prev = re
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_array
+    assert_equal [], []
+    assert_equal 0, [].size
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal [3, 7, 11], [1+2, 3+4, 5+6]
+    assert_equal [[1], [2], [3]], [[1], [2], [3]]
+
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal 1, a[0]
+    assert_equal 2, a[1]
+    assert_equal 3, a[2]
+    assert_nil a[3]
+
+    a = %w( a b c )
+    assert_equal 'a', a[0]
+    assert_equal 'b', a[1]
+    assert_equal 'c', a[2]
+    assert_nil a[3]
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_equal({}, {})
+    assert_equal({1=>2}, {1=>2})
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, {1=>2, 3=>4})
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, {3=>4, 1=>2})
+    assert_equal({"key"=>"val"}, {"key"=>"val"})
+  end
+
+  def test_range
+    assert_equal((1..3), (1..3))
+    assert_equal((1...3), (1...3))
+    assert_not_equal((1...3), (1..3))
+    assert_not_equal((1..3), (1...3))
+    assert_equal((1..3), (1..2+1))
+    assert_equal((1...3), (1...2+1))
+    assert_equal(('a'..'z'), ('a'..'z'))
+  end
+
+  def test_not
+    assert_equal true, !nil
+    assert_equal true, !false
+    assert_equal false, !true
+    assert_equal false, !3
+    assert_equal false, !(1+1)
+
+    assert_equal false, !!nil
+    assert_equal false, !!false
+    assert_equal true, !!true
+    assert_equal true, !!3
+    assert_equal true, !!(1+1)
+
+    assert_equal true, (not nil)
+    assert_equal true, (not false)
+    assert_equal false, (not true)
+    assert_equal false, (not 3)
+    assert_equal false, (not (1 + 1))
+
+    assert_equal false, (not not nil)
+    assert_equal false, (not not false)
+    assert_equal true, (not not true)
+    assert_equal true, (not not 3)
+    assert_equal true, (not not (1+1))
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variable
+    a = 7
+    assert_equal 7, a
+    assert_equal a, a
+    b = 17
+    assert_equal 7, a
+    assert_equal 17, b
+    assert_equal a, a
+    assert_equal b, b
+    assert_not_equal a, b
+    assert_not_equal b, a
+    a = b
+    assert_equal 17, a
+    assert_equal 17, b
+    assert_equal a, a
+    assert_equal b, b
+    assert_equal a, b
+    assert_equal b, a
+    c = 28
+    assert_equal 17, a
+    assert_equal 17, b
+    assert_equal 28, c
+    assert_equal a, a
+    assert_equal b, b
+    assert_equal a, b
+    assert_equal c, c
+    assert_not_equal a, c
+    assert_not_equal b, c
+    a = b = c
+    assert_equal 28, a
+    assert_equal 28, b
+    assert_equal 28, c
+    assert_equal a, a
+    assert_equal b, b
+    assert_equal a, b
+    assert_equal b, a
+    assert_equal a, c
+    assert_equal c, a
+    assert_equal b, c
+    assert_equal c, b
+
+    a = 1
+    b = 2
+    c = 3
+    set_lvar_in_another_method
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal 2, b
+    assert_equal 3, c
+  end
+
+  def set_lvar_in_another_method
+    assert_raise(NameError) { a }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { b }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c }
+    a = a = "NOT OK"
+    b = b = "NOT OK"
+    c = c = "NOT OK"
+  end
+
+  class Const
+    $Const = self
+    C = 'Const::C'
+    def self.c() C end
+    def c() C end
+
+    class A
+      C = 'Const::A::C'
+      def self.c() C end
+      def c() C end
+      CC = 'Const::A::CC'
+      def self.cc() CC end
+      def cc() CC end
+
+      class B
+        C = 'Const::A::B::C'
+        def self.c() C end
+        def c() C end
+        def self.cc() CC end
+        def cc() CC end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class AA < A
+      def self.cc() CC end
+      def cc() CC end
+    end
+
+    class AAA < AA
+      def self.cc() CC end
+      def cc() CC end
+    end
+  end
+  C = 0
+
+  def test_const_path
+    do_test_const_path
+    do_test_const_path
+    do_test_const_path
+  end
+
+  def do_test_const_path
+    assert_equal 0, C
+    assert_equal 0, C
+    assert_equal 3, ::ConstTest
+    assert_equal 3, ::ConstTest
+    assert_equal $Const, Const
+
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B::C
+
+    Const::A::B._remove_const :C
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::C
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::A::B::C }
+
+    Const::A._remove_const :C
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::C
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::A::C }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::A::B::C }
+
+    Const._remove_const :C
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::C }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::A::C }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::A::B::C }
+
+    Const::A.const_set :C, 'Const::A::C'
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::C }
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::C
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::A::B::C }
+
+    Const::A::B.const_set :C, 'Const::A::B::C'
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Const::C }
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B::C
+
+    Const.const_set :C, 'Const::C'
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::C
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B::C
+  end
+
+  def test_const_cref
+    do_test_const_cref
+    do_test_const_cref
+    do_test_const_cref
+  end
+
+  def do_test_const_cref
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B.new.c
+
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B.c
+
+    Const::A::B._remove_const :C
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::B.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A::B.new.c
+
+    Const::A._remove_const :C
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::A.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::A::B.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::A.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::A::B.new.c
+
+    Const::A::B.const_set :C, 'Const::A::B::C'
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::A.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const::A.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B.new.c
+
+    Const::A.const_set :C, 'Const::A::C'
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::C', Const.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::C', Const::A.new.c
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::B::C', Const::A::B.new.c
+  ensure
+    # reset
+    Const.const_set :C, 'Const::C' unless Const.const_defined?(:C)
+    Const::A.const_set :C, 'Const::A::C' unless Const::A.const_defined?(:C)
+    Const::A::B.const_set :C, 'Const::A::B::C' unless Const::A::B.const_defined?(:C)
+  end
+
+  def test_const_inherit
+    do_test_const_inherit
+    do_test_const_inherit
+    do_test_const_inherit
+  end
+
+  def do_test_const_inherit
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AAA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AA.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AAA.new.cc
+
+    Const::AA.const_set :CC, 'Const::AA::CC'
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AA::CC',  Const::AA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AA::CC',  Const::AAA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AA::CC',  Const::AA.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AA::CC',  Const::AAA.new.cc
+
+    Const::AAA.const_set :CC, 'Const::AAA::CC'
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AA::CC',  Const::AA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AAA::CC', Const::AAA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AA::CC',  Const::AA.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AAA::CC', Const::AAA.new.cc
+
+    Const::AA._remove_const :CC
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AAA::CC', Const::AAA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AA.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::AAA::CC', Const::AAA.new.cc
+
+    Const::AAA._remove_const :CC
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AAA.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::A.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AA.new.cc
+    assert_equal 'Const::A::CC',   Const::AAA.new.cc
+  end
+
+  def test_global_variable
+    $gvar1 = 1
+    assert_equal 1, $gvar1
+    $gvar1 = 2
+    assert_equal 2, $gvar1
+    $gvar2 = 77
+    assert_equal 2, $gvar1
+    assert_equal 77, $gvar2
+    $gvar2 = $gvar1
+    assert_equal 2, $gvar1
+    assert_equal 2, $gvar2
+    $gvar1 = 1
+    assert_equal 1, $gvar1
+    assert_equal 2, $gvar2
+    set_gvar_in_another_method
+    assert_equal "OK1", $gvar1
+    assert_equal "OK2", $gvar2
+  end
+
+  def set_gvar_in_another_method
+    assert_equal 1, $gvar1
+    assert_equal 2, $gvar2
+    $gvar1 = "OK1"
+    $gvar2 = "OK2"
+  end
+
+  class CVarA
+    def self.setup
+      @@cv = 'CVarA@@cv'
+    end
+    def self.cv() @@cv end
+    def self.cv=(v) @@cv = v end
+    class << self
+      def cv2() @@cv end
+    end
+    def cv() @@cv end
+    def cv=(v) @@cv = v end
+  end
+
+  class CVarB < CVarA
+    def self.cvB() @@cv end
+    def self.cvB=(v) @@cv = v end
+    class << self
+      def cvB2() @@cv end
+    end
+    def cvB() @@cv end
+    def cvB=(v) @@cv = v end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_variable
+    CVarA.setup
+    assert_equal 'CVarA@@cv',   CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'CVarA@@cv',   CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'CVarA@@cv',   CVarA.new.cv
+    CVarA.cv = 'singleton'
+    assert_equal 'singleton',   CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'singleton',   CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'singleton',   CVarA.new.cv
+    CVarA.new.cv = 'instance'
+    assert_equal 'instance',    CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'instance',    CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'instance',    CVarA.new.cv
+
+    CVarA.cv = 'CVarA@@cv'
+    CVarB.cv = 'B/singleton'
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarB.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarB.cv2
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarB.new.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarA.new.cv
+    CVarB.new.cv = 'B/instance'
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarB.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarB.cv2
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarB.new.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarA.new.cv
+
+    CVarA.cv = 'CVarA@@cv'
+    assert_equal('CVarA@@cv', CVarB.cvB)
+    assert_equal('CVarA@@cv', CVarB.cvB2)
+    assert_equal('CVarA@@cv', CVarB.new.cvB)
+    CVarB.cvB = 'B/singleton'
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarB.cvB
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarB.cvB2
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarB.new.cvB
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'B/singleton', CVarA.new.cv
+    CVarB.new.cvB = 'B/instance'
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarB.cvB
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarB.cvB2
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarB.new.cvB
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarA.cv
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarA.cv2
+    assert_equal 'B/instance',  CVarA.new.cv
+
+    CVarA.cv = 'CVarA@@cv'
+    CVarB.cvB = 'CVarB@@cv'
+  end
+
+  class OP
+    attr_reader :x
+    attr_accessor :foo
+    def x=(x)
+      @x = x
+      :Bug1996
+    end
+    Bug1996 = '[ruby-dev:39163], [ruby-core:25143]'
+    def [](i)
+      @x
+    end
+    def []=(i, x)
+      @x = x
+      :Bug2050
+    end
+    Bug2050 = '[ruby-core:25387]'
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign2_1
+    x = nil
+    assert_equal 1, x ||= 1
+    assert_equal 1, x
+    assert_equal 2, x &&= 2
+    assert_equal 2, x
+    assert_equal 2, x ||= 3
+    assert_equal 2, x
+    assert_equal 4, x &&= 4
+    assert_equal 4, x
+    assert_equal 5, x += 1
+    assert_equal 5, x
+    assert_equal 4, x -= 1
+    assert_equal 4, x
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign2_2
+    y = OP.new
+    y.x = nil
+    assert_equal 1, y.x ||= 1, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 1, y.x
+    assert_equal 2, y.x &&= 2, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 2, y.x
+    assert_equal 2, y.x ||= 3
+    assert_equal 2, y.x
+    assert_equal 4, y.x &&= 4, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 4, y.x
+    assert_equal 5, y.x += 1, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 5, y.x
+    assert_equal 4, y.x -= 1, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 4, y.x
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign2_3
+    z = OP.new
+    z.x = OP.new
+    z.x.x = nil
+    assert_equal 1, z.x.x ||= 1, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 1, z.x.x
+    assert_equal 2, z.x.x &&= 2, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 2, z.x.x
+    assert_equal 2, z.x.x ||= 3
+    assert_equal 2, z.x.x
+    assert_equal 4, z.x.x &&= 4, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 4, z.x.x
+    assert_equal 5, z.x.x += 1, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 5, z.x.x
+    assert_equal 4, z.x.x -= 1, OP::Bug1996
+    assert_equal 4, z.x.x
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign1_1
+    a = []
+    a[0] = nil
+    assert_equal 1, a[0] ||= 1
+    assert_equal 1, a[0]
+    assert_equal 2, a[0] &&= 2
+    assert_equal 2, a[0]
+    assert_equal 2, a[0] ||= 3
+    assert_equal 2, a[0]
+    assert_equal 4, a[0] &&= 4
+    assert_equal 4, a[0]
+    assert_equal 5, a[0] += 1
+    assert_equal 5, a[0]
+    assert_equal 4, a[0] -= 1
+    assert_equal 4, a[0]
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign1_2
+    x = OP.new
+    x[0] = nil
+    assert_equal 1, x[0] ||= 1, OP::Bug2050
+    assert_equal 1, x[0]
+    assert_equal 2, x[0] &&= 2, OP::Bug2050
+    assert_equal 2, x[0]
+    assert_equal 2, x[0] ||= 3, OP::Bug2050
+    assert_equal 2, x[0]
+    assert_equal 4, x[0] &&= 4, OP::Bug2050
+    assert_equal 4, x[0]
+    assert_equal 5, x[0] += 1, OP::Bug2050
+    assert_equal 5, x[0]
+    assert_equal 4, x[0] -= 1, OP::Bug2050
+    assert_equal 4, x[0]
+  end
+
+  def test_send_opassign
+    return if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) and RUBY_ENGINE != "ruby"
+
+    bug7773 = '[ruby-core:51821]'
+    x = OP.new
+    assert_equal 42, x.foo = 42, bug7773
+    assert_equal 42, x.foo, bug7773
+    assert_equal (-6), x.send(:foo=, -6), bug7773
+    assert_equal (-6), x.foo, bug7773
+    assert_equal :Bug1996, x.send(:x=, :case_when_setter_returns_other_value), bug7773
+    assert_equal :case_when_setter_returns_other_value, x.x, bug7773
+  end
+
+  def test_backref
+    /re/ =~ 'not match'
+    assert_nil $~
+    assert_nil $`
+    assert_nil $&
+    assert_nil $'
+    assert_nil $+
+    assert_nil $1
+    assert_nil $2
+    assert_nil $3
+    assert_nil $4
+    assert_nil $5
+    assert_nil $6
+    assert_nil $7
+    assert_nil $8
+    assert_nil $9
+
+    /(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)/ =~ 'xabcdefghiy'
+    assert_not_nil $~
+    assert_instance_of MatchData, $~
+    assert_equal 'abcdefghi', $~[0]
+    assert_equal 'a', $~[1]
+    assert_equal 'b', $~[2]
+    assert_equal 'c', $~[3]
+    assert_equal 'd', $~[4]
+    assert_equal 'e', $~[5]
+    assert_equal 'f', $~[6]
+    assert_equal 'g', $~[7]
+    assert_equal 'h', $~[8]
+    assert_equal 'i', $~[9]
+    assert_equal 'x', $`
+    assert_equal 'abcdefghi', $&
+    assert_equal "y", $'
+    assert_equal 'i', $+
+    assert_equal 'a', $1
+    assert_equal 'b', $2
+    assert_equal 'c', $3
+    assert_equal 'd', $4
+    assert_equal 'e', $5
+    assert_equal 'f', $6
+    assert_equal 'g', $7
+    assert_equal 'h', $8
+    assert_equal 'i', $9
+
+    /re/ =~ 'not match'
+    assert_nil $~
+    assert_nil $`
+    assert_nil $&
+    assert_nil $'
+    assert_nil $+
+    assert_nil $1
+    assert_nil $2
+    assert_nil $3
+    assert_nil $4
+    assert_nil $5
+    assert_nil $6
+    assert_nil $7
+    assert_nil $8
+    assert_nil $9
+  end
+
+  def test_array_splat
+    feature1125 = '[ruby-core:21901]'
+
+    a = []
+    assert_equal [], [*a]
+    assert_equal [1], [1, *a]
+    assert_not_same(a, [*a], feature1125)
+    a = [2]
+    assert_equal [2], [*a]
+    assert_equal [1, 2], [1, *a]
+    assert_not_same(a, [*a], feature1125)
+    a = [2, 3]
+    assert_equal [2, 3], [*a]
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], [1, *a]
+    assert_not_same(a, [*a], feature1125)
+
+    a = nil
+    assert_equal [], [*a]
+    assert_equal [1], [1, *a]
+  end
+
+  def test_special_const_instance_variables
+    assert_separately(%w(-W0), <<-INPUT, timeout: 60)
+    module M
+      def get
+        # we can not set instance variables on special const objects.
+        # However, we can access instance variables with default value (nil).
+        @ivar
+      end
+    end
+    class Integer; include M; end
+    class Float; include M; end
+    class Symbol; include M; end
+    class FalseClass; include M; end
+    class TrueClass; include M; end
+    class NilClass; include M; end
+
+    [123, 1.2, :sym, false, true, nil].each{|obj|
+      assert_equal(nil, obj.get)
+    }
+    INPUT
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb b/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3706efab52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+
+class TestBeginEndBlock < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  DIR = File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__))
+
+  def test_beginendblock
+    target = File.join(DIR, 'beginmainend.rb')
+    assert_in_out_err([target], '', %w(b1 b2-1 b2 main b3-1 b3 b4 e1 e1-1 e4 e4-2 e4-1 e4-1-1 e3 e2))
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-n", "-eBEGIN{p :begin}", "-eEND{p :end}"], '', %w(:begin))
+    assert_in_out_err(["-p", "-eBEGIN{p :begin}", "-eEND{p :end}"], '', %w(:begin))
+    assert_in_out_err(["-n", "-eBEGIN{p :begin}", "-eEND{p :end}"], "foo\nbar\n", %w(:begin :end))
+    assert_in_out_err(["-p", "-eBEGIN{p :begin}", "-eEND{p :end}"], "foo\nbar\n", %w(:begin foo bar :end))
+  end
+
+  def test_endblock_variable
+    assert_in_out_err(["-n", "-ea = :ok", "-eEND{p a}"], "foo\n", %w(:ok))
+    assert_in_out_err(["-p", "-ea = :ok", "-eEND{p a}"], "foo\n", %w(foo :ok))
+  end
+
+  def test_begininmethod
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /BEGIN is permitted only at toplevel/) do
+      eval("def foo; BEGIN {}; end")
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /BEGIN is permitted only at toplevel/) do
+      eval('eval("def foo; BEGIN {}; end")')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_begininclass
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /BEGIN is permitted only at toplevel/) do
+      eval("class TestBeginEndBlock; BEGIN {}; end")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_endblockwarn
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}#{<<~'end;'}", [], ['-:2: warning: END in method; use at_exit'])
+    begin;
+      def end1
+        END {}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_endblockwarn_in_eval
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", [], ['test.rb:1: warning: END in method; use at_exit'])
+    begin;
+      eval <<-EOE, nil, "test.rb", 0
+        def end2
+          END {}
+        end
+      EOE
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_in_at_exit
+    args = ['-e', 'at_exit{raise %[SomethingBad]}',
+            '-e', 'raise %[SomethingElse]']
+    expected = [:*, /SomethingBad/, :*, /SomethingElse/, :*]
+    status = assert_in_out_err(args, '', [], expected, "[ruby-core:9675]")
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+  end
+
+  def test_exitcode_in_at_exit
+    bug8501 = '[ruby-core:55365] [Bug #8501]'
+    args = ['-e', 'o = Object.new; def o.inspect; raise "[Bug #8501]"; end',
+            '-e', 'at_exit{o.nope}']
+    status = assert_in_out_err(args, '', [], /undefined method 'nope'/, bug8501)
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :success?, bug8501)
+  end
+
+  def test_propagate_exit_code
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    assert_equal false, system(ruby, '-e', 'at_exit{exit 2}')
+    assert_equal 2, $?.exitstatus
+    assert_nil $?.termsig
+  end
+
+  def test_propagate_signaled
+    status = assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", [], /Interrupt$/)
+    begin;
+      trap(:INT, "DEFAULT")
+      at_exit{Process.kill(:INT, $$)}
+    end;
+    Process.kill(0, 0) rescue return # check if signal works
+    assert_nil status.exitstatus
+    assert_equal Signal.list["INT"], status.termsig
+  end
+
+  def test_endblock_raise
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", %w(e6 e4 e2), [:*, /e5/, :*, /e3/, :*, /e1/, :*])
+    begin;
+      END {raise "e1"}; END {puts "e2"}
+      END {raise "e3"}; END {puts "e4"}
+      END {raise "e5"}; END {puts "e6"}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_at_exit
+    expected = [ "outer3",
+                 "outer2_begin",
+                 "outer2_end",
+                 "inner2",
+                 "outer1_begin",
+                 "outer1_end",
+                 "inner1",
+                 "outer0" ]
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", expected, [], "[ruby-core:35237]")
+    begin;
+      at_exit { puts :outer0 }
+      at_exit { puts :outer1_begin; at_exit { puts :inner1 }; puts :outer1_end }
+      at_exit { puts :outer2_begin; at_exit { puts :inner2 }; puts :outer2_end }
+      at_exit { puts :outer3 }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_at_exit
+    bug5218 = '[ruby-core:43173][Bug #5218]'
+    cmd = [
+      "raise 'X' rescue nil",
+      "nil",
+      "exit(42)",
+    ]
+    %w[at_exit END].each do |ex|
+      out, err, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(cmd.map {|s|["-e", "#{ex} {#{s}}"]}.flatten, "", true, true)
+      assert_equal(["", "", 42], [out, err, status.exitstatus], "#{bug5218}: #{ex}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_callcc_at_exit
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    bug9110 = '[ruby-core:58329][Bug #9110]'
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", bug9110)
+    begin;
+      require "continuation"
+      c = nil
+      at_exit { c.call }
+      at_exit { callcc {|_c| c = _c } }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_at_exit
+    bug12302 = '[ruby-core:75038] [Bug #12302]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", %w[2:exit 1:exit], [], bug12302)
+    begin;
+      at_exit do
+        puts "1:#{$!}"
+      end
+
+      at_exit do
+        puts "2:#{$!}"
+        raise 'x' rescue nil
+      end
+
+      at_exit do
+        exit
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  if defined?(fork)
+    def test_internal_errinfo_at_exit
+      # TODO: use other than break-in-fork to throw an internal
+      # error info.
+      error, pid, status = IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        pid = fork do
+          r.close
+          STDERR.reopen(w)
+          at_exit do
+            $!.class
+          end
+          break
+        end
+        w.close
+        [r.read, *Process.wait2(pid)]
+      end
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?)
+      assert_match(/unexpected break/, error)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_bignum.rb b/test/ruby/test_bignum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c366f794b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_bignum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,877 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+begin
+  require '-test-/integer'
+rescue LoadError
+else
+
+class TestBignum < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  FIXNUM_MIN = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+  FIXNUM_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+
+  BIGNUM_MIN = FIXNUM_MAX + 1
+
+  f = BIGNUM_MIN
+  n = 0
+  until f == 0
+    f >>= 1
+    n += 1
+  end
+  BIGNUM_MIN_BITS = n
+
+  T_ZERO = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(0)
+  T_ONE  = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(1)
+  T_MONE = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(-1)
+  T31  = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(2**31)   # 2147483648
+  T31P = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T31 - 1) # 2147483647
+  T32  = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(2**32)   # 4294967296
+  T32P = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T32 - 1) # 4294967295
+  T64  = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(2**64)   # 18446744073709551616
+  T64P = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T64 - 1) # 18446744073709551615
+  T128  = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(2**128)
+  T128P = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T128 - 1)
+  T1024  = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(2**1024)
+  T1024P = Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T1024 - 1)
+
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    @fmax = Float::MAX.to_i
+    @fmax2 = @fmax * 2
+    @big = (1 << BIGNUM_MIN_BITS) - 1
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def fact(n)
+    return 1 if n == 0
+    f = 1
+    while n>0
+      f *= n
+      n -= 1
+    end
+    return f
+  end
+
+  def test_prepare
+    assert_bignum(@big)
+    assert_bignum(T_ZERO)
+    assert_bignum(T_ONE)
+    assert_bignum(T_MONE)
+    assert_bignum(T31)
+    assert_bignum(T31P)
+    assert_bignum(T32)
+    assert_bignum(T32P)
+    assert_bignum(T64)
+    assert_bignum(T64P)
+    assert_bignum(T1024)
+    assert_bignum(T1024P)
+  end
+
+  def test_bignum
+    $x = fact(40)
+    assert_equal($x, $x)
+    assert_equal($x, fact(40))
+    assert_operator($x, :<, $x+2)
+    assert_operator($x, :>, $x-2)
+    assert_equal(815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000000, $x)
+    assert_not_equal(815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000001, $x)
+    assert_equal(815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000001, $x+1)
+    assert_equal(335367096786357081410764800000, $x/fact(20))
+    $x = -$x
+    assert_equal(-815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000000, $x)
+
+    b = 2*BIGNUM_MIN
+    assert_equal(2-b, -(b-2))
+    assert_equal(b - 5, (b-3)-2)
+
+    for i in 1000..1014
+      assert_equal(2 ** i, 1 << i)
+    end
+
+    n1 = 1 << 1000
+    for i in 1000..1014
+      assert_equal(n1, 1 << i)
+      n1 *= 2
+    end
+
+    n2=n1
+    for i in 1..10
+      n1 = n1 / 2
+      n2 = n2 >> 1
+      assert_equal(n1, n2)
+    end
+
+    for i in 4000..4096
+      n1 = 1 << i;
+      assert_equal(n1-1, (n1**2-1) / (n1+1))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_calc
+    b = 10**80
+    a = b * 9 + 7
+    assert_equal(7, a.modulo(b))
+    assert_equal(-b + 7, a.modulo(-b))
+    assert_equal(b + -7, (-a).modulo(b))
+    assert_equal(-7, (-a).modulo(-b))
+    assert_equal(7, a.remainder(b))
+    assert_equal(7, a.remainder(-b))
+    assert_equal(-7, (-a).remainder(b))
+    assert_equal(-7, (-a).remainder(-b))
+
+    assert_equal(10000000000000000000100000000000000000000, 10**40+10**20)
+    assert_equal(100000000000000000000, 10**40/10**20)
+
+    a = 677330545177305025495135714080
+    b = 14269972710765292560
+    assert_equal(0, a % b)
+    assert_equal(0, -a % b)
+  end
+
+  def shift_test(a)
+    b = a / (2 ** 32)
+    c = a >> 32
+    assert_equal(b, c)
+
+    b = a * (2 ** 32)
+    c = a << 32
+    assert_equal(b, c)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift
+    shift_test(-4518325415524767873)
+    shift_test(-0xfffffffffffffffff)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal("fvvvvvvvvvvvv" ,18446744073709551615.to_s(32), "[ruby-core:10686]")
+    assert_equal("g000000000000" ,18446744073709551616.to_s(32), "[ruby-core:10686]")
+    assert_equal("3w5e11264sgsf" ,18446744073709551615.to_s(36), "[ruby-core:10686]")
+    assert_equal("3w5e11264sgsg" ,18446744073709551616.to_s(36), "[ruby-core:10686]")
+    assert_equal("nd075ib45k86f" ,18446744073709551615.to_s(31), "[ruby-core:10686]")
+    assert_equal("nd075ib45k86g" ,18446744073709551616.to_s(31), "[ruby-core:10686]")
+    assert_equal("1777777777777777777777" ,18446744073709551615.to_s(8))
+    assert_equal("-1777777777777777777777" ,-18446744073709551615.to_s(8))
+    assert_match(/\A10{99}1\z/, (10**100+1).to_s)
+    assert_match(/\A10{900}9{100}\z/, (10**1000+(10**100-1)).to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_big_2comp
+    assert_equal("-4294967296", (~T32P).to_s)
+    assert_equal("..f00000000", "%x" % -T32)
+  end
+
+  def test_int2inum
+    assert_equal([T31P], [T31P].pack("I").unpack("I"))
+    assert_equal([T31P], [T31P].pack("i").unpack("i"))
+  end
+
+  def test_quad_pack
+    assert_equal([    1], [    1].pack("q").unpack("q"))
+    assert_equal([-   1], [-   1].pack("q").unpack("q"))
+    assert_equal([ T31P], [ T31P].pack("q").unpack("q"))
+    assert_equal([-T31P], [-T31P].pack("q").unpack("q"))
+    assert_equal([ T64P], [ T64P].pack("Q").unpack("Q"))
+    assert_equal([    0], [ T64 ].pack("Q").unpack("Q"))
+  end
+
+  def test_str_to_inum
+    assert_equal(1, " +1".to_i)
+    assert_equal(-1, " -1".to_i)
+    assert_equal(0, "++1".to_i)
+    assert_equal(73, "111".oct)
+    assert_equal(273, "0x111".oct)
+    assert_equal(7, "0b111".oct)
+    assert_equal(73, "0o111".oct)
+    assert_equal(111, "0d111".oct)
+    assert_equal(73, "0111".oct)
+    assert_equal(111, Integer("111"))
+    assert_equal(13, "111".to_i(3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "111".to_i(37) }
+    assert_equal(1333, "111".to_i(36))
+    assert_equal(1057, "111".to_i(32))
+    assert_equal(0, "00a".to_i)
+    assert_equal(1, Integer("1 "))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("1_") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("1__") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("1_0 x") }
+    assert_equal(T31P, "1111111111111111111111111111111".to_i(2))
+    assert_equal(0_2, '0_2'.to_i)
+    assert_equal(00_2, '00_2'.to_i)
+    assert_equal(00_02, '00_02'.to_i)
+  end
+
+  def test_very_big_str_to_inum
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      digits = [["3", 700], ["0", 2700], ["1", 1], ["0", 26599]]
+      num = digits.inject(+"") {|s,(c,n)|s << c*n}.to_i
+      assert_equal digits.sum {|c,n|n}, num.to_s.size
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s2
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { T31P.to_s(37) }
+    assert_equal("9" * 32768, (10**32768-1).to_s)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { Process.wait(1, T64P) }
+    assert_equal("0", T_ZERO.to_s)
+    assert_equal("1", T_ONE.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_f
+    assert_nothing_raised { T31P.to_f.to_i }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) {
+      assert_warning(/out of Float range/) {(1024**1024).to_f}.to_i
+    }
+    assert_equal(1, assert_warning(/out of Float range/) {(2**50000).to_f}.infinite?)
+    assert_equal(-1, assert_warning(/out of Float range/) {(-(2**50000)).to_f}.infinite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    assert_operator(T31P, :>, 1)
+    assert_operator(T31P, :<, 2147483648.0)
+    assert_operator(T31P, :<, T64P)
+    assert_operator(T64P, :>, T31P)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { T31P < "foo" }
+    assert_operator(T64, :<, (1.0/0.0))
+    assert_not_operator(T64, :>, (1.0/0.0))
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    assert_not_equal(T31P, 1)
+    assert_equal(T31P, 2147483647.0)
+    assert_not_equal(T31P, "foo")
+    assert_not_equal(2**77889, (1.0/0.0), '[ruby-core:31603]')
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    assert_send([T31P, :eql?, T31P])
+  end
+
+  def test_convert
+    assert_equal([255], [T_MONE].pack("C").unpack("C"))
+    assert_equal([0], [T32].pack("C").unpack("C"))
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { 0.to_s(T32) }
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    assert_equal(-T31, T32 - (T32 + T31))
+    x = 2**100
+    assert_equal(1, (x+2) - (x+1))
+    assert_equal(-1, (x+1) - (x+2))
+    assert_equal(0, (2**100) - (2.0**100))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [x, 2**100+2]; end
+    assert_equal(-1, (2**100+1) - o)
+    assert_equal(-1, T_ONE - 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    assert_equal(T32.to_f, T32P + 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32 + "foo" }
+    assert_equal(1267651809154049016125877911552, (2**100) + (2**80))
+    assert_equal(1267651809154049016125877911552, (2**80) + (2**100))
+    assert_equal(2**101, (2**100) + (2.0**100))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [x, 2**80]; end
+    assert_equal(1267651809154049016125877911552, (2**100) + o)
+  end
+
+  def test_minus
+    assert_equal(T32P.to_f, T32 - 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32 - "foo" }
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    assert_equal(T32.to_f, T32 * 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32 * "foo" }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [x, 2**100]; end
+    assert_equal(2**180, (2**80) * o)
+  end
+
+  def test_positive_p
+    assert_predicate(T_ONE, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(T_MONE, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(T_ZERO, :positive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_p
+    assert_not_predicate(T_ONE, :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(T_MONE, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(T_ZERO, :negative?)
+  end
+
+  def test_mul_balance
+    assert_equal(3**7000, (3**5000) * (3**2000))
+  end
+
+  def test_mul_large_numbers
+    a = %w[
+      32580286268570032115047167942578356789222410206194227403993117616454027392
+      62501901985861926098797067562795526004375784403965882943322008991129440928
+      33855888840298794008677656280486901895499985197580043127115026675632969396
+      55040226415022070581995493731570435346323030715226718346725312551631168110
+      83966158581772380474470605428802018934282425947323171408377505151988776271
+      85865548747366001752375899635539662017095652855537225416899242508164949615
+      96848508410008685252121247181772953744297349638273854170932226446528911938
+      03430429031094465344063914822790537339912760237589085026016396616506014081
+      53557719631183538265614091691713138728177917059624255801026099255450058876
+      97412698978242128457751836011774504753020608663272925708049430557191193188
+      23212591809241860763625985763438355314593186083254640117460724730431447842
+      15432124830037389073162094304199742919767272162759192882136828372588787906
+      96027938532441670018954643423581446981760344524184231299785949158765352788
+      38452309862972527623669323263424418781899966895996672291193305401609553502
+      63893514163147729201340204483973131948541009975283778189609285614445485714
+      63843850089417416331356938086609682943037801440660232801570877143192251897
+      63026816485314923378023904237699794122181407920355722922555234540701118607
+      37971417665315821995516986204709574657462370947443531049033704997194647442
+      13711787319587466437795542850136751816475182349380345341647976135081955799
+      56787050815348701001765730577514591032367920292271016649813170789854524395
+      72571698998841196411826453893352760318867994518757872432266374568779920489
+      55597104558927387008506485038236352630863481679853742412042588244086070827
+      43705456833283086410967648483312972903432798923897357373793064381177468258
+      69131640408147806442422254638590386673344704147156793990832671592488742473
+      31524606724894164324227362735271650556732855509929890983919463699819116427
+    ].join.to_i
+    b = %w[
+      31519454770031243652776765515030872050264386564379909299874378289835540661
+      99756262835346828114038365624177182230027040172583473561802565238817167503
+      85144159132462819032164726177606533272071955542237648482852154879445654746
+      25061253606344846225905712926863168413666058602449408307586532461776530803
+      56810626880722653177544008166119272373179841889454920521993413902672848145
+      77974951972342194855267960390195830413354782136431833731467699250684103370
+      98571305167189174270854698169136844578685346745340041520068176478277580590
+      43810457765638903028049263788987034217272442328962400931269515791911786205
+      15357047519615932249418012945178659435259428163356223753159488306813844040
+      93609959555018799309373542926110109744437994067754004273450659607204900586
+      28878103661124568217617766580438460505513654179249613168352070584906185237
+      34829991855182473813233425492094534396541544295119674419522772382981982574
+      64708442087451070125274285088681225122475041996116377707892328889948526913
+      82239084041628877737628853240361038273348062246951097300286513836140601495
+      63604611754185656404194406869925540477185577643853560887894081047256701731
+      66884554460428760857958761948461476977864005799494946578017758268987123749
+      85937011490156431231903167442071541493304390639100774497107347884381581049
+      85451663323551635322518839895028929788021096587229364219084708576998525298
+      39594168681411529110089531428721005176467479027585291807482375043729783455
+      35827667428080449919778142400266842990117940984804919512360370451936835708
+      76338722049621773169385978521438867493162717866679193103745711403152099047
+      27294943901673885707639094215339506973982546487889199083181789561917985023
+      82368442718514694400160954955539704757794969665555505203532944598698824542
+      00599461848630034847211204029842422678421808487300084850702007663003230882
+      16645745324467830796203354080471008809087072562876681588151822072260738003
+    ].join.to_i
+    c = %w[
+      10269128594368631269792194698469828812223242061960065022209211719149714886
+      03494742299892841188636314745174778237781513956755034582435818316155459882
+      71422025990633195596790290038198841087091600598192959108790192789550336119
+      13849937951116346796903163312950010689963716629093190601532313463306463573
+      64436438673379454947908896258675634478867189655764364639888427350090856831
+      84369949421175534994092429682748078316130135651006102162888937624830856951
+      64818150356583421988135211585954838926347035741143424980258821170351244310
+      33072045488402539147707418016613224788469923473310249137422855065567940804
+      75231970365923936034328561426062696074717204901606475826224235014948198414
+      19979210494282212322919438926816203585575357874850252052656098969732107129
+      30639419804565653489687198910271702181183420960744232756057631336661646896
+      48734093497394719644969417287962767186599484579769717220518657324467736902
+      16947995288312851432262922140679347615046098863974141226499783975470926697
+      95970415188661518504275964397022973192968233221707696639386238428211541334
+      69925631385166494600401675904803418143232703594169525858261988389529181035
+      06048776134746377586210180203524132714354779486439559392942733781343640971
+      02430607931736785273011780813863748280091795277451796799961887248262211653
+      38966967509803488282644299584920109534552889962877144862747797551711984992
+      00726518175235286668236031649728858774545087668286506201943248842967749907
+      05345423019480534625965140632428736051632750698608916592720742728646191514
+      86268964807395494825321744802493138032936406889713953832376411900451422777
+      06372983421062172556566901346288286168790235741528630664513209619789835729
+      36999522461733403414326366959273556098219489572448083984779946889707480205
+      42459898495081687425132939473146331452400120169525968892769310016015870148
+      66821361032541586130017904207971120217385522074967066199941112154460026348
+      07223950375610474071278649031647998546085807777970592429037128484222394216
+      33776560239741740193444702279919018283324070210090106960567819910943036248
+      16660475627526085805165023447934326510232828674828006752369603151390527384
+      16810180735871644266726954590262010744712519045524839388305761859432443670
+      05188791334908140831469790180096209292338569623252372975043915954675335333
+      66614002146554533771788633057869340167604765688639181655208751680821446276
+      75871494160208888666798836473728725968253820774671626436794492530356258709
+      62318715778035246655925307167306434486713879511272648637608703497794724929
+      54912261106702913491290913962825303534484477936036071463820553314826894581
+      36951927032835690160443252405644718368516656317176848748544135126122940034
+      68454782581240953957381976073459570718038035358630417744490242611126043987
+      89191812971310096496208294948623403471433467614886863238916702384858514703
+      24327715474804343531844042107910755966152655912676456945146277848606406879
+      49724219295823540160221752189725460676360350860849986313532861445465771187
+      86822806696323658053947125253562001971534265078959827450518368635828010637
+      91977444206363529864361796188661941906329947840521598310396004328950804758
+      79728679236044038853668859284513594307352133390781441610395116807369310560
+      35193762565748328526426224069629084264376146174383444988110993194030351064
+      29660536743256949099972314033972121470913480844652490838985461134989129492
+      75577567064571716731774820127381261057956083604361635892088585967074514802
+      51958582645785905276289980534832170529946494815794770854644518463332458915
+      77572397432680871220602513555535017751714443325264019171753694163676670792
+      04353584782364068773777058727187323211012094819929720407636607815292764459
+      21851731257845562153822058534043916834839514338448582518847879059020959697
+      90538105704766415685100946308842788321400392381169436435078204622400475281
+    ].join.to_i
+    assert_equal(c, a*b, '[ruby-core:48552]')
+  end
+
+  def test_divrem
+    assert_equal(0, T32 / T64)
+  end
+
+  def test_divide
+    bug5490 = '[ruby-core:40429]'
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5490) {T1024./(0)}
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, assert_warning(/out of Float range/) {T1024./(0.0)}, bug5490)
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    assert_equal(T32.to_f, T32 / 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32 / "foo" }
+    assert_equal(0x20000000, 0x40000001.div(2.0), "[ruby-dev:34553]")
+    bug5490 = '[ruby-core:40429]'
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5490) {T1024.div(0)}
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5490) {T1024.div(0.0)}
+  end
+
+  def test_idiv
+    assert_equal(715827882, 1073741824.div(Rational(3,2)), ' [ruby-dev:34066]')
+  end
+
+  def test_modulo
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32 % "foo" }
+  end
+
+  def test_remainder
+    assert_equal(0, T32.remainder(1))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32.remainder("foo") }
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod
+    assert_equal([T32, 0], T32.divmod(1))
+    assert_equal([2, 0], T32.divmod(T31))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32.divmod("foo") }
+  end
+
+  def test_quo
+    assert_kind_of(Float, T32.quo(1.0))
+
+    assert_equal(T32.to_f, T32.quo(1))
+    assert_equal(T32.to_f, T32.quo(1.0))
+    assert_equal(T32.to_f, T32.quo(T_ONE))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T32.quo("foo") }
+
+    assert_equal(1024**1024, (1024**1024).quo(1))
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (1024**1024).quo(1.0))
+    assert_equal(1024**1024*2, (1024**1024*2).quo(1))
+    inf = 1 / 0.0; nan = inf / inf
+
+    assert_send([(1024**1024*2).quo(nan), :nan?])
+  end
+
+  def test_pow
+    assert_equal(1.0, T32 ** 0.0)
+    assert_equal(1.0 / T32, T32 ** -1)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { T32 ** T32 }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { T32 ** (2**30-1) }
+
+    ### rational changes the behavior of Bignum#**
+    #assert_raise(TypeError) { T32**"foo" }
+    assert_raise(TypeError, ArgumentError) { T32**"foo" }
+
+    feature3429 = '[ruby-core:30735]'
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, (2 ** 7830457), feature3429)
+  end
+
+  def test_and
+    assert_equal(0, T32 & 1)
+    assert_equal(-T32, (-T32) & (-T31))
+    assert_equal(0, T32 & T64)
+  end
+
+  def test_or
+    assert_equal(T32 + 1, T32 | 1)
+    assert_equal(T32 + T31, T32 | T31)
+    assert_equal(-T31, (-T32) | (-T31))
+    assert_equal(T64 + T32, T32 | T64)
+    assert_equal(FIXNUM_MAX, T_ZERO | FIXNUM_MAX)
+  end
+
+  def test_xor
+    assert_equal(T32 + 1, T32 ^ 1)
+    assert_equal(T32 + T31, T32 ^ T31)
+    assert_equal(T31, (-T32) ^ (-T31))
+    assert_equal(T64 + T32, T32 ^ T64)
+  end
+
+  class DummyNumeric < Numeric
+    def to_int
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_and_with_float
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      assert_warning(/out of Float range/) {T1024 & 1.5}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_and_with_rational
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 & Rational(3, 2)}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_and_with_nonintegral_numeric
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 & DummyNumeric.new}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_or_with_float
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 | 1.5}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_or_with_rational
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 | Rational(3, 2)}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_or_with_nonintegral_numeric
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 | DummyNumeric.new}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_with_float
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 ^ 1.5}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_with_rational
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 ^ Rational(3, 2)}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_with_nonintegral_numeric
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") {
+      assert_warn(/out of Float range/) {T1024 ^ DummyNumeric.new}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_shift2
+    b = BIGNUM_MIN_BITS
+    n = BIGNUM_MIN << 1
+    assert_equal(2**(b+1), n <<  1)
+    assert_equal(2**(b-1), n << -1)
+    assert_equal(2**(b+1), n <<  1.0)
+    assert_equal(2**(b-1), n << -1.0)
+    assert_equal(2**(b+1), n << T_ONE)
+    assert_equal(2**(b-1), n << T_MONE)
+    assert_equal(2**(b-1), n >>  1)
+    assert_equal(2**(b+1), n >> -1)
+    assert_equal(2**(b-1), n >>  1.0)
+    assert_equal(2**(b+1), n >> -1.0)
+    assert_equal(2**(b-1), n >> T_ONE)
+    assert_equal(2**(b+1), n >> T_MONE)
+    assert_equal( 0,  n >> n)
+    assert_equal(-1, -n >> n)
+    assert_equal( 0,  n >> (b*4))
+    assert_equal(-1, -n >> (b*4))
+    assert_equal( 0,  (n/2) >> b)
+    assert_equal(-1, -(n/2) >> b)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_bigshift
+    big = 2**300
+    assert_equal(2**65538 / (2**65537), 2**65538 >> big.coerce(65537).first)
+  end
+
+  def test_aref
+    assert_equal(0, BIGNUM_MIN[0])
+    assert_equal(0, BIGNUM_MIN[BIGNUM_MIN])
+    assert_equal(0, BIGNUM_MIN[-BIGNUM_MIN])
+    assert_equal(0, BIGNUM_MIN[T_ZERO])
+    assert_equal(0, (-(BIGNUM_MIN*BIGNUM_MIN))[0])
+    assert_equal(1, (-2**(BIGNUM_MIN_BITS*4))[BIGNUM_MIN_BITS*4])
+  end
+
+  def test_aref2
+    x = (0x123456789abcdef << (BIGNUM_MIN_BITS + 32)) | 0x12345678
+    assert_equal(x, x[0, x.bit_length])
+    assert_equal(x >> 10, x[10, x.bit_length])
+    assert_equal(0x45678, x[0, 20])
+    assert_equal(0x6780, x[-4, 16])
+    assert_equal(0x123456, x[x.bit_length - 21, 40])
+    assert_equal(0x6789ab, x[x.bit_length - 41, 24])
+    assert_equal(0, x[-20, 10])
+    assert_equal(0, x[x.bit_length + 10, 10])
+
+    assert_equal(0, x[5, 0])
+    assert_equal(0, (-x)[5, 0])
+
+    assert_equal(x >> 5, x[5, -1])
+    assert_equal(x << 5, x[-5, -1])
+    assert_equal((-x) >> 5, (-x)[5, -1])
+    assert_equal((-x) << 5, (-x)[-5, -1])
+
+    assert_equal(x << 5, x[-5, FIXNUM_MAX])
+    assert_equal(x >> 5, x[5, FIXNUM_MAX])
+    assert_equal(0, x[FIXNUM_MIN, 100])
+    assert_equal(0, (-x)[FIXNUM_MIN, 100])
+
+    y = (x << 160) | 0x1234_0000_0000_0000_1234_0000_0000_0000
+    assert_equal(0xffffedcc00, (-y)[40, 40])
+    assert_equal(0xfffffffedc, (-y)[52, 40])
+    assert_equal(0xffffedcbff, (-y)[104, 40])
+    assert_equal(0xfffff6e5d4, (-y)[y.bit_length - 20, 40])
+    assert_equal(0, (-y)[-20, 10])
+    assert_equal(0xfff, (-y)[y.bit_length + 10, 12])
+
+    z = (1 << (BIGNUM_MIN_BITS * 2)) - 1
+    assert_equal(0x400, (-z)[-10, 20])
+    assert_equal(1, (-z)[0, 20])
+    assert_equal(0, (-z)[10, 20])
+    assert_equal(1, (-z)[0, z.bit_length])
+    assert_equal(0, (-z)[z.bit_length - 10, 10])
+    assert_equal(0x400, (-z)[z.bit_length - 10, 11])
+    assert_equal(0xfff, (-z)[z.bit_length, 12])
+    assert_equal(0xfff00, (-z)[z.bit_length - 8, 20])
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_nothing_raised { T31P.hash }
+  end
+
+  def test_coerce
+    assert_equal([T64P, T31P], T31P.coerce(T64P))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T31P.coerce(nil) }
+    obj = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) { T31P.coerce(obj) }
+  end
+
+  def test_abs
+    assert_equal(T31P, (-T31P).abs)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, T31P.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_odd
+    assert_equal(true, (BIGNUM_MIN+1).odd?)
+    assert_equal(false, BIGNUM_MIN.odd?)
+  end
+
+  def test_even
+    assert_equal(false, (BIGNUM_MIN+1).even?)
+    assert_equal(true, BIGNUM_MIN.even?)
+  end
+
+  def test_interrupt_during_to_s
+    if defined?(Integer::GMP_VERSION)
+      return # GMP doesn't support interrupt during an operation.
+    end
+    time = Time.now
+    end_flag = false
+    num = (65536 ** 65536)
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    thread = Thread.new do
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+        q << true
+        num.to_s
+        end_flag = true
+      }
+    end
+    q.pop # sync
+    thread.raise
+    thread.join
+    time = Time.now - time
+    omit "too fast cpu" if end_flag
+    assert_operator(time, :<, 10)
+  end
+
+  def test_interrupt_during_bigdivrem
+    if defined?(Integer::GMP_VERSION)
+      return # GMP doesn't support interrupt during an operation.
+    end
+    return unless Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+    begin
+      trace = []
+      oldtrap = Signal.trap(:INT) {|sig| trace << :int }
+      a = 456 ** 100
+      b = 123 ** 100
+      c = nil
+      100.times do |n|
+        a **= 3
+        b **= 3
+        trace.clear
+        th = Thread.new do
+          sleep 0.1; Process.kill :INT, $$
+          sleep 0.1; Process.kill :INT, $$
+        end
+        c = a / b
+        trace << :end
+        th.join
+        if trace == [:int, :int, :end]
+          assert_equal(a / b, c)
+          return
+        end
+      end
+      omit "cannot create suitable test case"
+    ensure
+      Signal.trap(:INT, oldtrap) if oldtrap
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_too_big_to_s
+    if Bug::Integer.fixnum?(big = 2**31-1)
+      return
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, /too big to convert/) {(1 << big).to_s}
+  end
+
+  def test_fix_fdiv
+    assert_not_equal(0, 1.fdiv(@fmax2))
+    assert_in_delta(0.5, 1.fdiv(@fmax2) * @fmax, 0.01)
+  end
+
+  def test_big_fdiv
+    assert_equal(1, @big.fdiv(@big))
+    assert_not_equal(0, @big.fdiv(@fmax2))
+    assert_not_equal(0, @fmax2.fdiv(@big))
+    assert_not_equal(0, @fmax2.fdiv(@fmax2))
+    assert_in_delta(0.5, @fmax.fdiv(@fmax2), 0.01)
+    assert_in_delta(1.0, @fmax2.fdiv(@fmax2), 0.01)
+  end
+
+  def test_float_fdiv
+    b = 1E+300.to_i
+    assert_equal(b, (b ** 2).fdiv(b))
+    assert_send([@big.fdiv(0.0 / 0.0), :nan?])
+    assert_in_delta(1E+300, (10**500).fdiv(1E+200), 1E+285)
+  end
+
+  def test_obj_fdiv
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [x, 2**100]; end
+    assert_equal((2**200).to_f, (2**300).fdiv(o))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [self, x]; end
+    def o.fdiv(x); 1; end
+    assert_equal(1.0, (2**300).fdiv(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    # this test assumes 32bit/64bit platform
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a = 1 << 64; def a.foo; end }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen
+    assert_equal(true, (2**100).frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_and_with_integer_mimic_object
+    def (obj = Object.new).to_int
+      10
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, '[ruby-core:39491]') { T1024 & obj }
+
+    def obj.coerce(other)
+      [other, 10]
+    end
+    assert_equal(T1024 & 10, T1024 & obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_or_with_integer_mimic_object
+    def (obj = Object.new).to_int
+      10
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, '[ruby-core:39491]') { T1024 | obj }
+
+    def obj.coerce(other)
+      [other, 10]
+    end
+    assert_equal(T1024 | 10, T1024 | obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_xor_with_integer_mimic_object
+    def (obj = Object.new).to_int
+      10
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, '[ruby-core:39491]') { T1024 ^ obj }
+
+    def obj.coerce(other)
+      [other, 10]
+    end
+    assert_equal(T1024 ^ 10, T1024 ^ obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_digits
+    assert_equal([90, 78, 56, 34, 12], Bug::Integer.to_bignum(1234567890).digits(100))
+    assert_equal([7215, 2413, 6242], T1024P.digits(10_000).first(3))
+    assert_equal([11], 11.digits(T1024P))
+    assert_equal([T1024P - 1, 1], (T1024P + T1024P - 1).digits(T1024P))
+    bug21680 = '[ruby-core:123769] [Bug #21680]'
+    assert_equal([0] * 64 + [1], (2**512).digits(256), bug21680)
+    assert_equal([0] * 128 + [1], (123**128).digits(123), bug21680)
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_negative_numbers
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { -11.digits(T1024P) }
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { (-T1024P).digits }
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { (-T1024P).digits(T1024P) }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_invalid_base_numbers
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T1024P).digits(0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T1024P).digits(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T1024P).digits(Bug::Integer.to_bignum(0)) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T1024P).digits(Bug::Integer.to_bignum(1)) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Bug::Integer.to_bignum(T1024P).digits(-T1024P) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 10.digits(Bug::Integer.to_bignum(0)) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 10.digits(Bug::Integer.to_bignum(1)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_non_integral_base_numbers
+    assert_equal([11], 11.digits(T128P.to_r))
+    assert_equal([11], 11.digits(T128P.to_f))
+
+    t1024p_digits_in_t32 = [T32P]*32
+    assert_equal(t1024p_digits_in_t32, T1024P.digits(T32.to_r))
+    assert_equal(t1024p_digits_in_t32, T1024P.digits(T32.to_f))
+
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { T128P.digits(10+1i) }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_non_numeric_base_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T1024P.digits("10") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { T1024P.digits("a") }
+  end
+
+  def test_finite_p
+    assert_predicate(T1024P, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(-T1024P, :finite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_infinite_p
+    assert_nil(T1024P.infinite?)
+    assert_nil((-T1024P).infinite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_gmp_version
+    if RbConfig::CONFIG.fetch('configure_args').include?("'--with-gmp'")
+      assert_kind_of(String, Integer::GMP_VERSION)
+    end
+  end if ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] == 'Compilations'
+end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_box.rb b/test/ruby/test_box.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb98a2efbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_box.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,874 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+class TestBox < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  EXPERIMENTAL_WARNING_LINE_PATTERNS = [
+    /#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] || "ruby"}(\.exe)?: warning: Ruby::Box is experimental, and the behavior may change in the future!/,
+    %r{See https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/(master|\d\.\d)/Ruby/Box.html for known issues, etc.}
+  ]
+  ENV_ENABLE_BOX = {'RUBY_BOX' => '1', 'TEST_DIR' => __dir__}
+
+  def setup
+    @box = nil
+    @dir = __dir__
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @box = nil
+  end
+
+  def setup_box
+    pend unless Ruby::Box.enabled?
+    @box = Ruby::Box.new
+  end
+
+  def test_box_availability_in_default
+    assert_separately(['RUBY_BOX'=>nil], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      assert_nil ENV['RUBY_BOX']
+      assert_not_predicate Ruby::Box, :enabled?
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_box_availability_when_enabled
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      assert_equal '1', ENV['RUBY_BOX']
+      assert_predicate Ruby::Box, :enabled?
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_current_box_in_main
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      assert_equal Ruby::Box.main, Ruby::Box.current
+      assert_predicate Ruby::Box.main, :main?
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_require_rb_separately
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+
+    @box.require(File.join(__dir__, 'box', 'a.1_1_0'))
+
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX_A
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX_B
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.1.0", @box::BOX_A.new.yay
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX_B::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay_b1", @box::BOX_B.yay
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_relative_rb_separately
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/a.1_1_0')
+
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX_A
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX_B
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.1.0", @box::BOX_A.new.yay
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX_B::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay_b1", @box::BOX_B.yay
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+  end
+
+  def test_load_separately
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+
+    @box.load(File.join(__dir__, 'box', 'a.1_1_0.rb'))
+
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX_A
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX_B
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.1.0", @box::BOX_A.new.yay
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX_B::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay_b1", @box::BOX_B.yay
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+  end
+
+  def test_box_in_box
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX1 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/box')
+
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX1
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX1::BOX_A
+    assert_not_nil @box::BOX1::BOX_B
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX1::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.1.0", @box::BOX1::BOX_A.new.yay
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", @box::BOX1::BOX_B::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay_b1", @box::BOX1::BOX_B.yay
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX1 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_rb_2versiobox
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+
+    @box.require(File.join(__dir__, 'box', 'a.1_2_0'))
+    assert_equal "1.2.0", @box::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.2.0", @box::BOX_A.new.yay
+
+    n2 = Ruby::Box.new
+    n2.require(File.join(__dir__, 'box', 'a.1_1_0'))
+    assert_equal "1.1.0", n2::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.1.0", n2::BOX_A.new.yay
+
+    # recheck @box is not affected by the following require
+    assert_equal "1.2.0", @box::BOX_A::VERSION
+    assert_equal "yay 1.2.0", @box::BOX_A.new.yay
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+  end
+
+  def test_raising_errors_in_require
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError, "Yay!") { @box.require(File.join(__dir__, 'box', 'raise')) }
+    assert_include Ruby::Box.current.inspect, "main"
+  end
+
+  def test_autoload_in_box
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/autoloading')
+    # autoloaded A is visible from global
+    assert_equal '1.1.0', @box::BOX_A::VERSION
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+
+    # autoload trigger BOX_B::BAR is valid even from global
+    assert_equal 'bar_b1', @box::BOX_B::BAR
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_A }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { BOX_B }
+  end
+
+  def test_continuous_top_level_method_in_a_box
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/define_toplevel')
+    @box.require_relative('box/call_toplevel')
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { foo }
+  end
+
+  def test_top_level_methods_in_box
+    pend # TODO: fix loading/current box detection
+    setup_box
+    @box.require_relative('box/top_level')
+    assert_equal "yay!", @box::Foo.foo
+    assert_raise(NameError) { yaaay }
+    assert_equal "foo", @box::Bar.bar
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, "boooo") { @box::Baz.baz }
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_defined_in_box_refers_module_in_box
+    setup_box
+
+    # require_relative dosn't work well in assert_separately even with __FILE__ and __LINE__
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "here = '#{__dir__}'; #{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      box1 = Ruby::Box.new
+      box1.require("#{here}/box/proc_callee")
+      proc_v = box1::Foo.callee
+      assert_raise(NameError) { Target }
+      assert box1::Target
+      assert_equal "fooooo", proc_v.call # refers Target in the box box1
+      box1.require("#{here}/box/proc_caller")
+      assert_equal "fooooo", box1::Bar.caller(proc_v)
+
+      box2 = Ruby::Box.new
+      box2.require("#{here}/box/proc_caller")
+      assert_raise(NameError) { box2::Target }
+      assert_equal "fooooo", box2::Bar.caller(proc_v) # refers Target in the box box1
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_defined_globally_refers_global_module
+    setup_box
+
+    # require_relative dosn't work well in assert_separately even with __FILE__ and __LINE__
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "here = '#{__dir__}'; #{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      require("#{here}/box/proc_callee")
+      def Target.foo
+        "yay"
+      end
+      proc_v = Foo.callee
+      assert Target
+      assert_equal "yay", proc_v.call # refers global Foo
+      box1 = Ruby::Box.new
+      box1.require("#{here}/box/proc_caller")
+      assert_equal "yay", box1::Bar.caller(proc_v)
+
+      box2 = Ruby::Box.new
+      box2.require("#{here}/box/proc_callee")
+      box2.require("#{here}/box/proc_caller")
+      assert_equal "fooooo", box2::Foo.callee.call
+      assert_equal "yay", box2::Bar.caller(proc_v) # should refer the global Target, not Foo in box2
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/instance_variables')
+
+    assert_equal [], String.instance_variables
+    assert_equal [:@str_ivar1, :@str_ivar2], @box::StringDelegatorObj.instance_variables
+    assert_equal 111, @box::StringDelegatorObj.str_ivar1
+    assert_equal 222, @box::StringDelegatorObj.str_ivar2
+    assert_equal 222, @box::StringDelegatorObj.instance_variable_get(:@str_ivar2)
+
+    @box::StringDelegatorObj.instance_variable_set(:@str_ivar3, 333)
+    assert_equal 333, @box::StringDelegatorObj.instance_variable_get(:@str_ivar3)
+    @box::StringDelegatorObj.remove_instance_variable(:@str_ivar1)
+    assert_nil @box::StringDelegatorObj.str_ivar1
+    assert_equal [:@str_ivar2, :@str_ivar3], @box::StringDelegatorObj.instance_variables
+
+    assert_equal [], String.instance_variables
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_added_in_box_are_invisible_globally
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext')
+
+    assert_equal "yay", @box::Bar.yay
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ String.new.yay }
+  end
+
+  def test_continuous_method_definitions_in_a_box
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext')
+    assert_equal "yay", @box::Bar.yay
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext_caller')
+    assert_equal "yay", @box::Foo.yay
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext_calling')
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_added_in_box_later_than_caller_code
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext_caller')
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext')
+
+    assert_equal "yay", @box::Bar.yay
+    assert_equal "yay", @box::Foo.yay
+  end
+
+  def test_method_added_in_box_are_available_on_eval
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext')
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext_eval_caller')
+
+    assert_equal "yay", @box::Baz.yay
+  end
+
+  def test_method_added_in_box_are_available_on_eval_with_binding
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext')
+    @box.require_relative('box/string_ext_eval_caller')
+
+    assert_equal "yay, yay!", @box::Baz.yay_with_binding
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_and_constants_added_by_include
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/open_class_with_include')
+
+    assert_equal "I'm saying foo 1", @box::OpenClassWithInclude.say
+    assert_equal "I'm saying foo 1", @box::OpenClassWithInclude.say_foo
+    assert_equal "I'm saying foo 1", @box::OpenClassWithInclude.say_with_obj("wow")
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::FOO }
+
+    assert_equal "foo 1", @box::OpenClassWithInclude.refer_foo
+  end
+end
+
+module ProcLookupTestA
+  module B
+    VALUE = 111
+  end
+end
+
+class TestBox < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def make_proc_from_block(&b)
+    b
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_from_main_works_with_global_definitions
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/procs')
+
+    proc_and_labels = [
+      [Proc.new { String.new.yay }, "Proc.new"],
+      [proc { String.new.yay }, "proc{}"],
+      [lambda { String.new.yay }, "lambda{}"],
+      [->(){ String.new.yay }, "->(){}"],
+      [make_proc_from_block { String.new.yay }, "make_proc_from_block"],
+      [@box::ProcInBox.make_proc_from_block { String.new.yay }, "make_proc_from_block in @box"],
+    ]
+
+    proc_and_labels.each do |str_pr|
+      pr, pr_label = str_pr
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError, "NoMethodError expected: #{pr_label}, called in main") { pr.call }
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError, "NoMethodError expected: #{pr_label}, called in @box") { @box::ProcInBox.call_proc(pr) }
+    end
+
+    const_and_labels = [
+      [Proc.new { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }, "Proc.new"],
+      [proc { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }, "proc{}"],
+      [lambda { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }, "lambda{}"],
+      [->(){ ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }, "->(){}"],
+      [make_proc_from_block { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }, "make_proc_from_block"],
+      [@box::ProcInBox.make_proc_from_block { ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE }, "make_proc_from_block in @box"],
+    ]
+
+    const_and_labels.each do |const_pr|
+      pr, pr_label = const_pr
+      assert_equal 111, pr.call, "111 expected, #{pr_label} called in main"
+      assert_equal 111, @box::ProcInBox.call_proc(pr), "111 expected, #{pr_label} called in @box"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_from_box_works_with_definitions_in_box
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/procs')
+
+    proc_types = [:proc_new, :proc_f, :lambda_f, :lambda_l, :block]
+
+    proc_types.each do |proc_type|
+      assert_equal 222, @box::ProcInBox.make_const_proc(proc_type).call, "ProcLookupTestA::B::VALUE should be 222 in @box"
+      assert_equal "foo", @box::ProcInBox.make_str_const_proc(proc_type).call, "String::FOO should be \"foo\" in @box"
+      assert_equal "yay", @box::ProcInBox.make_str_proc(proc_type).call, "String#yay should be callable in @box"
+      #
+      # TODO: method calls not-in-methods nor procs can't handle the current box correctly.
+      #
+      # assert_equal "yay,foo,222",
+      #              @box::ProcInBox.const_get(('CONST_' + proc_type.to_s.upcase).to_sym).call,
+      #              "Proc assigned to constants should refer constants correctly in @box"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_module_singleton_methods
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/singleton_methods')
+
+    assert_equal "Good evening!", @box::SingletonMethods.string_greeing # def self.greeting
+    assert_equal 42, @box::SingletonMethods.integer_answer # class << self; def answer
+    assert_equal([], @box::SingletonMethods.array_blank) # def self.blank w/ instance methods
+    assert_equal({status: 200, body: 'OK'}, @box::SingletonMethods.hash_http_200) # class << self; def ... w/ instance methods
+
+    assert_equal([4, 4], @box::SingletonMethods.array_instance_methods_return_size([1, 2, 3, 4]))
+    assert_equal([3, 3], @box::SingletonMethods.hash_instance_methods_return_size({a: 2, b: 4, c: 8}))
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { String.greeting }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Integer.answer }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Array.blank }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Hash.http_200 }
+  end
+
+  def test_add_constants_in_box
+    setup_box
+
+    @box.require('envutil')
+
+    String.const_set(:STR_CONST0, 999)
+    assert_equal 999, String::STR_CONST0
+    assert_equal 999, String.const_get(:STR_CONST0)
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String.const_get(:STR_CONST1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST2 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST3 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Integer.const_get(:INT_CONST1) }
+
+    EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      @box.require_relative('box/consts')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 999, String::STR_CONST0
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST1 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST2 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Integer::INT_CONST1 }
+
+    assert_not_nil @box::ForConsts.refer_all
+
+    assert_equal 112, @box::ForConsts.refer1
+    assert_equal 112, @box::ForConsts.get1
+    assert_equal 112, @box::ForConsts::CONST1
+    assert_equal 222, @box::ForConsts.refer2
+    assert_equal 222, @box::ForConsts.get2
+    assert_equal 222, @box::ForConsts::CONST2
+    assert_equal 333, @box::ForConsts.refer3
+    assert_equal 333, @box::ForConsts.get3
+    assert_equal 333, @box::ForConsts::CONST3
+
+    @box::EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      @box::ForConsts.const_set(:CONST3, 334)
+    end
+    assert_equal 334, @box::ForConsts::CONST3
+    assert_equal 334, @box::ForConsts.refer3
+    assert_equal 334, @box::ForConsts.get3
+
+    assert_equal 10, @box::ForConsts.refer_top_const
+
+    # use Proxy object to use usual methods instead of singleton methods
+    proxy = @box::ForConsts::Proxy.new
+
+    assert_raise(NameError){ proxy.call_str_refer0 }
+    assert_raise(NameError){ proxy.call_str_get0 }
+
+    proxy.call_str_set0(30)
+    assert_equal 30, proxy.call_str_refer0
+    assert_equal 30, proxy.call_str_get0
+    assert_equal 999, String::STR_CONST0
+
+    proxy.call_str_remove0
+    assert_raise(NameError){ proxy.call_str_refer0 }
+    assert_raise(NameError){ proxy.call_str_get0 }
+
+    assert_equal 112, proxy.call_str_refer1
+    assert_equal 112, proxy.call_str_get1
+    assert_equal 223, proxy.call_str_refer2
+    assert_equal 223, proxy.call_str_get2
+    assert_equal 333, proxy.call_str_refer3
+    assert_equal 333, proxy.call_str_get3
+
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      proxy.call_str_set3
+    end
+    assert_equal 334, proxy.call_str_refer3
+    assert_equal 334, proxy.call_str_get3
+
+    assert_equal 1, proxy.refer_int_const1
+
+    assert_equal 999, String::STR_CONST0
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST1 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST2 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { String::STR_CONST3 }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Integer::INT_CONST1 }
+  end
+
+  def test_global_variables
+    default_l = $-0
+    default_f = $,
+
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_equal "\n", $-0 # equal to $/, line splitter
+    assert_equal nil, $,   # field splitter
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/global_vars')
+
+    # read first
+    assert_equal "\n", @box::LineSplitter.read
+    @box::LineSplitter.write("\r\n")
+    assert_equal "\r\n", @box::LineSplitter.read
+    assert_equal "\n", $-0
+
+    # write first
+    @box::FieldSplitter.write(",")
+    assert_equal ",", @box::FieldSplitter.read
+    assert_equal nil, $,
+
+    # used only in box
+    assert_not_include? global_variables, :$used_only_in_box
+    @box::UniqueGvar.write(123)
+    assert_equal 123, @box::UniqueGvar.read
+    assert_nil $used_only_in_box
+
+    # Kernel#global_variables returns the sum of all gvars.
+    global_gvars = global_variables.sort
+    assert_equal global_gvars, @box::UniqueGvar.gvars_in_box.sort
+    @box::UniqueGvar.write_only(456)
+    assert_equal (global_gvars + [:$write_only_var_in_box]).sort, @box::UniqueGvar.gvars_in_box.sort
+    assert_equal (global_gvars + [:$write_only_var_in_box]).sort, global_variables.sort
+  ensure
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      $-0 = default_l
+      $, = default_f
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_load_path_and_loaded_features
+    setup_box
+
+    assert_respond_to $LOAD_PATH, :resolve_feature_path
+
+    @box.require_relative('box/load_path')
+
+    assert_not_equal $LOAD_PATH, @box::LoadPathCheck::FIRST_LOAD_PATH
+
+    assert @box::LoadPathCheck::FIRST_LOAD_PATH_RESPOND_TO_RESOLVE
+
+    box_dir = File.join(__dir__, 'box')
+    # TODO: $LOADED_FEATURES in method calls should refer the current box in addition to the loading box.
+    # assert_include @box::LoadPathCheck.current_loaded_features, File.join(box_dir, 'blank1.rb')
+    # assert_not_include @box::LoadPathCheck.current_loaded_features, File.join(box_dir, 'blank2.rb')
+    # assert_predicate @box::LoadPathCheck, :require_blank2
+    # assert_include(@box::LoadPathCheck.current_loaded_features, File.join(box_dir, 'blank2.rb'))
+
+    assert_not_include $LOADED_FEATURES, File.join(box_dir, 'blank1.rb')
+    assert_not_include $LOADED_FEATURES, File.join(box_dir, 'blank2.rb')
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_basic
+    setup_box
+
+    # Test basic evaluation
+    result = @box.eval("1 + 1")
+    assert_equal 2, result
+
+    # Test string evaluation
+    result = @box.eval("'hello ' + 'world'")
+    assert_equal "hello world", result
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_with_constants
+    setup_box
+
+    # Define a constant in the box via eval
+    @box.eval("TEST_CONST = 42")
+    assert_equal 42, @box::TEST_CONST
+
+    # Constant should not be visible in main box
+    assert_raise(NameError) { TEST_CONST }
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_with_classes
+    setup_box
+
+    # Define a class in the box via eval
+    @box.eval("class TestClass; def hello; 'from box'; end; end")
+
+    # Class should be accessible in the box
+    instance = @box::TestClass.new
+    assert_equal "from box", instance.hello
+
+    # Class should not be visible in main box
+    assert_raise(NameError) { TestClass }
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_isolation
+    setup_box
+
+    # Create another box
+    n2 = Ruby::Box.new
+
+    # Define different constants in each box
+    @box.eval("ISOLATION_TEST = 'first'")
+    n2.eval("ISOLATION_TEST = 'second'")
+
+    # Each box should have its own constant
+    assert_equal "first", @box::ISOLATION_TEST
+    assert_equal "second", n2::ISOLATION_TEST
+
+    # Constants should not interfere with each other
+    assert_not_equal @box::ISOLATION_TEST, n2::ISOLATION_TEST
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_with_variables
+    setup_box
+
+    # Test local variable access (should work within the eval context)
+    result = @box.eval("x = 10; y = 20; x + y")
+    assert_equal 30, result
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_error_handling
+    setup_box
+
+    # Test syntax error
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { @box.eval("1 +") }
+
+    # Test name error
+    assert_raise(NameError) { @box.eval("undefined_variable") }
+
+    # Test that box is properly restored after error
+    begin
+      @box.eval("raise RuntimeError, 'test error'")
+    rescue RuntimeError
+      # Should be able to continue using the box
+      result = @box.eval("2 + 2")
+      assert_equal 4, result
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Tests which run always (w/o RUBY_BOX=1 globally)
+
+  def test_prelude_gems_and_loaded_features
+    assert_in_out_err([ENV_ENABLE_BOX, "--enable=gems"], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}") do |output, error|
+      begin;
+        puts ["before:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/bundled_gems.rb") }&.first].join
+        puts ["before:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/error_highlight.rb") }&.first].join
+
+        require "error_highlight"
+
+        puts ["after:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/bundled_gems.rb") }&.first].join
+        puts ["after:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/error_highlight.rb") }&.first].join
+      end;
+
+      # No additional warnings except for experimental warnings
+      assert_equal 2, error.size
+      assert_match EXPERIMENTAL_WARNING_LINE_PATTERNS[0], error[0]
+      assert_match EXPERIMENTAL_WARNING_LINE_PATTERNS[1], error[1]
+
+      assert_includes output.grep(/^before:/).join("\n"), '/bundled_gems.rb'
+      assert_includes output.grep(/^before:/).join("\n"), '/error_highlight.rb'
+      assert_includes output.grep(/^after:/).join("\n"), '/bundled_gems.rb'
+      assert_includes output.grep(/^after:/).join("\n"), '/error_highlight.rb'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_prelude_gems_and_loaded_features_with_disable_gems
+    assert_in_out_err([ENV_ENABLE_BOX, "--disable=gems"], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}") do |output, error|
+      begin;
+        puts ["before:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/bundled_gems.rb") }&.first].join
+        puts ["before:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/error_highlight.rb") }&.first].join
+
+        require "error_highlight"
+
+        puts ["after:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/bundled_gems.rb") }&.first].join
+        puts ["after:", $LOADED_FEATURES.select{ it.end_with?("/error_highlight.rb") }&.first].join
+      end;
+
+      assert_equal 2, error.size
+      assert_match EXPERIMENTAL_WARNING_LINE_PATTERNS[0], error[0]
+      assert_match EXPERIMENTAL_WARNING_LINE_PATTERNS[1], error[1]
+
+      refute_includes output.grep(/^before:/).join("\n"), '/bundled_gems.rb'
+      refute_includes output.grep(/^before:/).join("\n"), '/error_highlight.rb'
+      refute_includes output.grep(/^after:/).join("\n"), '/bundled_gems.rb'
+      assert_includes output.grep(/^after:/).join("\n"), '/error_highlight.rb'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_root_and_main_methods
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      pend unless Ruby::Box.respond_to?(:root) and Ruby::Box.respond_to?(:main) # for RUBY_DEBUG > 0
+
+      assert_respond_to Ruby::Box.root, :root?
+      assert_respond_to Ruby::Box.main, :main?
+
+      assert_predicate Ruby::Box.root, :root?
+      assert_predicate Ruby::Box.main, :main?
+      assert_equal Ruby::Box.main, Ruby::Box.current
+
+      $a = 1
+      $LOADED_FEATURES.push("/tmp/foobar")
+
+      assert_equal 2, Ruby::Box.root.eval('$a = 2; $a')
+      assert_not_include Ruby::Box.root.eval('$LOADED_FEATURES.push("/tmp/barbaz"); $LOADED_FEATURES'), "/tmp/foobar"
+      assert_equal "FooClass", Ruby::Box.root.eval('class FooClass; end; Object.const_get(:FooClass).to_s')
+
+      assert_equal 1, $a
+      assert_not_include $LOADED_FEATURES, "/tmp/barbaz"
+      assert_not_operator Object, :const_defined?, :FooClass
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_box_detections
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      box = Ruby::Box.new
+      $gvar1 = 'bar'
+      code = <<~EOC
+      BOX1 = Ruby::Box.current
+      $gvar1 = 'foo'
+
+      def toplevel = $gvar1
+
+      class Foo
+        BOX2 = Ruby::Box.current
+        BOX2_proc = ->(){ BOX2 }
+        BOX3_proc = ->(){ Ruby::Box.current }
+
+        def box4 = Ruby::Box.current
+        def self.box5 = BOX2
+        def self.box6 = Ruby::Box.current
+        def self.box6_proc = ->(){ Ruby::Box.current }
+        def self.box7
+          res = []
+          [1,2].chunk{ it.even? }.each do |bool, members|
+            res << Ruby::Box.current.object_id.to_s + ":" + bool.to_s + ":" + members.map(&:to_s).join(",")
+          end
+          res
+        end
+
+        def self.yield_block = yield
+        def self.call_block(&b) = b.call
+
+        def self.gvar1 = $gvar1
+        def self.call_toplevel = toplevel
+      end
+      FOO_NAME = Foo.name
+
+      module Kernel
+        def foo_box = Ruby::Box.current
+        module_function :foo_box
+      end
+
+      BOX_X = Foo.new.box4
+      BOX_Y = foo_box
+      EOC
+      box.eval(code)
+      outer = Ruby::Box.current
+      assert_equal box, box::BOX1 # on TOP frame
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo::BOX2 # on CLASS frame
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo::BOX2_proc.call # proc -> a const on CLASS
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo::BOX3_proc.call # proc -> the current
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo.new.box4 # instance method  -> the current
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo.box5     # singleton method -> a const on CLASS
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo.box6     # singleton method -> the current
+      assert_equal box, box::Foo.box6_proc.call # method returns a proc -> the current
+
+      # a block after CFUNC/IFUNC in a method -> the current
+      assert_equal ["#{box.object_id}:false:1", "#{box.object_id}:true:2"], box::Foo.box7
+
+      assert_equal outer, box::Foo.yield_block{ Ruby::Box.current } # method yields
+      assert_equal outer, box::Foo.call_block{ Ruby::Box.current }  # method calls a block
+
+      assert_equal 'foo', box::Foo.gvar1 # method refers gvar
+      assert_equal 'bar', $gvar1        # gvar value out of the box
+      assert_equal 'foo', box::Foo.call_toplevel # toplevel method referring gvar
+
+      assert_equal box, box::BOX_X # on TOP frame, referring a class in the current
+      assert_equal box, box::BOX_Y # on TOP frame, referring Kernel method defined by a CFUNC method
+
+      assert_equal "Foo", box::FOO_NAME
+      assert_equal "Foo", box::Foo.name
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_extension_libs_in_main_box_1
+    pend if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # timeout on windows environments
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      require "prism"
+      require "optparse"
+      require "date"
+      require "time"
+      require "delegate"
+      require "singleton"
+      require "pp"
+      require "fileutils"
+      require "tempfile"
+      require "tmpdir"
+      require "json"
+      require "psych"
+      require "yaml"
+      expected = 1
+      assert_equal expected, 1
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_extension_libs_in_main_box_2
+    pend if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # timeout on windows environments
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      require "zlib"
+      require "open3"
+      require "ipaddr"
+      require "net/http"
+      require "openssl"
+      require "socket"
+      require "uri"
+      require "digest"
+      require "erb"
+      require "stringio"
+      require "monitor"
+      require "timeout"
+      require "securerandom"
+      expected = 1
+      assert_equal expected, 1
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_mark_box_object_referred_only_from_binding
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      box = Ruby::Box.new
+      box.eval('class Integer; def +(*)=42; end')
+      b = box.eval('binding')
+      box = nil # remove direct reference to the box
+
+      assert_equal 42, b.eval('1+2')
+
+      GC.stress = true
+      GC.start
+
+      assert_equal 42, b.eval('1+2')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_extension_deleted_in_user_box
+    require 'tmpdir'
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmpdir|
+      env = ENV_ENABLE_BOX.merge({'TMPDIR'=>tmpdir})
+      assert_ruby_status([env], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        require "json"
+      end;
+      assert_empty(Dir.children(tmpdir))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_root_box_iclasses_should_be_boxable
+    assert_separately([ENV_ENABLE_BOX], __FILE__, __LINE__, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ignore_stderr: true)
+    begin;
+      Ruby::Box.root.eval("class IMath; include Math; end") # (*)
+      module Math
+        def foo = :foo
+      end
+      # This test crashes here if iclasses (created at the line (*) is not boxable)
+      class IMath2; include Math; end
+      assert_equal :foo, IMath2.new.foo
+      assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        Ruby::Box.root.eval("IMath.new.foo")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_call.rb b/test/ruby/test_call.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd1936c4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_call.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1489 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require '-test-/iter'
+
+class TestCall < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  # These dummy method definitions prevent warnings "the block passed to 'a'..."
+  def a(&) = nil
+  def b(&) = nil
+  def c(&) = nil
+  def d(&) = nil
+  def e(&) = nil
+  def f(&) = nil
+  def g(&) = nil
+  def h(&) = nil
+  def i(&) = nil
+  def j(&) = nil
+  def k(&) = nil
+  def l(&) = nil
+  def m(&) = nil
+  def n(&) = nil
+  def o(&) = nil
+
+  def aaa(a, b=100, *rest, &)
+    res = [a, b]
+    res += rest if rest
+    return res
+  end
+
+  def test_call
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {aaa()}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {aaa}
+
+    assert_equal([1, 100], aaa(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], aaa(1, 2))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], aaa(1, 2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], aaa(1, *[2, 3, 4]))
+  end
+
+  def test_callinfo
+    bug9622 = '[ruby-core:61422] [Bug #9622]'
+    o = Class.new do
+      def foo(*args)
+        bar(:foo, *args)
+      end
+      def bar(name)
+        name
+      end
+    end.new
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {o.foo(100)}
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {o.foo}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, e.message, bug9622) {o.foo(100)}
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call
+    s = Struct.new(:x, :y, :z)
+    o = s.new("x")
+    assert_equal("X", o.x&.upcase)
+    assert_nil(o.y&.upcase)
+    assert_equal("x", o.x)
+    o&.x = 6
+    assert_equal(6, o.x)
+    o&.x *= 7
+    assert_equal(42, o.x)
+    o&.y = 5
+    assert_equal(5, o.y)
+    o&.z ||= 6
+    assert_equal(6, o.z)
+    o&.z &&= 7
+    assert_equal(7, o.z)
+
+    o = nil
+    assert_nil(o&.x)
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x = raise}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x = raise; nil}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x *= raise}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x *= raise; nil}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x ||= raise}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x ||= raise; nil}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x &&= raise}
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) {o&.x &&= raise; nil}
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_evaluate_arguments_only_method_call_is_made
+    count = 0
+    proc = proc { count += 1; 1 }
+    s = Struct.new(:x, :y)
+    o = s.new(["a", "b", "c"])
+
+    o.y&.at(proc.call)
+    assert_equal(0, count)
+
+    o.x&.at(proc.call)
+    assert_equal(1, count)
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_block_command
+    assert_nil(("a".sub! "b" do end&.foo 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_block_call
+    assert_nil(("a".sub! "b" do end&.foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_block_call_brace
+    assert_nil(("a".sub! "b" do end&.foo {}))
+    assert_nil(("a".sub! "b" do end&.foo do end))
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_block_call_command
+    assert_nil(("a".sub! "b" do end&.foo 1 do end))
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_safe_call
+    h = nil
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      h[:foo] = nil
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_splat_and_keywords
+   a = [1, 2].freeze
+   def self.f(*a); a end
+   assert_equal([1, 2, {kw: 3}], f(*a, kw: 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_forward_argument_init
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.simple_forward_argument_init(a=eval('b'), b=1)
+      [a, b]
+    end
+
+    def o.complex_forward_argument_init(a=eval('b'), b=eval('kw'), kw: eval('kw2'), kw2: 3)
+      [a, b, kw, kw2]
+    end
+
+    def o.keyword_forward_argument_init(a: eval('b'), b: eval('kw'), kw: eval('kw2'), kw2: 3)
+      [a, b, kw, kw2]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [nil, 1], o.simple_forward_argument_init
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, 3, 3], o.complex_forward_argument_init
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, 3, 3], o.keyword_forward_argument_init
+  end
+
+  def test_call_bmethod_proc
+    pr = proc{|sym| sym}
+    define_singleton_method(:a, &pr)
+    ary = [10]
+    assert_equal(10, a(*ary))
+  end
+
+  def test_call_bmethod_proc_restarg
+    pr = proc{|*sym| sym}
+    define_singleton_method(:a, &pr)
+    ary = [10]
+    assert_equal([10], a(*ary))
+    assert_equal([10], a(10))
+  end
+
+  def test_call_op_asgn_keywords
+    h = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :get, :set
+      def v; yield; [*@get, *@set] end
+      def [](*a, **b, &c) @get = [a, b, c]; @set = []; 3 end
+      def []=(*a, **b, &c) @set = [a, b, c] end
+    end.new
+
+    a = []
+    kw = {}
+    b = lambda{}
+
+    # Prevent "assigned but unused variable" warnings
+    _ = [h, a, kw, b]
+
+    message = /keyword arg given in index assignment/
+
+    # +=, without block, non-popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, nil: 3] += 1}, message)
+
+    # +=, with block, non-popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2, &b] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, b: 3, &b] += 1}, message)
+
+    # +=, without block, popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, nil: 3] += 1; nil}, message)
+
+    # +=, with block, popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, b: 3, &b] += 1; nil}, message)
+
+    # &&=, without block, non-popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, nil: 3] &&= 1}, message)
+
+    # &&=, with block, non-popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, b: 3, &b] &&= 1}, message)
+
+    # &&=, without block, popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, nil: 3] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+
+    # &&=, with block, popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, b: 3, &b] &&= 1; nil}, message)
+
+    # ||=, without block, non-popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, nil: 3] ||= 1}, message)
+
+    # ||=, with block, non-popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, b: 3, &b] ||= 1}, message)
+
+    # ||=, without block, popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, nil: 3] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+
+    # ||=, with block, popped
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[**kw, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, **kw, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, **kw, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[kw: 5, a: 2, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, kw: 5, a: 2, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[0, *a, kw: 5, a: 2, b: 3, &b] ||= 1; nil}, message)
+
+  end
+
+  def test_kwsplat_block_order_op_asgn
+    o = Object.new
+    ary = []
+    o.define_singleton_method(:to_a) {ary << :to_a; []}
+    o.define_singleton_method(:to_hash) {ary << :to_hash; {}}
+    o.define_singleton_method(:to_proc) {ary << :to_proc; lambda{}}
+
+    def o.[](...) 2 end
+    def o.[]=(...) end
+
+    message = /keyword arg given in index assignment/
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{o[kw: 1] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{o[**o] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{o[**o, &o] += 1}, message)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{o[*o, **o, &o] += 1}, message)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_op_asgn_keywords_mutable
+    h = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :get, :set
+      def v; yield; [*@get, *@set] end
+      def [](*a, **b)
+        @get = [a.dup, b.dup]
+        a << :splat_modified
+        b[:kw_splat_modified] = true
+        @set = []
+        3
+      end
+      def []=(*a, **b) @set = [a, b] end
+    end.new
+
+    message = /keyword arg given in index assignment/
+
+    a = []
+    kw = {}
+
+    # Prevent "assigned but unused variable" warnings
+    _ = [h, a, kw]
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{h[*a, 2, b: 5, **kw] += 1}, message)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_splat_post_order
+    bug12860 = '[ruby-core:77701] [Bug# 12860]'
+    ary = [1, 2]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 1], aaa(*ary, ary.shift), bug12860)
+    ary = [1, 2]
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 1], aaa(0, *ary, ary.shift), bug12860)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_splat_block_order
+    bug16504 = '[ruby-core:96769] [Bug# 16504]'
+    b = proc{}
+    ary = [1, 2, b]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, b], aaa(*ary, &ary.pop), bug16504)
+    ary = [1, 2, b]
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, b], aaa(0, *ary, &ary.pop), bug16504)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_splat_kw_order
+    b = {}
+    ary = [1, 2, b]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, b, {a: b}], aaa(*ary, a: ary.pop))
+    ary = [1, 2, b]
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, b, {a: b}], aaa(0, *ary, a: ary.pop))
+  end
+
+  def test_call_splat_kw_splat_order
+    b = {}
+    ary = [1, 2, b]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, b], aaa(*ary, **ary.pop))
+    ary = [1, 2, b]
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, b], aaa(0, *ary, **ary.pop))
+  end
+
+  def test_call_args_splat_with_nonhash_keyword_splat
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash; {a: 1} end
+    def self.f(*a, **kw)
+      kw
+    end
+    assert_equal Hash, f(*[], **o).class
+  end
+
+  def test_call_args_splat_with_pos_arg_kw_splat_is_not_mutable
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo(a, **h)= h[:splat_modified] = true
+
+    a = []
+    b = {splat_modified: false}
+
+    o.foo(*a, :x, **b)
+
+    assert_equal({splat_modified: false}, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_anon_splat
+    r2kh = Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(kw: 2)
+    r2kea = [r2kh]
+    r2ka = [1, r2kh]
+
+    def self.s(*) ->(*a){a}.call(*) end
+    assert_equal([], s)
+    assert_equal([1], s(1))
+    assert_equal([{kw: 2}], s(kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([{kw: 2}], s(**{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([1, {kw: 2}], s(1, kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([1, {kw: 2}], s(1, **{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([{kw: 2}], s(*r2kea))
+    assert_equal([1, {kw: 2}], s(*r2ka))
+
+    singleton_class.remove_method(:s)
+    def self.s(*, kw: 0) [*->(*a){a}.call(*), kw] end
+    assert_equal([0], s)
+    assert_equal([1, 0], s(1))
+    assert_equal([2], s(kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([2], s(**{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], s(1, kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], s(1, **{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([2], s(*r2kea))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], s(*r2ka))
+
+    singleton_class.remove_method(:s)
+    def self.s(*, **kw) [*->(*a){a}.call(*), kw] end
+    assert_equal([{}], s)
+    assert_equal([1, {}], s(1))
+    assert_equal([{kw: 2}], s(kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([{kw: 2}], s(**{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([1, {kw: 2}], s(1, kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([1, {kw: 2}], s(1, **{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([{kw: 2}], s(*r2kea))
+    assert_equal([1, {kw: 2}], s(*r2ka))
+
+    singleton_class.remove_method(:s)
+    def self.s(*, kw: 0, **kws) [*->(*a){a}.call(*), kw, kws] end
+    assert_equal([0, {}], s)
+    assert_equal([1, 0, {}], s(1))
+    assert_equal([2, {}], s(kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([2, {}], s(**{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, {}], s(1, kw: 2))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, {}], s(1, **{kw: 2}))
+    assert_equal([2, {}], s(*r2kea))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, {}], s(*r2ka))
+  end
+
+  def test_anon_splat_mutated_bug_21757
+    args = [1, 2]
+    kw = {bug: true}
+
+    def self.m(*); end
+    m(*args, bug: true)
+    assert_equal(2, args.length)
+
+    proc = ->(*) { }
+    proc.(*args, bug: true)
+    assert_equal(2, args.length)
+
+    def self.m2(*); end
+    m2(*args, **kw)
+    assert_equal(2, args.length)
+
+    proc = ->(*) { }
+    proc.(*args, **kw)
+    assert_equal(2, args.length)
+
+    def self.m3(*, **nil); end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m3(*args, bug: true) }
+    assert_equal(2, args.length)
+
+    proc = ->(*, **nil) { }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { proc.(*args, bug: true) }
+    assert_equal(2, args.length)
+  end
+
+  def test_kwsplat_block_eval_order
+    def self.t(**kw, &b) [kw, b] end
+
+    pr = ->{}
+    h = {a: pr}
+    a = []
+
+    ary = t(**h, &h.delete(:a))
+    assert_equal([{a: pr}, pr], ary)
+
+    h = {a: pr}
+    ary = t(*a, **h, &h.delete(:a))
+    assert_equal([{a: pr}, pr], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_kwsplat_block_order
+    o = Object.new
+    ary = []
+    o.define_singleton_method(:to_a) {ary << :to_a; []}
+    o.define_singleton_method(:to_hash) {ary << :to_hash; {}}
+    o.define_singleton_method(:to_proc) {ary << :to_proc; lambda{}}
+
+    def self.t(...) end
+
+    t(**o, &o)
+    assert_equal([:to_hash, :to_proc], ary)
+
+    ary.clear
+    t(*o, **o, &o)
+    assert_equal([:to_a, :to_hash, :to_proc], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_kwsplat_block_order_super
+    def self.t(splat)
+      o = Object.new
+      ary = []
+      o.define_singleton_method(:to_a) {ary << :to_a; []}
+      o.define_singleton_method(:to_hash) {ary << :to_hash; {}}
+      o.define_singleton_method(:to_proc) {ary << :to_proc; lambda{}}
+      if splat
+        super(*o, **o, &o)
+      else
+        super(**o, &o)
+      end
+      ary
+    end
+    extend Module.new{def t(...) end}
+
+    assert_equal([:to_hash, :to_proc], t(false))
+    assert_equal([:to_a, :to_hash, :to_proc], t(true))
+  end
+
+  OVER_STACK_LEN = (ENV['RUBY_OVER_STACK_LEN'] || 150).to_i # Greater than VM_ARGC_STACK_MAX
+  OVER_STACK_ARGV = OVER_STACK_LEN.times.to_a.freeze
+
+  def test_call_cfunc_splat_large_array_bug_4040
+    a = OVER_STACK_ARGV
+
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], *a[1..]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2..]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2..]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[...-1], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-1], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-1], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-1], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[...-2], a[-2], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-2], a[-2], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1]))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1]))
+
+    kw = {x: 1}
+    a_kw = a + [kw]
+
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1..], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2..], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2..], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a, x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1..], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2..], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2..], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[...-1], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-1], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1))
+
+    a_kw[-1][:y] = 2
+    kw = {y: 2}
+
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a, x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1..], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2..], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2..], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[...-1], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-1], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a_kw, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], x: 1, **kw))
+
+    kw = {}
+
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a, **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], *a[1..], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2..], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2..], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-1], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], *a[1...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(a[0], a[1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a[0..1], *a[2...-2], a[-2], a[-1], **kw))
+
+    a_kw = a + [Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({})]
+    assert_equal(a, [].push(*a_kw))
+
+    # Single test with value that would cause SystemStackError.
+    # Not all tests use such a large array to reduce testing time.
+    assert_equal(1380888, [].push(*1380888.times.to_a).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_iseq_large_array_splat_fail
+    def self.a; end
+    def self.b(a=1); end
+    def self.c(k: 1); end
+    def self.d(**kw); end
+    def self.e(k: 1, **kw); end
+    def self.f(a=1, k: 1); end
+    def self.g(a=1, **kw); end
+    def self.h(a=1, k: 1, **kw); end
+
+    (:a..:h).each do |meth|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        instance_eval("#{meth}(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_iseq_large_array_splat_pass
+    def self.a(*a); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.b(_, *a); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), b(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.c(_, *a, _); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), c(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.d(b=1, *a); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), d(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.e(b=1, *a, _); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), e(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.f(b, *a); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), f(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.g(*a, k: 1); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, g(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.h(*a, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, h(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.i(*a, k: 1, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, i(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.j(b=1, *a, k: 1); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), j(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.k(b=1, *a, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), k(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.l(b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), l(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.m(b=1, *a, _, k: 1); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), m(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.n(b=1, *a, _, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), n(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.o(b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), o(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_iseq_large_array_splat_with_large_number_of_parameters
+    args = OVER_STACK_ARGV.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+    args1 = (OVER_STACK_LEN-1).times.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def a(#{args}); [#{args}] end")
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_ARGV, a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def b(#{args}, b=0); [#{args}, b] end")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [0], b(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def c(#{args}, *b); [#{args}, b] end")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [[]], c(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def d(#{args1}, *b); [#{args1}, b] end")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV[0...-1] + [[OVER_STACK_ARGV.last]], d(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+  end if OVER_STACK_LEN < 200
+
+  def test_call_proc_large_array_splat_pass
+    [
+      proc{0} ,
+      proc{|a=1|a},
+      proc{|k: 1|0},
+      proc{|**kw| 0},
+      proc{|k: 1, **kw| 0},
+      proc{|a=1, k: 1| a},
+      proc{|a=1, **kw| a},
+      proc{|a=1, k: 1, **kw| a},
+    ].each do |l|
+      assert_equal 0, l.call(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, proc{|*a| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), proc{|_, *a| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), proc{|_, *a, _| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), proc{|b=1, *a| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), proc{|b=1, *a, _| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), proc{|b=1, *a| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, proc{|*a, k: 1| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, proc{|*a, **kw| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, proc{|*a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), proc{|b=1, *a, k: 1| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), proc{|b=1, *a, **kw| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), proc{|b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), proc{|b=1, *a, _, k: 1| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), proc{|b=1, *a, _, **kw| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), proc{|b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw| a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_proc_large_array_splat_with_large_number_of_parameters
+    args = OVER_STACK_ARGV.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+    args1 = (OVER_STACK_LEN-1).times.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args}| [#{args}]}")
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_ARGV, l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args}, b| [#{args}, b]}")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [nil], l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args1}| [#{args1}]}")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV[0...-1], l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args}, *b| [#{args}, b]}")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [[]], l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args1}, *b| [#{args1}, b]}")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV[0...-1] + [[OVER_STACK_ARGV.last]], l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args}, b, *c| [#{args}, b, c]}")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [nil, []], l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    l = instance_eval("proc{|#{args}, b, *c, d| [#{args}, b, c, d]}")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [nil, [], nil], l.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+  end if OVER_STACK_LEN < 200
+
+  def test_call_lambda_large_array_splat_fail
+    [
+      ->{} ,
+      ->(a=1){},
+      ->(k: 1){},
+      ->(**kw){},
+      ->(k: 1, **kw){},
+      ->(a=1, k: 1){},
+      ->(a=1, **kw){},
+      ->(a=1, k: 1, **kw){},
+    ].each do |l|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        l.call(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_lambda_large_array_splat_pass
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, ->(*a){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), ->(_, *a){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), ->(_, *a, _){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), ->(b=1, *a){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), ->(b=1, *a, _){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), ->(b, *a){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, ->(*a, k: 1){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, ->(*a, **kw){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, ->(*a, k: 1, **kw){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), ->(b=1, *a, k: 1){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), ->(b=1, *a, **kw){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), ->(b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), ->(b=1, *a, _, k: 1){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), ->(b=1, *a, _, **kw){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), ->(b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw){a.length}.(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_yield_block_large_array_splat_pass
+    def self.a
+      yield(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    [
+      proc{0} ,
+      proc{|a=1|a},
+      proc{|k: 1|0},
+      proc{|**kw| 0},
+      proc{|k: 1, **kw| 0},
+      proc{|a=1, k: 1| a},
+      proc{|a=1, **kw| a},
+      proc{|a=1, k: 1, **kw| a},
+    ].each do |l|
+      assert_equal 0, a(&l)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a{|*a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a{|_, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a{|_, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a{|b=1, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a{|b=1, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a{|b, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a{|*a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a{|*a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a{|*a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a{|b=1, *a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a{|b=1, *a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a{|b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a{|b=1, *a, _, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a{|b=1, *a, _, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a{|b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+  end
+
+  def test_call_yield_large_array_splat_with_large_number_of_parameters
+    def self.a
+      yield(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    args = OVER_STACK_ARGV.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+    args1 = (OVER_STACK_LEN-1).times.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_ARGV, instance_eval("a{|#{args}| [#{args}]}", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [nil], instance_eval("a{|#{args}, b| [#{args}, b]}", __FILE__, __LINE__))
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV[0...-1], instance_eval("a{|#{args1}| [#{args1}]}", __FILE__, __LINE__))
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [[]], instance_eval("a{|#{args}, *b| [#{args}, b]}", __FILE__, __LINE__))
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV[0...-1] + [[OVER_STACK_ARGV.last]], instance_eval("a{|#{args1}, *b| [#{args1}, b]}", __FILE__, __LINE__))
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [nil, []], instance_eval("a{|#{args}, b, *c| [#{args}, b, c]}", __FILE__, __LINE__))
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [nil, [], nil], instance_eval("a{|#{args}, b, *c, d| [#{args}, b, c, d]}", __FILE__, __LINE__))
+  end if OVER_STACK_LEN < 200
+
+  def test_call_yield_lambda_large_array_splat_fail
+    def self.a
+      yield(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    [
+      ->{} ,
+      ->(a=1){},
+      ->(k: 1){},
+      ->(**kw){},
+      ->(k: 1, **kw){},
+      ->(a=1, k: 1){},
+      ->(a=1, **kw){},
+      ->(a=1, k: 1, **kw){},
+    ].each do |l|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        a(&l)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_yield_lambda_large_array_splat_pass
+    def self.a
+      yield(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a(&->(*a){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a(&->(_, *a){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a(&->(_, *a, _){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a(&->(b=1, *a){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a(&->(b=1, *a, _){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a(&->(b, *a){a.length})
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a(&->(*a, k: 1){a.length})
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a(&->(*a, **kw){a.length})
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a(&->(*a, k: 1, **kw){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a(&->(b=1, *a, k: 1){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a(&->(b=1, *a, **kw){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), a(&->(b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a(&->(b=1, *a, _, k: 1){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a(&->(b=1, *a, _, **kw){a.length})
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), a(&->(b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw){a.length})
+  end
+
+  def test_call_send_iseq_large_array_splat_fail
+    def self.a; end
+    def self.b(a=1); end
+    def self.c(k: 1); end
+    def self.d(**kw); end
+    def self.e(k: 1, **kw); end
+    def self.f(a=1, k: 1); end
+    def self.g(a=1, **kw); end
+    def self.h(a=1, k: 1, **kw); end
+
+    (:a..:h).each do |meth|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        send(meth, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_send_iseq_large_array_splat_pass
+    def self.a(*a); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.b(_, *a); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), send(:b, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.c(_, *a, _); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), send(:c, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.d(b=1, *a); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), send(:d, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.e(b=1, *a, _); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), send(:e, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.f(b, *a); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), send(:f, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.g(*a, k: 1); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send(:g, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.h(*a, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send(:h, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.i(*a, k: 1, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send(:i, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.j(b=1, *a, k: 1); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), send(:j, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.k(b=1, *a, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), send(:k, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.l(b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), send(:l, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.m(b=1, *a, _, k: 1); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), send(:m, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.n(b=1, *a, _, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), send(:n, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    def self.o(b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw); a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), send(:o, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_send_iseq_large_array_splat_with_large_number_of_parameters
+    args = OVER_STACK_ARGV.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+    args1 = (OVER_STACK_LEN-1).times.map{|i| "a#{i}"}.join(',')
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def a(#{args}); [#{args}] end")
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_ARGV, send(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def b(#{args}, b=0); [#{args}, b] end")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [0], send(:b, *OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def c(#{args}, *b); [#{args}, b] end")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV + [[]], send(:c, *OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+
+    singleton_class.class_eval("def d(#{args1}, *b); [#{args1}, b] end")
+    assert_equal(OVER_STACK_ARGV[0...-1] + [[OVER_STACK_ARGV.last]], send(:d, *OVER_STACK_ARGV))
+  end if OVER_STACK_LEN < 200
+
+  def test_call_send_cfunc_large_array_splat_fail
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      send(:object_id, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_send_cfunc_large_array_splat_pass
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, [].send(:push, *OVER_STACK_ARGV).length
+  end
+
+  def test_call_attr_reader_large_array_splat_fail
+    singleton_class.send(:attr_reader, :a)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      send(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_attr_writer_large_array_splat_fail
+    singleton_class.send(:attr_writer, :a)
+    singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :a, :a=)
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 1)") do
+      a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 1)") do
+      send(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_struct_aref_large_array_splat_fail
+    s = Struct.new(:a).new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      s.a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      s.send(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_struct_aset_large_array_splat_fail
+    s = Struct.new(:a) do
+      alias b a=
+    end.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 1)") do
+      s.b(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 1)") do
+      s.send(:b, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_alias_large_array_splat
+    c = Class.new do
+      def a; end
+      def c(*a); a.length end
+      attr_accessor :e
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c) do
+      alias b a
+      alias d c
+      alias f e
+      alias g e=
+    end
+
+    obj = sc.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      obj.b(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      obj.f(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 1)") do
+      obj.g(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, obj.d(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_zsuper_large_array_splat
+    c = Class.new do
+      private
+      def a; end
+      def c(*a); a.length end
+      attr_reader :e
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c) do
+      public :a
+      public :c
+      public :e
+    end
+
+    obj = sc.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      obj.a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      obj.e(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, obj.c(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  class RefinedModuleLargeArrayTest
+    c = self
+    using(Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def a; end
+        def c(*a) a.length end
+        attr_reader :e
+      end
+    end)
+
+    def b
+      a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    def d
+      c(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    def f
+      e(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_refined_large_array_splat_fail
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      RefinedModuleLargeArrayTest.new.b
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0)") do
+      RefinedModuleLargeArrayTest.new.f
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_refined_large_array_splat_pass
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, RefinedModuleLargeArrayTest.new.d
+  end
+
+  def test_call_method_missing_iseq_large_array_splat_fail
+    def self.method_missing(_) end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN+1}, expected 1)") do
+      nonexistent_method(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN+1}, expected 1)") do
+      send(:nonexistent_method, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN+1}, expected 1)") do
+      send("nonexistent_method123", *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_method_missing_iseq_large_array_splat_pass
+    def self.method_missing(m, *a)
+      a.length
+    end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, nonexistent_method(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send(:nonexistent_method, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send("nonexistent_method123", *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_bmethod_large_array_splat_fail
+    define_singleton_method(:a){}
+    define_singleton_method(:b){|a=1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:c){|k: 1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:d){|**kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:e){|k: 1, **kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:f){|a=1, k: 1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:g){|a=1, **kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:h){|a=1, k: 1, **kw|}
+
+    (:a..:h).each do |meth|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        instance_eval("#{meth}(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_bmethod_large_array_splat_pass
+    define_singleton_method(:a){|*a| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, a(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:b){|_, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), b(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:c){|_, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), c(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:d){|b=1, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), d(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:e){|b=1, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), e(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:f){|b, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), f(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:g){|*a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, g(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:h){|*a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, h(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:i){|*a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, i(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:j){|b=1, *a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), j(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:k){|b=1, *a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), k(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:l){|b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), l(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:m){|b=1, *a, _, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), m(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:n){|b=1, *a, _, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), n(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:o){|b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), o(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_method_missing_bmethod_large_array_splat_fail
+    define_singleton_method(:method_missing){|_|}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN+1}, expected 1)") do
+      nonexistent_method(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN+1}, expected 1)") do
+      send(:nonexistent_method, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{OVER_STACK_LEN+1}, expected 1)") do
+      send("nonexistent_method123", *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_method_missing_bmethod_large_array_splat_pass
+    define_singleton_method(:method_missing){|_, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, nonexistent_method(*OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send(:nonexistent_method, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, send("nonexistent_method123", *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_symproc_large_array_splat_fail
+    define_singleton_method(:a){}
+    define_singleton_method(:b){|a=1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:c){|k: 1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:d){|**kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:e){|k: 1, **kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:f){|a=1, k: 1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:g){|a=1, **kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:h){|a=1, k: 1, **kw|}
+
+    (:a..:h).each do |meth|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        instance_eval(":#{meth}.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_symproc_large_array_splat_pass
+    define_singleton_method(:a){|*a| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, :a.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:b){|_, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), :b.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:c){|_, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), :c.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:d){|b=1, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), :d.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:e){|b=1, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), :e.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:f){|b, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), :f.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:g){|*a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, :g.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:h){|*a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, :h.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:i){|*a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, :i.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:j){|b=1, *a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), :j.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:k){|b=1, *a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), :k.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:l){|b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), :l.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:m){|b=1, *a, _, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), :m.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:n){|b=1, *a, _, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), :n.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:o){|b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), :o.to_proc.(self, *OVER_STACK_ARGV)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_rb_call_iseq_large_array_splat_fail
+    extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    l = ->(*a){}
+
+    def self.a; end
+    def self.b(a=1) end
+    def self.c(k: 1) end
+    def self.d(**kw) end
+    def self.e(k: 1, **kw) end
+    def self.f(a=1, k: 1) end
+    def self.g(a=1, **kw) end
+    def self.h(a=1, k: 1, **kw) end
+
+    (:a..:h).each do |meth|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        yield_block(meth, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_rb_call_iseq_large_array_splat_pass
+    extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    l = ->(*a){a.length}
+
+    def self.a(*a) a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.b(_, *a) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:b, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.c(_, *a, _) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:c, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.d(b=1, *a) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:d, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.e(b=1, *a, _) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:e, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.f(b, *a) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:f, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.g(*a, k: 1) a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:g, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.h(*a, **kw) a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:h, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.i(*a, k: 1, **kw) a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:h, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.j(b=1, *a, k: 1) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:j, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.k(b=1, *a, **kw) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:k, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.l(b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:l, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.m(b=1, *a, _, k: 1) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:m, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.n(b=1, *a, _, **kw) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:n, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    def self.o(b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw) a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:o, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_rb_call_bmethod_large_array_splat_fail
+    extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    l = ->(*a){}
+
+    define_singleton_method(:a){||}
+    define_singleton_method(:b){|a=1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:c){|k: 1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:d){|**kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:e){|k: 1, **kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:f){|a=1, k: 1|}
+    define_singleton_method(:g){|a=1, **kw|}
+    define_singleton_method(:h){|a=1, k: 1, **kw|}
+
+    (:a..:h).each do |meth|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        yield_block(meth, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_rb_call_bmethod_large_array_splat_pass
+    extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    l = ->(*a){a.length}
+
+    define_singleton_method(:a){|*a| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:b){|_, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:b, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:c){|_, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:c, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:d){|b=1, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:d, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:e){|b=1, *a, _| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:e, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:f){|b, *a| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:f, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:g){|*a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:g, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:h){|*a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:h, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:i){|*a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:h, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:j){|b=1, *a, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:j, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:k){|b=1, *a, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:k, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:l){|b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:l, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:m){|b=1, *a, _, k: 1| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:m, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:n){|b=1, *a, _, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:n, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    define_singleton_method(:o){|b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw| a.length}
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:o, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_ifunc_iseq_large_array_splat_fail
+    extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    def self.a(*a)
+      yield(*a)
+    end
+    [
+      ->(){},
+      ->(a=1){},
+      ->(k: 1){},
+      ->(**kw){},
+      ->(k: 1, **kw){},
+      ->(a=1, k: 1){},
+      ->(a=1, **kw){},
+      ->(a=1, k: 1, **kw){},
+    ].each do |l|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given #{OVER_STACK_LEN}, expected 0(\.\.[12])?\)/) do
+        yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_call_ifunc_iseq_large_array_splat_pass
+    extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    def self.a(*a)
+      yield(*a)
+    end
+
+    l = ->(*a) do a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(_, *a) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(_, *a, _) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, _) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b, *a) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(*a, k: 1) do a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(*a, **kw) do a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(*a, k: 1, **kw) do a.length end
+    assert_equal OVER_STACK_LEN, yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, k: 1) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, **kw) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, k: 1, **kw) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 1), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, _, k: 1) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, _, **kw) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+
+    l = ->(b=1, *a, _, k: 1, **kw) do a.length end
+    assert_equal (OVER_STACK_LEN - 2), yield_block(:a, *OVER_STACK_ARGV, &l)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_case.rb b/test/ruby/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e8502fb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestCase < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_case
+    case 5
+    when 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
+      assert(false)
+    when 5
+      assert(true)
+    end
+
+    case 5
+    when 5
+      assert(true)
+    when 1..10
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    case 5
+    when 1..10
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    case 5
+    when 5
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    case "foobar"
+    when /^f.*r$/
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    case
+    when true
+      assert(true)
+    when false, nil
+      assert(false)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    case "+"
+    when *%w/. +/
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    case
+    when *[], false
+      assert(false)
+    else
+      assert(true)
+    end
+
+    case
+    when *false, []
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    begin
+      verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        eval("case; when false, *x, false; end")
+      end
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deoptimization
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', <<-EOS], '', %w[42], [])
+      class Symbol; undef ===; def ===(o); p 42; true; end; end; case :foo; when :foo; end
+    EOS
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', <<-EOS], '', %w[42], [])
+      class Integer; undef ===; def ===(o); p 42; true; end; end; case 1; when 1; end
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_optimization
+    case 1
+    when 0.9, 1.1
+      assert(false)
+    when 1.0
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+    case 536870912
+    when 536870911.9, 536870912.1
+      assert(false)
+    when 536870912.0
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+    case 0
+    when 0r
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+    case 0
+    when 0i
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing
+    flag = false
+
+    case 1
+    when Class.new(BasicObject) { def method_missing(*) true end }.new
+      flag = true
+    end
+
+    assert(flag)
+  end
+
+  def test_nomethoderror
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      case 1
+      when Class.new(BasicObject) { }.new
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  module NilEqq
+    refine NilClass do
+      def === other
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NilEqqClass
+    using NilEqq
+
+    def eqq(a)
+      case a; when nil then nil; else :not_nil; end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def test_deoptimize_nil
+    assert_equal :not_nil, NilEqqClass.new.eqq(nil)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_class.rb b/test/ruby/test_class.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f12e06685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_class.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,948 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestClass < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  # ------------------
+  # Various test classes
+  # ------------------
+
+  class ClassOne
+    attr :num_args
+    @@subs = []
+    def initialize(*args)
+      @num_args = args.size
+      @args = args
+    end
+    def [](n)
+      @args[n]
+    end
+    def ClassOne.inherited(klass)
+      @@subs.push klass
+    end
+    def subs
+      @@subs
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ClassTwo < ClassOne
+  end
+
+  class ClassThree < ClassOne
+  end
+
+  class ClassFour < ClassThree
+  end
+
+  # ------------------
+  # Start of tests
+  # ------------------
+
+  def test_s_inherited
+    assert_equal([ClassTwo, ClassThree, ClassFour], ClassOne.new.subs)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_same(Class, c.class)
+    assert_same(Object, c.superclass)
+
+    c = Class.new(Integer)
+    assert_same(Class, c.class)
+    assert_same(Integer, c.superclass)
+  end
+
+  def test_00_new_basic
+    a = ClassOne.new
+    assert_equal(ClassOne, a.class)
+    assert_equal(0, a.num_args)
+
+    a = ClassOne.new(1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal(3, a.num_args)
+    assert_equal(1, a[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_01_new_inherited
+    a = ClassTwo.new
+    assert_equal(ClassTwo, a.class)
+    assert_equal(0, a.num_args)
+
+    a = ClassTwo.new(1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal(3, a.num_args)
+    assert_equal(1, a[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_superclass
+    assert_equal(ClassOne, ClassTwo.superclass)
+    assert_equal(Object,   ClassTwo.superclass.superclass)
+    assert_equal(BasicObject, ClassTwo.superclass.superclass.superclass)
+  end
+
+  def test_class_cmp
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.new <= 1 }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.new >= 1 }
+    assert_nil(Class.new <=> 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_class_initialize
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Class.new.instance_eval { initialize }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instantiate_singleton_class
+    c = class << Object.new; self; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { c.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_superclass_of_basicobject
+    assert_equal(nil, BasicObject.superclass)
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      module Mod end
+      BasicObject.include(Mod)
+      assert_equal(nil, BasicObject.superclass)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_module_function
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.instance_method(:module_function).bind(c).call(:foo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extend_object
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.instance_method(:extend_object).bind(c).call(Object.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_append_features
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.instance_method(:append_features).bind(c).call(Module.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_features
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.instance_method(:prepend_features).bind(c).call(Module.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_specific_methods
+    assert_empty(Class.private_instance_methods(true) &
+      [:module_function, :extend_object, :append_features, :prepend_features])
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_inside_method
+    assert_warn(/calling private without arguments inside a method may not have the intended effect/, '[ruby-core:79751]') do
+      Class.new do
+        def self.foo
+          private
+        end
+        foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warn(/calling protected without arguments inside a method may not have the intended effect/, '[ruby-core:79751]') do
+      Class.new do
+        def self.foo
+          protected
+        end
+        foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warn(/calling public without arguments inside a method may not have the intended effect/, '[ruby-core:79751]') do
+      Class.new do
+        def self.foo
+          public
+        end
+        foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warn(/calling private without arguments inside a method may not have the intended effect/, '[ruby-core:79751]') do
+      Class.new do
+        class << self
+          alias priv private
+        end
+
+        def self.foo
+          priv
+        end
+        foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_redefinition
+    feature2155 = '[ruby-dev:39400]'
+
+    line = __LINE__+4
+    stderr = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      Class.new do
+        def foo; end
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match(/:#{line}: warning: method redefined; discarding old foo/, stderr)
+    assert_match(/:#{line-1}: warning: previous definition of foo/, stderr, feature2155)
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Class.new do
+        def foo; end
+        alias bar foo
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Class.new do
+        def foo; end
+        alias bar foo
+        alias bar foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    line = __LINE__+4
+    stderr = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      Class.new do
+        define_method(:foo) do end
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match(/:#{line}: warning: method redefined; discarding old foo/, stderr)
+    assert_match(/:#{line-1}: warning: previous definition of foo/, stderr, feature2155)
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Class.new do
+        define_method(:foo) do end
+        alias bar foo
+        alias bar foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Class.new do
+        def foo; end
+        undef foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_check_inheritable
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.new(Object.new) }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    c = class << o; self; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.new(c) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.new(Class) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { eval("class Foo < Class; end") }
+    m = "M\u{1f5ff}"
+    o = Class.new {break eval("class #{m}; self; end.new")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{m}/) {Class.new(o)}
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_copy
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { c.instance_eval { initialize_copy(1) } }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    c = class << o; self; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { c.dup }
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { BasicObject.dup }
+  end
+
+  def test_class_hierarchy_inside_initialize_dup_bug_21538
+    ancestors = sc_ancestors = nil
+    b = Class.new
+    b.define_singleton_method(:initialize_dup) do |x|
+      ancestors = self.ancestors
+      sc_ancestors = singleton_class.ancestors
+      super(x)
+    end
+
+    a = Class.new(b)
+
+    c = a.dup
+
+    expected_ancestors = [c, b, *Object.ancestors]
+    expected_sc_ancestors = [c.singleton_class, b.singleton_class, *Object.singleton_class.ancestors]
+    assert_equal expected_ancestors, ancestors
+    assert_equal expected_sc_ancestors, sc_ancestors
+    assert_equal expected_ancestors, c.ancestors
+    assert_equal expected_sc_ancestors, c.singleton_class.ancestors
+  end
+
+  def test_class_hierarchy_inside_initialize_clone_bug_21538
+    ancestors = sc_ancestors = nil
+    a = Class.new
+    a.define_singleton_method(:initialize_clone) do |x|
+      ancestors = self.ancestors
+      sc_ancestors = singleton_class.ancestors
+      super(x)
+    end
+
+    c = a.clone
+
+    expected_ancestors = [c,  *Object.ancestors]
+    expected_sc_ancestors = [c.singleton_class, *Object.singleton_class.ancestors]
+    assert_equal expected_ancestors, ancestors
+    assert_equal expected_sc_ancestors, sc_ancestors
+    assert_equal expected_ancestors, c.ancestors
+    assert_equal expected_sc_ancestors, c.singleton_class.ancestors
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1.extend(Module.new) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1.0.extend(Module.new) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (2.0**1000).extend(Module.new) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { :foo.extend(Module.new) }
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:foo :foo true true), [])
+      module Foo; def foo; :foo; end; end
+      false.extend(Foo)
+      true.extend(Foo)
+      p false.foo
+      p true.foo
+      p FalseClass.include?(Foo)
+      p TrueClass.include?(Foo)
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.allocate.new }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Class.allocate.superclass }
+    bug6863 = '[ruby-core:47148]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug6863) { Class.new(Class.allocate) }
+
+    allocator = Class.instance_method(:allocate)
+    assert_nothing_raised { allocator.bind(Rational).call }
+    assert_nothing_raised { allocator.bind_call(Rational) }
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_name
+    c = eval("class ::C\u{df}; self; end")
+    assert_equal("C\u{df}", c.name, '[ruby-core:24600]')
+    c = eval("class C\u{df}; self; end")
+    assert_equal("TestClass::C\u{df}", c.name, '[ruby-core:24600]')
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_next_from_class_definition
+    assert_syntax_error("class C; next; end", /Invalid next/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_break_from_class_definition
+    assert_syntax_error("class C; break; end", /Invalid break/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_redo_from_class_definition
+    assert_syntax_error("class C; redo; end", /Invalid redo/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_retry_from_class_definition
+    assert_syntax_error("class C; retry; end", /Invalid retry/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_return_from_class_definition
+    assert_syntax_error("class C; return; end", /Invalid return/)
+    assert_syntax_error("class << Object; return; end", /Invalid return/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_yield_from_class_definition
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {eval("class C; yield; end")}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    original = Class.new {
+      def foo
+        return super()
+      end
+    }
+    mod = Module.new {
+      def foo
+        return "mod#foo"
+      end
+    }
+    copy = original.clone
+    copy.send(:include, mod)
+    assert_equal("mod#foo", copy.new.foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_class_removal
+    assert_normal_exit('File.__send__(:remove_const, :Stat); at_exit{File.stat(".")}; GC.start')
+  end
+
+  class PrivateClass
+  end
+  private_constant :PrivateClass
+
+  def test_redefine_private_class
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      eval("class ::TestClass::PrivateClass; end")
+    end
+    eval <<-END
+      class ::TestClass
+        class PrivateClass
+          def foo; 42; end
+        end
+      end
+    END
+    assert_equal(42, PrivateClass.new.foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_private_const_access
+    assert_raise_with_message NameError, /uninitialized/ do
+      begin
+        eval('class ::TestClass::PrivateClass; end')
+      rescue NameError
+      end
+
+      Object.const_get "NOT_AVAILABLE_CONST_NAME_#{__LINE__}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  StrClone = String.clone
+  Class.new(StrClone)
+
+  def test_cloned_class
+    bug5274 = StrClone.new("[ruby-dev:44460]")
+    assert_equal(bug5274, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(bug5274)))
+  end
+
+  def test_cannot_reinitialize_class_with_initialize_copy # [ruby-core:50869]
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ["Object"], [])
+    begin;
+      class Class
+        def initialize_copy(*); super; end
+      end
+
+      class A; end
+      class B; end
+
+      A.send(:initialize_copy, Class.new(B)) rescue nil
+
+      p A.superclass
+    end;
+  end
+
+  class CloneTest
+    def foo; TEST; end
+  end
+
+  CloneTest1 = CloneTest.clone
+  CloneTest2 = CloneTest.clone
+  class CloneTest1
+    TEST = :C1
+  end
+  class CloneTest2
+    TEST = :C2
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_access_from_method_in_cloned_class
+    assert_equal :C1, CloneTest1.new.foo, '[Bug #15877]'
+    assert_equal :C2, CloneTest2.new.foo, '[Bug #15877]'
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_superclass
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      eval <<-'end;'
+        class C < nil
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      eval <<-'end;'
+        class C < false
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      eval <<-'end;'
+        class C < true
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      eval <<-'end;'
+        class C < 0
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      eval <<-'end;'
+        class C < ""
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    m = Module.new
+    n = "M\u{1f5ff}"
+    c = m.module_eval "class #{n}; new; end"
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{n}/) {
+      eval <<-"end;"
+        class C < c
+        end
+      end;
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{n}/) {
+      Class.new(c)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{n}/) {
+      m.module_eval "class #{n} < Class.new; end"
+    }
+  end
+
+  define_method :test_invalid_reset_superclass do
+    class A; end
+    class SuperclassCannotBeReset < A
+    end
+    assert_equal A, SuperclassCannotBeReset.superclass
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /superclass mismatch/) {
+      class SuperclassCannotBeReset < String
+      end
+    }
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /superclass mismatch/, "[ruby-core:75446]") {
+      class SuperclassCannotBeReset < Object
+      end
+    }
+
+    assert_equal A, SuperclassCannotBeReset.superclass
+  end
+
+  def test_cloned_singleton_method_added
+    bug5283 = '[ruby-dev:44477]'
+    added = []
+    c = Class.new
+    c.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:singleton_method_added) {|mid| added << [self, mid]}
+      def foo; :foo; end
+    end
+    added.clear
+    d = c.clone
+    assert_empty(added.grep(->(k) {c == k[0]}), bug5283)
+    assert_equal(:foo, d.foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_singleton_class_exists
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def self.bar; :bar; end
+    end
+
+    o = klass.new
+    o.singleton_class
+    clone = o.clone
+
+    assert_empty(o.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(clone.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(o.singleton_class.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(clone.singleton_class.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_when_singleton_class_of_singleton_class_exists
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def self.bar; :bar; end
+    end
+
+    o = klass.new
+    o.singleton_class.singleton_class
+    clone = o.clone
+
+    assert_empty(o.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(clone.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(o.singleton_class.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(clone.singleton_class.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_when_method_exists_on_singleton_class_of_singleton_class
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def self.bar; :bar; end
+    end
+
+    o = klass.new
+    o.singleton_class.singleton_class.define_method(:s2_method) { :s2 }
+    clone = o.clone
+
+    assert_empty(o.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_empty(clone.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal(:s2, o.singleton_class.s2_method)
+    assert_equal(:s2, clone.singleton_class.s2_method)
+    assert_equal([:s2_method], o.singleton_class.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:s2_method], clone.singleton_class.singleton_class.instance_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_p
+    feature7609 = '[ruby-core:51087] [Feature #7609]'
+    assert_predicate(self.singleton_class, :singleton_class?, feature7609)
+    assert_not_predicate(self.class, :singleton_class?, feature7609)
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_to_s
+    assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-core:41858] [Bug #5828]") {
+      Class.new.freeze.clone.to_s
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_of_frozen_object
+    obj = Object.new
+    c = obj.singleton_class
+    obj.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen Object/) {
+      c.class_eval {def f; end}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_message
+    c = Class.new.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen Class/) {
+      def c.f; end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_should_has_own_namespace
+    # CONST in singleton class
+    objs = []
+    $i = 0
+
+    2.times{
+      objs << obj = Object.new
+      class << obj
+        CONST = ($i += 1)
+        def foo
+          CONST
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal(1, objs[0].foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(2, objs[1].foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+
+    # CONST in block in singleton class
+    objs = []
+    $i = 0
+
+    2.times{
+      objs << obj = Object.new
+      class << obj
+        1.times{
+          CONST = ($i += 1)
+        }
+        def foo
+          [nil].map{
+            CONST
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal([1], objs[0].foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal([2], objs[1].foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+
+    # class def in singleton class
+    objs = []
+    $xs = []
+    $i = 0
+
+    2.times{
+      objs << obj = Object.new
+      class << obj
+        CONST = ($i += 1)
+        class X
+          $xs << self
+          CONST = ($i += 1)
+          def foo
+            CONST
+          end
+        end
+
+        def x
+          X
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_not_equal($xs[0], $xs[1], '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_not_equal(objs[0].x, objs[1].x, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(2, $xs[0]::CONST, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(2, $xs[0].new.foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(4, $xs[1]::CONST, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(4, $xs[1].new.foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+
+    # class def in block in singleton class
+    objs = []
+    $xs = []
+    $i = 0
+
+    2.times{
+      objs << obj = Object.new
+      class << obj
+        1.times{
+          CONST = ($i += 1)
+        }
+        1.times{
+          class X
+            $xs << self
+            CONST = ($i += 1)
+            def foo
+              CONST
+            end
+          end
+
+          def x
+            X
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    assert_not_equal($xs[0], $xs[1], '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_not_equal(objs[0].x, objs[1].x, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(2, $xs[0]::CONST, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(2, $xs[0].new.foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(4, $xs[1]::CONST, '[Bug #10943]')
+    assert_equal(4, $xs[1].new.foo, '[Bug #10943]')
+
+    # method def in singleton class
+    ms = []
+    ps = $test_singleton_class_shared_cref_ps = []
+    2.times{
+      ms << Module.new do
+        class << self
+          $test_singleton_class_shared_cref_ps << Proc.new{
+            def xyzzy
+              self
+            end
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    }
+
+    ps.each{|p| p.call} # define xyzzy methods for each singleton classes
+    ms.each{|m|
+      assert_equal(m, m.xyzzy, "Bug #10871")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_namescope_error_message
+    m = Module.new
+    o = m.module_eval "class A\u{3042}; self; end.new"
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /A\u{3042}/) {
+        o::Foo
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_redefinition_mismatch
+    m = Module.new
+    m.module_eval "A = 1", __FILE__, line = __LINE__
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /is not a class/) {
+      m.module_eval "class A; end"
+    }
+    assert_include(e.message, "#{__FILE__}:#{line}: previous definition")
+    n = "M\u{1f5ff}"
+    m.module_eval "#{n} = 42", __FILE__, line = __LINE__
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{n} is not a class/) {
+      m.module_eval "class #{n}; end"
+    }
+    assert_include(e.message, "#{__FILE__}:#{line}: previous definition")
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      module Bug
+        module Class
+          TestClassDefinedInC = (class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end).new
+        end
+      end
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {
+        require '-test-/class'
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_expose_singleton_class_without_metaclass
+    assert_normal_exit "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", '[Bug #11740]'
+    begin;
+      klass = Class.new(Array)
+      # The metaclass of +klass+ should handle #bla since it should inherit methods from meta:meta:Array
+      def (Array.singleton_class).bla; :bla; end
+      hidden = ObjectSpace.each_object(Class).find { |c| klass.is_a? c and c.inspect.include? klass.inspect }
+      raise unless hidden.nil?
+    end;
+
+    assert_normal_exit "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", '[Bug #11740]'
+    begin;
+      klass = Class.new(Array)
+      klass.singleton_class
+      # The metaclass of +klass+ should handle #bla since it should inherit methods from meta:meta:Array
+      def (Array.singleton_class).bla; :bla; end
+      hidden = ObjectSpace.each_object(Class).find { |c| klass.is_a? c and c.inspect.include? klass.inspect }
+      raise if hidden.nil?
+    end;
+
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_frozen_class_to_const
+    c = Class.new.freeze
+    assert_same(c, Module.new.module_eval("self::Foo = c"))
+    c = Class.new.freeze
+    assert_same(c, Module.new.const_set(:Foo, c))
+  end
+
+  def test_subclasses
+    c = Class.new
+    sc = Class.new(c)
+    ssc = Class.new(sc)
+    [c, sc, ssc].each do |k|
+      k.include Module.new
+      k.new.define_singleton_method(:force_singleton_class){}
+    end
+    assert_equal([sc], c.subclasses)
+    assert_equal([ssc], sc.subclasses)
+    assert_equal([], ssc.subclasses)
+
+    object_subclasses = Object.subclasses
+    assert_include(object_subclasses, c)
+    assert_not_include(object_subclasses, sc)
+    assert_not_include(object_subclasses, ssc)
+    object_subclasses.each do |subclass|
+      assert_equal Object, subclass.superclass, "Expected #{subclass}.superclass to be Object"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attached_object
+    c = Class.new
+    sc = c.singleton_class
+    obj = c.new
+
+    assert_equal(obj, obj.singleton_class.attached_object)
+    assert_equal(c, sc.attached_object)
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /is not a singleton class/) do
+      c.attached_object
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /'NilClass' is not a singleton class/) do
+      nil.singleton_class.attached_object
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /'FalseClass' is not a singleton class/) do
+      false.singleton_class.attached_object
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /'TrueClass' is not a singleton class/) do
+      true.singleton_class.attached_object
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_subclass_gc
+    c = Class.new
+    10_000.times do
+      cc = Class.new(c)
+      100.times { Class.new(cc) }
+    end
+    assert(c.subclasses.size <= 10_000)
+  end
+
+  def test_subclass_gc_stress
+    10000.times do
+      c = Class.new
+      100.times { Class.new(c) }
+      assert(c.subclasses.size <= 100)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_classext_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, rss: true)
+code = proc { Class.new }
+1_000.times(&code)
+PREP
+3_000_000.times(&code)
+CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_freeze_dont_freeze_the_class_bug_19164
+    klass = Class.new
+    klass.prepend(Module.new)
+
+    klass.new.freeze
+    klass.define_method(:bar) {}
+    assert_equal klass, klass.remove_method(:bar), '[Bug #19164]'
+  end
+
+  def test_method_table_assignment_just_after_class_init
+    assert_normal_exit "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", 'm_tbl assignment should be done only when Class object is not promoted'
+    begin;
+      GC.stress = true
+      class C; end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_cc_invalidation
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class T
+        def hi
+          "hi"
+        end
+      end
+
+      t = T.new
+      t.singleton_class
+
+      def hello(t)
+        t.hi
+      end
+
+      5.times do
+        hello(t) # populate inline cache on `t.singleton_class`.
+      end
+
+      class T
+        remove_method :hi # invalidate `t.singleton_class` ccs for `hi`
+      end
+
+      assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        hello(t)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_multi_ractor_subclasses_list_mutation
+    assert_ractor "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      4.times.map do
+        Ractor.new do
+          20_000.times do
+            Object.new.singleton_class
+          end
+        end
+      end.each(&:join)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_multi_ractor_singleton_class_access
+    assert_ractor "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      class A; end
+      4.times.map do
+        Ractor.new do
+          a = A
+          100.times do
+            a = a.singleton_class
+          end
+        end
+      end.each(&:join)
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_clone.rb b/test/ruby/test_clone.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..775c9ed848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_clone.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestClone < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  module M001; end
+  module M002; end
+  module M003; include M002; end
+  module M002; include M001; end
+  module M003; include M002; end
+
+  def test_clone
+    foo = Object.new
+    def foo.test
+      "test"
+    end
+    bar = foo.clone
+    def bar.test2
+      "test2"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("test2", bar.test2)
+    assert_equal("test", bar.test)
+    assert_equal("test", foo.test)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {foo.test2}
+
+    assert_equal([M003, M002, M001], M003.ancestors)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_properties_retained_on_clone
+    obj = Object.new.freeze
+    cloned_obj = obj.clone
+
+    assert_predicate(obj, :frozen?)
+    assert_predicate(cloned_obj, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_retained_on_clone
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    cloned_obj = obj.clone
+
+    assert_equal(obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+    assert_equal(cloned_obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_ivars_retained_on_extended_obj_clone
+    ivars = { :@a => 1, :@b => 2, :@c => 3, :@d => 4 }
+    obj = Object.new
+    ivars.each do |ivar_name, val|
+      obj.instance_variable_set(ivar_name, val)
+    end
+
+    cloned_obj = obj.clone
+
+    ivars.each do |ivar_name, val|
+      assert_equal(obj.instance_variable_get(ivar_name), val)
+      assert_equal(cloned_obj.instance_variable_get(ivar_name), val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_properties_and_ivars_retained_on_clone_with_ivar
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    obj.freeze
+
+    cloned_obj = obj.clone
+
+    assert_predicate(obj, :frozen?)
+    assert_equal(obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+
+    assert_predicate(cloned_obj, :frozen?)
+    assert_equal(cloned_obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_obj_id_flag_reset
+    # [Bug #20250]
+    proc = Proc.new { }
+    proc.object_id
+    proc.clone.object_id # Would crash with RUBY_DEBUG=1
+  end
+
+  def test_user_flags
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      #
+      class Array
+        undef initialize_copy
+        def initialize_copy(*); end
+      end
+      x = [1, 2, 3].clone
+      assert_equal [], x, '[Bug #14847]'
+    EOS
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      #
+      class Array
+        undef initialize_copy
+        def initialize_copy(*); end
+      end
+      x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7][1..-2].clone
+      x.push(1,1,1,1,1)
+      assert_equal [1, 1, 1, 1, 1], x, '[Bug #14847]'
+    EOS
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      #
+      class Hash
+        undef initialize_copy
+        def initialize_copy(*); end
+      end
+      h = {}
+      h.default_proc = proc { raise }
+      h = h.clone
+      assert_equal nil, h[:not_exist], '[Bug #14847]'
+    EOS
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_comparable.rb b/test/ruby/test_comparable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b689469d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_comparable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestComparable < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @o = Object.new
+    @o.extend(Comparable)
+  end
+  def cmp(b)
+    class << @o; self; end.class_eval {
+      undef :<=>
+      define_method(:<=>, b)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_equal
+    cmp->(x) do 0; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o == nil)
+    cmp->(x) do 1; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o == nil)
+    cmp->(x) do nil; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o == nil)
+
+    cmp->(x) do raise NotImplementedError, "Not a RuntimeError" end
+    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { @o == nil }
+
+    bug7688 = 'Comparable#== should not silently rescue' \
+              'any Exception [ruby-core:51389] [Bug #7688]'
+    cmp->(x) do raise StandardError end
+    assert_raise(StandardError, bug7688) { @o == nil }
+    cmp->(x) do "bad value"; end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug7688) { @o == nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_gt
+    cmp->(x) do 1; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o > nil)
+    cmp->(x) do 0; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o > nil)
+    cmp->(x) do -1; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o > nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_ge
+    cmp->(x) do 1; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o >= nil)
+    cmp->(x) do 0; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o >= nil)
+    cmp->(x) do -1; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o >= nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_lt
+    cmp->(x) do 1; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o < nil)
+    cmp->(x) do 0; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o < nil)
+    cmp->(x) do -1; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o < nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_le
+    cmp->(x) do 1; end
+    assert_equal(false, @o <= nil)
+    cmp->(x) do 0; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o <= nil)
+    cmp->(x) do -1; end
+    assert_equal(true, @o <= nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_between
+    cmp->(x) do 0 <=> x end
+    assert_equal(false, @o.between?(1, 2))
+    assert_equal(false, @o.between?(-2, -1))
+    assert_equal(true, @o.between?(-1, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, @o.between?(0, 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_clamp
+    cmp->(x) do 0 <=> x end
+    assert_equal(1, @o.clamp(1, 2))
+    assert_equal(-1, @o.clamp(-2, -1))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(-1, 3))
+
+    assert_equal(1, @o.clamp(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(0, 0))
+
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(nil, 2))
+    assert_equal(-2, @o.clamp(nil, -2))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(-2, nil))
+    assert_equal(2, @o.clamp(2, nil))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(nil, nil))
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, 'min argument must be less than or equal to max argument') {
+      @o.clamp(2, 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_clamp_with_range
+    cmp->(x) do 0 <=> x end
+    assert_equal(1, @o.clamp(1..2))
+    assert_equal(-1, @o.clamp(-2..-1))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(-1..3))
+
+    assert_equal(1, @o.clamp(1..1))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(0..0))
+
+    assert_equal(1, @o.clamp(1..))
+    assert_equal(1, @o.clamp(1...))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(0..))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(0...))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(..2))
+    assert_equal(-1, @o.clamp(-2..-1))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(-2..0))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(-2..))
+    assert_equal(@o, @o.clamp(-2...))
+
+    exc = [ArgumentError, 'cannot clamp with an exclusive range']
+    assert_raise_with_message(*exc) {@o.clamp(1...2)}
+    assert_raise_with_message(*exc) {@o.clamp(0...2)}
+    assert_raise_with_message(*exc) {@o.clamp(-1...0)}
+    assert_raise_with_message(*exc) {@o.clamp(...2)}
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, 'min argument must be less than or equal to max argument') {
+      @o.clamp(2..1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_err
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.0 < nil }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.0 < Object.new }
+    e = EnvUtil.labeled_class("E\u{30a8 30e9 30fc}")
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /E\u{30a8 30e9 30fc}/) {
+      1.0 < e.new
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_inversed_compare
+    bug7870 = '[ruby-core:52305] [Bug #7870]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug7870) {
+      assert_nil(Time.new <=> "")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_no_cmp
+    bug9003 = '[ruby-core:57736] [Bug #9003]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug9003) {
+      @o <=> @o.dup
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_compile_prism.rb b/test/ruby/test_compile_prism.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76b961b37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_compile_prism.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2755 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# This file is organized to match itemization in https://github.com/ruby/prism/issues/1335
+module Prism
+  class TestCompilePrism < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    def test_iseq_has_node_id
+      code = "proc { <<END }\n hello\nEND"
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(code)
+      assert_operator iseq.to_a[4][:node_id], :>, -1
+    end
+
+    # Subclass is used for tests which need it
+    class Subclass; end
+    ############################################################################
+    # Literals                                                                 #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_FalseNode
+      assert_prism_eval("false")
+    end
+
+    def test_FloatNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1.2")
+      assert_prism_eval("1.2e3")
+      assert_prism_eval("+1.2e+3")
+      assert_prism_eval("-1.2e-3")
+    end
+
+    def test_ImaginaryNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1i")
+      assert_prism_eval("+1.0i")
+      assert_prism_eval("1ri")
+    end
+
+    def test_IntegerNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1")
+      assert_prism_eval("+1")
+      assert_prism_eval("-1")
+      assert_prism_eval("0x10")
+      assert_prism_eval("0b10")
+      assert_prism_eval("0o10")
+      assert_prism_eval("010")
+      assert_prism_eval("(0o00)")
+    end
+
+    def test_NilNode
+      assert_prism_eval("nil")
+    end
+
+    def test_RationalNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1.2r")
+      assert_prism_eval("+1.2r")
+    end
+
+    def test_SelfNode
+      assert_prism_eval("self")
+    end
+
+    def test_SourceEncodingNode
+      assert_prism_eval("__ENCODING__")
+    end
+
+    def test_SourceFileNode
+      assert_prism_eval("__FILE__")
+    end
+
+    def test_SourceLineNode
+      assert_prism_eval("__LINE__", raw: true)
+    end
+
+    def test_TrueNode
+      assert_prism_eval("true")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Reads                                                                    #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_BackReferenceReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$+")
+    end
+
+    def test_ClassVariableReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = 1; @@pit; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantPathNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::TestCompilePrism")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism")
+    end
+
+    Z = 1
+
+    def test_DefinedNode
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? self")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? true")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? false")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? 1i")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? 1.0")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? 1..2")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? [A, B, C]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? [1, 2, 3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?({ a: 1 })")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? 'str'")
+      assert_prism_eval('defined?("#{expr}")')
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? :sym")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? /foo/")
+      assert_prism_eval('defined?(/#{1}/)')
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? -> { 1 + 1 }")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? a && b")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? a || b")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? __ENCODING__")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? __FILE__")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? __LINE__")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %q[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %Q[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %r[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %i[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %I[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %w[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %W[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %s[1,2,3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? %x[1,2,3]")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? [*b]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? [[*1..2], 3, *4..5]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? [a: [:b, :c]]")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? 1 in 1")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @a")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $a")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @@a")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? A")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? ::A")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? A::B")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? A::B::C")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? #{self.class.name}::Z::A")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? yield")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? super")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? X = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? X *= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? X /= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? X &= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? X ||= 1")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $2")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $`")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $'")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $+")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $X = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $X *= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $X /= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $X &= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? $X ||= 1")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @@X = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @@X *= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @@X /= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @@X &= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @@X ||= 1")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @X = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @X *= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @X /= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @X &= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined? @X ||= 1")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("x = 1; defined? x = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("x = 1; defined? x *= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("x = 1; defined? x /= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("x = 1; defined? x &= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("x = 1; defined? x ||= 1")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("if defined? A; end")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(())")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(('1'))")
+
+      # method chain starting with self that's truthy
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(self.itself.itself.itself)")
+
+      # method chain starting with self that's false (exception swallowed)
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(self.itself.itself.neat)")
+
+      # single self with method, truthy
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(self.itself)")
+
+      # single self with method, false
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(self.neat!)")
+
+      # method chain implicit self that's truthy
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(itself.itself.itself)")
+
+      # method chain implicit self that's false
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(itself.neat.itself)")
+
+      ## single method implicit self that's truthy
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(itself)")
+
+      ## single method implicit self that's false
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(neatneat)")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(a(itself))")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(itself(itself))")
+
+      # method chain with a block on the inside
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(itself { 1 }.itself)")
+
+      # method chain with parenthesized receiver
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?((itself).itself)")
+
+      # Method chain on a constant
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        class PrismDefinedNode
+          def m1; end
+        end
+
+        defined?(PrismDefinedNode.new.m1)
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(next)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(break)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(redo)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(retry)")
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        class PrismDefinedReturnNode
+          def self.m1; defined?(return) end
+        end
+
+        PrismDefinedReturnNode.m1
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(begin; 1; end)")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(defined?(a))")
+      assert_prism_eval('defined?(:"#{1}")')
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(`echo #{1}`)")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(PrismTestSubclass.test_call_and_write_node &&= 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(PrismTestSubclass.test_call_operator_write_node += 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(PrismTestSubclass.test_call_or_write_node ||= 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(Prism::CPAWN &&= 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(Prism::CPOWN += 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(Prism::CPOrWN ||= 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(Prism::CPWN = 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?([0][0] &&= 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?([0][0] += 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?([0][0] ||= 1)")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(case :a; when :a; 1; else; 2; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(case [1, 2, 3]; in [1, 2, 3]; 4; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(class PrismClassA; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(def prism_test_def_node; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(for i in [1,2] do; i; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(if true; 1; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(/(?<foo>bar)/ =~ 'barbar')")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(1 => 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(module M; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(1.2r)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(class << self; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(while a != 1; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(until a == 1; end)")
+      assert_prism_eval("defined?(unless true; 1; end)")
+    end
+
+    def test_GlobalVariableReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$pit = 1; $pit")
+    end
+
+    def test_InstanceVariableReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @pit = 1; @pit; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_LocalVariableReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("pit = 1; pit")
+    end
+
+    def test_NumberedReferenceReadNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$1")
+      assert_prism_eval("$99999")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Writes                                                                   #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_ClassVariableAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = 0; @@pit &&= 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ClassVariableOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = 0; @@pit += 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ClassVariableOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = 1; @@pit ||= 0; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = nil; @@pit ||= 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ClassVariableWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Constant = 1; Constant &&= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Constant = 1; Constant += 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Constant = 1; Constant ||= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantWriteNode
+      # We don't call assert_prism_eval directly in this case because we
+      # don't want to assign the constant multiple times if we run
+      # with `--repeat-count`
+      # Instead, we eval manually here, and remove the constant to
+      constant_name = "YCT"
+      source = "#{constant_name} = 1"
+      prism_eval = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(source).eval
+      assert_equal prism_eval, 1
+      Object.send(:remove_const, constant_name)
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantPathWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::CPWN = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("::CPWN = 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantPathAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::CPAWN = 1; Prism::CPAWN &&= 2")
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::CPAWN &&= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("::CPAWN = 1; ::CPAWN &&= 2")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantPathOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::CPOrWN = nil; Prism::CPOrWN ||= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::CPOrWN ||= 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("::CPOrWN = nil; ::CPOrWN ||= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantPathOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism::CPOWN = 0; Prism::CPOWN += 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("::CPOWN = 0; ::CPOWN += 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_GlobalVariableAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$pit = 0; $pit &&= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_GlobalVariableOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$pit = 0; $pit += 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_GlobalVariableOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$pit ||= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_GlobalVariableWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$pit = 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_InstanceVariableAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("@pit = 0; @pit &&= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_InstanceVariableOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("@pit = 0; @pit += 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_InstanceVariableOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("@pit ||= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_InstanceVariableWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @pit = 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_LocalVariableAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("pit = 0; pit &&= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_LocalVariableOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("pit = 0; pit += 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_LocalVariableOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("pit ||= 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_LocalVariableWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("pit = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 0
+        [].each do
+          a = 1
+        end
+        a
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 1
+        d = 1
+        [1].each do
+          b = 2
+          a = 2
+          [2].each do
+            c = 3
+            d = 4
+            a = 2
+          end
+        end
+        [a, d]
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_MatchWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("/(?<foo>bar)(?<baz>bar>)/ =~ 'barbar'")
+      assert_prism_eval("/(?<foo>bar)/ =~ 'barbar'")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Multi-writes                                                             #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_ClassVariableTargetNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit, @@pit1 = 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantTargetNode
+      # We don't call assert_prism_eval directly in this case because we
+      # don't want to assign the constant multiple times if we run
+      # with `--repeat-count`
+      # Instead, we eval manually here, and remove the constant to
+      constant_names = ["YCT", "YCT2"]
+      source = "#{constant_names.join(",")} = 1"
+      prism_eval = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(source).eval
+      assert_equal prism_eval, 1
+      constant_names.map { |name|
+        Object.send(:remove_const, name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_ConstantPathTargetNode
+      assert_separately([], <<~'RUBY')
+        verbose = $VERBOSE
+        # Create some temporary nested constants
+        Object.send(:const_set, "MyFoo", Object)
+        Object.const_get("MyFoo").send(:const_set, "Bar", Object)
+
+        constant_names = ["MyBar", "MyFoo::Bar", "MyFoo::Bar::Baz"]
+        source = "#{constant_names.join(",")} = Object"
+        iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(source)
+        $VERBOSE = nil
+        prism_eval = iseq.eval
+        $VERBOSE = verbose
+        assert_equal prism_eval, Object
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_GlobalVariableTargetNode
+      assert_prism_eval("$pit, $pit1 = 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_InstanceVariableTargetNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @pit, @pit1 = 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_LocalVariableTargetNode
+      assert_prism_eval("pit, pit1 = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 1
+        [1].each do
+          c = 2
+          a, b = 2
+        end
+        a
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_MultiTargetNode
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, c) = [1, 2, 3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, c) = [1, 2, 3]; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, c) = [1, 2, 3]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, c) = [1, 2, 3]; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, c) = [1, [2, 3]]; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, *c) = [1, [2, 3]]; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, *c) = 1, [2, 3]; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, *) = 1, [2, 3]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, (b, *c, d) = 1, [2, 3, 4]; [a, b, c, d]")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, (b, c, d, e), f, g), h = [1, [2, 3]], 4, 5, [6, 7]; c")
+    end
+
+    def test_MultiWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval("foo, bar = [1, 2]")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo, = [1, 2]")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo, *, bar = [1, 2]")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo, bar = 1, 2")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo, *, bar = 1, 2")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo, *, bar = 1, 2, 3, 4")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, b, *, d = 1, 2, 3, 4")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, b, *, d = 1, 2")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b), *, c = [1, 3], 4, 5")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b), *, c = [1, 3], 4, 5; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b), *, c = [1, 3], 4, 5; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b), *, c = [1, 3], 4, 5; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *, (c, d) = [1, 3], 4, 5; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *, (c, d) = [1, 3], 4, 5; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b, c), *, (d, e) = [1, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b, c), *, (d, e) = [1, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("(a, b, c), *, (d, e) = [1, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]; d")
+      assert_prism_eval("((a, *, b), *, (c, *, (d, *, e, f, g))), *, ((h, i, *, j), *, (k, l, m, *, n, o, p), q, r) = 1; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("*a = 1; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("_, {}[:foo] = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("_, {}[:foo], _ = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("_, {}[:foo], _ = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("_,{}[:foo], _, {}[:bar] = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("* = :foo")
+      assert_prism_eval("* = *[]")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, * = :foo")
+
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        class Foo
+          def bar=(x); end
+          def baz=(c); end
+        end
+        foo = Foo.new
+        foo.bar, foo.baz = 1
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        class Foo
+          def bar=(x); end
+          def baz=(c); end
+        end
+        foo = Foo.new
+        _, foo.bar, foo.baz = 1
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        class Foo
+          def bar=(x); end
+          def baz=(c); end
+        end
+        foo = Foo.new
+        _, foo.bar, _, foo.baz = 1
+      CODE
+
+      # Test nested writes with method calls
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        class Foo
+          attr_accessor :bar
+        end
+
+        a = Foo.new
+
+        (a.bar, a.bar), b = [1], 2
+      RUBY
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        h = {}
+        (h[:foo], h[:bar]), a = [1], 2
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # String-likes                                                             #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_EmbeddedStatementsNode
+      assert_prism_eval('"foo #{to_s} baz"')
+    end
+
+    def test_EmbeddedVariableNode
+      assert_prism_eval('class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @pit = 1; "#@pit"; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('class Prism::TestCompilePrism; @@pit = 1; "#@@pit"; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('$pit = 1; "#$pit"')
+    end
+
+    def test_InterpolatedMatchLastLineNode
+      assert_prism_eval('$pit = ".oo"; if /"#{$pit}"/mix; end')
+    end
+
+    def test_InterpolatedRegularExpressionNode
+      assert_prism_eval('$pit = 1; /1 #$pit 1/')
+      assert_prism_eval('$pit = 1; /#$pit/i')
+      assert_prism_eval('/1 #{1 + 2} 1/')
+      assert_prism_eval('/1 #{"2"} #{1 + 2} 1/')
+    end
+
+    def test_InterpolatedStringNode
+      assert_prism_eval('$pit = 1; "1 #$pit 1"')
+      assert_prism_eval('"1 #{1 + 2} 1"')
+      assert_prism_eval('"Prism" "::" "TestCompilePrism"')
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-'RUBY')
+        # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+        !("a""b""#{1}").frozen?
+      RUBY
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-'RUBY')
+        # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+        !("a""#{1}""b").frozen?
+      RUBY
+
+      # Test encoding of interpolated strings
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~'RUBY')
+        "#{"foo"}s".encoding
+      RUBY
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~'RUBY')
+        a = "foo"
+        b = "#{a}" << "Bar"
+        [a, b, b.encoding]
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_concatenated_StringNode
+      assert_prism_eval('("a""b").frozen?')
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+        ("a""b").frozen?
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_InterpolatedSymbolNode
+      assert_prism_eval('$pit = 1; :"1 #$pit 1"')
+      assert_prism_eval(':"1 #{1 + 2} 1"')
+    end
+
+    def test_InterpolatedXStringNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.`(command) = command * 2
+        `echo \#{1}`
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.`(command) = command * 2
+        `echo \#{"100"}`
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_MatchLastLineNode
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/i; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/x; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/m; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/im; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/mx; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/xi; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if /foo/ixm; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_RegularExpressionNode
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/i')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/x')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/m')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/im')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/mx')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/xi')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/ixm')
+
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/u')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/e')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/s')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/n')
+
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/me')
+      assert_prism_eval('/pit/ne')
+
+      assert_prism_eval('2.times.map { /#{1}/o }')
+      assert_prism_eval('2.times.map { foo = 1; /#{foo}/o }')
+    end
+
+    def test_StringNode
+      assert_prism_eval('"pit"')
+      assert_prism_eval('"a".frozen?')
+    end
+
+    def test_StringNode_frozen_string_literal_true
+      [
+        # Test that string literal is frozen
+        <<~RUBY,
+          # frozen_string_literal: true
+          "a".frozen?
+        RUBY
+        # Test that two string literals with the same contents are the same string
+        <<~RUBY,
+          # frozen_string_literal: true
+          "hello".equal?("hello")
+        RUBY
+      ].each do |src|
+        assert_prism_eval(src, raw: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_StringNode_frozen_string_literal_false
+      [
+        # Test that string literal is frozen
+        <<~RUBY,
+          # frozen_string_literal: false
+          !"a".frozen?
+        RUBY
+        # Test that two string literals with the same contents are the same string
+        <<~RUBY,
+          # frozen_string_literal: false
+          !"hello".equal?("hello")
+        RUBY
+      ].each do |src|
+        assert_prism_eval(src, raw: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_StringNode_frozen_string_literal_default
+      # Test that string literal is chilled
+      assert_prism_eval('"a".frozen?')
+
+      # Test that two identical chilled string literals aren't the same object
+      assert_prism_eval('!"hello".equal?("hello")')
+    end
+
+    def test_SymbolNode
+      assert_prism_eval(":pit")
+
+      # Test UTF-8 symbol in a US-ASCII file
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~'RUBY', raw: true)
+        # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+        :"\u{e9}"
+      RUBY
+
+      # Test ASCII-8BIT symbol in a US-ASCII file
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~'RUBY', raw: true)
+        # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+        :"\xff"
+      RUBY
+
+      # Test US-ASCII symbol in a ASCII-8BIT file
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~'RUBY', raw: true)
+        # -*- coding: ascii-8bit -*-
+        :a
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_XStringNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        class Prism::TestCompilePrism
+          def self.`(command) = command * 2
+          `pit`
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Structures                                                               #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_ArrayNode
+      assert_prism_eval("[]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3]")
+      assert_prism_eval("%i[foo bar baz]")
+      assert_prism_eval("%w[foo bar baz]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[*1..2]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[*1..2, 3, 4, *5..6, 7, 8]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[*1..2, 3, 4, *5..6, 7, 8, *9..11]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[0, *1..2, 3, 4, *5..6, 7, 8, *9..11]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[-1, true, 0, *1..2, 3, 4, *5..6, 7, 8, *9..11]")
+      assert_prism_eval("a = [1,2]; [0, *a, 3, 4, *5..6, 7, 8, *9..11]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[*1..2], 3, *4..5]")
+
+      elements = Array.new(64) { ":foo" }
+      assert_prism_eval("[#{elements.join(", ")}, bar: 1, baz: 2]")
+
+      # Test keyword splat inside of array
+      assert_prism_eval("[**{x: 'hello'}]")
+
+      # Test UTF-8 string array literal in a US-ASCII file
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~'RUBY', raw: true)
+        # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+        # frozen_string_literal: true
+        %W"\u{1f44b} \u{1f409}"
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_AssocNode
+      assert_prism_eval("{ foo: :bar }")
+    end
+
+    def test_AssocSplatNode
+      assert_prism_eval("foo = { a: 1 }; { **foo }")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo = { a: 1 }; bar = foo; { **foo, b: 2, **bar, c: 3 }")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo = { a: 1 }; { b: 2, **foo, c: 3}")
+
+      # Test anonymous AssocSplatNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.bar(**) = Hash(**)
+
+        o.bar(hello: "world")
+      RUBY
+
+      # Test that AssocSplatNode is evaluated before BlockArgumentNode using
+      # the splatkw instruction
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Struct.new(:ary) do
+          def to_hash
+            ary << :to_hash
+            {}
+          end
+
+          def to_proc
+            ary << :to_proc
+            -> {}
+          end
+
+          def t(...); end
+        end.new
+        o.ary = []
+
+        o.t(**o, &o)
+        o.ary
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_HashNode
+      assert_prism_eval("{}")
+      assert_prism_eval("{ a: :a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("{ a: :a, b: :b }")
+      assert_prism_eval("a = 1; { a: a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("a = 1; { a: }")
+      assert_prism_eval("{ to_s: }")
+      assert_prism_eval("{ Prism: }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[ Prism: [:b, :c]]")
+      assert_prism_eval("{ [] => 1}")
+    end
+
+    def test_ImplicitNode
+      assert_prism_eval("{ to_s: }")
+    end
+
+    def test_RangeNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1..2")
+      assert_prism_eval("1...2")
+      assert_prism_eval("..2")
+      assert_prism_eval("...2")
+      assert_prism_eval("1..")
+      assert_prism_eval("1...")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a2 = 2; a1..a2")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a2 = 2; a1...a2")
+      assert_prism_eval("a2 = 2; ..a2")
+      assert_prism_eval("a2 = 2; ...a2")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a1..")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a1...")
+      assert_prism_eval("1..2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("1...2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("..2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("...2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("1..; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("1...; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a2 = 2; a1..a2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a2 = 2; a1...a2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("a2 = 2; ..a2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("a2 = 2; ...a2; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a1..; nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("a1 = 1; a1...; nil")
+    end
+
+    def test_SplatNode
+      assert_prism_eval("*b = []; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("*b = [1, 2, 3]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *b = [1, 2, 3]; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *b = [1, 2, 3]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3]; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3]; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("*b, c = [1, 2, 3]; b")
+      assert_prism_eval("*b, c = [1, 2, 3]; c")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *, c = [1, 2, 3]; a")
+      assert_prism_eval("a, *, c = [1, 2, 3]; c")
+
+      # Test anonymous splat node
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.bar(*) = Array(*)
+
+        bar([1, 2, 3])
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Jumps                                                                    #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_AndNode
+      assert_prism_eval("true && 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("false && 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_CaseNode
+      assert_prism_eval("case :a; when :a; 1; else; 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case :a; when :b; 1; else; 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case :a; when :a; 1; else; 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case :a; when :a; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case :a; when :b, :c; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case; when :a; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case; when :a, :b; 1; else; 2 end")
+      assert_prism_eval("case :a; when :b; else; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("b = 1; case :a; when b; else; end")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_case_node
+          case :a
+          when :b
+          else
+            return 2
+          end
+          1
+        end
+        prism_test_case_node
+      CODE
+
+      # Test splat in when
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        ary = [1, 2]
+        case 1
+        when *ary
+          :ok
+        else
+          :ng
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      # Test splat in when
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        ary = [1, 2]
+        case 1
+        when :foo, *ary
+          :ok
+        else
+          :ng
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      # Test case without predicate
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case
+        when 1 == 2
+          :ng
+        else
+          :ok
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      # test splat with no predicate
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case
+        when *[true]
+          :ok
+        else
+          :ng
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_ElseNode
+      assert_prism_eval("if false; 0; else; 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("if true; 0; else; 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("true ? 1 : 0")
+      assert_prism_eval("false ? 0 : 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_FlipFlopNode
+      assert_prism_eval("not (1 == 1) .. (2 == 2)")
+      assert_prism_eval("not (1 == 1) ... (2 == 2)")
+    end
+
+    def test_IfNode
+      assert_prism_eval("if true; 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("1 if true")
+      assert_prism_eval('a = b = 1; if a..b; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if "a".."b"; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if "a"..; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if .."b"; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if ..1; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if 1..; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if 1..2; end')
+      assert_prism_eval('if true or true; end');
+    end
+
+    def test_OrNode
+      assert_prism_eval("true || 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("false || 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_UnlessNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1 unless true")
+      assert_prism_eval("1 unless false")
+      assert_prism_eval("unless true; 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("unless false; 1; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_UntilNode
+      assert_prism_eval("a = 0; until a == 1; a = a + 1; end")
+
+      # Test UntilNode in rescue
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Object.new
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@ret, [])
+        def o.foo = @ret << @ret.length
+        def o.bar = @ret.length > 3
+        begin
+          raise
+        rescue
+          o.foo until o.bar
+        end
+        o.instance_variable_get(:@ret)
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_WhileNode
+      assert_prism_eval("a = 0; while a != 1; a = a + 1; end")
+
+      # Test WhileNode in rescue
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Object.new
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@ret, [])
+        def o.foo = @ret << @ret.length
+        def o.bar = @ret.length < 3
+        begin
+          raise
+        rescue
+          o.foo while o.bar
+        end
+        o.instance_variable_get(:@ret)
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_ForNode
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for i in [1,2] do; r << i; end; r")
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for @i in [1,2] do; r << @i; end; r")
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for $i in [1,2] do; r << $i; end; r")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for foo, in  [1,2,3] do r << foo end; r")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for i, j in {a: 'b'} do; r << [i, j]; end; r")
+
+      # Test splat node as index in for loop
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for *x in [[1,2], [3,4]] do; r << x; end; r")
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for * in [[1,2], [3,4]] do; r << 'ok'; end; r")
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for x, * in [[1,2], [3,4]] do; r << x; end; r")
+      assert_prism_eval("r = []; for x, *y in [[1,2], [3,4]] do; r << [x, y]; end; r")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    #  Throws                                                                  #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_BeginNode
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; end; 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_BreakNode
+      assert_prism_eval("while true; break; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("while true; break 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("while true; break 1, 2; end")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[].each { break }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[true].map { break }")
+    end
+
+    def test_ensure_in_methods
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+def self.m
+  a = []
+ensure
+  a << 5
+  return a
+end
+m
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_break_runs_ensure
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+a = []
+while true
+  begin
+    break
+  ensure
+    a << 1
+  end
+end
+a
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_EnsureNode
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; 1; ensure; 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; 1; begin; 3; ensure; 4; end; ensure; 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        begin
+          a = 2
+        ensure
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        begin
+          a = 2
+        ensure
+          a = 3
+        end
+        a
+      CODE
+
+      # Test that ensure block only evaluated once
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        res = []
+        begin
+          begin
+            raise
+          ensure
+            res << $!.to_s
+          end
+        rescue
+          res
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 1
+        begin
+          a = 2
+        ensure
+          a = 3
+        end
+        a
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 1
+        begin
+          b = 2
+        ensure
+          c = 3
+        end
+        a + b + c
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        foo = 1
+        begin
+        ensure
+          begin
+          ensure
+            foo.nil?
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        def test
+        ensure
+          {}.each do |key, value|
+            {}[key] = value
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        def test
+          a = 1
+        ensure
+          {}.each do |key, value|
+            {}[key] = a
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_ensure_node
+          begin
+          ensure
+          end
+          return
+        end
+        prism_test_ensure_node
+      CODE
+
+      # Test empty ensure block
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        res = []
+
+        begin
+          begin
+            raise
+          ensure
+          end
+        rescue
+          res << "rescue"
+        end
+
+        res
+      RUBY
+
+      # Bug #21001
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        RUN_ARRAY = [1,2]
+
+        MAP_PROC = Proc.new do |&blk|
+          block_results = []
+          RUN_ARRAY.each do |value|
+            block_value = blk.call(value)
+            block_results.push block_value
+          end
+          block_results
+        ensure
+          next block_results
+        end
+
+        MAP_PROC.call do |value|
+          break if value > 1
+          next value
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_NextNode
+      assert_prism_eval("2.times do |i|; next if i == 1; end")
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        res = []
+        i = 0
+        while i < 5
+          i += 1
+          next if i == 3
+          res << i
+        end
+        res
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        res = []
+        (1..5).each do |i|
+          next if i.even?
+          res << i
+        end
+        res
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        (1..5).map do |i|
+          next i, :even if i.even?
+          i
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        res = []
+        i = 0
+        begin
+          i += 1
+          next if i == 3
+          res << i
+        end while i < 5
+        res
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        while false
+          begin
+          ensure
+          end
+          next
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        [].each do
+          begin
+          rescue
+            next
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_RedoNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        counter = 0
+
+        5.times do |i|
+          counter += 1
+          if i == 2 && counter < 3
+            redo
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        for i in 1..5
+          if i == 3
+            i = 0
+            redo
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        i = 0
+        begin
+          i += 1
+          redo if i == 3
+        end while i < 5
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_RescueNode
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; 1; rescue; 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+         1
+        rescue SyntaxError
+        2
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+          1
+          raise 'boom'
+        rescue StandardError
+          2
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+          a = 1
+        rescue StandardError => e
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+          raise StandardError
+        rescue StandardError => e
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+          1
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          e
+        rescue SyntaxError => f
+          f
+        else
+          4
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        begin
+          a = 2
+        rescue
+          a = 3
+        end
+        a
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 1
+        begin
+          a = 2
+        rescue
+          a = 3
+        end
+        a
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        a = 1
+        begin
+          b = 2
+          raise "bang"
+        rescue
+          c = 3
+        end
+        a + b + c
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; rescue; end")
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+        rescue
+          args.each do |key, value|
+            tmp[key] = 1
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        10.times do
+          begin
+          rescue
+            break
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      # Test RescueNode with ElseNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        calls = []
+        begin
+          begin
+          rescue RuntimeError
+            calls << 1
+          else
+            calls << 2
+            raise RuntimeError
+          end
+        rescue RuntimeError
+        end
+
+        calls
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_RescueModifierNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1.nil? rescue false")
+      assert_prism_eval("1.nil? rescue 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("raise 'bang' rescue nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("raise 'bang' rescue a = 1; a.nil?")
+      assert_prism_eval("a = 0 rescue (a += 1 && retry if a <= 1)")
+    end
+
+    def test_RetryNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        a = 1
+        begin
+          a
+          raise "boom"
+        rescue
+          a += 1
+          retry unless a > 1
+        ensure
+          a = 3
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+        rescue
+          foo = 2
+          retry
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE)
+        begin
+          a = 2
+        rescue
+          retry
+        end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_ReturnNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_return_node
+          return 1
+        end
+        prism_test_return_node
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_return_node
+          return 1, 2
+        end
+        prism_test_return_node
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_return_node
+          [1].each do |e|
+            return true
+          end
+        end
+        prism_test_return_node
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_return_node
+          [1].map do |i|
+            return i if i == 1
+            2
+          end
+        end
+        prism_test_return_node
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_return_node(*args, **kwargs)
+          return *args, *args, **kwargs
+        end
+        prism_test_return_node(1, foo: 0)
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Scopes/statements                                                        #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_BlockNode
+      assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3].each { |num| num }")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[].tap { _1 }")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[].each { |a,| }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[1, 2, 3]].map { |_, _, a| a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[1, 2, 3]].map { |_, a| a }")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[[]].map { |a| a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[]].map { |a| a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[]].map { |a, &block| a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[]].map { |a, &block| a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[{}].map { |a,| }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[[]].map { |a,b=1| a }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[{}].map { |a,| }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[{}].map { |a| a }")
+
+      # Test blocks with MultiTargetNode
+      assert_prism_eval("[[1, 2]].each.map { |(a), (b)| [a, b] }")
+    end
+
+    def test_ClassNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class PrismClassA; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("class PrismClassA; end; class PrismClassB < PrismClassA; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("class PrismClassA; end; class PrismClassA::PrismClassC; end")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-HERE
+        class PrismClassA; end
+        class PrismClassA::PrismClassC; end
+        class PrismClassB; end
+        class PrismClassB::PrismClassD < PrismClassA::PrismClassC; end
+      HERE
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Many of these tests are versions of tests at bootstraptest/test_method.rb
+    def test_DefNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_def_node; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("a = Object.new; def a.prism_singleton; :ok; end; a.prism_singleton")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node() 1 end; prism_test_def_node()")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a,b) [a, b] end; prism_test_def_node(1,2)")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a,x=7,y=1) x end; prism_test_def_node(7,1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a = 1); x = 2; end; prism_test_def_node")
+
+      # rest argument
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(*a) a end; prism_test_def_node().inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(*a) a end; prism_test_def_node(1).inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,y,*a) a end; prism_test_def_node(7,7,1,2).inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,y=7,*a) a end; prism_test_def_node(7).inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,y,z=7,*a) a end; prism_test_def_node(7,7).inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,y,z=7,zz=7,*a) a end; prism_test_def_node(7,7,7).inspect")
+
+      # keyword arguments
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a: 1, b: 2, c: 4) a + b + c; end; prism_test_def_node(a: 2)")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a: 1, b: 2, c: 4) a + b + c; end; prism_test_def_node(b: 3)")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(x = 1, y, a: 8, b: 2, c: 4)
+          a + b + c + x + y
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node(10, b: 3)
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(a: [])
+          a
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node
+      CODE
+
+      # block arguments
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(&block) block end; prism_test_def_node{}.class")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(&block) block end; prism_test_def_node().inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a,b=7,*c,&block) b end; prism_test_def_node(7,1).inspect")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a,b=7,*c,&block) c end; prism_test_def_node(7,7,1).inspect")
+
+      # splat
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(a) a end; prism_test_def_node(*[1])")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,a) a end; prism_test_def_node(7,*[1])")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,y,a) a end; prism_test_def_node(7,7,*[1])")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(x,y,a,b,c) a end; prism_test_def_node(7,7,*[1,7,7])")
+
+      # recursive call
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.prism_test_def_node(n) n == 0 ? 1 : prism_test_def_node(n-1) end; prism_test_def_node(5)")
+
+      # instance method
+      assert_prism_eval("class PrismTestDefNode; def prism_test_def_node() 1 end end;  PrismTestDefNode.new.prism_test_def_node")
+      assert_prism_eval("class PrismTestDefNode; def prism_test_def_node(*a) a end end;  PrismTestDefNode.new.prism_test_def_node(1).inspect")
+
+      # block argument
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(&block) prism_test_def_node2(&block) end
+        def self.prism_test_def_node2() yield 1 end
+        prism_test_def_node2 {|a| a }
+      CODE
+
+      # multi argument
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(a, (b, *c, d))
+          [a, b, c, d]
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node("a", ["b", "c", "d"])
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(a, (b, c, *))
+          [a, b, c]
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node("a", ["b", "c"])
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(a, (*, b, c))
+          [a, b, c]
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node("a", ["b", "c"])
+      CODE
+
+      # recursive multis
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(a, (b, *c, (d, *e, f)))
+          [a, b, c, d, d, e, f]
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node("a", ["b", "c", ["d", "e", "f"]])
+      CODE
+
+      # Many arguments
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_def_node(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j),  k:, l: 1, **m)
+          [a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m]
+        end
+        prism_test_def_node(
+          "a",
+          ["b", "c1", "c2", "d"],
+          "e",
+          "f1", "f2",
+          "g",
+          ["h", "i1", "i2", "j"],
+          k: "k",
+          l: "l",
+          m1: "m1",
+          m2: "m2"
+        )
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_pow_parameters
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(a, **); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_star_parameters
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(a, *, b); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_block_params
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.x(&blk); blk; end; x { |_, _, _ = 1, *_, _:, _: 2, **_, &_| }.parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_proc_params
+      assert_prism_eval("proc {|_, _, _ = 1, *_, _:, _: 2, **_, &_| }.parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_forward_parameters_block
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(&); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_forward_parameters
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(...); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_block_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(_, **_, &_); _; end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_kw_rest_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(_, **_); _; end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_required_keyword_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(_, _, *_, _, _:); _; end; method(:m).parameters")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(_, _, *_, _, _:, _: 2); _; end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_required_post_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(_, _, *_, _); _; end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_splat_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(_, _, _ = 1, _ = 2, *_); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_optional_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(a, _, _, _ = 1, _ = 2, b); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_required_underscore
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(a, _, _, b); end; method(:m).parameters")
+    end
+
+    def test_locals_in_parameters
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m(a = b = c = 1); [a, b, c]; end; self.m")
+    end
+
+    def test_trailing_comma_on_block
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.m; yield [:ok]; end; m {|v0,| v0 }")
+    end
+
+    def test_complex_default_params
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a:, b: '2'.to_i); [a, b]; end; foo(a: 1)")
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a:, b: 2, c: '3'.to_i); [a, b, c]; end; foo(a: 1)")
+    end
+
+    def test_numbered_params
+      assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3].then { _3 }")
+      assert_prism_eval("1.then { one = 1; one + _1 }")
+    end
+
+    def test_rescue_with_ensure
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+begin
+  begin
+    raise "a"
+  rescue
+    raise "b"
+  ensure
+    raise "c"
+  end
+rescue => e
+  e.message
+end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_required_kwarg_ordering
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a: 1, b:); [a, b]; end; foo(b: 2)")
+    end
+
+    def test_trailing_keyword_method_params
+      # foo(1, b: 2, c: 3) # argc -> 3
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a, b:, c:); [a, b, c]; end; foo(1, b: 2, c: 3)")
+    end
+
+    def test_keyword_method_params_only
+      # foo(a: 1, b: 2) # argc -> 2
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a:, b:); [a, b]; end; foo(a: 1, b: 2)")
+    end
+
+    def test_keyword_method_params_with_splat
+      # foo(a: 1, **b) # argc -> 1
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a:, b:); [a, b]; end; b = { b: 2 }; foo(a: 1, **b)")
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_and_splat_keyword_method_params
+      # foo(a, **b) # argc -> 2
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a, b); [a, b]; end; b = { b: 2 }; foo(1, **b)")
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_and_splat_method_params
+      # foo(a, *b, c, *d, e) # argc -> 2
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a, b, c, d, e); [a, b, c, d, e]; end; b = [2]; d = [4]; foo(1, *b, 3, *d, 5)")
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_with_splat_and_splat_keyword_method_params
+      # foo(a, *b, c, *d, **e) # argc -> 3
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a, b, c, d, e); [a, b, c, d, e]; end; b = [2]; d = [4]; e = { e: 5 }; foo(1, *b, 3, *d, **e)")
+    end
+
+    def test_positional_with_splat_and_keyword_method_params
+      # foo(a, *b, c, *d, e:) # argc -> 3
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a, b, c, d, e:); [a, b, c, d, e]; end; b = [2]; d = [4]; foo(1, *b, 3, *d, e: 5)")
+    end
+
+    def test_leading_splat_and_keyword_method_params
+      # foo(*a, b:) # argc -> 2
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(a, b:); [a, b]; end; a = [1]; foo(*a, b: 2)")
+    end
+
+    def test_repeated_method_params
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(_a, _a); _a; end; foo(1, 2)")
+    end
+
+    def test_splat_params_with_no_lefties
+      assert_prism_eval("def self.foo(v, (*)); v; end; foo(1, [2, 3, 4])")
+    end
+
+    def test_method_parameters
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_method_parameters(a, b=1, *c, d:, e: 2, **f, &g)
+        end
+
+        method(:prism_test_method_parameters).parameters
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_method_parameters(d:, e: 2, **f, &g)
+        end
+
+        method(:prism_test_method_parameters).parameters
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_method_parameters(**f, &g)
+        end
+
+        method(:prism_test_method_parameters).parameters
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_method_parameters(&g)
+        end
+
+        method(:prism_test_method_parameters).parameters
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_LambdaNode
+      assert_prism_eval("-> { to_s }.call")
+    end
+
+    def test_LambdaNode_with_multiline_args
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        -> (a,
+            b) {
+              a + b
+            }.call(1, 2)
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_ModuleNode
+      assert_prism_eval("module M; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("module M::N; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("module ::O; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_ParenthesesNode
+      assert_prism_eval("()")
+      assert_prism_eval("(1)")
+    end
+
+    def test_PreExecutionNode
+      assert_prism_eval("BEGIN { a = 1 }; 2", raw: true)
+      assert_prism_eval("b = 2; BEGIN { a = 1 }; a + b", raw: true)
+    end
+
+    def test_PostExecutionNode
+      assert_prism_eval("END { 1 }")
+      assert_prism_eval("END { @b }; @b = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("END { @b; 0 }; @b = 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo = 1; END { foo.nil? }")
+      assert_prism_eval("foo = 1; END { END { foo.nil? }}")
+    end
+
+    def test_ProgramNode
+      assert_prism_eval("")
+      assert_prism_eval("1")
+    end
+
+    def test_SingletonClassNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class << self; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_StatementsNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1")
+    end
+
+    def test_YieldNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_yield_node; yield; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_yield_node; yield 1, 2; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_yield_node; yield **kw if condition; end")
+
+      # Test case where there's a call directly after the yield call
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_yield_node; yield; 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_yield_node; yield 1, 2; 1; end")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    #  Calls / arguments                                                       #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_ArgumentsNode
+      # assert_prism_eval("[].push 1")
+    end
+
+    def test_BlockArgumentNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1.then(&:to_s)")
+
+      # Test anonymous block forwarding
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.foo(&) = yield
+        def o.bar(&) = foo(&)
+
+        o.bar { :ok }
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_BlockLocalVariableNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        pm_var = "outer scope variable"
+
+        1.times { |;pm_var| pm_var = "inner scope variable"; pm_var }
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        pm_var = "outer scope variable"
+
+        1.times { |;pm_var| pm_var = "inner scope variable"; pm_var }
+        pm_var
+      CODE
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_CallNode
+      assert_prism_eval("to_s")
+
+      # with arguments
+      assert_prism_eval("eval '1'")
+
+      # with arguments and popped
+      assert_prism_eval("eval '1'; 1")
+
+      # With different types of calling arguments
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_call_node_double_splat(**); end
+        prism_test_call_node_double_splat(b: 1, **{})
+      CODE
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        prism_test_call_node_double_splat(:b => 1)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_test_call_node_splat(*); end
+        prism_test_call_node_splat(*[], 1)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval("prism_test_call_node_splat(*[], 1, 2)")
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        def self.prism_test_call_node_splat_and_double_splat(a, b, **opts); end
+        prism_test_call_node_splat_and_double_splat(*[1], 2, **{})
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        class Foo
+          def []=(a, b)
+            1234
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.foo(i, j)
+          tbl = Foo.new
+          tbl[i] = j
+        end
+        foo(1, 2)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        class Foo
+          def i=(a)
+            1234
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.foo(j)
+          tbl = Foo.new
+          tbl.i = j
+        end
+        foo(1)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        foo = Object.new
+        def foo.[]=(k,v); 42; end
+        foo.[]=(1,2)
+      CODE
+
+      # With splat inside of []=
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        obj = Object.new
+        def obj.[]=(a, b); 10; end
+        obj[*[1]] = 3
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.prism_opt_var_trail_hash(a = nil, *b, c, **d); end
+        prism_opt_var_trail_hash("a")
+        prism_opt_var_trail_hash("a", c: 1)
+        prism_opt_var_trail_hash("a", "b")
+        prism_opt_var_trail_hash("a", "b", "c")
+        prism_opt_var_trail_hash("a", "b", "c", c: 1)
+        prism_opt_var_trail_hash("a", "b", "c", "c" => 0, c: 1)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.foo(*args, **kwargs) = [args, kwargs]
+
+        [
+          foo(2 => 3),
+          foo([] => 42),
+          foo(a: 42, b: 61),
+          foo(1, 2, 3, a: 42, "b" => 61),
+          foo(:a => 42, :b => 61),
+        ]
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        class PrivateMethod
+          def initialize
+            self.instance_var
+          end
+          private
+          attr_accessor :instance_var
+        end
+        pm = PrivateMethod.new
+        pm.send(:instance_var)
+      CODE
+
+      # Testing safe navigation operator
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.test_prism_call_node
+          if [][0]&.first
+            1
+          end
+        end
+        test_prism_call_node
+      CODE
+
+      # Specialized instructions
+      assert_prism_eval(%{-"literal"})
+      assert_prism_eval(%{"literal".freeze})
+    end
+
+    def test_CallAndWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        class PrismTestSubclass; end
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_and_write_node; end;
+        PrismTestSubclass.test_call_and_write_node &&= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_and_write_node
+          "str"
+        end
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_and_write_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        PrismTestSubclass.test_call_and_write_node &&= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        def self.test_call_and_write_node; end;
+        self.test_call_and_write_node &&= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        def self.test_call_and_write_node
+          "str"
+        end
+        def self.test_call_and_write_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        self.test_call_and_write_node &&= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.test_prism_call_node; end
+        def self.test_prism_call_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        self&.test_prism_call_node &&= 1
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.test_prism_call_node
+          2
+        end
+        def self.test_prism_call_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        self&.test_prism_call_node &&= 1
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_CallOrWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        class PrismTestSubclass; end
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_or_write_node; end;
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_or_write_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        PrismTestSubclass.test_call_or_write_node ||= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_or_write_node
+          "str"
+        end
+        PrismTestSubclass.test_call_or_write_node ||= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        def self.test_call_or_write_node; end;
+        def self.test_call_or_write_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        self.test_call_or_write_node ||= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        def self.test_call_or_write_node
+          "str"
+        end
+        self.test_call_or_write_node ||= 1
+      CODE
+      )
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.test_prism_call_node
+          2
+        end
+        def self.test_prism_call_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        self&.test_prism_call_node ||= 1
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def self.test_prism_call_node; end
+        def self.test_prism_call_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        self&.test_prism_call_node ||= 1
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_CallOperatorWriteNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE
+        class PrismTestSubclass; end
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_operator_write_node
+          2
+        end
+        def PrismTestSubclass.test_call_operator_write_node=(val)
+          val
+        end
+        PrismTestSubclass.test_call_operator_write_node += 1
+      CODE
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_ForwardingArgumentsNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def prism_test_forwarding_arguments_node(...); end;
+        def prism_test_forwarding_arguments_node1(...)
+          prism_test_forwarding_arguments_node(...)
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        def prism_test_forwarding_arguments_node(...); end;
+        def prism_test_forwarding_arguments_node1(a, ...)
+          prism_test_forwarding_arguments_node(1,2, 3, ...)
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.bar(a, b, c) = [a, b, c]
+        def o.foo(...) = 1.times { bar(...) }
+
+        o.foo(1, 2, 3)
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_ForwardingArgumentsNode_instruction_sequence_consistency
+      # Test that both parsers generate identical instruction sequences for forwarding arguments
+      # This prevents regressions like the one fixed in prism_compile.c for PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE
+
+      # Test case from the bug report: def bar(buz, ...) = foo(buz, ...)
+      source = <<~RUBY
+        def foo(*, &block) = block
+        def bar(buz, ...) = foo(buz, ...)
+      RUBY
+
+      compare_instruction_sequences(source)
+
+      # Test simple forwarding
+      source = <<~RUBY
+        def target(...) = nil
+        def forwarder(...) = target(...)
+      RUBY
+
+      compare_instruction_sequences(source)
+
+      # Test mixed forwarding with regular arguments
+      source = <<~RUBY
+        def target(a, b, c) = [a, b, c]
+        def forwarder(x, ...) = target(x, ...)
+      RUBY
+
+      compare_instruction_sequences(source)
+
+      # Test forwarding with splat
+      source = <<~RUBY
+        def target(a, b, c) = [a, b, c]
+        def forwarder(x, ...); target(*x, ...); end
+      RUBY
+
+      compare_instruction_sequences(source)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def compare_instruction_sequences(source)
+      # Get instruction sequences from both parsers
+      parsey_iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_parsey(source)
+      prism_iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(source)
+
+      # Compare instruction sequences
+      assert_equal parsey_iseq.disasm, prism_iseq.disasm
+    end
+
+    public
+
+    def test_ForwardingSuperNode
+      assert_prism_eval("class Forwarding; def to_s; super; end; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("class Forwarding; def eval(code); super { code }; end; end")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-CODE)
+        class A
+          def initialize(a, b)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class B < A
+          attr_reader :res
+          def initialize(a, b, *)
+            super
+            @res = [a, b]
+          end
+        end
+
+        B.new(1, 2).res
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_KeywordHashNode
+      assert_prism_eval("[a: [:b, :c]]")
+    end
+
+    def test_SuperNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def to_s; super 1; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def to_s; super(); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def to_s; super('a', :b, [1,2,3]); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def to_s; super(1, 2, 3, &:foo); end")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Methods / parameters                                                     #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_AliasGlobalVariableNode
+      assert_prism_eval("alias $prism_foo $prism_bar")
+    end
+
+    def test_AliasMethodNode
+      assert_prism_eval("alias :prism_a :to_s")
+    end
+
+    def test_BlockParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_block_parameter_node(&bar) end")
+      assert_prism_eval("->(b, c=1, *d, e, &f){}")
+
+      # Test BlockParameterNode with no name
+      assert_prism_eval("->(&){}")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_block_parameter_node(&); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_BlockParametersNode
+      assert_prism_eval("Object.tap { || }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[1].map { |num| num }")
+      assert_prism_eval("[1].map { |a; b| b = 2; a + b}")
+
+      # Test block parameters with multiple _
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]].map { |(_, _, _, _, _, _)| _ }
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_FowardingParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_forwarding_parameter_node(...); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_KeywordRestParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_keyword_rest_parameter_node(a, **b); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("Object.tap { |**| }")
+
+      # Test that KeywordRestParameterNode creates a copy
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        hash = {}
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.foo(**a) = a[:foo] = 1
+
+        o.foo(**hash)
+        hash
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_NoKeywordsParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_no_keywords(**nil); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_no_keywords(a, b = 2, **nil); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_OptionalParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_optional_param_node(bar = nil); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_OptionalKeywordParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_optional_keyword_param_node(bar: nil); end")
+
+      # Test with optional argument and method call in OptionalKeywordParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.foo = 1
+        def o.bar(a = nil, b: foo) = b
+        o.bar
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_ParametersNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_parameters_node(bar, baz); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_parameters_node(a, b = 2); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_RequiredParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_required_param_node(bar); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_required_param_node(foo, bar); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_RequiredKeywordParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_required_param_node(bar:); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_required_param_node(foo:, bar:); end")
+      assert_prism_eval("-> a, b = 1, c:, d:, &e { a }")
+    end
+
+    def test_RestParameterNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_test_rest_parameter_node(*a); end")
+    end
+
+    def test_UndefNode
+      assert_prism_eval("def prism_undef_node_1; end; undef prism_undef_node_1")
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-HERE
+        def prism_undef_node_2
+        end
+        def prism_undef_node_3
+        end
+        undef prism_undef_node_2, prism_undef_node_3
+      HERE
+      )
+      assert_prism_eval(<<-HERE
+        def prism_undef_node_4
+        end
+        undef :'prism_undef_node_#{4}'
+      HERE
+      )
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Pattern matching                                                         #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_AlternationPatternNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in 1 | 2")
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in 2 | 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in 2 | 3 | 4 | 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in 2 | 3")
+    end
+
+    def test_ArrayPatternNode
+      assert_prism_eval("[] => []")
+
+      ["in", "=>"].each do |operator|
+        ["", "Array"].each do |constant|
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, 2, 3]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, 2, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, 2, 3, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, *foo]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, 2, *foo]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[1, 2, 3, *foo]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 2, 3]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, 2, 3]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 2, 3]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 1, 2, 3]")
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; Object.new => [1, 2, 3]; rescue NoMatchingPatternError; true; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; [1, 2, 3] => Object[1, 2, 3]; rescue NoMatchingPatternError; true; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_CapturePatternNode
+      assert_prism_eval("[1] => [Integer => foo]")
+    end
+
+    def test_CaseMatchNode
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case [1, 2, 3]
+        in [1, 2, 3]
+          4
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case { a: 5, b: 6 }
+        in [1, 2, 3]
+          4
+        in { a: 5, b: 6 }
+          7
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        in [1, 2, 3]
+          4
+        in { a: 5, b: 6 }
+          7
+        else
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        in [1, 2, 3]
+          4
+        in { a: 5, b: 6 }
+          7
+        else
+          8
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~RUBY)
+        case [1, 2, 3]
+        in [1, 2, 3] unless to_s
+        in [1, 2, 3] if to_s.nil?
+        in [1, 2, 3]
+          true
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    def test_FindPatternNode
+      ["in", "=>"].each do |operator|
+        ["", "Array"].each do |constant|
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 5, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, 2, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 2, 3, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3, 4, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 4, 5, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, 2, 3, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 2, 3, 4, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3, 4, 5, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, 2, 3, 4, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 2, 3, 4, 5, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3, 4, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3, 4, 5, *]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 1, 2, 3, 4, *]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3, *foo]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3, 4, *foo]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 3, 4, 5, *foo]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*, 1, 2, 3, 4, *foo]")
+
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3, *bar]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3, 4, *bar]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 3, 4, 5, *bar]")
+          assert_prism_eval("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #{operator} #{constant}[*foo, 1, 2, 3, 4, *bar]")
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]]] => [*, [*, [*, [*, [*]]]]]")
+      assert_prism_eval("[1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]]] => [1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]]]")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; Object.new => [*, 2, *]; rescue NoMatchingPatternError; true; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("begin; [1, 2, 3] => Object[*, 2, *]; rescue NoMatchingPatternError; true; end")
+    end
+
+    def test_HashPatternNode
+      assert_prism_eval("{} => {}")
+
+      [["{ ", " }"], ["Hash[", "]"]].each do |(prefix, suffix)|
+        assert_prism_eval("{} => #{prefix} **nil #{suffix}")
+
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1 #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2 #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} b: 2, c: 3 #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 #{suffix}")
+
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} ** #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, ** #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2, ** #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} b: 2, c: 3, ** #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, ** #{suffix}")
+
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} **foo #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, **foo #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2, **foo #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} b: 2, c: 3, **foo #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, **foo #{suffix}")
+
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1 } => #{prefix} a: 1, **nil #{suffix}")
+        assert_prism_eval("{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } => #{prefix} a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, **nil #{suffix}")
+      end
+
+      assert_prism_eval("{ a: { b: { c: 1 } } } => { a: { b: { c: 1 } } }")
+    end
+
+    def test_MatchPredicateNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("1.0 in 1.0")
+      assert_prism_eval("1i in 1i")
+      assert_prism_eval("1r in 1r")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo\" in \"foo\"")
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo \#{1}\" in \"foo \#{1}\"")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("false in false")
+      assert_prism_eval("nil in nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("self in self")
+      assert_prism_eval("true in true")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("5 in 0..10")
+      assert_prism_eval("5 in 0...10")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[\"5\"] in %w[5]")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism in Prism")
+      assert_prism_eval("Prism in ::Prism")
+
+      assert_prism_eval(":prism in :prism")
+      assert_prism_eval("%s[prism\#{1}] in %s[prism\#{1}]")
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo\" in /.../")
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo1\" in /...\#{1}/")
+      assert_prism_eval("4 in ->(v) { v.even? }")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("5 in foo")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in 2")
+
+      # Bug: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20956
+      assert_prism_eval("1 in [1 | [1]]")
+    end
+
+    def test_MatchRequiredNode
+      assert_prism_eval("1 => 1")
+      assert_prism_eval("1.0 => 1.0")
+      assert_prism_eval("1i => 1i")
+      assert_prism_eval("1r => 1r")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo\" => \"foo\"")
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo \#{1}\" => \"foo \#{1}\"")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("false => false")
+      assert_prism_eval("nil => nil")
+      assert_prism_eval("true => true")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("5 => 0..10")
+      assert_prism_eval("5 => 0...10")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("[\"5\"] => %w[5]")
+
+      assert_prism_eval(":prism => :prism")
+      assert_prism_eval("%s[prism\#{1}] => %s[prism\#{1}]")
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo\" => /.../")
+      assert_prism_eval("\"foo1\" => /...\#{1}/")
+      assert_prism_eval("4 => ->(v) { v.even? }")
+
+      assert_prism_eval("5 => foo")
+    end
+
+    def test_PinnedExpressionNode
+      assert_prism_eval("4 in ^(4)")
+    end
+
+    def test_PinnedVariableNode
+      assert_prism_eval("module Prism; @@prism = 1; 1 in ^@@prism; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("module Prism; @prism = 1; 1 in ^@prism; end")
+      assert_prism_eval("$prism = 1; 1 in ^$prism")
+      assert_prism_eval("prism = 1; 1 in ^prism")
+      assert_prism_eval("[1].each { 1 => ^it }")
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    #  Miscellaneous                                                           #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_eval
+      assert_prism_eval("eval('1 + 1')", raw: true)
+      assert_prism_eval("a = 1; eval('a + 1')", raw: true)
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE, raw: true)
+        def prism_eval_splat(**bar)
+          eval("bar")
+        end
+        prism_eval_splat(bar: 10)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE, raw: true)
+        def prism_eval_keywords(baz:)
+          eval("baz")
+        end
+        prism_eval_keywords(baz: 10)
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE, raw: true)
+        [1].each do |a|
+          [2].each do |b|
+            c = 3
+            eval("a + b + c")
+          end
+        end
+      CODE
+
+      assert_prism_eval(<<~CODE, raw: true)
+        def prism_eval_binding(b)
+          eval("bar", b)
+        end
+
+        bar = :ok
+        prism_eval_binding(binding)
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def test_ScopeNode
+      assert_separately(%w[], <<~'RUBY')
+        def compare_eval(source)
+          ruby_eval = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("module A; " + source + "; end").eval
+          prism_eval = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism("module B; " + source + "; end").eval
+
+          assert_equal ruby_eval, prism_eval
+        end
+
+        def assert_prism_eval(source)
+          $VERBOSE, verbose_bak = nil, $VERBOSE
+
+          begin
+            compare_eval(source)
+
+            # Test "popped" functionality
+            compare_eval("#{source}; 1")
+          ensure
+            $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_prism_eval("a = 1; 1.times do; { a: }; end")
+        assert_prism_eval("a = 1; def foo(a); a; end")
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    # Errors                                                                   #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_MissingNode
+      # TODO
+    end
+
+    ############################################################################
+    #  Encoding                                                                #
+    ############################################################################
+
+    def test_encoding
+      assert_prism_eval('"però"')
+      assert_prism_eval(":però")
+    end
+
+    def test_parse_file
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file_prism(__FILE__)
+      end
+
+      error = assert_raise Errno::ENOENT do
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file_prism("idontexist.rb")
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "No such file or directory - idontexist.rb", error.message
+
+      assert_raise TypeError do
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file_prism(nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def compare_eval(source, raw:, location:)
+      source = raw ? source : "class Prism::TestCompilePrism\n#{source}\nend"
+
+      ruby_eval = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_parsey(source).eval
+      prism_eval = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(source).eval
+
+      if ruby_eval.is_a? Proc
+        assert_equal ruby_eval.class, prism_eval.class, "@#{location.path}:#{location.lineno}"
+      else
+        assert_equal ruby_eval, prism_eval, "@#{location.path}:#{location.lineno}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_prism_eval(source, raw: false)
+      location = caller_locations(1, 1).first
+      $VERBOSE, verbose_bak = nil, $VERBOSE
+
+      begin
+        compare_eval(source, raw:, location:)
+
+        # Test "popped" functionality
+        compare_eval("#{source}; 1", raw:, location:)
+      ensure
+        $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_complex.rb b/test/ruby/test_complex.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb131cee91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_complex.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1296 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class ComplexSub < Complex; end
+
+class Complex_Test < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_rationalize
+    assert_equal(1.quo(3), Complex(1/3.0, 0).rationalize, '[ruby-core:38885]')
+    assert_equal(1.quo(5), Complex(0.2, 0).rationalize, '[ruby-core:38885]')
+    assert_equal(5.quo(2), Complex(2.5, 0).rationalize(0), '[ruby-core:40667]')
+  end
+
+  def test_compsub
+    c = ComplexSub.__send__(:convert, 1)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Numeric, c)
+
+    assert_instance_of(ComplexSub, c)
+
+    c2 = c + 1
+    assert_instance_of(ComplexSub, c2)
+    c2 = c - 1
+    assert_instance_of(ComplexSub, c2)
+
+    c3 = c - c2
+    assert_instance_of(ComplexSub, c3)
+
+    s = Marshal.dump(c)
+    c5 = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_equal(c, c5)
+    assert_instance_of(ComplexSub, c5)
+
+    c1 = Complex(1)
+    assert_equal(c1.hash, c.hash, '[ruby-dev:38850]')
+    assert_equal([true, true], [c.eql?(c1), c1.eql?(c)])
+  end
+
+  def test_eql_p
+    c = Complex(0)
+    c2 = Complex(0)
+    c3 = Complex(1)
+
+    assert_operator(c, :eql?, c2)
+    assert_not_operator(c, :eql?, c3)
+
+    assert_not_operator(c, :eql?, 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    h = Complex(1,2).hash
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, h)
+    assert_nothing_raised {h.to_s}
+    h = Complex(1.0,2.0).hash
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, h)
+    assert_nothing_raised {h.to_s}
+
+    h = {}
+    h[Complex(0)] = 0
+    h[Complex(0,1)] = 1
+    h[Complex(1,0)] = 2
+    h[Complex(1,1)] = 3
+
+    assert_equal(4, h.size)
+    assert_equal(2, h[Complex(1,0)])
+
+    h[Complex(0,0)] = 9
+    assert_equal(4, h.size)
+
+    h[Complex(0.0,0.0)] = 9.0
+    assert_equal(5, h.size)
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan? && !((0.0/0).eql?(0.0/0))
+      h = {}
+      3.times{h[Complex(0.0/0)] = 1}
+      assert_equal(3, h.size)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze
+    c = Complex(1)
+    assert_predicate(c, :frozen?)
+    assert_instance_of(String, c.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_conv
+    c = Complex(0,0)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(2**32, 2**32)
+    assert_equal(Complex(2**32,2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([2**32,2**32], [c.real,c.imag])
+
+    c = Complex(-2**32, 2**32)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-2**32,2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([-2**32,2**32], [c.real,c.imag])
+
+    c = Complex(2**32, -2**32)
+    assert_equal(Complex(2**32,-2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([2**32,-2**32], [c.real,c.imag])
+
+    c = Complex(-2**32, -2**32)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-2**32,-2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([-2**32,-2**32], [c.real,c.imag])
+
+    c = Complex(Complex(1,2),2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,4), c)
+
+    c = Complex(2,Complex(1,2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), c)
+
+    c = Complex(Complex(1,2),Complex(1,2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,3), c)
+
+    c = Complex::I
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(1),Complex(1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1),Complex('1'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(3.0,3.0),Complex('3.0','3.0'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,1),Complex('3/3','3/3'))
+    assert_raise(TypeError){Complex(nil)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError){Complex(Object.new)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Complex()}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Complex(1,2,3)}
+    c = Complex(1,0)
+    assert_same(c, Complex(c))
+    assert_same(c, Complex(c, exception: false))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Complex(c, bad_keyword: true)}
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan?
+      assert_nothing_raised{Complex(0.0/0)}
+    end
+    if (1.0/0).infinite?
+      assert_nothing_raised{Complex(1.0/0)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attr
+    c = Complex(4)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.real)
+    assert_equal(0, c.imag)
+
+    c = Complex(4,5)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.real)
+    assert_equal(5, c.imag)
+
+    if -0.0.to_s == '-0.0'
+      c = Complex(-0.0,-0.0)
+
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.real.to_s)
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+    end
+
+    c = Complex(4)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.real)
+    assert_equal(0, c.imag)
+    assert_equal(c.imag, c.imaginary)
+
+    c = Complex(4,5)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.real)
+    assert_equal(5, c.imag)
+    assert_equal(c.imag, c.imaginary)
+
+    if -0.0.to_s == '-0.0'
+      c = Complex(-0.0,-0.0)
+
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.real.to_s)
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+      assert_equal(c.imag.to_s, c.imaginary.to_s)
+    end
+
+    c = Complex(4)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.real)
+    assert_equal(c.imag, c.imaginary)
+    assert_equal(0, c.imag)
+
+    c = Complex(4,5)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.real)
+    assert_equal(5, c.imag)
+    assert_equal(c.imag, c.imaginary)
+
+    c = Complex(-0.0,-0.0)
+
+    assert_equal('-0.0', c.real.to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+    assert_equal(c.imag.to_s, c.imaginary.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_attr2
+    c = Complex(1)
+
+    assert_not_predicate(c, :integer?)
+    assert_not_predicate(c, :real?)
+
+    assert_predicate(Complex(0), :zero?)
+    assert_predicate(Complex(0,0), :zero?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(1,0), :zero?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(0,1), :zero?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(1,1), :zero?)
+
+    assert_equal(nil, Complex(0).nonzero?)
+    assert_equal(nil, Complex(0,0).nonzero?)
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,0), Complex(1,0).nonzero?)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), Complex(0,1).nonzero?)
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,1), Complex(1,1).nonzero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_rect
+    assert_equal([1,2], Complex.rectangular(1,2).rectangular)
+    assert_equal([1,2], Complex.rect(1,2).rect)
+  end
+
+  def test_polar
+    assert_equal([1,2], Complex.polar(1,2).polar)
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(1.0, Math::PI * 2 / 3), Complex.polar(1, Math::PI * 2 / 3))
+
+    one = 1+0i
+    c = Complex.polar(0, one)
+    assert_equal(0, c)
+    assert_predicate(c.real, :real?)
+    c = Complex.polar(one, 0)
+    assert_equal(1, c)
+    assert_predicate(c.real, :real?)
+    c = Complex.polar(one)
+    assert_equal(1, c)
+    assert_predicate(c.real, :real?)
+  end
+
+  def test_uplus
+    assert_equal(Complex(1), +Complex(1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1), +Complex(-1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,1), +Complex(1,1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,1), +Complex(-1,1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,-1), +Complex(1,-1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,-1), +Complex(-1,-1))
+
+    if -0.0.to_s == '-0.0'
+      c = +Complex(0.0,0.0)
+      assert_equal('0.0', c.real.to_s)
+      assert_equal('0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+
+      c = +Complex(-0.0,-0.0)
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.real.to_s)
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_negate
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1), -Complex(1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1), -Complex(-1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,-1), -Complex(1,1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,-1), -Complex(-1,1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,1), -Complex(1,-1))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,1), -Complex(-1,-1))
+
+    if -0.0.to_s == '-0.0'
+      c = -Complex(0.0,0.0)
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.real.to_s)
+      assert_equal('-0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+
+      c = -Complex(-0.0,-0.0)
+      assert_equal('0.0', c.real.to_s)
+      assert_equal('0.0', c.imag.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_add
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(3,5), c + c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(3,2), c + 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(3.0,2), c + 2.0)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(3,1),Rational(2)), c + Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(5,3),Rational(2)), c + Rational(2,3))
+  end
+
+  def test_add_with_redefining_int_plus
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Integer
+        remove_method :+
+        def +(other); 42; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(1, 2) + Complex(0, 1)
+      puts a == Complex(42, 42)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_add_with_redefining_float_plus
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Float
+        remove_method :+
+        def +(other); 42.0; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(1.0, 2.0) + Complex(0, 1)
+      puts a == Complex(42.0, 42.0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_add_with_redefining_rational_plus
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Rational
+        remove_method :+
+        def +(other); 355/113r; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(1r, 2r) + Complex(0, 1)
+      puts a == Complex(355/113r, 355/113r)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,-1), c - c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1,2), c - 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1.0,2), c - 2.0)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,1),Rational(2)), c - Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,3),Rational(2)), c - Rational(2,3))
+  end
+
+  def test_sub_with_redefining_int_minus
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Integer
+        remove_method :-
+        def -(other); 42; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(1, 2) - Complex(0, 1)
+      puts a == Complex(42, 42)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_sub_with_redefining_float_minus
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Float
+        remove_method :-
+        def -(other); 42.0; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(1.0, 2.0) - Complex(0, 1)
+      puts a == Complex(42.0, 42.0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_sub_with_redefining_rational_minus
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Rational
+        remove_method :-
+        def -(other); 355/113r; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(1r, 2r) - Complex(0, 1)
+      puts a == Complex(355/113r, 355/113r)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(-4,7), c * c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(2,4), c * 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(2.0,4.0), c * 2.0)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2,1),Rational(4)), c * Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2,3),Rational(4,3)), c * Rational(2,3))
+
+    c = Complex(Float::INFINITY, 0)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Float::INFINITY, 0), c * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Float::INFINITY), c * Complex(0, 1))
+    c = Complex(0, Float::INFINITY)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Float::INFINITY), c * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-Float::INFINITY, 0), c * Complex(0, 1))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.0, -0.0), Complex(-0.0, 0) * Complex(0, 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_mul_with_redefining_int_mult
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Integer
+        remove_method :*
+        def *(other); 42; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(2, 0) * Complex(1, 2)
+      puts a == Complex(0, 84)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_mul_with_redefining_float_mult
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Float
+        remove_method :*
+        def *(other); 42.0; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(2.0, 0.0) * Complex(1, 2)
+      puts a == Complex(0.0, 84.0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+
+  def test_mul_with_redefining_rational_mult
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Rational
+        remove_method :*
+        def *(other); 355/113r; end
+      end
+      a = Complex(2r, 0r) * Complex(1, 2)
+      puts a == Complex(0r, 2*355/113r)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(8,13),Rational(1,13)), c / c2)
+
+    c = Complex(1.0,2.0)
+    c2 = Complex(2.0,3.0)
+
+    r = c / c2
+    assert_in_delta(0.615, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.076, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,2),1), c / 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.5,1.0), c / 2.0)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,2),Rational(1)), c / Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(3,2),Rational(3)), c / Rational(2,3))
+
+    c = Complex(1)
+    [ 1, Rational(1), c ].each do |d|
+      r = c / d
+      assert_instance_of(Complex, r)
+      assert_equal(1, r)
+      assert_predicate(r.real, :integer?)
+      assert_predicate(r.imag, :integer?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_quo
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(8,13),Rational(1,13)), c.quo(c2))
+
+    c = Complex(1.0,2.0)
+    c2 = Complex(2.0,3.0)
+
+    r = c.quo(c2)
+    assert_in_delta(0.615, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.076, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,2),1), c.quo(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.5,1.0), c.quo(2.0))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,2),Rational(1)), c / Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(3,2),Rational(3)), c / Rational(2,3))
+  end
+
+  def test_fdiv
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    r = c.fdiv(c2)
+    assert_in_delta(0.615, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.076, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    c = Complex(1.0,2.0)
+    c2 = Complex(2.0,3.0)
+
+    r = c.fdiv(c2)
+    assert_in_delta(0.615, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.076, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.5,1.0), c.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.5,1.0), c.fdiv(2.0))
+  end
+
+  def test_expt
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    c2 = Complex(2,3)
+
+    r = c ** c2
+    assert_in_delta(-0.015, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(-0.179, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(-3,4), c ** 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-3,25),Rational(-4,25)), c ** -2)
+
+    r = c ** 2.0
+    assert_in_delta(-3.0, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(4.0, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    r = c ** -2.0
+    assert_in_delta(-0.12, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(-0.16, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(-3,4), c ** Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-3,25),Rational(-4,25)),
+      c ** Rational(-2)) # why failed?
+
+    r = c ** Rational(2,3)
+    assert_in_delta(1.264, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(1.150, r.imag, 0.001)
+
+    r = c ** Rational(-2,3)
+    assert_in_delta(0.432, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(-0.393, r.imag, 0.001)
+  end
+
+  def test_expt_for_special_angle
+    c = Complex(1, 0) ** 100000000000000000000000000000000
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(-1, 0) ** 10000000000000000000000000000000
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(-1, 0) ** 10000000000000000000000000000001
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, 1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000000
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, 1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000001
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 1), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, 1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000002
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, 1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000003
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -1), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, -1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000000
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, -1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000001
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -1), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, -1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000002
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0, -1) ** 100000000000000000000000000000003
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 1), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 1
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 1), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 2
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 3
+    assert_equal(Complex(-2, 2), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 4
+    assert_equal(Complex(-4, 0), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 5
+    assert_equal(Complex(-4, -4), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 6
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -8), c)
+
+    c = Complex(1, 1) ** 7
+    assert_equal(Complex(8, -8), c)
+
+    c = Complex(-2, -2) ** 3
+    assert_equal(Complex(16, -16), c)
+
+    c = Complex(2, -2) ** 3
+    assert_equal(Complex(-16, -16), c)
+
+    c = Complex(-2, 2) ** 3
+    assert_equal(Complex(16, 16), c)
+
+    c = Complex(0.0, -888888888888888.0)**8888
+    assert_not_predicate(c.real, :nan?)
+    assert_not_predicate(c.imag, :nan?)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    assert_nil(Complex(5, 1) <=> Complex(2))
+    assert_nil(5 <=> Complex(2, 1))
+
+    assert_equal(1, Complex(5) <=> Complex(2))
+    assert_equal(-1, Complex(2) <=> Complex(3))
+    assert_equal(0, Complex(2) <=> Complex(2))
+
+    assert_equal(1, Complex(5) <=> 2)
+    assert_equal(-1, Complex(2) <=> 3)
+    assert_equal(0, Complex(2) <=> 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_eqeq
+    assert_equal(Complex(1), Complex(1,0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1), Complex(-1,0))
+
+    assert_not_equal(Complex(1), Complex(2,1))
+    assert_operator(Complex(2,1), :!=, Complex(1))
+    assert_not_equal(nil, Complex(1))
+    assert_not_equal('', Complex(1))
+
+    nan = 0.0 / 0
+    if nan.nan? && nan != nan
+      assert_not_equal(Complex(nan, 0), Complex(nan, 0))
+      assert_not_equal(Complex(0, nan), Complex(0, nan))
+      assert_not_equal(Complex(nan, nan), Complex(nan, nan))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_coerce
+    assert_equal([Complex(2),Complex(1)], Complex(1).coerce(2))
+    assert_equal([Complex(2.2),Complex(1)], Complex(1).coerce(2.2))
+    assert_equal([Complex(Rational(2)),Complex(1)],
+		 Complex(1).coerce(Rational(2)))
+    assert_equal([Complex(2),Complex(1)], Complex(1).coerce(Complex(2)))
+
+    obj = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) { Complex(1).coerce(obj) }
+  end
+
+  class ObjectX < Numeric
+    def initialize(real = true, n = 1) @n = n; @real = real; end
+    def +(x) Rational(@n) end
+    alias - +
+    alias * +
+    alias / +
+    alias quo +
+    alias ** +
+    def coerce(x) [x, Complex(@n)] end
+    def real?; @real; end
+  end
+
+  def test_coerce2
+    x = ObjectX.new
+    y = ObjectX.new(false)
+    %w(+ - * / quo ** <=>).each do |op|
+      assert_kind_of(Numeric, Complex(1).__send__(op, x), op)
+      assert_kind_of(Numeric, Complex(1).__send__(op, y), op)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_math
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+
+    assert_in_delta(2.236, c.abs, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(2.236, c.magnitude, 0.001)
+    assert_equal(5, c.abs2)
+
+    assert_equal(c.abs, Math.sqrt(c * c.conj))
+    assert_equal(c.abs, Math.sqrt(c.real**2 + c.imag**2))
+    assert_equal(c.abs2, c * c.conj)
+    assert_equal(c.abs2, c.real**2 + c.imag**2)
+
+    assert_in_delta(1.107, c.arg, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(1.107, c.angle, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(1.107, c.phase, 0.001)
+
+    r = c.polar
+    assert_in_delta(2.236, r[0], 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(1.107, r[1], 0.001)
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,-2), c.conjugate)
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,-2), c.conj)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,2), c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, c.denominator)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+
+    assert_instance_of(String, c.to_s)
+    assert_equal('1+2i', c.to_s)
+
+    assert_equal('0+2i', Complex(0,2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0-2i', Complex(0,-2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1+2i', Complex(1,2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1+2i', Complex(-1,2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1-2i', Complex(-1,-2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1-2i', Complex(1,-2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1-2i', Complex(-1,-2).to_s)
+
+    assert_equal('0+2.0i', Complex(0,2.0).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0-2.0i', Complex(0,-2.0).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1.0+2.0i', Complex(1.0,2.0).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1.0+2.0i', Complex(-1.0,2.0).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1.0-2.0i', Complex(-1.0,-2.0).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1.0-2.0i', Complex(1.0,-2.0).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1.0-2.0i', Complex(-1.0,-2.0).to_s)
+
+    assert_equal('0+2/1i', Complex(0,Rational(2)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0-2/1i', Complex(0,Rational(-2)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1+2/1i', Complex(1,Rational(2)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1+2/1i', Complex(-1,Rational(2)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1-2/1i', Complex(-1,Rational(-2)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1-2/1i', Complex(1,Rational(-2)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1-2/1i', Complex(-1,Rational(-2)).to_s)
+
+    assert_equal('0+2/3i', Complex(0,Rational(2,3)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0-2/3i', Complex(0,Rational(-2,3)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1+2/3i', Complex(1,Rational(2,3)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1+2/3i', Complex(-1,Rational(2,3)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1-2/3i', Complex(-1,Rational(-2,3)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1-2/3i', Complex(1,Rational(-2,3)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1-2/3i', Complex(-1,Rational(-2,3)).to_s)
+
+    nan = 0.0 / 0
+    inf = 1.0 / 0
+    if nan.nan?
+      assert_equal('NaN+NaN*i', Complex(nan,nan).to_s)
+    end
+    if inf.infinite?
+      assert_equal('Infinity+Infinity*i', Complex(inf,inf).to_s)
+      assert_equal('Infinity-Infinity*i', Complex(inf,-inf).to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+
+    assert_instance_of(String, c.inspect)
+    assert_equal('(1+2i)', c.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_to_s_frozen_bug_20337
+    assert_separately([], <<~'RUBY')
+      class Numeric
+        def inspect = super.freeze
+      end
+      c = Complex(Numeric.new, 1)
+      assert_match(/\A\(#<Numeric:/, c.inspect)
+      assert_match(/\A#<Numeric:/, c.to_s)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+
+    s = Marshal.dump(c)
+    c2 = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_equal(c, c2)
+    assert_instance_of(Complex, c2)
+
+    c = Complex(Rational(1,2),Rational(2,3))
+
+    s = Marshal.dump(c)
+    c2 = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_equal(c, c2)
+    assert_instance_of(Complex, c2)
+
+    bug3656 = '[ruby-core:31622]'
+    c = Complex(1,2)
+    assert_predicate(c, :frozen?)
+    result = c.marshal_load([2,3]) rescue :fail
+    assert_equal(:fail, result, bug3656)
+    assert_equal(Complex(1,2), c)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_compatibility
+    bug6625 = '[ruby-core:45775]'
+    dump = "\x04\x08o:\x0cComplex\x07:\x0a@reali\x06:\x0b@imagei\x07"
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug6625) do
+      assert_equal(Complex(1, 2), Marshal.load(dump), bug6625)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parse
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5), '-5'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), '5+3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5,3), '-5+3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,-3), '5-3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5,-3), '-5-3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), '3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,-3), '-3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,1), '5+i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), 'i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), '+i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,-1), '-i'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), '5+3I'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), '5+3j'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), '5+3J'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), '3I'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), '3j'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), '3J'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), 'I'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), 'J'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0), '5.0'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0), '-5.0'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,3.0), '5.0+3.0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,3.0), '-5.0+3.0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,-3.0), '5.0-3.0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,-3.0), '-5.0-3.0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3.0), '3.0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3.0), '-3.0i'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.1), '5.1'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.2), '-5.2'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.3,3.4), '5.3+3.4i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.5,3.6), '-5.5+3.6i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.3,-3.4), '5.3-3.4i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.5,-3.6), '-5.5-3.6i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3.1), '3.1i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3.2), '-3.2i'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0), '5e0'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0), '-5e0'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,3.0), '5e0+3e0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,3.0), '-5e0+3e0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,-3.0), '5e0-3e0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,-3.0), '-5e0-3e0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3.0), '3e0i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3.0), '-3e0i'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5e1), '5e1'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5e2), '-5e2'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5e3,3e4), '5e003+3e4i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5e5,3e6), '-5e5+3e006i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5e3,-3e4), '5e003-3e4i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5e5,-3e6), '-5e5-3e006i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3e1), '3e1i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3e2), '-3e2i'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.33), '.33'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.33), '0.33'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.33), '-.33'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.33), '-0.33'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.33), '-0.3_3'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(10,10), '10@10'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(-10,-10), '-10@-10'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(10.5,10.5), '10.5@10.5'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(-10.5,-10.5), '-10.5@-10.5'.to_c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), Complex('5'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5), Complex('-5'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), Complex('5+3i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5,3), Complex('-5+3i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,-3), Complex('5-3i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5,-3), Complex('-5-3i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), Complex('3i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,-3), Complex('-3i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,1), Complex('5+i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), Complex('i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), Complex('+i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,-1), Complex('-i'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), Complex('5+3I'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), Complex('5+3j'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), Complex('5+3J'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), Complex('3I'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), Complex('3j'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,3), Complex('3J'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), Complex('I'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,1), Complex('J'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0), Complex('5.0'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0), Complex('-5.0'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,3.0), Complex('5.0+3.0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,3.0), Complex('-5.0+3.0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,-3.0), Complex('5.0-3.0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,-3.0), Complex('-5.0-3.0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3.0), Complex('3.0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3.0), Complex('-3.0i'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.1), Complex('5.1'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.2), Complex('-5.2'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.3,3.4), Complex('5.3+3.4i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.5,3.6), Complex('-5.5+3.6i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.3,-3.4), Complex('5.3-3.4i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.5,-3.6), Complex('-5.5-3.6i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3.1), Complex('3.1i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3.2), Complex('-3.2i'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0), Complex('5e0'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0), Complex('-5e0'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,3.0), Complex('5e0+3e0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,3.0), Complex('-5e0+3e0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5.0,-3.0), Complex('5e0-3e0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5.0,-3.0), Complex('-5e0-3e0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3.0), Complex('3e0i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3.0), Complex('-3e0i'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(5e1), Complex('5e1'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5e2), Complex('-5e2'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5e3,3e4), Complex('5e003+3e4i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5e5,3e6), Complex('-5e5+3e006i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5e3,-3e4), Complex('5e003-3e4i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-5e5,-3e6), Complex('-5e5-3e006i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,3e1), Complex('3e1i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.0,-3e2), Complex('-3e2i'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.33), Complex('.33'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.33), Complex('0.33'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.33), Complex('-.33'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.33), Complex('-0.33'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-0.33), Complex('-0.3_3'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(10,10), Complex('10@10'))
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(-10,-10), Complex('-10@-10'))
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(10.5,10.5), Complex('10.5@10.5'))
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(-10.5,-10.5), Complex('-10.5@-10.5'))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(0), ''.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0), ' '.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), "\f\n\r\t\v5\0".to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0), '_'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(0), '_5'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5_'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5x'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(51), '5_1'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5__1'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5+_3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5+3_i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), '5+3i_'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,3), '5+3ix'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,31), '5+3_1i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(5), '5+3__1i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(51), Complex('5_1'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,31), Complex('5+3_1i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,31), Complex('5+3_1I'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,31), Complex('5+3_1j'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(5,31), Complex('5+3_1J'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,31), Complex('3_1i'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,31), Complex('3_1I'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,31), Complex('3_1j'))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0,31), Complex('3_1J'))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('_')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex("\f\n\r\t\v5\0")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('_5')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5_')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5__1')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5x')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+_3i')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3_i')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3i_')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3ix')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3__1i')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3__1I')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3__1j')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('5+3__1J')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('3__1i')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('3__1I')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('3__1j')}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('3__1J')}
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5)), '1/5'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5)), '-1/5'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5),3), '1/5+3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5),-3), '1/5-3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5),3), '-1/5+3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5),-3), '-1/5-3i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5),Rational(3,2)), '1/5+3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5),Rational(-3,2)), '1/5-3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5),Rational(3,2)), '-1/5+3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5),Rational(-3,2)), '-1/5-3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5),Rational(3,2)), '1/5+3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,5),Rational(-3,2)), '1/5-3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5),Rational(3,2)), '-1/5+3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1,5),Rational(-3,2)), '-1/5-3/2i'.to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(Rational(1,5),Rational(3,2)), Complex('1/5@3/2'))
+    assert_equal(Complex.polar(Rational(-1,5),Rational(-3,2)), Complex('-1/5@-3/2'))
+
+  end
+
+  def test_Complex_with_invalid_exception
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Complex("0", exception: 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_complex_with_exception(error, *args, message: "")
+    assert_raise(error, message) do
+      Complex(*args, exception: true)
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(error, message) do
+      assert_nil(Complex(*args, exception: false))
+      assert_nil($!)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_Complex_with_exception
+    assert_complex_with_exception(ArgumentError, '5x')
+    assert_complex_with_exception(TypeError, nil)
+    assert_complex_with_exception(TypeError, Object.new)
+    assert_complex_with_exception(TypeError, 1, nil)
+    assert_complex_with_exception(TypeError, 1, Object.new)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_c; raise; end
+    assert_complex_with_exception(RuntimeError, o)
+    assert_complex_with_exception(TypeError, 1, o)
+  end
+
+  def test_respond
+    c = Complex(1,1)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :%)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :div)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :divmod)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :floor)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :ceil)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :modulo)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :remainder)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :round)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :step)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :tunrcate)
+
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :positive?)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :negative?)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :sign)
+
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :quotient)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :quot)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :quotrem)
+
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :gcd)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :lcm)
+    assert_not_respond_to(c, :gcdlcm)
+
+    (Comparable.instance_methods(false) - Complex.instance_methods(false)).each do |n|
+      assert_not_respond_to(c, n, "Complex##{n}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_i
+    assert_equal(3, Complex(3).to_i)
+    assert_equal(3, Integer(Complex(3)))
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(3,2).to_i}
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Integer(Complex(3,2))}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_f
+    assert_equal(3.0, Complex(3).to_f)
+    assert_equal(3.0, Float(Complex(3)))
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(3,2).to_f}
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Float(Complex(3,2))}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_r
+    assert_equal(Rational(3), Complex(3).to_r)
+    assert_equal(Rational(3), Rational(Complex(3)))
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(3,2).to_r}
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Rational(Complex(3,2))}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_r_with_float
+    assert_equal(Rational(3), Complex(3, 0.0).to_r)
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(3, 1.0).to_r}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_r_with_numeric_obj
+    c = Class.new(Numeric)
+
+    num = 0
+    c.define_method(:to_s) { num.to_s }
+    c.define_method(:==) { num == it }
+    c.define_method(:<)  { num <  it }
+
+    o = c.new
+    assert_equal(Rational(3), Complex(3, o).to_r)
+
+    num = 1
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(3, o).to_r}
+
+    c.define_method(:to_r) { 0r }
+    assert_equal(Rational(3), Complex(3, o).to_r)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_c
+    c = nil.to_c
+    assert_equal([0,0], [c.real, c.imag])
+
+    c = 0.to_c
+    assert_equal([0,0], [c.real, c.imag])
+
+    c = 1.to_c
+    assert_equal([1,0], [c.real, c.imag])
+
+    c = 1.1.to_c
+    assert_equal([1.1, 0], [c.real, c.imag])
+
+    c = Rational(1,2).to_c
+    assert_equal([Rational(1,2), 0], [c.real, c.imag])
+
+    c = Complex(1,2).to_c
+    assert_equal([1, 2], [c.real, c.imag])
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan?
+      assert_nothing_raised{(0.0/0).to_c}
+    end
+    if (1.0/0).infinite?
+      assert_nothing_raised{(1.0/0).to_c}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_finite_p
+    assert_predicate(1+1i, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(1-1i, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(-1+1i, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(-1-1i, :finite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::INFINITY + 1i, :finite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(1, Float::INFINITY), :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(Complex(Float::MAX, 0.0), :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(Complex(0.0, Float::MAX), :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(Complex(Float::MAX, Float::MAX), :finite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(Float::NAN, 0), :finite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(0, Float::NAN), :finite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Complex(Float::NAN, Float::NAN), :finite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_infinite_p
+    assert_nil((1+1i).infinite?)
+    assert_nil((1-1i).infinite?)
+    assert_nil((-1+1i).infinite?)
+    assert_nil((-1-1i).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, (Float::INFINITY + 1i).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, (Float::INFINITY - 1i).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, (-Float::INFINITY + 1i).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, (-Float::INFINITY - 1i).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, Complex(1, Float::INFINITY).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, Complex(-1, Float::INFINITY).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, Complex(1, -Float::INFINITY).infinite?)
+    assert_equal(1, Complex(-1, -Float::INFINITY).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(Complex(Float::MAX, 0.0).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(Complex(0.0, Float::MAX).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(Complex(Float::MAX, Float::MAX).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(Complex(Float::NAN, 0).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(Complex(0, Float::NAN).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(Complex(Float::NAN, Float::NAN).infinite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_supp
+    assert_predicate(1, :real?)
+    assert_predicate(1.1, :real?)
+
+    assert_equal(1, 1.real)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.imag)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.imaginary)
+
+    assert_equal(1.1, 1.1.real)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.1.imag)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.1.imaginary)
+
+    assert_equal(1, 1.magnitude)
+    assert_equal(1, -1.magnitude)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.0.magnitude)
+    assert_equal(1, -1.0.magnitude)
+
+    assert_equal(4, 2.abs2)
+    assert_equal(4, -2.abs2)
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.abs2)
+    assert_equal(4.0, -2.0.abs2)
+
+    assert_equal(0, 1.arg)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.angle)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.phase)
+
+    assert_equal(0, 1.0.arg)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.0.angle)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.0.phase)
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan?
+      nan = 0.0/0
+      assert_same(nan, nan.arg)
+      assert_same(nan, nan.angle)
+      assert_same(nan, nan.phase)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, -1.arg)
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, -1.angle)
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, -1.phase)
+
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, -1.0.arg)
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, -1.0.angle)
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, -1.0.phase)
+
+    assert_equal([1,0], 1.rect)
+    assert_equal([-1,0], -1.rect)
+    assert_equal([1,0], 1.rectangular)
+    assert_equal([-1,0], -1.rectangular)
+
+    assert_equal([1.0,0], 1.0.rect)
+    assert_equal([-1.0,0], -1.0.rect)
+    assert_equal([1.0,0], 1.0.rectangular)
+    assert_equal([-1.0,0], -1.0.rectangular)
+
+    assert_equal([1,0], 1.polar)
+    assert_equal([1, Math::PI], -1.polar)
+
+    assert_equal([1.0,0], 1.0.polar)
+    assert_equal([1.0, Math::PI], -1.0.polar)
+
+    assert_equal(1, 1.conjugate)
+    assert_equal(-1, -1.conjugate)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.conj)
+    assert_equal(-1, -1.conj)
+
+    assert_equal(1.1, 1.1.conjugate)
+    assert_equal(-1.1, -1.1.conjugate)
+    assert_equal(1.1, 1.1.conj)
+    assert_equal(-1.1, -1.1.conj)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,2),Rational(1)), Complex(1,2).quo(2))
+
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(5000000000.0, 10000000000.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.0.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(0.25, Rational(1,2).fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0.5,1.0), Complex(1,2).quo(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby19
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ Complex.new(1) }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ Complex.new!(1) }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ Complex.reduce(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_fixed_bug
+    assert_equal(Complex(1), 1 ** Complex(1))
+    assert_equal('-1.0-0.0i', Complex(-1.0, -0.0).to_s)
+    assert_in_delta(Math::PI, Complex(-0.0).arg, 0.001)
+    assert_equal(Complex(2e3, 2e4), '2e3+2e4i'.to_c)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Complex('--8i')}
+  end
+
+  def test_known_bug
+  end
+
+  def test_canonicalize_internal
+    obj = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      attr_accessor :real
+      alias real? real
+    end.new
+    obj.real = true
+    c = Complex.rect(obj, 1);
+    obj.real = false
+    c = c.conj
+    assert_equal(obj, c.real)
+    assert_equal(-1, c.imag)
+  end
+
+  def test_canonicalize_polar
+    error = "not a real"
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, error) do
+      Complex.polar(1i)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, error) do
+      Complex.polar(1i, 0)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, error) do
+      Complex.polar(0, 1i)
+    end
+    n = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def initialize(x = 1)
+        @x = x
+      end
+      def real?
+        (@x -= 1) > 0
+      end
+    end
+    obj = n.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, error) do
+      Complex.polar(obj)
+    end
+    obj = n.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, error) do
+      Complex.polar(obj, 0)
+    end
+    obj = n.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, error) do
+      Complex.polar(1, obj)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_complex2.rb b/test/ruby/test_complex2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b89e83efb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_complex2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class Complex_Test2 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_kumi
+    omit unless defined?(Rational)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0), +Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1, 0), -Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741790, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741788, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741789), 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741828, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741826, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741827), 0),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741790, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741788, -1073741789),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 2147483578), Rational(-1, 2147483578)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741790, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741788, -1073741827),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 2305842940494218450), Rational(-1073741827, 2305842940494218450)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741828, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741826, -1073741827),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 2147483654), Rational(-1, 2147483654)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483616, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(38, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 2147483578), Rational(-1073741827, 2147483578)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483616, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-38, 1073741789), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 2147483654), Rational(-1073741789, 2147483654)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483616, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(38, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1329227869515035739611240300898290063, 2658455833113515253509575011810600482), Rational(-1329227963598474519442525600436190287, 2658455833113515253509575011810600482)),
+                 Complex(1, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 0), +Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741789, 0), -Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741790, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741788, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921429444920521, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-38, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921429444920521, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 2)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921429444920521, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 2305842940494218450), Rational(-1152921470247108503, 2305842940494218450)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-38, -1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 2147483654), Rational(-1073741789, 2147483654)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827), Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 2), Rational(-1073741827, 2)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921428371178694, 1073741789), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 2147483654), Rational(-1152921429444920521, 2147483654)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827), 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1427247510601733037449111325195428279286542707, 2658455833113515253509575011810600482), Rational(-1427247611623052908177132720890654139107803443, 2658455833113515253509575011810600482)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 0), +Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741827, 0), -Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741828, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741826, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(38, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483654, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921511049297929, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(38, -1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 2147483578), Rational(-1073741827, 2147483578)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(38, -1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921470247108503, 2305842940494218450), Rational(-1152921511049297929, 2305842940494218450)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483654, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921511049297929, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 2)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921511049297929, 2147483578), Rational(-1152921511049297929, 2147483578)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789), Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 2), Rational(-1073741789, 2)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1427247561112392079020469430422559713421565101, 2658455833113515253509575011810600482), Rational(-1427247662133715524919164459706626955683034349, 2658455833113515253509575011810600482)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 0) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741789), +Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741789, -1073741789), -Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741790, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741788, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921429444920521, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 1),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-38, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 2147483578),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2305842858889841042),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 2147483616),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, -38),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-40802187982, 2305842899692029024),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921449846014512, 1152921470247109225), Rational(-20401093991, 1152921470247109225)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 2147483616),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-38, -38),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2305842940494217006),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(2305842858889841042, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789), Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921428371178694, 1073741789), Rational(1152921428371178694, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2147483654),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827), 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(1152921428371178694, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1073741827), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1427247561112392972813122023043041209197173075, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241), Rational(-50510659935364010697847612929910630368, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741789) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741827), +Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741789, -1073741827), -Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741790, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741788, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921429444920521, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-38, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), 1),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 2147483616),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 38),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-40802187982, 2305842899692029024),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741808, 1073741789), Rational(19, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483578, 2147483654),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-81604377408, 2305842940494217006),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 2147483654),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-38, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-40802189426, 2305842981296406432),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741808, 1073741827), Rational(19, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-40802187982, 1073741827), Rational(2305842899692029024, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921490648203216, 1073741789), Rational(20401094713, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921428371178694, 1073741789), Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-40802189426, 1073741789), Rational(2305842981296406432, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921449846014512, 1073741827), Rational(20401093991, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-131433047608170424214, 1152921470247108503), 2147483616),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1427247586367724281184137892451027617484788528, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241), Rational(-25255330414578331645234047212843119171, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241)),
+                 Complex(1073741789, 1073741827) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 1073741827), +Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-1073741827, -1073741827), -Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741828, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741826, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(38, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921470247108503, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483654, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1152921511049297929, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 1),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 2147483616),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(38, 38),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2305842940494217006),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483616, 2147483654),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(38, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(-40802189426, 2305842981296406432),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921490648203216, 1152921470247109225), Rational(-20401094713, 1152921470247109225)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(2147483654, 2147483654),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2305843022098595858),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2147483578),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789), 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789), Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(2305843022098595858, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 0),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1073741789), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1427247611623053801969816945064593334552299725, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241), Rational(-50510661722949347514642033621130734624, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241)),
+                 Complex(1073741827, 1073741827) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)), +Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827)), -Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483616, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-38, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827), Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741827), Rational(1, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, 1073741789),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1152921511049297929), Rational(1073741789, 1152921511049297929)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(2305842858889841042, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741827), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-40802187982, 1073741827), Rational(2305842899692029024, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921449846014512, 1237940005850657200720054075), Rational(-20401093991, 1237940005850657200720054075)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2147483578),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1152921511049297929), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827), Rational(2147483578, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(2305842858889841042, 1152921511049297929)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921470247108503), Rational(-81604377408, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1152921511049297929), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(-81604377408, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921511049297929), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921511049297929)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1329227869515036572020512360130906225, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241), Rational(-47041717725097069072123994784, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)), +Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)), -Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483616, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(38, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921428371178694, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741827, 1073741827),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1152921429444920521), Rational(1073741827, 1152921429444920521)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789), Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741789), Rational(1, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789), Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921428371178694, 1073741789), Rational(-1152921428371178694, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2147483654),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1152921429444920521), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921428371178694, 1073741789), Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-40802189426, 1073741789), Rational(2305842981296406432, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921490648203216, 1237939962039641331329903525), Rational(-20401094713, 1237939962039641331329903525)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789), Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(2305843022098595858, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741789), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(81604377408, 1152921470247108503), Rational(81604377408, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 2),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1152921429444920521), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483654, 1073741789), Rational(2147483654, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(2305843022098595858, 1152921429444920521)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503), Rational(2147483654, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(81604377408, 1152921470247108503), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921429444920521), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921429444920521)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1329227963598475351851856578029295025, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241), Rational(-47041721054734275145774394016, 1329227916556757626754787505905300241)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)), +Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789)), -Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483616, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-38, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827), 1073741827),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1152921429444920521)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741789, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1073741789, Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1152921511049297929), Rational(1, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741827, 0))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(-1152921428371178694, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1073741827), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1073741827)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921470247109225, 1237939962039640556088331867), Rational(40802188704, 1237939962039640556088331867)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827), Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-131433047608170424214, 1152921470247108503), 2147483616),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1237939983945150041266564176, 1329227916556755129526882950667240175), Rational(19, 1152921470247109225)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827), Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827), Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1073741789), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921470247109225, 1237940005850656425478454981), Rational(40802188704, 1237940005850656425478454981)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(1073741827, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, Rational(81604377408, 1152921470247108503)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921511049297929), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921511049297929)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921470247109225, 1152921429444920521), Rational(40802188704, 1152921429444920521)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741789, 1073741827)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503), Rational(2147483654, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921470247108503), 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921429444920521), Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921429444920521)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1152921470247109225, 1152921511049297929), Rational(40802188704, 1152921511049297929)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827), Rational(2147483654, 1073741789)),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) + Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(0, 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) - Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(-188166877559662688435796777600, 1329227916556754297117581432254901009), 2),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) * Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 0),
+                 Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)) / Complex(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), Rational(1073741827, 1073741789)))
+  end
+
+  def test_kumi2
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (+Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0-0.0i', (-Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) + Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) - Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) * Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) + Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) - Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) * Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) + Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) - Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) * Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) + Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) - Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, +0.0) * Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (+Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (-Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) + Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) - Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) * Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) + Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) - Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) * Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) + Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) - Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) * Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) + Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) - Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, +0.0) * Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (+Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (-Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) + Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) - Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) * Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) + Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) - Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) * Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) + Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) - Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) * Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) + Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) - Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(+0.0, -0.0) * Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0-0.0i', (+Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (-Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) + Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0-0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) - Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) * Complex(+0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) + Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) - Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) * Complex(-0.0, +0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0-0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) + Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) - Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) * Complex(+0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-0.0-0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) + Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) - Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0.0+0.0i', (Complex(-0.0, -0.0) * Complex(-0.0, -0.0)).to_s)
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_complexrational.rb b/test/ruby/test_complexrational.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31d11fe317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_complexrational.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class ComplexRational_Test < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_rat_srat
+    omit unless defined?(Rational)
+
+    c = SimpleRat(1,3)
+    cc = Rational(3,2)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Numeric, c)
+    assert_kind_of(Numeric, cc)
+
+    assert_instance_of(SimpleRat, c)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, cc)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(1,3), +c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(-1,3), -c)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(7,3), c + 2)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(-5,3), c - 2)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(2,3), c * 2)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(1,6), c / 2)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(1,9), c ** 2)
+    assert_equal(-1, c <=> 2)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(7,3), 2 + c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(5,3), 2 - c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(2,3), 2 * c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(6,1), 2 / c)
+    assert_in_delta(1.2599, 2 ** c, 0.001)
+    assert_equal(1, 2 <=> c)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(11,6), c + cc)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(-7,6), c - cc)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(1,2), c * cc)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(2,9), c / cc)
+    assert_in_delta(0.1924, c ** cc, 0.001)
+    assert_equal(-1, c <=> cc)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(11,6), cc + c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(7,6), cc - c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(1,2), cc * c)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(9,2), cc / c)
+    assert_in_delta(1.1447, cc ** c, 0.001)
+    assert_equal(1, cc <=> c)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (+c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (-c).class)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c + 2).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c - 2).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c * 2).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c / 2).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c ** 2).class)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (2 + c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (2 - c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (2 * c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (2 / c).class)
+    assert_equal(Float, (2 ** c).class)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c + cc).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c - cc).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c * cc).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c / cc).class)
+    assert_equal(Float, (c ** cc).class)
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (cc + c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (cc - c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (cc * c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (cc / c).class)
+    assert_equal(Float, (cc ** c).class)
+
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(2,3) <=> SimpleRat(2,3))
+    assert_equal(0, SimpleRat(2,3) <=> Rational(2,3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2,3), SimpleRat(2,3))
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat(2,3), Rational(2,3))
+
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c + 0).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c - 0).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c * 0).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (c * 1).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (0 + c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (0 - c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (0 * c).class)
+    assert_equal(SimpleRat, (1 * c).class)
+  end
+
+  def test_comp_srat
+    omit unless defined?(Rational)
+
+    c = Complex(SimpleRat(2,3),SimpleRat(1,2))
+    cc = Complex(Rational(3,2),Rational(2,1))
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(2,3),SimpleRat(1,2)), +c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(-2,3),SimpleRat(-1,2)), -c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(8,3),SimpleRat(1,2)), c + 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(-4,3),SimpleRat(1,2)), c - 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(4,3),SimpleRat(1,1)), c * 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(1,3),SimpleRat(1,4)), c / 2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(7,36),SimpleRat(2,3)), c ** 2)
+    assert_nil(c <=> 2)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(8,3),SimpleRat(1,2)), 2 + c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(4,3),SimpleRat(-1,2)), 2 - c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(4,3),SimpleRat(1,1)), 2 * c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(48,25),SimpleRat(-36,25)), 2 / c)
+    r = 2 ** c
+    assert_in_delta(1.4940, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.5392, r.imag, 0.001)
+    assert_nil(2 <=> c)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(13,6),SimpleRat(5,2)), c + cc)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(-5,6),SimpleRat(-3,2)), c - cc)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(0,1),SimpleRat(25,12)), c * cc)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(8,25),SimpleRat(-7,75)), c / cc)
+    r = c ** cc
+    assert_in_delta(0.1732, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.1186, r.imag, 0.001)
+    assert_nil(c <=> cc)
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(13,6),SimpleRat(5,2)), cc + c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(5,6),SimpleRat(3,2)), cc - c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(0,1),SimpleRat(25,12)), cc * c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(72,25),SimpleRat(21,25)), cc / c)
+    r = cc ** c
+    assert_in_delta(0.5498, r.real, 0.001)
+    assert_in_delta(1.0198, r.imag, 0.001)
+    assert_nil(cc <=> c)
+
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (+c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (-c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c + 2).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c - 2).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c * 2).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c / 2).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c ** 2).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c + cc).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c - cc).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c * cc).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c / cc).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([Float,Float],
+		 (c ** cc).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (cc + c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (cc - c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (cc * c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (cc / c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([Float,Float],
+		 (cc ** c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+
+    assert_equal(Complex(SimpleRat(2,3),SimpleRat(3,2)),
+                 Complex(Rational(2,3),Rational(3,2)))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2,3),Rational(3,2)),
+                 Complex(SimpleRat(2,3),SimpleRat(3,2)))
+
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c + 0).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c - 0).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c * 0).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (c * 1).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (0 + c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (0 - c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (0 * c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+    assert_equal([SimpleRat,SimpleRat],
+		 (1 * c).instance_eval{[real.class, imag.class]})
+  end
+
+end
+
+def SimpleRat(*a) SimpleRat.new(*a) end
+
+class SimpleRat < Numeric
+
+  def initialize(num, den = 1)
+    if den == 0
+      raise ZeroDivisionError, "divided by zero"
+    end
+    if den < 0
+      num = -num
+      den = -den
+    end
+    gcd = num.gcd(den)
+    @num = num.div(gcd)
+    @den = den.div(gcd)
+  end
+
+  def numerator() @num end
+  def denominator() @den end
+
+  def +@() self end
+  def -@() self.class.new(-@num, @den) end
+
+  def +(o)
+    case o
+    when SimpleRat, Rational
+      a = @num * o.denominator
+      b = o.numerator * @den
+      self.class.new(a + b, @den * o.denominator)
+    when Integer
+      self + self.class.new(o)
+    when Float
+      to_f + o
+    else
+      x, y = o.coerce(self)
+      x + y
+    end
+  end
+
+  def -(o)
+    case o
+    when SimpleRat, Rational
+      a = @num * o.denominator
+      b = o.numerator * @den
+      self.class.new(a - b, @den * o.denominator)
+    when Integer
+      self - self.class.new(o)
+    when Float
+      to_f - o
+    else
+      x, y = o.coerce(self)
+      x - y
+    end
+  end
+
+  def *(o)
+    case o
+    when SimpleRat, Rational
+      a = @num * o.numerator
+      b = @den * o.denominator
+      self.class.new(a, b)
+    when Integer
+      self * self.class.new(o)
+    when Float
+      to_f * o
+    else
+      x, y = o.coerce(self)
+      x * y
+    end
+  end
+
+  def quo(o)
+    case o
+    when SimpleRat, Rational
+      a = @num * o.denominator
+      b = @den * o.numerator
+      self.class.new(a, b)
+    when Integer
+      if o == 0
+        raise ZeroDivisionError, "divided by zero"
+      end
+      self.quo(self.class.new(o))
+    when Float
+      to_f.quo(o)
+    else
+      x, y = o.coerce(self)
+      x.quo(y)
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias / quo
+
+  def floor
+    @num.div(@den)
+  end
+
+  def ceil
+    -((-@num).div(@den))
+  end
+
+  def truncate
+    if @num < 0
+      return -((-@num).div(@den))
+    end
+    @num.div(@den)
+  end
+
+  alias to_i truncate
+
+  def round
+    if @num < 0
+      num = -@num
+      num = num * 2 + @den
+      den = @den * 2
+      -(num.div(den))
+    else
+      num = @num * 2 + @den
+      den = @den * 2
+      num.div(den)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def div(o) (self / o).floor end
+  def quot(o) (self / o).truncate end
+
+  def modulo(o)
+    q = div(o)
+    self - o * q
+  end
+
+  def remainder(o)
+    q = quot(o)
+    self - o * q
+  end
+
+  alias % modulo
+
+  def divmod(o) [div(o), modulo(o)] end
+  def quotrem(o) [quot(o), remainder(o)] end
+
+  def **(o)
+    case o
+    when SimpleRat, Rational
+      Float(self) ** o
+    when Integer
+      if o > 0
+	a = @num ** o
+	b = @den ** o
+      elsif o < 0
+	a = @den ** -o
+	b = @num ** -o
+      else
+	a = b = 1
+      end
+      self.class.new(a, b)
+    when Float
+      to_f ** o
+    else
+      x, y = o.coerce(self)
+      x ** y
+    end
+  end
+
+  def <=>(o)
+    case o
+    when SimpleRat, Rational
+      a = @num * o.denominator
+      b = o.numerator * @den
+      return a <=> b
+    when Integer
+      self <=> self.class.new(o)
+    when Float
+      to_f <=> o
+    else
+      x, y = o.coerce(self)
+      x <=> y
+    end
+  end
+
+  def ==(o)
+    begin
+      (self <=> o) == 0
+    rescue
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def coerce(o)
+    case o
+    when Rational
+      [self.class.new(o.numerator, o.denominator), self]
+    when Integer
+      [self.class.new(o), self]
+    when Float
+      [o, self.to_f]
+    else
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hash() @num.hash ^ @den.hash end
+
+  def to_f() @num.to_f / @den.to_f end
+  def to_r() self end
+  def to_s() format('%s/%s', @num, @den) end
+
+  def inspect() format('#SR(%s)', to_s) end
+
+  def marshal_dump() [@num, @den] end
+  def marshal_load(a) @num, @den = a end
+
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_condition.rb b/test/ruby/test_condition.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab0ffc4b6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_condition.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestCondition < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  # [should] first test to see if we can run the tests.
+
+  def test_condition
+    $x = '0';
+
+    $x == $x && assert(true)
+    $x != $x && assert(false)
+    $x == $x || assert(false)
+    $x != $x || assert(true)
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_const.rb b/test/ruby/test_const.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6b9ea83d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_const.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestConst < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  Constants_Setup = -> do
+    remove_const :TEST1  if defined? ::TestConst::TEST1
+    remove_const :TEST2  if defined? ::TestConst::TEST2
+    remove_const :Const  if defined? ::TestConst::Const
+    remove_const :Const2 if defined? ::TestConst::Const2
+
+    TEST1 = 1
+    TEST2 = 2
+
+    module Const
+      TEST3 = 3
+      TEST4 = 4
+    end
+
+    module Const2
+      TEST3 = 6
+      TEST4 = 8
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_const
+    Constants_Setup.call
+
+    assert defined?(TEST1)
+    assert_equal 1, TEST1
+    assert defined?(TEST2)
+    assert_equal 2, TEST2
+
+    self.class.class_eval {
+      include Const
+    }
+    assert defined?(TEST1)
+    assert_equal 1, TEST1
+    assert defined?(TEST2)
+    assert_equal 2, TEST2
+    assert defined?(TEST3)
+    assert_equal 3, TEST3
+    assert defined?(TEST4)
+    assert_equal 4, TEST4
+
+    self.class.class_eval {
+      include Const2
+    }
+    # STDERR.print "intentionally redefines TEST3, TEST4\n" if $VERBOSE
+    assert defined?(TEST1)
+    assert_equal 1, TEST1
+    assert defined?(TEST2)
+    assert_equal 2, TEST2
+    assert defined?(TEST3)
+    assert_equal 6, TEST3
+    assert defined?(TEST4)
+    assert_equal 8, TEST4
+  end
+
+  def test_const_access_from_nil
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { eval("nil::Object") }
+    assert_nil eval("defined?(nil::Object)")
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { eval("c = nil; c::Object") }
+    assert_nil eval("c = nil; defined?(c::Object)")
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { eval("sc = Class.new; sc::C = nil; sc::C::Object") }
+    assert_nil eval("sc = Class.new; sc::C = nil; defined?(sc::C::Object)")
+  end
+
+  def test_redefinition
+    c = Class.new
+    name = "X\u{5b9a 6570}"
+    c.const_set(name, 1)
+    prev_line = __LINE__ - 1
+    assert_warning(<<-WARNING) {c.const_set(name, 2)}
+#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__-1}: warning: already initialized constant #{c}::#{name}
+#{__FILE__}:#{prev_line}: warning: previous definition of #{name} was here
+WARNING
+  end
+
+  def test_redefinition_memory_leak
+    code = <<-PRE
+350000.times { FOO = :BAR }
+PRE
+    assert_no_memory_leak(%w[-W0 -], '', code, 'redefined constant', timeout: 30)
+  end
+
+  def test_toplevel_lookup
+    assert_raise(NameError, '[Feature #11547]') {TestConst::Object}
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_continuation.rb b/test/ruby/test_continuation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..612dbf28c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_continuation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+require 'fiber'
+
+class TestContinuation < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+  end
+
+  def test_create
+    assert_equal(:ok, callcc{:ok})
+    assert_equal(:ok, callcc{|c| c.call :ok})
+  end
+
+  def test_call
+    assert_equal(:ok, callcc{|c| c.call :ok})
+
+    ary = []
+    ary << callcc{|c|
+      @cont = c
+      :a
+    }
+    @cont.call :b if ary.length < 3
+    assert_equal([:a, :b, :b], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_check_localvars
+    vv = 0
+    @v = 0
+    @ary = []
+    [1, 2, 3].each{|i|
+      callcc {|k| @k = k}
+      @v += 1
+      vv += 1
+    }
+    @ary << [vv, @v]
+    @k.call if @v < 10
+    assert_equal((3..10).map{|e| [e, e]}, @ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_error
+    cont = callcc{|c| c}
+    Thread.new{
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+        cont.call
+      }
+    }.join
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError){
+      callcc
+    }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+      c = nil
+      Fiber.new do
+        callcc {|c2| c = c2 }
+      end.resume
+      c.call
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ary_flatten
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require 'continuation'
+      n = 0
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_ary() callcc {|k| $k = k; [1,2,3]} end
+      [10,20,o,30,o,40].flatten.inspect
+      n += 1
+      $k.call if n < 100
+    }, '[ruby-dev:34798]'
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require 'continuation'
+      n = 0
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.marshal_dump() callcc {|k| $k = k };  "fofof" end
+      a = [1,2,3,o,4,5,6]
+      Marshal.dump(a).inspect
+      n += 1
+      $k.call if n < 100
+    }, '[ruby-dev:34802]'
+  end
+
+  def tracing_with_set_trace_func
+    orig_thread = Thread.current
+    cont = nil
+    func = lambda do |*args|
+      if orig_thread == Thread.current
+        if cont
+          @memo += 1
+          c = cont
+          cont = nil
+          begin
+            c.call(nil)
+          rescue RuntimeError
+            set_trace_func(nil)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    cont = callcc { |cc| cc }
+
+    if cont
+      set_trace_func(func)
+    else
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _test_tracing_with_set_trace_func
+    @memo = 0
+    tracing_with_set_trace_func
+    tracing_with_set_trace_func
+    tracing_with_set_trace_func
+    assert_equal 0, @memo
+  end
+
+  def tracing_with_thread_set_trace_func
+    cont = nil
+    func = lambda do |*args|
+      if cont
+        @memo += 1
+        c = cont
+        cont = nil
+        begin
+          c.call(nil)
+        rescue RuntimeError
+          Thread.current.set_trace_func(nil)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    cont = callcc { |cc| cc }
+    if cont
+      Thread.current.set_trace_func(func)
+    else
+      Thread.current.set_trace_func(nil)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tracing_with_thread_set_trace_func
+    @memo = 0
+    tracing_with_thread_set_trace_func
+    tracing_with_thread_set_trace_func
+    tracing_with_thread_set_trace_func
+    assert_equal 3, @memo
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_data.rb b/test/ruby/test_data.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbc3205d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_data.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'timeout'
+
+class TestData < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_define
+    klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar)
+    assert_kind_of(Class, klass)
+    assert_equal(%i[foo bar], klass.members)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Data.new(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Data.define(0) }
+
+    # Because some code is shared with Struct, check we don't share unnecessary functionality
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Data.define(:foo, keyword_init: true) }
+
+    assert_not_respond_to(Data.define, :define, "Cannot define from defined Data class")
+  end
+
+  def test_define_edge_cases
+    # non-ascii
+    klass = Data.define(:"r\u{e9}sum\u{e9}")
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o.send(:"r\u{e9}sum\u{e9}"))
+
+    # junk string
+    klass = Data.define(:"a\000")
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o.send(:"a\000"))
+
+    # special characters in attribute names
+    klass = Data.define(:a, :b?)
+    x = Object.new
+    o = klass.new("test", x)
+    assert_same(x, o.b?)
+
+    klass = Data.define(:a, :b!)
+    x = Object.new
+    o = klass.new("test", x)
+    assert_same(x, o.b!)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Data.define(:x=) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /duplicate member/) { Data.define(:x, :x) }
+  end
+
+  def test_define_with_block
+    klass = Data.define(:a, :b) do
+      def c
+        a + b
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(3, klass.new(1, 2).c)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar)
+
+    # Regular
+    test = klass.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal(1, test.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, test.bar)
+    assert_equal(test, klass.new(1, 2))
+    assert_predicate(test, :frozen?)
+
+    # Keywords
+    test_kw = klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2)
+    assert_equal(1, test_kw.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, test_kw.bar)
+    assert_equal(test_kw, klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2))
+    assert_equal(test_kw, test)
+
+    # Wrong protocol
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { klass.new(1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { klass.new(1, 2, 3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { klass.new(foo: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3) }
+    # Could be converted to foo: 1, bar: 2, but too smart is confusing
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { klass.new(1, bar: 2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_redefine
+    klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar) do
+      attr_reader :passed
+
+      def initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        @passed = [args, kwargs]
+        super(foo: 1, bar: 2) # so we can experiment with passing wrong numbers of args
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([[], {foo: 1, bar: 2}], klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2).passed)
+
+    # Positional arguments are converted to keyword ones
+    assert_equal([[], {foo: 1, bar: 2}], klass.new(1, 2).passed)
+
+    # Missing arguments can be fixed in initialize
+    assert_equal([[], {foo: 1}], klass.new(foo: 1).passed)
+    assert_equal([[], {foo: 42}], klass.new(42).passed)
+
+    # Extra keyword arguments can be dropped in initialize
+    assert_equal([[], {foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3}], klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3).passed)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_behavior
+    klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar)
+
+    test = klass.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal(1, test.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, test.bar)
+    assert_equal(%i[foo bar], test.members)
+    assert_equal(1, test.public_send(:foo))
+    assert_equal(0, test.method(:foo).arity)
+    assert_equal([], test.method(:foo).parameters)
+
+    assert_equal({foo: 1, bar: 2}, test.to_h)
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"1", "bar"=>"2"}, test.to_h { [_1.to_s, _2.to_s] })
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], test.deconstruct)
+    assert_equal({foo: 1, bar: 2}, test.deconstruct_keys(nil))
+    assert_equal({foo: 1}, test.deconstruct_keys(%i[foo]))
+    assert_equal({foo: 1}, test.deconstruct_keys(%i[foo baz]))
+    assert_equal({}, test.deconstruct_keys(%i[foo bar baz]))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { test.deconstruct_keys(0) }
+
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, test.hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit)
+
+    assert_equal(measure[1, 'km'].hash, measure[1, 'km'].hash)
+    assert_not_equal(measure[1, 'km'].hash, measure[10, 'km'].hash)
+    assert_not_equal(measure[1, 'km'].hash, measure[1, 'm'].hash)
+    assert_not_equal(measure[1, 'km'].hash, measure[1.0, 'km'].hash)
+
+    # Structurally similar data class, but shouldn't be considered
+    # the same hash key
+    measurement = Data.define(:amount, :unit)
+
+    assert_not_equal(measure[1, 'km'].hash, measurement[1, 'km'].hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    klass = Data.define(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal("#<data a=1>", o.inspect)
+
+    Object.const_set(:Foo, klass)
+    assert_equal("#<data Foo a=1>", o.inspect)
+    Object.instance_eval { remove_const(:Foo) }
+
+    klass = Data.define(:@a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal("#<data :@a=1>", o.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_equal
+    klass1 = Data.define(:a)
+    klass2 = Data.define(:a)
+    o1 = klass1.new(1)
+    o2 = klass1.new(1)
+    o3 = klass2.new(1)
+    assert_equal(o1, o2)
+    assert_not_equal(o1, o3)
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    klass1 = Data.define(:a)
+    klass2 = Data.define(:a)
+    o1 = klass1.new(1)
+    o2 = klass1.new(1)
+    o3 = klass2.new(1)
+    assert_operator(o1, :eql?, o2)
+    assert_not_operator(o1, :eql?, o3)
+  end
+
+  def test_with
+    klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar)
+    source = klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2)
+
+    # Simple
+    test = source.with
+    assert_equal(source.object_id, test.object_id)
+
+    # Changes
+    test = source.with(foo: 10)
+
+    assert_equal(1, source.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, source.bar)
+    assert_equal(source, klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2))
+
+    assert_equal(10, test.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, test.bar)
+    assert_equal(test, klass.new(foo: 10, bar: 2))
+
+    test = source.with(foo: 10, bar: 20)
+
+    assert_equal(1, source.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, source.bar)
+    assert_equal(source, klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2))
+
+    assert_equal(10, test.foo)
+    assert_equal(20, test.bar)
+    assert_equal(test, klass.new(foo: 10, bar: 20))
+
+    # Keyword splat
+    changes = { foo: 10, bar: 20 }
+    test = source.with(**changes)
+
+    assert_equal(1, source.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, source.bar)
+    assert_equal(source, klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2))
+
+    assert_equal(10, test.foo)
+    assert_equal(20, test.bar)
+    assert_equal(test, klass.new(foo: 10, bar: 20))
+
+    # Wrong protocol
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 0)") do
+      source.with(10)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "unknown keywords: :baz, :quux") do
+      source.with(foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3, quux: 4)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 0)") do
+      source.with(1, bar: 2)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 0)") do
+      source.with(1, 2)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 0)") do
+      source.with({ bar: 2 })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_initialize
+    oddclass = Data.define(:odd) do
+      def initialize(odd:)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Not odd" unless odd.odd?
+        super(odd: odd)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "Not odd") {
+      oddclass.new(odd: 0)
+    }
+    odd = oddclass.new(odd: 1)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "Not odd") {
+      odd.with(odd: 2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_memberless
+    klass = Data.define
+
+    test = klass.new
+
+    assert_equal(klass.new, test)
+    assert_not_equal(Data.define.new, test)
+
+    assert_equal('#<data>', test.inspect)
+    assert_equal([], test.members)
+    assert_equal({}, test.to_h)
+    assert_predicate(test, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar)
+    test = klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2)
+    assert_equal(klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2), test.dup)
+    assert_predicate(test.dup, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  Klass = Data.define(:foo, :bar)
+
+  def test_marshal
+    test = Klass.new(foo: 1, bar: 2)
+    loaded = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(test))
+    assert_equal(test, loaded)
+    assert_not_same(test, loaded)
+    assert_predicate(loaded, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_subclass
+    test = Class.new(Data.define(:a)).freeze.new(a: 0)
+    assert_kind_of(Data, test)
+    assert_equal([:a], test.members)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_default_gems.rb b/test/ruby/test_default_gems.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b82e304cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_default_gems.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'rubygems'
+
+class TestDefaultGems < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def self.load(file)
+    code = File.read(file, mode: "r:UTF-8:-", &:read)
+
+    # These regex patterns are from load_gemspec method of rbinstall.rb.
+    # - `git ls-files` is useless under ruby's repository
+    # - `2>/dev/null` works only on Unix-like platforms
+    code.gsub!(/(?:`git[^\`]*`|%x\[git[^\]]*\])\.split\([^\)]*\)/m, '[]')
+    code.gsub!(/IO\.popen\(.*git.*?\)/, '[] || itself')
+
+    eval(code, binding, file)
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_gemspec
+    srcdir = File.expand_path('../../..', __FILE__)
+    specs = 0
+    Dir.chdir(srcdir) do
+      all_assertions_foreach(nil, *Dir["{lib,ext}/**/*.gemspec"]) do |src|
+        specs += 1
+        assert_kind_of(Gem::Specification, self.class.load(src), "invalid spec in #{src}")
+      end
+    end
+    assert_operator specs, :>, 0, "gemspecs not found"
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_defined.rb b/test/ruby/test_defined.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db1fdc8e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_defined.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestDefined < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Foo
+    def foo
+      p :foo
+    end
+    protected :foo
+    def bar(f)
+      yield(defined?(self.foo))
+      yield(defined?(f.foo))
+    end
+    def baz(f)
+    end
+    attr_accessor :attr
+    def attrasgn_test
+      yield(defined?(self.attr = 1))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def defined_test
+    return !defined?(yield)
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_global_variable
+    $x = nil
+
+    assert(defined?($x))		# global variable
+    assert_equal('global-variable', defined?($x))# returns description
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_local_variable
+    assert_nil(defined?(foo))		# undefined
+    foo=5
+    assert(defined?(foo))		# local variable
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_constant
+    assert(defined?(Array))		# constant
+    assert(defined?(::Array))		# toplevel constant
+    assert(defined?(File::Constants))	# nested constant
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_public_method
+    assert(defined?(Object.new))	# method
+    assert(defined?(Object::new))	# method
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_private_method
+    assert(!defined?(Object.print))	# private method
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_operator
+    assert(defined?(1 == 2))		# operator expression
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_protected_method
+    f = Foo.new
+    assert_nil(defined?(f.foo))         # protected method
+    f.bar(f) { |v| assert(v) }
+    f.bar(Class.new(Foo).new) { |v| assert(v, "inherited protected method") }
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_undefined_method
+    f = Foo.new
+    assert_nil(defined?(f.quux))        # undefined method
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_undefined_argument
+    f = Foo.new
+    assert_nil(defined?(f.baz(x)))      # undefined argument
+    x = 0
+    assert(defined?(f.baz(x)))
+    assert_nil(defined?(f.quux(x)))
+    assert(defined?(print(x)))
+    assert_nil(defined?(quux(x)))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_attrasgn
+    f = Foo.new
+    assert(defined?(f.attr = 1))
+    f.attrasgn_test { |v| assert(v) }
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_undef
+    x = Object.new
+    def x.foo; end
+    assert(defined?(x.foo))
+    x.instance_eval {undef :foo}
+    assert(!defined?(x.foo), "undefed method should not be defined?")
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_yield
+    assert(defined_test)		# not iterator
+    assert(!defined_test{})	        # called as iterator
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_matchdata
+    /a/ =~ ''
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($&)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($`)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($')
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($+)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($1)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($2)
+    /a/ =~ 'a'
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($&)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($`)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($') # '
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($+)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($1)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($2)
+    /(a)/ =~ 'a'
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($&)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($`)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($') # '
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($+)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($1)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($2)
+    /(a)b/ =~ 'ab'
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($&)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($`)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($') # '
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($+)
+    assert_equal 'global-variable', defined?($1)
+    assert_equal nil, defined?($2)
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_assignment
+    assert_equal("assignment", defined?(a = 1))
+    assert_equal("assignment", defined?(a += 1))
+    assert_equal("assignment", defined?(a &&= 1))
+    assert_equal("assignment", eval('defined?(A = 1)'))
+    assert_equal("assignment", eval('defined?(A += 1)'))
+    assert_equal("assignment", eval('defined?(A &&= 1)'))
+    assert_equal("assignment", eval('defined?(A::B = 1)'))
+    assert_equal("assignment", eval('defined?(A::B += 1)'))
+    assert_equal("assignment", eval('defined?(A::B &&= 1)'))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_splat
+    assert_nil(defined?([*a]))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself(*a)))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined?([*itself]))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself(*itself)))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_hash
+    assert_nil(defined?({a: a}))
+    assert_nil(defined?({a => 1}))
+    assert_nil(defined?({a => a}))
+    assert_nil(defined?({**a}))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself(a: a)))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself(a => 1)))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself(a => a)))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself(**a)))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself({a: a})))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself({a => 1})))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself({a => a})))
+    assert_nil(defined?(itself({**a})))
+
+    assert_equal("expression", defined?({a: itself}))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined?({itself => 1}))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined?({itself => itself}))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined?({**itself}))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself(a: itself)))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself(itself => 1)))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself(itself => itself)))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself(**itself)))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself({a: itself})))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself({itself => 1})))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself({itself => itself})))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(itself({**itself})))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_literal
+    assert_equal("nil", defined?(nil))
+    assert_equal("true", defined?(true))
+    assert_equal("false", defined?(false))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined?(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_method
+    self_ = self
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(test_defined_method))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(self.test_defined_method))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(self_.test_defined_method))
+
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.test_defined_method))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(1.to_i))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.to_i.test_defined_method))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.test_defined_method.to_i))
+
+    assert_equal("method", defined?("x".reverse))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?("x".reverse(1)))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?("x".reverse.reverse))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?("x".reverse(1).reverse))
+
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(1.to_i(10)))
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(1.to_i("x")))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.to_i("x").undefined))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.to_i(undefined).to_i))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.to_i("x").undefined.to_i))
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(1.to_i(undefined).to_i.to_i))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_method_single_call
+    times_called = 0
+    define_singleton_method(:t) do
+      times_called += 1
+      self
+    end
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(t))
+    assert_equal(0, times_called)
+
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(t.t))
+    assert_equal(1, times_called)
+
+    times_called = 0
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(t.t.t))
+    assert_equal(2, times_called)
+
+    times_called = 0
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(t.t.t.t))
+    assert_equal(3, times_called)
+
+    times_called = 0
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(t.t.t.t.t))
+    assert_equal(4, times_called)
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_empty_paren_expr
+    bug8224 = '[ruby-core:54024] [Bug #8224]'
+    (1..3).each do |level|
+      expr = "("*level+")"*level
+      assert_equal("nil", eval("defined? #{expr}"), "#{bug8224} defined? #{expr}")
+      assert_equal("nil", eval("defined?(#{expr})"), "#{bug8224} defined?(#{expr})")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_empty_paren_arg
+    assert_nil(defined?(p () + 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_paren_void_stmts
+    assert_equal("expression", defined? (;x))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined? (x;))
+    assert_nil(defined? (
+
+      x
+
+    ))
+
+    x = 1
+
+    assert_equal("expression", defined? (;x))
+    assert_equal("expression", defined? (x;))
+    assert_equal("local-variable", defined? (
+
+      x
+
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_impl_specific
+    feature7035 = '[ruby-core:47558]' # not spec
+    assert_predicate(defined?(Foo), :frozen?, feature7035)
+    assert_same(defined?(Foo), defined?(Array), feature7035)
+  end
+
+  class TestAutoloadedSuperclass
+    autoload :A, "a"
+  end
+
+  class TestAutoloadedSubclass < TestAutoloadedSuperclass
+    def a?
+      defined?(A)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoloaded_subclass
+    bug = "[ruby-core:35509]"
+
+    x = TestAutoloadedSuperclass.new
+    class << x
+      def a?; defined?(A); end
+    end
+    assert_equal("constant", x.a?, bug)
+
+    assert_equal("constant", TestAutoloadedSubclass.new.a?, bug)
+  end
+
+  class TestAutoloadedNoload
+    autoload :A, "a"
+    def a?
+      defined?(A)
+    end
+    def b?
+      defined?(A::B)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoloaded_noload
+    loaded = $".dup
+    $".clear
+    loadpath = $:.dup
+    $:.clear
+    x = TestAutoloadedNoload.new
+    assert_equal("constant", x.a?)
+    assert_nil(x.b?)
+    assert_equal([], $")
+  ensure
+    $".replace(loaded)
+    $:.replace(loadpath)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception
+    bug5786 = '[ruby-dev:45021]'
+    assert_nil(defined?(raise("[Bug#5786]")::A), bug5786)
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method
+    bug6644 = '[ruby-core:45831]'
+    a = Class.new do
+      def self.def_f!;
+        singleton_class.send(:define_method, :f) { defined? super }
+      end
+    end
+    aa = Class.new(a)
+    a.def_f!
+    assert_nil(a.f)
+    assert_nil(aa.f)
+    aa.def_f!
+    assert_equal("super", aa.f, bug6644)
+    assert_nil(a.f, bug6644)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_included_method
+    c0 = Class.new do
+      def m
+      end
+    end
+    m1 = Module.new do
+      def m
+        defined?(super)
+      end
+    end
+    c = Class.new(c0) do include m1
+      def m
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal("super", c.new.m)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_block
+    bug8367 = '[ruby-core:54769] [Bug #8367]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; end
+    end
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      def b; yield; end
+      def x; b {return defined?(super)}; end
+    end
+
+    o = c.new
+    o.extend(m)
+    assert_equal("super", o.x, bug8367)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_basic_object
+    BasicObject.class_eval do
+      def a
+        defined?(super)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil(a)
+  ensure
+    BasicObject.class_eval do
+      undef_method :a if defined?(a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_toplevel
+    assert_separately([], "assert_nil(defined?(super))")
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to
+    obj = "#{self.class.name}##{__method__}"
+    class << obj
+      def respond_to?(mid)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_warn(/deprecated method signature.*\n.*respond_to\? is defined here/) do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = true
+      defined?(obj.foo)
+    end
+    assert_warn('') do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = false
+      defined?(obj.foo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ExampleRespondToMissing
+    attr_reader :called
+
+    def initialize
+      @called = false
+    end
+
+    def respond_to_missing? *args
+      @called = true
+      false
+    end
+
+    def existing_method
+    end
+
+    def func_defined_existing_func
+      defined?(existing_method())
+    end
+
+    def func_defined_non_existing_func
+      defined?(non_existing_method())
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_by_respond_to_missing
+    bug_11211 = '[Bug #11211]'
+    obj = ExampleRespondToMissing.new
+    assert_equal("method", defined?(obj.existing_method), bug_11211)
+    assert_equal(false, obj.called, bug_11211)
+    assert_equal(nil, defined?(obj.non_existing_method), bug_11211)
+    assert_equal(true, obj.called, bug_11211)
+
+    bug_11212 = '[Bug #11212]'
+    obj = ExampleRespondToMissing.new
+    assert_equal("method", obj.func_defined_existing_func, bug_11212)
+    assert_equal(false, obj.called, bug_11212)
+    assert_equal(nil, obj.func_defined_non_existing_func, bug_11212)
+    assert_equal(true, obj.called, bug_11212)
+  end
+
+  def test_top_level_constant_not_defined
+    assert_nil(defined?(TestDefined::Object))
+  end
+
+  class RefinedClass
+  end
+
+  module RefiningModule
+    refine RefinedClass do
+      def pub
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def priv
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.call_without_using(x = RefinedClass.new)
+      defined?(x.pub)
+    end
+
+    def self.vcall_without_using(x = RefinedClass.new)
+      x.instance_eval {defined?(priv)}
+    end
+
+    using self
+
+    def self.call_with_using(x = RefinedClass.new)
+      defined?(x.pub)
+    end
+
+    def self.vcall_with_using(x = RefinedClass.new)
+      x.instance_eval {defined?(priv)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_refined_call_without_using
+    assert(!RefiningModule.call_without_using, "refined public method without using")
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_refined_vcall_without_using
+    assert(!RefiningModule.vcall_without_using, "refined private method without using")
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_refined_call_with_using
+    assert(RefiningModule.call_with_using, "refined public method with using")
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_refined_vcall_with_using
+    assert(RefiningModule.vcall_with_using, "refined private method with using")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_dir.rb b/test/ruby/test_dir.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edb5210af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_dir.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,785 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+class TestDir < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    @root = File.realpath(Dir.mktmpdir('__test_dir__'))
+    @nodir = File.join(@root, "dummy")
+    @dirs = []
+    for i in "a".."z"
+      if i.ord % 2 == 0
+        FileUtils.touch(File.join(@root, i))
+      else
+        FileUtils.mkdir(File.join(@root, i))
+        @dirs << File.join(i, "")
+      end
+    end
+    @envs = nil
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+    FileUtils.remove_entry_secure @root if File.directory?(@root)
+    ENV.update(@envs) if @envs
+  end
+
+  def setup_envs(envs = %w"HOME LOGDIR")
+    @envs ||= {}
+    envs.each do |e, v|
+      @envs[e] = ENV.delete(e)
+      ENV[e] = v if v
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_seek
+    dir = Dir.open(@root)
+    begin
+      cache = []
+      loop do
+        pos = dir.tell
+        break unless name = dir.read
+        cache << [pos, name]
+      end
+      for x,y in cache.sort_by {|z| z[0] % 3 } # shuffle
+        dir.seek(x)
+        assert_equal(y, dir.read)
+      end
+    ensure
+      dir.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nodir
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { Dir.open(@nodir) }
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    d = Dir.open(@root)
+    assert_match(/^#<Dir:#{ Regexp.quote(@root) }>$/, d.inspect)
+    assert_match(/^#<Dir:.*>$/, Dir.allocate.inspect)
+  ensure
+    d.close
+  end
+
+  def test_path
+    d = Dir.open(@root)
+    assert_equal(@root, d.path)
+    assert_nil(Dir.allocate.path)
+  ensure
+    d.close
+  end
+
+  def test_set_pos
+    d = Dir.open(@root)
+    loop do
+      i = d.pos
+      break unless x = d.read
+      d.pos = i
+      assert_equal(x, d.read)
+    end
+  ensure
+    d.close
+  end
+
+  def test_rewind
+    d = Dir.open(@root)
+    a = (0..5).map { d.read }
+    d.rewind
+    b = (0..5).map { d.read }
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+  ensure
+    d.close
+  end
+
+  def test_class_chdir
+    pwd = Dir.pwd
+    setup_envs
+
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { Dir.chdir(@nodir) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Dir.chdir }
+    ENV["HOME"] = pwd
+    Dir.chdir do
+      conflicting = /conflicting chdir during another chdir block\n^#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:#{__LINE__-1}:/
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { Dir.chdir(pwd) }
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { Dir.chdir(@root) }
+      assert_equal(@root, Dir.pwd)
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { Dir.chdir(pwd) }
+
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Thread.new { Thread.current.report_on_exception = false; Dir.chdir(@root) }.join }
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Thread.new { Thread.current.report_on_exception = false; Dir.chdir(@root) { } }.join }
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { Dir.chdir(pwd) }
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { Dir.chdir(@root) }
+      assert_equal(@root, Dir.pwd)
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { Dir.chdir(pwd) }
+      Dir.chdir(@root) do
+        assert_equal(@root, Dir.pwd)
+      end
+      assert_equal(pwd, Dir.pwd)
+    end
+
+  ensure
+    begin
+      Dir.chdir(pwd)
+    rescue
+      abort("cannot return the original directory: #{ pwd }")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_chdir
+    pwd = Dir.pwd
+    dir = Dir.new(pwd)
+    root_dir = Dir.new(@root)
+    setup_envs
+
+    ENV["HOME"] = pwd
+    ret = root_dir.chdir do |*a|
+      conflicting = /conflicting chdir during another chdir block\n^#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:#{__LINE__-1}:/
+
+      assert_empty(a)
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { dir.chdir }
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { root_dir.chdir }
+
+      assert_equal(@root, Dir.pwd)
+
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Thread.new { Thread.current.report_on_exception = false; dir.chdir }.join }
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Thread.new { Thread.current.report_on_exception = false; dir.chdir{} }.join }
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { dir.chdir }
+      assert_equal(pwd, Dir.pwd)
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { root_dir.chdir }
+      assert_equal(@root, Dir.pwd)
+
+      assert_warning(conflicting) { dir.chdir }
+
+      root_dir.chdir do
+        assert_equal(@root, Dir.pwd)
+      end
+      assert_equal(pwd, Dir.pwd)
+
+      42
+    end
+
+    assert_separately(["-", @root], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      root = ARGV.shift
+
+      $dir_warnings = []
+
+      def Warning.warn(message)
+        $dir_warnings << message
+      end
+
+      line2 = line1 = __LINE__; Dir.chdir(root) do
+        line2 = __LINE__; Dir.chdir
+      end
+
+      message = $dir_warnings.shift
+      assert_include(message, "#{__FILE__}:#{line2}:")
+      assert_include(message, "#{__FILE__}:#{line1}:")
+      assert_empty($dir_warnings)
+    end;
+
+    assert_equal(42, ret)
+  ensure
+    begin
+      assert_equal(0, dir.chdir)
+    rescue
+      abort("cannot return the original directory: #{ pwd }")
+    end
+    dir.close
+    root_dir.close
+  end
+
+  def test_chdir_conflict
+    pwd = Dir.pwd
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    t = Thread.new do
+      q.pop
+      Dir.chdir(pwd) rescue $!
+    end
+    Dir.chdir(pwd) do
+      q.push nil
+      assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, t.value)
+    end
+
+    t = Thread.new do
+      q.pop
+      Dir.chdir(pwd){} rescue $!
+    end
+    Dir.chdir(pwd) do
+      q.push nil
+      assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, t.value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_chroot_nodir
+    omit if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /android/
+    assert_raise(NotImplementedError, Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EPERM
+		) { Dir.chroot(File.join(@nodir, "")) }
+  end
+
+  def test_close
+    d = Dir.open(@root)
+    d.close
+    assert_nothing_raised(IOError) { d.close }
+    assert_raise(IOError) { d.read }
+  end
+
+  def test_glob
+    assert_equal((%w(.) + ("a".."z").to_a).map{|f| File.join(@root, f) },
+                 Dir.glob(File.join(@root, "*"), File::FNM_DOTMATCH))
+    assert_equal([@root] + ("a".."z").map {|f| File.join(@root, f) },
+                 Dir.glob([@root, File.join(@root, "*")]))
+    assert_equal([@root] + ("a".."z").map {|f| File.join(@root, f) },
+                 Dir.glob([@root, File.join(@root, "*")], sort: false).sort)
+    assert_equal([@root] + ("a".."z").map {|f| File.join(@root, f) },
+                 Dir.glob([@root, File.join(@root, "*")], sort: true))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /nul-separated/) do
+      Dir.glob(@root + "\0\0\0" + File.join(@root, "*"))
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /expected true or false/) do
+      Dir.glob(@root, sort: 1)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /expected true or false/) do
+      Dir.glob(@root, sort: nil)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(("a".."z").each_slice(2).map {|f,_| File.join(File.join(@root, f), "") },
+                 Dir.glob(File.join(@root, "*/")))
+    assert_equal([File.join(@root, '//a')], Dir.glob(@root + '//a'))
+
+    FileUtils.touch(File.join(@root, "{}"))
+    assert_equal(%w({} a).map{|f| File.join(@root, f) },
+                 Dir.glob(File.join(@root, '{\{\},a}')))
+    assert_equal([], Dir.glob(File.join(@root, '[')))
+    assert_equal([], Dir.glob(File.join(@root, '[a-\\')))
+
+    assert_equal([File.join(@root, "a")], Dir.glob(File.join(@root, 'a\\')))
+    assert_equal(("a".."f").map {|f| File.join(@root, f) }, Dir.glob(File.join(@root, '[abc/def]')))
+
+    open(File.join(@root, "}}{}"), "wb") {}
+    open(File.join(@root, "}}a"), "wb") {}
+    assert_equal(%w(}}{} }}a).map {|f| File.join(@root, f)}, Dir.glob(File.join(@root, '}}{\{\},a}')))
+    assert_equal(%w(}}{} }}a b c).map {|f| File.join(@root, f)}, Dir.glob(File.join(@root, '{\}\}{\{\},a},b,c}')))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Dir.glob([[@root, File.join(@root, "*")].join("\0")])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_recursive
+    bug6977 = '[ruby-core:47418]'
+    bug8006 = '[ruby-core:53108] [Bug #8006]'
+    Dir.chdir(@root) do
+      assert_include(Dir.glob("a/**/*", File::FNM_DOTMATCH), "a/.", bug8006)
+
+      Dir.mkdir("a/b")
+      assert_not_include(Dir.glob("a/**/*", File::FNM_DOTMATCH), "a/b/.")
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p("a/b/c/d/e/f")
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/e/f"), bug6977)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/d/e/f"), bug6977)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/c/d/e/f"), bug6977)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/b/c/d/e/f"), bug6977)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/c/?/e/f"), bug6977)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/c/**/d/e/f"), bug6977)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/c/d/e/f"], Dir.glob("a/**/c/**/d/e/f"), bug6977)
+
+      bug8283 = '[ruby-core:54387] [Bug #8283]'
+      dirs = ["a/.x", "a/b/.y"]
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(dirs)
+      dirs.map {|dir| open("#{dir}/z", "w") {}}
+      assert_equal([], Dir.glob("a/**/z"), bug8283)
+      assert_equal(["a/.x/z"], Dir.glob("a/**/.x/z"), bug8283)
+      assert_equal(["a/.x/z"], Dir.glob("a/.x/**/z"), bug8283)
+      assert_equal(["a/b/.y/z"], Dir.glob("a/**/.y/z"), bug8283)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_recursive_directory
+    Dir.chdir(@root) do
+      ['d', 'e'].each do |path|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p("c/#{path}/a/b/c")
+        FileUtils.touch("c/#{path}/a/a.file")
+        FileUtils.touch("c/#{path}/a/b/b.file")
+        FileUtils.touch("c/#{path}/a/b/c/c.file")
+      end
+      bug15540 = '[ruby-core:91110] [Bug #15540]'
+      assert_equal(["c/d/a/", "c/d/a/b/", "c/d/a/b/c/", "c/e/a/", "c/e/a/b/", "c/e/a/b/c/"],
+                   Dir.glob('c/{d,e}/a/**/'), bug15540)
+
+      assert_equal(["c/e/a/", "c/e/a/b/", "c/e/a/b/c/", "c/d/a/", "c/d/a/b/", "c/d/a/b/c/"],
+                   Dir.glob('c/{e,d}/a/**/'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_starts_with_brace
+    Dir.chdir(@root) do
+      bug15649 = '[ruby-core:91728] [Bug #15649]'
+      assert_equal(["#{@root}/a", "#{@root}/b"],
+                   Dir.glob("{#{@root}/a,#{@root}/b}"), bug15649)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_recursive_with_brace
+    Dir.chdir(@root) do
+      bug19042 = '[ruby-core:110220] [Bug #19042]'
+      %w"c/dir_a c/dir_b c/dir_b/dir".each do |d|
+        Dir.mkdir(d)
+      end
+      expected = %w"c/dir_a/file c/dir_b/dir/file"
+      expected.each do |f|
+        File.write(f, "")
+      end
+      assert_equal(expected, Dir.glob("**/{dir_a,dir_b/dir}/file"), bug19042)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_order
+    Dir.chdir(@root) do
+      assert_equal(["#{@root}/a", "#{@root}/b"], Dir.glob("#{@root}/[ba]"))
+      assert_equal(["#{@root}/b", "#{@root}/a"], Dir.glob(%W"#{@root}/b #{@root}/a"))
+      assert_equal(["#{@root}/b", "#{@root}/a"], Dir.glob("#{@root}/{b,a}"))
+    end
+    assert_equal(["a", "b"], Dir.glob("[ba]", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(["b", "a"], Dir.glob(%W"b a", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(["b", "a"], Dir.glob("{b,a}", base: @root))
+  end
+
+  if Process.const_defined?(:RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+    def test_glob_too_may_open_files
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", chdir: @root)
+      begin;
+        n = 16
+        Process.setrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE, n)
+        files = []
+        begin
+          n.times {files << File.open('b')}
+        rescue Errno::EMFILE, Errno::ENFILE => e
+        end
+        assert_raise(e.class) {
+          Dir.glob('*')
+        }
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_base
+    files = %w[a/foo.c c/bar.c]
+    files.each {|n| File.write(File.join(@root, n), "")}
+    Dir.mkdir(File.join(@root, "a/dir"))
+    dirs = @dirs + %w[a/dir/]
+    dirs.sort!
+
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: ".")})
+    assert_equal(%w[foo.c], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*.c", base: "a")})
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: "")})
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: nil)})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.glob("*/", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: ".")})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: "a")})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: "")})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: nil)})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.glob("**/*/", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: ".")})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: "a")})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: "")})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: nil)})
+
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: @root, sort: false).sort)
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: ".", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(%w[foo.c], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*.c", base: "a", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: "", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: nil, sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.glob("*/", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: ".", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: "a", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: "", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("*/", base: nil, sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.glob("**/*/", base: @root))
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: ".", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: "a", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: "", sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.glob("**/*/", base: nil, sort: false).sort})
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_base_dir
+    files = %w[a/foo.c c/bar.c]
+    files.each {|n| File.write(File.join(@root, n), "")}
+    Dir.mkdir(File.join(@root, "a/dir"))
+    dirs = @dirs + %w[a/dir/]
+    dirs.sort!
+
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.open(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: d)})
+    assert_equal(%w[foo.c], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.open("a") {|d| Dir.glob("*.c", base: d)}})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.open(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("*/", base: d)})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.open("a") {|d| Dir.glob("*/", base: d)}})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.open(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("**/*/", base: d)})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.open("a") {|d| Dir.glob("**/*/", base: d)}})
+
+    assert_equal(files, Dir.open(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("*/*.c", base: d, sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(%w[foo.c], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.open("a") {|d| Dir.glob("*.c", base: d, sort: false).sort}})
+    assert_equal(@dirs, Dir.open(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("*/", base: d, sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.open("a") {|d| Dir.glob("*/", base: d, sort: false).sort}})
+    assert_equal(dirs, Dir.open(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("**/*/", base: d, sort: false).sort})
+    assert_equal(%w[dir/], Dir.chdir(@root) {Dir.open("a") {|d| Dir.glob("**/*/", base: d, sort: false).sort}})
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_ignore_casefold_invalid_encoding
+    bug14456 = "[ruby-core:85448]"
+    filename = "\u00AAa123".encode('ISO-8859-1')
+    File.write(File.join(@root, filename), "")
+    matches = Dir.chdir(@root) {|d| Dir.glob("*a123".encode('UTF-8'), File::FNM_CASEFOLD)}
+    assert_equal(1, matches.size, bug14456)
+    matches.each{|f| f.force_encoding('ISO-8859-1')}
+    # Handle MacOS/Windows, which saves under a different filename
+    assert_include([filename, "\u00C2\u00AAa123".encode('ISO-8859-1')], matches.first, bug14456)
+  end
+
+  def assert_entries(entries, children_only = false)
+    entries.sort!
+    expected = ("a".."z").to_a
+    expected = %w(. ..) + expected unless children_only
+    assert_equal(expected, entries)
+  end
+
+  def test_entries
+    assert_entries(Dir.open(@root) {|dir| dir.entries})
+    assert_entries(Dir.entries(@root))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Dir.entries(@root+"\0")}
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT].each do |enc|
+      assert_equal(enc, Dir.entries(@root, encoding: enc).first.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreach
+    assert_entries(Dir.open(@root) {|dir| dir.each.to_a})
+    assert_entries(Dir.foreach(@root).to_a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Dir.foreach(@root+"\0").to_a}
+    newdir = @root+"/new"
+    e = Dir.foreach(newdir)
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {e.to_a}
+    Dir.mkdir(newdir)
+    File.write(newdir+"/a", "")
+    assert_equal(%w[. .. a], e.to_a.sort)
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT].each do |enc|
+      e = Dir.foreach(newdir, encoding: enc)
+      assert_equal(enc, e.to_a.first.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_children
+    assert_entries(Dir.open(@root) {|dir| dir.children}, true)
+    assert_entries(Dir.children(@root), true)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Dir.children(@root+"\0")}
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT].each do |enc|
+      assert_equal(enc, Dir.children(@root, encoding: enc).first.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_child
+    assert_entries(Dir.open(@root) {|dir| dir.each_child.to_a}, true)
+    assert_entries(Dir.each_child(@root).to_a, true)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Dir.each_child(@root+"\0").to_a}
+    newdir = @root+"/new"
+    e = Dir.each_child(newdir)
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {e.to_a}
+    Dir.mkdir(newdir)
+    File.write(newdir+"/a", "")
+    assert_equal(%w[a], e.to_a)
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT].each do |enc|
+      e = Dir.each_child(newdir, encoding: enc)
+      assert_equal(enc, e.to_a.first.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dir_enc
+    dir = Dir.open(@root, encoding: "UTF-8")
+    begin
+      while name = dir.read
+	assert_equal(Encoding.find("UTF-8"), name.encoding)
+      end
+    ensure
+      dir.close
+    end
+
+    dir = Dir.open(@root, encoding: "ASCII-8BIT")
+    begin
+      while name = dir.read
+	assert_equal(Encoding.find("ASCII-8BIT"), name.encoding)
+      end
+    ensure
+      dir.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unknown_keywords
+    bug8060 = '[ruby-dev:47152] [Bug #8060]'
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/, bug8060) do
+      Dir.open(@root, xawqij: "a") {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symlink
+    begin
+      ["dummy", *"a".."z"].each do |f|
+	File.symlink(File.join(@root, f),
+		     File.join(@root, "symlink-#{ f }"))
+      end
+    rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EACCES
+      return
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([*"a".."z", *"symlink-a".."symlink-z"].each_slice(2).map {|f, _| File.join(@root, f + "/") }.sort,
+		 Dir.glob(File.join(@root, "*/")))
+
+    assert_equal([@root + "/", *[*"a".."z"].each_slice(2).map {|f, _| File.join(@root, f + "/") }],
+                 Dir.glob(File.join(@root, "**/")))
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_metachar
+    bug8597 = '[ruby-core:55764] [Bug #8597]'
+    assert_empty(Dir.glob(File.join(@root, "<")), bug8597)
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_cases
+    feature5994 = "[ruby-core:42469] [Feature #5994]"
+    feature5994 << "\nDir.glob should return the filename with actual cases on the filesystem"
+    Dir.chdir(File.join(@root, "a")) do
+      open("FileWithCases", "w") {}
+      return unless File.exist?("filewithcases")
+      assert_equal(%w"FileWithCases", Dir.glob("filewithcases"), feature5994)
+    end
+    Dir.chdir(@root) do
+      assert_equal(%w"a/FileWithCases", Dir.glob("A/filewithcases"), feature5994)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_super_root
+    bug9648 = '[ruby-core:61552] [Bug #9648]'
+    roots = Dir.glob("/*")
+    assert_equal(roots.map {|n| "/..#{n}"}, Dir.glob("/../*"), bug9648)
+  end
+
+  if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    def test_glob_legacy_short_name
+      bug10819 = '[ruby-core:67954] [Bug #10819]'
+      bug11206 = '[ruby-core:69435] [Bug #11206]'
+      omit unless /\A\w:/ =~ ENV["ProgramFiles"]
+      short = "#$&/PROGRA~1"
+      omit unless File.directory?(short)
+      entries = Dir.glob("#{short}/Common*")
+      assert_not_empty(entries, bug10819)
+      long = File.expand_path(short)
+      assert_equal(Dir.glob("#{long}/Common*"), entries, bug10819)
+      wild = short.sub(/1\z/, '*')
+      assert_not_include(Dir.glob(wild), long, bug11206)
+      assert_include(Dir.glob(wild, File::FNM_SHORTNAME), long, bug10819)
+      assert_empty(entries - Dir.glob("#{wild}/Common*", File::FNM_SHORTNAME), bug10819)
+    end
+
+    def test_home_windows
+      setup_envs(%w[HOME USERPROFILE HOMEDRIVE HOMEPATH])
+
+      ENV['HOME'] = "C:\\ruby\\home"
+      assert_equal("C:/ruby/home", Dir.home)
+
+      ENV['USERPROFILE'] = "C:\\ruby\\userprofile"
+      assert_equal("C:/ruby/home", Dir.home)
+      ENV.delete('HOME')
+      assert_equal("C:/ruby/userprofile", Dir.home)
+
+      ENV['HOMEDRIVE'] = "C:"
+      ENV['HOMEPATH'] = "\\ruby\\homepath"
+      assert_equal("C:/ruby/userprofile", Dir.home)
+      ENV.delete('USERPROFILE')
+      assert_equal("C:/ruby/homepath", Dir.home)
+    end
+
+    def test_home_at_startup_windows
+      env = {'HOME' => "C:\\ruby\\home"}
+      args = [env]
+      assert_separately(args, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        assert_equal("C:/ruby/home", Dir.home)
+      end;
+
+      env['USERPROFILE'] = "C:\\ruby\\userprofile"
+      assert_separately(args, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        assert_equal("C:/ruby/home", Dir.home)
+      end;
+
+      env['HOME'] = nil
+      assert_separately(args, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        assert_equal("C:/ruby/userprofile", Dir.home)
+      end;
+
+      env['HOMEDRIVE'] = "C:"
+      env['HOMEPATH'] = "\\ruby\\homepath"
+      assert_separately(args, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        assert_equal("C:/ruby/userprofile", Dir.home)
+      end;
+
+      env['USERPROFILE'] = nil
+      assert_separately(args, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        assert_equal("C:/ruby/homepath", Dir.home)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_children_long_name
+      Dir.mktmpdir do |dirname|
+        longest_possible_component = "b" * 255
+        long_path = File.join(dirname, longest_possible_component)
+        Dir.mkdir(long_path)
+        File.write("#{long_path}/c", "")
+        assert_equal(%w[c], Dir.children(long_path))
+      ensure
+        File.unlink("#{long_path}/c")
+        Dir.rmdir(long_path)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      omit "File system does not support long file name"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_home
+    setup_envs
+
+    ENV["HOME"] = @nodir
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
+      assert_equal(@nodir, Dir.home)
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
+      assert_equal(@nodir, Dir.home(""))
+    end
+    if user = ENV["USER"]
+      tilde = windows? ? "~" : "~#{user}"
+      assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
+        assert_equal(File.expand_path(tilde), Dir.home(user))
+      end
+    end
+    %W[no:such:user \u{7559 5b88}:\u{756a}].each do |user|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /#{user}/) {Dir.home(user)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  if Encoding.find("filesystem") == Encoding::UTF_8
+    # On Windows and macOS, file system encoding is always UTF-8.
+    def test_home_utf8
+      setup_envs
+
+      ENV["HOME"] = "/\u{e4}~\u{1f3e0}"
+      assert_equal("/\u{e4}~\u{1f3e0}", Dir.home)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symlinks_not_resolved
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dirname|
+      Dir.chdir(dirname) do
+        begin
+          File.symlink('some-dir', 'dir-symlink')
+        rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EACCES
+          return
+        end
+
+        Dir.mkdir('some-dir')
+        File.write('some-dir/foo', 'some content')
+
+        assert_equal [ 'dir-symlink', 'some-dir' ], Dir['*']
+        assert_equal [ 'dir-symlink', 'some-dir', 'some-dir/foo' ], Dir['**/*']
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fileno
+    Dir.open(".") {|d|
+      if d.respond_to? :fileno
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, d.fileno)
+      else
+        assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { d.fileno }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_for_fd
+    if Dir.respond_to? :for_fd
+      begin
+        new_dir = Dir.new('..')
+        for_fd_dir = Dir.for_fd(new_dir.fileno)
+        assert_equal(new_dir.chdir{Dir.pwd}, for_fd_dir.chdir{Dir.pwd})
+      ensure
+        new_dir&.close
+        if for_fd_dir
+          assert_raise(Errno::EBADF) { for_fd_dir.close }
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { Dir.for_fd(0) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_empty?
+    assert_not_send([Dir, :empty?, @root])
+    a = File.join(@root, "a")
+    assert_send([Dir, :empty?, a])
+    %w[A .dot].each do |tmp|
+      tmp = File.join(a, tmp)
+      open(tmp, "w") {}
+      assert_not_send([Dir, :empty?, a])
+      File.delete(tmp)
+      assert_send([Dir, :empty?, a])
+      Dir.mkdir(tmp)
+      assert_not_send([Dir, :empty?, a])
+      Dir.rmdir(tmp)
+      assert_send([Dir, :empty?, a])
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {Dir.empty?(@nodir)}
+    assert_not_send([Dir, :empty?, File.join(@root, "b")])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Dir.empty?(@root+"\0")}
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_gc_for_fd
+    assert_separately(["-C", @root], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", timeout: 3)
+    begin;
+      Process.setrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE, 50)
+      begin
+        fs = []
+        tap {tap {tap {(0..100).each {fs << open(IO::NULL)}}}}
+      rescue Errno::EMFILE
+      ensure
+        fs.clear
+      end
+      list = Dir.glob("*")
+      assert_not_empty(list)
+      assert_equal([*"a".."z"], list)
+    end;
+  end if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+
+  def test_glob_array_with_destructive_element
+    args = Array.new(100, "")
+    pat = Struct.new(:ary).new(args)
+    args.push(pat, *Array.new(100) {"."*40})
+    def pat.to_path
+      ary.clear
+      GC.start
+      ""
+    end
+    assert_empty(Dir.glob(args))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_dir_m17n.rb b/test/ruby/test_dir_m17n.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdf8b44ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_dir_m17n.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require '-test-/file'
+
+class TestDir_M17N < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def with_tmpdir
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|dir|
+      Dir.chdir(dir) {
+        yield dir
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_raw_file_name(code, encoding)
+    with_tmpdir { |dir|
+      assert_separately(["-E#{encoding}"], <<-EOS, :chdir=>dir)
+        filename = #{code}.chr('UTF-8').force_encoding("#{encoding}")
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        ents = Dir.entries(".")
+        if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = filename.encode("UTF-8")
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+
+      return if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      assert_separately(%w[-EASCII-8BIT], <<-EOS, :chdir=>dir)
+        filename = #{code}.chr('UTF-8').force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+        ents = Dir.entries(".")
+        if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  ## UTF-8 default_external, no default_internal
+
+  def test_filename_extutf8
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\u3042"
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_extutf8_invalid
+    return if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    # High Sierra's APFS cannot use invalid filenames
+    return if Bug::File::Fs.fsname(Dir.tmpdir) == "apfs"
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EASCII-8BIT], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xff".dup.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT") # invalid byte sequence as UTF-8
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        filename = "%FF" if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM && ents.include?("%FF")
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xff".dup.force_encoding("UTF-8") # invalid byte sequence as UTF-8
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        filename = "%FF" if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM && ents.include?("%FF")
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+    }
+  end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_filename_as_bytes_extutf8
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xc2\xa1".dup.force_encoding("utf-8")
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        if /mswin|mingw|darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = "\x8f\xa2\xc2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        else
+          filename = "\xc2\xa1".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        end
+        assert_nothing_raised(Errno::ENOENT) do
+          open(filename) {}
+        end
+      EOS
+      # no meaning test on windows
+      unless /mswin|mingw|darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        assert_separately(%W[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+          filename1 = "\xc2\xa1".dup.force_encoding("utf-8")
+          filename2 = "\xc2\xa1".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+          filename3 = filename1.encode("euc-jp")
+          filename4 = filename2.encode("utf-8")
+          assert_file.stat(filename1)
+          assert_file.stat(filename2)
+          assert_file.not_exist?(filename3)
+          assert_file.not_exist?(filename4)
+        EOS
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  ## UTF-8 default_external, EUC-JP default_internal
+
+  def test_filename_extutf8_inteucjp_representable
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\u3042"
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8:EUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8:EUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        assert_nothing_raised(Errno::ENOENT) do
+          open(filename) {}
+        end
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_extutf8_inteucjp_unrepresentable
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename1 = "\u2661" # WHITE HEART SUIT which is not representable in EUC-JP
+        filename2 = "\u3042" # HIRAGANA LETTER A which is representable in EUC-JP
+        File.open(filename1, "w") {}
+        File.open(filename2, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        assert_include(ents, filename1)
+        assert_include(ents, filename2)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8:EUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename1 = "\u2661" # WHITE HEART SUIT which is not representable in EUC-JP
+        filename2 = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp") # HIRAGANA LETTER A in EUC-JP
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        assert_include(ents, filename1)
+        assert_include(ents, filename2)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EUTF-8:EUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename1 = "\u2661" # WHITE HEART SUIT which is not representable in EUC-JP
+        filename2 = "\u3042" # HIRAGANA LETTER A which is representable in EUC-JP
+        filename3 = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp") # HIRAGANA LETTER A in EUC-JP
+        assert_file.stat(filename1)
+        assert_file.stat(filename2)
+        assert_file.stat(filename3)
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  ## others
+
+  def test_filename_bytes_euc_jp
+    return if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EEUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        ents.each {|e| e.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT") }
+        if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = filename.encode("utf-8")
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT"))
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_euc_jp
+    return if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EEUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        ents = Dir.entries(".")
+        if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = filename.encode("utf-8").force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        elsif /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = filename.encode("utf-8")
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EASCII-8BIT], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT')
+        ents = Dir.entries(".")
+        unless ents.include?(filename)
+          case RUBY_PLATFORM
+          when /darwin/
+            filename = filename.encode("utf-8", "euc-jp").b
+          when /mswin|mingw/
+            filename = filename.encode("utf-8", "euc-jp")
+          end
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_utf8_raw_jp_name
+    assert_raw_file_name(0x3042, "UTF-8")
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_utf8_raw_windows_1251_name
+    assert_raw_file_name(0x0424, "UTF-8")
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_utf8_raw_windows_1252_name
+    assert_raw_file_name(0x00c6, "UTF-8")
+  end
+
+  def test_filename_ext_euc_jp_and_int_utf_8
+    return if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      assert_separately(%w[-EEUC-JP], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\xA4\xA2".dup.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        File.open(filename, "w") {}
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = filename.encode("utf-8", "euc-jp").force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+      assert_separately(%w[-EEUC-JP:UTF-8], <<-'EOS', :chdir=>d)
+        filename = "\u3042".dup
+        opts = {:encoding => Encoding.default_external} if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        ents = Dir.entries(".", **(opts||{}))
+        if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          filename = filename.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+        end
+        assert_include(ents, filename)
+      EOS
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_error_nonascii
+    bug6071 = '[ruby-dev:45279]'
+    paths = ["\u{3042}".encode("sjis"), "\u{ff}".encode("iso-8859-1")]
+    encs = with_tmpdir {
+      paths.map {|path|
+        Dir.open(path) rescue $!.message.encoding
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal(paths.map(&:encoding), encs, bug6071)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_nonascii
+    bug6072 = '[ruby-dev:45280]'
+    paths = ["\u{3042}".encode("sjis"), "\u{ff}".encode("iso-8859-1")]
+    encs = with_tmpdir {
+      paths.map {|path|
+        Dir.mkdir(path)
+        Dir.open(path) {|d| d.inspect.encoding}
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal(paths.map(&:encoding), encs, bug6072)
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_incompatible
+    d = "\u{3042}\u{3044}".encode("utf-16le")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Dir.glob(d)}
+    m = Class.new {define_method(:to_path) {d}}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Dir.glob(m.new)}
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_compose
+    bug7267 = '[ruby-core:48745] [Bug #7267]'
+
+    pp = Object.new.extend(Test::Unit::Assertions)
+    def pp.mu_pp(str) #:nodoc:
+      str.dump
+    end
+
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      orig = %W"d\u{e9}tente x\u{304c 304e 3050 3052 3054}"
+      orig.each {|n| open(n, "w") {}}
+      orig.each do |o|
+        n = Dir.glob("#{o[0..0]}*")[0]
+        pp.assert_equal(o, n, bug7267)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_enc_path
+    with_tmpdir do |d|
+      names = %W"\u{391 392 393 394 395} \u{3042 3044 3046 3048 304a}"
+      names.each do |dir|
+        EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+          Dir.mkdir(dir) rescue next
+          begin
+            yield(dir)
+          ensure
+            File.chmod(0700, dir)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_warning_opendir
+    with_enc_path do |dir|
+      File.binwrite("#{dir}/x", "")
+      File.chmod(0300, dir)
+      next if File.readable?(dir)
+      assert_warning(/#{dir}/) do
+        Dir.glob("#{dir}/*")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_warning_match_all
+    with_enc_path do |dir|
+      File.binwrite("#{dir}/x", "")
+      File.chmod(0000, dir)
+      next if File.readable?(dir)
+      assert_warning(/#{dir}/) do
+        Dir.glob("#{dir}/x")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_warning_match_dir
+    with_enc_path do |dir|
+      Dir.mkdir("#{dir}/x")
+      File.chmod(0000, dir)
+      next if File.readable?(dir)
+      assert_warning(/#{dir}/) do
+        Dir.glob("#{dir}/x/")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_escape_multibyte
+    name = "\x81\\".dup.force_encoding(Encoding::Shift_JIS)
+    with_tmpdir do
+      open(name, "w") {} rescue next
+      match, = Dir.glob("#{name}*")
+      next unless match and match.encoding == Encoding::Shift_JIS
+      assert_equal([name], Dir.glob("\\#{name}*"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_glob_encoding
+    with_tmpdir do
+      list = %W"file_one.ext file_two.ext \u{6587 4ef6}1.txt \u{6587 4ef6}2.txt"
+      list.each {|f| File.binwrite(f, "")}
+      a = "file_one*".dup.force_encoding Encoding::IBM437
+      b = "file_two*".dup.force_encoding Encoding::EUC_JP
+      assert_equal([a, b].map(&:encoding), Dir[a, b].map(&:encoding))
+      if Bug::File::Fs.fsname(Dir.pwd) == "apfs"
+        # High Sierra's APFS cannot use filenames with undefined character
+        dir = "\u{76EE}"
+      else
+        dir = "\u{76EE 5F551}"
+      end
+      Dir.mkdir(dir)
+      list << dir
+      bug12081 = '[ruby-core:73868] [Bug #12081]'
+      a = "*".dup.force_encoding("us-ascii")
+      result = Dir[a].map {|n|
+        if n.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT ||
+            n.encoding == Encoding::ISO_8859_1 ||
+            !n.valid_encoding?
+          n.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+        else
+          n.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+        end
+      }
+      assert_equal(list, result.sort!, bug12081)
+    end
+  end
+
+  PP = Object.new.extend(Test::Unit::Assertions)
+  def PP.mu_pp(ary) #:nodoc:
+    '[' << ary.map {|str| "#{str.dump}(#{str.encoding})"}.join(', ') << ']'
+  end
+
+  def test_entries_compose
+    bug7267 = '[ruby-core:48745] [Bug #7267]'
+
+    with_tmpdir {|d|
+      orig = %W"d\u{e9}tente x\u{304c 304e 3050 3052 3054}"
+      orig.each {|n| open(n, "w") {}}
+      enc = Encoding.find("filesystem")
+      enc = Encoding::ASCII_8BIT if enc == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      orig.each {|o| o.force_encoding(enc) }
+      ents = Dir.entries(".").reject {|n| /\A\./ =~ n}
+      ents.sort!
+      PP.assert_equal(orig, ents, bug7267)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pwd
+    orig = %W"d\u{e9}tente x\u{304c 304e 3050 3052 3054}"
+    expected = []
+    results = []
+    orig.each {|o|
+      enc = Encoding.find("filesystem")
+      enc = Encoding::ASCII_8BIT if enc == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      n = o.dup.force_encoding(enc)
+      expected << n
+      with_tmpdir {
+        Dir.mkdir(o)
+        results << File.basename(Dir.chdir(o) {Dir.pwd})
+      }
+    }
+    PP.assert_equal(expected, results)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_dup.rb b/test/ruby/test_dup.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75c4fc0339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_dup.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestDup < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  module M001; end
+  module M002; end
+  module M003; include M002; end
+  module M002; include M001; end
+  module M003; include M002; end
+
+  def test_dup
+    foo = Object.new
+    def foo.test
+      "test"
+    end
+    bar = foo.dup
+    def bar.test2
+      "test2"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("test2", bar.test2)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { bar.test }
+    assert_equal("test", foo.test)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {foo.test2}
+
+    assert_equal([M003, M002, M001], M003.ancestors)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_properties_not_retained_on_dup
+    obj = Object.new.freeze
+    duped_obj = obj.dup
+
+    assert_predicate(obj, :frozen?)
+    refute_predicate(duped_obj, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_retained_on_dup
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    duped_obj = obj.dup
+
+    assert_equal(obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+    assert_equal(duped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_ivars_retained_on_extended_obj_dup
+    ivars = { :@a => 1, :@b => 2, :@c => 3, :@d => 4 }
+    obj = Object.new
+    ivars.each do |ivar_name, val|
+      obj.instance_variable_set(ivar_name, val)
+    end
+
+    duped_obj = obj.dup
+
+    ivars.each do |ivar_name, val|
+      assert_equal(obj.instance_variable_get(ivar_name), val)
+      assert_equal(duped_obj.instance_variable_get(ivar_name), val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_properties_not_retained_on_dup_with_ivar
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    obj.freeze
+
+    duped_obj = obj.dup
+
+    assert_predicate(obj, :frozen?)
+    assert_equal(obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+
+    refute_predicate(duped_obj, :frozen?)
+    assert_equal(duped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_user_flags
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      #
+      class Array
+        undef initialize_copy
+        def initialize_copy(*); end
+      end
+      x = [1, 2, 3].dup
+      assert_equal [], x, '[Bug #14847]'
+    EOS
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      #
+      class Array
+        undef initialize_copy
+        def initialize_copy(*); end
+      end
+      x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7][1..-2].dup
+      x.push(1,1,1,1,1)
+      assert_equal [1, 1, 1, 1, 1], x, '[Bug #14847]'
+    EOS
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      #
+      class Hash
+        undef initialize_copy
+        def initialize_copy(*); end
+      end
+      h = {}
+      h.default_proc = proc { raise }
+      h = h.dup
+      assert_equal nil, h[:not_exist], '[Bug #14847]'
+    EOS
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_econv.rb b/test/ruby/test_econv.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d0641e918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_econv.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestEncodingConverter < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def check_ec(edst, esrc, eres, dst, src, ec, off, len, opts=nil)
+    case opts
+    when Hash
+      res = ec.primitive_convert(src, dst, off, len, **opts)
+    else
+      res = ec.primitive_convert(src, dst, off, len, opts)
+    end
+    assert_equal([edst.b, esrc.b, eres],
+                 [dst.b,  src.b,  res])
+  end
+
+  def assert_econv(converted, eres, obuf_bytesize, ec, consumed, rest, opts=nil)
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new(*ec) if Array === ec
+    i = consumed + rest
+    o = ""
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(i, o, 0, obuf_bytesize, opts)
+    assert_equal([converted,    eres,       rest],
+                 [o,            ret,           i])
+  end
+
+  def assert_errinfo(e_res, e_enc1, e_enc2, e_error_bytes, e_readagain_bytes, ec)
+    assert_equal([e_res, e_enc1, e_enc2,
+                  e_error_bytes&.b,
+                  e_readagain_bytes&.b],
+                 ec.primitive_errinfo)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_asciicompat_encoding
+    assert_equal(Encoding::STATELESS_ISO_2022_JP, Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::STATELESS_ISO_2022_JP, Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("UTF-16BE"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("UTF-16LE"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("UTF-32BE"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("UTF-32LE"))
+    assert_nil(Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("EUC-JP"))
+    assert_nil(Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("UTF-8"))
+    assert_nil(Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8))
+    assert_nil(Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("xml_attr_escape"))
+    assert_nil(Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("encoding-not-exist"))
+  end
+
+  def test_asciicompat_encoding_iso2022jp
+    acenc = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding("ISO-2022-JP")
+    str = "\e$B~~\e(B".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+    str2 = str.encode(acenc)
+    str3 = str2.encode("ISO-2022-JP")
+    assert_equal(str, str3)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new
+    assert_kind_of(Encoding::Converter, Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP"))
+    assert_kind_of(Encoding::Converter, Encoding::Converter.new(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP))
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new_convpath
+    assert_equal([], Encoding::Converter.new([]).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new([["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"]]).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::WINDOWS_31J]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new([["utf-8", "cp932"]]).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new([[Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP]]).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[Encoding::ISO_8859_1, Encoding::UTF_8],
+                  [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new([["iso-8859-1", "euc-jp"]]).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[Encoding::ISO_8859_1, Encoding::UTF_8],
+                  [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP],
+                  "universal_newline"],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new([["iso-8859-1", "euc-jp"], "universal_newline"]).convpath)
+    assert_equal(["universal_newline",
+                  [Encoding::ISO_8859_1, Encoding::UTF_8],
+                  [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP],
+                  "universal_newline"],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(["universal_newline", ["iso-8859-1", "euc-jp"], "universal_newline"]).convpath)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new_fail
+    name1 = "encoding-which-is-not-exist-1"
+    name2 = "encoding-which-is-not-exist-2"
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError) {
+      Encoding::Converter.new(name1, name2)
+    }
+
+    encoding_list = Encoding.list.map {|e| e.name }
+    assert_not_include(encoding_list, name1)
+    assert_not_include(encoding_list, name2)
+  end
+
+  def test_newline_converter_with_ascii_incompatible
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "UTF-16BE", Encoding::Converter::UNIVERSAL_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8", Encoding::Converter::CRLF_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8", Encoding::Converter::CR_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8", Encoding::Converter::UNIVERSAL_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "UTF-16BE", Encoding::Converter::CRLF_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "UTF-16BE", Encoding::Converter::CR_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_get_encoding
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, ec.source_encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, ec.destination_encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_result_encoding
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    dst = "".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, dst.encoding)
+    ec.primitive_convert("\u{3042}", dst, nil, 10)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, dst.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_output_region
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="a", dst="b", nil, 1, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("ba", dst)
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="a", dst="b", 0, 1, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("a", dst)
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="a", dst="b", 1, 1, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("ba", dst)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ec.primitive_convert(src="a", dst="b", 2, 1, :partial_input=>true)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ec.primitive_convert(src="a", dst="b", -1, 1, :partial_input=>true)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ec.primitive_convert(src="a", dst="b", 1, -1, :partial_input=>true)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_source_buffer
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(nil, "", nil, 10)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_destination_bytesize
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("Shift_JIS", "UTF-8")
+    n = 10000
+    src = "\xa1".force_encoding("Shift_JIS") * n
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src, dst="", nil, nil)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("\xEF\xBD\xA1".force_encoding("UTF-8") * n, dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_destination_bytesize2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("Shift_JIS", "UTF-8")
+    n = 10000
+    src = "\xa1".force_encoding("Shift_JIS") * n
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src, dst="")
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("\xEF\xBD\xA1".force_encoding("UTF-8") * n, dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_destination_bytesize_with_nonnil_byteoffset
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("Shift_JIS", "UTF-8")
+    n = 2000
+    src = "\xa1".force_encoding("Shift_JIS") * n
+    dst = "abcd" * 2000
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src, dst, 3, nil)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("abc" + "\xEF\xBD\xA1".force_encoding("UTF-8") * n, dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_input
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="", dst="", nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal(:source_buffer_empty, ret)
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="", dst="", nil, 10)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+  end
+
+  def test_accumulate_dst1
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "abc\u{3042}def", ec, nil, 1]
+    check_ec("a",  "c\u{3042}def", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("ab",  "\u{3042}def", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc",         "def", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4",     "def", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2",  "ef", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2d",  "f", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2de",  "", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2def", "", :finished,  *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_accumulate_dst2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "abc\u{3042}def", ec, nil, 2]
+    check_ec("ab",  "\u{3042}def", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4",     "def", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2d",  "f", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2def", "", :finished,  *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_eucjp_to_utf8
+    assert_econv("", :finished, 100, ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"], "", "")
+    assert_econv("a", :finished, 100, ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"], "a", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_iso2022jp
+    assert_econv("", :finished, 100, ["Shift_JIS", "ISO-2022-JP"], "", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_iso2022jp_encode
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-2022-JP")
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "a";        check_ec("a",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xA2";     check_ec("a",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xA4";     check_ec("a\e$B\"$",                    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xA1";     check_ec("a\e$B\"$",                    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xA2";     check_ec("a\e$B\"$!\"",                 "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "b";        check_ec("a\e$B\"$!\"\e(Bb",            "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xA2\xA6"; check_ec("a\e$B\"$!\"\e(Bb\e$B\"&",     "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    a[-1] = 0;         check_ec("a\e$B\"$!\"\e(Bb\e$B\"&\e(B", "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_iso2022jp_decode
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP")
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "a";         check_ec("a",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\e";        check_ec("a",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "$";         check_ec("a",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "B";         check_ec("a",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x21";      check_ec("a",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x22";      check_ec("a\xA1\xA2",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\n";        check_ec("a\xA1\xA2",           "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    src << "\x23";      check_ec("a\xA1\xA2",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x24";      check_ec("a\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\e";        check_ec("a\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "(";         check_ec("a\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "B";         check_ec("a\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "c";         check_ec("a\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4c",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\n";        check_ec("a\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4c\n","", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid
+    assert_econv("", :invalid_byte_sequence,    100, ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"], "\x80", "")
+    assert_econv("a", :invalid_byte_sequence,   100, ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"], "a\x80", "")
+    assert_econv("a", :invalid_byte_sequence,   100, ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"], "a\x80", "\x80")
+    assert_econv("abc", :invalid_byte_sequence, 100, ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP"], "abc\xFF", "def")
+    assert_econv("abc", :invalid_byte_sequence, 100, ["Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP"], "abc\xFF", "def")
+    assert_econv("abc", :invalid_byte_sequence, 100, ["ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP"], "abc\xFF", "def")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "abc\xFFdef", ec, nil, 1]
+    check_ec("a",  "c\xFFdef", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("ab",  "\xFFdef", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abc",     "def", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    check_ec("abcd",      "f", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcde",      "", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef",     "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid3
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "abc\xFFdef", ec, nil, 10]
+    check_ec("abc",     "def", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef",     "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid4
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "abc\xFFdef", ec, nil, 10, :after_output=>true]
+    check_ec("a", "bc\xFFdef", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("ab", "c\xFFdef", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc", "\xFFdef", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc",     "def", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    check_ec("abcd",     "ef", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcde",     "f", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef",     "", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef",     "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_utf16le
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16LE", "UTF-8")
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "A";         check_ec("",                            "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xd8";      check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x01";      check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x02";      check_ec("A",                           "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    src << "\x03";      check_ec("A\u{0201}",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x04";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xd8";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xd8";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xdc";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}\u{10000}",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_utf16be
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8")
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("",                            "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "A";         check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xd8";      check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",                           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x02";      check_ec("A",                           "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    src << "\x01";      check_ec("A\u{0201}",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x04";      check_ec("A\u{0201}",                   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x03";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xd8";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xd8";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xdc";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}",           "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A\u{0201}\u{0403}\u{10000}",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_utf32be
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-32BE", "UTF-8")
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("",    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("",    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("",    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "A";         check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xdc";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "B";         check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "C";         check_ec("ABC", "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_utf32le
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-32LE", "UTF-8")
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "A";         check_ec("",    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("",    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("",    "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\xdc";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+
+    src << "B";         check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("A",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+
+    src << "C";         check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("AB",  "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\x00";      check_ec("ABC", "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_errors
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "\xFF\xFE\x00A\xDC\x00\x00B", ec, nil, 10]
+    check_ec("",         "\x00A\xDC\x00\x00B", :undefined_conversion, *a)
+    check_ec("A",                     "\x00B", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a) # \xDC\x00 is invalid as UTF-16BE
+    check_ec("AB",                         "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_errors2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["", "\xFF\xFE\x00A\xDC\x00\x00B", ec, nil, 10, :after_output=>true]
+    check_ec("",         "\x00A\xDC\x00\x00B", :undefined_conversion, *a)
+    check_ec("A",             "\xDC\x00\x00B", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("A",                     "\x00B", :invalid_byte_sequence, *a)
+    check_ec("AB",                         "", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("AB",                         "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_universal_newline
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", universal_newline: true)
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "abc\r\ndef"; check_ec("abc\ndef",                             "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "ghi\njkl";   check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njkl",                     "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "mno\rpqr";   check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqr",             "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "stu\r";      check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu",          "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\nvwx";      check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx",     "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\nyz";       check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx\nyz", "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_universal_newline2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", universal_newline: true)
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "abc\r\ndef"; check_ec("abc\ndef",                             "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "ghi\njkl";   check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njkl",                     "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "mno\rpqr";   check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqr",             "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "stu\r";      check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu",          "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\nvwx";      check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx",     "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\nyz";       check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx\nyz", "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_universal_newline3
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", universal_newline: true)
+    a = ["", src="", ec, nil, 50, :partial_input=>true]
+    src << "abc\r\ndef"; check_ec("abc\ndef",                               "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "ghi\njkl";   check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njkl",                       "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "mno\rpqr";   check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqr",               "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "stu\r";      check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu",            "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\nvwx";      check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx",       "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\nyz";       check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx\nyz",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    src << "\r";         check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx\nyz",   "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+    a[-1] = nil
+    src << "";           check_ec("abc\ndefghi\njklmno\npqrstu\nvwx\nyz\n", "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_crlf_newline
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", crlf_newline: true)
+    assert_econv("abc\r\ndef", :finished, 50, ec, "abc\ndef", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_crlf_newline2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", crlf_newline: true)
+    assert_econv("abc\r\ndef", :finished, 50, ec, "abc\ndef", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_cr_newline
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", cr_newline: true)
+    assert_econv("abc\rdef", :finished, 50, ec, "abc\ndef", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_cr_newline2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", cr_newline: true)
+    assert_econv("abc\rdef", :finished, 50, ec, "abc\ndef", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_no_universal_newline1
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", universal_newline: false)
+    assert_econv("abc\r\ndef", :finished, 50, ec, "abc\r\ndef", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_no_universal_newline2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", universal_newline: false)
+    assert_econv("abc\r\ndef", :finished, 50, ec, "abc\r\ndef", "")
+  end
+
+  def test_after_output
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP")
+    a =     ["",  "abc\u{3042}def", ec, nil, 100, :after_output=>true]
+    check_ec("a",  "bc\u{3042}def", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("ab",  "c\u{3042}def", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc",  "\u{3042}def", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2",  "def", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2d",  "ef", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2de",  "f", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2def",  "", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc\xA4\xA2def",  "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_invalid_euc_jp
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\xff", "", nil, 10)
+    assert_errinfo(:invalid_byte_sequence, "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS", "\xFF", "", ec)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_invalid_euc_jp2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\xff", "", nil, 10)
+    assert_errinfo(:invalid_byte_sequence, "EUC-JP", "UTF-8", "\xFF", "", ec)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_undefined_hiragana
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\xa4\xa2", "", nil, 10)
+    assert_errinfo(:undefined_conversion, "UTF-8", "ISO-8859-1", "\xE3\x81\x82", "", ec)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_invalid_partial_character
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\xa4", "", nil, 10)
+    assert_errinfo(:incomplete_input, "EUC-JP", "UTF-8", "\xA4", "", ec)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_valid_partial_character
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\xa4", "", nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_errinfo(:source_buffer_empty, nil, nil, nil, nil, ec)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_invalid_utf16be
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8")
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="\xd8\x00\x00@", "", nil, 10)
+    assert_errinfo(:invalid_byte_sequence, "UTF-16BE", "UTF-8", "\xD8\x00", "\x00", ec)
+    assert_equal("@", src)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_invalid_utf16le
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16LE", "UTF-8")
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="\x00\xd8@\x00", "", nil, 10)
+    assert_errinfo(:invalid_byte_sequence, "UTF-16LE", "UTF-8", "\x00\xD8", "@\x00", ec)
+    assert_equal("", src)
+  end
+
+  def test_output_iso2022jp
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-2022-JP")
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="\xa1\xa1", dst="", nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+    assert_equal(nil, ec.insert_output("???"))
+    ec.primitive_convert("", dst, nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="\xa1\xa2", dst, nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???\e$B!\"".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+
+    assert_equal(nil, ec.insert_output("\xA1\xA1".force_encoding("EUC-JP")))
+    ec.primitive_convert("", dst, nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???\e$B!\"!!".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+
+    ec.primitive_convert(src="\xa1\xa3", dst, nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???\e$B!\"!!!\#".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+
+    assert_equal(nil, ec.insert_output("\u3042"))
+    ec.primitive_convert("", dst, nil, 10, :partial_input=>true)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???\e$B!\"!!!\#$\"".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) {
+      ec.insert_output("\uFFFD")
+    }
+
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???\e$B!\"!!!\#$\"".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+
+    ec.primitive_convert("", dst, nil, 10)
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B???\e$B!\"!!!\#$\"\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_exc_invalid
+    err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) {
+      "abc\xa4def".encode("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP")
+    }
+    assert_equal("EUC-JP", err.source_encoding_name)
+    assert_equal("UTF-8", err.destination_encoding_name)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, err.source_encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, err.destination_encoding)
+    assert_equal("\xA4".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT"), err.error_bytes)
+    assert_equal("d", err.readagain_bytes)
+    assert_equal(false, err.incomplete_input?)
+  end
+
+  def test_exc_incomplete
+    err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) {
+      "abc\xa4".encode("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP")
+    }
+    assert_equal("EUC-JP", err.source_encoding_name)
+    assert_equal("UTF-8", err.destination_encoding_name)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, err.source_encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, err.destination_encoding)
+    assert_equal("\xA4".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT"), err.error_bytes)
+    assert_equal(nil, err.readagain_bytes)
+    assert_equal(true, err.incomplete_input?)
+  end
+
+  def test_exc_undef
+    err = assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) {
+      "abc\xa4\xa2def".encode("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP")
+    }
+    assert_equal("UTF-8", err.source_encoding_name)
+    assert_equal("ISO-8859-1", err.destination_encoding_name)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, err.source_encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, err.destination_encoding)
+    assert_equal("\u{3042}", err.error_char)
+  end
+
+  def test_putback
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="abc\xa1def", dst="", nil, 10)
+    assert_equal(:invalid_byte_sequence, ret)
+    assert_equal(["abc", "ef"], [dst, src])
+    src = ec.putback + src
+    assert_equal(["abc", "def"], [dst, src])
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src, dst, nil, 10)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal(["abcdef", ""], [dst, src])
+  end
+
+  def test_putback2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-16le", "euc-jp")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert("\x00\xd8\x21\x00", "", nil, nil)
+    assert_equal(:invalid_byte_sequence, ret)
+    assert_equal("\x00".force_encoding("utf-16le"), ec.putback(1))
+    assert_equal("\x21".force_encoding("utf-16le"), ec.putback(1))
+    assert_equal("", ec.putback(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_replace
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace)
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="abc\x80def", dst="", nil, 100)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("", src)
+    assert_equal("abc?def", dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_ignore
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", :invalid => :replace, :replace => "")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="abc\x80def", dst="", nil, 100)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("", src)
+    assert_equal("abcdef", dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_replace
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", :undef => :replace)
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="abc\u{fffd}def", dst="", nil, 100)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("", src)
+    assert_equal("abc?def", dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_ignore
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", :undef => :replace, :replace => "")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="abc\u{fffd}def", dst="", nil, 100)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal("", src)
+    assert_equal("abcdef", dst)
+  end
+
+  def test_noconv
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "")
+    assert_equal(nil, ec.source_encoding)
+    assert_equal(nil, ec.destination_encoding)
+    assert_equal([:source_buffer_empty, nil, nil, nil, nil], ec.primitive_errinfo)
+    a =     ["", "abcdefg", ec, nil, 2]
+    check_ec("ab", "cdefg", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcd", "efg", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef", "g", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdefg", "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_noconv_partial
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "")
+    a =     ["", "abcdefg", ec, nil, 2, :partial_input=>true]
+    check_ec("ab", "cdefg", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcd", "efg", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef", "g", :destination_buffer_full, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdefg", "", :source_buffer_empty, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_noconv_after_output
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "")
+    a =     ["", "abcdefg", ec, nil, 2, :after_output=>true]
+    check_ec("a", "bcdefg", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("ab", "cdefg", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abc", "defg", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcd", "efg", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcde", "fg", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdef", "g", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdefg", "", :after_output, *a)
+    check_ec("abcdefg", "", :finished, *a)
+  end
+
+  def test_noconv_insert_output
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "")
+    ec.insert_output("xyz")
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(src="abc", dst="", nil, 20)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_equal(["xyzabc", ""], [dst, src])
+  end
+
+  def test_convert
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "euc-jp")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { ec.convert("a\x80") }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { ec.convert("\ufffd") }
+    ret = ec.primitive_convert(nil, "", nil, nil)
+    assert_equal(:finished, ret)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ec.convert("a") }
+  end
+
+  def test_finish_iso2022jp
+     ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "iso-2022-jp")
+     assert_equal("\e$B$\"".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"), ec.convert("\u3042"))
+     assert_equal("\e(B".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"), ec.finish)
+
+  end
+
+  def test_finish_incomplete_error
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "euc-jp")
+    ec.convert("\xEF")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { ec.finish }
+  end
+
+  def test_last_error1
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("sjis", "euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(nil, ec.last_error)
+    assert_equal(:incomplete_input, ec.primitive_convert("fo\x81", "", nil, nil))
+    assert_kind_of(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError, ec.last_error)
+  end
+
+  def test_last_error2
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("sjis", "euc-jp")
+    assert_equal("fo", ec.convert("fo\x81"))
+    assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { ec.finish }
+    assert_kind_of(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError, ec.last_error)
+  end
+
+  def test_us_ascii
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "US-ASCII")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\u{3042}", "")
+    err = ec.last_error
+    assert_kind_of(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError, err)
+    assert_equal("\u{3042}", err.error_char)
+  end
+
+  def test_88591
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "ISO-8859-1")
+    ec.primitive_convert("\u{3042}", "")
+    err = ec.last_error
+    assert_kind_of(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError, err)
+    assert_equal("\u{3042}", err.error_char)
+  end
+
+  def test_get_replacement
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("euc-jp", "iso-8859-1")
+    assert_equal("?", ec.replacement)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("euc-jp", "utf-8")
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD", ec.replacement)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_replacement
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "us-ascii", :undef => :replace)
+    ec.replacement = "<undef>"
+    assert_equal("a <undef> b", ec.convert("a \u3042 b"))
+  end
+
+  def test_econv_new_hash
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "us-ascii", :undef => :replace)
+    assert_equal("a ? b", ec.convert("a \u3042 b"))
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "us-ascii", :undef => :replace, :replace => "X")
+    assert_equal("a X b", ec.convert("a \u3042 b"))
+  end
+
+  def test_hex_charref
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "US-ASCII", Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal("&#x3042;", ec.convert("\u3042"))
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "EUC-JP", Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal("\xa4\xcf\xa4\xa1\xa4\xa4&#x2665;\xa1\xa3".force_encoding("euc-jp"),
+      ec.convert("\u{306f 3041 3044 2665 3002}"))
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "ISO-2022-JP", Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal("\e$B$O$!$$\e(B&#x2665;\e$B!#".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      ec.convert("\u{306f 3041 3044 2665 3002}"))
+    assert_equal("\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "US-ASCII", Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal("&#x4EA4;&#x63DB;&#x6CD5;&#x5247;: n&#xD7;m=m&#xD7;n".force_encoding("ISO-8859-1"),
+                 ec.convert("\xB8\xF2\xB4\xB9\xCB\xA1\xC2\xA7: n\xA1\xDFm=m\xA1\xDFn"))
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1", Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal("&#x4EA4;&#x63DB;&#x6CD5;&#x5247;: n\xD7m=m\xD7n".force_encoding("ISO-8859-1"),
+                 ec.convert("\xB8\xF2\xB4\xB9\xCB\xA1\xC2\xA7: n\xA1\xDFm=m\xA1\xDFn"))
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-8", "US-ASCII", Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal("&", ec.convert("&"))
+  end
+
+  def test_xml_escape_text
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "amp_escape")
+    assert_equal('&amp;<>"', ec.convert("&<>\""))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_text_escape")
+    assert_equal('&amp;&lt;&gt;"', ec.convert("&<>\""))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+  end
+
+  def test_xml_escape_attr_content
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_content_escape")
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_content_escape")
+    assert_equal('', ec.convert(""))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_content_escape")
+    assert_equal('&quot;', ec.convert('"'))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_content_escape")
+    assert_equal('&amp;&lt;&gt;&quot;&apos;', ec.convert("&<>\"'"))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+  end
+
+  def test_xml_escape_attr_quote
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_quote")
+    assert_equal('""', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_quote")
+    assert_equal('', ec.convert(""))
+    assert_equal('""', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_quote")
+    assert_equal('""', ec.convert('"'))
+    assert_equal('"', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("", "xml_attr_quote")
+    assert_equal('"&<>"', ec.convert("&<>\""))
+    assert_equal('"', ec.finish)
+  end
+
+  def test_xml_escape_with_charref
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "euc-jp", Encoding::Converter::XML_TEXT_DECORATOR|Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal('&lt;&#x2665;&gt;&amp;"&#x2661;"', ec.convert("<\u2665>&\"\u2661\""))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "euc-jp",
+                                 Encoding::Converter::XML_ATTR_CONTENT_DECORATOR|
+                                 Encoding::Converter::XML_ATTR_QUOTE_DECORATOR|
+                                 Encoding::Converter::UNDEF_HEX_CHARREF)
+    assert_equal('"&lt;&#x2665;&gt;&amp;&quot;&#x2661;&quot;', ec.convert("<\u2665>&\"\u2661\""))
+    assert_equal('"', ec.finish)
+
+    ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "iso-2022-jp", Encoding::Converter::XML_TEXT_DECORATOR)
+    assert_equal("&amp;\e$B$&\e(B&amp;".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"), ec.convert("&\u3046&"))
+    assert_equal('', ec.finish)
+  end
+
+  def test_xml_hasharg
+    assert_equal("&amp;\e$B$&\e(B&#x2665;&amp;\"'".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"),
+        "&\u3046\u2665&\"'".encode("iso-2022-jp", xml: :text))
+    assert_equal("\"&amp;\e$B$&\e(B&#x2661;&amp;&quot;&apos;\"".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"),
+      "&\u3046\u2661&\"'".encode("iso-2022-jp", xml: :attr))
+
+    assert_equal("&amp;\u3046\u2661&amp;\"'".force_encoding("utf-8"),
+      "&\u3046\u2661&\"'".encode("utf-8", xml: :text))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso2022jp_invalid_replace
+    assert_equal("?x".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"),
+      "\222\xA1x".encode("iso-2022-jp", "stateless-iso-2022-jp", :invalid => :replace))
+  end
+
+  def test_convpath
+    eucjp = Encoding::EUC_JP
+    utf8 = Encoding::UTF_8
+    utf16be = Encoding::UTF_16BE
+    utf16le = Encoding::UTF_16LE
+    iso88591 = Encoding::ISO_8859_1
+    iso2022jp = Encoding::ISO_2022_JP
+    siso2022jp = Encoding::STATELESS_ISO_2022_JP
+
+    assert_equal([], Encoding::Converter.new("", "").convpath)
+    assert_equal([[eucjp, utf8], [utf8, iso88591]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(eucjp, iso88591).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[eucjp, siso2022jp], [siso2022jp, iso2022jp]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(eucjp, iso2022jp).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[iso2022jp, siso2022jp],
+                  [siso2022jp, eucjp],
+                  [eucjp, utf8],
+                  [utf8, iso88591]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(iso2022jp, iso88591).convpath)
+    assert_equal(["universal_newline", [utf8, utf16be]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(utf8, utf16be, universal_newline: true).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[utf16be, utf8], "universal_newline"],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(utf16be, utf8, universal_newline: true).convpath)
+    assert_equal([[utf16be, utf8], "universal_newline", [utf8, utf16le]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.new(utf16be, utf16le, universal_newline: true).convpath)
+  end
+
+  def test_search_convpath
+    eucjp = Encoding::EUC_JP
+    utf8 = Encoding::UTF_8
+    utf32be = Encoding::UTF_32BE
+    iso88591 = Encoding::ISO_8859_1
+    assert_equal([[iso88591,utf8], [utf8,eucjp]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP"))
+    assert_equal([[iso88591,utf8], [utf8,eucjp]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.search_convpath(iso88591, eucjp))
+    assert_equal([[iso88591,utf8], [utf8,eucjp], "universal_newline"],
+                 Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP", universal_newline: true))
+    assert_equal([[iso88591,utf8], "universal_newline", [utf8,utf32be]],
+                 Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "UTF-32BE", universal_newline: true))
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_replace2
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      broken = "\x80".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+      "".encode("euc-jp", :undef => :replace, :replace => broken)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_newline_option
+    ec1 = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", universal_newline: true)
+    ec2 = Encoding::Converter.new("", "", newline: :universal)
+    assert_equal(ec1, ec2)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{3042}/) {
+      Encoding::Converter.new("", "", newline: "\u{3042}".to_sym)
+    }
+    newlines = %i[universal_newline crlf_newline cr_newline]
+    (2..newlines.size).each do |i|
+      newlines.combination(i) do |opts|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError, "#{opts} are mutually exclusive") do
+          Encoding::Converter.new("", "", **opts.inject({}) {|o,nl|o[nl]=true;o})
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    newlines.each do |nl|
+      opts = {newline: :universal, nl => true}
+      ec2 = assert_warning(/:newline option precedes/, opts.inspect) do
+        Encoding::Converter.new("", "", **opts)
+      end
+      assert_equal(ec1, ec2)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default_external
+    Encoding.list.grep(->(enc) {/\AISO-8859-\d+\z/i =~ enc.name}) do |enc|
+      assert_separately(%W[-d - #{enc.name}], <<-EOS, ignore_stderr: true)
+    Encoding.default_external = ext = ARGV[0]
+    Encoding.default_internal = int ='utf-8'
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Encoding::Converter.new(ext, int)
+    end
+    EOS
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_encoding.rb b/test/ruby/test_encoding.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cd5bf49dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_encoding.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestEncoding < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  # Test basic encoding methods: list, find, name
+  def test_encoding
+    encodings = Encoding.list
+    assert_equal(encodings.empty?, false)
+
+    encodings.each do |e|
+      assert_equal(e, Encoding.find(e.name))
+      assert_equal(e, Encoding.find(e.name.upcase))
+      assert_equal(e, Encoding.find(e.name.capitalize))
+      assert_equal(e, Encoding.find(e.name.downcase))
+      assert_equal(e, Encoding.find(e))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_enc_names
+    aliases = Encoding.aliases
+    aliases.each do |a, en|
+      e = Encoding.find(a)
+      assert_equal(e.name, en)
+      assert_include(e.names, a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Test that Encoding objects can't be copied
+  # And that they can be compared by object_id
+  def test_singleton
+    encodings = Encoding.list
+    encodings.each do |e|
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { e.dup }
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { e.clone }
+      assert_same(e, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(e)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Encoding.find("foobarbazqux") }
+    assert_nothing_raised{Encoding.find("locale")}
+    assert_nothing_raised{Encoding.find("filesystem")}
+
+    if /(?:ms|dar)win|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # Unix's filesystem encoding is default_external
+      assert_ruby_status(%w[-EUTF-8:EUC-JP], <<-'EOS')
+        exit Encoding.find("filesystem") == Encoding::UTF_8
+        Encoding.default_external = Encoding::EUC_JP
+        exit Encoding.find("filesystem") == Encoding::EUC_JP
+      EOS
+    end
+
+    bug5150 = '[ruby-dev:44327]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5150) {Encoding.find(1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_dummy_p
+    assert_equal(true, Encoding::ISO_2022_JP.dummy?)
+    assert_equal(false, Encoding::UTF_8.dummy?)
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_compatible_p
+    assert_equal(true, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT.ascii_compatible?)
+    assert_equal(true, Encoding::UTF_8.ascii_compatible?)
+    assert_equal(false, Encoding::UTF_16BE.ascii_compatible?)
+    assert_equal(false, Encoding::ISO_2022_JP.ascii_compatible?)
+  end
+
+  def test_name_list
+    assert_instance_of(Array, Encoding.name_list)
+    Encoding.name_list.each do |x|
+      assert_instance_of(String, x)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_aliases
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, Encoding.aliases)
+    Encoding.aliases.each do |k, v|
+      assert_include(Encoding.name_list, k)
+      assert_include(Encoding.name_list, v)
+      assert_instance_of(String, k)
+      assert_instance_of(String, v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    str = "".force_encoding("EUC-JP")
+    str2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(str))
+    assert_equal(str, str2)
+    str2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(str2))
+    assert_equal(str, str2, '[ruby-dev:38596]')
+  end
+
+  def test_compatible_p
+    ua = "abc".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding.compatible?(ua, :abc))
+    assert_equal(nil, Encoding.compatible?(ua, 1))
+    bin = "a".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    asc = "b".force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, Encoding.compatible?(bin, asc))
+    bin = "\xff".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT).to_sym
+    asc = "b".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, Encoding.compatible?(bin, asc))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding.compatible?("\u{3042}".to_sym, ua.to_sym))
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_after_autoload
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    bug9038 = '[ruby-core:57949] [Bug #9038]'
+    begin;
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /unknown regexp option - Q/, bug9038) {
+        eval("/regexp/sQ")
+      }
+      assert_include(e.message, "/regexp/sQ\n")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_library_path
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}".force_encoding("US-ASCII"))
+    begin;
+      assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, __ENCODING__)
+      $:.unshift("/\x80")
+      assert_raise_with_message(LoadError, /\[Bug #16382\]/) do
+        require "[Bug #16382]"
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_load_encoding
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      Ractor.new{}.join
+      $-w = nil
+      Encoding.default_external = Encoding::ISO8859_2
+      assert "[Bug #19562]"
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_lazy_load_encoding_concurrently
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      rs = []
+      autoload_encodings = Encoding.list.select { |e| e.inspect.include?("(autoload)") }.freeze
+      7.times do
+        rs << Ractor.new(autoload_encodings) do |encodings|
+          str = "abc".dup
+          encodings.each do |enc|
+            str.force_encoding(enc)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      while rs.any?
+        r, _obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+        rs.delete(r)
+      end
+      assert_empty rs
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_set_default_external_string
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+    $-w = nil
+    rs = []
+    7.times do |i|
+      rs << Ractor.new(i) do |i|
+        Encoding.default_external = "us-ascii"
+      end
+    end
+
+    while rs.any?
+      r, _obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+      rs.delete(r)
+    end
+    assert_empty rs
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_enum.rb b/test/ruby/test_enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..237bdc8a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1359 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+require 'stringio'
+
+class TestEnumerable < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @obj = Object.new
+    class << @obj
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        yield 1
+        yield 2
+        yield 3
+        yield 1
+        yield 2
+        self
+      end
+    end
+    @empty = Object.new
+    class << @empty
+      attr_reader :block
+      include Enumerable
+      def each(&block)
+        @block = block
+        self
+      end
+    end
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_v
+    assert_equal([3], @obj.grep_v(1..2))
+    a = []
+    @obj.grep_v(2) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    lambda = ->(x, i) {a << [x, i]}
+    @obj.each_with_index.grep_v(proc{|x,i|x!=2}, &lambda)
+    assert_equal([[2, 1], [2, 4]], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 1, 2], @obj.grep(1..2))
+    a = []
+    @obj.grep(2) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([2, 2], a)
+
+    bug5801 = '[ruby-dev:45041]'
+    @empty.grep(//)
+    block = @empty.block
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug5801) {100.times {block.call}}
+
+    a = []
+    lambda = ->(x, i) {a << [x, i]}
+    @obj.each_with_index.grep(proc{|x,i|x==2}, &lambda)
+    assert_equal([[2, 1], [2, 4]], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_optimization
+    bug17030 = '[ruby-core:99156]'
+    'set last match' =~ /set last (.*)/
+    assert_equal([:a, 'b', :c], [:a, 'b', 'z', :c, 42, nil].grep(/[a-d]/), bug17030)
+    assert_equal(['z', 42, nil], [:a, 'b', 'z', :c, 42, nil].grep_v(/[a-d]/), bug17030)
+    assert_equal('match', $1, bug17030)
+
+    regexp = Regexp.new('x')
+    assert_equal([], @obj.grep(regexp), bug17030) # sanity check
+    def regexp.===(other)
+      true
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 1, 2], @obj.grep(regexp), bug17030)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str
+      'hello'
+    end
+    assert_same(o, [o].grep(/ll/).first, bug17030)
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    assert_equal(5, @obj.count)
+    assert_equal(2, @obj.count(1))
+    assert_equal(3, @obj.count {|x| x % 2 == 1 })
+    assert_equal(2, assert_warning(/given block not used/) {@obj.count(1) {|x| x % 2 == 1 }})
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @obj.count(0, 1) }
+
+    if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+      en = Class.new {
+        include Enumerable
+        alias :size :count
+        def each
+          yield 1
+        end
+      }
+      assert_equal(1, en.new.count, '[ruby-core:24794]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find
+    assert_equal(2, @obj.find {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+    assert_equal(nil, @obj.find {|x| false })
+    assert_equal(:foo, @obj.find(proc { :foo }) {|x| false })
+    cond = ->(x, i) { x % 2 == 0 }
+    assert_equal([2, 1], @obj.each_with_index.find(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_find_index
+    assert_equal(1, @obj.find_index(2))
+    assert_equal(1, @obj.find_index {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
+    assert_equal(nil, @obj.find_index {|x| false })
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @obj.find_index(0, 1) }
+    assert_equal(1, assert_warning(/given block not used/) {@obj.find_index(2) {|x| x == 1 }})
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 1], @obj.find_all {|x| x % 2 == 1 })
+    cond = ->(x, i) { x % 2 == 1 }
+    assert_equal([[1, 0], [3, 2], [1, 3]], @obj.each_with_index.find_all(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_reject
+    assert_equal([2, 3, 2], @obj.reject {|x| x < 2 })
+    cond = ->(x, i) {x < 2}
+    assert_equal([[2, 1], [3, 2], [2, 4]], @obj.each_with_index.reject(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 1, 2], @obj.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_keywords
+    @obj.singleton_class.remove_method(:each)
+    def @obj.each(foo:) yield foo end
+    assert_equal([1], @obj.to_a(foo: 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_size_symbol
+    sym = Object.new
+    class << sym
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        self
+      end
+
+      def size
+        :size
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([], sym.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_size_infinity
+    inf = Object.new
+    class << inf
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        self
+      end
+
+      def size
+        Float::INFINITY
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([], inf.to_a)
+  end
+
+  StubToH = Object.new.tap do |obj|
+    def obj.each(*args)
+      yield(*args)
+      yield [:key, :value]
+      yield :other_key, :other_value
+      kvp = Object.new
+      def kvp.to_ary
+        [:obtained, :via_to_ary]
+      end
+      yield kvp
+    end
+    obj.extend Enumerable
+    obj.freeze
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h
+    obj = StubToH
+
+    assert_equal({
+      :hello => :world,
+      :key => :value,
+      :other_key => :other_value,
+      :obtained => :via_to_ary,
+    }, obj.to_h(:hello, :world))
+
+    e = assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      obj.to_h(:not_an_array)
+    }
+    assert_equal "wrong element type Symbol (expected array)", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      obj.to_h([1])
+    }
+    assert_equal "element has wrong array length (expected 2, was 1)", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_block
+    obj = StubToH
+
+    assert_equal({
+      "hello" => "world",
+      "key" => "value",
+      "other_key" => "other_value",
+      "obtained" => "via_to_ary",
+    }, obj.to_h(:hello, :world) {|k, v| [k.to_s, v.to_s]})
+
+    e = assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      obj.to_h {:not_an_array}
+    }
+    assert_equal "wrong element type Symbol (expected array)", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      obj.to_h {[1]}
+    }
+    assert_equal "element has wrong array length (expected 2, was 1)", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_inject
+    assert_equal(12, @obj.inject {|z, x| z * x })
+    assert_equal(48, @obj.inject {|z, x| z * 2 + x })
+    assert_equal(12, @obj.inject(:*))
+    assert_equal(24, @obj.inject(2) {|z, x| z * x })
+    assert_equal(24, assert_warning(/given block not used/) {@obj.inject(2, :*) {|z, x| z * x }})
+    assert_equal(nil, @empty.inject() {9})
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {@obj.inject}
+  end
+
+  FIXNUM_MIN = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+  FIXNUM_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+
+  def test_inject_array_mul
+    assert_equal(nil, [].inject(:*))
+    assert_equal(5, [5].inject(:*))
+    assert_equal(35, [5, 7].inject(:*))
+    assert_equal(3, [].inject(3, :*))
+    assert_equal(15, [5].inject(3, :*))
+    assert_equal(105, [5, 7].inject(3, :*))
+  end
+
+  def test_inject_array_plus
+    assert_equal(3, [3].inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(8, [3, 5].inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(15, [3, 5, 7].inject(:+))
+    assert_float_equal(15.0, [3, 5, 7.0].inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(2*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MAX).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(3*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(3, FIXNUM_MAX).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(2*(FIXNUM_MAX+1), Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MAX+1).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(10*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(10, FIXNUM_MAX).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(0, ([FIXNUM_MAX, 1, -FIXNUM_MAX, -1]*10).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(FIXNUM_MAX*10, ([FIXNUM_MAX+1, -1]*10).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(2*FIXNUM_MIN, Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MIN).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(3*FIXNUM_MIN, Array.new(3, FIXNUM_MIN).inject(:+))
+    assert_equal((FIXNUM_MAX+1).to_f, [FIXNUM_MAX, 1, 0.0].inject(:+))
+    assert_float_equal(10.0, [3.0, 5].inject(2.0, :+))
+    assert_float_equal((FIXNUM_MAX+1).to_f, [0.0, FIXNUM_MAX+1].inject(:+))
+    assert_equal(2.0+3.0i, [2.0, 3.0i].inject(:+))
+  end
+
+  def test_inject_op_redefined
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"end;"}\n""end")
+    k = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        yield 1
+        yield 2
+        yield 3
+      end
+    end
+    all_assertions_foreach("", *%i[+ * / - %]) do |op|
+      bug = '[ruby-dev:49510] [Bug#12178] should respect redefinition'
+      begin
+        Integer.class_eval do
+          alias_method :orig, op
+          define_method(op) do |x|
+            0
+          end
+        end
+        assert_equal(0, k.new.inject(op), bug)
+      ensure
+        Integer.class_eval do
+          undef_method op
+          alias_method op, :orig
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_inject_op_private
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"end;"}\n""end")
+    k = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        yield 1
+        yield 2
+        yield 3
+      end
+    end
+    all_assertions_foreach("", *%i[+ * / - %]) do |op|
+      bug = '[ruby-core:81349] [Bug #13592] should respect visibility'
+      assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /private method/, bug) do
+        begin
+          Integer.class_eval do
+            private op
+          end
+          k.new.inject(op)
+        ensure
+          Integer.class_eval do
+            public op
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_inject_array_op_redefined
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"end;"}\n""end")
+    all_assertions_foreach("", *%i[+ * / - %]) do |op|
+      bug = '[ruby-dev:49510] [Bug#12178] should respect redefinition'
+      begin
+        Integer.class_eval do
+          alias_method :orig, op
+          define_method(op) do |x|
+            0
+          end
+        end
+        assert_equal(0, [1,2,3].inject(op), bug)
+      ensure
+        Integer.class_eval do
+          undef_method op
+          alias_method op, :orig
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_inject_array_op_private
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"end;"}\n""end")
+    all_assertions_foreach("", *%i[+ * / - %]) do |op|
+      bug = '[ruby-core:81349] [Bug #13592] should respect visibility'
+      assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /private method/, bug) do
+        begin
+          Integer.class_eval do
+            private op
+          end
+          [1,2,3].inject(op)
+        ensure
+          Integer.class_eval do
+            public op
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_Enumerable_then_include
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"end;"}\n")
+      module RefinementBug
+        refine Enumerable do
+          def refined_method
+            :rm
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      using RefinementBug
+
+      class A
+        include Enumerable
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(:rm, [].refined_method)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_partition
+    assert_equal([[1, 3, 1], [2, 2]], @obj.partition {|x| x % 2 == 1 })
+    cond = ->(x, i) { x % 2 == 1 }
+    assert_equal([[[1, 0], [3, 2], [1, 3]], [[2, 1], [2, 4]]], @obj.each_with_index.partition(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_group_by
+    h = { 1 => [1, 1], 2 => [2, 2], 3 => [3] }
+    assert_equal(h, @obj.group_by {|x| x })
+
+    h = {1=>[[1, 0], [1, 3]], 2=>[[2, 1], [2, 4]], 3=>[[3, 2]]}
+    cond = ->(x, i) { x }
+    assert_equal(h, @obj.each_with_index.group_by(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_tally
+    h = {1 => 2, 2 => 2, 3 => 1}
+    assert_equal(h, @obj.tally)
+
+    h = {1 => 5, 2 => 2, 3 => 1, 4 => "x"}
+    assert_equal(h, @obj.tally({1 => 3, 4 => "x"}))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      @obj.tally({1 => ""})
+    end
+
+    h = {1 => 2, 2 => 2, 3 => 1}
+    assert_same(h, @obj.tally(h))
+
+    h = {1 => 2, 2 => 2, 3 => 1}.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      @obj.tally(h)
+    end
+    assert_equal({1 => 2, 2 => 2, 3 => 1}, h)
+
+    hash_convertible = Object.new
+    def hash_convertible.to_hash
+      {1 => 3, 4 => "x"}
+    end
+    assert_equal({1 => 5, 2 => 2, 3 => 1, 4 => "x"}, @obj.tally(hash_convertible))
+
+    hash_convertible = Object.new
+    def hash_convertible.to_hash
+      {1 => 3, 4 => "x"}.freeze
+    end
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      @obj.tally(hash_convertible)
+    end
+    assert_equal({1 => 3, 4 => "x"}, hash_convertible.to_hash)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      @obj.tally(BasicObject.new)
+    end
+
+    h = {1 => 2, 2 => 2, 3 => 1}
+    assert_equal(h, @obj.tally(Hash.new(100)))
+    assert_equal(h, @obj.tally(Hash.new {100}))
+  end
+
+  def test_first
+    assert_equal(1, @obj.first)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], @obj.first(3))
+    assert_nil(@empty.first)
+    assert_equal([], @empty.first(10))
+
+    bug5801 = '[ruby-dev:45041]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', [], /unexpected break/, bug5801)
+      empty = Object.new
+      class << empty
+        attr_reader :block
+        include Enumerable
+        def each(&block)
+          @block = block
+          self
+        end
+      end
+      empty.first
+      empty.block.call
+    end;
+
+    bug18475 = '[ruby-dev:107059]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', [], /unexpected break/, bug18475)
+      e = Enumerator.new do |g|
+        Thread.new do
+          g << 1
+        end.join
+      end
+
+      e.first
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_sort
+    assert_equal([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], @obj.sort)
+    assert_equal([3, 2, 2, 1, 1], @obj.sort {|x, y| y <=> x })
+  end
+
+  def test_sort_by
+    assert_equal([3, 2, 2, 1, 1], @obj.sort_by {|x| -x })
+    assert_equal((1..300).to_a.reverse, (1..300).sort_by {|x| -x })
+
+    cond = ->(x, i) { [-x, i] }
+    assert_equal([[3, 2], [2, 1], [2, 4], [1, 0], [1, 3]], @obj.each_with_index.sort_by(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_all
+    assert_equal(true, @obj.all? {|x| x <= 3 })
+    assert_equal(false, @obj.all? {|x| x < 3 })
+    assert_equal(true, @obj.all?)
+    assert_equal(false, [true, true, false].all?)
+    assert_equal(true, [].all?)
+    assert_equal(true, @empty.all?)
+    assert_equal(true, @obj.all?(Integer))
+    assert_equal(false, @obj.all?(1..2))
+  end
+
+  def test_all_with_unused_block
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      [1, 2].all?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      (1..2).all?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      3.times.all?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      {a: 1, b: 2}.all?([:b, 2]) {|x| x == 4 }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_any
+    assert_equal(true, @obj.any? {|x| x >= 3 })
+    assert_equal(false, @obj.any? {|x| x > 3 })
+    assert_equal(true, @obj.any?)
+    assert_equal(false, [false, false, false].any?)
+    assert_equal(false, [].any?)
+    assert_equal(false, @empty.any?)
+    assert_equal(true, @obj.any?(1..2))
+    assert_equal(false, @obj.any?(Float))
+    assert_equal(false, [1, 42].any?(Float))
+    assert_equal(true, [1, 4.2].any?(Float))
+    assert_equal(false, {a: 1, b: 2}.any?(->(kv) { kv == [:foo, 42] }))
+    assert_equal(true, {a: 1, b: 2}.any?(->(kv) { kv == [:b, 2] }))
+  end
+
+  def test_any_with_unused_block
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      [1, 23].any?(1) {|x| x == 1 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      (1..2).any?(34) {|x| x == 2 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      3.times.any?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      {a: 1, b: 2}.any?([:b, 2]) {|x| x == 4 }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_one
+    assert(@obj.one? {|x| x == 3 })
+    assert(!(@obj.one? {|x| x == 1 }))
+    assert(!(@obj.one? {|x| x == 4 }))
+    assert(@obj.one?(3..4))
+    assert(!(@obj.one?(1..2)))
+    assert(!(@obj.one?(4..5)))
+    assert(%w{ant bear cat}.one? {|word| word.length == 4})
+    assert(!(%w{ant bear cat}.one? {|word| word.length > 4}))
+    assert(!(%w{ant bear cat}.one? {|word| word.length < 4}))
+    assert(%w{ant bear cat}.one?(/b/))
+    assert(!(%w{ant bear cat}.one?(/t/)))
+    assert(!([ nil, true, 99 ].one?))
+    assert([ nil, true, false ].one?)
+    assert(![].one?)
+    assert(!@empty.one?)
+    assert([ nil, true, 99 ].one?(Integer))
+  end
+
+  def test_one_with_unused_block
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      [1, 2].one?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      (1..2).one?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      3.times.one?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      {a: 1, b: 2}.one?([:b, 2]) {|x| x == 4 }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_none
+    assert(@obj.none? {|x| x == 4 })
+    assert(!(@obj.none? {|x| x == 1 }))
+    assert(!(@obj.none? {|x| x == 3 }))
+    assert(@obj.none?(4..5))
+    assert(!(@obj.none?(1..3)))
+    assert(%w{ant bear cat}.none? {|word| word.length == 5})
+    assert(!(%w{ant bear cat}.none? {|word| word.length >= 4}))
+    assert(%w{ant bear cat}.none?(/d/))
+    assert(!(%w{ant bear cat}.none?(/b/)))
+    assert([].none?)
+    assert([nil].none?)
+    assert([nil,false].none?)
+    assert(![nil,false,true].none?)
+    assert(@empty.none?)
+  end
+
+  def test_none_with_unused_block
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      [1, 2].none?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      (1..2).none?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      3.times.none?(1) {|x| x == 3 }
+    EOS
+    assert_in_out_err [], <<-EOS, [], ["-:1: warning: given block not used"]
+      {a: 1, b: 2}.none?([:b, 2]) {|x| x == 4 }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_min
+    assert_equal(1, @obj.min)
+    assert_equal(3, @obj.min {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    cond = ->((a, ia), (b, ib)) { (b <=> a).nonzero? or ia <=> ib }
+    assert_equal([3, 2], @obj.each_with_index.min(&cond))
+    enum = %w(albatross dog horse).to_enum
+    assert_equal("albatross", enum.min)
+    assert_equal("dog", enum.min {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal(1, [3,2,1].to_enum.min)
+    assert_equal(%w[albatross dog], enum.min(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[dog horse],
+                 enum.min(2) {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal([13, 14], [20, 32, 32, 21, 30, 25, 29, 13, 14].to_enum.min(2))
+    assert_equal([2, 4, 6, 7], [2, 4, 8, 6, 7].to_enum.min(4))
+  end
+
+  def test_max
+    assert_equal(3, @obj.max)
+    assert_equal(1, @obj.max {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    cond = ->((a, ia), (b, ib)) { (b <=> a).nonzero? or ia <=> ib }
+    assert_equal([1, 3], @obj.each_with_index.max(&cond))
+    enum = %w(albatross dog horse).to_enum
+    assert_equal("horse", enum.max)
+    assert_equal("albatross", enum.max {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal(1, [3,2,1].to_enum.max{|a,b| b <=> a })
+    assert_equal(%w[horse dog], enum.max(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[albatross horse],
+                 enum.max(2) {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal([3, 2], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2].to_enum.max(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_minmax
+    assert_equal([1, 3], @obj.minmax)
+    assert_equal([3, 1], @obj.minmax {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    ary = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal(["albatross", "horse"], ary.minmax)
+    assert_equal(["dog", "albatross"], ary.minmax {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length })
+    assert_equal([1, 3], [2,3,1].minmax)
+    assert_equal([3, 1], [2,3,1].minmax {|a,b| b <=> a })
+    assert_equal([1, 3], [2,2,3,3,1,1].minmax)
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], [].minmax)
+  end
+
+  def test_min_by
+    assert_equal(3, @obj.min_by {|x| -x })
+    cond = ->(x, i) { -x }
+    assert_equal([3, 2], @obj.each_with_index.min_by(&cond))
+    a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal("dog", a.min_by {|x| x.length })
+    assert_equal(3, [2,3,1].min_by {|x| -x })
+    assert_equal(%w[dog horse], a.min_by(2) {|x| x.length })
+    assert_equal([13, 14], [20, 32, 32, 21, 30, 25, 29, 13, 14].min_by(2) {|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_max_by
+    assert_equal(1, @obj.max_by {|x| -x })
+    cond = ->(x, i) { -x }
+    assert_equal([1, 0], @obj.each_with_index.max_by(&cond))
+    a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal("albatross", a.max_by {|x| x.length })
+    assert_equal(1, [2,3,1].max_by {|x| -x })
+    assert_equal(%w[albatross horse], a.max_by(2) {|x| x.length })
+    assert_equal([3, 2], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2].max_by(2) {|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_minmax_by
+    assert_equal([3, 1], @obj.minmax_by {|x| -x })
+    cond = ->(x, i) { -x }
+    assert_equal([[3, 2], [1, 0]], @obj.each_with_index.minmax_by(&cond))
+    a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+    assert_equal(["dog", "albatross"], a.minmax_by {|x| x.length })
+    assert_equal([3, 1], [2,3,1].minmax_by {|x| -x })
+  end
+
+  def test_member
+    assert(@obj.member?(1))
+    assert(!(@obj.member?(4)))
+    assert([1,2,3].member?(1))
+    assert(!([1,2,3].member?(4)))
+  end
+
+  class Foo
+    include Enumerable
+    def each
+      yield 1
+      yield 1,2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_with_index
+    a = []
+    @obj.each_with_index {|x, i| a << [x, i] }
+    assert_equal([[1,0],[2,1],[3,2],[1,3],[2,4]], a)
+
+    hash = Hash.new
+    %w(cat dog wombat).each_with_index do |item, index|
+      hash[item] = index
+    end
+    assert_equal({"cat"=>0, "wombat"=>2, "dog"=>1}, hash)
+    assert_equal([[1, 0], [[1, 2], 1]], Foo.new.each_with_index.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_with_object
+    obj = [0, 1]
+    ret = (1..10).each_with_object(obj) {|i, memo|
+      memo[0] += i
+      memo[1] *= i
+    }
+    assert_same(obj, ret)
+    assert_equal([55, 3628800], ret)
+    assert_equal([[1, nil], [[1, 2], nil]], Foo.new.each_with_object(nil).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_entry
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3].each_entry.to_a)
+    assert_equal([1, [1, 2]], Foo.new.each_entry.to_a)
+    a = []
+    cond = ->(x, i) { a << x }
+    @obj.each_with_index.each_entry(&cond)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 1, 2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_slice
+    ary = []
+    (1..10).each_slice(3) {|a| ary << a}
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10]], ary)
+
+    bug9749 = '[ruby-core:62060] [Bug #9749]'
+    ary.clear
+    (1..10).each_slice(3, &lambda {|a, *| ary << a})
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10]], ary, bug9749)
+
+    ary.clear
+    (1..10).each_slice(10) {|a| ary << a}
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]], ary)
+
+    ary.clear
+    (1..10).each_slice(11) {|a| ary << a}
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]], ary)
+
+    assert_equal(1..10, (1..10).each_slice(3) { })
+    assert_equal([], [].each_slice(3) { })
+  end
+
+  def test_each_cons
+    ary = []
+    (1..5).each_cons(3) {|a| ary << a}
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5]], ary)
+
+    bug9749 = '[ruby-core:62060] [Bug #9749]'
+    ary.clear
+    (1..5).each_cons(3, &lambda {|a, *| ary << a})
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5]], ary, bug9749)
+
+    ary.clear
+    (1..5).each_cons(5) {|a| ary << a}
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], ary)
+
+    ary.clear
+    (1..5).each_cons(6) {|a| ary << a}
+    assert_empty(ary)
+
+    assert_equal(1..5, (1..5).each_cons(3) { })
+    assert_equal([], [].each_cons(3) { })
+  end
+
+  def test_zip
+    assert_equal([[1,1],[2,2],[3,3],[1,1],[2,2]], @obj.zip(@obj))
+    assert_equal([["a",1],["b",2],["c",3]], ["a", "b", "c"].zip(@obj))
+
+    a = []
+    result = @obj.zip([:a, :b, :c]) {|x,y| a << [x, y] }
+    assert_nil result
+    assert_equal([[1,:a],[2,:b],[3,:c],[1,nil],[2,nil]], a)
+
+    a = []
+    cond = ->((x, i), y) { a << [x, y, i] }
+    @obj.each_with_index.zip([:a, :b, :c], &cond)
+    assert_equal([[1,:a,0],[2,:b,1],[3,:c,2],[1,nil,3],[2,nil,4]], a)
+
+    a = []
+    @obj.zip({a: "A", b: "B", c: "C"}) {|x,y| a << [x, y] }
+    assert_equal([[1,[:a,"A"]],[2,[:b,"B"]],[3,[:c,"C"]],[1,nil],[2,nil]], a)
+
+    ary = Object.new
+    def ary.to_a;   [1, 2]; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {%w(a b).zip(ary)}
+    def ary.each; [3, 4].each{|e|yield e}; end
+    assert_equal([[1, 3], [2, 4], [3, nil], [1, nil], [2, nil]], @obj.zip(ary))
+    def ary.to_ary; [5, 6]; end
+    assert_equal([[1, 5], [2, 6], [3, nil], [1, nil], [2, nil]], @obj.zip(ary))
+    obj = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {(1..1).zip(obj)}
+  end
+
+  def test_take
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], @obj.take(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_take_while
+    assert_equal([1,2], @obj.take_while {|x| x <= 2})
+    cond = ->(x, i) {x <= 2}
+    assert_equal([[1, 0], [2, 1]], @obj.each_with_index.take_while(&cond))
+
+    bug5801 = '[ruby-dev:45040]'
+    @empty.take_while {true}
+    block = @empty.block
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug5801) {100.times {block.call}}
+  end
+
+  def test_drop
+    assert_equal([3,1,2], @obj.drop(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_while
+    assert_equal([3,1,2], @obj.drop_while {|x| x <= 2})
+    cond = ->(x, i) {x <= 2}
+    assert_equal([[3, 2], [1, 3], [2, 4]], @obj.each_with_index.drop_while(&cond))
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,1,2,1,2,3,1,2], @obj.cycle.take(10))
+    a = []
+    @obj.cycle(2) {|x| a << x}
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,1,2,1,2,3,1,2], a)
+    a = []
+    cond = ->(x, i) {a << x}
+    @obj.each_with_index.cycle(2, &cond)
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,1,2,1,2,3,1,2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_callcc
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      c = nil
+      @obj.sort_by {|x| callcc {|c2| c ||= c2 }; x }
+      c.call
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      c = nil
+      o = Object.new
+      class << o; self; end.class_eval do
+        define_method(:<=>) do |x|
+          callcc {|c2| c ||= c2 }
+          0
+        end
+      end
+      [o, o].sort_by {|x| x }
+      c.call
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      c = nil
+      o = Object.new
+      class << o; self; end.class_eval do
+        define_method(:<=>) do |x|
+          callcc {|c2| c ||= c2 }
+          0
+        end
+      end
+      [o, o, o].sort_by {|x| x }
+      c.call
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /reentered/) do
+      i = 0
+      c = nil
+      o = Object.new
+      class << o; self; end.class_eval do
+        define_method(:<=>) do |x|
+          callcc {|c2| c ||= c2 }
+          i += 1
+          0
+        end
+      end
+      [o, o].min(1)
+      assert_operator(i, :<=, 5, "infinite loop")
+      c.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each
+    assert_equal([2,1,3,2,1], @obj.reverse_each.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_memory_corruption
+    bug16354 = '[ruby-dev:50867]'
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      size = 1000
+      (0...size).reverse_each do |i|
+        i.inspect
+        ObjectSpace.each_object(Array) do |a|
+          a.clear if a.length == size
+        end
+      end
+    }, bug16354
+  end
+
+  def test_chunk
+    e = [].chunk {|elt| true }
+    assert_equal([], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.chunk {|elt| elt & 2 == 0 ? false : true }
+    assert_equal([[false, [1]], [true, [2, 3]], [false, [1]], [true, [2]]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.chunk {|elt| elt < 3 ? :_alone : true }
+    assert_equal([[:_alone, [1]],
+                  [:_alone, [2]],
+                  [true, [3]],
+                  [:_alone, [1]],
+                  [:_alone, [2]]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.chunk {|elt| elt == 3 ? :_separator : true }
+    assert_equal([[true, [1, 2]],
+                  [true, [1, 2]]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.chunk {|elt| elt == 3 ? nil : true }
+    assert_equal([[true, [1, 2]],
+                  [true, [1, 2]]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.chunk {|elt| :_foo }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { e.to_a }
+
+    e = @obj.chunk.with_index {|elt, i| elt - i }
+    assert_equal([[1, [1, 2, 3]],
+                  [-2, [1, 2]]], e.to_a)
+
+    assert_equal(4, (0..3).chunk.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_before
+    e = [].slice_before {|elt| true }
+    assert_equal([], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.slice_before {|elt| elt.even? }
+    assert_equal([[1], [2,3,1], [2]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = @obj.slice_before {|elt| elt.odd? }
+    assert_equal([[1,2], [3], [1,2]], e.to_a)
+
+    ss = %w[abc defg h ijk l mno pqr st u vw xy z]
+    assert_equal([%w[abc defg h], %w[ijk l], %w[mno], %w[pqr st u vw xy z]],
+                 ss.slice_before(/\A...\z/).to_a)
+    assert_warning("") {ss.slice_before(/\A...\z/).to_a}
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_after0
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].slice_after }
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_after1
+    e = [].slice_after {|a| flunk "should not be called" }
+    assert_equal([], e.to_a)
+
+    e = [1,2].slice_after(1)
+    assert_equal([[1], [2]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = [1,2].slice_after(3)
+    assert_equal([[1, 2]], e.to_a)
+
+    [true, false].each {|b|
+      block_results = [true, b]
+      e = [1,2].slice_after {|a| block_results.shift }
+      assert_equal([[1], [2]], e.to_a)
+      assert_equal([], block_results)
+
+      block_results = [false, b]
+      e = [1,2].slice_after {|a| block_results.shift }
+      assert_equal([[1, 2]], e.to_a)
+      assert_equal([], block_results)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_after_both_pattern_and_block
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].slice_after(1) {|a| true } }
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_after_continuation_lines
+    lines = ["foo\n", "bar\\\n", "baz\n", "\n", "qux\n"]
+    e = lines.slice_after(/[^\\]\n\z/)
+    assert_equal([["foo\n"], ["bar\\\n", "baz\n"], ["\n", "qux\n"]], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_before_empty_line
+    lines = ["foo", "", "bar"]
+    e = lines.slice_after(/\A\s*\z/)
+    assert_equal([["foo", ""], ["bar"]], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_when_0
+    e = [].slice_when {|a, b| flunk "should not be called" }
+    assert_equal([], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_when_1
+    e = [1].slice_when {|a, b| flunk "should not be called" }
+    assert_equal([[1]], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_when_2
+    e = [1,2].slice_when {|a,b|
+      assert_equal(1, a)
+      assert_equal(2, b)
+      true
+    }
+    assert_equal([[1], [2]], e.to_a)
+
+    e = [1,2].slice_when {|a,b|
+      assert_equal(1, a)
+      assert_equal(2, b)
+      false
+    }
+    assert_equal([[1, 2]], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_when_3
+    block_invocations = [
+      lambda {|a, b|
+        assert_equal(1, a)
+        assert_equal(2, b)
+        true
+      },
+      lambda {|a, b|
+        assert_equal(2, a)
+        assert_equal(3, b)
+        false
+      }
+    ]
+    e = [1,2,3].slice_when {|a,b|
+      block_invocations.shift.call(a, b)
+    }
+    assert_equal([[1], [2, 3]], e.to_a)
+    assert_equal([], block_invocations)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_when_noblock
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].slice_when }
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_when_contiguously_increasing_integers
+    e = [1,4,9,10,11,12,15,16,19,20,21].slice_when {|i, j| i+1 != j }
+    assert_equal([[1], [4], [9,10,11,12], [15,16], [19,20,21]], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_chunk_while_contiguously_increasing_integers
+    e = [1,4,9,10,11,12,15,16,19,20,21].chunk_while {|i, j| i+1 == j }
+    assert_equal([[1], [4], [9,10,11,12], [15,16], [19,20,21]], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_detect
+    @obj = ('a'..'z')
+    assert_equal('c', @obj.detect {|x| x == 'c' })
+
+    proc = Proc.new {|x| x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal('c', @obj.detect(&proc))
+
+    lambda = ->(x) { x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal('c', @obj.detect(&lambda))
+
+    assert_equal(['c',2], @obj.each_with_index.detect {|x, i| x == 'c' })
+
+    proc2 = Proc.new {|x, i| x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal(['c',2], @obj.each_with_index.detect(&proc2))
+
+    bug9605 = '[ruby-core:61340]'
+    lambda2 = ->(x, i) { x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal(['c',2], @obj.each_with_index.detect(&lambda2), bug9605)
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    @obj = ('a'..'z')
+    assert_equal(['c'], @obj.select {|x| x == 'c' })
+
+    proc = Proc.new {|x| x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal(['c'], @obj.select(&proc))
+
+    lambda = ->(x) { x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal(['c'], @obj.select(&lambda))
+
+    assert_equal([['c',2]], @obj.each_with_index.select {|x, i| x == 'c' })
+
+    proc2 = Proc.new {|x, i| x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal([['c',2]], @obj.each_with_index.select(&proc2))
+
+    bug9605 = '[ruby-core:61340]'
+    lambda2 = ->(x, i) { x == 'c' }
+    assert_equal([['c',2]], @obj.each_with_index.select(&lambda2), bug9605)
+  end
+
+  def test_map
+    @obj = ('a'..'e')
+    assert_equal(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], @obj.map {|x| x.upcase })
+
+    proc = Proc.new {|x| x.upcase }
+    assert_equal(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], @obj.map(&proc))
+
+    lambda = ->(x) { x.upcase }
+    assert_equal(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], @obj.map(&lambda))
+
+    assert_equal([['A',0], ['B',1], ['C',2], ['D',3], ['E',4]],
+      @obj.each_with_index.map {|x, i| [x.upcase, i] })
+
+    proc2 = Proc.new {|x, i| [x.upcase, i] }
+    assert_equal([['A',0], ['B',1], ['C',2], ['D',3], ['E',4]],
+      @obj.each_with_index.map(&proc2))
+
+    lambda2 = ->(x, i) { [x.upcase, i] }
+    assert_equal([['A',0], ['B',1], ['C',2], ['D',3], ['E',4]],
+      @obj.each_with_index.map(&lambda2))
+
+    hash = { a: 'hoge', b: 'fuga' }
+    lambda = -> (k, v) { "#{k}:#{v}" }
+    assert_equal ["a:hoge", "b:fuga"], hash.map(&lambda)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map
+    @obj = [[1,2], [3,4]]
+    assert_equal([2,4,6,8], @obj.flat_map {|i| i.map{|j| j*2} })
+
+    proc = Proc.new {|i| i.map{|j| j*2} }
+    assert_equal([2,4,6,8], @obj.flat_map(&proc))
+
+    lambda = ->(i) { i.map{|j| j*2} }
+    assert_equal([2,4,6,8], @obj.flat_map(&lambda))
+
+    assert_equal([[1,2],0,[3,4],1],
+                 @obj.each_with_index.flat_map {|x, i| [x,i] })
+
+    proc2 = Proc.new {|x, i| [x,i] }
+    assert_equal([[1,2],0,[3,4],1],
+                 @obj.each_with_index.flat_map(&proc2))
+
+    lambda2 = ->(x, i) { [x,i] }
+    assert_equal([[1,2],0,[3,4],1],
+                 @obj.each_with_index.flat_map(&lambda2))
+  end
+
+  def assert_typed_equal(e, v, cls, msg=nil)
+    assert_kind_of(cls, v, msg)
+    assert_equal(e, v, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_int_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Integer, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_rational_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Rational, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_float_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Float, msg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_complex_equal(e, v, msg=nil)
+    assert_typed_equal(e, v, Complex, msg)
+  end
+
+  def test_sum
+    class << (enum = Object.new)
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        yield 3
+        yield 5
+        yield 7
+      end
+    end
+    assert_int_equal(15, enum.sum)
+
+    assert_int_equal(0, [].each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(3, [3].each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(8, [3, 5].each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(15, [3, 5, 7].each.sum)
+    assert_rational_equal(8r, [3, 5r].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal(15.0, [3, 5, 7.0].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal(15.0, [3, 5r, 7.0].each.sum)
+    assert_complex_equal(8r + 1i, [3, 5r, 1i].each.sum)
+    assert_complex_equal(15.0 + 1i, [3, 5r, 7.0, 1i].each.sum)
+
+    assert_int_equal(2*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MAX).each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(2*(FIXNUM_MAX+1), Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MAX+1).each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(10*FIXNUM_MAX, Array.new(10, FIXNUM_MAX).each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(0, ([FIXNUM_MAX, 1, -FIXNUM_MAX, -1]*10).each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(FIXNUM_MAX*10, ([FIXNUM_MAX+1, -1]*10).each.sum)
+    assert_int_equal(2*FIXNUM_MIN, Array.new(2, FIXNUM_MIN).each.sum)
+
+    assert_float_equal(0.0, [].each.sum(0.0))
+    assert_float_equal(3.0, [3].each.sum(0.0))
+    assert_float_equal(3.5, [3].each.sum(0.5))
+    assert_float_equal(8.5, [3.5, 5].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal(10.5, [2, 8.5].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal((FIXNUM_MAX+1).to_f, [FIXNUM_MAX, 1, 0.0].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal((FIXNUM_MAX+1).to_f, [0.0, FIXNUM_MAX+1].each.sum)
+
+    assert_rational_equal(3/2r, [1/2r, 1].each.sum)
+    assert_rational_equal(5/6r, [1/2r, 1/3r].each.sum)
+
+    assert_equal(2.0+3.0i, [2.0, 3.0i].each.sum)
+
+    assert_int_equal(13, [1, 2].each.sum(10))
+    assert_int_equal(16, [1, 2].each.sum(10) {|v| v * 2 })
+
+    yielded = []
+    three = SimpleDelegator.new(3)
+    ary = [1, 2.0, three]
+    assert_float_equal(12.0, ary.each.sum {|x| yielded << x; x * 2 })
+    assert_equal(ary, yielded)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { [Object.new].each.sum }
+
+    large_number = 100000000
+    small_number = 1e-9
+    until (large_number + small_number) == large_number
+      small_number /= 10
+    end
+    assert_float_equal(large_number+(small_number*10), [large_number, *[small_number]*10].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal(large_number+(small_number*10), [large_number/1r, *[small_number]*10].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal(large_number+(small_number*11), [small_number, large_number/1r, *[small_number]*10].each.sum)
+    assert_float_equal(small_number, [large_number, small_number, -large_number].each.sum)
+
+    k = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      def initialize(*values)
+        @values = values
+      end
+      def each(&block)
+        @values.each(&block)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(+Float::INFINITY, k.new(0.0, +Float::INFINITY).sum)
+    assert_equal(+Float::INFINITY, k.new(+Float::INFINITY, 0.0).sum)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, k.new(0.0, -Float::INFINITY).sum)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, k.new(-Float::INFINITY, 0.0).sum)
+    assert_predicate(k.new(-Float::INFINITY, Float::INFINITY).sum, :nan?)
+
+    assert_equal("abc", ["a", "b", "c"].each.sum(""))
+    assert_equal([1, [2], 3], [[1], [[2]], [3]].each.sum([]))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_sum
+    histogram = { 1 => 6, 2 => 4, 3 => 3, 4 => 7, 5 => 5, 6 => 4 }
+    assert_equal(100, histogram.sum {|v, n| v * n })
+  end
+
+  def test_range_sum
+    assert_int_equal(55, (1..10).sum)
+    assert_float_equal(55.0, (1..10).sum(0.0))
+    assert_int_equal(90, (5..10).sum {|v| v * 2 })
+    assert_float_equal(90.0, (5..10).sum(0.0) {|v| v * 2 })
+    assert_int_equal(0, (2..0).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(5, (2..0).sum(5))
+    assert_int_equal(2, (2..2).sum)
+    assert_int_equal(42, (2...2).sum(42))
+
+    not_a_range = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable # Defines the `#sum` method
+      def each
+        yield 2
+        yield 4
+        yield 6
+      end
+
+      def begin; end
+      def end; end
+    end
+    assert_equal(12, not_a_range.new.sum)
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq
+    src = [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], src.uniq.to_a)
+    olympics = {
+      1896 => 'Athens',
+      1900 => 'Paris',
+      1904 => 'Chicago',
+      1906 => 'Athens',
+      1908 => 'Rome',
+    }
+    assert_equal([[1896, "Athens"], [1900, "Paris"], [1904, "Chicago"], [1908, "Rome"]],
+                 olympics.uniq{|k,v| v})
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10], (1..100).uniq{|x| (x**2) % 10 }.first(6))
+    assert_equal([1, [1, 2]], Foo.new.to_enum.uniq)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact
+    class << (enum = Object.new)
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        yield 3
+        yield nil
+        yield 7
+        yield 9
+        yield nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([3, 7, 9], enum.compact)
+  end
+
+  def test_transient_heap_sort_by
+    klass = Class.new do
+      include Comparable
+      attr_reader :i
+      def initialize e
+        @i = e
+      end
+      def <=> other
+        GC.start
+        i <=> other.i
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (1..5).sort_by{|e| klass.new e}
+  end
+
+  def test_filter_map
+    @obj = (1..8).to_a
+    assert_equal([4, 8, 12, 16], @obj.filter_map { |i| i * 2 if i.even? })
+    assert_equal([2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16], @obj.filter_map { |i| i * 2 })
+    assert_equal([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], @obj.filter_map { 0 })
+    assert_equal([], @obj.filter_map { false })
+    assert_equal([], @obj.filter_map { nil })
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, @obj.filter_map)
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_svar
+    klass = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      def each
+        %w(bar baz).each{|e| yield e}
+      end
+    end
+    svars = []
+    klass.new.grep(/(b.)/) { svars << $1 }
+    assert_equal(["ba", "ba"], svars)
+  end
+
+  def test_all_fast
+    data = { "key" => { "key2" => 1 } }
+    kk = vv = nil
+    data.all? { |(k, v)| kk, vv = k, v }
+    assert_equal(kk, "key")
+    assert_equal(vv, { "key2" => 1 })
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_enumerator.rb b/test/ruby/test_enumerator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b972d7b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_enumerator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestEnumerator < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @obj = Object.new
+    class << @obj
+      include Enumerable
+      def foo(*a)
+        a.each {|x| yield x }
+      end
+    end
+    @sized = @obj.clone
+    def @sized.size
+      42
+    end
+  end
+
+  def enum_test obj
+    obj.map{|e|
+      e
+    }.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_iterators
+    assert_equal [0, 1, 2], enum_test(3.times)
+    assert_equal [:x, :y, :z], enum_test([:x, :y, :z].each)
+    assert_equal [[:x, 1], [:y, 2]], enum_test({:x=>1, :y=>2}.each)
+  end
+
+  ## Enumerator as Iterator
+
+  def test_next
+    e = 3.times
+    3.times{|i|
+      assert_equal i, e.next
+    }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration){e.next}
+  end
+
+  def test_loop
+    e = 3.times
+    i = 0
+    loop{
+      assert_equal(i, e.next)
+      i += 1
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_loop_return_value
+    assert_equal nil, loop { break }
+    assert_equal 42,  loop { break 42 }
+
+    e = Enumerator.new { |y| y << 1; y << 2; :stopped }
+    assert_equal :stopped, loop { e.next while true }
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_iteration
+    def (o = Object.new).each
+      yield :ok1
+      yield [:ok2, :x].each.next
+    end
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal :ok1, e.next
+    assert_equal :ok2, e.next
+    assert_raise(StopIteration){e.next}
+  end
+
+
+  def test_initialize
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).to_a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Enumerator.new(@obj, :foo, 1, 2, 3)
+    }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], Enumerator.new { |y| i = 0; loop { y << (i += 1) } }.take(3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Enumerator.new }
+
+    enum = @obj.to_enum
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { enum.each {} }
+    enum.freeze
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      capture_output do
+        # warning: Enumerator.new without a block is deprecated; use Object#to_enum
+        enum.__send__(:initialize, @obj, :foo)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_copy
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).dup.to_a)
+    e = @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal(1, e.next) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { e.dup }
+
+    e = Enumerator.new { |y| i = 0; loop { y << (i += 1) } }.dup
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal(1, e.next) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { e.dup }
+  end
+
+  def test_gc
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      1.times do
+        foo = [1,2,3].to_enum
+        GC.start
+        foo
+      end
+      GC.start
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    assert_equal([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[10]], (1..10).each_slice(3).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_slice_size
+    assert_equal(4, (1..10).each_slice(3).size)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, 1.step.each_slice(3).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_cons
+    a = [[1,2,3], [2,3,4], [3,4,5], [4,5,6], [5,6,7], [6,7,8], [7,8,9], [8,9,10]]
+    assert_equal(a, (1..10).each_cons(3).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index
+    assert_equal([[1,0],[2,1],[3,2]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index.to_a)
+    assert_equal([[1,5],[2,6],[3,7]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index(5).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      assert_equal([[1, 0], [2, 1], [3, 2]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index.to_a)
+      assert_equal([[1, 5], [2, 6], [3, 7]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index(5).to_a)
+
+      s = 1 << (8 * 1.size - 2)
+      assert_equal([[1, s], [2, s + 1], [3, s + 2]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index(s).to_a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index_large_offset
+    bug8010 = '[ruby-dev:47131] [Bug #8010]'
+    s = 1 << (8*1.size-2)
+    assert_equal([[1,s],[2,s+1],[3,s+2]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index(s).to_a, bug8010)
+    s <<= 1
+    assert_equal([[1,s],[2,s+1],[3,s+2]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index(s).to_a, bug8010)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index_nonnum_offset
+    bug8010 = '[ruby-dev:47131] [Bug #8010]'
+    s = Object.new
+    def s.to_int; 1 end
+    assert_equal([[1,1],[2,2],[3,3]], @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index(s).to_a, bug8010)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index_string_offset
+    bug8010 = '[ruby-dev:47131] [Bug #8010]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug8010){ @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3).with_index('1').to_a }
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index_dangling_memo
+    bug9178 = '[ruby-core:58692] [Bug #9178]'
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug = "#{bug9178}"
+    e = [1].to_enum(:chunk).with_index {|c,i| i == 5}
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, e)
+    assert_equal([false, [1]], e.to_a[0], bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_with_object
+    obj = [0, 1]
+    ret = (1..10).each.with_object(obj) {|i, memo|
+      memo[0] += i
+      memo[1] *= i
+    }
+    assert_same(obj, ret)
+    assert_equal([55, 3628800], ret)
+
+    a = [2,5,2,1,5,3,4,2,1,0]
+    obj = {}
+    ret = a.delete_if.with_object(obj) {|i, seen|
+      if seen.key?(i)
+        true
+      else
+        seen[i] = true
+        false
+      end
+    }
+    assert_same(obj, ret)
+    assert_equal([2, 5, 1, 3, 4, 0], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_next_rewind
+    e = @obj.to_enum(:foo, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_equal(2, e.next)
+    e.rewind
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_equal(2, e.next)
+    assert_equal(3, e.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+  end
+
+  def test_peek
+    a = [1]
+    e = a.each
+    assert_equal(1, e.peek)
+    assert_equal(1, e.peek)
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.peek }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.peek }
+  end
+
+  def test_peek_modify
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each
+      yield 1,2
+    end
+    e = o.to_enum
+    a = e.peek
+    a << 3
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.peek)
+  end
+
+  def test_peek_values_modify
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each
+      yield 1,2
+    end
+    e = o.to_enum
+    a = e.peek_values
+    a << 3
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.peek)
+  end
+
+  def test_next_after_stopiteration
+    a = [1]
+    e = a.each
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    e.rewind
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+  end
+
+  def test_stop_result
+    a = [1]
+    res = a.each {}
+    e = a.each
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    exc = assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_equal(res, exc.result)
+  end
+
+  def test_stopiteration_rescue
+    e = [1].each
+    res = e.each {}
+    e.next
+    exc0 = assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.peek }
+    assert_include(exc0.backtrace.first, "test_enumerator.rb:#{__LINE__-1}:")
+    assert_nil(exc0.cause)
+    assert_equal(res, exc0.result)
+
+    exc1 = assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_include(exc1.backtrace.first, "test_enumerator.rb:#{__LINE__-1}:")
+    assert_same(exc0, exc1.cause)
+    assert_equal(res, exc1.result)
+
+    exc2 = assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_include(exc2.backtrace.first, "test_enumerator.rb:#{__LINE__-1}:")
+    assert_same(exc0, exc2.cause)
+    assert_equal(res, exc2.result)
+  end
+
+  def test_next_values
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each
+      yield
+      yield 1
+      yield 1, 2
+    end
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal(nil, e.next)
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.next)
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal([], e.next_values)
+    assert_equal([1], e.next_values)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.next_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_peek_values
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each
+      yield
+      yield 1
+      yield 1, 2
+    end
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal(nil, e.peek)
+    assert_equal(nil, e.next)
+    assert_equal(1, e.peek)
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.peek)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.next)
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal([], e.peek_values)
+    assert_equal([], e.next_values)
+    assert_equal([1], e.peek_values)
+    assert_equal([1], e.next_values)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.peek_values)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.next_values)
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal([], e.peek_values)
+    assert_equal(nil, e.next)
+    assert_equal([1], e.peek_values)
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.peek_values)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.next)
+    e = o.to_enum
+    assert_equal(nil, e.peek)
+    assert_equal([], e.next_values)
+    assert_equal(1, e.peek)
+    assert_equal([1], e.next_values)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.peek)
+    assert_equal([1,2], e.next_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_arg
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each(ary)
+      ary << 1
+      yield
+    end
+    ary = []
+    e = o.to_enum { 1 }
+    assert_equal(1, e.size)
+    e_arg = e.each(ary)
+    assert_equal(nil, e_arg.size)
+    e_arg.next
+    assert_equal([1], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_feed
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each(ary)
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+    end
+    ary = []
+    e = o.to_enum(:each, ary)
+    e.next
+    e.feed 1
+    e.next
+    e.feed 2
+    e.next
+    e.feed 3
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_mixed
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each(ary)
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+    end
+    ary = []
+    e = o.to_enum(:each, ary)
+    e.next
+    e.feed 1
+    e.next
+    e.next
+    e.feed 3
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_equal([1,nil,3], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_twice
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each(ary)
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+    end
+    ary = []
+    e = o.to_enum(:each, ary)
+    e.feed 1
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { e.feed 2 }
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_before_first_next
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each(ary)
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+    end
+    ary = []
+    e = o.to_enum(:each, ary)
+    e.feed 1
+    e.next
+    e.next
+    assert_equal([1], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_rewind_clear_feed
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.each(ary)
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+      ary << yield
+    end
+    ary = []
+    e = o.to_enum(:each, ary)
+    e.next
+    e.feed 1
+    e.next
+    e.feed 2
+    e.rewind
+    e.next
+    e.next
+    assert_equal([1,nil], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_yielder
+    x = nil
+    e = Enumerator.new {|y| x = y.yield; 10 }
+    e.next
+    e.feed 100
+    exc = assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    assert_equal(100, x)
+    assert_equal(10, exc.result)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    e = (0..10).each_cons(2)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator: 0..10:each_cons(2)>", e.inspect)
+
+    e = (0..10).each_with_object({})
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator: 0..10:each_with_object({})>", e.inspect)
+
+    e = (0..10).each_with_object(a: 1)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator: 0..10:each_with_object(a: 1)>", e.inspect)
+
+    e = Enumerator.new {|y| y.yield; 10 }
+    assert_match(/\A#<Enumerator: .*:each>/, e.inspect)
+
+    a = []
+    e = a.each_with_object(a)
+    a << e
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator: [#<Enumerator: ...>]:each_with_object([#<Enumerator: ...>])>",
+		e.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_verbose
+    bug6214 = '[ruby-dev:45449]'
+    assert_warning("", bug6214) { "".bytes.inspect }
+    assert_warning("", bug6214) { [].lazy.inspect }
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_encoding
+    c = Class.new{define_method("\u{3042}"){}}
+    e = c.new.enum_for("\u{3042}")
+    s = assert_nothing_raised(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {break e.inspect}
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, s.encoding)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Enumerator: .*:\u{3042}>\z/, s)
+  end
+
+  def test_generator
+    # note: Enumerator::Generator is a class just for internal
+    g = Enumerator::Generator.new {|y| y << 1 << 2 << 3; :foo }
+    g2 = g.dup
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(:foo, g.each {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(:foo, g2.each {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    g.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {
+      g.__send__ :initialize, proc { |y| y << 4 << 5 }
+    }
+
+    g = Enumerator::Generator.new(proc {|y| y << 4 << 5; :foo })
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(:foo, g.each {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([4, 5], a)
+
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {Enumerator::Generator.new}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Enumerator::Generator.new(1)}
+    obj = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {
+      Enumerator::Generator.new(obj)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_args
+    g = Enumerator::Generator.new {|y, x| y << 1 << 2 << 3; x }
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(:bar, g.each(:bar) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_yielder
+    # note: Enumerator::Yielder is a class just for internal
+    a = []
+    y = Enumerator::Yielder.new {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal(y, y << 1 << 2 << 3)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    a = []
+    y = Enumerator::Yielder.new {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([1], y.yield(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], y.yield(2))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], y.yield(3))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], y.yield(4, 5))
+
+    a = []
+    y = Enumerator::Yielder.new {|*x| a.concat(x) }
+    assert_equal([1], y.yield(1))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], y.yield(2, 3))
+
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) { Enumerator::Yielder.new }
+
+    # to_proc (explicit)
+    a = []
+    y = Enumerator::Yielder.new {|x| a << x }
+    b = y.to_proc
+    assert_kind_of(Proc, b)
+    assert_equal([1], b.call(1))
+    assert_equal([1], a)
+
+    # to_proc (implicit)
+    e = Enumerator.new { |y|
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Yielder, y)
+      [1, 2, 3].each(&y)
+    }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], e.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_equal nil, Enumerator.new{}.size
+    assert_equal 42, Enumerator.new(->{42}){}.size
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.call; 42; end
+    assert_equal 42, Enumerator.new(obj){}.size
+    assert_equal 42, Enumerator.new(42){}.size
+    assert_equal 1 << 70, Enumerator.new(1 << 70){}.size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, Enumerator.new(Float::INFINITY){}.size
+    assert_equal nil, Enumerator.new(nil){}.size
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Enumerator.new("42"){} }
+
+    assert_equal nil, @obj.to_enum(:foo, 0, 1).size
+    assert_equal 2, @obj.to_enum(:foo, 0, 1){ 2 }.size
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_enum_created_by_enumerators
+    enum = to_enum{ 42 }
+    assert_equal 42, enum.with_index.size
+    assert_equal 42, enum.with_object(:foo).size
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_enum_created_from_array
+    arr = %w[hello world]
+    %i[each each_with_index reverse_each sort_by! sort_by map map!
+      keep_if reject! reject select! select filter! filter delete_if].each do |method|
+      assert_equal arr.size, arr.send(method).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_enum_created_from_enumerable
+    %i[find_all reject map flat_map partition group_by sort_by min_by max_by
+      minmax_by each_with_index reverse_each each_entry filter_map].each do |method|
+      assert_equal nil, @obj.send(method).size
+      assert_equal 42, @sized.send(method).size
+    end
+    assert_equal nil, @obj.each_with_object(nil).size
+    assert_equal 42, @sized.each_with_object(nil).size
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_enum_created_from_hash
+    h = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+    methods = %i[delete_if reject reject! select select! filter filter! keep_if each each_key each_pair]
+    enums = methods.map {|method| h.send(method)}
+    s = enums.group_by(&:size)
+    assert_equal([3], s.keys, ->{s.reject!{|k| k==3}.inspect})
+    h[:d] = 4
+    s = enums.group_by(&:size)
+    assert_equal([4], s.keys, ->{s.reject!{|k| k==4}.inspect})
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_enum_created_from_env
+    %i[each_pair reject! delete_if select select! filter filter! keep_if].each do |method|
+      assert_equal ENV.size, ENV.send(method).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_enum_created_from_struct
+    s = Struct.new(:foo, :bar, :baz).new(1, 2)
+    %i[each each_pair select].each do |method|
+      assert_equal 3, s.send(method).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check_consistency_for_combinatorics(method)
+    [ [], [:a, :b, :c, :d, :e] ].product([-2, 0, 2, 5, 6]) do |array, arg|
+      assert_equal array.send(method, arg).to_a.size, array.send(method, arg).size,
+        "inconsistent size for #{array}.#{method}(#{arg})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_array_combinatorics
+    check_consistency_for_combinatorics(:permutation)
+    assert_equal 24, [0, 1, 2, 4].permutation.size
+    assert_equal 2933197128679486453788761052665610240000000,
+      (1..42).to_a.permutation(30).size # 1.upto(42).inject(:*) / 1.upto(12).inject(:*)
+
+    check_consistency_for_combinatorics(:combination)
+    assert_equal 28258808871162574166368460400,
+      (1..100).to_a.combination(42).size
+      # 1.upto(100).inject(:*) / 1.upto(42).inject(:*) / 1.upto(58).inject(:*)
+
+    check_consistency_for_combinatorics(:repeated_permutation)
+    assert_equal 291733167875766667063796853374976,
+      (1..42).to_a.repeated_permutation(20).size # 42 ** 20
+
+    check_consistency_for_combinatorics(:repeated_combination)
+    assert_equal 28258808871162574166368460400,
+      (1..59).to_a.repeated_combination(42).size
+      # 1.upto(100).inject(:*) / 1.upto(42).inject(:*) / 1.upto(58).inject(:*)
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_cycle
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, [:foo].cycle.size
+    assert_equal 10, [:foo, :bar].cycle(5).size
+    assert_equal 0,  [:foo, :bar].cycle(-10).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, {foo: 1}.cycle.size
+    assert_equal 10, {foo: 1, bar: 2}.cycle(5).size
+    assert_equal 0,  {foo: 1, bar: 2}.cycle(-10).size
+    assert_equal 0,  [].cycle.size
+    assert_equal 0,  [].cycle(5).size
+    assert_equal 0,  {}.cycle.size
+    assert_equal 0,  {}.cycle(5).size
+
+    assert_equal nil, @obj.cycle.size
+    assert_equal nil, @obj.cycle(5).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, @sized.cycle.size
+    assert_equal 126, @sized.cycle(3).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, [].to_enum { 42 }.cycle.size
+    assert_equal 0, [].to_enum { 0 }.cycle.size
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {[].to_enum { 0 }.cycle("").size}
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_loops
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, loop.size
+    assert_equal 42, 42.times.size
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_each_slice
+    assert_equal nil, @obj.each_slice(3).size
+    assert_equal 6, @sized.each_slice(7).size
+    assert_equal 5, @sized.each_slice(10).size
+    assert_equal 1, @sized.each_slice(70).size
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ @obj.each_slice(0).size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_each_cons
+    assert_equal nil, @obj.each_cons(3).size
+    assert_equal 33, @sized.each_cons(10).size
+    assert_equal 0, @sized.each_cons(70).size
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ @obj.each_cons(0).size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_step
+    assert_equal 42, 5.step(46).size
+    assert_equal 4, 1.step(10, 3).size
+    assert_equal 3, 1.step(9, 3).size
+    assert_equal 0, 1.step(-11).size
+    assert_equal 0, 1.step(-11, 2).size
+    assert_equal 7, 1.step(-11, -2).size
+    assert_equal 7, 1.step(-11.1, -2).size
+    assert_equal 0, 42.step(Float::INFINITY, -2).size
+    assert_equal 1, 42.step(55, Float::INFINITY).size
+    assert_equal 1, 42.step(Float::INFINITY, Float::INFINITY).size
+    assert_equal 14, 0.1.step(4.2, 0.3).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, 42.step(Float::INFINITY, 2).size
+
+    assert_equal 10, (1..10).step.size
+    assert_equal 4, (1..10).step(3).size
+    assert_equal 3, (1...10).step(3).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, (42..Float::INFINITY).step(2).size
+    assert_equal 0, (1..10).step(-2).size
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_downup_to
+    assert_equal 0, 1.upto(-100).size
+    assert_equal 102, 1.downto(-100).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, 42.upto(Float::INFINITY).size
+  end
+
+  def test_size_for_string
+    assert_equal 5, 'hello'.each_byte.size
+    assert_equal 5, 'hello'.each_char.size
+    assert_equal 5, 'hello'.each_codepoint.size
+  end
+
+  def test_peek_for_enumerator_objects
+    e = 2.times
+    assert_equal(0, e.peek)
+    e.next
+    assert_equal(1, e.peek)
+    e.next
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.peek }
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq
+    u = [0, 1, 0, 1].to_enum.lazy.uniq
+    assert_equal([0, 1], u.force)
+    assert_equal([0, 1], u.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact
+    u = [0, 1, nil, 2, 3, nil].to_enum.lazy.compact
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3], u.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_chain_and_plus
+    r = 1..5
+
+    e1 = r.chain()
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e1)
+    assert_equal(5, e1.size)
+    ary = []
+    e1.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ary)
+
+    e2 = r.chain([6, 7, 8])
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e2)
+    assert_equal(8, e2.size)
+    ary = []
+    e2.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], ary)
+
+    e3 = r.chain([6, 7], 8.step)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e3)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, e3.size)
+    ary = []
+    e3.take(10).each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], ary)
+
+    # `a + b + c` should not return `Enumerator::Chain.new(a, b, c)`
+    # because it is expected that `(a + b).each` be called.
+    e4 = e2.dup
+    class << e4
+      attr_reader :each_is_called
+      def each
+        super
+        @each_is_called = true
+      end
+    end
+    e5 = e4 + 9.step
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e5)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, e5.size)
+    ary = []
+    e5.take(10).each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], ary)
+    assert_equal(true, e4.each_is_called)
+  end
+
+  def test_chained_enums
+    a = (1..5).each
+
+    e0 = Enumerator::Chain.new()
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e0)
+    assert_equal(0, e0.size)
+    ary = []
+    e0.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([], ary)
+
+    e1 = Enumerator::Chain.new(a)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e1)
+    assert_equal(5, e1.size)
+    ary = []
+    e1.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ary)
+
+    e2 = Enumerator::Chain.new(a, [6, 7, 8])
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e2)
+    assert_equal(8, e2.size)
+    ary = []
+    e2.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], ary)
+
+    e3 = Enumerator::Chain.new(a, [6, 7], 8.step)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e3)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, e3.size)
+    ary = []
+    e3.take(10).each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], ary)
+
+    e4 = Enumerator::Chain.new(a, Enumerator.new { |y| y << 6 << 7 << 8 })
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e4)
+    assert_equal(nil, e4.size)
+    ary = []
+    e4.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], ary)
+
+    e5 = Enumerator::Chain.new(e1, e2)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::Chain, e5)
+    assert_equal(13, e5.size)
+    ary = []
+    e5.each { |x| ary << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], ary)
+
+    rewound = []
+    e1.define_singleton_method(:rewind) { rewound << object_id }
+    e2.define_singleton_method(:rewind) { rewound << object_id }
+    e5.rewind
+    assert_equal(rewound, [e2.object_id, e1.object_id])
+
+    rewound = []
+    a = [1]
+    e6 = Enumerator::Chain.new(a)
+    a.define_singleton_method(:rewind) { rewound << object_id }
+    e6.rewind
+    assert_equal(rewound, [])
+
+    assert_equal(
+      '#<Enumerator::Chain: [' +
+        '#<Enumerator::Chain: [' +
+          '#<Enumerator: 1..5:each>' +
+        ']>, ' +
+        '#<Enumerator::Chain: [' +
+          '#<Enumerator: 1..5:each>, ' +
+          '[6, 7, 8]' +
+        ']>' +
+      ']>',
+      e5.inspect
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_chain_with_index
+    assert_equal([[3, 0], [4, 1]], [3].chain([4]).with_index.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_chain
+    ea = (10..).lazy.select(&:even?).take(10)
+    ed = (20..).lazy.select(&:odd?)
+    chain = (ea + ed).select{|x| x % 3 == 0}
+    assert_equal(12, chain.next)
+    assert_equal(18, chain.next)
+    assert_equal(24, chain.next)
+    assert_equal(21, chain.next)
+    assert_equal(27, chain.next)
+    assert_equal(33, chain.next)
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_chain_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      ea = (10..).lazy.select(&:even?).take(10)
+      ed = (20..).lazy.select(&:odd?)
+      chain = (ea + ed).select{|x| x % 3 == 0}
+      assert_equal(12, chain.next)
+      assert_equal(18, chain.next)
+      assert_equal(24, chain.next)
+      assert_equal(21, chain.next)
+      assert_equal(27, chain.next)
+      assert_equal(33, chain.next)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_chain_undef_methods
+    chain = [1].to_enum + [2].to_enum
+    meths = (chain.methods & [:feed, :next, :next_values, :peek, :peek_values])
+    assert_equal(0, meths.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_produce
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Enumerator.produce }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Enumerator.produce(a: 1, b: 1) {} }
+
+    # Without initial object
+    passed_args = []
+    enum = Enumerator.produce { |obj| passed_args << obj; (obj || 0).succ }
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, enum.size
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], enum.take(3)
+    assert_equal [nil, 1, 2], passed_args
+
+    # With initial object
+    passed_args = []
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(1) { |obj| passed_args << obj; obj.succ }
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, enum.size
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], enum.take(3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2], passed_args
+
+    # Raising StopIteration
+    words = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.".scan(/\w+/)
+    enum = Enumerator.produce { words.shift or raise StopIteration }
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, enum.size
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+    assert_equal %w[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog], enum.to_a
+
+    # Raising StopIteration
+    object = [[[["abc", "def"], "ghi", "jkl"], "mno", "pqr"], "stuv", "wxyz"]
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(object) { |obj|
+      obj.respond_to?(:first) or raise StopIteration
+      obj.first
+    }
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, enum.size
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      assert_equal [
+        [[[["abc", "def"], "ghi", "jkl"], "mno", "pqr"], "stuv", "wxyz"],
+        [[["abc", "def"], "ghi", "jkl"], "mno", "pqr"],
+        [["abc", "def"], "ghi", "jkl"],
+        ["abc", "def"],
+        "abc",
+      ], enum.to_a
+    }
+
+    # With size keyword argument
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(1, size: 10) { |obj| obj.succ }
+    assert_equal 10, enum.size
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], enum.take(3)
+
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(1, size: -> { 5 }) { |obj| obj.succ }
+    assert_equal 5, enum.size
+
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(1, size: nil) { |obj| obj.succ }
+    assert_equal nil, enum.size
+
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(1, size: Float::INFINITY) { |obj| obj.succ }
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, enum.size
+
+    # Without initial value but with size
+    enum = Enumerator.produce(size: 3) { |obj| (obj || 0).succ }
+    assert_equal 3, enum.size
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], enum.take(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_chain_each_lambda
+    c = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      attr_reader :is_lambda
+      def each(&block)
+        return to_enum unless block
+        @is_lambda = block.lambda?
+      end
+    end
+    e = c.new
+    e.chain.each{}
+    assert_equal(false, e.is_lambda)
+    e.chain.each(&->{})
+    assert_equal(true, e.is_lambda)
+  end
+
+  def test_product_new
+    # 0-dimensional
+    e = Enumerator::Product.new
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator::Product, e)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, e)
+    assert_equal(1, e.size)
+    elts = []
+    e.each { |x| elts << x }
+    assert_equal [[]], elts
+    assert_equal elts, e.to_a
+    heads = []
+    e.each { |x,| heads << x }
+    assert_equal [nil], heads
+
+    # 1-dimensional
+    e = Enumerator::Product.new(1..3)
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator::Product, e)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, e)
+    assert_equal(3, e.size)
+    elts = []
+    e.each { |x| elts << x }
+    assert_equal [[1], [2], [3]], elts
+    assert_equal elts, e.to_a
+
+    # 2-dimensional
+    e = Enumerator::Product.new(1..3, %w[a b])
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator::Product, e)
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, e)
+    assert_equal(3 * 2, e.size)
+    elts = []
+    e.each { |x| elts << x }
+    assert_equal [[1, "a"], [1, "b"], [2, "a"], [2, "b"], [3, "a"], [3, "b"]], elts
+    assert_equal elts, e.to_a
+    heads = []
+    e.each { |x,| heads << x }
+    assert_equal [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], heads
+
+    # Any enumerable is 0 size
+    assert_equal(0, Enumerator::Product.new([], 1..).size)
+
+    # Reject keyword arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Enumerator::Product.new(1..3, foo: 1, bar: 2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_product
+    # without a block
+    e = Enumerator.product(1..3, %w[a b])
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator::Product, e)
+
+    # with a block
+    elts = []
+    ret = Enumerator.product(1..3) { |x| elts << x }
+    assert_equal(nil, ret)
+    assert_equal [[1], [2], [3]], elts
+    assert_equal elts, Enumerator.product(1..3).to_a
+
+    # an infinite enumerator and a finite enumerable
+    e = Enumerator.product(1.., 'a'..'c')
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, e.size)
+    assert_equal [[1, "a"], [1, "b"], [1, "c"], [2, "a"]], e.take(4)
+
+    # an infinite enumerator and an unknown enumerator
+    e = Enumerator.product(1.., Enumerator.new { |y| y << 'a' << 'b' })
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, e.size)
+    assert_equal [[1, "a"], [1, "b"], [2, "a"], [2, "b"]], e.take(4)
+
+    # an infinite enumerator and an unknown enumerator
+    e = Enumerator.product(1..3, Enumerator.new { |y| y << 'a' << 'b' })
+    assert_equal(nil, e.size)
+    assert_equal [[1, "a"], [1, "b"], [2, "a"], [2, "b"]], e.take(4)
+
+    assert_equal(0, Enumerator.product([], 1..).size)
+
+    # Reject keyword arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Enumerator.product(1..3, foo: 1, bar: 2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze
+    e = 3.times.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { e.next }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { e.next_values }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { e.peek }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { e.peek_values }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { e.feed 1 }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { e.rewind }
+  end
+
+  def test_sum_of_numeric
+    num = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      attr_reader :to_f
+      def initialize(val)
+        @to_f = Float(val)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ary = [5, 10, 20].map {|i| num.new(i)}
+
+    assert_equal(35.0, ary.sum)
+    enum = ary.each
+    assert_equal(35.0, enum.sum)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_env.rb b/test/ruby/test_env.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d17e300bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_env.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1511 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestEnv < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  windows = /bccwin|mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  IGNORE_CASE = windows
+  ENCODING = windows ? Encoding::UTF_8 : Encoding.find("locale")
+  PATH_ENV = "PATH"
+  INVALID_ENVVARS = [
+    "foo\0bar",
+    "\xa1\xa1".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE),
+    "foo".force_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP),
+  ]
+
+  def assert_invalid_env(msg = nil)
+    all_assertions(msg) do |a|
+      INVALID_ENVVARS.each do |v|
+        a.for(v) do
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError) {yield v}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    @backup = ENV.to_hash
+    ENV.delete('test')
+    ENV.delete('TEST')
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+    ENV.clear
+    @backup.each {|k, v| ENV[k] = v }
+  end
+
+  def test_bracket
+    assert_nil(ENV['test'])
+    assert_nil(ENV['TEST'])
+    ENV['test'] = 'foo'
+    assert_equal('foo', ENV['test'])
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal('foo', ENV['TEST'])
+    else
+      assert_nil(ENV['TEST'])
+    end
+    ENV['TEST'] = 'bar'
+    assert_equal('bar', ENV['TEST'])
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal('bar', ENV['test'])
+    else
+      assert_equal('foo', ENV['test'])
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      ENV[1]
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      ENV[1] = 'foo'
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      ENV['test'] = 0
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      ENV.dup
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    message = /Cannot clone ENV/
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, message) {
+      ENV.clone
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, message) {
+      ENV.clone(freeze: false)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, message) {
+      ENV.clone(freeze: nil)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, message) {
+      ENV.clone(freeze: true)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ENV.clone(freeze: 1)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ENV.clone(foo: false)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ENV.clone(1)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      ENV.clone(1, foo: false)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_value
+    val = 'a'
+    val.succ! while ENV.has_value?(val) || ENV.has_value?(val.upcase)
+    ENV['test'] = val[0...-1]
+
+    assert_equal(false, ENV.has_value?(val))
+    assert_equal(false, ENV.has_value?(val.upcase))
+    ENV['test'] = val
+    assert_equal(true, ENV.has_value?(val))
+    assert_equal(false, ENV.has_value?(val.upcase))
+    ENV['test'] = val.upcase
+    assert_equal(false, ENV.has_value?(val))
+    assert_equal(true, ENV.has_value?(val.upcase))
+  end
+
+  def test_key
+    val = 'a'
+    val.succ! while ENV.has_value?(val) || ENV.has_value?(val.upcase)
+    ENV['test'] = val[0...-1]
+
+    assert_nil(ENV.key(val))
+    assert_nil(ENV.key(val.upcase))
+    ENV['test'] = val
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal('TEST', ENV.key(val).upcase)
+    else
+      assert_equal('test', ENV.key(val))
+    end
+    assert_nil(ENV.key(val.upcase))
+    ENV['test'] = val.upcase
+    assert_nil(ENV.key(val))
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal('TEST', ENV.key(val.upcase).upcase)
+    else
+      assert_equal('test', ENV.key(val.upcase))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    assert_invalid_env {|v| ENV.delete(v)}
+    assert_nil(ENV.delete("TEST"))
+    assert_nothing_raised { ENV.delete(PATH_ENV) }
+    assert_equal("NO TEST", ENV.delete("TEST") {|name| "NO "+name})
+  end
+
+  def test_getenv
+    assert_invalid_env {|v| ENV[v]}
+    ENV[PATH_ENV] = ""
+    assert_equal("", ENV[PATH_ENV])
+    assert_nil(ENV[""])
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    assert_equal("foo", ENV.fetch("test"))
+    ENV.delete("test")
+    feature8649 = '[ruby-core:56062] [Feature #8649]'
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(KeyError, /key not found: "test"/, feature8649) do
+      ENV.fetch("test")
+    end
+    assert_same(ENV, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal("test", e.key)
+    assert_equal("foo", ENV.fetch("test", "foo"))
+    assert_equal("bar", ENV.fetch("test") { "bar" })
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      assert_equal("bar", ENV.fetch("test", "foo") { "bar" })
+    end
+    assert_invalid_env {|v| ENV.fetch(v)}
+    assert_nothing_raised { ENV.fetch(PATH_ENV, "foo") }
+    ENV[PATH_ENV] = ""
+    assert_equal("", ENV.fetch(PATH_ENV))
+  end
+
+  def test_aset
+    assert_nothing_raised { ENV["test"] = nil }
+    assert_equal(nil, ENV["test"])
+    assert_invalid_env {|v| ENV[v] = "test"}
+    assert_invalid_env {|v| ENV["test"] = v}
+
+    begin
+      # setenv(3) allowed the name includes '=',
+      # but POSIX.1-2001 says it should fail with EINVAL.
+      # see also http://togetter.com/li/22380
+      ENV["foo=bar"] = "test"
+      assert_equal("test", ENV["foo=bar"])
+      assert_equal("test", ENV["foo"])
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_keys
+    a = ENV.keys
+    assert_kind_of(Array, a)
+    a.each {|k| assert_kind_of(String, k) }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_key
+    ENV.each_key {|k| assert_kind_of(String, k) }
+  end
+
+  def test_values
+    a = ENV.values
+    assert_kind_of(Array, a)
+    a.each {|k| assert_kind_of(String, k) }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_value
+    ENV.each_value {|k| assert_kind_of(String, k) }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_pair
+    ENV.each_pair do |k, v|
+      assert_kind_of(String, k)
+      assert_kind_of(String, v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_bang
+    h1 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    ENV.reject! {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+    h2 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+
+    assert_nil(ENV.reject! {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" })
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_if
+    h1 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    ENV.delete_if {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+    h2 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+
+    assert_equal(ENV, ENV.delete_if {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" })
+  end
+
+  def test_select_bang
+    h1 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    ENV.select! {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" }
+    h2 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+
+    assert_nil(ENV.select! {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" })
+  end
+
+  def test_filter_bang
+    h1 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    ENV.filter! {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" }
+    h2 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+
+    assert_nil(ENV.filter! {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" })
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_if
+    h1 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    ENV.keep_if {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" }
+    h2 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+
+    assert_equal(ENV, ENV.keep_if {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" })
+  end
+
+  def test_values_at
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    assert_equal(["foo", "foo"], ENV.values_at("test", "test"))
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    h = ENV.select {|k| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+    assert_equal(1, h.size)
+    k = h.keys.first
+    v = h.values.first
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+      assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+    else
+      assert_equal("test", k)
+      assert_equal("foo", v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_filter
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    h = ENV.filter {|k| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+    assert_equal(1, h.size)
+    k = h.keys.first
+    v = h.values.first
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+      assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+    else
+      assert_equal("test", k)
+      assert_equal("foo", v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    ENV["bar"] = "rab"
+    assert_equal({}, ENV.slice())
+    assert_equal({}, ENV.slice(""))
+    assert_equal({}, ENV.slice("unknown"))
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"bar", "baz"=>"qux"}, ENV.slice("foo", "baz"))
+  end
+
+  def test_except
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    ENV["bar"] = "rab"
+    assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab", "baz"=>"qux", "foo"=>"bar"}, ENV.except())
+    assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab", "baz"=>"qux", "foo"=>"bar"}, ENV.except(""))
+    assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab", "baz"=>"qux", "foo"=>"bar"}, ENV.except("unknown"))
+    assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab"}, ENV.except("foo", "baz"))
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    ENV.clear
+    assert_equal(0, ENV.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal("ENV", ENV.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    s = ENV.inspect
+    expected = [%("foo" => "bar"), %("baz" => "qux")]
+    unless s.start_with?(/\{"foo"/i)
+      expected.reverse!
+    end
+    expected = '{' + expected.join(', ') + '}'
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      s = s.upcase
+      expected = expected.upcase
+    end
+    assert_equal(expected, s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_encoding
+    ENV.clear
+    key = "VAR\u{e5 e1 e2 e4 e3 101 3042}"
+    ENV[key] = "foo"
+    assert_equal(%{{#{(key.encode(ENCODING) rescue key.b).inspect} => "foo"}}, ENV.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    a = ENV.to_a
+    assert_equal(2, a.size)
+    check([%w(baz qux), %w(foo bar)], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_rehash
+    assert_nil(ENV.rehash)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    s = ENV.size
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    assert_equal(s + 1, ENV.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_p
+    ENV.clear
+    assert_predicate(ENV, :empty?)
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    assert_not_predicate(ENV, :empty?)
+  end
+
+  def test_has_key
+    assert_not_send([ENV, :has_key?, "test"])
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    assert_send([ENV, :has_key?, "test"])
+    assert_invalid_env {|v| ENV.has_key?(v)}
+  end
+
+  def test_assoc
+    assert_nil(ENV.assoc("test"))
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    k, v = ENV.assoc("test")
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+      assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+    else
+      assert_equal("test", k)
+      assert_equal("foo", v)
+    end
+    assert_invalid_env {|var| ENV.assoc(var)}
+    assert_equal(ENCODING, v.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_has_value2
+    ENV.clear
+    assert_not_send([ENV, :has_value?, "foo"])
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    assert_send([ENV, :has_value?, "foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_rassoc
+    ENV.clear
+    assert_nil(ENV.rassoc("foo"))
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    k, v = ENV.rassoc("foo")
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+      assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+    else
+      assert_equal("test", k)
+      assert_equal("foo", v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_hash
+    h = {}
+    ENV.each {|k, v| h[k] = v }
+    assert_equal(h, ENV.to_hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h
+    assert_equal(ENV.to_hash, ENV.to_h)
+    assert_equal(ENV.map {|k, v| ["$#{k}", v.size]}.to_h,
+                 ENV.to_h {|k, v| ["$#{k}", v.size]})
+  end
+
+  def test_reject
+    h1 = {}
+    ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+    ENV["test"] = "foo"
+    h2 = ENV.reject {|k, v| IGNORE_CASE ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+  end
+
+  def assert_equal_env(as, bs)
+    if IGNORE_CASE
+      as = as.map {|k, v| [k.upcase, v] }
+      bs = bs.map {|k, v| [k.upcase, v] }
+    end
+    assert_equal(as.sort, bs.sort)
+  end
+  alias check assert_equal_env
+
+  def test_shift
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    a = ENV.shift
+    b = ENV.shift
+    check([a, b], [%w(foo bar), %w(baz qux)])
+    assert_nil(ENV.shift)
+  end
+
+  def test_invert
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    check(ENV.invert.to_a, [%w(bar foo), %w(qux baz)])
+  end
+
+  def test_replace
+    ENV["foo"] = "xxx"
+    ENV.replace({"foo"=>"bar", "baz"=>"qux"})
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz qux)])
+    ENV.replace({"Foo"=>"Bar", "Baz"=>"Qux"})
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(Foo Bar), %w(Baz Qux)])
+  end
+
+  def test_update
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    ENV.update({"baz"=>"quux","a"=>"b"})
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz quux), %w(a b)])
+    ENV.update
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz quux), %w(a b)])
+    ENV.update({"foo"=>"zot"}, {"c"=>"d"})
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo zot), %w(baz quux), %w(a b), %w(c d)])
+
+    ENV.clear
+    ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+    ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+    ENV.update({"baz"=>"quux","a"=>"b"}) {|k, v1, v2| k + "_" + v1 + "_" + v2 }
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz baz_qux_quux), %w(a b)])
+    ENV.update {|k, v1, v2| k + "_" + v1 + "_" + v2 }
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz baz_qux_quux), %w(a b)])
+    ENV.update({"foo"=>"zot"}, {"c"=>"d"}) {|k, v1, v2| k + "_" + v1 + "_" + v2 }
+    check(ENV.to_hash.to_a, [%w(foo foo_bar_zot), %w(baz baz_qux_quux), %w(a b), %w(c d)])
+  end
+
+  def test_huge_value
+    if /mswin|ucrt/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # On Windows >= Vista each environment variable can be max 32768 characters
+      huge_value = "bar" * 10900
+    else
+      huge_value = "bar" * 40960
+    end
+    ENV["foo"] = "overwritten"
+    assert_nothing_raised { ENV["foo"] = huge_value }
+    assert_equal(huge_value, ENV["foo"])
+  end
+
+  if windows
+    def windows_version
+      @windows_version ||= %x[ver][/Version (\d+)/, 1].to_i
+    end
+
+    def test_win32_blocksize
+      keys = []
+      len = 32767 - ENV.to_a.flatten.inject(1) {|r,e| r + e.bytesize + 1}
+      val = "bar" * 1000
+      key = nil
+      while (len -= val.size + (key="foo#{len}").size + 2) > 0
+        keys << key
+        ENV[key] = val
+      end
+      if windows_version < 6
+        1.upto(12) {|i|
+          assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL) { ENV[key] = val }
+        }
+      else
+        1.upto(12) {|i|
+          assert_nothing_raised(Errno::EINVAL) { ENV[key] = val }
+        }
+      end
+    ensure
+      keys.each {|k| ENV.delete(k)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_env
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { ENV.freeze }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen
+    ENV[PATH_ENV] = "/"
+    ENV.each do |k, v|
+      assert_predicate(k, :frozen?)
+      assert_predicate(v, :frozen?)
+    end
+    ENV.each_key do |k|
+      assert_predicate(k, :frozen?)
+    end
+    ENV.each_value do |v|
+      assert_predicate(v, :frozen?)
+    end
+    ENV.each_key do |k|
+      assert_predicate(ENV[k], :frozen?, "[#{k.dump}]")
+      assert_predicate(ENV.fetch(k), :frozen?, "fetch(#{k.dump})")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_substring
+    bug12475 = '[ruby-dev:49655] [Bug #12475]'
+    n = [*"0".."9"].join("")*3
+    e0 = ENV[n0 = "E#{n}"]
+    e1 = ENV[n1 = "E#{n}."]
+    ENV[n0] = nil
+    ENV[n1] = nil
+    ENV[n1.chop] = "T#{n}.".chop
+    ENV[n0], e0 = e0, ENV[n0]
+    ENV[n1], e1 = e1, ENV[n1]
+    assert_equal("T#{n}", e0, bug12475)
+    assert_nil(e1, bug12475)
+  end
+
+  def ignore_case_str
+    IGNORE_CASE ? "true" : "false"
+  end
+
+  def str_for_yielding_exception_class(code_str, exception_var: "raised_exception")
+    <<-"end;"
+      #{exception_var} = nil
+      begin
+        #{code_str}
+      rescue Exception => e
+        #{exception_var} = e
+      end
+      port.send #{exception_var}.class
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(expected_error_class, ractor_var)
+    <<-"end;"
+      error_class = #{ractor_var}.receive
+      assert_raise(#{expected_error_class}) do
+        if error_class < Exception
+          raise error_class
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors(var_name, code_str)
+    <<-"end;"
+      envvars_to_check = [
+        "foo\0bar",
+        "#{'\xa1\xa1'}".dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE),
+        "foo".dup.force_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP),
+      ]
+      envvars_to_check.each do |#{var_name}|
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class(code_str)}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors(ractor_var)
+    <<-"end;"
+      3.times do
+        #{str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(ArgumentError, ractor_var)}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  STR_DEFINITION_FOR_CHECK = %Q{
+      def check(as, bs)
+        if #{IGNORE_CASE ? "true" : "false"}
+          as = as.map {|k, v| [k.upcase, v] }
+          bs = bs.map {|k, v| [k.upcase, v] }
+        end
+        assert_equal(as.sort, bs.sort)
+      end
+  }
+
+  def test_bracket_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        port << ENV['test']
+        port << ENV['TEST']
+        ENV['test'] = 'foo'
+        port << ENV['test']
+        port << ENV['TEST']
+        ENV['TEST'] = 'bar'
+        port << ENV['TEST']
+        port << ENV['test']
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV[1]")}
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV[1] = 'foo'")}
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV['test'] = 0")}
+      end
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      assert_equal('foo', port.receive)
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal('foo', port.receive)
+      else
+        assert_nil(port.receive)
+      end
+      assert_equal('bar', port.receive)
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal('bar', port.receive)
+      else
+        assert_equal('foo', port.receive)
+      end
+      3.times do
+        #{str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(TypeError, "port")}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV.dup")}
+      end
+      #{str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(TypeError, "port")}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_has_value_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      port = Ractor::Port.new
+      Ractor.new port do |port|
+        val = 'a'
+        val.succ! while ENV.has_value?(val) || ENV.has_value?(val.upcase)
+        ENV['test'] = val[0...-1]
+        port.send(ENV.has_value?(val))
+        port.send(ENV.has_value?(val.upcase))
+        ENV['test'] = val
+        port.send(ENV.has_value?(val))
+        port.send(ENV.has_value?(val.upcase))
+        ENV['test'] = val.upcase
+        port.send ENV.has_value?(val)
+        port.send ENV.has_value?(val.upcase)
+      end
+      assert_equal(false, port.receive)
+      assert_equal(false, port.receive)
+      assert_equal(true, port.receive)
+      assert_equal(false, port.receive)
+      assert_equal(false, port.receive)
+      assert_equal(true, port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_key_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        val = 'a'
+        val.succ! while ENV.has_value?(val) || ENV.has_value?(val.upcase)
+        ENV['test'] = val[0...-1]
+        port.send ENV.key(val)
+        port.send ENV.key(val.upcase)
+        ENV['test'] = val
+        port.send ENV.key(val)
+        port.send ENV.key(val.upcase)
+        ENV['test'] = val.upcase
+        port.send ENV.key(val)
+        port.send ENV.key(val.upcase)
+      end
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal('TEST', port.receive.upcase)
+      else
+        assert_equal('test', port.receive)
+      end
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal('TEST', port.receive.upcase)
+      else
+        assert_equal('test', port.receive)
+      end
+    end;
+
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV.delete(v)")}
+        port.send ENV.delete("TEST")
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV.delete('#{PATH_ENV}')")}
+        port.send(ENV.delete("TEST"){|name| "NO "+name})
+      end
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      exception_class = port.receive
+      assert_equal(NilClass, exception_class)
+      assert_equal("NO TEST", port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_getenv_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV[v]")}
+        ENV["#{PATH_ENV}"] = ""
+        port.send ENV["#{PATH_ENV}"]
+        port.send ENV[""]
+      end
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+      assert_equal("", port.receive)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send ENV.fetch("test")
+        ENV.delete("test")
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV.fetch('test')", exception_var: "ex")}
+        port.send ex.receiver.object_id
+        port.send ex.key
+        port.send ENV.fetch("test", "foo")
+        port.send(ENV.fetch("test"){"bar"})
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV.fetch(v)")}
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV.fetch('#{PATH_ENV}', 'foo')")}
+        ENV['#{PATH_ENV}'] = ""
+        port.send ENV.fetch('#{PATH_ENV}')
+      end
+      assert_equal("foo", port.receive)
+      #{str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(KeyError, "port")}
+      assert_equal(ENV.object_id, port.receive)
+      assert_equal("test", port.receive)
+      assert_equal("foo", port.receive)
+      assert_equal("bar", port.receive)
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+      exception_class = port.receive
+      assert_equal(NilClass, exception_class)
+      assert_equal("", port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_aset_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV['test'] = nil")}
+        ENV["test"] = nil
+        port.send ENV["test"]
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV[v] = 'test'")}
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV['test'] = v")}
+      end
+      exception_class = port.receive
+      assert_equal(NilClass, exception_class)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_keys_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        a = ENV.keys
+        port.send a
+      end
+      a = port.receive
+      assert_kind_of(Array, a)
+      a.each {|k| assert_kind_of(String, k) }
+    end;
+
+  end
+
+  def test_each_key_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.each_key {|k| port.send(k)}
+        port.send "finished"
+      end
+      while((x=port.receive) != "finished")
+        assert_kind_of(String, x)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_values_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        a = ENV.values
+        port.send a
+      end
+      a = port.receive
+      assert_kind_of(Array, a)
+      a.each {|k| assert_kind_of(String, k) }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_each_value_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.each_value {|k| port.send(k)}
+        port.send "finished"
+      end
+      while((x=port.receive) != "finished")
+        assert_kind_of(String, x)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_each_pair_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| port.send([k,v])}
+        port.send "finished"
+      end
+      while((k,v=port.receive) != "finished")
+        assert_kind_of(String, k)
+        assert_kind_of(String, v)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_bang_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h1 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        ENV.reject! {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+        h2 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+        port.send [h1, h2]
+        port.send(ENV.reject! {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" })
+      end
+      h1, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h1, h2)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_if_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h1 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        ENV.delete_if {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+        h2 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+        port.send [h1, h2]
+        port.send (ENV.delete_if {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" })
+      end
+      h1, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h1, h2)
+      assert_same(ENV, port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_select_bang_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h1 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        ENV.select! {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" }
+        h2 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+        port.send [h1, h2]
+        port.send(ENV.select! {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" })
+      end
+      h1, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h1, h2)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_filter_bang_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h1 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        ENV.filter! {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" }
+        h2 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+        port.send [h1, h2]
+        port.send(ENV.filter! {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" })
+      end
+      h1, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h1, h2)
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_if_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h1 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        ENV.keep_if {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" }
+        h2 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h2[k] = v }
+        port.send [h1, h2]
+        port.send (ENV.keep_if {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase != "TEST" : k != "test" })
+      end
+      h1, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h1, h2)
+      assert_equal(ENV, port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_values_at_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send ENV.values_at("test", "test")
+      end
+      assert_equal(["foo", "foo"], port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_select_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        h = ENV.select {|k| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+        port.send h.size
+        k = h.keys.first
+        v = h.values.first
+        port.send [k, v]
+      end
+      assert_equal(1, port.receive)
+      k, v = port.receive
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+        assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+      else
+        assert_equal("test", k)
+        assert_equal("foo", v)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_filter_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        h = ENV.filter {|k| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+        port.send(h.size)
+        k = h.keys.first
+        v = h.values.first
+        port.send [k, v]
+      end
+      assert_equal(1, port.receive)
+      k, v = port.receive
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+        assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+      else
+        assert_equal("test", k)
+        assert_equal("foo", v)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        ENV["bar"] = "rab"
+        port.send(ENV.slice())
+        port.send(ENV.slice(""))
+        port.send(ENV.slice("unknown"))
+        port.send(ENV.slice("foo", "baz"))
+      end
+      assert_equal({}, port.receive)
+      assert_equal({}, port.receive)
+      assert_equal({}, port.receive)
+      assert_equal({"foo"=>"bar", "baz"=>"qux"}, port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_except_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        ENV["bar"] = "rab"
+        port.send ENV.except()
+        port.send ENV.except("")
+        port.send ENV.except("unknown")
+        port.send ENV.except("foo", "baz")
+      end
+      assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab", "baz"=>"qux", "foo"=>"bar"}, port.receive)
+      assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab", "baz"=>"qux", "foo"=>"bar"}, port.receive)
+      assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab", "baz"=>"qux", "foo"=>"bar"}, port.receive)
+      assert_equal({"bar"=>"rab"}, port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        port.send ENV.size
+      end
+      assert_equal(0, port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      r = Ractor.new do
+        ENV.to_s
+      end
+      assert_equal("ENV", r.value)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        s = ENV.inspect
+        port.send s
+      end
+      s = port.receive
+      expected = ['"foo" => "bar"', '"baz" => "qux"']
+      unless s.start_with?(/\{"foo"/i)
+        expected.reverse!
+      end
+      expected = "{" + expected.join(', ') + "}"
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        s = s.upcase
+        expected = expected.upcase
+      end
+      assert_equal(expected, s)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        a = ENV.to_a
+        port.send a
+      end
+      a = port.receive
+      assert_equal(2, a.size)
+      expected = [%w(baz qux), %w(foo bar)]
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        a = a.map {|x, y| [x.upcase, y]}
+        expected.map! {|x, y| [x.upcase, y]}
+      end
+      a.sort!
+      assert_equal(expected, a)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_rehash_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      r = Ractor.new do
+        ENV.rehash
+      end
+      assert_nil(r.value)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_size_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        s = ENV.size
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send [s, ENV.size]
+      end
+      s, s2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(s + 1, s2)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_p_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        port.send ENV.empty?
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send ENV.empty?
+      end
+      assert port.receive
+      assert !port.receive
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_has_key_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        port.send ENV.has_key?("test")
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send ENV.has_key?("test")
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV.has_key?(v)")}
+      end
+      assert !port.receive
+      assert port.receive
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_assoc_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        port.send ENV.assoc("test")
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send ENV.assoc("test")
+        #{str_to_yield_invalid_envvar_errors("v", "ENV.assoc(v)")}
+      end
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      k, v = port.receive
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+        assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+      else
+        assert_equal("test", k)
+        assert_equal("foo", v)
+      end
+      #{str_to_receive_invalid_envvar_errors("port")}
+      encoding = /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM ? Encoding::UTF_8 : Encoding.find("locale")
+      assert_equal(encoding, v.encoding)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_has_value2_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        port.send ENV.has_value?("foo")
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        port.send ENV.has_value?("foo")
+      end
+      assert !port.receive
+      assert port.receive
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_rassoc_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        port.send ENV.rassoc("foo")
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        port.send ENV.rassoc("foo")
+      end
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+      k, v = port.receive
+      if #{ignore_case_str}
+        assert_equal("TEST", k.upcase)
+        assert_equal("FOO", v.upcase)
+      else
+        assert_equal("test", k)
+        assert_equal("foo", v)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_hash_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h = {}
+        ENV.each {|k, v| h[k] = v }
+        port.send [h, ENV.to_hash]
+      end
+      h, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h, h2)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        port.send [ENV.to_hash, ENV.to_h]
+        port.send [ENV.map {|k, v| ["$\#{k}", v.size]}.to_h, ENV.to_h {|k, v| ["$\#{k}", v.size]}]
+      end
+      a, b = port.receive
+      assert_equal(a,b)
+      c, d = port.receive
+      assert_equal(c,d)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        h1 = {}
+        ENV.each_pair {|k, v| h1[k] = v }
+        ENV["test"] = "foo"
+        h2 = ENV.reject {|k, v| #{ignore_case_str} ? k.upcase == "TEST" : k == "test" }
+        port.send [h1, h2]
+      end
+      h1, h2 = port.receive
+      assert_equal(h1, h2)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      #{STR_DEFINITION_FOR_CHECK}
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        a = ENV.shift
+        b = ENV.shift
+        port.send [a,b]
+        port.send ENV.shift
+      end
+      a,b = port.receive
+      check([a, b], [%w(foo bar), %w(baz qux)])
+      assert_nil(port.receive)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_invert_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      #{STR_DEFINITION_FOR_CHECK}
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        port.send(ENV.invert)
+      end
+      check(port.receive.to_a, [%w(bar foo), %w(qux baz)])
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      #{STR_DEFINITION_FOR_CHECK}
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV["foo"] = "xxx"
+        ENV.replace({"foo"=>"bar", "baz"=>"qux"})
+        port.send ENV.to_hash
+        ENV.replace({"Foo"=>"Bar", "Baz"=>"Qux"})
+        port.send ENV.to_hash
+      end
+      check(port.receive.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz qux)])
+      check(port.receive.to_a, [%w(Foo Bar), %w(Baz Qux)])
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_update_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      #{STR_DEFINITION_FOR_CHECK}
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        ENV.update({"baz"=>"quux","a"=>"b"})
+        port.send ENV.to_hash
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        ENV["baz"] = "qux"
+        ENV.update({"baz"=>"quux","a"=>"b"}) {|k, v1, v2| k + "_" + v1 + "_" + v2 }
+        port.send ENV.to_hash
+      end
+      check(port.receive.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz quux), %w(a b)])
+      check(port.receive.to_a, [%w(foo bar), %w(baz baz_qux_quux), %w(a b)])
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_huge_value_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      huge_value = "bar" * 40960
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new, huge_value do |port, v|
+        ENV["foo"] = "bar"
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV['foo'] = v ")}
+        port.send ENV["foo"]
+      end
+
+      if /mswin|ucrt/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        #{str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(Errno::EINVAL, "port")}
+        result = port.receive
+        assert_equal("bar", result)
+      else
+        exception_class = port.receive
+        assert_equal(NilClass, exception_class)
+        result = port.receive
+        assert_equal(huge_value, result)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_env_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        #{str_for_yielding_exception_class("ENV.freeze")}
+      end
+      #{str_for_assert_raise_on_yielded_exception_class(TypeError, "port")}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        ENV["#{PATH_ENV}"] = "/"
+        ENV.each do |k, v|
+          port.send [k]
+          port.send [v]
+        end
+        ENV.each_key do |k|
+          port.send [k]
+        end
+        ENV.each_value do |v|
+          port.send [v]
+        end
+        ENV.each_key do |k|
+          port.send [ENV[k], "[\#{k.dump}]"]
+          port.send [ENV.fetch(k), "fetch(\#{k.dump})"]
+        end
+        port.send "finished"
+      end
+      while((params=port.receive) != "finished")
+        value, *params = params
+        assert_predicate(value, :frozen?, *params)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_substring_in_ractor
+    assert_ractor(<<-"end;")
+      Ractor.new port = Ractor::Port.new do |port|
+        bug12475 = '[ruby-dev:49655] [Bug #12475]'
+        n = [*"0".."9"].join("")*3
+        e0 = ENV[n0 = "E\#{n}"]
+        e1 = ENV[n1 = "E\#{n}."]
+        ENV[n0] = nil
+        ENV[n1] = nil
+        ENV[n1.chop] = "T\#{n}.".chop
+        ENV[n0], e0 = e0, ENV[n0]
+        ENV[n1], e1 = e1, ENV[n1]
+        port.send [n, e0, e1, bug12475]
+      end
+      n, e0, e1, bug12475 = port.receive
+      assert_equal("T\#{n}", e0, bug12475)
+      assert_nil(e1, bug12475)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_in_env_should_not_be_access_from_non_main_ractors
+    assert_ractor <<~RUBY
+    ENV.instance_eval{ @a = "hello" }
+    assert_equal "hello", ENV.instance_variable_get(:@a)
+
+    r_get =  Ractor.new do
+      ENV.instance_variable_get(:@a)
+    rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+      e
+    end
+    assert_equal Ractor::IsolationError, r_get.value.class
+
+    r_get =  Ractor.new do
+      ENV.instance_eval{ @a }
+    rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+      e
+    end
+
+    assert_equal Ractor::IsolationError, r_get.value.class
+
+    r_set = Ractor.new do
+      ENV.instance_eval{ @b = "hello" }
+    rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+      e
+    end
+
+    assert_equal Ractor::IsolationError, r_set.value.class
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /bccwin|mswin|mingw/
+    def test_memory_leak_aset
+      bug9977 = '[ruby-dev:48323] [Bug #9977]'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-'end;', "5_000.times(&doit)", bug9977, limit: 2.0)
+        ENV.clear
+        k = 'FOO'
+        v = (ENV[k] = 'bar'*5000 rescue 'bar'*1500)
+        doit = proc {ENV[k] = v}
+        500.times(&doit)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_memory_leak_select
+      bug9978 = '[ruby-dev:48325] [Bug #9978]'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-'end;', "5_000.times(&doit)", bug9978, limit: 2.0)
+        ENV.clear
+        k = 'FOO'
+        (ENV[k] = 'bar'*5000 rescue 'bar'*1500)
+        doit = proc {ENV.select {break}}
+        500.times(&doit)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_memory_crash_select
+      assert_normal_exit(<<-'end;')
+        1000.times {ENV["FOO#{i}"] = 'bar'}
+        ENV.select {ENV.clear}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_memory_leak_shift
+      bug9983 = '[ruby-dev:48332] [Bug #9983]'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-'end;', "5_000.times(&doit)", bug9983, limit: 2.0)
+        ENV.clear
+        k = 'FOO'
+        v = (ENV[k] = 'bar'*5000 rescue 'bar'*1500)
+        doit = proc {ENV[k] = v; ENV.shift}
+        500.times(&doit)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_utf8
+      text = "testing \u{e5 e1 e2 e4 e3 101 3042}"
+      ENV["test"] = text
+      assert_equal text, ENV["test"]
+    end
+
+    def test_utf8_empty
+      key = "VAR\u{e5 e1 e2 e4 e3 101 3042}"
+      ENV[key] = "x"
+      assert_equal "x", ENV[key]
+      ENV[key] = ""
+      assert_equal "", ENV[key]
+      ENV[key] = nil
+      assert_nil ENV[key]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_eval.rb b/test/ruby/test_eval.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2145bec5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_eval.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestEval < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  @ivar = 12
+  @@cvar = 13
+  $gvar__eval = 14
+  Const = 15
+
+  def ruby(*args)
+    args = ['-e', '$>.write($<.read)'] if args.empty?
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    f = IO.popen([ruby] + args, 'r+')
+    yield(f)
+  ensure
+    f.close unless !f || f.closed?
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_basic
+    assert_equal nil,   eval("nil")
+    assert_equal true,  eval("true")
+    assert_equal false, eval("false")
+    assert_equal self,  eval("self")
+    assert_equal 1,     eval("1")
+    assert_equal :sym,  eval(":sym")
+
+    assert_equal 11,    eval("11")
+    @ivar = 12
+    assert_equal 12,    eval("@ivar")
+    assert_equal 13,    eval("@@cvar")
+    assert_equal 14,    eval("$gvar__eval")
+    assert_equal 15,    eval("Const")
+
+    assert_equal 16,    eval("7 + 9")
+    assert_equal 17,    eval("17.to_i")
+    assert_equal "18",  eval(%q("18"))
+    assert_equal "19",  eval(%q("1#{9}"))
+
+    1.times {
+      assert_equal 12,  eval("@ivar")
+      assert_equal 13,  eval("@@cvar")
+      assert_equal 14,  eval("$gvar__eval")
+      assert_equal 15,  eval("Const")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_binding_basic
+    assert_equal nil,   eval("nil", binding())
+    assert_equal true,  eval("true", binding())
+    assert_equal false, eval("false", binding())
+    assert_equal self,  eval("self", binding())
+    assert_equal 1,     eval("1", binding())
+    assert_equal :sym,  eval(":sym", binding())
+
+    assert_equal 11,    eval("11", binding())
+    @ivar = 12
+    assert_equal 12,    eval("@ivar", binding())
+    assert_equal 13,    eval("@@cvar", binding())
+    assert_equal 14,    eval("$gvar__eval", binding())
+    assert_equal 15,    eval("Const", binding())
+
+    assert_equal 16,    eval("7 + 9", binding())
+    assert_equal 17,    eval("17.to_i", binding())
+    assert_equal "18",  eval(%q("18"), binding())
+    assert_equal "19",  eval(%q("1#{9}"), binding())
+
+    1.times {
+      assert_equal 12,  eval("@ivar")
+      assert_equal 13,  eval("@@cvar")
+      assert_equal 14,  eval("$gvar__eval")
+      assert_equal 15,  eval("Const")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_module_eval_string_basic
+    c = self.class
+    assert_equal nil,   c.module_eval("nil")
+    assert_equal true,  c.module_eval("true")
+    assert_equal false, c.module_eval("false")
+    assert_equal c,     c.module_eval("self")
+    assert_equal :sym,  c.module_eval(":sym")
+    assert_equal 11,    c.module_eval("11")
+    @ivar = 12
+    assert_equal 12,    c.module_eval("@ivar")
+    assert_equal 13,    c.module_eval("@@cvar")
+    assert_equal 14,    c.module_eval("$gvar__eval")
+    assert_equal 15,    c.module_eval("Const")
+    assert_equal 16,    c.module_eval("7 + 9")
+    assert_equal 17,    c.module_eval("17.to_i")
+    assert_equal "18",  c.module_eval(%q("18"))
+    assert_equal "19",  c.module_eval(%q("1#{9}"))
+
+    @ivar = 12
+    1.times {
+      assert_equal 12,  c.module_eval("@ivar")
+      assert_equal 13,  c.module_eval("@@cvar")
+      assert_equal 14,  c.module_eval("$gvar__eval")
+      assert_equal 15,  c.module_eval("Const")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_module_eval_block_basic
+    c = self.class
+    assert_equal nil,   c.module_eval { nil }
+    assert_equal true,  c.module_eval { true }
+    assert_equal false, c.module_eval { false }
+    assert_equal c,     c.module_eval { self }
+    assert_equal :sym,  c.module_eval { :sym }
+    assert_equal 11,    c.module_eval { 11 }
+    @ivar = 12
+    assert_equal 12,    c.module_eval { @ivar }
+    assert_equal 13,    c.module_eval { @@cvar }
+    assert_equal 14,    c.module_eval { $gvar__eval }
+    assert_equal 15,    c.module_eval { Const }
+    assert_equal 16,    c.module_eval { 7 + 9 }
+    assert_equal 17,    c.module_eval { "17".to_i }
+    assert_equal "18",  c.module_eval { "18" }
+    assert_equal "19",  c.module_eval { "1#{9}" }
+
+    @ivar = 12
+    1.times {
+      assert_equal 12,  c.module_eval { @ivar }
+      assert_equal 13,  c.module_eval { @@cvar }
+      assert_equal 14,  c.module_eval { $gvar__eval }
+      assert_equal 15,  c.module_eval { Const }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_module_eval_block_symbol
+    assert_equal "Math", Math.module_eval(&:to_s)
+  end
+
+  def forall_TYPE
+    objects = [Object.new, [], nil, true, false] # TODO: check
+    objects.each do |obj|
+      obj.instance_variable_set :@ivar, 12 unless obj.frozen?
+      yield obj
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_string_basic
+    forall_TYPE do |o|
+      assert_equal nil,   o.instance_eval("nil")
+      assert_equal true,  o.instance_eval("true")
+      assert_equal false, o.instance_eval("false")
+      assert_equal o,     o.instance_eval("self")
+      assert_equal 1,     o.instance_eval("1")
+      assert_equal :sym,  o.instance_eval(":sym")
+
+      assert_equal 11,    o.instance_eval("11")
+      assert_equal 12,    o.instance_eval("@ivar") unless o.frozen?
+      assert_equal 13,    o.instance_eval("@@cvar")
+      assert_equal 14,    o.instance_eval("$gvar__eval")
+      assert_equal 15,    o.instance_eval("Const")
+      assert_equal 16,    o.instance_eval("7 + 9")
+      assert_equal 17,    o.instance_eval("17.to_i")
+      assert_equal "18",  o.instance_eval(%q("18"))
+      assert_equal "19",  o.instance_eval(%q("1#{9}"))
+
+      1.times {
+        assert_equal 12,  o.instance_eval("@ivar") unless o.frozen?
+        assert_equal 13,  o.instance_eval("@@cvar")
+        assert_equal 14,  o.instance_eval("$gvar__eval")
+        assert_equal 15,  o.instance_eval("Const")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_block_basic
+    forall_TYPE do |o|
+      assert_equal nil,   o.instance_eval { nil }
+      assert_equal true,  o.instance_eval { true }
+      assert_equal false, o.instance_eval { false }
+      assert_equal o,     o.instance_eval { self }
+      assert_equal 1,     o.instance_eval { 1 }
+      assert_equal :sym,  o.instance_eval { :sym }
+
+      assert_equal 11,    o.instance_eval { 11 }
+      assert_equal 12,    o.instance_eval { @ivar } unless o.frozen?
+      assert_equal 13,    o.instance_eval { @@cvar }
+      assert_equal 14,    o.instance_eval { $gvar__eval }
+      assert_equal 15,    o.instance_eval { Const }
+      assert_equal 16,    o.instance_eval { 7 + 9 }
+      assert_equal 17,    o.instance_eval { 17.to_i }
+      assert_equal "18",  o.instance_eval { "18" }
+      assert_equal "19",  o.instance_eval { "1#{9}" }
+
+      1.times {
+        assert_equal 12,  o.instance_eval { @ivar } unless o.frozen?
+        assert_equal 13,  o.instance_eval { @@cvar }
+        assert_equal 14,  o.instance_eval { $gvar__eval }
+        assert_equal 15,  o.instance_eval { Const }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_block_self
+    # instance_eval(&block)'s self must not be sticky (jruby/jruby#2060)
+    pr = proc { self }
+    assert_equal self, pr.call
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_equal o, o.instance_eval(&pr)
+    assert_equal self, pr.call
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_block_symbol
+    forall_TYPE do |o|
+      assert_equal o.to_s, o.instance_eval(&:to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_cvar
+    [Object.new, [], 7, :sym, true, false, nil].each do |obj|
+      assert_equal(13, obj.instance_eval("@@cvar"))
+      assert_equal(13, obj.instance_eval{@@cvar})
+      # assert_raise(NameError){obj.instance_eval("@@cvar")}
+      # assert_raise(NameError){obj.instance_eval{@@cvar}}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_cvar
+    [Object.new, [], 7, :sym, true, false, nil].each do |obj|
+      assert_equal(13, obj.instance_exec{@@cvar})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_method
+    bug2788 = '[ruby-core:28324]'
+    [Object.new, [], nil, true, false].each do |o|
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, "#{bug2788} (#{o.inspect})") do
+        o.instance_eval {
+          def defd_using_instance_eval() :ok end
+        }
+      end
+      assert_equal(:ok, o.defd_using_instance_eval)
+      class << o
+        remove_method :defd_using_instance_eval
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_on_argf_singleton_class
+    bug8188 = '[ruby-core:53839] [Bug #8188]'
+    assert_warning('', bug8188) do
+      ARGF.singleton_class.instance_eval{}
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Foo
+    Bar = 2
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_const
+    bar = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) do
+      bar = Foo.new.instance_eval("Bar")
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, bar)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_block_basic
+    forall_TYPE do |o|
+      assert_equal nil,   o.instance_exec { nil }
+      assert_equal true,  o.instance_exec { true }
+      assert_equal false, o.instance_exec { false }
+      assert_equal o,     o.instance_exec { self }
+      assert_equal 1,     o.instance_exec { 1 }
+      assert_equal :sym,  o.instance_exec { :sym }
+
+      assert_equal 11,    o.instance_exec { 11 }
+      assert_equal 12,    o.instance_exec { @ivar } unless o.frozen?
+      assert_equal 13,    o.instance_exec { @@cvar }
+      assert_equal 14,    o.instance_exec { $gvar__eval }
+      assert_equal 15,    o.instance_exec { Const }
+      assert_equal 16,    o.instance_exec { 7 + 9 }
+      assert_equal 17,    o.instance_exec { 17.to_i }
+      assert_equal "18",  o.instance_exec { "18" }
+      assert_equal "19",  o.instance_exec { "1#{9}" }
+
+      1.times {
+        assert_equal 12,  o.instance_exec { @ivar } unless o.frozen?
+        assert_equal 13,  o.instance_exec { @@cvar }
+        assert_equal 14,  o.instance_exec { $gvar__eval }
+        assert_equal 15,  o.instance_exec { Const }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_method_definition
+    klass = Class.new
+    o = klass.new
+
+    o.instance_exec do
+      def foo
+        :foo_result
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_respond_to o, :foo
+    refute_respond_to klass, :foo
+    refute_respond_to klass.new, :foo
+
+    assert_equal :foo_result, o.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_eval_method_definition
+    klass = Class.new
+    o = klass.new
+
+    o.instance_exec do
+      eval %{
+        def foo
+          :foo_result
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    assert_respond_to o, :foo
+    refute_respond_to klass, :foo
+    refute_respond_to klass.new, :foo
+
+    assert_equal :foo_result, o.foo
+  end
+
+  #
+  # From ruby/test/ruby/test_eval.rb
+  #
+
+  def make_test_binding
+    local1 = local1 = "local1"
+    lambda {
+      local2 = local2 = "local2"
+      return binding
+    }.call
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_orig
+    assert_nil(eval(""))
+    bad=false
+    eval 'while false; bad = true; print "foo\n" end'
+    assert(!bad)
+
+    assert(eval('Object'))
+    assert(eval('true'))
+    assert(!eval('nil'))
+    assert(!eval('false'))
+
+    $foo = 'assert(true)'
+    begin
+      eval $foo
+    rescue
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal('assert(true)', eval("$foo"))
+    assert_equal(true, eval("true"))
+    i = i = 5
+    assert(eval("i == 5"))
+    assert_equal(5, eval("i"))
+    assert(eval("defined? i"))
+
+    x = make_test_binding
+    assert_equal("local1", eval("local1", x)) # normal local var
+    assert_equal("local2", eval("local2", x)) # nested local var
+    bad = true
+    begin
+      p eval("local1")
+    rescue NameError		# must raise error
+      bad = false
+    end
+    assert(!bad)
+
+    # !! use class_eval to avoid nested definition
+    x = self.class.class_eval %q(
+      module EvTest
+	EVTEST1 = 25
+	evtest2 = 125
+	evtest2 = evtest2
+	binding
+      end
+    )
+    assert_equal(25, eval("EVTEST1", x))	# constant in module
+    assert_equal(125, eval("evtest2", x))	# local var in module
+    bad = true
+    begin
+      eval("EVTEST1")
+    rescue NameError		# must raise error
+      bad = false
+    end
+    assert(!bad)
+
+    x = binding
+    eval "i = 1", x
+    assert_equal(1, eval("i", x))
+    x = proc{binding}.call
+    eval "i = 22", x
+    assert_equal(22, eval("i", x))
+    t = []
+    x = proc{binding}.call
+    eval "(0..9).each{|i5| t[i5] = proc{i5*2}}", x
+    assert_equal(8, t[4].call)
+    x = proc{binding}.call
+    eval "for i6 in 1..1; j6=i6; end", x
+    assert(eval("defined? i6", x))
+    assert(eval("defined? j6", x))
+
+    proc {
+      p = binding
+      eval "foo11 = 1", p
+      foo22 = 5
+      proc{foo11=22;foo11}.call
+      proc{foo22=55}.call
+      # assert_equal(eval("foo11"), eval("foo11", p))
+      # assert_equal(1, eval("foo11"))
+      assert_equal(eval("foo22"), eval("foo22", p))
+      assert_equal(55, eval("foo22"))
+      assert_equal(55, foo22)
+    }.call
+
+    self.class.class_eval do
+      remove_const :EvTest
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_instance_eval_cvar
+    def nil.test_binding
+      binding
+    end
+    bb = eval("nil.instance_eval \"binding\"", nil.test_binding)
+    assert_raise(NameError, "[ruby-dev:24103]") { eval("@@a", bb) }
+    class << nil
+      remove_method :test_binding
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_instance_eval_cvar
+    assert_raise(NameError, "[ruby-dev:24213]") { 1.instance_eval "@@a" }
+  end
+
+  def test_cvar_scope_with_instance_eval
+    # TODO: check
+    Integer.class_eval "@@test_cvar_scope_with_instance_eval = 1" # depends on [ruby-dev:24229]
+    @@test_cvar_scope_with_instance_eval = 4
+    assert_equal(4, 1.instance_eval("@@test_cvar_scope_with_instance_eval"), "[ruby-dev:24223]")
+    Integer.__send__(:remove_class_variable, :@@test_cvar_scope_with_instance_eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_and_define_method
+    assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:24228]") {
+      def temporally_method_for_test_eval_and_define_method(&block)
+        lambda {
+          class << Object.new; self end.send(:define_method, :zzz, &block)
+        }
+      end
+      v = eval("temporally_method_for_test_eval_and_define_method {}")
+      {}[0] = {}
+      v.call
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_block
+    cc = Class.new do
+      define_method(:foo) {|&block|
+        block.call if block
+      }
+    end
+
+    c = cc.new
+    x = "ng"
+    c.foo() {x = "ok"}
+    assert_equal("ok", x)
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_toplevel
+    feature6609 = '[ruby-core:45715]'
+    main = eval("self", TOPLEVEL_BINDING)
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, feature6609) do
+      main.instance_eval do
+        define_method("feature6609_block") {feature6609}
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(feature6609, feature6609_block)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, feature6609) do
+      main.instance_eval do
+        define_method("feature6609_method", Object.instance_method(:feature6609_block))
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(feature6609, feature6609_method)
+  ensure
+    Object.undef_method(:feature6609_block) rescue nil
+    Object.undef_method(:feature6609_method) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_using_integer_as_binding
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { eval("", 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_raise
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { eval("raise ''") }
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_with_toplevel_binding # [ruby-dev:37142]
+    ruby("-e", "x = 0; eval('p x', TOPLEVEL_BINDING)") do |f|
+      f.close_write
+      assert_equal("0", f.read.chomp)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_ascii_incompatible
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {eval("__ENCODING__".encode("utf-16be"))}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {eval("__ENCODING__".encode("utf-16le"))}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {eval("__ENCODING__".encode("utf-32be"))}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {eval("__ENCODING__".encode("utf-32le"))}
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_method_proc
+    bug3860 = Class.new do
+      def initialize(a);
+        @a=a
+      end
+      def get(*args)
+        @a
+      end
+    end
+    foo = bug3860.new 1
+    foo_pr = foo.method(:get).to_proc
+    result = foo.instance_eval(&foo_pr)
+    assert_equal(1, result, 'Bug #3786, Bug #3860, [ruby-core:32501]')
+  end
+
+  def test_file_encoding
+    fname = "\u{3042}".encode("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(fname, eval("__FILE__", nil, fname, 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_invalid_block_exit_bug_20597
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError){eval("break if false")}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError){eval("next if false")}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError){eval("redo if false")}
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_location_fstring
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_eval "def foo() end", "generated code"
+    o.instance_eval "def bar() end", "generated code"
+
+    a, b = o.method(:foo).source_location[0],
+           o.method(:bar).source_location[0]
+
+    assert_same a, b
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_location_binding
+    assert_equal(["(eval at #{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__})", 1], eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", nil))
+    assert_equal(["(eval at #{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__})", 1], eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", binding))
+    assert_equal(['foo', 1], eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", nil, 'foo'))
+    assert_equal(['foo', 1], eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", binding, 'foo'))
+    assert_equal(['foo', 2], eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", nil, 'foo', 2))
+    assert_equal(['foo', 2], eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", binding, 'foo', 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_fstring_instance_eval
+    bug = "[ruby-core:78116] [Bug #12930]".freeze
+    assert_same bug, (bug.instance_eval {self})
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {
+      bug.instance_eval {@ivar = true}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_gced_binding_block
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      def m
+        binding
+      end
+      GC.stress = true
+      b = nil
+      tap do
+        b = m {}
+      end
+      0.times.to_a
+      b.eval('yield')
+    }, '[Bug #10368]'
+  end
+
+  def test_gced_eval_location
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |d|
+      File.write("#{d}/2.rb", "")
+      File.write("#{d}/1.rb", "require_relative '2'\n""__FILE__\n")
+      file = "1.rb"
+      path = File.expand_path(file, d)
+      assert_equal(path, eval(File.read(path), nil, File.expand_path(file, d)))
+      assert_equal(path, eval(File.read(path), nil, File.expand_path(file, d)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def orphan_proc
+    proc {eval("return :ng")}
+  end
+
+  def orphan_lambda
+    lambda {eval("return :ok")}
+  end
+
+  def test_return_in_eval_proc
+    x = orphan_proc
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {x.call}
+  end
+
+  def test_return_in_eval_lambda
+    x = orphan_lambda
+    assert_equal(:ok, x.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_no_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~'begin;'}", "#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      100_000.times do
+        eval("/[/=~s")
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      else
+        raise "Expected SyntaxError to be raised"
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~'begin;'}", "#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      a = 1
+
+      100_000.times do
+        eval("if a in [0, 0] | [0, a]; end")
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      else
+        raise "Expected SyntaxError to be raised"
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_outer_local_variable_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+    omit "compaction is not supported on s390x" if /s390x/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    assert_separately([], <<~RUBY)
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.m = 1
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+        assert_equal(1, eval("o.m"))
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_exception.rb b/test/ruby/test_exception.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31e5aa9f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_exception.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class TestException < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_exception_rescued
+    begin
+      raise "this must be handled"
+      assert(false)
+    rescue
+      assert(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_retry
+    bad = true
+    begin
+      raise "this must be handled no.2"
+    rescue
+      if bad
+        bad = false
+        retry
+      end
+      assert(!bad)
+    end
+    assert(true)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_rescue
+    string = "this must be handled no.3"
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, string) do
+      begin
+        raise "exception in rescue clause"
+      rescue
+        raise string
+      end
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_ensure
+    string = "exception in ensure clause"
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, string) do
+      begin
+        raise "this must be handled no.4"
+      ensure
+        assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, $!)
+        assert_equal("this must be handled no.4", $!.message)
+        raise "exception in ensure clause"
+      end
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_ensure
+    bad = true
+    begin
+      begin
+        raise "this must be handled no.5"
+      ensure
+        bad = false
+      end
+    rescue
+    end
+    assert(!bad)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_ensure_2   # just duplication?
+    bad = true
+    begin
+      begin
+        raise "this must be handled no.6"
+      ensure
+        bad = false
+      end
+    rescue
+    end
+    assert(!bad)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_ensure_with_next
+    string = "[ruby-core:82936] [Bug #13930]"
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, string) do
+      lambda do
+        next
+      rescue
+        assert(false)
+      ensure
+        raise string
+      end.call
+      assert(false)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, string) do
+      flag = true
+      while flag
+        flag = false
+        begin
+          next
+        rescue
+          assert(false)
+        ensure
+          raise string
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(<<-RUBY)
+    begin
+      while true
+        break
+      end
+    rescue
+    end
+    RUBY
+
+    assert_equal false, iseq.to_a[13].any?{|(e,_)| e == :throw}
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_ensure_with_redo
+    string = "[ruby-core:82936] [Bug #13930]"
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, string) do
+      i = 0
+      lambda do
+        i += 1
+        redo if i < 2
+      rescue
+        assert(false)
+      ensure
+        raise string
+      end.call
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_ensure_with_return
+    @string = "[ruby-core:97104] [Bug #16618]"
+    def self.meow
+      return if true # This if modifier suppresses "warning: statement not reached"
+      assert(false)
+    rescue
+      assert(false)
+    ensure
+      raise @string
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, @string) do
+      meow
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_in_debug
+    bug9568 = EnvUtil.labeled_class("[ruby-core:61091] [Bug #9568]", RuntimeError) do
+      def to_s
+        require '\0'
+      rescue LoadError
+        self.class.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    err = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      assert_raise(bug9568) do
+        $DEBUG, debug = true, $DEBUG
+        begin
+          raise bug9568
+        ensure
+          $DEBUG = debug
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_include(err, bug9568.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo_encoding_in_debug
+    exc = Module.new {break class_eval("class C\u{30a8 30e9 30fc} < RuntimeError; self; end".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP))}
+    exc.inspect
+
+    err = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      assert_raise(exc) do
+        $DEBUG, debug = true, $DEBUG
+        begin
+          raise exc
+        ensure
+          $DEBUG = debug
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_include(err, exc.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_break_ensure
+    bad = true
+    while true
+      begin
+        break
+      ensure
+        bad = false
+      end
+    end
+    assert(!bad)
+  end
+
+  def test_catch_no_throw
+    assert_equal(:foo, catch {:foo})
+  end
+
+  def test_catch_throw
+    result = catch(:foo) {
+      loop do
+        loop do
+          throw :foo, true
+          break
+        end
+        assert(false, "should not reach here")
+      end
+      false
+    }
+    assert(result)
+  end
+
+  def test_catch_throw_noarg
+    assert_nothing_raised(UncaughtThrowError) {
+      result = catch {|obj|
+        throw obj, :ok
+        assert(false, "should not reach here")
+      }
+      assert_equal(:ok, result)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_uncaught_throw
+    tag = nil
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(UncaughtThrowError, /uncaught throw/) {
+      catch("foo") {|obj|
+        tag = obj.dup
+        throw tag, :ok
+        assert(false, "should not reach here")
+      }
+      assert(false, "should not reach here")
+    }
+    assert_not_nil(tag)
+    assert_same(tag, e.tag)
+    assert_equal(:ok, e.value)
+  end
+
+  def test_catch_throw_in_require
+    bug7185 = '[ruby-dev:46234]'
+    Tempfile.create(["dep", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts("throw :extdep, 42")
+      t.close
+      assert_equal(42, assert_throw(:extdep, bug7185) {require t.path}, bug7185)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_catch_throw_in_require_cant_be_rescued
+    bug18562 = '[ruby-core:107403]'
+    Tempfile.create(["dep", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts("throw :extdep, 42")
+      t.close
+
+      rescue_all = Class.new(Exception)
+      def rescue_all.===(_)
+        raise "should not reach here"
+      end
+
+      v = assert_throw(:extdep, bug18562) do
+        require t.path
+      rescue rescue_all
+        assert(false, "should not reach here")
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(42, v, bug18562)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_throw_false
+    bug12743 = '[ruby-core:77229] [Bug #12743]'
+    Thread.start {
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(UncaughtThrowError, /false/, bug12743) {
+        throw false
+      }
+      assert_same(false, e.tag, bug12743)
+    }.join
+  end
+
+  def test_else_no_exception
+    begin
+      assert(true)
+    rescue
+      assert(false)
+    else
+      assert(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_else_raised
+    begin
+      assert(true)
+      raise
+      assert(false)
+    rescue
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_else_nested_no_exception
+    begin
+      assert(true)
+      begin
+	assert(true)
+      rescue
+	assert(false)
+      else
+	assert(true)
+      end
+      assert(true)
+    rescue
+      assert(false)
+    else
+      assert(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_else_nested_rescued
+    begin
+      assert(true)
+      begin
+	assert(true)
+	raise
+	assert(false)
+      rescue
+	assert(true)
+      else
+	assert(false)
+      end
+      assert(true)
+    rescue
+      assert(false)
+    else
+      assert(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_else_nested_unrescued
+    begin
+      assert(true)
+      begin
+	assert(true)
+      rescue
+	assert(false)
+      else
+	assert(true)
+      end
+      assert(true)
+      raise
+      assert(false)
+    rescue
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_else_nested_rescued_reraise
+    begin
+      assert(true)
+      begin
+	assert(true)
+	raise
+	assert(false)
+      rescue
+	assert(true)
+      else
+	assert(false)
+      end
+      assert(true)
+      raise
+      assert(false)
+    rescue
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_with_wrong_number_of_arguments
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { raise nil }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { raise 1, 1 }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { raise 1, 1, 1, 1 }
+  end
+
+  def test_type_error_message_encoding
+    c = eval("Module.new do break class C\u{4032}; self; end; end")
+    o = c.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{4032}/) do
+      ""[o]
+    end
+    c.class_eval {def to_int; self; end}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{4032}/) do
+      ""[o]
+    end
+    c.class_eval {def to_a; self; end}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{4032}/) do
+      [*o]
+    end
+    obj = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) do
+      Class.new {include obj}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_errat
+    assert_in_out_err([], "p $@", %w(nil), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], "$@ = 1", [], /\$! not set \(ArgumentError\)$/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], /backtrace must be an Array of String or an Array of Thread::Backtrace::Location \(TypeError\)$/)
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue
+        $@ = 1
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], /^foo: unhandled exception$/)
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue
+        $@ = 'foo'
+        raise
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], /^foo: unhandled exception\s+from bar\s+from baz$/)
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue
+        $@ = %w(foo bar baz)
+        raise
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_signal_location
+    # pend('TODO: a known bug [Bug #14474]')
+    _, stderr, _ = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(%w"--disable-gems -d", <<-RUBY, false, true)
+Thread.start do
+  Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+  begin
+    Process.kill(:INT, $$)
+  ensure
+    raise "in ensure"
+  end
+end.join
+    RUBY
+    assert_not_match(/:0/, stderr, "[ruby-dev:39116]")
+  end
+
+  def test_errinfo
+    begin
+      raise "foo"
+      assert(false)
+    rescue => e
+      assert_equal(e, $!)
+      1.times { assert_equal(e, $!) }
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(nil, $!)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal("#<Exception: Exception>", Exception.new.inspect)
+
+    e = Class.new(Exception)
+    e.class_eval do
+      def to_s; ""; end
+    end
+    assert_equal(e.inspect, e.new.inspect)
+
+    # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18170#note-13
+    assert_equal('#<Exception:"foo\nbar">', Exception.new("foo\nbar").inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<Exception: foo bar>', Exception.new("foo bar").inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<Exception: foo\bar>', Exception.new("foo\\bar").inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<Exception: "foo\nbar">', Exception.new('"foo\nbar"').inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    e = StandardError.new("foo")
+    assert_equal("foo", e.to_s)
+
+    def (s = Object.new).to_s
+      "bar"
+    end
+    e = StandardError.new(s)
+    assert_equal("bar", e.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_backtrace
+    e = Exception.new
+
+    e.set_backtrace("foo")
+    assert_equal(["foo"], e.backtrace)
+
+    e.set_backtrace(%w(foo bar baz))
+    assert_equal(%w(foo bar baz), e.backtrace)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { e.set_backtrace(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { e.set_backtrace([1]) }
+
+    error = assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      e.set_backtrace(caller_locations(1, 1) + ["foo"])
+    end
+    assert_include error.message, "backtrace must be an Array of String or an Array of Thread::Backtrace::Location"
+
+    error = assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      e.set_backtrace(["foo"] + caller_locations(1, 1))
+    end
+    assert_include error.message, "backtrace must be an Array of String or an Array of Thread::Backtrace::Location"
+  end
+
+  def test_exit_success_p
+    begin
+      exit
+    rescue SystemExit => e
+    end
+    assert_send([e, :success?], "success by default")
+
+    begin
+      exit(true)
+    rescue SystemExit => e
+    end
+    assert_send([e, :success?], "true means success")
+
+    begin
+      exit(false)
+    rescue SystemExit => e
+    end
+    assert_not_send([e, :success?], "false means failure")
+
+    begin
+      abort
+    rescue SystemExit => e
+    end
+    assert_not_send([e, :success?], "abort means failure")
+  end
+
+  def test_errno
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("locale"), Errno::EINVAL.new.message.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_errno_constants
+    assert_equal [:NOERROR], Errno.constants.grep_v(/\AE/)
+    all_assertions_foreach("should be a subclass of SystemCallError", *Errno.constants) do |c|
+      e = Errno.const_get(c)
+      assert_operator e, :<, SystemCallError, proc {e.ancestors.inspect}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_too_many_args_in_eval
+    bug5720 = '[ruby-core:41520]'
+    arg_string = (0...140000).to_a.join(", ")
+    assert_raise(SystemStackError, bug5720) {eval "raise(#{arg_string})"}
+  end
+
+  def test_systemexit_new
+    e0 = SystemExit.new
+    assert_equal(0, e0.status)
+    assert_equal("SystemExit", e0.message)
+    ei = SystemExit.new(3)
+    assert_equal(3, ei.status)
+    assert_equal("SystemExit", ei.message)
+    es = SystemExit.new("msg")
+    assert_equal(0, es.status)
+    assert_equal("msg", es.message)
+    eis = SystemExit.new(7, "msg")
+    assert_equal(7, eis.status)
+    assert_equal("msg", eis.message)
+
+    bug5728 = '[ruby-dev:44951]'
+    et = SystemExit.new(true)
+    assert_equal(true, et.success?, bug5728)
+    assert_equal("SystemExit", et.message, bug5728)
+    ef = SystemExit.new(false)
+    assert_equal(false, ef.success?, bug5728)
+    assert_equal("SystemExit", ef.message, bug5728)
+    ets = SystemExit.new(true, "msg")
+    assert_equal(true, ets.success?, bug5728)
+    assert_equal("msg", ets.message, bug5728)
+    efs = SystemExit.new(false, "msg")
+    assert_equal(false, efs.success?, bug5728)
+    assert_equal("msg", efs.message, bug5728)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_name_error_to_str
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    bug5575 = '[ruby-core:41612]'
+    begin;
+      begin
+        BasicObject.new.inspect
+      rescue
+        assert_nothing_raised(NameError, bug5575) {$!.inspect}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_after_nomemoryerror
+    omit "Forcing NoMemoryError causes problems in some environments"
+    assert_separately([], "$_ = 'a' * 1_000_000_000_000_000_000")
+  rescue NoMemoryError
+    assert_raise(NoMemoryError) do
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      bug15779 = bug15779 = '[ruby-core:92342]'
+      begin;
+        require 'open-uri'
+
+        begin
+          'a' * 1_000_000_000_000_000_000
+        ensure
+          URI.open('http://www.ruby-lang.org/')
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+  rescue Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError
+    # Possibly compiled with -DRUBY_DEBUG, in which
+    # case rb_bug is used instead of NoMemoryError,
+    # and we cannot test ensure after NoMemoryError.
+  rescue RangeError
+    # MingW can raise RangeError instead of NoMemoryError,
+    # so we cannot test this case.
+  rescue Timeout::Error
+    # Solaris 11 CI times out instead of raising NoMemoryError,
+    # so we cannot test this case.
+  end
+
+  def test_equal
+    bug5865 = '[ruby-core:41979]'
+    assert_equal(RuntimeError.new("a"), RuntimeError.new("a"), bug5865)
+    assert_not_equal(RuntimeError.new("a"), StandardError.new("a"), bug5865)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_exception_equal
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    bug5865 = '[ruby-core:41979]'
+    begin;
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.exception(arg)
+      end
+      assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug5865) do
+        RuntimeError.new("a") == o
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_backtrace_by_exception
+    begin
+      line = __LINE__; raise "foo"
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    e2 = e.exception("bar")
+    assert_not_equal(e.message, e2.message)
+    assert_equal(e.backtrace, e2.backtrace)
+    loc = e2.backtrace_locations[0]
+    assert_equal([__FILE__, line], [loc.path, loc.lineno])
+  end
+
+  Bug4438 = '[ruby-core:35364]'
+
+  def test_rescue_single_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError, Bug4438) do
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_splat_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError, Bug4438) do
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue *Array(1)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def m
+    m(&->{return 0})
+    42
+  end
+
+  def test_stackoverflow
+    feature6216 = '[ruby-core:43794] [Feature #6216]'
+    e = assert_raise(SystemStackError, feature6216) {m}
+    level = e.backtrace.size
+    assert_operator(level, :>, 10, feature6216)
+
+    feature6216 = '[ruby-core:63377] [Feature #6216]'
+    e = assert_raise(SystemStackError, feature6216) {raise e}
+    assert_equal(level, e.backtrace.size, feature6216)
+  end
+
+  def test_machine_stackoverflow
+    bug9109 = '[ruby-dev:47804] [Bug #9109]'
+    assert_separately([], <<-SRC)
+    assert_raise(SystemStackError, #{bug9109.dump}) {
+      h = {a: ->{h[:a].call}}
+      h[:a].call
+    }
+    SRC
+  rescue SystemStackError
+  end
+
+  def test_machine_stackoverflow_by_define_method
+    bug9454 = '[ruby-core:60113] [Bug #9454]'
+    assert_separately([], <<-SRC)
+    assert_raise(SystemStackError, #{bug9454.dump}) {
+      define_method(:foo) {self.foo}
+      self.foo
+    }
+    SRC
+  rescue SystemStackError
+  end
+
+  def test_machine_stackoverflow_by_trace
+    assert_normal_exit("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      require 'timeout'
+      require 'tracer'
+      class HogeError < StandardError
+        def to_s
+          message.upcase        # disable tailcall optimization
+        end
+      end
+      Tracer.stdout = open(IO::NULL, "w")
+      begin
+        Timeout.timeout(5) do
+          Tracer.on
+          HogeError.new.to_s
+        end
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+        # ok. there are no SEGV or critical error
+      rescue SystemStackError => e
+        # ok.
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_cause
+    msg = "[Feature #8257]"
+    cause = nil
+    e = assert_raise(StandardError) {
+      begin
+        raise msg
+      rescue => e
+        cause = e.cause
+        raise StandardError
+      end
+    }
+    assert_nil(cause, msg)
+    cause = e.cause
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, cause, msg)
+    assert_equal(msg, cause.message, msg)
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_reraised
+    msg = "[Feature #8257]"
+    e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+      begin
+        raise msg
+      rescue => e
+        raise e
+      end
+    }
+    assert_not_same(e, e.cause, "#{msg}: should not be recursive")
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_raised_in_rescue
+    a = nil
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, 'b') {
+      begin
+        raise 'a'
+      rescue => a
+        begin
+          raise 'b'
+        rescue => b
+          assert_same(a, b.cause)
+          begin
+            raise 'c'
+          rescue
+            raise b
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_same(a, e.cause, 'cause should not be overwritten by reraise')
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_at_raised
+    a = nil
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, 'b') {
+      begin
+        raise 'a'
+      rescue => a
+        b = RuntimeError.new('b')
+        assert_nil(b.cause)
+        begin
+          raise 'c'
+        rescue
+          raise b
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal('c', e.cause.message, 'cause should be the exception at raised')
+    assert_same(a, e.cause.cause)
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_at_end
+    errs = [
+      /-: unexpected return\n/,
+      /.*undefined local variable or method 'n'.*\n/,
+    ]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', [], errs)
+      END{n}; END{return}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_with_cause
+    msg = "[Feature #8257]"
+    cause = ArgumentError.new("foobar")
+    e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {raise msg, cause: cause}
+    assert_same(cause, e.cause)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {raise msg, {cause: cause}}
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_with_no_arguments
+    cause = ArgumentError.new("foobar")
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /with no arguments/) do
+      raise cause: cause
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_with_cause_in_rescue
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, 'b') {
+      begin
+        raise 'a'
+      rescue => a
+        begin
+          raise 'b'
+        rescue => b
+          assert_same(a, b.cause)
+          begin
+            raise 'c'
+          rescue
+            raise b, cause: ArgumentError.new('d')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal('d', e.cause.message, 'cause option should be honored always')
+    assert_nil(e.cause.cause)
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_thread_no_cause
+    bug12741 = '[ruby-core:77222] [Bug #12741]'
+
+    x = Thread.current
+    a = false
+    y = Thread.start do
+      Thread.pass until a
+      x.raise "stop"
+    end
+
+    begin
+      raise bug12741
+    rescue
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, "stop") do
+        a = true
+        sleep 1
+      end
+    end
+    assert_nil(e.cause)
+  ensure
+    y.join
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_thread_with_cause
+    bug12741 = '[ruby-core:77222] [Bug #12741]'
+
+    x = Thread.current
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    y = Thread.start do
+      q.pop
+      begin
+        raise "caller's cause"
+      rescue
+        x.raise "stop"
+      end
+    end
+
+    begin
+      raise bug12741
+    rescue
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, "stop") do
+        q.push(true)
+        sleep 1
+      end
+    ensure
+      y.join
+    end
+    assert_equal("caller's cause", e.cause.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_unknown_option
+    bug = '[ruby-core:63203] [Feature #8257] should pass unknown options'
+
+    exc = Class.new(RuntimeError) do
+      attr_reader :arg
+      def initialize(msg = nil)
+        @arg = msg
+        super(msg)
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raise(exc, bug) {raise exc, "foo" => "bar", foo: "bar"}
+    assert_equal({"foo" => "bar", foo: "bar"}, e.arg, bug)
+
+    e = assert_raise(exc, bug) {raise exc, "foo" => "bar", foo: "bar", cause: RuntimeError.new("zzz")}
+    assert_equal({"foo" => "bar", foo: "bar"}, e.arg, bug)
+
+    e = assert_raise(exc, bug) {raise exc, {}}
+    assert_equal({}, e.arg, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_circular_cause
+    bug13043 = '[ruby-core:78688] [Bug #13043]'
+    begin
+      begin
+        raise "error 1"
+      ensure
+        orig_error = $!
+        begin
+          raise "error 2"
+        rescue => err
+          raise orig_error
+        end
+      end
+    rescue => x
+    end
+    assert_equal(orig_error, x)
+    assert_equal(orig_error, err.cause)
+    assert_nil(orig_error.cause, bug13043)
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_with_frozen_exception
+    exc = ArgumentError.new("foo").freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, exc.message) {
+      raise exc, cause: RuntimeError.new("bar")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_cause_exception_in_cause_message
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}") do |outs, errs, status|
+      begin;
+        exc = Class.new(StandardError) do
+          def initialize(obj, cnt)
+            super(obj)
+            @errcnt = cnt
+          end
+          def to_s
+            return super if @errcnt <= 0
+            @errcnt -= 1
+            raise "xxx"
+          end
+        end.new("ok", 10)
+        raise "[Bug #17033]", cause: exc
+      end;
+      assert_equal(1, errs.count {|m| m.include?("[Bug #17033]")}, proc {errs.pretty_inspect})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_message
+    assert_in_out_err([], "raise Class.new(RuntimeError), 'foo'", [], /foo\n/)
+  end
+
+  def test_output_string_encoding
+    # "\x82\xa0" in cp932 is "\u3042" (Japanese hiragana 'a')
+    # change $stderr to force calling rb_io_write() instead of fwrite()
+    assert_in_out_err(["-Eutf-8:cp932"], '# coding: cp932
+$stderr = $stdout; raise "\x82\xa0"') do |outs, errs, status|
+      assert_equal 1, outs.size
+      assert_equal 0, errs.size
+      err = outs.first.force_encoding('utf-8')
+      assert_predicate err, :valid_encoding?
+      assert_match %r/\u3042/, err
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_multibyte_and_newline
+    bug10727 = '[ruby-core:67473] [Bug #10727]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', [], /\u{306b 307b 3093 3054} \(E\)\n\u{6539 884c}/, bug10727, encoding: "UTF-8")
+      class E < StandardError
+        def initialize
+          super("\u{306b 307b 3093 3054}\n\u{6539 884c}")
+        end
+      end
+      raise E
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def assert_null_char(src, *args, **opts)
+    begin
+      eval(src)
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    assert_not_nil(e)
+    assert_include(e.message, "\0")
+    # Disabled by [Feature #18367]
+    #assert_in_out_err([], src, [], [], *args, **opts) do |_, err,|
+    #  err.each do |e|
+    #    assert_not_include(e, "\0")
+    #  end
+    #end
+    e
+  end
+
+  def test_control_in_message
+    bug7574 = '[ruby-dev:46749]'
+    assert_null_char("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", bug7574)
+    begin;
+      Object.const_defined?("String\0")
+    end;
+    assert_null_char("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", bug7574)
+    begin;
+      Object.const_get("String\0")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_in_message
+    name = "\u{e9}t\u{e9}"
+    e = EnvUtil.with_default_external("US-ASCII") do
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        Object.const_get(name)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_include(e.message, name)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing_reason_clear
+    bug10969 = '[ruby-core:68515] [Bug #10969]'
+    a = Class.new {def method_missing(*) super end}.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) {a.instance_eval("foo")}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug10969) {a.public_send("bar", true)}
+  end
+
+  def test_message_of_name_error
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /\Aundefined method 'foo' for module '#<Module:.*>'$/) do
+      Module.new do
+        module_function :foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def capture_warning_warn(category: false)
+    verbose = $VERBOSE
+    categories = Warning.categories.to_h {|cat| [cat, Warning[cat]]}
+    warning = []
+
+    ::Warning.class_eval do
+      alias_method :warn2, :warn
+      remove_method :warn
+
+      if category
+        define_method(:warn) do |str, category: nil|
+          warning << [str, category]
+        end
+      else
+        define_method(:warn) do |str, category: nil|
+          warning << str
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    $VERBOSE = true
+    Warning.categories.each {|cat| Warning[cat] = true}
+    yield
+
+    return warning
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+    categories.each {|cat, flag| Warning[cat] = flag}
+
+    ::Warning.class_eval do
+      remove_method :warn
+      alias_method :warn, :warn2
+      remove_method :warn2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_warn
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {$asdfasdsda_test_warning_warn}
+    assert_match(/global variable '\$asdfasdsda_test_warning_warn' not initialized/, warning[0])
+
+    assert_equal(["a\nz\n"], capture_warning_warn {warn "a\n", "z"})
+    assert_equal([],         capture_warning_warn {warn})
+    assert_equal(["\n"],     capture_warning_warn {warn ""})
+  end
+
+  def test_warn_deprecated_backwards_compatibility_category
+    (message, category), = capture_warning_warn(category: true) do
+      $; = "www"
+      $; = nil
+    end
+
+    assert_include message, 'deprecated'
+    assert_equal :deprecated, category
+  end
+
+  def test_kernel_warn_uplevel
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {warn("test warning", uplevel: 0)}
+    assert_equal("#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__-1}: warning: test warning\n", warning[0])
+    def (obj = Object.new).w(n) warn("test warning", uplevel: n) end
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {obj.w(0)}
+    assert_equal("#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__-2}: warning: test warning\n", warning[0])
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {obj.w(1)}
+    assert_equal("#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__-1}: warning: test warning\n", warning[0])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {warn("test warning", uplevel: -1)}
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", "warn 'ok', uplevel: 1"], '', [], /warning:/)
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {warn("test warning", {uplevel: 0})}
+    assert_match(/test warning.*{uplevel: 0}/m, warning[0])
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {warn("test warning", **{uplevel: 0})}
+    assert_equal("#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__-1}: warning: test warning\n", warning[0])
+    warning = capture_warning_warn {warn("test warning", {uplevel: 0}, **{})}
+    assert_equal("test warning\n{uplevel: 0}\n", warning[0])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {warn("test warning", foo: 1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_warn_invalid_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      ::Warning.warn nil
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      ::Warning.warn 1
+    end
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+      ::Warning.warn "\x00a\x00b\x00c".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_warn_circular_require_backtrace
+    warning = nil
+    path = nil
+    Tempfile.create(%w[circular .rb]) do |t|
+      path = File.realpath(t.path)
+      basename = File.basename(path)
+      t.puts "require '#{basename}'"
+      t.close
+      $LOAD_PATH.push(File.dirname(t))
+      warning = capture_warning_warn {
+        assert require(basename)
+      }
+    ensure
+      $LOAD_PATH.pop
+      $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(t.path)
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, warning.size)
+    assert_match(/circular require/, warning.first)
+    assert_match(/^\tfrom #{Regexp.escape(path)}:1:/, warning.first)
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_warn_super
+    assert_in_out_err(%[-W0], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", [], /global variable '\$asdfiasdofa_test_warning_warn_super' not initialized/)
+    {#
+      module Warning
+        def warn(message)
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      $asdfiasdofa_test_warning_warn_super
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_category
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Warning[nil]}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Warning[:XXXX]}
+
+    all_assertions_foreach("categories", *Warning.categories) do |cat|
+      value = Warning[cat]
+      assert_include([true, false], value)
+
+      enabled = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+        Warning[cat] = true
+        Warning.warn "#{cat} feature", category: cat
+      end
+      disabled = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+        Warning[cat] = false
+        Warning.warn "#{cat} feature", category: cat
+      end
+    ensure
+      Warning[cat] = value
+      assert_equal "#{cat} feature", enabled
+      assert_empty disabled
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_Warning_warn
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      Warning.undef_method(:warn)
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { warn "" }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_undefined_backtrace
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class Exception
+        undef backtrace
+      end
+
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+        raise RuntimeError, "hello"
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_redefined_backtrace
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      $exc = nil
+
+      class Exception
+        undef backtrace
+        def backtrace
+          $exc = self
+        end
+      end
+
+      e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+        raise RuntimeError, "hello"
+      }
+      assert_same(e, $exc)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_blocking_backtrace
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Bug < RuntimeError
+        def backtrace
+          File.readlines(IO::NULL)
+        end
+      end
+      bug = Bug.new '[ruby-core:85939] [Bug #14577]'
+      n = 10000
+      i = 0
+      n.times do
+        begin
+          raise bug
+        rescue Bug
+          i += 1
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(n, i)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_wrong_backtrace
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class Exception
+        undef backtrace
+        def backtrace(a)
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+        raise RuntimeError, "hello"
+      }
+    end;
+
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError) do
+      def backtrace; :backtrace; end
+    end
+    begin
+      raise error_class
+    rescue error_class => e
+      assert_raise(TypeError) {$@}
+      assert_raise(TypeError) {e.full_message}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_backtrace_in_eval
+    bug = '[ruby-core:84434] [Bug #14229]'
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'eval("raise")'], "", [], /^\(eval at .*\):1:/, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_full_message
+    message = RuntimeError.new("testerror").full_message
+    assert_operator(message, :end_with?, "\n")
+
+    test_method = "def foo; raise 'testerror'; end"
+
+    out1, err1, status1 = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', "#{test_method}; begin; foo; rescue => e; puts e.full_message; end"], '', true, true)
+    assert_predicate(status1, :success?)
+    assert_empty(err1, "expected nothing wrote to $stdout by #full_message")
+
+    _, err2, status1 = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', "#{test_method}; begin; foo; end"], '', true, true)
+    assert_equal(err2, out1)
+
+    e = RuntimeError.new("a\n")
+    message = assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, proc {e.pretty_inspect}) do
+      e.full_message
+    end
+    assert_operator(message, :end_with?, "\n")
+    message = message.gsub(/\e\[[\d;]*m/, '')
+    assert_not_operator(message, :end_with?, "\n\n")
+    e = RuntimeError.new("a\n\nb\n\nc")
+    message = assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, proc {e.pretty_inspect}) do
+      e.full_message
+    end
+    assert_all?(message.lines) do |m|
+      /\e\[\d[;\d]*m[^\e]*\n/ !~ m
+    end
+
+    e = RuntimeError.new("testerror")
+    message = e.full_message(highlight: false)
+    assert_not_match(/\e/, message)
+
+    bt = ["test:100", "test:99", "test:98", "test:1"]
+    e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {raise RuntimeError, "testerror", bt}
+
+    bottom = "test:100: testerror (RuntimeError)\n"
+    top = "test:1\n"
+    remark = "Traceback (most recent call last):"
+
+    message = e.full_message(highlight: false, order: :top)
+    assert_not_match(/\e/, message)
+    assert_operator(message.count("\n"), :>, 2)
+    assert_operator(message, :start_with?, bottom)
+    assert_operator(message, :end_with?, top)
+
+    message = e.full_message(highlight: false, order: :bottom)
+    assert_not_match(/\e/, message)
+    assert_operator(message.count("\n"), :>, 2)
+    assert_operator(message, :start_with?, remark)
+    assert_operator(message, :end_with?, bottom)
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /:top or :bottom/) {
+      e.full_message(highlight: false, order: :middle)
+    }
+
+    message = e.full_message(highlight: true)
+    assert_match(/\e/, message)
+    assert_not_match(/(\e\[1)m\1/, message)
+    e2 = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {raise RuntimeError, "", bt}
+    assert_not_match(/(\e\[1)m\1/, e2.full_message(highlight: true))
+
+    message = e.full_message
+    if Exception.to_tty?
+      assert_match(/\e/, message)
+      message = message.gsub(/\e\[[\d;]*m/, '')
+    else
+      assert_not_match(/\e/, message)
+    end
+    assert_operator(message, :start_with?, bottom)
+    assert_operator(message, :end_with?, top)
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_message
+    code = "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      class Bug14566 < StandardError
+        def message; raise self.class; end
+      end
+      raise Bug14566
+    end;
+    assert_in_out_err([], code, [], /Bug14566/, success: false, timeout: 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_non_exception_cause
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /exception/) do
+      raise "foo", cause: 1
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_circular_cause_handle
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /circular cause/) do
+      begin
+        raise "error 1"
+      rescue => e1
+        raise "error 2" rescue raise e1, cause: $!
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_circular_cause
+    dump = "\x04\bo:\x11RuntimeError\b:\tmesgI\"\berr\x06:\x06ET:\abt[\x00:\ncause@\x05"
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /circular cause/, ->{dump.inspect}) do
+      e = Marshal.load(dump)
+      assert_same(e, e.cause)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_method_missing
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      class Object
+        def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      bug14670 = '[ruby-dev:50522] [Bug #14670]'
+      assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /'foo'/, bug14670) do
+        Object.new.foo
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_detailed_message
+    e = RuntimeError.new("message")
+    assert_equal("message (RuntimeError)", e.detailed_message)
+    assert_equal("\e[1mmessage (\e[1;4mRuntimeError\e[m\e[1m)\e[m", e.detailed_message(highlight: true))
+
+    e = RuntimeError.new("foo\nbar\nbaz")
+    assert_equal("foo (RuntimeError)\nbar\nbaz", e.detailed_message)
+    assert_equal("\e[1mfoo (\e[1;4mRuntimeError\e[m\e[1m)\e[m\n\e[1mbar\e[m\n\e[1mbaz\e[m", e.detailed_message(highlight: true))
+
+    e = RuntimeError.new("")
+    assert_equal("unhandled exception", e.detailed_message)
+    assert_equal("\e[1;4munhandled exception\e[m", e.detailed_message(highlight: true))
+
+    e = RuntimeError.new
+    assert_equal("RuntimeError (RuntimeError)", e.detailed_message)
+    assert_equal("\e[1mRuntimeError (\e[1;4mRuntimeError\e[m\e[1m)\e[m", e.detailed_message(highlight: true))
+  end
+
+  def test_detailed_message_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      e = RuntimeError.new("foo\nbar\nbaz")
+      assert_equal("foo (RuntimeError)\nbar\nbaz", e.detailed_message)
+      assert_equal("\e[1mfoo (\e[1;4mRuntimeError\e[m\e[1m)\e[m\n\e[1mbar\e[m\n\e[1mbaz\e[m", e.detailed_message(highlight: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_full_message_with_custom_detailed_message
+    e = RuntimeError.new("message")
+    opt_ = nil
+    e.define_singleton_method(:detailed_message) do |**opt|
+      opt_ = opt
+      "BOO!"
+    end
+    assert_match("BOO!", e.full_message.lines.first)
+    assert_equal({ highlight: Exception.to_tty? }, opt_)
+  end
+
+  def test_full_message_with_encoding
+    message = "\u{dc}bersicht"
+    begin
+      begin
+        raise message
+      rescue => e
+        raise "\n#{e.message}"
+      end
+    rescue => e
+    end
+    assert_include(e.full_message, message)
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_detailed_message
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      File.write(File.join(dir, "detail.rb"), "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        class SyntaxError
+          def detailed_message(**)
+            Thread.new {}.join
+            "<#{super}>\n""<#{File.basename(__FILE__)}>"
+          rescue ThreadError => e
+            e.message
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+      pattern = /^<detail\.rb>/
+      assert_in_out_err(%W[-r#{dir}/detail -], "1+", [], pattern)
+
+      File.write(File.join(dir, "main.rb"), "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        1 +
+      end;
+      assert_in_out_err(%W[-r#{dir}/detail #{dir}/main.rb]) do |stdout, stderr,|
+        assert_empty(stdout)
+        assert_not_empty(stderr.grep(pattern))
+        error, = stderr.grep(/unexpected end-of-input/)
+        assert_not_nil(error)
+        assert_match(/<.*unexpected end-of-input.*>|\^ unexpected end-of-input,/, error)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_path
+    e = assert_raise(SyntaxError) {
+      eval("1+", nil, "test_syntax_error_path.rb")
+    }
+    assert_equal("test_syntax_error_path.rb", e.path)
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      lib = File.join(dir, "syntax_error-path.rb")
+      File.write(lib, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        class SyntaxError
+          def detailed_message(**)
+            STDERR.puts "\n""path=#{path}\n"
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+      main = File.join(dir, "syntax_error.rb")
+      File.write(main, "1+\n")
+      assert_in_out_err(%W[-r#{lib} #{main}], "", [], [:*, "\n""path=#{main}\n", :*])
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Ex; end
+
+  def test_exception_message_for_unexpected_implicit_conversion_type
+    a = Ex.new
+    def self.x(a) = nil
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "no implicit conversion of TestException::Ex into Hash") do
+      x(**a)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "no implicit conversion of TestException::Ex into Proc") do
+      x(&a)
+    end
+
+    def a.to_a = 1
+    def a.to_hash = 1
+    def a.to_proc = 1
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "can't convert TestException::Ex to Array (TestException::Ex#to_a gives Integer)") do
+      x(*a)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "can't convert TestException::Ex to Hash (TestException::Ex#to_hash gives Integer)") do
+      x(**a)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "can't convert TestException::Ex to Proc (TestException::Ex#to_proc gives Integer)") do
+      x(&a)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_fiber.rb b/test/ruby/test_fiber.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7d2b71c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_fiber.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'fiber'
+EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+class TestFiber < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_normal
+    assert_equal(:ok2,
+      Fiber.new{|e|
+        assert_equal(:ok1, e)
+        Fiber.yield :ok2
+      }.resume(:ok1)
+    )
+    assert_equal([:a, :b], Fiber.new{|a, b| [a, b]}.resume(:a, :b))
+  end
+
+  def test_argument
+    assert_equal(4, Fiber.new {|i=4| i}.resume)
+  end
+
+  def test_term
+    assert_equal(:ok, Fiber.new{:ok}.resume)
+    assert_equal([:a, :b, :c, :d, :e],
+      Fiber.new{
+        Fiber.new{
+          Fiber.new{
+            Fiber.new{
+              [:a]
+            }.resume + [:b]
+          }.resume + [:c]
+        }.resume + [:d]
+      }.resume + [:e])
+  end
+
+  def test_many_fibers
+    max = 1000
+    assert_equal(max, max.times{
+      Fiber.new{}
+    })
+    GC.start # force collect created fibers
+    assert_equal(max,
+      max.times{|i|
+        Fiber.new{
+        }.resume
+      }
+    )
+    GC.start # force collect created fibers
+  end
+
+  def test_many_fibers_with_threads
+    assert_normal_exit <<-SRC, timeout: 60
+      max = 1000
+      @cnt = 0
+      (1..100).map{|ti|
+        Thread.new{
+          max.times{|i|
+            Fiber.new{
+              @cnt += 1
+            }.resume
+          }
+        }
+      }.each{|t|
+        t.join
+      }
+    SRC
+  end
+
+  def test_error
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){
+      Fiber.new # Fiber without block
+    }
+    f = Fiber.new{}
+    Thread.new{
+      assert_raise(FiberError){ # Fiber yielding across thread
+        f.resume
+      }
+    }.join
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      f = Fiber.new{}
+      f.resume
+      f.resume
+    }
+    if respond_to?(:callcc)
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+        Fiber.new{
+          @c = callcc{|c| @c = c}
+        }.resume
+        @c.call # cross fiber callcc
+      }
+    end
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+      Fiber.new{
+        raise
+      }.resume
+    }
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      Fiber.yield
+    }
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fib = Fiber.new{
+        fib.resume
+      }
+      fib.resume
+    }
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fib = Fiber.new{
+        Fiber.new{
+          fib.resume
+        }.resume
+      }
+      fib.resume
+    }
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fib = Fiber.new{}
+      fib.raise "raise in unborn fiber"
+    }
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fib = Fiber.new{}
+      fib.resume
+      fib.raise "raise in dead fiber"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_return
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError){
+      Fiber.new do
+        return
+      end.resume
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_throw
+    assert_raise(UncaughtThrowError){
+      Fiber.new do
+        throw :a
+      end.resume
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_raise
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError){
+      Fiber.new do
+        1/0
+      end.resume
+    }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+      fib = Fiber.new{ Fiber.yield }
+      fib.resume
+      fib.raise "raise and propagate"
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised{
+      fib = Fiber.new do
+        begin
+          Fiber.yield
+        rescue
+        end
+      end
+      fib.resume
+      fib.raise "rescue in fiber"
+    }
+    fib = Fiber.new do
+      begin
+        Fiber.yield
+      rescue
+        Fiber.yield :ok
+      end
+    end
+    fib.resume
+    assert_equal(:ok, fib.raise)
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_transferring_fiber
+    root = Fiber.current
+    fib = Fiber.new { root.transfer }
+    fib.transfer
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+      fib.raise "can raise with transfer: true"
+    }
+    assert_not_predicate(fib, :alive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_transfer
+    ary = []
+    f2 = nil
+    f1 = Fiber.new{
+      ary << f2.transfer(:foo)
+      :ok
+    }
+    f2 = Fiber.new{
+      ary << f1.transfer(:baz)
+      :ng
+    }
+    assert_equal(:ok, f1.transfer)
+    assert_equal([:baz], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_terminate_transferred_fiber
+    log = []
+    fa1 = fa2 = fb1 = r1 = nil
+
+    fa1 = Fiber.new{
+      fa2 = Fiber.new{
+        log << :fa2_terminate
+      }
+      fa2.resume
+      log << :fa1_terminate
+    }
+    fb1 = Fiber.new{
+      fa1.transfer
+      log << :fb1_terminate
+    }
+
+    r1 = Fiber.new{
+      fb1.transfer
+      log << :r1_terminate
+    }
+
+    r1.resume
+    log << :root_terminate
+
+    assert_equal [:fa2_terminate, :fa1_terminate, :r1_terminate, :root_terminate], log
+  end
+
+  def test_tls
+    #
+    def tvar(var, val)
+      old = Thread.current[var]
+      begin
+        Thread.current[var] = val
+        yield
+      ensure
+        Thread.current[var] = old
+      end
+    end
+
+    fb = Fiber.new {
+      assert_equal(nil, Thread.current[:v]); tvar(:v, :x) {
+      assert_equal(:x,  Thread.current[:v]);   Fiber.yield
+      assert_equal(:x,  Thread.current[:v]); }
+      assert_equal(nil, Thread.current[:v]); Fiber.yield
+      raise # unreachable
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(nil, Thread.current[:v]); tvar(:v,1) {
+    assert_equal(1,   Thread.current[:v]);   tvar(:v,3) {
+    assert_equal(3,   Thread.current[:v]);     fb.resume
+    assert_equal(3,   Thread.current[:v]);   }
+    assert_equal(1,   Thread.current[:v]); }
+    assert_equal(nil, Thread.current[:v]); fb.resume
+    assert_equal(nil, Thread.current[:v]);
+  end
+
+  def test_fiber_variables
+    assert_equal "bar", Fiber.new {Fiber[:foo] = "bar"; Fiber[:foo]}.resume
+
+    key = :"#{self.class.name}#.#{self.object_id}"
+    Fiber[key] = 42
+    assert_equal 42, Fiber[key]
+
+    key = Object.new
+    def key.to_str; "foo"; end
+    assert_equal "Bar", Fiber.new {Fiber[key] = "Bar"; Fiber[key]}.resume
+  end
+
+  def test_alive
+    fib = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    assert_equal(true, fib.alive?)
+    fib.resume
+    assert_equal(true, fib.alive?)
+    fib.resume
+    assert_equal(false, fib.alive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_resume_self
+    f = Fiber.new {f.resume}
+    assert_raise(FiberError, '[ruby-core:23651]') {f.transfer}
+  end
+
+  def test_fiber_transfer_segv
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require 'fiber'
+      f2 = nil
+      f1 = Fiber.new{ f2.resume }
+      f2 = Fiber.new{ f1.resume }
+      f1.transfer
+    }, '[ruby-dev:40833]'
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require 'fiber'
+      Fiber.new{}.resume
+      1.times{Fiber.current.transfer}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_resume_root_fiber
+    Thread.new do
+      assert_raise(FiberError) do
+        Fiber.current.resume
+      end
+    end.join
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_root_fiber
+    bug4612 = '[ruby-core:35891]'
+
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require 'fiber'
+      GC.stress = true
+      Thread.start{ Fiber.current; nil }.join
+      GC.start
+    }, bug4612
+  end
+
+  def test_mark_fiber
+    bug13875 = '[ruby-core:82681]'
+
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      GC.stress = true
+      up = 1.upto(10)
+      down = 10.downto(1)
+      up.zip(down) {|a, b| a + b == 11 or fail 'oops'}
+    }, bug13875
+  end
+
+  def test_no_valid_cfp
+    bug5083 = '[ruby-dev:44208]'
+    assert_equal([], Fiber.new(&Module.method(:nesting)).resume, bug5083)
+    assert_instance_of(Class, Fiber.new(&Class.new.method(:undef_method)).resume(:to_s), bug5083)
+  end
+
+  def test_prohibit_transfer_to_resuming_fiber
+    root_fiber = Fiber.current
+
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fiber = Fiber.new{ root_fiber.transfer }
+      fiber.resume
+    }
+
+    fa1 = Fiber.new{
+      _fa2 = Fiber.new{ root_fiber.transfer }
+    }
+    fb1 = Fiber.new{
+      _fb2 = Fiber.new{ root_fiber.transfer }
+    }
+    fa1.transfer
+    fb1.transfer
+
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fa1.transfer
+    }
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      fb1.transfer
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_prohibit_transfer_to_yielding_fiber
+    f1 = f2 = f3 = nil
+
+    f1 = Fiber.new{
+      f2 = Fiber.new{
+        f3 = Fiber.new{
+          p f3: Fiber.yield
+        }
+        f3.resume
+      }
+      f2.resume
+    }
+    f1.resume
+
+    assert_raise(FiberError){ f3.transfer 10 }
+  end
+
+  def test_prohibit_resume_to_transferring_fiber
+    root_fiber = Fiber.current
+
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      Fiber.new{
+        root_fiber.resume
+      }.transfer
+    }
+
+    f1 = f2 = nil
+    f1 = Fiber.new do
+      f2.transfer
+    end
+    f2 = Fiber.new do
+      f1.resume # attempt to resume transferring fiber
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(FiberError){
+      f1.transfer
+    }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_fork_from_fiber
+    omit 'fork not supported' unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    pid = nil
+    bug5700 = '[ruby-core:41456]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug5700) do
+      Fiber.new do
+        pid = fork do
+          xpid = nil
+          Fiber.new {
+            xpid = fork do
+              # enough to trigger GC on old root fiber
+              count = 1000
+              count.times do
+                Fiber.new {}.transfer
+                Fiber.new { Fiber.yield }
+              end
+              exit!(true)
+            end
+          }.transfer
+          _, status = Process.waitpid2(xpid)
+          exit!(status.success?)
+        end
+      end.resume
+    end
+    pid, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?, bug5700)
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?, bug5700)
+
+    pid = Fiber.new {fork}.resume
+    pid, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?)
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+  end
+
+  def test_exit_in_fiber
+    bug5993 = '[ruby-dev:45218]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug5993) do
+      Thread.new{ Fiber.new{ Thread.exit }.resume; raise "unreachable" }.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fatal_in_fiber
+    assert_in_out_err(["-r-test-/fatal", "-e", <<-EOS], "", [], /ok/)
+      Fiber.new{
+        Bug.rb_fatal "ok"
+      }.resume
+      puts :ng # unreachable.
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_separate_lastmatch
+    bug7678 = '[ruby-core:51331]'
+    /a/ =~ "a"
+    m1 = $~
+    m2 = nil
+    Fiber.new do
+      /b/ =~ "b"
+      m2 = $~
+    end.resume
+    assert_equal("b", m2[0])
+    assert_equal(m1, $~, bug7678)
+  end
+
+  def test_separate_lastline
+    bug7678 = '[ruby-core:51331]'
+    $_ = s1 = "outer"
+    s2 = nil
+    Fiber.new do
+      s2 = "inner"
+    end.resume
+    assert_equal("inner", s2)
+    assert_equal(s1, $_, bug7678)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_symbol_proc
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80147] [Bug #13313]'
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", bug)
+    begin;
+      exit("1" == Fiber.new(&:to_s).resume(1))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    f = Fiber.new do
+      assert_match(/resumed/, f.to_s)
+      Fiber.yield
+    end
+    assert_match(/created/, f.to_s)
+    f.resume
+    assert_match(/suspended/, f.to_s)
+    f.resume
+    assert_match(/terminated/, f.to_s)
+    assert_match(/resumed/, Fiber.current.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_create_fiber_in_new_thread
+    ret = Thread.new{
+      Thread.new{
+        Fiber.new{Fiber.yield :ok}.resume
+      }.value
+    }.value
+    assert_equal :ok, ret, '[Bug #14642]'
+  end
+
+  def test_machine_stack_gc
+    assert_normal_exit <<-RUBY, '[Bug #14561]', timeout: 60
+      enum = Enumerator.new { |y| y << 1 }
+      thread = Thread.new { enum.peek }
+      thread.join
+      sleep 5     # pause until thread cache wait time runs out. Native thread exits.
+      GC.start
+    RUBY
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_file.rb b/test/ruby/test_file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3d6221c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+require "-test-/file"
+require_relative 'ut_eof'
+
+class TestFile < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  # I don't know Ruby's spec about "unlink-before-close" exactly.
+  # This test asserts current behaviour.
+  def test_unlink_before_close
+    Dir.mktmpdir('rubytest-file') {|tmpdir|
+      filename = tmpdir + '/' + File.basename(__FILE__) + ".#{$$}"
+      w = File.open(filename, "w")
+      w << "foo"
+      w.close
+      r = File.open(filename, "r")
+      begin
+        if /(mswin|bccwin|mingw|emx)/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+          assert_raise(Errno::EACCES) {File.unlink(filename)}
+        else
+          assert_nothing_raised {File.unlink(filename)}
+        end
+      ensure
+        r.close
+        File.unlink(filename) if File.exist?(filename)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  include TestEOF
+  def open_file(content)
+    Tempfile.create("test-eof") {|f|
+      f << content
+      f.rewind
+      yield f
+    }
+  end
+  alias open_file_rw open_file
+
+  include TestEOF::Seek
+
+  def test_empty_file_bom
+    bug6487 = '[ruby-core:45203]'
+    Tempfile.create(__method__.to_s) {|f|
+      assert_file.exist?(f.path)
+      assert_nothing_raised(bug6487) {File.read(f.path, mode: 'r:utf-8')}
+      assert_nothing_raised(bug6487) {File.read(f.path, mode: 'r:bom|utf-8')}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_bom(bytes, name)
+    bug6487 = '[ruby-core:45203]'
+
+    Tempfile.create(name.to_s) {|f|
+      f.sync = true
+      expected = ""
+      result = nil
+      bytes[0...-1].each do |x|
+        f.write x
+        f.write ' '
+        f.pos -= 1
+        expected << x
+        assert_nothing_raised(bug6487) {result = File.read(f.path, mode: 'rb:bom|utf-8')}
+        assert_equal("#{expected} ".force_encoding("utf-8"), result)
+      end
+      f.write bytes[-1]
+      assert_nothing_raised(bug6487) {result = File.read(f.path, mode: 'rb:bom|utf-8')}
+      assert_equal '', result, "valid bom"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_8
+    assert_bom(["\xEF", "\xBB", "\xBF"], __method__)
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_16be
+    assert_bom(["\xFE", "\xFF"], __method__)
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_16le
+    assert_bom(["\xFF", "\xFE"], __method__)
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_32be
+    assert_bom(["\0", "\0", "\xFE", "\xFF"], __method__)
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_32le
+    assert_bom(["\xFF", "\xFE\0\0"], __method__)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_wbuf
+    Tempfile.create("test-truncate") {|f|
+      f.print "abc"
+      f.truncate(0)
+      f.print "def"
+      f.flush
+      assert_equal("\0\0\0def", File.read(f.path), "[ruby-dev:24191]")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_rbuf
+    Tempfile.create("test-truncate") {|f|
+      f.puts "abc"
+      f.puts "def"
+      f.rewind
+      assert_equal("abc\n", f.gets)
+      f.truncate(3)
+      assert_equal(nil, f.gets, "[ruby-dev:24197]")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_beyond_eof
+    Tempfile.create("test-truncate") {|f|
+      f.print "abc"
+      f.truncate 10
+      assert_equal("\0" * 7, f.read(100), "[ruby-dev:24532]")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_size
+    Tempfile.create("test-truncate") do |f|
+      q1 = Thread::Queue.new
+      q2 = Thread::Queue.new
+
+      th = Thread.new do
+        data = ''
+        64.times do |i|
+          data << i.to_s
+          f.rewind
+          f.print data
+          f.truncate(data.bytesize)
+          q1.push data.bytesize
+          q2.pop
+        end
+        q1.push nil
+      end
+
+      while size = q1.pop
+        assert_equal size, File.size(f.path)
+        assert_equal size, f.size
+        q2.push true
+      end
+      th.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_all_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "a"
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal("a", f.read, "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "a"
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal("a", f.gets("a"), "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_para_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "\na"
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal("a", f.gets(""), "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_char_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "a"
+        f.rewind
+        result = []
+        f.each_char {|b| result << b }
+        assert_equal([?a], result, "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "a"
+        f.rewind
+        result = []
+        f.each_byte {|b| result << b.chr }
+        assert_equal([?a], result, "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "a"
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal(?a, f.getc, "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_getbyte_extended_file
+    [{}, {:textmode=>true}, {:binmode=>true}].each do |mode|
+      Tempfile.create("test-extended-file", **mode) {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.getc)
+        f.print "a"
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal(?a, f.getbyte.chr, "mode = <#{mode}>")
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_s_chown
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.chown(-1, -1) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.chown nil, nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_chown
+    Tempfile.create("test-chown") {|f|
+      assert_nothing_raised {f.chown(-1, -1)}
+      assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:27140]") {f.chown(nil, nil)}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { File::Stat.allocate.readable? }
+    assert_nothing_raised { File::Stat.allocate.inspect }
+  end
+
+  def test_realpath
+    Dir.mktmpdir('rubytest-realpath') {|tmpdir|
+      realdir = File.realpath(tmpdir)
+      tst = realdir + (File::SEPARATOR*3 + ".")
+      assert_equal(realdir, File.realpath(tst))
+      assert_equal(realdir, File.realpath(".", tst))
+      assert_equal(realdir, Dir.chdir(realdir) {File.realpath(".")})
+      realpath = File.join(realdir, "test")
+      File.write(realpath, "")
+      assert_equal(realpath, Dir.chdir(realdir) {File.realpath("test")})
+      if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+        bug2961 = '[ruby-core:28653]'
+        assert_equal(realdir, File.realpath(realdir.tr(File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR)), bug2961)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_realpath_encoding
+    fsenc = Encoding.find("filesystem")
+    nonascii = "\u{0391 0410 0531 10A0 05d0 2C00 3042}"
+    tst = "A"
+    nonascii.each_char {|c| tst << c.encode(fsenc) rescue nil}
+    Dir.mktmpdir('rubytest-realpath') {|tmpdir|
+      realdir = File.realpath(tmpdir)
+      open(File.join(tmpdir, tst), "w") {}
+      a = File.join(tmpdir, "x")
+      begin
+        File.symlink(tst, a)
+      rescue Errno::EACCES, Errno::EPERM
+        omit "need privilege"
+      end
+      assert_equal(File.join(realdir, tst), File.realpath(a))
+      File.unlink(a)
+
+      tst = "A" + nonascii
+      open(File.join(tmpdir, tst), "w") {}
+      File.symlink(tst, a)
+      assert_equal(File.join(realdir, tst), File.realpath(a.encode("UTF-8")))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_realpath_special_symlink
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      if File.pipe?(path = "/dev/fd/#{r.fileno}")
+        assert_file.identical?(File.realpath(path), path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_realdirpath
+    Dir.mktmpdir('rubytest-realdirpath') {|tmpdir|
+      realdir = File.realpath(tmpdir)
+      tst = realdir + (File::SEPARATOR*3 + ".")
+      assert_equal(realdir, File.realdirpath(tst))
+      assert_equal(realdir, File.realdirpath(".", tst))
+      assert_equal(File.join(realdir, "foo"), File.realdirpath("foo", tst))
+      assert_equal(realdir, Dir.chdir(realdir) {File.realdirpath(".")})
+      assert_equal(File.join(realdir, "foo"), Dir.chdir(realdir) {File.realdirpath("foo")})
+    }
+    begin
+      result = File.realdirpath("bar", "//:/foo")
+    rescue SystemCallError
+    else
+      if result.start_with?("//")
+        assert_equal("//:/foo/bar", result)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_realdirpath_junction
+    Dir.mktmpdir('rubytest-realpath') {|tmpdir|
+      Dir.chdir(tmpdir) do
+        Dir.mkdir('foo')
+        omit "cannot run mklink" unless system('mklink /j bar foo > nul')
+        assert_equal(File.realpath('foo'), File.realpath('bar'))
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_utime_with_minus_time_segv
+    bug5596 = '[ruby-dev:44838]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-EOS, [bug5596], [])
+      require "tempfile"
+      t = Time.at(-1)
+      begin
+        Tempfile.create('test_utime_with_minus_time_segv') {|f|
+          File.utime(t, t, f)
+        }
+      rescue
+      end
+      puts '#{bug5596}'
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_utime
+    bug6385 = '[ruby-core:44776]'
+
+    mod_time_contents = Time.at 1306527039
+
+    file = Tempfile.new("utime")
+    file.close
+    path = file.path
+
+    File.utime(File.atime(path), mod_time_contents, path)
+    stats = File.stat(path)
+
+    file.open
+    file_mtime = file.mtime
+    file.close(true)
+
+    assert_equal(mod_time_contents, file_mtime, bug6385)
+    assert_equal(mod_time_contents, stats.mtime, bug6385)
+  end
+
+  def measure_time
+    log = []
+    30.times do
+      t1 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME)
+      yield
+      t2 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME)
+      log << (t2 - t1)
+      return (t1 + t2) / 2 if t2 - t1 < 1
+      sleep 1
+    end
+    omit "failed to setup; the machine is stupidly slow #{log.inspect}"
+  end
+
+  def test_stat
+    btime = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME)
+    Tempfile.create("stat") {|file|
+      btime = (btime + Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME)) / 2
+      file.close
+      path = file.path
+
+      measure_time do
+        File.write(path, "foo")
+      end
+
+      sleep 2
+
+      mtime = measure_time do
+        File.write(path, "bar")
+      end
+
+      sleep 2
+
+      ctime = measure_time do
+        File.chmod(0644, path)
+      end
+
+      sleep 2
+
+      atime = measure_time do
+        File.read(path)
+      end
+
+      delta = 1
+      stat = File.stat(path)
+      assert_in_delta btime, stat.birthtime.to_f, delta
+      assert_in_delta mtime, stat.mtime.to_f, delta
+      if stat.birthtime != stat.ctime
+        assert_in_delta ctime, stat.ctime.to_f, delta
+      end
+      if /mswin|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && !Bug::File::Fs.noatime?(path)
+        # Windows delays updating atime
+        assert_in_delta atime, stat.atime.to_f, delta
+      end
+    }
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_inode
+    assert_not_equal 0, File.stat(__FILE__).ino
+  end
+
+  def test_chmod_m17n
+    bug5671 = '[ruby-dev:44898]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir('test-file-chmod-m17n-') do |tmpdir|
+      file = File.join(tmpdir, "\u3042")
+      File.open(file, 'w'){}
+      assert_equal(File.chmod(0666, file), 1, bug5671)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_open_permissions
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      tmp = File.join(tmpdir, 'x')
+      File.open(tmp, :mode     => IO::RDWR | IO::CREAT | IO::BINARY,
+                     :encoding => Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) do |x|
+
+        assert_predicate(x, :autoclose?)
+        assert_equal Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, x.external_encoding
+        x.write 'hello'
+
+        x.seek 0, IO::SEEK_SET
+
+        assert_equal 'hello', x.read
+
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_open_double_mode
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, 'mode specified twice') {
+      File.open("a", 'w', :mode => 'rw+')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_file_share_delete
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      tmp = File.join(tmpdir, 'x')
+      File.open(tmp, mode: IO::WRONLY | IO::CREAT | IO::BINARY | IO::SHARE_DELETE) do |f|
+        assert_file.exist?(tmp)
+        assert_nothing_raised do
+          File.unlink(tmp)
+        end
+      end
+      assert_file.not_exist?(tmp)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_conflicting_encodings
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      tmp = File.join(tmpdir, 'x')
+      File.open(tmp, 'wb', :encoding => Encoding::EUC_JP) do |x|
+        assert_equal Encoding::EUC_JP, x.external_encoding
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    def test_long_unc
+      feature3399 = '[ruby-core:30623]'
+      path = File.expand_path(__FILE__)
+      path.sub!(%r'\A//', 'UNC/')
+      assert_nothing_raised(Errno::ENOENT, feature3399) do
+        File.stat("//?/#{path}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      path = File.join(tmpdir, "foo")
+
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {File.new(path)}
+      f = File.new(path, "w")
+      f.write("FOO\n")
+      f.close
+      f = File.new(path)
+      data = f.read
+      f.close
+      assert_equal("FOO\n", data)
+
+      f = File.new(path, File::WRONLY)
+      f.write("BAR\n")
+      f.close
+      f = File.new(path, File::RDONLY)
+      data = f.read
+      f.close
+      assert_equal("BAR\n", data)
+
+      data = File.open(path) {|file|
+        File.new(file.fileno, mode: File::RDONLY, autoclose: false).read
+      }
+      assert_equal("BAR\n", data)
+
+      data = File.open(path) {|file|
+        File.new(file.fileno, File::RDONLY, autoclose: false).read
+      }
+      assert_equal("BAR\n", data)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_open_newline_option
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      path = File.join(tmpdir, "foo")
+      test = lambda do |newline|
+        File.open(path, "wt", newline: newline) do |f|
+          f.write "a\n"
+          f.puts "b"
+        end
+        File.binread(path)
+      end
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:lf))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:universal))
+      assert_equal("a\r\nb\r\n", test.(:crlf))
+      assert_equal("a\rb\r", test.(:cr))
+
+      test = lambda do |newline|
+        File.open(path, "rt", newline: newline) do |f|
+          f.read
+        end
+      end
+
+      File.binwrite(path, "a\nb\n")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:lf))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:universal))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:crlf))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:cr))
+
+      File.binwrite(path, "a\r\nb\r\n")
+      assert_equal("a\r\nb\r\n", test.(:lf))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:universal))
+      # Work on both Windows and non-Windows
+      assert_include(["a\r\nb\r\n", "a\nb\n"], test.(:crlf))
+      assert_equal("a\r\nb\r\n", test.(:cr))
+
+      File.binwrite(path, "a\rb\r")
+      assert_equal("a\rb\r", test.(:lf))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", test.(:universal))
+      assert_equal("a\rb\r", test.(:crlf))
+      assert_equal("a\rb\r", test.(:cr))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_open_nul
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      path = File.join(tmpdir, "foo")
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        open(path + "\0bar", "w") {}
+      end
+      assert_file.not_exist?(path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_open_tempfile_path
+    Dir.mktmpdir(__method__.to_s) do |tmpdir|
+      begin
+        io = File.open(tmpdir, File::RDWR | File::TMPFILE)
+      rescue Errno::EINVAL
+        omit 'O_TMPFILE not supported (EINVAL)'
+      rescue Errno::EISDIR
+        omit 'O_TMPFILE not supported (EISDIR)'
+      rescue Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
+        omit 'O_TMPFILE not supported (EOPNOTSUPP)'
+      end
+
+      io.write "foo"
+      io.flush
+      assert_equal 3, io.size
+      assert_nil io.path
+    ensure
+      io&.close
+    end
+  end if File::Constants.const_defined?(:TMPFILE)
+
+  def test_absolute_path?
+    assert_file.absolute_path?(File.absolute_path(__FILE__))
+    assert_file.absolute_path?("//foo/bar\\baz")
+    assert_file.not_absolute_path?(File.basename(__FILE__))
+    assert_file.not_absolute_path?("C:foo\\bar")
+    assert_file.not_absolute_path?("~")
+    assert_file.not_absolute_path?("~user")
+
+    if /cygwin|mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      assert_file.absolute_path?("C:\\foo\\bar")
+      assert_file.absolute_path?("C:/foo/bar")
+    else
+      assert_file.not_absolute_path?("C:\\foo\\bar")
+      assert_file.not_absolute_path?("C:/foo/bar")
+    end
+    if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      assert_file.not_absolute_path?("/foo/bar\\baz")
+    else
+      assert_file.absolute_path?("/foo/bar\\baz")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NewlineConvTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    TEST_STRING_WITH_CRLF = "line1\r\nline2\r\n".freeze
+    TEST_STRING_WITH_LF = "line1\nline2\n".freeze
+
+    def setup
+      @tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir(self.class.name)
+      @read_path_with_crlf = File.join(@tmpdir, "read_path_with_crlf")
+      File.binwrite(@read_path_with_crlf, TEST_STRING_WITH_CRLF)
+      @read_path_with_lf = File.join(@tmpdir, "read_path_with_lf")
+      File.binwrite(@read_path_with_lf, TEST_STRING_WITH_LF)
+      @write_path = File.join(@tmpdir, "write_path")
+      File.binwrite(@write_path, '')
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      FileUtils.rm_rf @tmpdir
+    end
+
+    def windows?
+      /cygwin|mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    end
+
+    def open_file_with(method, filename, mode)
+      read_or_write = mode.include?('w') ? :write : :read
+      binary_or_text = mode.include?('b') ? :binary : :text
+
+      f = case method
+      when :ruby_file_open
+        File.open(filename, mode)
+      when :c_rb_file_open
+        Bug::File::NewlineConv.rb_file_open(filename, read_or_write, binary_or_text)
+      when :c_rb_io_fdopen
+        Bug::File::NewlineConv.rb_io_fdopen(filename, read_or_write, binary_or_text)
+      else
+        raise "Don't know how to open with #{method}"
+      end
+
+      begin
+        yield f
+      ensure
+        f.close
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      assert_equal TEST_STRING_WITH_LF, f.read
+    end
+
+    def assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f)
+      assert_equal TEST_STRING_WITH_CRLF, f.read
+    end
+
+    def assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f)
+      if windows?
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      else
+        assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_file_contents_has_crlf_on_windows(f)
+      if windows?
+        assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f)
+      else
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_text_mode_read_crlf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'r') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_bin_mode_read_crlf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_text_mode_read_lf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'r') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_bin_mode_read_lf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_text_mode_read_crlf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'r') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_bin_mode_read_crlf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'rb') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_text_mode_read_lf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'r') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_bin_mode_read_lf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'rb') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_text_mode_write_lf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @write_path, 'w') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_LF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf_on_windows(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_bin_mode_write_lf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @write_path, 'wb') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_LF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_ruby_file_open_bin_mode_write_crlf
+      open_file_with(:ruby_file_open, @write_path, 'wb') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_CRLF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_text_mode_read_crlf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'r') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_bin_mode_read_crlf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_text_mode_read_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'r') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_bin_mode_read_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_text_mode_write_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @write_path, 'w') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_LF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf_on_windows(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_bin_mode_write_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @write_path, 'wb') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_LF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_bin_mode_write_crlf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @write_path, 'wb') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_CRLF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_text_mode_read_crlf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'r') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_bin_mode_read_crlf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_crlf, 'rb') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_text_mode_read_lf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'r') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_file_open_bin_mode_read_lf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_file_open, @read_path_with_lf, 'rb') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_text_mode_read_crlf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_crlf, 'r') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_bin_mode_read_crlf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_crlf, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_text_mode_read_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_lf, 'r') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_bin_mode_read_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_lf, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_text_mode_write_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @write_path, 'w') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_LF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf_on_windows(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_bin_mode_write_lf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @write_path, 'wb') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_LF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_lf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_bin_mode_write_crlf
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @write_path, 'wb') { |f| f.write TEST_STRING_WITH_CRLF }
+      File.open(@write_path, 'rb') { |f| assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f) }
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_text_mode_read_crlf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_crlf, 'r') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf_on_windows(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_bin_mode_read_crlf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_crlf, 'rb') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_crlf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_text_mode_read_lf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_lf, 'r') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_c_rb_io_fdopen_bin_mode_read_lf_with_utf8_encoding
+      open_file_with(:c_rb_io_fdopen, @read_path_with_lf, 'rb') do |f|
+        f.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8, '-'
+        assert_file_contents_has_lf(f)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb b/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..394dc47603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1840 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require "test/unit"
+require "fileutils"
+require "tmpdir"
+require "socket"
+require '-test-/file'
+
+class TestFileExhaustive < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  ROOT_REGEXP = %r'\A(?:[a-z]:(?=(/))|//[^/]+/[^/]+)'i
+  DRIVE = Dir.pwd[ROOT_REGEXP]
+  POSIX = /cygwin|mswin|bccwin|mingw|emx/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  NTFS = !(/mingw|mswin|bccwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
+
+  def assert_incompatible_encoding
+    d = "\u{3042}\u{3044}".encode("utf-16le")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {yield d}
+    m = Class.new {define_method(:to_path) {d}}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {yield m.new}
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @dir = Dir.mktmpdir("ruby-test")
+    File.chown(-1, Process.gid, @dir)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    GC.start
+    FileUtils.remove_entry_secure @dir
+  end
+
+  def make_tmp_filename(prefix)
+    "#{@dir}/#{prefix}.test"
+  end
+
+  def rootdir
+    return @rootdir if defined? @rootdir
+    @rootdir = "#{DRIVE}/"
+    @rootdir
+  end
+
+  def nofile
+    return @nofile if defined? @nofile
+    @nofile = make_tmp_filename("nofile")
+    @nofile
+  end
+
+  def make_file(content, file)
+    open(file, "w") {|fh| fh << content }
+  end
+
+  def zerofile
+    return @zerofile if defined? @zerofile
+    @zerofile = make_tmp_filename("zerofile")
+    make_file("", @zerofile)
+    @zerofile
+  end
+
+  def regular_file
+    return @file if defined? @file
+    @file = make_tmp_filename("file")
+    make_file("foo", @file)
+    @file
+  end
+
+  def utf8_file
+    return @utf8file if defined? @utf8file
+    @utf8file = make_tmp_filename("\u3066\u3059\u3068")
+    make_file("foo", @utf8file)
+    @utf8file
+  end
+
+  def notownedfile
+    return @notownedfile if defined? @notownedfile
+    if Process.euid != File.stat("/").uid
+      @notownedfile = '/'
+    else
+      @notownedfile = nil
+    end
+    @notownedfile
+  end
+
+  def grpownedfile
+    return nil unless POSIX
+    return @grpownedfile if defined? @grpownedfile
+    if group = (Process.groups - [Process.egid]).last
+      grpownedfile = make_tmp_filename("grpownedfile")
+      make_file("grpowned", grpownedfile)
+      File.chown(nil, group, grpownedfile)
+      return @grpownedfile = grpownedfile
+    end
+  rescue
+    @grpownedfile = nil
+  end
+
+  def suidfile
+    return @suidfile if defined? @suidfile
+    if POSIX
+      @suidfile = make_tmp_filename("suidfile")
+      make_file("", @suidfile)
+      File.chmod 04500, @suidfile
+      @suidfile
+    else
+      @suidfile = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def sgidfile
+    return @sgidfile if defined? @sgidfile
+    if POSIX
+      @sgidfile = make_tmp_filename("sgidfile")
+      make_file("", @sgidfile)
+      File.chmod 02500, @sgidfile
+      @sgidfile
+    else
+      @sgidfile = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stickyfile
+    return @stickyfile if defined? @stickyfile
+    if POSIX
+      @stickyfile = make_tmp_filename("stickyfile")
+      Dir.mkdir(@stickyfile)
+      File.chmod 01500, @stickyfile
+      @stickyfile
+    else
+      @stickyfile = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def symlinkfile
+    return @symlinkfile if defined? @symlinkfile
+    @symlinkfile = make_tmp_filename("symlinkfile")
+    begin
+      File.symlink(regular_file, @symlinkfile)
+    rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EACCES, Errno::EPERM
+      @symlinkfile = nil
+    end
+    @symlinkfile
+  end
+
+  def hardlinkfile
+    return @hardlinkfile if defined? @hardlinkfile
+    @hardlinkfile = make_tmp_filename("hardlinkfile")
+    begin
+      File.link(regular_file, @hardlinkfile)
+    rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EINVAL, Errno::EACCES   # EINVAL for Windows Vista, EACCES for Android Termux
+      @hardlinkfile = nil
+    end
+    @hardlinkfile
+  end
+
+  def fifo
+    return @fifo if defined? @fifo
+    if POSIX
+      fn = make_tmp_filename("fifo")
+      File.mkfifo(fn)
+      @fifo = fn
+    else
+      @fifo = nil
+    end
+    @fifo
+  end
+
+  def socket
+    return @socket if defined? @socket
+    if defined? UNIXServer
+      socket = make_tmp_filename("s")
+      UNIXServer.open(socket).close
+      @socket = socket
+    else
+      @socket = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def chardev
+    File::NULL
+  end
+
+  def blockdev
+    return @blockdev if defined? @blockdev
+    if /linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      @blockdev = %w[/dev/loop0 /dev/sda /dev/vda /dev/xvda1].find {|f| File.exist? f }
+    else
+      @blockdev = nil
+    end
+    @blockdev
+  end
+
+  def root_without_capabilities?
+    return false unless Process.uid == 0
+    return false unless system('command', '-v', 'capsh', out: File::NULL)
+    !system('capsh', '--has-p=CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE', out: File::NULL, err: File::NULL)
+  end
+
+  def test_path
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_equal(file, File.open(file) {|f| f.path})
+      assert_equal(file, File.path(file))
+      o = Struct.new(:to_path).new(file)
+      assert_equal(file, File.path(o))
+      o = Struct.new(:to_str).new(file)
+      assert_equal(file, File.path(o))
+    end
+
+    conv_error = ->(method, msg = "converting with #{method}") {
+      test = ->(&new) do
+        o = new.(42)
+        assert_raise(TypeError, msg) {File.path(o)}
+
+        o = new.("abc".encode(Encoding::UTF_32BE))
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, msg) {File.path(o)}
+
+        ["\0", "a\0", "a\0c"].each do |path|
+          o = new.(path)
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError, msg) {File.path(o)}
+        end
+      end
+
+      test.call(&:itself)
+      test.call(&Struct.new(method).method(:new))
+    }
+
+    conv_error[:to_path]
+    conv_error[:to_str]
+  end
+
+  def assert_integer(n)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, n)
+  end
+
+  def assert_integer_or_nil(n)
+    msg = ->{"#{n.inspect} is neither Integer nor nil."}
+    if n
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, n, msg)
+    else
+      assert_nil(n, msg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_stat
+    fn1 = regular_file
+    hardlinkfile
+    sleep(1.1)
+    fn2 = fn1 + "2"
+    make_file("foo", fn2)
+    fs1, fs2 = File.stat(fn1), File.stat(fn2)
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal(0, fs1 <=> fs1)
+      assert_equal(-1, fs1 <=> fs2)
+      assert_equal(1, fs2 <=> fs1)
+      assert_nil(fs1 <=> nil)
+      assert_integer(fs1.dev)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.rdev)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.dev_major)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.dev_minor)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.rdev_major)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.rdev_minor)
+      assert_integer(fs1.ino)
+      assert_integer(fs1.mode)
+      unless /emx|mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        # on Windows, nlink is always 1. but this behavior will be changed
+        # in the future.
+        assert_equal(hardlinkfile ? 2 : 1, fs1.nlink)
+      end
+      assert_integer(fs1.uid)
+      assert_integer(fs1.gid)
+      assert_equal(3, fs1.size)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.blksize)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.blocks)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, fs1.atime)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, fs1.mtime)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, fs1.ctime)
+      assert_kind_of(String, fs1.inspect)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.stat(nofile) }
+    assert_kind_of(File::Stat, File.open(fn1) {|f| f.stat})
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.lstat(nofile) }
+    assert_kind_of(File::Stat, File.open(fn1) {|f| f.lstat})
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_drive_root
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.stat(DRIVE + "/") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.stat(DRIVE + "/.") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.stat(DRIVE + "/..") }
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.stat(DRIVE + "/...") }
+    # want to test the root of empty drive, but there is no method to test it...
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_stat_dotted_prefix
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      prefix = File.join(dir, "...a")
+      Dir.mkdir(prefix)
+      assert_file.exist?(prefix)
+
+      assert_nothing_raised { File.stat(prefix) }
+
+      Dir.chdir(dir) do
+        assert_nothing_raised { File.stat(File.basename(prefix)) }
+      end
+    end
+  end if NTFS
+
+  def test_lstat
+    return unless symlinkfile
+    assert_equal(false, File.stat(symlinkfile).symlink?)
+    assert_equal(true, File.lstat(symlinkfile).symlink?)
+    f = File.new(symlinkfile)
+    assert_equal(false, f.stat.symlink?)
+    assert_equal(true, f.lstat.symlink?)
+    f.close
+  end
+
+  def test_directory_p
+    assert_file.directory?(@dir)
+    assert_file.not_directory?(@dir+"/...")
+    assert_file.not_directory?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_directory?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_directory?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe_p
+    assert_file.not_pipe?(@dir)
+    assert_file.not_pipe?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_pipe?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_pipe?(nofile)
+    assert_file.pipe?(fifo) if fifo
+  end
+
+  def test_symlink_p
+    assert_file.not_symlink?(@dir)
+    assert_file.not_symlink?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_symlink?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.symlink?(symlinkfile) if symlinkfile
+    assert_file.not_symlink?(hardlinkfile) if hardlinkfile
+    assert_file.not_symlink?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_socket_p
+    assert_file.not_socket?(@dir)
+    assert_file.not_socket?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_socket?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_socket?(nofile)
+    assert_file.socket?(socket) if socket
+  end
+
+  def test_blockdev_p
+    assert_file.not_blockdev?(@dir)
+    assert_file.not_blockdev?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_blockdev?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_blockdev?(nofile)
+    assert_file.blockdev?(blockdev) if blockdev
+  end
+
+  def test_chardev_p
+    assert_file.not_chardev?(@dir)
+    assert_file.not_chardev?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_chardev?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_chardev?(nofile)
+    assert_file.chardev?(chardev)
+  end
+
+  def test_exist_p
+    assert_file.exist?(@dir)
+    assert_file.exist?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.exist?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_exist?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_readable_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0200, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_readable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.readable?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0200, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_readable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.readable?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_readable?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_readable_real_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0200, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_readable_real?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.readable_real?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0200, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_readable_real?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.readable_real?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_readable_real?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_world_readable_p
+    File.chmod(0006, regular_file)
+    assert_file.world_readable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0060, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_readable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_readable?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0006, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.world_readable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0060, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_readable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_readable?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_world_readable?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_writable_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0400, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_writable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.writable?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0400, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_writable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.writable?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_writable?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_writable_real_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0400, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_writable_real?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.writable_real?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0400, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_writable_real?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.writable_real?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_writable_real?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_world_writable_p
+    File.chmod(0006, regular_file)
+    assert_file.world_writable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0060, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_writable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_writable?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0006, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.world_writable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0060, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_writable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_world_writable?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_world_writable?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_executable_p
+    File.chmod(0100, regular_file)
+    assert_file.executable?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_executable?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0100, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.executable?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_executable?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_executable?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_executable_real_p
+    File.chmod(0100, regular_file)
+    assert_file.executable_real?(regular_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_executable_real?(regular_file)
+
+    File.chmod(0100, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.executable_real?(utf8_file)
+    File.chmod(0600, utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_executable_real?(utf8_file)
+
+    assert_file.not_executable_real?(nofile)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_file_p
+    assert_file.not_file?(@dir)
+    assert_file.file?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.file?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_file?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_p
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.zero?(@dir) }
+    assert_file.not_zero?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_zero?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.zero?(zerofile)
+    assert_file.not_zero?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_p
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.empty?(@dir) }
+    assert_file.not_empty?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_empty?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.empty?(zerofile)
+    assert_file.not_empty?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_size_p
+    assert_nothing_raised { File.size?(@dir) }
+    assert_equal(3, File.size?(regular_file))
+    assert_equal(3, File.size?(utf8_file))
+    assert_file.not_size?(zerofile)
+    assert_file.not_size?(nofile)
+  end
+
+  def test_owned_p
+    assert_file.owned?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.owned?(utf8_file)
+    assert_file.not_owned?(notownedfile) if notownedfile
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_grpowned_p ## xxx
+    assert_file.grpowned?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.grpowned?(utf8_file)
+    if file = grpownedfile
+      assert_file.grpowned?(file)
+    end
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def io_open(file_name)
+    # avoid File.open since we do not want #to_path
+    io = IO.for_fd(IO.sysopen(file_name))
+    yield io
+  ensure
+    io&.close
+  end
+
+  def test_suid
+    assert_file.not_setuid?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_setuid?(utf8_file)
+    if suidfile
+      assert_file.setuid?(suidfile)
+      io_open(suidfile) { |io| assert_file.setuid?(io) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sgid
+    assert_file.not_setgid?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_setgid?(utf8_file)
+    if sgidfile
+      assert_file.setgid?(sgidfile)
+      io_open(sgidfile) { |io| assert_file.setgid?(io) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sticky
+    assert_file.not_sticky?(regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_sticky?(utf8_file)
+    if stickyfile
+      assert_file.sticky?(stickyfile)
+      io_open(stickyfile) { |io| assert_file.sticky?(io) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_path_identical_p
+    assert_file.identical?(regular_file, regular_file)
+    assert_file.not_identical?(regular_file, zerofile)
+    assert_file.not_identical?(regular_file, nofile)
+    assert_file.not_identical?(nofile, regular_file)
+  end
+
+  def path_identical_p(file)
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_file.identical?(file, file)
+      assert_file.not_identical?(file, zerofile)
+      assert_file.not_identical?(file, nofile)
+      assert_file.not_identical?(nofile, file)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_io_identical_p
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      open(file) {|f|
+        assert_file.identical?(f, f)
+        assert_file.identical?(file, f)
+        assert_file.identical?(f, file)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_closed_io_identical_p
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      io = open(file) {|f| f}
+      assert_raise(IOError) {
+        File.identical?(file, io)
+      }
+      File.unlink(file)
+      assert_file.not_exist?(file)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_s_size
+    assert_integer(File.size(@dir))
+    assert_equal(3, File.size(regular_file))
+    assert_equal(3, File.size(utf8_file))
+    assert_equal(0, File.size(zerofile))
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.size(nofile) }
+  end
+
+  def test_ftype
+    assert_equal("directory", File.ftype(@dir))
+    assert_equal("file", File.ftype(regular_file))
+    assert_equal("file", File.ftype(utf8_file))
+    assert_equal("link", File.ftype(symlinkfile)) if symlinkfile
+    assert_equal("file", File.ftype(hardlinkfile)) if hardlinkfile
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.ftype(nofile) }
+  end
+
+  def test_atime
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      t1 = File.atime(file)
+      t2 = File.open(file) {|f| f.atime}
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t1)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t2)
+      # High Sierra's APFS can handle nano-sec precise.
+      # t1 value is difference from t2 on APFS.
+      if Bug::File::Fs.fsname(Dir.tmpdir) == "apfs"
+        assert_equal(t1.to_i, t2.to_i)
+      else
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.atime(nofile) }
+  end
+
+  def test_mtime
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      t1 = File.mtime(file)
+      t2 = File.open(file) {|f| f.mtime}
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t1)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t2)
+      assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.mtime(nofile) }
+  end
+
+  def test_ctime
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      t1 = File.ctime(file)
+      t2 = File.open(file) {|f| f.ctime}
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t1)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t2)
+      assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.ctime(nofile) }
+  end
+
+  def test_birthtime
+    omit if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /android/
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      t1 = File.birthtime(file)
+      t2 = File.open(file) {|f| f.birthtime}
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t1)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, t2)
+      assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    rescue Errno::ENOSYS, NotImplementedError
+      # ignore unsupporting filesystems
+    rescue Errno::EPERM
+      # Docker prohibits statx syscall by the default.
+      omit("statx(2) is prohibited by seccomp")
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.birthtime(nofile) }
+  end if File.respond_to?(:birthtime)
+
+  def test_chmod
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_equal(1, File.chmod(0444, file))
+      assert_equal(0444, File.stat(file).mode % 01000)
+      assert_equal(0, File.open(file) {|f| f.chmod(0222)})
+      assert_equal(0222, File.stat(file).mode % 01000)
+      File.chmod(0600, file)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.chmod(0600, nofile) }
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_lchmod
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_equal(1, File.lchmod(0444, file))
+      assert_equal(0444, File.stat(file).mode % 01000)
+      File.lchmod(0600, regular_file)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.lchmod(0600, nofile) }
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_chown ## xxx
+  end
+
+  def test_lchown ## xxx
+  end
+
+  def test_symlink
+    return unless symlinkfile
+    assert_equal("link", File.ftype(symlinkfile))
+    assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST) { File.symlink(regular_file, regular_file) }
+    assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST) { File.symlink(utf8_file, utf8_file) }
+  end
+
+  def test_utime
+    t = Time.local(2000)
+    File.utime(t + 1, t + 2, zerofile)
+    assert_equal(t + 1, File.atime(zerofile))
+    assert_equal(t + 2, File.mtime(zerofile))
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      Dir.chdir(dir) do
+        path = "foo\u{30b3 30d4 30fc}"
+        File.write(path, "") rescue next
+        assert_equal(1, File.utime(nil, nil, path))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_utime_symlinkfile
+    return unless symlinkfile
+    t = Time.local(2000)
+    assert_equal(1, File.utime(t, t, symlinkfile))
+    assert_equal(t, File.stat(regular_file).atime)
+    assert_equal(t, File.stat(regular_file).mtime)
+  end
+
+  def test_lutime
+    return unless File.respond_to?(:lutime)
+    return unless symlinkfile
+
+    r = File.stat(regular_file)
+    t = Time.local(2000)
+    File.lutime(t + 1, t + 2, symlinkfile)
+  rescue NotImplementedError => e
+    skip(e.message)
+  else
+    stat = File.stat(regular_file)
+    assert_equal(r.atime, stat.atime)
+    assert_equal(r.mtime, stat.mtime)
+
+    stat = File.lstat(symlinkfile)
+    assert_equal(t + 1, stat.atime)
+    assert_equal(t + 2, stat.mtime)
+  end
+
+  def test_hardlink
+    return unless hardlinkfile
+    assert_equal("file", File.ftype(hardlinkfile))
+    assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST) { File.link(regular_file, regular_file) }
+    assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST) { File.link(utf8_file, utf8_file) }
+  end
+
+  def test_readlink
+    return unless symlinkfile
+    assert_equal(regular_file, File.readlink(symlinkfile))
+    assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL) { File.readlink(regular_file) }
+    assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL) { File.readlink(utf8_file) }
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.readlink(nofile) }
+    if fs = Encoding.find("filesystem")
+      assert_equal(fs, File.readlink(symlinkfile).encoding)
+    end
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_readlink_long_path
+    return unless symlinkfile
+    bug9157 = '[ruby-core:58592] [Bug #9157]'
+    assert_separately(["-", symlinkfile, bug9157], "#{<<~begin}#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin
+      symlinkfile, bug9157 = *ARGV
+      100.step(1000, 100) do |n|
+        File.unlink(symlinkfile)
+        link = "foo"*n
+        begin
+          File.symlink(link, symlinkfile)
+        rescue Errno::ENAMETOOLONG
+          break
+        end
+        assert_equal(link, File.readlink(symlinkfile), bug9157)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  if NTFS
+    def test_readlink_junction
+      base = File.basename(nofile)
+      err = IO.popen(%W"cmd.exe /c mklink /j #{base} .", chdir: @dir, err: %i[child out], &:read)
+      omit err unless $?.success?
+      assert_equal(@dir, File.readlink(nofile))
+    end
+
+    def test_realpath_mount_point
+      vol = IO.popen(["mountvol", DRIVE, "/l"], &:read).strip
+      Dir.mkdir(mnt = File.join(@dir, mntpnt = "mntpnt"))
+      system("mountvol", mntpnt, vol, chdir: @dir)
+      assert_equal(mnt, File.realpath(mnt))
+    ensure
+      system("mountvol", mntpnt, "/d", chdir: @dir)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unlink
+    assert_equal(1, File.unlink(regular_file))
+    make_file("foo", regular_file)
+
+    assert_equal(1, File.unlink(utf8_file))
+    make_file("foo", utf8_file)
+
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.unlink(nofile) }
+  end
+
+  def test_rename
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_equal(0, File.rename(file, nofile))
+      assert_file.not_exist?(file)
+      assert_file.exist?(nofile)
+      assert_equal(0, File.rename(nofile, file))
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.rename(nofile, file) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_umask
+    prev = File.umask(0777)
+    assert_equal(0777, File.umask)
+    open(nofile, "w") { }
+    assert_equal(0, File.stat(nofile).mode % 01000)
+    File.unlink(nofile)
+    assert_equal(0777, File.umask(prev))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.umask(0, 1, 2) }
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_expand_path
+    assert_equal(regular_file, File.expand_path(File.basename(regular_file), File.dirname(regular_file)))
+    assert_equal(utf8_file, File.expand_path(File.basename(utf8_file), File.dirname(utf8_file)))
+  end
+
+  if NTFS
+    def test_expand_path_ntfs
+      [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+        assert_equal(file, File.expand_path(file + " "))
+        assert_equal(file, File.expand_path(file + "."))
+        assert_equal(file, File.expand_path(file + "::$DATA"))
+      end
+      assert_match(/\Ac:\//i, File.expand_path('c:'), '[ruby-core:31591]')
+      assert_match(/\Ac:\//i, File.expand_path('c:foo', 'd:/bar'))
+      assert_match(/\Ae:\//i, File.expand_path('e:foo', 'd:/bar'))
+      assert_match(%r'\Ac:/bar/foo\z'i, File.expand_path('c:foo', 'c:/bar'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  case RUBY_PLATFORM
+  when /darwin/
+    def test_expand_path_hfs
+      ["\u{feff}", *"\u{2000}"..."\u{2100}"].each do |c|
+        file = regular_file + c
+        full_path = File.expand_path(file)
+        mesg = proc {File.basename(full_path).dump}
+        begin
+          open(file) {}
+        rescue
+          # High Sierra's APFS cannot use filenames with undefined character
+          next if Bug::File::Fs.fsname(Dir.tmpdir) == "apfs"
+          assert_equal(file, full_path, mesg)
+        else
+          assert_equal(regular_file, full_path, mesg)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if DRIVE
+    def test_expand_path_absolute
+      assert_match(%r"\Az:/foo\z"i, File.expand_path('/foo', "z:/bar"))
+      assert_match(%r"\A//host/share/foo\z"i, File.expand_path('/foo', "//host/share/bar"))
+      assert_match(%r"\A#{DRIVE}/foo\z"i, File.expand_path('/foo'))
+    end
+  else
+    def test_expand_path_absolute
+      assert_equal("/foo", File.expand_path('/foo'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_memsize
+    bug9934 = '[ruby-core:63114] [Bug #9934]'
+    require "objspace"
+    path = File.expand_path("/foo")
+    assert_operator(ObjectSpace.memsize_of(path), :<=, path.bytesize + GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE], bug9934)
+    path = File.expand_path("/a"*25)
+    assert_operator(ObjectSpace.memsize_of(path), :<=,
+                    (path.bytesize + 1) * 2 + GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE], bug9934)
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_encoding
+    drive = (DRIVE ? 'C:' : '')
+    if Encoding.find("filesystem") == Encoding::CP1251
+      a = "#{drive}/\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3048\u304a".encode("cp932")
+    else
+      a = "#{drive}/\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442".encode("cp1251")
+    end
+    assert_equal(a, File.expand_path(a))
+    a = "#{drive}/\225\\\\"
+    if File::ALT_SEPARATOR == '\\'
+      [%W"cp437 #{drive}/\225", %W"cp932 #{drive}/\225\\"]
+    elsif File.directory?("#{@dir}/\\")
+      [%W"cp437 /\225", %W"cp932 /\225\\"]
+    else
+      [["cp437", a], ["cp932", a]]
+    end.each do |cp, expected|
+      assert_equal(expected.force_encoding(cp), File.expand_path(a.dup.force_encoding(cp)), cp)
+    end
+
+    path = "\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3048\u304a".encode("EUC-JP")
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/#{path}".encode("CP932"), File.expand_path(path).encode("CP932"))
+
+    path = "\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3048\u304a".encode("CP51932")
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/#{path}", File.expand_path(path))
+
+    assert_incompatible_encoding {|d| File.expand_path(d)}
+
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, File.expand_path("foo", "#{drive}/").encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_encoding_filesystem
+    home = ENV["HOME"]
+    ENV["HOME"] = "#{DRIVE}/UserHome"
+
+    path = "~".encode("US-ASCII")
+    dir = "C:/".encode("IBM437")
+    fs = Encoding.find("filesystem")
+
+    assert_equal fs, File.expand_path(path).encoding
+    assert_equal fs, File.expand_path(path, dir).encoding
+  ensure
+    ENV["HOME"] = home
+  end
+
+  UnknownUserHome = "~foo_bar_baz_unknown_user_wahaha".freeze
+
+  def test_expand_path_home
+    assert_kind_of(String, File.expand_path("~")) if ENV["HOME"]
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.expand_path(UnknownUserHome) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.expand_path(UnknownUserHome, "/") }
+    begin
+      bug3630 = '[ruby-core:31537]'
+      home = ENV["HOME"]
+      home_drive = ENV["HOMEDRIVE"]
+      home_path = ENV["HOMEPATH"]
+      user_profile = ENV["USERPROFILE"]
+      ENV["HOME"] = nil
+      ENV["HOMEDRIVE"] = nil
+      ENV["HOMEPATH"] = nil
+      ENV["USERPROFILE"] = nil
+      ENV["HOME"] = "~"
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug3630) { File.expand_path("~") }
+      ENV["HOME"] = "."
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug3630) { File.expand_path("~") }
+    ensure
+      ENV["HOME"] = home
+      ENV["HOMEDRIVE"] = home_drive
+      ENV["HOMEPATH"] = home_path
+      ENV["USERPROFILE"] = user_profile
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_home_dir_string
+    home = ENV["HOME"]
+    new_home = "#{DRIVE}/UserHome"
+    ENV["HOME"] = new_home
+    bug8034 = "[ruby-core:53168]"
+
+    assert_equal File.join(new_home, "foo"), File.expand_path("foo", "~"), bug8034
+    assert_equal File.join(new_home, "bar", "foo"), File.expand_path("foo", "~/bar"), bug8034
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.expand_path(".", UnknownUserHome) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { File.expand_path("#{DRIVE}/", UnknownUserHome) }
+    ENV["HOME"] = "#{DRIVE}UserHome"
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.expand_path("~") }
+  ensure
+    ENV["HOME"] = home
+  end
+
+  if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    def test_expand_path_home_memory_leak_in_path
+      assert_no_memory_leak_at_expand_path_home('', 'in path')
+    end
+
+    def test_expand_path_home_memory_leak_in_base
+      assert_no_memory_leak_at_expand_path_home('".",', 'in base')
+    end
+
+    def assert_no_memory_leak_at_expand_path_home(arg, message)
+      prep = 'ENV["HOME"] = "foo"*100'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], prep, <<-TRY, "memory leaked at non-absolute home #{message}")
+      10000.times do
+        begin
+          File.expand_path(#{arg}"~/a")
+        rescue ArgumentError => e
+          next
+        ensure
+          abort("ArgumentError (non-absolute home) expected") unless e
+        end
+      end
+      GC.start
+      TRY
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def test_expand_path_remove_trailing_alternative_data
+    assert_equal File.join(rootdir, "aaa"), File.expand_path("#{rootdir}/aaa::$DATA")
+    assert_equal File.join(rootdir, "aa:a"), File.expand_path("#{rootdir}/aa:a:$DATA")
+    assert_equal File.join(rootdir, "aaa:$DATA"), File.expand_path("#{rootdir}/aaa:$DATA")
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_resolve_empty_string_current_directory
+    assert_equal(Dir.pwd, File.expand_path(""))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_resolve_dot_current_directory
+    assert_equal(Dir.pwd, File.expand_path("."))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_resolve_file_name_relative_current_directory
+    assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "foo"), File.expand_path("foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_ignore_nil_dir_string
+    assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "foo"), File.expand_path("foo", nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_resolve_file_name_and_dir_string_relative
+    assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "bar", "foo"),
+      File.expand_path("foo", "bar"))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_cleanup_dots_file_name
+    bug = "[ruby-talk:18512]"
+
+    assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, ".a"), File.expand_path(".a"), bug)
+    assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "..a"), File.expand_path("..a"), bug)
+
+    if DRIVE
+      # cleanup dots only on Windows
+      assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "a"), File.expand_path("a."), bug)
+      assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "a"), File.expand_path("a.."), bug)
+    else
+      assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "a."), File.expand_path("a."), bug)
+      assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "a.."), File.expand_path("a.."), bug)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_to_an_absolute_pathname_using_a_complete_path
+    assert_equal(@dir, File.expand_path("", "#{@dir}"))
+    assert_equal(File.join(@dir, "a"), File.expand_path("a", "#{@dir}"))
+    assert_equal(File.join(@dir, "a"), File.expand_path("../a", "#{@dir}/xxx"))
+    assert_equal(rootdir, File.expand_path(".", "#{rootdir}"))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_ignores_supplied_dir_if_path_contains_a_drive_letter
+    assert_equal(rootdir, File.expand_path(rootdir, "D:/"))
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_removes_trailing_slashes_from_absolute_path
+    assert_equal(File.join(rootdir, "foo"), File.expand_path("#{rootdir}foo/"))
+    assert_equal(File.join(rootdir, "foo.rb"), File.expand_path("#{rootdir}foo.rb/"))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_removes_trailing_spaces_from_absolute_path
+    assert_equal(File.join(rootdir, "a"), File.expand_path("#{rootdir}a "))
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_which_starts_with_a_slash_using_dir_s_drive
+    assert_match(%r"\Az:/foo\z"i, File.expand_path('/foo', "z:/bar"))
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_which_starts_with_a_slash_and_unc_pathname
+    assert_equal("//foo", File.expand_path('//foo', "//bar"))
+    assert_equal("//bar/foo", File.expand_path('/foo', "//bar"))
+    assert_equal("//foo", File.expand_path('//foo', "/bar"))
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_dot_with_unc_dir
+    assert_equal("//", File.expand_path('.', "//"))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_preserves_unc_path_root
+    assert_equal("//", File.expand_path("//"))
+    assert_equal("//", File.expand_path("//."))
+    assert_equal("//", File.expand_path("//.."))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_which_starts_with_a_slash_using_host_share
+    assert_match(%r"\A//host/share/foo\z"i, File.expand_path('/foo', "//host/share/bar"))
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_which_starts_with_a_slash_using_a_current_drive
+    assert_match(%r"\A#{DRIVE}/foo\z"i, File.expand_path('/foo'))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_to_an_absolute_pathname_using_home_as_base
+    old_home = ENV["HOME"]
+    home = ENV["HOME"] = "#{DRIVE}/UserHome"
+    assert_equal(home, File.expand_path("~"))
+    assert_equal(home, File.expand_path("~", "C:/FooBar"))
+    assert_equal(File.join(home, "a"), File.expand_path("~/a", "C:/FooBar"))
+  ensure
+    ENV["HOME"] = old_home
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_converts_a_pathname_to_an_absolute_pathname_using_unc_home
+    old_home = ENV["HOME"]
+    unc_home = ENV["HOME"] = "//UserHome"
+    assert_equal(unc_home, File.expand_path("~"))
+  ensure
+    ENV["HOME"] = old_home
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_does_not_modify_a_home_string_argument
+    old_home = ENV["HOME"]
+    home = ENV["HOME"] = "#{DRIVE}/UserHome"
+    str = "~/a"
+    assert_equal("#{home}/a", File.expand_path(str))
+    assert_equal("~/a", str)
+  ensure
+    ENV["HOME"] = old_home
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_raises_argument_error_for_any_supplied_username
+    bug = '[ruby-core:39597]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug) { File.expand_path("~anything") }
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_for_existent_username
+    user = ENV['USER']
+    omit "ENV['USER'] is not set" unless user
+    assert_equal(ENV['HOME'], File.expand_path("~#{user}"))
+  end unless DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_error_for_nonexistent_username
+    user = "\u{3086 3046 3066 3044}:\u{307F 3084 304A 3046}"
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /#{user}/) {File.expand_path("~#{user}")}
+  end unless DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_error_for_non_absolute_home
+    old_home = ENV["HOME"]
+    ENV["HOME"] = "./UserHome"
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /non-absolute home/) {File.expand_path("~")}
+  ensure
+    ENV["HOME"] = old_home
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_raises_a_type_error_if_not_passed_a_string_type
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { File.expand_path(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { File.expand_path(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { File.expand_path(true) }
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_expands_dot_dir
+    assert_equal("#{DRIVE}/dir", File.expand_path("#{DRIVE}/./dir"))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_does_not_expand_wildcards
+    assert_equal("#{DRIVE}/*", File.expand_path("./*", "#{DRIVE}/"))
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/*", File.expand_path("./*", Dir.pwd))
+    assert_equal("#{DRIVE}/?", File.expand_path("./?", "#{DRIVE}/"))
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/?", File.expand_path("./?", Dir.pwd))
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_expand_path_does_not_modify_the_string_argument
+    str = "./a/b/../c"
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/a/c", File.expand_path(str, Dir.pwd))
+    assert_equal("./a/b/../c", str)
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_returns_a_string_when_passed_a_string_subclass
+    sub = Class.new(String)
+    str = sub.new "./a/b/../c"
+    path = File.expand_path(str, Dir.pwd)
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/a/c", path)
+    assert_instance_of(String, path)
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_accepts_objects_that_have_a_to_path_method
+    klass = Class.new { def to_path; "a/b/c"; end }
+    obj = klass.new
+    assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/a/b/c", File.expand_path(obj))
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_path_with_drive_letter
+    bug10858 = '[ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]'
+    assert_match(%r'/bar/foo\z'i, File.expand_path('z:foo', 'bar'), bug10858)
+    assert_equal('z:/bar/foo', File.expand_path('z:foo', '/bar'), bug10858)
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and Encoding.find("filesystem") == Encoding::UTF_8
+    def test_expand_path_compose
+      pp = Object.new.extend(Test::Unit::Assertions)
+      def pp.mu_pp(str) #:nodoc:
+        str.dump
+      end
+
+      Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+        Dir.chdir(dir) do
+          orig = %W"d\u{e9}tente x\u{304c 304e 3050 3052 3054}"
+          orig.each do |o|
+            Dir.mkdir(o)
+            n = Dir.chdir(o) {File.expand_path(".")}
+            pp.assert_equal(o, File.basename(n))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_basename
+    assert_equal(File.basename(regular_file).sub(/\.test$/, ""), File.basename(regular_file, ".test"))
+    assert_equal(File.basename(utf8_file).sub(/\.test$/, ""), File.basename(utf8_file, ".test"))
+    assert_equal("", s = File.basename(""))
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :frozen?, '[ruby-core:24199]')
+    assert_equal("foo", s = File.basename("foo"))
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :frozen?, '[ruby-core:24199]')
+    assert_equal("foo", File.basename("foo", ".ext"))
+    assert_equal("foo", File.basename("foo.ext", ".ext"))
+    assert_equal("foo", File.basename("foo.ext", ".*"))
+  end
+
+  if NTFS
+    def test_basename_strip
+      [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+        basename = File.basename(file)
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + " "))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + "."))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + "::$DATA"))
+        basename.chomp!(".test")
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + " ", ".test"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + ".", ".test"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + "::$DATA", ".test"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + " ", ".*"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + ".", ".*"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + "::$DATA", ".*"))
+      end
+    end
+  else
+    def test_basename_strip
+      [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+        basename = File.basename(file)
+        assert_equal(basename + " ", File.basename(file + " "))
+        assert_equal(basename + ".", File.basename(file + "."))
+        assert_equal(basename + "::$DATA", File.basename(file + "::$DATA"))
+        assert_equal(basename + " ", File.basename(file + " ", ".test"))
+        assert_equal(basename + ".", File.basename(file + ".", ".test"))
+        assert_equal(basename + "::$DATA", File.basename(file + "::$DATA", ".test"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + ".", ".*"))
+        basename.chomp!(".test")
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + " ", ".*"))
+        assert_equal(basename, File.basename(file + "::$DATA", ".*"))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if File::ALT_SEPARATOR == '\\'
+    def test_basename_backslash
+      a = "foo/\225\\\\"
+      [%W"cp437 \225", %W"cp932 \225\\"].each do |cp, expected|
+        assert_equal(expected.force_encoding(cp), File.basename(a.dup.force_encoding(cp)), cp)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_basename_encoding
+    assert_incompatible_encoding {|d| File.basename(d)}
+    assert_incompatible_encoding {|d| File.basename(d, ".*")}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {File.basename("foo.ext", ".*".encode("utf-16le"))}
+
+    s = "foo\x93_a".force_encoding("cp932")
+    assert_equal(s, File.basename(s, "_a"))
+
+    s = "\u4032.\u3024"
+    assert_equal(s, File.basename(s, ".\x95\\".force_encoding("cp932")))
+  end
+
+  def test_dirname
+    assert_equal(@dir, File.dirname(regular_file))
+    assert_equal(@dir, File.dirname(utf8_file))
+    assert_equal(".", File.dirname(""))
+    assert_equal(regular_file, File.dirname(regular_file, 0))
+    assert_equal(@dir, File.dirname(regular_file, 1))
+    assert_equal(File.dirname(@dir), File.dirname(regular_file, 2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {File.dirname(regular_file, -1)}
+    root = "#{@dir[ROOT_REGEXP]||?/}#{$1}"
+    assert_equal(root, File.dirname(regular_file, regular_file.count('/')))
+    assert_equal(root, File.dirname(regular_file, regular_file.count('/') + 100))
+  end
+
+  def test_dirname_encoding
+    assert_incompatible_encoding {|d| File.dirname(d)}
+  end
+
+  if File::ALT_SEPARATOR == '\\'
+    def test_dirname_backslash
+      a = "\225\\\\foo"
+      [%W"cp437 \225", %W"cp932 \225\\"].each do |cp, expected|
+        assert_equal(expected.force_encoding(cp), File.dirname(a.dup.force_encoding(cp)), cp)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extname
+    assert_equal(".test", File.extname(regular_file))
+    assert_equal(".test", File.extname(utf8_file))
+    prefixes = ["", "/", ".", "/.", "bar/.", "/bar/."]
+    infixes = ["", " "]
+    infixes2 = infixes + [".ext "]
+    appendixes = [""]
+    if NTFS
+      appendixes << " " << "." << "::$DATA" << "::$DATA.bar"
+    else
+      appendixes << [".", "."]
+    end
+    prefixes.each do |prefix|
+      appendixes.each do |appendix, ext = ""|
+        infixes.each do |infix|
+          path = "#{prefix}foo#{infix}#{appendix}"
+          assert_equal(ext, File.extname(path), "File.extname(#{path.inspect})")
+        end
+        infixes2.each do |infix|
+          path = "#{prefix}foo#{infix}.ext#{appendix}"
+          assert_equal(ext.empty? ? ".ext" : appendix, File.extname(path), "File.extname(#{path.inspect})")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    bug3175 = '[ruby-core:29627]'
+    assert_equal(".rb", File.extname("/tmp//bla.rb"), bug3175)
+
+    assert_incompatible_encoding {|d| File.extname(d)}
+  end
+
+  def test_split
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      d, b = File.split(file)
+      assert_equal(File.dirname(file), d)
+      assert_equal(File.basename(file), b)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_join
+    s = "foo" + File::SEPARATOR + "bar" + File::SEPARATOR + "baz"
+    assert_equal(s, File.join("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+    assert_equal(s, File.join(["foo", "bar", "baz"]))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_path; "foo"; end
+    assert_equal(s, File.join(o, "bar", "baz"))
+    assert_equal(s, File.join("foo" + File::SEPARATOR, "bar", File::SEPARATOR + "baz"))
+  end
+
+  def test_join_alt_separator
+    if File::ALT_SEPARATOR == '\\'
+      a = "\225\\"
+      b = "foo"
+      [%W"cp437 \225\\foo", %W"cp932 \225\\/foo"].each do |cp, expected|
+        assert_equal(expected.force_encoding(cp), File.join(a.dup.force_encoding(cp), b.dup.force_encoding(cp)), cp)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_join_ascii_incompatible
+    bug7168 = '[ruby-core:48012]'
+    names = %w"a b".map {|s| s.encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE)}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug7168) {File.join(*names)}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug7168) {File.join(names)}
+
+    a = Object.new
+    b = names[1]
+    names = [a, "b"]
+    a.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:to_path) do
+        names[1] = b
+        "a"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug7168) {File.join(names)}
+  end
+
+  def test_join_with_changed_separator
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    bug = '[ruby-core:79579] [Bug #13223]'
+    begin;
+      class File
+        remove_const :Separator
+        remove_const :SEPARATOR
+      end
+      GC.start
+      assert_equal("hello/world", File.join("hello", "world"), bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_equal(0, File.truncate(file, 1))
+      assert_file.exist?(file)
+      assert_equal(1, File.size(file))
+      assert_equal(0, File.truncate(file, 0))
+      assert_file.exist?(file)
+      assert_file.zero?(file)
+      make_file("foo", file)
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File.truncate(nofile, 0) }
+
+      f = File.new(file, "w")
+      assert_equal(0, f.truncate(2))
+      assert_file.exist?(file)
+      assert_equal(2, File.size(file))
+      assert_equal(0, f.truncate(0))
+      assert_file.exist?(file)
+      assert_file.zero?(file)
+      f.close
+      make_file("foo", file)
+
+      assert_raise(IOError) { File.open(file) {|ff| ff.truncate(0)} }
+    end
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_flock_exclusive
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    timeout = EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(1).to_s
+    File.open(regular_file, "r+") do |f|
+      f.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
+      assert_separately(["-rtimeout", "-", regular_file, timeout], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        timeout = ARGV[1].to_f
+        open(ARGV[0], "r") do |f|
+          Timeout.timeout(timeout) do
+            assert(!f.flock(File::LOCK_SH|File::LOCK_NB))
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_separately(["-rtimeout", "-", regular_file, timeout], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        timeout = ARGV[1].to_f
+        open(ARGV[0], "r") do |f|
+          assert_raise(Timeout::Error) do
+            Timeout.timeout(timeout) do
+              f.flock(File::LOCK_SH)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+      f.flock(File::LOCK_UN)
+    end
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_flock_shared
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    timeout = EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(1).to_s
+    File.open(regular_file, "r+") do |f|
+      f.flock(File::LOCK_SH)
+      assert_separately(["-rtimeout", "-", regular_file, timeout], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        timeout = ARGV[1].to_f
+        open(ARGV[0], "r") do |f|
+          Timeout.timeout(timeout) do
+            assert(f.flock(File::LOCK_SH))
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_separately(["-rtimeout", "-", regular_file, timeout], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        timeout = ARGV[1].to_f
+        open(ARGV[0], "r+") do |f|
+          assert_raise(Timeout::Error) do
+            Timeout.timeout(timeout) do
+              f.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+      f.flock(File::LOCK_UN)
+    end
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_test
+    omit 'timestamp check is unstable on macOS' if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+    fn1 = regular_file
+    hardlinkfile
+    sleep(1.1)
+    fn2 = fn1 + "2"
+    make_file("foo", fn2)
+    [
+      @dir,
+      fn1,
+      zerofile,
+      notownedfile,
+      grpownedfile,
+      suidfile,
+      sgidfile,
+      stickyfile,
+      symlinkfile,
+      hardlinkfile,
+      chardev,
+      blockdev,
+      fifo,
+      socket
+    ].compact.each do |f|
+      assert_equal(File.atime(f), test(?A, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.ctime(f), test(?C, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.mtime(f), test(?M, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.blockdev?(f), test(?b, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.chardev?(f), test(?c, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.directory?(f), test(?d, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.exist?(f), test(?e, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.file?(f), test(?f, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.setgid?(f), test(?g, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.grpowned?(f), test(?G, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.sticky?(f), test(?k, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.symlink?(f), test(?l, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.owned?(f), test(?o, f), f)
+      assert_nothing_raised(f) { test(?O, f) }
+      assert_equal(File.pipe?(f), test(?p, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.readable?(f), test(?r, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.readable_real?(f), test(?R, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.size?(f), test(?s, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.socket?(f), test(?S, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.setuid?(f), test(?u, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.writable?(f), test(?w, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.writable_real?(f), test(?W, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.executable?(f), test(?x, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.executable_real?(f), test(?X, f), f)
+      assert_equal(File.zero?(f), test(?z, f), f)
+
+      stat = File.stat(f)
+      unless stat.chardev?
+        # null device may be accessed by other processes
+        assert_equal(stat.atime, File.atime(f), f)
+        assert_equal(stat.ctime, File.ctime(f), f)
+        assert_equal(stat.mtime, File.mtime(f), f)
+      end
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.blockdev?, File.blockdev?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.chardev?, File.chardev?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.directory?, File.directory?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.file?, File.file?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.setgid?, File.setgid?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.grpowned?, File.grpowned?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.sticky?, File.sticky?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(File.lstat(f).symlink?, File.symlink?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.owned?, File.owned?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.pipe?, File.pipe?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.readable?, File.readable?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.readable_real?, File.readable_real?(f), f)
+      assert_equal(stat.size?, File.size?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.socket?, File.socket?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.setuid?, File.setuid?(f), f)
+      # It's possible in Linux to be uid 0, but not to have the CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE
+      # capability that allows skipping file permissions checks (e.g. some kinds
+      # of "rootless" container setups). In these cases, stat.writable? will be
+      # true (because it always returns true if Process.uid == 0), but
+      # File.writeable? will be false (because it actually asks the kernel to do
+      # an access check).
+      # Skip these two assertions in that case.
+      unless root_without_capabilities?
+        assert_bool_equal(stat.writable?, File.writable?(f), f)
+        assert_bool_equal(stat.writable_real?, File.writable_real?(f), f)
+      end
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.executable?, File.executable?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.executable_real?, File.executable_real?(f), f)
+      assert_bool_equal(stat.zero?, File.zero?(f), f)
+    end
+    assert_equal(false, test(?-, @dir, fn1))
+    assert_equal(true, test(?-, fn1, fn1))
+    assert_equal(true, test(?=, fn1, fn1))
+    assert_equal(false, test(?>, fn1, fn1))
+    assert_equal(false, test(?<, fn1, fn1))
+    unless /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      assert_equal(false, test(?=, fn1, fn2))
+      assert_equal(false, test(?>, fn1, fn2))
+      assert_equal(true, test(?>, fn2, fn1))
+      assert_equal(true, test(?<, fn1, fn2))
+      assert_equal(false, test(?<, fn2, fn1))
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { test }
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { test(?A, nofile) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { test(?a) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { test("\0".ord) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_init
+    fn1 = regular_file
+    hardlinkfile
+    sleep(1.1)
+    fn2 = fn1 + "2"
+    make_file("foo", fn2)
+    fs1, fs2 = File::Stat.new(fn1), File::Stat.new(fn2)
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal(0, fs1 <=> fs1)
+      assert_equal(-1, fs1 <=> fs2)
+      assert_equal(1, fs2 <=> fs1)
+      assert_nil(fs1 <=> nil)
+      assert_integer(fs1.dev)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.rdev)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.dev_major)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.dev_minor)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.rdev_major)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.rdev_minor)
+      assert_integer(fs1.ino)
+      assert_integer(fs1.mode)
+      assert_equal(hardlinkfile ? 2 : 1, fs1.nlink)
+      assert_integer(fs1.uid)
+      assert_integer(fs1.gid)
+      assert_equal(3, fs1.size)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.blksize)
+      assert_integer_or_nil(fs1.blocks)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, fs1.atime)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, fs1.mtime)
+      assert_kind_of(Time, fs1.ctime)
+      assert_kind_of(String, fs1.inspect)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { File::Stat.new(nofile) }
+    assert_kind_of(File::Stat, File::Stat.new(fn1).dup)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      File::Stat.new(fn1).instance_eval { initialize_copy(0) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_new_utf8
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      File::Stat.new(utf8_file)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_ftype
+    assert_equal("directory", File::Stat.new(@dir).ftype)
+    assert_equal("file", File::Stat.new(regular_file).ftype)
+    # File::Stat uses stat
+    assert_equal("file", File::Stat.new(symlinkfile).ftype) if symlinkfile
+    assert_equal("file", File::Stat.new(hardlinkfile).ftype) if hardlinkfile
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_directory_p
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :directory?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :directory?)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_pipe_p
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :pipe?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :pipe?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(fifo), :pipe?) if fifo
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_predicate(r.stat, :pipe?)
+      assert_predicate(w.stat, :pipe?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_symlink_p
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :symlink?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :symlink?)
+    # File::Stat uses stat
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(symlinkfile), :symlink?) if symlinkfile
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(hardlinkfile), :symlink?) if hardlinkfile
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_socket_p
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :socket?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :socket?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(socket), :socket?) if socket
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_blockdev_p
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :blockdev?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :blockdev?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(blockdev), :blockdev?) if blockdev
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_chardev_p
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :chardev?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :chardev?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(chardev), :chardev?)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_readable_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0200, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :readable?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :readable?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_readable_real_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0200, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :readable_real?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :readable_real?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_world_readable_p
+    File.chmod(0006, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :world_readable?)
+    File.chmod(0060, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :world_readable?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :world_readable?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_writable_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0400, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :writable?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :writable?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_writable_real_p
+    return if Process.euid == 0
+    File.chmod(0400, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :writable_real?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :writable_real?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_world_writable_p
+    File.chmod(0006, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :world_writable?)
+    File.chmod(0060, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :world_writable?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :world_writable?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_executable_p
+    File.chmod(0100, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :executable?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :executable?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_executable_real_p
+    File.chmod(0100, regular_file)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :executable_real?)
+    File.chmod(0600, regular_file)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :executable_real?)
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_file_p
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(@dir), :file?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :file?)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_zero_p
+    assert_nothing_raised { File::Stat.new(@dir).zero? }
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :zero?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(zerofile), :zero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_size_p
+    assert_nothing_raised { File::Stat.new(@dir).size? }
+    assert_equal(3, File::Stat.new(regular_file).size?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(zerofile), :size?)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_owned_p
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :owned?)
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(notownedfile), :owned?) if notownedfile
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_grpowned_p ## xxx
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :grpowned?)
+    if file = grpownedfile
+      assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(file), :grpowned?)
+    end
+  end if POSIX
+
+  def test_stat_suid
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :setuid?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(suidfile), :setuid?) if suidfile
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_sgid
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :setgid?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(sgidfile), :setgid?) if sgidfile
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_sticky
+    assert_not_predicate(File::Stat.new(regular_file), :sticky?)
+    assert_predicate(File::Stat.new(stickyfile), :sticky?) if stickyfile
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_size
+    assert_integer(File::Stat.new(@dir).size)
+    assert_equal(3, File::Stat.new(regular_file).size)
+    assert_equal(0, File::Stat.new(zerofile).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_special_file
+    # test for special files such as pagefile.sys on Windows
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Dir::glob("C:/*.sys") {|f| File::Stat.new(f) }
+    end
+  end if DRIVE
+
+  def test_path_check
+    assert_nothing_raised { ENV["PATH"] }
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    [regular_file, utf8_file].each do |file|
+      assert_equal(3, File.open(file) {|f| f.size })
+      File.open(file, "a") do |f|
+        f.write("bar")
+        assert_equal(6, f.size)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_absolute_path
+    assert_equal(File.join(Dir.pwd, "~foo"), File.absolute_path("~foo"))
+    dir = File.expand_path("/bar")
+    assert_equal(File.join(dir, "~foo"), File.absolute_path("~foo", dir))
+  end
+
+  def assert_bool_equal(expected, result, *messages)
+    assert_equal(expected, true & result, *messages)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_fixnum.rb b/test/ruby/test_fixnum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2878258920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_fixnum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestFixnum < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_pow
+    [1, 2, 2**64, 2**63*3, 2**64*3].each do |y|
+      [-1, 0, 1].each do |x|
+        z1 = x**y
+        z2 = (-x)**y
+        if y % 2 == 1
+          assert_equal(z2, -z1)
+        else
+          assert_equal(z2, z1)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_succ
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, 0x3fffffff.succ, "[ruby-dev:31189]")
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, 0x3fffffffffffffff.succ, "[ruby-dev:31190]")
+  end
+
+  def test_pred
+    assert_equal(-0x40000001, (-0x40000000).pred)
+    assert_equal(-0x4000000000000001, (-0x4000000000000000).pred)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, 0x3fffffff+1)
+    assert_equal(0x7ffffffe, 0x3fffffff+0x3fffffff)
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, 0x3fffffffffffffff+1)
+    assert_equal(0x7ffffffffffffffe, 0x3fffffffffffffff+0x3fffffffffffffff)
+    assert_equal(-0x40000001, (-0x40000000)+(-1))
+    assert_equal(-0x4000000000000001, (-0x4000000000000000)+(-1))
+    assert_equal(-0x7ffffffe, (-0x3fffffff)+(-0x3fffffff))
+    assert_equal(-0x80000000, (-0x40000000)+(-0x40000000))
+    assert_equal(-0x8000000000000000, (-0x4000000000000000)+(-0x4000000000000000))
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, 0x3fffffff-(-1))
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, 0x3fffffffffffffff-(-1))
+    assert_equal(-0x40000001, (-0x40000000)-1)
+    assert_equal(-0x4000000000000001, (-0x4000000000000000)-1)
+    assert_equal(-0x80000000, (-0x40000000)-0x40000000)
+    assert_equal(0x7fffffffffffffff, 0x3fffffffffffffff-(-0x4000000000000000))
+    assert_equal(-0x8000000000000000, -0x4000000000000000-0x4000000000000000)
+  end
+
+  def test_mult
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, 0x20000000*2)
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, 0x2000000000000000*2)
+    assert_equal(-0x40000001, 33025*(-32513))
+    assert_equal(-0x4000000000000001, 1380655685*(-3340214413))
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, (-0x40000000)*(-1))
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    assert_equal(2, 5/2)
+    assert_equal(0, 1/2)
+    assert_equal(-1, -1/2)
+    assert_equal(0, -(1/2))
+    assert_equal(-1, (-1)/2)
+    assert_equal(0, (-1)/(-2))
+    assert_equal(-1, 1/(-2))
+    assert_equal(1, -(1/(-2)))
+    assert_equal(0x3fffffff, 0xbffffffd/3)
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, 0xc0000000/3)
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, 0xc000000000000000/3)
+    assert_equal(-0x40000001, 0xc0000003/(-3))
+    assert_equal(-0x4000000000000001, 0xc000000000000003/(-3))
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, (-0x40000000)/(-1), "[ruby-dev:31210]")
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, (-0x4000000000000000)/(-1))
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { 2.div(Float::NAN).nan? }
+  end
+
+  def test_mod
+    assert_equal(2, (-0x40000000) % 3)
+    assert_equal(0, (-0x40000000) % (-1))
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod
+    (-5).upto(5) {|a|
+      (-5).upto(5) {|b|
+        next if b == 0
+        q, r = a.divmod(b)
+        assert_equal(a, b*q+r)
+        assert_operator(r.abs, :<, b.abs)
+        if 0 < b
+          assert_operator(r, :>=, 0)
+          assert_operator(r, :<, b)
+        else
+          assert_operator(r, :>, b)
+          assert_operator(r, :<=, 0)
+        end
+        assert_equal(q, a/b)
+        assert_equal(q, a.div(b))
+        assert_equal(r, a%b)
+        assert_equal(r, a.modulo(b))
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { 2.divmod(Float::NAN) }
+  end
+
+  def test_not
+    assert_equal(-0x40000000, ~0x3fffffff)
+    assert_equal(0x3fffffff, ~-0x40000000)
+  end
+
+  def test_lshift
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, 0x20000000 << 1)
+    assert_equal(-0x40000000, (-0x20000000) << 1)
+    assert_equal(-0x80000000, (-0x40000000) << 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_rshift
+    assert_equal(0x20000000, 0x40000000 >> 1)
+    assert_equal(-0x20000000, (-0x40000000) >> 1)
+    assert_equal(-0x40000000, (-0x80000000) >> 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_abs
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, (-0x40000000).abs)
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, (-0x4000000000000000).abs)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal("1010", 10.to_s(2))
+    assert_equal("a", 10.to_s(36))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 10.to_s(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_plus2
+    assert_equal(2, 1 + 1)
+    assert_equal(4294967297, 1 + 2**32)
+    assert_equal(2.0, 1 + 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 + nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_minus
+    assert_equal(0, 1 - 1)
+    assert_equal(-4294967295, 1 - 2**32)
+    assert_equal(0.0, 1 - 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 - nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    assert_equal(6, 2.send(:*, 3))
+    a = 2**30-1
+    assert_equal(1152921502459363329, a.send(:*, a))
+
+    assert_equal(6.0, 2 * 3.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2 * nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_divide
+    assert_equal(2.0, 4.quo(2))
+    assert_equal(2.0, 4 / 2)
+    assert_equal(2.0, 4.div(2))
+
+    assert_equal(0.5**32, 1.quo(2**32))
+    assert_equal(0, 1 / (2**32))
+    assert_equal(0, 1.div(2**32))
+
+    assert_kind_of(Float, 1.quo(2.0))
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.quo(2.0))
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1 / 2.0)
+    assert_equal(0, 1.div(2.0))
+
+    ### rational changes the behavior of Fixnum#quo
+    #assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.quo(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError, NoMethodError) { 2.quo(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2 / nil }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.div(nil) }
+
+    assert_equal(0, 4.modulo(2))
+    assert_equal(1, 1.modulo(2**32))
+    assert_equal(1, 1.modulo(2.0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.modulo(nil) }
+
+    assert_equal([2, 0], 4.divmod(2))
+    assert_equal([0, 1], 1.divmod(2**32))
+    assert_equal([0, 1], 1.divmod(2.0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.divmod(nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_pow2
+    assert_equal(65536, 2**16)
+    assert_equal(4294967296, 2**32)
+    assert_equal(0.5**16, 2**-16)
+    assert_equal(1, (-1)**4294967296)
+    assert_equal(-1, (-1)**4294967295)
+    assert_equal(4, 2**((2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal(2, 4**0.5)
+    assert_equal(0, 0**0.5)
+    assert_equal(1, (0**-1.0).infinite?)
+    ### rational changes the behavior of Fixnum#**
+    #assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 ** nil }
+    assert_raise(TypeError, NoMethodError) { 1 ** nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    assert_operator(1, :!=, nil)
+
+    assert_equal(0, 1 <=> 1)
+    assert_equal(-1, 1 <=> 4294967296)
+    assert_equal(-1, 1 <=> 1 << 100)
+    assert_equal(0, 1 <=> 1.0)
+    assert_nil(1 <=> nil)
+
+    assert_operator(1, :>, 0)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :>, 1)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :>, 2)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :>, 4294967296)
+    assert_operator(1, :>, 0.0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1 > nil }
+
+    assert_operator(1, :>=, 0)
+    assert_operator(1, :>=, 1)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :>=, 2)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :>=, 4294967296)
+    assert_operator(1, :>=, 0.0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1 >= nil }
+
+    assert_not_operator(1, :<, 0)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :<, 1)
+    assert_operator(1, :<, 2)
+    assert_operator(1, :<, 4294967296)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :<, 0.0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1 < nil }
+
+    assert_not_operator(1, :<=, 0)
+    assert_operator(1, :<=, 1)
+    assert_operator(1, :<=, 2)
+    assert_operator(1, :<=, 4294967296)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :<=, 0.0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1 <= nil }
+  end
+
+  class DummyNumeric < Numeric
+    def to_int
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_and_with_float
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 & 1.5 }
+  end
+
+  def test_and_with_rational
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") { 1 & Rational(3, 2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_and_with_nonintegral_numeric
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") { 1 & DummyNumeric.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_or_with_float
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 | 1.5 }
+  end
+
+  def test_or_with_rational
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") { 1 | Rational(3, 2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_or_with_nonintegral_numeric
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") { 1 | DummyNumeric.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_with_float
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 ^ 1.5 }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_with_rational
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") { 1 ^ Rational(3, 2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_with_nonintegral_numeric
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "#1792") { 1 ^ DummyNumeric.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a = 1; def a.foo; end }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen
+    assert_equal(true, 1.frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def assert_eql(a, b, mess)
+    assert a.eql?(b), "expected #{a} & #{b} to be eql? #{mess}"
+  end
+
+  def test_power_of_1_and_minus_1
+    bug5715 = '[ruby-core:41498]'
+    big = 1 << 66
+    assert_eql  1, 1 ** -big        , bug5715
+    assert_eql  1, (-1) ** -big     , bug5715
+    assert_eql (-1), (-1) ** -(big+1), bug5715
+  end
+
+  def test_power_of_0
+    bug5713 = '[ruby-core:41494]'
+    big = 1 << 66
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5713) { 0 ** -big }
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5713) { 0 ** Rational(-2,3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_remainder
+    assert_equal(1, 5.remainder(4))
+    assert_predicate(4.remainder(Float::NAN), :nan?)
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_p
+    assert_predicate(0, :zero?)
+    assert_not_predicate(1, :zero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_positive_p
+    assert_predicate(1, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-1, :positive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_p
+    assert_predicate(-1, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(1, :negative?)
+  end
+
+  def test_finite_p
+    assert_predicate(1, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(0, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(-1, :finite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_infinite_p
+    assert_nil(1.infinite?)
+    assert_nil(0.infinite?)
+    assert_nil(-1.infinite?)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_flip.rb b/test/ruby/test_flip.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c58f5f497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_flip.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestFlip < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_flip_flop
+    assert_equal [4,5], (1..9).select {|n| true if (n==4)..(n==5)}
+    assert_equal [4,5], (1..9).select {|n| true if (n==4)...(n==5)}
+    assert_equal [2], (1..9).select {|n| true if (n==2)..(n%2).zero?}
+    assert_equal [2,3,4], (1..9).select {|n| true if (n==2)...(n%2).zero?}
+    assert_equal [4,5,7,8], (1..9).select {|n| true if (n==4)...(n==5) or (n==7)...(n==8)}
+    assert_equal [nil, 2, 3, 4, nil], (1..5).map {|x| x if (x==2..x==4)}
+    assert_equal [1, nil, nil, nil, 5], (1..5).map {|x| x if !(x==2..x==4)}
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_key
+    bug6899 = '[ruby-core:47253]'
+    foo = "foor"
+    bar = "bar"
+    assert_nothing_raised(NotImplementedError, bug6899) do
+      2000.times {eval %[(foo..bar) ? 1 : 2]}
+    end
+    [foo, bar]
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_eval
+    bug7671 = '[ruby-core:51296]'
+    vs = (1..9).to_a
+    vs.select {|n| if n==2..n==16 then 1 end}
+    v = eval("vs.select {|n| if n==3..n==6 then 1 end}")
+    assert_equal([*3..6], v, bug7671)
+    vs
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_thread
+    ff = proc {|n| true if n==3..n==5}
+    v = 1..9
+    a = true
+    th = Thread.new {
+      v.select {|i|
+        Thread.pass while a
+        ff[i].tap {a = true}
+      }
+    }
+    v1 = v.select {|i|
+      Thread.pass until a
+      ff[i].tap {a = false}
+    }
+    v2 = th.value
+    expected = [3, 4, 5]
+    mesg = 'flip-flop should be separated per threads'
+    assert_equal(expected, v1, mesg)
+    assert_equal(expected, v2, mesg)
+  end
+
+  def test_input_line_number_range
+    bug12947 = '[ruby-core:78162] [Bug #12947]'
+    ary = b1 = b2 = nil
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      b1 = eval("proc {|i| i if 2..4}")
+      b2 = eval("proc {|i| if 2..4; i; end}")
+    end
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      th = Thread.start {(1..5).each {|i| w.puts i};w.close}
+      ary = r.map {|i| b1.call(i.chomp)}
+      th.join
+    }
+    assert_equal([nil, "2", "3", "4", nil], ary, bug12947)
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      th = Thread.start {(1..5).each {|i| w.puts i};w.close}
+      ary = r.map {|i| b2.call(i.chomp)}
+      th.join
+    }
+    assert_equal([nil, "2", "3", "4", nil], ary, bug12947)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_float.rb b/test/ruby/test_float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0d180593a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestFloat < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include EnvUtil
+
+  def test_float
+    assert_equal(2, 2.6.floor)
+    assert_equal(-3, (-2.6).floor)
+    assert_equal(3, 2.6.ceil)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.6).ceil)
+    assert_equal(2, 2.6.truncate)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.6).truncate)
+    assert_equal(3, 2.6.round)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.4).truncate)
+    assert_in_delta(13.4 % 1, 0.4, 0.0001)
+    assert_equal(36893488147419111424,
+                 36893488147419107329.0.to_i)
+    assert_equal(1185151044158398820374743613440,
+                 1.1851510441583988e+30.to_i)
+  end
+
+  def nan_test(x,y)
+    extend Test::Unit::Assertions
+    assert_operator(x, :!=, y)
+    assert_not_operator(x, :<, y)
+    assert_not_operator(x, :>, y)
+    assert_not_operator(x, :<=, y)
+    assert_not_operator(x, :>=, y)
+  end
+  def test_nan
+    nan = Float::NAN
+    nan_test(nan, nan)
+    nan_test(nan, 0)
+    nan_test(nan, 1)
+    nan_test(nan, -1)
+    nan_test(nan, 1000)
+    nan_test(nan, -1000)
+    nan_test(nan, 1_000_000_000_000)
+    nan_test(nan, -1_000_000_000_000)
+    nan_test(nan, 100.0);
+    nan_test(nan, -100.0);
+    nan_test(nan, 0.001);
+    nan_test(nan, -0.001);
+    nan_test(nan, 1.0/0);
+    nan_test(nan, -1.0/0);
+  end
+
+  def test_precision
+    u = 3.7517675036461267e+17
+    v = sprintf("%.16e", u).to_f
+    assert_in_delta(u, v, u.abs * Float::EPSILON)
+    assert_in_delta(u, v, v.abs * Float::EPSILON)
+  end
+
+  def test_symmetry_bignum # [ruby-bugs-ja:118]
+    a = 100000000000000000000000
+    b = 100000000000000000000000.0
+    assert_equal(a == b, b == a)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp_int
+    100.times {|i|
+      int0 = 1 << i
+      [int0, -int0].each {|int|
+        flt = int.to_f
+        bigger = int + 1
+        smaller = int - 1
+        assert_operator(flt, :==, int)
+        assert_operator(flt, :>, smaller)
+        assert_operator(flt, :>=, smaller)
+        assert_operator(flt, :<, bigger)
+        assert_operator(flt, :<=, bigger)
+        assert_equal(0, flt <=> int)
+        assert_equal(-1, flt <=> bigger)
+        assert_equal(1, flt <=> smaller)
+        assert_operator(int, :==, flt)
+        assert_operator(bigger, :>, flt)
+        assert_operator(bigger, :>=, flt)
+        assert_operator(smaller, :<, flt)
+        assert_operator(smaller, :<=, flt)
+        assert_equal(0, int <=> flt)
+        assert_equal(-1, smaller <=> flt)
+        assert_equal(1, bigger <=> flt)
+        [
+          [int, flt + 0.5, bigger],
+          [smaller, flt - 0.5, int]
+        ].each {|smaller2, flt2, bigger2|
+          next if flt2 == flt2.round
+          assert_operator(flt2, :!=, smaller2)
+          assert_operator(flt2, :!=, bigger2)
+          assert_operator(flt2, :>, smaller2)
+          assert_operator(flt2, :>=, smaller2)
+          assert_operator(flt2, :<, bigger2)
+          assert_operator(flt2, :<=, bigger2)
+          assert_equal(-1, flt2 <=> bigger2)
+          assert_equal(1, flt2 <=> smaller2)
+          assert_operator(smaller2, :!=, flt2)
+          assert_operator(bigger2, :!=, flt2)
+          assert_operator(bigger2, :>, flt2)
+          assert_operator(bigger2, :>=, flt2)
+          assert_operator(smaller2, :<, flt2)
+          assert_operator(smaller2, :<=, flt2)
+          assert_equal(-1, smaller2 <=> flt2)
+          assert_equal(1, bigger2 <=> flt2)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_strtod
+    a = Float("0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    a = Float("0.0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    a = Float("+0.0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    a = Float("-0.0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    a = Float("0.0000000000000000001")
+    assert_not_equal(0.0, a)
+    a = Float("+0.0000000000000000001")
+    assert_not_equal(0.0, a)
+    a = Float("-0.0000000000000000001")
+    assert_not_equal(0.0, a)
+    a = Float(".0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    a = Float("+.0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    a = Float("-.0")
+    assert_in_delta(a, 0, Float::EPSILON)
+    assert_equal(0.0, Float("0."))
+    assert_equal(0.0, Float("+0."))
+    assert_equal(0.0, Float("-0."))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float(".")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float("+")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float("+.")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float("-")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float("-.")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float("1e")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Float("1__1")}
+    assert_equal(1.0, Float("1."))
+    assert_equal(1.0, Float("1.e+00"))
+    assert_equal(0.0625, Float("0x.1"))
+    assert_equal(1.0, Float("0x1."))
+    assert_equal(1.0, Float("0x1.0"))
+    assert_equal(1.0, Float("0x1.p+0"))
+    # add expected behaviour here.
+    assert_equal(10, Float("1_0"))
+
+    assert_equal([ 0.0].pack('G'), [Float(" 0x0p+0").to_f].pack('G'))
+    assert_equal([-0.0].pack('G'), [Float("-0x0p+0").to_f].pack('G'))
+    assert_equal(255.0,     Float("0Xff"))
+    assert_equal(1024.0,    Float("0x1p10"))
+    assert_equal(1024.0,    Float("0x1p+10"))
+    assert_equal(0.0009765625, Float("0x1p-10"))
+    assert_equal(2.6881171418161356e+43, Float("0x1.3494a9b171bf5p+144"))
+    assert_equal(-3.720075976020836e-44, Float("-0x1.a8c1f14e2af5dp-145"))
+    assert_equal(31.0*2**1019, Float("0x0."+("0"*268)+"1fp2099"))
+    assert_equal(31.0*2**1019, Float("0x0."+("0"*600)+"1fp3427"))
+    assert_equal(-31.0*2**1019, Float("-0x0."+("0"*268)+"1fp2099"))
+    assert_equal(-31.0*2**1019, Float("-0x0."+("0"*600)+"1fp3427"))
+    suppress_warning do
+      assert_equal(31.0*2**-1027, Float("0x1f"+("0"*268)+".0p-2099"))
+      assert_equal(31.0*2**-1027, Float("0x1f"+("0"*600)+".0p-3427"))
+      assert_equal(-31.0*2**-1027, Float("-0x1f"+("0"*268)+".0p-2099"))
+      assert_equal(-31.0*2**-1027, Float("-0x1f"+("0"*600)+".0p-3427"))
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(1.0e10, Float("1.0_"+"00000"*Float::DIG+"e10"))
+
+    z = "0" * (Float::DIG * 4 + 10)
+    all_assertions_foreach("long invalid string", "1.0", "1.0e", "1.0e-", "1.0e+") do |n|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, n += z + "A") {Float(n)}
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, n += z + ".0") {Float(n)}
+    end
+
+    x = nil
+    2000.times do
+      x = Float("0x"+"0"*30)
+      break unless x == 0.0
+    end
+    assert_equal(0.0, x, ->{"%a" % x})
+    x = nil
+    2000.times do
+      begin
+        x = Float("0x1."+"0"*270)
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        raise unless /"0x1\.0{270}"/ =~ e.message
+      else
+        break
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(1.0, x, ->{"%a" % x})
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod
+    assert_equal([2, 3.5], 11.5.divmod(4))
+    assert_equal([-3, -0.5], 11.5.divmod(-4))
+    assert_equal([-3, 0.5], (-11.5).divmod(4))
+    assert_equal([2, -3.5], (-11.5).divmod(-4))
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { Float::NAN.divmod(2) }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { Float::INFINITY.divmod(2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    assert_equal(2, 11.5.div(4))
+    assert_equal(-3, 11.5.div(-4))
+    assert_equal(-3, (-11.5).div(4))
+    assert_equal(2, (-11.5).div(-4))
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { 11.5.div(Float::NAN).nan? }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { Float::NAN.div(2).nan? }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { Float::NAN.div(11.5).nan? }
+  end
+
+  def test_modulo
+    assert_equal(3.5, 11.5.modulo(4))
+    assert_equal(-0.5, 11.5.modulo(-4))
+    assert_equal(0.5, (-11.5).modulo(4))
+    assert_equal(-3.5, (-11.5).modulo(-4))
+  end
+
+  def test_remainder
+    assert_equal(3.5, 11.5.remainder(4))
+    assert_equal(3.5, 11.5.remainder(-4))
+    assert_equal(-3.5, (-11.5).remainder(4))
+    assert_equal(-3.5, (-11.5).remainder(-4))
+    assert_predicate(Float::NAN.remainder(4), :nan?)
+    assert_predicate(4.remainder(Float::NAN), :nan?)
+
+    ten = Object.new
+    def ten.coerce(other)
+      [other, 10]
+    end
+    assert_equal(4, 14.0.remainder(ten))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    assert_equal("Infinity", inf.to_s)
+    assert_equal("-Infinity", (-inf).to_s)
+    assert_equal("NaN", (inf / inf).to_s)
+
+    assert_equal("1.0e+18", 1000_00000_00000_00000.0.to_s)
+
+    bug3273 = '[ruby-core:30145]'
+    [0.21611564636388508, 0.56].each do |f|
+      s = f.to_s
+      assert_equal(f, s.to_f, bug3273)
+      assert_not_equal(f, s.chop.to_f, bug3273)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_coerce
+    assert_equal(Float, 1.0.coerce(1).first.class)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.send(:+, 2))
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.send(:+, (2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.send(:+, 2.0))
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, 2.0.send(:+, Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_predicate(2.0.send(:+, Float::NAN), :nan?)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.0.send(:+, nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_minus
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:-, 2))
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:-, (2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:-, 2.0))
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, 2.0.send(:-, Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_predicate(2.0.send(:-, Float::NAN), :nan?)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.0.send(:-, nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.send(:*, 2))
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.send(:*, (2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal(4.0, 2.0.send(:*, 2.0))
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, 2.0.send(:*, Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.0.send(:*, nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_div2
+    assert_equal(1.0, 2.0.send(:/, 2))
+    assert_equal(1.0, 2.0.send(:/, (2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal(1.0, 2.0.send(:/, 2.0))
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:/, Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.0.send(:/, nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_modulo2
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:%, 2))
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:%, (2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal(0.0, 2.0.send(:%, 2.0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.0.send(:%, nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_modulo3
+    bug6048 = '[ruby-core:42726]'
+    assert_equal(4.2, 4.2.send(:%, Float::INFINITY), bug6048)
+    assert_equal(4.2, 4.2 % Float::INFINITY, bug6048)
+    assert_is_minus_zero(-0.0 % 4.2)
+    assert_is_minus_zero(-0.0.send :%, 4.2)
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug6048) { 4.2.send(:%, 0.0) }
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug6048) { 4.2 % 0.0 }
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug6048) { 42.send(:%, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug6048) { 42 % 0 }
+  end
+
+  def test_modulo4
+    assert_predicate((0.0).modulo(Float::NAN), :nan?)
+    assert_predicate((1.0).modulo(Float::NAN), :nan?)
+    assert_predicate(Float::INFINITY.modulo(1), :nan?)
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod2
+    assert_equal([1.0, 0.0], 2.0.divmod(2))
+    assert_equal([1.0, 0.0], 2.0.divmod((2**32).coerce(2).first))
+    assert_equal([1.0, 0.0], 2.0.divmod(2.0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 2.0.divmod(nil) }
+
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) {inf.divmod(0)}
+
+    a, b = (2.0**32).divmod(1.0)
+    assert_equal(2**32, a)
+    assert_equal(0, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_pow
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1.0 ** (2**32))
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1.0 ** 1.0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1.0 ** nil }
+    assert_equal(9.0, 3.0 ** 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    nan = Float::NAN
+    assert_operator(1.0, :eql?, 1.0)
+    assert_operator(inf, :eql?, inf)
+    assert_not_operator(nan, :eql?, nan)
+    assert_not_operator(1.0, :eql?, nil)
+
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1)
+    assert_not_equal(1.0, 2**32)
+    assert_not_equal(1.0, nan)
+    assert_not_equal(1.0, nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    nan = Float::NAN
+    assert_equal(0, 1.0 <=> 1.0)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.0 <=> 0.0)
+    assert_equal(-1, 1.0 <=> 2.0)
+    assert_nil(1.0 <=> nil)
+    assert_nil(1.0 <=> nan)
+    assert_nil(nan <=> 1.0)
+
+    assert_equal(0, 1.0 <=> 1)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.0 <=> 0)
+    assert_equal(-1, 1.0 <=> 2)
+
+    assert_equal(-1, 1.0 <=> 2**32)
+
+    assert_equal(1, inf <=> (Float::MAX.to_i*2))
+    assert_equal(-1, -inf <=> (-Float::MAX.to_i*2))
+    assert_equal(-1, (Float::MAX.to_i*2) <=> inf)
+    assert_equal(1, (-Float::MAX.to_i*2) <=> -inf)
+
+    bug3609 = '[ruby-core:31470]'
+    def (pinf = Object.new).infinite?; +1 end
+    def (ninf = Object.new).infinite?; -1 end
+    def (fin = Object.new).infinite?; nil end
+    nonum = Object.new
+    assert_equal(0, inf <=> pinf, bug3609)
+    assert_equal(1, inf <=> fin, bug3609)
+    assert_equal(1, inf <=> ninf, bug3609)
+    assert_nil(inf <=> nonum, bug3609)
+    assert_equal(-1, -inf <=> pinf, bug3609)
+    assert_equal(-1, -inf <=> fin, bug3609)
+    assert_equal(0, -inf <=> ninf, bug3609)
+    assert_nil(-inf <=> nonum, bug3609)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.0 > nil }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.0 >= nil }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.0 < nil }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.0 <= nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_p
+    assert_predicate(0.0, :zero?)
+    assert_not_predicate(1.0, :zero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_positive_p
+    assert_predicate(+1.0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+0.0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-0.0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-1.0, :positive?)
+    assert_predicate(+(0.0.next_float), :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-(0.0.next_float), :positive?)
+    assert_predicate(Float::INFINITY, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-Float::INFINITY, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::NAN, :positive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_p
+    assert_predicate(-1.0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-0.0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+0.0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+1.0, :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(-(0.0.next_float), :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+(0.0.next_float), :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(-Float::INFINITY, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::INFINITY, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::NAN, :negative?)
+  end
+
+  def test_infinite_p
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    assert_equal(1, inf.infinite?)
+    assert_equal(-1, (-inf).infinite?)
+    assert_nil(1.0.infinite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_finite_p
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    assert_not_predicate(inf, :finite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-inf, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(1.0, :finite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_floor_ceil_round_truncate
+    assert_equal(1, 1.5.floor)
+    assert_equal(2, 1.5.ceil)
+    assert_equal(2, 1.5.round)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.5.truncate)
+
+    assert_equal(2, 2.0.floor)
+    assert_equal(2, 2.0.ceil)
+    assert_equal(2, 2.0.round)
+    assert_equal(2, 2.0.truncate)
+
+    assert_equal(-2, (-1.5).floor)
+    assert_equal(-1, (-1.5).ceil)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-1.5).round)
+    assert_equal(-1, (-1.5).truncate)
+
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.0).floor)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.0).ceil)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.0).round)
+    assert_equal(-2, (-2.0).truncate)
+
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { inf.floor }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { inf.ceil }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { inf.round }
+    assert_raise(FloatDomainError) { inf.truncate }
+  end
+
+  def test_round_with_precision
+    assert_equal(1.100, 1.111.round(1))
+    assert_equal(1.110, 1.111.round(2))
+    assert_equal(11110.0, 11111.1.round(-1))
+    assert_equal(11100.0, 11111.1.round(-2))
+    assert_equal(-1.100, -1.111.round(1))
+    assert_equal(-1.110, -1.111.round(2))
+    assert_equal(-11110.0, -11111.1.round(-1))
+    assert_equal(-11100.0, -11111.1.round(-2))
+    assert_equal(0, 11111.1.round(-5))
+
+    assert_equal(10**300, 1.1e300.round(-300))
+    assert_equal(-10**300, -1.1e300.round(-300))
+    assert_equal(1.0e-300, 1.1e-300.round(300))
+    assert_equal(-1.0e-300, -1.1e-300.round(300))
+
+    bug5227 = '[ruby-core:39093]'
+    assert_equal(42.0, 42.0.round(308), bug5227)
+    assert_equal(1.0e307, 1.0e307.round(2), bug5227)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.round("4")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.round(nil)}
+    def (prec = Object.new).to_int; 2; end
+    assert_equal(1.0, 0.998.round(prec))
+
+    assert_equal(+5.02, +5.015.round(2))
+    assert_equal(-5.02, -5.015.round(2))
+    assert_equal(+1.26, +1.255.round(2))
+    assert_equal(-1.26, -1.255.round(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_round_half_even_with_precision
+    assert_equal(767573.18759, 767573.1875850001.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(767573.18758, 767573.187585.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(767573.18758, 767573.1875849998.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(767573.18758, 767573.187575.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-767573.18759, -767573.1875850001.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-767573.18758, -767573.187585.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-767573.18758, -767573.1875849998.round(5, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-767573.18758, -767573.187575.round(5, half: :even))
+  end
+
+  def test_floor_with_precision
+    assert_equal(+0.0, +0.001.floor(1))
+    assert_equal(-0.1, -0.001.floor(1))
+    assert_equal(1.100, 1.111.floor(1))
+    assert_equal(1.110, 1.111.floor(2))
+    assert_equal(11110, 11119.9.floor(-1))
+    assert_equal(11100, 11100.0.floor(-2))
+    assert_equal(11100, 11199.9.floor(-2))
+    assert_equal(-1.200, -1.111.floor(1))
+    assert_equal(-1.120, -1.111.floor(2))
+    assert_equal(-11120, -11119.9.floor(-1))
+    assert_equal(-11100, -11100.0.floor(-2))
+    assert_equal(-11200, -11199.9.floor(-2))
+    assert_equal(0, 11111.1.floor(-5))
+
+    assert_equal(10**300, 1.1e300.floor(-300))
+    assert_equal(-2*10**300, -1.1e300.floor(-300))
+    assert_equal(1.0e-300, 1.1e-300.floor(300))
+    assert_equal(-2.0e-300, -1.1e-300.floor(300))
+
+    assert_equal(42.0, 42.0.floor(308))
+    assert_equal(1.0e307, 1.0e307.floor(2))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.floor("4")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.floor(nil)}
+    def (prec = Object.new).to_int; 2; end
+    assert_equal(0.99, 0.998.floor(prec))
+
+    assert_equal(-10000000000, -1.0.floor(-10), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_equal(-100000000000000000000, -1.0.floor(-20), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_equal(-100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, -1.0.floor(-50), "[Bug #20654]")
+  end
+
+  def test_ceil_with_precision
+    assert_equal(+0.1, +0.001.ceil(1))
+    assert_equal(-0.0, -0.001.ceil(1))
+    assert_equal(1.200, 1.111.ceil(1))
+    assert_equal(1.120, 1.111.ceil(2))
+    assert_equal(11120, 11111.1.ceil(-1))
+    assert_equal(11200, 11111.1.ceil(-2))
+    assert_equal(-1.100, -1.111.ceil(1))
+    assert_equal(-1.110, -1.111.ceil(2))
+    assert_equal(-11110, -11111.1.ceil(-1))
+    assert_equal(-11100, -11111.1.ceil(-2))
+    assert_equal(100000, 11111.1.ceil(-5))
+
+    assert_equal(2*10**300, 1.1e300.ceil(-300))
+    assert_equal(-10**300, -1.1e300.ceil(-300))
+    assert_equal(2.0e-300, 1.1e-300.ceil(300))
+    assert_equal(-1.0e-300, -1.1e-300.ceil(300))
+
+    assert_equal(42.0, 42.0.ceil(308))
+    assert_equal(1.0e307, 1.0e307.ceil(2))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.ceil("4")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.ceil(nil)}
+    def (prec = Object.new).to_int; 2; end
+    assert_equal(0.99, 0.981.ceil(prec))
+
+    assert_equal(10000000000, 1.0.ceil(-10), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_equal(100000000000000000000, 1.0.ceil(-20), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_equal(100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 1.0.ceil(-50), "[Bug #20654]")
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_precision
+    assert_equal(1.100, 1.111.truncate(1))
+    assert_equal(1.110, 1.111.truncate(2))
+    assert_equal(11110, 11119.9.truncate(-1))
+    assert_equal(11100, 11100.0.truncate(-2))
+    assert_equal(11100, 11199.9.truncate(-2))
+    assert_equal(-1.100, -1.111.truncate(1))
+    assert_equal(-1.110, -1.111.truncate(2))
+    assert_equal(-11110, -11111.1.truncate(-1))
+    assert_equal(-11100, -11111.1.truncate(-2))
+    assert_equal(0, 11111.1.truncate(-5))
+
+    assert_equal(10**300, 1.1e300.truncate(-300))
+    assert_equal(-10**300, -1.1e300.truncate(-300))
+    assert_equal(1.0e-300, 1.1e-300.truncate(300))
+    assert_equal(-1.0e-300, -1.1e-300.truncate(300))
+
+    assert_equal(42.0, 42.0.truncate(308))
+    assert_equal(1.0e307, 1.0e307.truncate(2))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.truncate("4")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {1.0.truncate(nil)}
+    def (prec = Object.new).to_int; 2; end
+    assert_equal(0.99, 0.998.truncate(prec))
+  end
+
+  VS = [
+    18446744073709551617.0,
+    18446744073709551616.0,
+    18446744073709551615.8,
+    18446744073709551615.5,
+    18446744073709551615.2,
+    18446744073709551615.0,
+    18446744073709551614.0,
+
+    4611686018427387905.0,
+    4611686018427387904.0,
+    4611686018427387903.8,
+    4611686018427387903.5,
+    4611686018427387903.2,
+    4611686018427387903.0,
+    4611686018427387902.0,
+
+    4294967297.0,
+    4294967296.0,
+    4294967295.8,
+    4294967295.5,
+    4294967295.2,
+    4294967295.0,
+    4294967294.0,
+
+    1073741825.0,
+    1073741824.0,
+    1073741823.8,
+    1073741823.5,
+    1073741823.2,
+    1073741823.0,
+    1073741822.0,
+
+    -1073741823.0,
+    -1073741824.0,
+    -1073741824.2,
+    -1073741824.5,
+    -1073741824.8,
+    -1073741825.0,
+    -1073741826.0,
+
+    -4294967295.0,
+    -4294967296.0,
+    -4294967296.2,
+    -4294967296.5,
+    -4294967296.8,
+    -4294967297.0,
+    -4294967298.0,
+
+    -4611686018427387903.0,
+    -4611686018427387904.0,
+    -4611686018427387904.2,
+    -4611686018427387904.5,
+    -4611686018427387904.8,
+    -4611686018427387905.0,
+    -4611686018427387906.0,
+
+    -18446744073709551615.0,
+    -18446744073709551616.0,
+    -18446744073709551616.2,
+    -18446744073709551616.5,
+    -18446744073709551616.8,
+    -18446744073709551617.0,
+    -18446744073709551618.0,
+  ]
+
+  def test_truncate
+    VS.each {|f|
+      i = f.truncate
+      assert_equal(i, f.to_i)
+      if f < 0
+        assert_operator(i, :<, 0)
+      else
+        assert_operator(i, :>, 0)
+      end
+      assert_operator(i.abs, :<=, f.abs)
+      d = f.abs - i.abs
+      assert_operator(0, :<=, d)
+      assert_operator(d, :<, 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ceil
+    VS.each {|f|
+      i = f.ceil
+      if f < 0
+        assert_operator(i, :<, 0)
+      else
+        assert_operator(i, :>, 0)
+      end
+      assert_operator(i, :>=, f)
+      d = f - i
+      assert_operator(-1, :<, d)
+      assert_operator(d, :<=, 0)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_floor
+    VS.each {|f|
+      i = f.floor
+      if f < 0
+        assert_operator(i, :<, 0)
+      else
+        assert_operator(i, :>, 0)
+      end
+      assert_operator(i, :<=, f)
+      d = f - i
+      assert_operator(0, :<=, d)
+      assert_operator(d, :<, 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_round
+    VS.each {|f|
+      msg = "round(#{f})"
+      i = f.round
+      if f < 0
+        assert_operator(i, :<, 0, msg)
+      else
+        assert_operator(i, :>, 0, msg)
+      end
+      d = f - i
+      assert_operator(-0.5, :<=, d, msg)
+      assert_operator(d, :<=, 0.5, msg)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_round_half_even
+    assert_equal(12.0, 12.5.round(half: :even))
+    assert_equal(14.0, 13.5.round(half: :even))
+
+    assert_equal(2.2, 2.15.round(1, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(2.2, 2.25.round(1, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(2.4, 2.35.round(1, half: :even))
+
+    assert_equal(-2.2, -2.15.round(1, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-2.2, -2.25.round(1, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-2.4, -2.35.round(1, half: :even))
+
+    assert_equal(7.1364, 7.13645.round(4, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(7.1365, 7.1364501.round(4, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(7.1364, 7.1364499.round(4, half: :even))
+
+    assert_equal(-7.1364, -7.13645.round(4, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-7.1365, -7.1364501.round(4, half: :even))
+    assert_equal(-7.1364, -7.1364499.round(4, half: :even))
+  end
+
+  def test_round_half_up
+    assert_equal(13.0, 12.5.round(half: :up))
+    assert_equal(14.0, 13.5.round(half: :up))
+
+    assert_equal(2.2, 2.15.round(1, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(2.3, 2.25.round(1, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(2.4, 2.35.round(1, half: :up))
+
+    assert_equal(-2.2, -2.15.round(1, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(-2.3, -2.25.round(1, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(-2.4, -2.35.round(1, half: :up))
+
+    assert_equal(7.1365, 7.13645.round(4, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(7.1365, 7.1364501.round(4, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(7.1364, 7.1364499.round(4, half: :up))
+
+    assert_equal(-7.1365, -7.13645.round(4, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(-7.1365, -7.1364501.round(4, half: :up))
+    assert_equal(-7.1364, -7.1364499.round(4, half: :up))
+  end
+
+  def test_round_half_down
+    assert_equal(12.0, 12.5.round(half: :down))
+    assert_equal(13.0, 13.5.round(half: :down))
+
+    assert_equal(2.1, 2.15.round(1, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(2.2, 2.25.round(1, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(2.3, 2.35.round(1, half: :down))
+
+    assert_equal(-2.1, -2.15.round(1, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(-2.2, -2.25.round(1, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(-2.3, -2.35.round(1, half: :down))
+
+    assert_equal(7.1364, 7.13645.round(4, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(7.1365, 7.1364501.round(4, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(7.1364, 7.1364499.round(4, half: :down))
+
+    assert_equal(-7.1364, -7.13645.round(4, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(-7.1365, -7.1364501.round(4, half: :down))
+    assert_equal(-7.1364, -7.1364499.round(4, half: :down))
+  end
+
+  def test_round_half_nil
+    assert_equal(13.0, 12.5.round(half: nil))
+    assert_equal(14.0, 13.5.round(half: nil))
+
+    assert_equal(2.2, 2.15.round(1, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(2.3, 2.25.round(1, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(2.4, 2.35.round(1, half: nil))
+
+    assert_equal(-2.2, -2.15.round(1, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(-2.3, -2.25.round(1, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(-2.4, -2.35.round(1, half: nil))
+
+    assert_equal(7.1365, 7.13645.round(4, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(7.1365, 7.1364501.round(4, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(7.1364, 7.1364499.round(4, half: nil))
+
+    assert_equal(-7.1365, -7.13645.round(4, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(-7.1365, -7.1364501.round(4, half: nil))
+    assert_equal(-7.1364, -7.1364499.round(4, half: nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_round_half_invalid
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /Object/) {
+      1.0.round(half: Object)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /xxx/) {
+      1.0.round(half: "\0xxx")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Encoding::CompatibilityError, /ASCII incompatible/) {
+      1.0.round(half: "up".force_encoding("utf-16be"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_Float
+    assert_in_delta(0.125, Float("0.1_2_5"), 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.125, "0.1_2_5__".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.0, "0_.125".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.0, "0._125".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.1, "0.1__2_5".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.1, "0.1_e10".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(0.1, "0.1e_10".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_in_delta(1.0, "0.1e1__0".to_f, 0.00001)
+    assert_equal(1, suppress_warning {Float(([1] * 10000).join)}.infinite?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float(([1] * 10000).join("_")), :infinite?) # is it really OK?
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Float("1.0\x001") }
+    assert_equal(15.9375, Float('0xf.fp0'))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Float('0x') }
+    assert_equal(15, Float('0xf'))
+    assert_equal(15, Float('0xfp0'))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Float('0xfp') }
+    assert_equal(15, Float('0xf.'))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Float('0xf.p') }
+    assert_equal(15, Float('0xf.p0'))
+    assert_equal(15.9375, Float('0xf.f'))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Float('0xf.fp') }
+    assert_equal(0x10a, Float("0x1_0a"))
+    assert_equal(1.625, Float("0x1.a_0"))
+    assert_equal(3.25, Float("0x1.ap0_1"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Float("0x1.ap0a") }
+    begin
+      verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, Float('0xf.fp1000000000000000'))
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, suppress_warning {Float("1e10_00")}.infinite?)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Float(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Float(:test) }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_f; inf = Float::INFINITY; inf/inf; end
+    assert_predicate(Float(o), :nan?)
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Float("0".encode("utf-16be"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Float("0".encode("utf-16le"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Float("0".encode("utf-32be"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Float("0".encode("utf-32le"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {Float("0".encode("iso-2022-jp"))}
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{1f4a1}/) {Float("\u{1f4a1}")}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_str
+    bug4310 = '[ruby-core:34820]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug4310) {under_gc_stress {Float('a'*10000)}}
+  end
+
+  def test_Float_with_invalid_exception
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Float("0", exception: 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_Float_with_exception_keyword
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Float(".", exception: true)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Float(".", exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) {
+      Float(1i, exception: true)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(RangeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Float(1i, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      Float(nil, exception: true)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Float(nil, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Float(:test, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Float(Object.new, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_f; 3.14; end
+      assert_equal(3.14, Float(o, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_f; raise; end
+      assert_equal(nil, Float(o, exception: false))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_num2dbl
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "comparison of String with 0 failed") do
+      1.0.step(2.0, "0.5") {}
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      1.0.step(2.0, nil) {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sleep_with_Float
+    assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-core:23282]") do
+      sleep(0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_step
+    1000.times do
+      a = rand
+      b = a+rand*1000
+      s = (b - a) / 10
+      assert_equal(11, (a..b).step(s).to_a.length)
+    end
+
+    (1.0..12.7).step(1.3).each do |n|
+      assert_operator(n, :<=, 12.7)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0], 5.0.step(1.5, -1).to_a)
+
+    assert_equal(11, ((0.24901079128550474)..(340.2500808898068)).step(34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(11, ((0.24901079128550474)..(340.25008088980684)).step(34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(11, ((-0.24901079128550474)..(-340.2500808898068)).step(-34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(11, ((-0.24901079128550474)..(-340.25008088980684)).step(-34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_step2
+    assert_equal([0.0], 0.0.step(1.0, Float::INFINITY).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_excl
+    1000.times do
+      a = rand
+      b = a+rand*1000
+      s = (b - a) / 10
+      b = a + s*9.999999
+      seq = (a...b).step(s)
+      assert_equal(10, seq.to_a.length, seq.inspect)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([1.0, 2.9, 4.8, 6.699999999999999], (1.0...6.8).step(1.9).to_a)
+
+    e = 1+1E-12
+    (1.0 ... e).step(1E-16) do |n|
+      assert_operator(n, :<=, e)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(10, ((0.24901079128550474)...(340.2500808898068)).step(34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(11, ((0.24901079128550474)...(340.25008088980684)).step(34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(10, ((-0.24901079128550474)...(-340.2500808898068)).step(-34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(11, ((-0.24901079128550474)...(-340.25008088980684)).step(-34.00010700985213).to_a.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    # flonum on 64bit platform
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a = 1.0; def a.foo; end }
+    # always not flonum
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a = Float::INFINITY; def a.foo; end }
+  end
+
+  def test_long_string
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+    assert_in_epsilon(10.0, ("1."+"1"*300000).to_f*9)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_next_float
+    smallest = 0.0.next_float
+    assert_equal(-Float::MAX, (-Float::INFINITY).next_float)
+    assert_operator(-Float::MAX, :<, (-Float::MAX).next_float)
+    assert_equal(Float::EPSILON/2, (-1.0).next_float + 1.0)
+    assert_operator(0.0, :<, smallest)
+    assert_operator([0.0, smallest], :include?, smallest/2)
+    assert_equal(Float::EPSILON, 1.0.next_float - 1.0)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, Float::MAX.next_float)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, Float::INFINITY.next_float)
+    assert_predicate(Float::NAN.next_float, :nan?)
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_float
+    smallest = 0.0.next_float
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, (-Float::INFINITY).prev_float)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, (-Float::MAX).prev_float)
+    assert_equal(-Float::EPSILON, (-1.0).prev_float + 1.0)
+    assert_equal(-smallest, 0.0.prev_float)
+    assert_operator([0.0, 0.0.prev_float], :include?, 0.0.prev_float/2)
+    assert_equal(-Float::EPSILON/2, 1.0.prev_float - 1.0)
+    assert_operator(Float::MAX, :>, Float::MAX.prev_float)
+    assert_equal(Float::MAX, Float::INFINITY.prev_float)
+    assert_predicate(Float::NAN.prev_float, :nan?)
+  end
+
+  def test_next_prev_float_zero
+    z = 0.0.next_float.prev_float
+    assert_equal(0.0, z)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, 1.0/z)
+    z = 0.0.prev_float.next_float
+    assert_equal(0.0, z)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, 1.0/z)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_0
+    bug10979 = '[ruby-core:68541] [Bug #10979]'
+    assert_equal(+0.0.hash, -0.0.hash)
+    assert_operator(+0.0, :eql?, -0.0)
+    h = {0.0 => bug10979}
+    assert_equal(bug10979, h[-0.0])
+  end
+
+  def test_aliased_quo_recursion
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class Float
+        $VERBOSE = nil
+        alias / quo
+      end
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        begin
+          1.0/2.0
+        rescue SystemStackError => e
+          raise SystemStackError, e.message
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_fnmatch.rb b/test/ruby/test_fnmatch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16f1076e48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_fnmatch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestFnmatch < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def bracket_test(s, t) # `s' should start with neither '!' nor '^'
+    0x21.upto(0x7E) do |i|
+      assert_equal(t.include?(i.chr), File.fnmatch("[#{s}]", i.chr, File::FNM_DOTMATCH))
+      assert_equal(t.include?(i.chr), !File.fnmatch("[^#{s}]", i.chr, File::FNM_DOTMATCH))
+      assert_equal(t.include?(i.chr), !File.fnmatch("[!#{s}]", i.chr, File::FNM_DOTMATCH))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fnmatch
+    assert_file.for("[ruby-dev:22819]").fnmatch('\[1\]' , '[1]')
+    assert_file.for("[ruby-dev:22815]").fnmatch('*?', 'a')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*/', 'a/')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\[1\]' , '[1]', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*?', 'a', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*/', 'a/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+  end
+
+  def test_text
+    # text
+    assert_file.fnmatch('cat', 'cat')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('cat', 'category')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('cat', 'wildcat')
+  end
+
+  def test_any_one
+    # '?' matches any one character
+    assert_file.fnmatch('?at', 'cat')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('c?t', 'cat')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('ca?', 'cat')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('?a?', 'cat')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('c??t', 'cat')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('??at', 'cat')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('ca??', 'cat')
+  end
+
+  def test_any_chars
+    # '*' matches any number (including 0) of any characters
+    assert_file.fnmatch('c*', 'cats')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('c*ts', 'cats')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*ts', 'cats')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*c*a*t*s*', 'cats')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('c*t', 'cats')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('*abc', 'abcabz')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*abz', 'abcabz')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('a*abc', 'abc')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('a*bc', 'abc')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('a*bc', 'abcd')
+  end
+
+  def test_char_class
+    # [seq] : matches any character listed between bracket
+    # [!seq] or [^seq] : matches any character except those listed between bracket
+    bracket_test("bd-gikl-mosv-x", "bdefgiklmosvwx")
+  end
+
+  def test_escape
+    # escaping character
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\?', '?')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\?', '\?')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\?', 'a')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\?', '\a')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\*', '*')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\*', '\*')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\*', 'cats')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\*', '\cats')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\a', 'a')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\a', '\a')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', 'a')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', '-')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', 'c')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('[a\-c]', 'b')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('[a\-c]', '\\')
+  end
+
+  def test_fnm_escape
+    # escaping character loses its meaning if FNM_NOESCAPE is set
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\?', '?', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\?', '\?', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\?', 'a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\?', '\a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\*', '*', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\*', '\*', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\*', 'cats', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\*', '\cats', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('\a', 'a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('\a', '\a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', 'a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('[a\-c]', '-', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', 'c', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', 'b', File::FNM_NOESCAPE) # '\\' < 'b' < 'c'
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a\-c]', '\\', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)
+  end
+
+  def test_fnm_casefold
+    # case is ignored if FNM_CASEFOLD is set
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('cat', 'CAT')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_CASEFOLD)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('[a-z]', 'D')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[a-z]', 'D', File::FNM_CASEFOLD)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('[abc]', 'B')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('[abc]', 'B', File::FNM_CASEFOLD)
+  end
+
+  def test_fnm_pathname
+    # wildcard doesn't match '/' if FNM_PATHNAME is set
+    assert_file.fnmatch('foo?boo', 'foo/boo')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('foo*', 'foo/boo')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('foo?boo', 'foo/boo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('foo*', 'foo/boo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+  end
+
+  def test_fnm_dotmatch
+    # wildcard matches leading period if FNM_DOTMATCH is set
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('*', '.profile')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*', '.profile', File::FNM_DOTMATCH)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('.*', '.profile')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*', 'dave/.profile')
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*/*', 'dave/.profile')
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('*/*', 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('*/*', 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME | File::FNM_DOTMATCH)
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive
+    # recursive matching
+    assert_file.fnmatch('**/foo', 'a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('**/foo', '/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch('**/foo', 'a/.b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('**/foo', 'a/.b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME | File::FNM_DOTMATCH)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('**/foo', '/root/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+    assert_file.fnmatch('**/foo', 'c:/root/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)
+  end
+
+  def test_extglob
+    feature5422 = '[ruby-core:40037]'
+    assert_file.for(feature5422).not_fnmatch?( "{.g,t}*", ".gem")
+    assert_file.for(feature5422).fnmatch?("{.g,t}*", ".gem", File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+  end
+
+  def test_unmatched_encoding
+    bug7911 = '[ruby-dev:47069] [Bug #7911]'
+    path = "\u{3042}"
+    pattern_ascii = 'a'.encode('US-ASCII')
+    pattern_eucjp = path.encode('EUC-JP')
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug7911) do
+      assert_file.not_fnmatch(pattern_ascii, path)
+      assert_file.not_fnmatch(pattern_eucjp, path)
+      assert_file.not_fnmatch(pattern_ascii, path, File::FNM_CASEFOLD)
+      assert_file.not_fnmatch(pattern_eucjp, path, File::FNM_CASEFOLD)
+      assert_file.fnmatch("{*,#{pattern_ascii}}", path, File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+      assert_file.fnmatch("{*,#{pattern_eucjp}}", path, File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode
+    assert_file.fnmatch("[a-\u3042]*", "\u3042")
+    assert_file.not_fnmatch("[a-\u3042]*", "\u3043")
+  end
+
+  def test_nullchar
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      File.fnmatch("a\0z", "a")
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_frozen.rb b/test/ruby/test_frozen.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6721cb1128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_frozen.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestFrozen < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_setting_ivar_on_frozen_obj
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_ivar_on_frozen_obj_with_ivars
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    obj.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { obj.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_ivar_on_frozen_string
+    str = "str"
+    str.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { str.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_ivar_on_frozen_string_with_ivars
+    str = "str"
+    str.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    str.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { str.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_ivar_on_frozen_string_with_singleton_class
+    str = "str"
+    str.singleton_class
+    str.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, "can't modify frozen String: \"str\"") { str.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1) }
+  end
+
+  class A
+    freeze
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_ivar_on_frozen_class
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Class: TestFrozen::A") { A.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Class: #<Class:TestFrozen::A>") { A.singleton_class.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1) }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_frozen_error.rb b/test/ruby/test_frozen_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ace1e4c775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_frozen_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestFrozenError < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_new_default
+    exc = FrozenError.new
+    assert_equal("FrozenError", exc.message)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "no receiver is available") {
+      exc.receiver
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_message
+    exc = FrozenError.new("bar")
+    assert_equal("bar", exc.message)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "no receiver is available") {
+      exc.receiver
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_receiver
+    obj = Object.new
+    exc = FrozenError.new("bar", receiver: obj)
+    assert_equal("bar", exc.message)
+    assert_same(obj, exc.receiver)
+  end
+
+  def test_message
+    obj = Object.new.freeze
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /can't modify frozen #{obj.class}/) {
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@test, true)
+    }
+    assert_include(e.message, obj.inspect)
+
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def init
+        @x = true
+      end
+      def inspect
+        init
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    obj = klass.new.freeze
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /can't modify frozen #{obj.class}/) {
+      obj.init
+    }
+    assert_include(e.message, klass.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_receiver
+    obj = Object.new.freeze
+    e = assert_raise(FrozenError) {def obj.foo; end}
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+    e = assert_raise(FrozenError) {obj.singleton_class.const_set(:A, 2)}
+    assert_same(obj.singleton_class, e.receiver)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_gc.rb b/test/ruby/test_gc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09199c34b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_gc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,922 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestGc < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class S
+    def initialize(a)
+      @a = a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gc
+    prev_stress = GC.stress
+    GC.stress = false
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      tmp = nil
+      1.upto(10000) {
+        tmp = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+      }
+      tmp
+    end
+    l=nil
+    100000.times {
+      l = S.new(l)
+    }
+    GC.start
+    assert true   # reach here or dumps core
+    l = []
+    100000.times {
+      l.push([l])
+    }
+    GC.start
+    assert true   # reach here or dumps core
+
+    GC.stress = prev_stress
+  end
+
+  def use_rgengc?
+    GC::OPTS.include? 'USE_RGENGC'.freeze
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_disable
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      GC.enable
+      assert_equal(false, GC.enable)
+      assert_equal(false, GC.disable)
+      assert_equal(true, GC.disable)
+      assert_equal(true, GC.disable)
+      assert_nil(GC.start)
+      assert_equal(true, GC.enable)
+      assert_equal(false, GC.enable)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_full_mark_by_default
+    config = GC.config
+    assert_not_empty(config)
+    assert_true(config[:rgengc_allow_full_mark])
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_invalid_args
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { GC.config(0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_setting_returns_updated_config_hash
+    old_value = GC.config[:rgengc_allow_full_mark]
+    assert_true(old_value)
+
+    new_value = GC.config(rgengc_allow_full_mark: false)[:rgengc_allow_full_mark]
+    assert_false(new_value)
+    new_value = GC.config(rgengc_allow_full_mark: nil)[:rgengc_allow_full_mark]
+    assert_false(new_value)
+  ensure
+    GC.config(rgengc_allow_full_mark: old_value)
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_setting_returns_config_hash
+    hash = GC.config(no_such_key: true)
+    assert_equal(GC.config, hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_disable_major
+    GC.enable
+    GC.start
+
+    GC.config(rgengc_allow_full_mark: false)
+    major_count = GC.stat[:major_gc_count]
+    minor_count = GC.stat[:minor_gc_count]
+
+    arr = []
+    (GC.stat_heap[0][:heap_eden_slots] * 2).times do
+      arr << Object.new
+      Object.new
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(major_count, GC.stat[:major_gc_count])
+    assert_operator(minor_count, :<=, GC.stat[:minor_gc_count])
+    assert_nil(GC.start)
+  ensure
+    GC.config(rgengc_allow_full_mark: true)
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_disable_major_gc_start_always_works
+    GC.config(full_mark: false)
+
+    major_count = GC.stat[:major_gc_count]
+    GC.start
+
+    assert_operator(major_count, :<, GC.stat[:major_gc_count])
+  ensure
+    GC.config(full_mark: true)
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_implementation
+    omit unless /darwin|linux/.match(RUBY_PLATFORM)
+
+    gc_name = (ENV['RUBY_GC_LIBRARY'] || "default")
+    assert_equal gc_name, GC.config[:implementation]
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_config_implementation_is_readonly
+    omit unless /darwin|linux/.match(RUBY_PLATFORM)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { GC.config(implementation: "somethingelse") }
+  end
+
+  def test_start_full_mark
+    return unless use_rgengc?
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    3.times { GC.start } # full mark and next time it should be minor mark
+    GC.start(full_mark: false)
+    assert_nil GC.latest_gc_info(:major_by)
+
+    GC.start(full_mark: true)
+    assert_not_nil GC.latest_gc_info(:major_by)
+  end
+
+  def test_start_immediate_sweep
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    GC.start(immediate_sweep: false)
+    assert_equal false, GC.latest_gc_info(:immediate_sweep)
+
+    GC.start(immediate_sweep: true)
+    assert_equal true, GC.latest_gc_info(:immediate_sweep)
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    c = GC.count
+    GC.start
+    assert_operator(c, :<, GC.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_stat
+    res = GC.stat
+    assert_equal(false, res.empty?)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, res[:count])
+
+    arg = Hash.new
+    res = GC.stat(arg)
+    assert_equal(arg, res)
+    assert_equal(false, res.empty?)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, res[:count])
+
+    stat, count = {}, {}
+    2.times{ # to ignore const cache imemo creation
+      GC.start
+      GC.stat(stat)
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(count)
+      # repeat same methods invocation for cache object creation.
+      GC.stat(stat)
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(count)
+    }
+    assert_equal(count[:TOTAL]-count[:FREE], stat[:heap_live_slots])
+    assert_equal(count[:FREE], stat[:heap_free_slots])
+
+    # measure again without GC.start
+    2.times{ # to ignore const cache imemo creation
+      1000.times{ "a" + "b" }
+      GC.stat(stat)
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(count)
+    }
+    assert_equal(count[:FREE], stat[:heap_free_slots])
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_argument
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) {GC.stat(:"\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}")}
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_single
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    stat = GC.stat
+    assert_equal stat[:count], GC.stat(:count)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ GC.stat(:invalid) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_constraints
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    stat = GC.stat
+    # marking_time + sweeping_time could differ from time by 1 because they're stored in nanoseconds
+    assert_in_delta stat[:time], stat[:marking_time] + stat[:sweeping_time], 1
+    assert_equal stat[:total_allocated_pages], stat[:heap_allocated_pages] + stat[:total_freed_pages]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_available_slots], stat[:heap_live_slots] + stat[:heap_free_slots] + stat[:heap_final_slots]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_live_slots], stat[:total_allocated_objects] - stat[:total_freed_objects] - stat[:heap_final_slots]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_allocated_pages], stat[:heap_eden_pages] + stat[:heap_empty_pages]
+
+    if use_rgengc?
+      assert_equal stat[:count], stat[:major_gc_count] + stat[:minor_gc_count]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_heap
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    stat_heap = {}
+    stat = {}
+    # Initialize to prevent GC in future calls
+    GC.stat_heap(0, stat_heap)
+    GC.stat(stat)
+
+    GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_COUNT].times do |i|
+      EnvUtil.without_gc do
+        GC.stat_heap(i, stat_heap)
+        GC.stat(stat)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal (GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE] + GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:RVALUE_OVERHEAD]) * (2**i), stat_heap[:slot_size]
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:heap_live_slots], :<=, stat[:heap_live_slots]
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:heap_free_slots], :<=, stat[:heap_free_slots]
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:heap_final_slots], :<=, stat[:heap_final_slots]
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:heap_eden_pages], :<=, stat[:heap_eden_pages]
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:heap_eden_slots], :>=, 0
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:total_allocated_pages], :>=, 0
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:force_major_gc_count], :>=, 0
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:force_incremental_marking_finish_count], :>=, 0
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:total_allocated_objects], :>=, 0
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:total_freed_objects], :>=, 0
+      assert_operator stat_heap[:total_freed_objects], :<=, stat_heap[:total_allocated_objects]
+    end
+
+    GC.stat_heap(0, stat_heap)
+    assert_equal stat_heap[:slot_size], GC.stat_heap(0, :slot_size)
+    assert_equal stat_heap[:slot_size], GC.stat_heap(0)[:slot_size]
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { GC.stat_heap(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { GC.stat_heap(GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_COUNT]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_heap_all
+    stat_heap_all = {}
+    stat_heap = {}
+    # Initialize to prevent GC in future calls
+    GC.stat_heap(0, stat_heap)
+    GC.stat_heap(nil, stat_heap_all)
+
+    GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_COUNT].times do |i|
+      GC.stat_heap(nil, stat_heap_all)
+      GC.stat_heap(i, stat_heap)
+
+      # Remove keys that can vary between invocations
+      %i(total_allocated_objects heap_live_slots heap_free_slots).each do |sym|
+        stat_heap[sym] = stat_heap_all[i][sym] = 0
+      end
+
+      assert_equal stat_heap, stat_heap_all[i]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { GC.stat_heap(nil, :slot_size) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_heap_constraints
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    stat = GC.stat
+    stat_heap = GC.stat_heap
+    2.times do
+      GC.stat(stat)
+      GC.stat_heap(nil, stat_heap)
+    end
+
+    stat_heap_sum = Hash.new(0)
+    stat_heap.values.each do |hash|
+      hash.each { |k, v| stat_heap_sum[k] += v }
+    end
+
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_live_slots], stat_heap_sum[:heap_live_slots]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_free_slots], stat_heap_sum[:heap_free_slots]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_final_slots], stat_heap_sum[:heap_final_slots]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_eden_pages], stat_heap_sum[:heap_eden_pages]
+    assert_equal stat[:heap_available_slots], stat_heap_sum[:heap_eden_slots]
+    assert_equal stat[:total_allocated_objects], stat_heap_sum[:total_allocated_objects]
+    assert_equal stat[:total_freed_objects], stat_heap_sum[:total_freed_objects]
+  end
+
+  def test_measure_total_time
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<~RUBY, timeout: 60)
+      GC.measure_total_time = false
+
+      time_before = GC.stat(:time)
+
+      # Generate some garbage
+      Random.new.bytes(100 * 1024 * 1024)
+      GC.start
+
+      time_after = GC.stat(:time)
+
+      # If time measurement is disabled, the time stat should not change
+      assert_equal time_before, time_after
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_latest_gc_info
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<-'RUBY')
+      GC.start
+      count = GC.stat(:heap_free_slots) + GC.stat(:heap_allocatable_slots)
+      count.times{ "a" + "b" }
+      assert_equal :newobj, GC.latest_gc_info[:gc_by]
+    RUBY
+
+    GC.latest_gc_info(h = {}) # allocate hash and rehearsal
+    GC.start
+    GC.start
+    GC.start
+    GC.latest_gc_info(h)
+
+    assert_equal :force,  h[:major_by] if use_rgengc?
+    assert_equal :method, h[:gc_by]
+    assert_equal true,    h[:immediate_sweep]
+    assert_equal true,    h.key?(:need_major_by)
+
+    GC.stress = true
+    assert_equal :force, GC.latest_gc_info[:major_by]
+  ensure
+    GC.stress = false
+  end
+
+  def test_latest_gc_info_argument
+    info = {}
+    GC.latest_gc_info(info)
+
+    assert_not_empty info
+    assert_equal info[:gc_by], GC.latest_gc_info(:gc_by)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ GC.latest_gc_info(:invalid) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) {GC.latest_gc_info(:"\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}")}
+  end
+
+  def test_latest_gc_info_need_major_by
+    return unless use_rgengc?
+    omit 'stress' if GC.stress
+
+    3.times { GC.start }
+    assert_nil GC.latest_gc_info(:need_major_by)
+
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      # allocate objects until need_major_by is set or major GC happens
+      objects = []
+      while GC.latest_gc_info(:need_major_by).nil?
+        objects.append(100.times.map { '*' })
+        GC.start(full_mark: false)
+      end
+
+      # We need to ensure that no GC gets ran before the call to GC.start since
+      # it would trigger a major GC. Assertions could allocate objects and
+      # trigger a GC so we don't run assertions until we perform the major GC.
+      need_major_by = GC.latest_gc_info(:need_major_by)
+      GC.start(full_mark: false) # should be upgraded to major
+      major_by = GC.latest_gc_info(:major_by)
+
+      assert_not_nil(need_major_by)
+      assert_not_nil(major_by)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_latest_gc_info_weak_references_count
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<~RUBY)
+      GC.disable
+      COUNT = 10_000
+      # Some weak references may be created, so allow some margin of error
+      error_tolerance = 100
+
+      # Run full GC to collect stats about weak references
+      GC.start
+
+      before_weak_references_count = GC.latest_gc_info(:weak_references_count)
+
+      # Create some WeakMaps
+      ary = Array.new(COUNT)
+      COUNT.times.with_index do |i|
+        ary[i] = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+      end
+
+      # Run full GC to collect stats about weak references
+      GC.start
+
+      assert_operator(GC.latest_gc_info(:weak_references_count), :>=, before_weak_references_count + COUNT - error_tolerance)
+
+      before_weak_references_count = GC.latest_gc_info(:weak_references_count)
+
+      # Clear ary, so if ary itself is somewhere on the stack, it won't hold all references
+      ary.clear
+      ary = nil
+
+      # Free ary, which should GC all the WeakMaps
+      GC.start
+
+      assert_operator(GC.latest_gc_info(:weak_references_count), :<=, before_weak_references_count - COUNT + error_tolerance)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_stress_compile_send
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-EOS, [], [], "")
+      GC.stress = true
+      begin
+        eval("A::B.c(1, 1, d: 234)")
+      rescue
+      end
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-EOS, [], [], "[ruby-dev:42832]")
+      GC.stress = true
+      10.times do
+        obj = Object.new
+        def obj.foo() end
+        def obj.bar() raise "obj.foo is called, but this is obj.bar" end
+        obj.foo
+      end
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method_added
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-EOS, [], [], "[ruby-dev:44436]", timeout: 30)
+      class BasicObject
+        undef singleton_method_added
+        def singleton_method_added(mid)
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+      b = proc {}
+      class << b; end
+      b.clone rescue nil
+      GC.start
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_parameter
+    env = {}
+    GC.stat_heap.keys.each do |heap|
+      env["RUBY_GC_HEAP_#{heap}_INIT_SLOTS"] = "200000"
+    end
+    assert_normal_exit("exit", "", :child_env => env)
+
+    env = {}
+    GC.stat_heap.keys.each do |heap|
+      env["RUBY_GC_HEAP_#{heap}_INIT_SLOTS"] = "0"
+    end
+    assert_normal_exit("exit", "", :child_env => env)
+
+    env = {
+      "RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_FACTOR" => "2.0",
+      "RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_MAX_SLOTS" => "10000"
+    }
+    assert_normal_exit("exit", "", :child_env => env)
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_FACTOR=2.0/, "")
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_MAX_SLOTS=10000/, "[ruby-core:57928]")
+
+    if use_rgengc?
+      env = {
+        "RUBY_GC_HEAP_OLDOBJECT_LIMIT_FACTOR" => "0.4",
+      }
+      # always full GC when RUBY_GC_HEAP_OLDOBJECT_LIMIT_FACTOR < 1.0
+      assert_in_out_err([env, "-e", "GC.start; 1000_000.times{Object.new}; p(GC.stat[:minor_gc_count] < GC.stat[:major_gc_count])"], "", ['true'], //, "")
+    end
+
+    env = {
+      "RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT"               => "60000000",
+      "RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MAX"           => "160000000",
+      "RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR" => "2.0"
+    }
+    assert_normal_exit("exit", "", :child_env => env)
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT=6000000/, "")
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MAX=16000000/, "")
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR=2.0/, "")
+
+    if use_rgengc?
+      env = {
+        "RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT"               => "60000000",
+        "RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_MAX"           => "160000000",
+        "RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR" => "2.0"
+      }
+      assert_normal_exit("exit", "", :child_env => env)
+      assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT=6000000/, "")
+      assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_MAX=16000000/, "")
+      assert_in_out_err([env, "-w", "-e", "exit"], "", [], /RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR=2.0/, "")
+    end
+
+    ["0.01", "0.1", "1.0"].each do |i|
+      env = {"RUBY_GC_HEAP_OLDOBJECT_LIMIT_FACTOR" => "0", "RUBY_GC_HEAP_REMEMBERED_WB_UNPROTECTED_OBJECTS_LIMIT_RATIO" => i}
+      assert_separately([env, "-W0"], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<~RUBY)
+        GC.disable
+        GC.start
+        assert_equal((GC.stat[:old_objects] * #{i}).to_i, GC.stat[:remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit])
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_parameter_init_slots
+    omit "[Bug #21203] This test is flaky and intermittently failing now"
+
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<~RUBY, timeout: 60)
+      # Constant from gc.c.
+      GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS = 10_000
+
+      gc_count = GC.stat(:count)
+      # Fill up all of the size pools to the init slots
+      GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_COUNT].times do |i|
+        capa = (GC.stat_heap(i, :slot_size) - GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:RVALUE_OVERHEAD] - (2 * RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"])) / RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"]
+        while GC.stat_heap(i, :heap_eden_slots) < GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS
+          Array.new(capa)
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal gc_count, GC.stat(:count)
+    RUBY
+
+    env = {}
+    sizes = GC.stat_heap.keys.reverse.map { 20_000 }
+    GC.stat_heap.keys.each do |heap|
+      env["RUBY_GC_HEAP_#{heap}_INIT_SLOTS"] = sizes[heap].to_s
+    end
+    assert_separately([env, "-W0"], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<~RUBY, timeout: 60)
+      SIZES = #{sizes}
+
+      gc_count = GC.stat(:count)
+      # Fill up all of the size pools to the init slots
+      GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_COUNT].times do |i|
+        capa = (GC.stat_heap(i, :slot_size) - GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:RVALUE_OVERHEAD] - (2 * RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"])) / RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"]
+        while GC.stat_heap(i, :heap_eden_slots) < SIZES[i]
+          Array.new(capa)
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal gc_count, GC.stat(:count)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_profiler_enabled
+    GC::Profiler.enable
+    assert_equal(true, GC::Profiler.enabled?)
+    GC::Profiler.disable
+    assert_equal(false, GC::Profiler.enabled?)
+  ensure
+    GC::Profiler.disable
+  end
+
+  def test_profiler_clear
+    omit "for now"
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<-'RUBY', timeout: 30)
+      GC::Profiler.enable
+
+      GC.start
+      assert_equal(1, GC::Profiler.raw_data.size)
+      GC::Profiler.clear
+      assert_equal(0, GC::Profiler.raw_data.size)
+
+      200.times{ GC.start }
+      assert_equal(200, GC::Profiler.raw_data.size)
+      GC::Profiler.clear
+      assert_equal(0, GC::Profiler.raw_data.size)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_profiler_raw_data
+    GC::Profiler.enable
+    GC.start
+    assert GC::Profiler.raw_data
+  ensure
+    GC::Profiler.disable
+  end
+
+  def test_profiler_total_time
+    GC::Profiler.enable
+    GC::Profiler.clear
+
+    GC.start
+    assert_operator(GC::Profiler.total_time, :>=, 0)
+  ensure
+    GC::Profiler.disable
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizing_main_thread
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-EOS, ["\"finalize\""], [], "[ruby-dev:46647]")
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(Thread.main) { p 'finalize' }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_expand_heap
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<~'RUBY')
+      GC.start
+      base_length = GC.stat[:heap_eden_pages]
+      (base_length * 500).times{ 'a' }
+      GC.start
+      base_length = GC.stat[:heap_eden_pages]
+      (base_length * 500).times{ 'a' }
+      GC.start
+      assert_in_epsilon base_length, (v = GC.stat[:heap_eden_pages]), 1/8r,
+            "invalid heap expanding (base_length: #{base_length}, GC.stat[:heap_eden_pages]: #{v})"
+
+      a = []
+      (base_length * 500).times{ a << 'a'; nil }
+      GC.start
+      assert_operator base_length, :<, GC.stat[:heap_eden_pages] + 1
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_thrashing_for_young_objects
+    # This test prevents bugs like [Bug #18929]
+
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<-'RUBY', timeout: 60)
+      # Grow the heap
+      @ary = 100_000.times.map { Object.new }
+
+      # Warmup to make sure heap stabilizes
+      1_000_000.times { Object.new }
+
+      # We need to pre-allocate all the hashes for GC.stat calls, because
+      # otherwise the call to GC.stat/GC.stat_heap itself could cause a new
+      # page to be allocated and the before/after assertions will fail
+      before_stats = {}
+      after_stats = {}
+      # stat_heap needs a hash of hashes for each heap; easiest way to get the
+      # right shape for that is just to call stat_heap with no argument
+      before_stat_heap = GC.stat_heap
+      after_stat_heap = GC.stat_heap
+
+      # Now collect the actual stats
+      GC.stat before_stats
+      GC.stat_heap nil, before_stat_heap
+
+      1_000_000.times { Object.new }
+
+      # Previous loop may have caused GC to be in an intermediate state,
+      # running a minor GC here will guarantee that GC will be complete
+      GC.start(full_mark: false)
+
+      GC.stat after_stats
+      GC.stat_heap nil, after_stat_heap
+
+      # Debugging output to for failures in trunk-repeat50@phosphorus-docker
+      debug_msg = "before_stats: #{before_stats}\nbefore_stat_heap: #{before_stat_heap}\nafter_stats: #{after_stats}\nafter_stat_heap: #{after_stat_heap}"
+
+      # Should not be thrashing in page creation
+      assert_equal before_stats[:heap_allocated_pages], after_stats[:heap_allocated_pages], debug_msg
+      assert_equal 0, after_stats[:total_freed_pages], debug_msg
+      # Only young objects, so should not trigger major GC
+      assert_equal before_stats[:major_gc_count], after_stats[:major_gc_count], debug_msg
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_heaps_grow_independently
+    # [Bug #21214]
+
+    assert_separately([], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<-'RUBY', timeout: 60)
+      COUNT = 1_000_000
+
+      def allocate_small_object = []
+      def allocate_large_object = Array.new(10)
+
+      @arys = Array.new(COUNT) do
+        # Allocate 10 small transient objects
+        10.times { allocate_small_object }
+        # Allocate 1 large object that is persistent
+        allocate_large_object
+      end
+
+      # Running GC here is required to prevent this test from being flaky because
+      # the heap for the small transient objects may not have been cleared by the
+      # GC causing heap_available_slots to be slightly over 2 * COUNT.
+      GC.start
+
+      heap_available_slots = GC.stat(:heap_available_slots)
+
+      assert_operator(heap_available_slots, :<, COUNT * 2, "GC.stat: #{GC.stat}\nGC.stat_heap: #{GC.stat_heap}")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_internals
+    assert_not_nil GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT]
+    assert_not_nil GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE]
+  end
+
+  def test_sweep_in_finalizer
+    bug9205 = '[ruby-core:58833] [Bug #9205]'
+    2.times do
+      assert_ruby_status([], <<-'end;', bug9205, timeout: 120)
+        raise_proc = proc do |id|
+          GC.start
+        end
+        1000.times do
+          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(Object.new, raise_proc)
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_finalizer
+    bug9168 = '[ruby-core:58652] [Bug #9168]'
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-'end;', bug9168, encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      raise_proc = proc {raise}
+      10000.times do
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(Object.new, raise_proc)
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :immediate) {break}
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking) {break}
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :never) {break}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_interrupt_in_finalizer
+    omit 'randomly hangs on many platforms' if ENV.key?('GITHUB_ACTIONS')
+    bug10595 = '[ruby-core:66825] [Bug #10595]'
+    src = <<-'end;'
+      Signal.trap(:INT, 'DEFAULT')
+      pid = $$
+      Thread.start do
+        10.times {
+          sleep 0.1
+          Process.kill("INT", pid) rescue break
+        }
+      end
+      f = proc {1000.times {}}
+      loop do
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(Object.new, f)
+      end
+    end;
+    out, err, status = assert_in_out_err(["-e", src], "", [], [], bug10595, signal: :SEGV, timeout: 100) do |*result|
+      break result
+    end
+    unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      assert_equal("INT", Signal.signame(status.termsig), bug10595)
+    end
+    assert_match(/Interrupt/, err.first, proc {err.join("\n")})
+    assert_empty(out)
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizer_passed_object_id
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, ["true"], [])
+      o = Object.new
+      obj_id = o.object_id
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(o, ->(id){ p id == obj_id })
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_internal_consistency
+    assert_nil(GC.verify_internal_consistency)
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_stress_on_realloc
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-'end;', '[Bug #9859]')
+      class C
+        def initialize
+          @a = nil
+          @b = nil
+          @c = nil
+          @d = nil
+          @e = nil
+          @f = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      GC.stress = true
+      C.new
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_stress_at_startup
+    assert_in_out_err([{"RUBY_DEBUG"=>"gc_stress"}], '', [], [], '[Bug #15784]', success: true, timeout: 60)
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_disabled_start
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      c = GC.count
+      GC.start
+      assert_equal 1, GC.count - c
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      c = GC.count
+      GC.start(immediate_mark: false, immediate_sweep: false)
+      10_000.times { Object.new }
+      assert_equal 1, GC.count - c
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_vm_object
+    assert_normal_exit <<-'end', '[Bug #12583]'
+      ObjectSpace.each_object{|o| o.singleton_class rescue 0}
+      ObjectSpace.each_object{|o| case o when Module then o.instance_methods end}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_finalizer_procs
+    require '-test-/stack'
+    omit 'failing with ASAN' if Thread.asan?
+    assert_in_out_err(["-W0"], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", %w[c1 c2])
+    c1 = proc do
+      puts "c1"
+      raise
+    end
+    c2 = proc do
+      puts "c2"
+      raise
+    end
+    begin;
+      tap do
+        obj = Object.new
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj, c1)
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj, c2)
+        obj = nil
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_finalizer_method
+    require '-test-/stack'
+    omit 'failing with ASAN' if Thread.asan?
+    assert_in_out_err(["-W0"], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", %w[c1 c2])
+    def self.c1(x)
+      puts "c1"
+      raise
+    end
+    def self.c2(x)
+      puts "c2"
+      raise
+    end
+    begin;
+      tap do
+        obj = Object.new
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj, method(:c1))
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj, method(:c2))
+        obj = nil
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_normal_exit "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", '[Bug #20042]'
+    begin;
+      def (f = Object.new).call = nil # missing ID
+      o = Object.new
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(o, f)
+      o = nil
+      GC.start
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_object_ids_never_repeat
+    GC.start
+    a = 1000.times.map { Object.new.object_id }
+    GC.start
+    b = 1000.times.map { Object.new.object_id }
+    assert_empty(a & b)
+  end
+
+  def test_ast_node_buffer
+    # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/4416
+    Module.new.class_eval( (["# shareable_constant_value: literal"] +
+                            (0..100000).map {|i| "M#{ i } = {}" }).join("\n"))
+  end
+
+  def test_old_to_young_reference
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      require "objspace"
+
+      old_obj = Object.new
+      4.times { GC.start }
+
+      assert_include ObjectSpace.dump(old_obj), '"old":true'
+
+      young_obj = Object.new
+      old_obj.instance_variable_set(:@test, young_obj)
+
+      # Not immediately promoted to old generation
+      3.times do
+        assert_not_include ObjectSpace.dump(young_obj), '"old":true'
+        GC.start
+      end
+
+      # Takes 4 GC to promote to old generation
+      GC.start
+      assert_include ObjectSpace.dump(young_obj), '"old":true'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizer_not_run_with_vm_lock
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY')
+      Thread.new do
+        loop do
+          Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+            enc.names
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      o = Object.new
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(o, proc do
+        sleep 0.5 # finalizer shouldn't be run with VM lock, otherwise this context switch will crash
+      end)
+      o = nil
+      4.times do
+        GC.start
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_gc_compact.rb b/test/ruby/test_gc_compact.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e0c499dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_gc_compact.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'test/unit'
+
+if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/
+  warn "Currently, it is known that the compaction does not work well on s390x; contribution is welcome https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077"
+  return
+end
+
+class TestGCCompact < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  module CompactionSupportInspector
+    def supports_compact?
+      GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module OmitUnlessCompactSupported
+    include CompactionSupportInspector
+
+    def setup
+      omit "GC compaction not supported on this platform" unless supports_compact?
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  include OmitUnlessCompactSupported
+
+  class AutoCompact < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include OmitUnlessCompactSupported
+
+    def test_enable_autocompact
+      before = GC.auto_compact
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      assert_predicate GC, :auto_compact
+    ensure
+      GC.auto_compact = before
+    end
+
+    def test_disable_autocompact
+      before = GC.auto_compact
+      GC.auto_compact = false
+      refute GC.auto_compact
+    ensure
+      GC.auto_compact = before
+    end
+
+    def test_major_compacts
+      before = GC.auto_compact
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      compact = GC.stat :compact_count
+      GC.start
+      assert_operator GC.stat(:compact_count), :>, compact
+    ensure
+      GC.auto_compact = before
+    end
+
+    def test_implicit_compaction_does_something
+      before = GC.auto_compact
+      list = []
+      list2 = []
+
+      # Try to make some fragmentation
+      500.times {
+        list << Object.new
+        Object.new
+        Object.new
+      }
+      count = GC.stat :compact_count
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      n = 1_000_000
+      n.times do
+        break if count < GC.stat(:compact_count)
+        list2 << Object.new
+      end and omit "implicit compaction didn't happen within #{n} objects"
+      compact_stats = GC.latest_compact_info
+      refute_predicate compact_stats[:considered], :empty?
+      refute_predicate compact_stats[:moved], :empty?
+    ensure
+      GC.auto_compact = before
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CompactMethodsNotImplemented < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include CompactionSupportInspector
+
+    def assert_not_implemented(method, *args)
+      omit "autocompact is supported on this platform" if supports_compact?
+
+      assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { GC.send(method, *args) }
+      refute(GC.respond_to?(method), "GC.#{method} should be defined as rb_f_notimplement")
+    end
+
+    def test_gc_compact_not_implemented
+      assert_not_implemented(:compact)
+    end
+
+    def test_gc_auto_compact_get_not_implemented
+      assert_not_implemented(:auto_compact)
+    end
+
+    def test_gc_auto_compact_set_not_implemented
+      assert_not_implemented(:auto_compact=, true)
+    end
+
+    def test_gc_latest_compact_info_not_implemented
+      assert_not_implemented(:latest_compact_info)
+    end
+
+    def test_gc_verify_compaction_references_not_implemented
+      assert_not_implemented(:verify_compaction_references)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_compact_stats
+    list = []
+
+    # Try to make some fragmentation
+    500.times {
+      list << Object.new
+      Object.new
+      Object.new
+    }
+    compact_stats = GC.compact
+    refute_predicate compact_stats[:considered], :empty?
+    refute_predicate compact_stats[:moved], :empty?
+  end
+
+  def big_list(level = 10)
+    if level > 0
+      big_list(level - 1)
+    else
+      1000.times.map {
+        # try to make some empty slots by allocating an object and discarding
+        Object.new
+        Object.new
+      } # likely next to each other
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_complex_hash_keys
+    list_of_objects = big_list
+    hash = list_of_objects.hash
+    GC.verify_compaction_references(toward: :empty)
+    assert_equal hash, list_of_objects.hash
+    GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: false)
+    assert_equal hash, list_of_objects.hash
+  end
+
+  def test_ast_compacts
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      def walk_ast ast
+        children = ast.children.grep(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node)
+        children.each do |child|
+          assert_predicate child, :type
+          walk_ast child
+        end
+      end
+      ast = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file #{__FILE__.dump}
+      assert_predicate GC, :compact
+      walk_ast ast
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_compact_count
+    count = GC.stat(:compact_count)
+    GC.compact
+    assert_equal count + 1, GC.stat(:compact_count)
+  end
+
+  def test_compacting_from_trace_point
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.tracee
+      :ret # expected to emit both line and call event from one instruction
+    end
+
+    results = []
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :line) do |tp|
+      results << tp.event
+      GC.verify_compaction_references
+    end.enable(target: obj.method(:tracee)) do
+      obj.tracee
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([:call, :line], results)
+  end
+
+  def test_updating_references_for_heap_allocated_shared_arrays
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      ary = []
+      50.times { |i| ary << i }
+
+      # Pointer in slice should point to buffer of ary
+      slice = ary[10..40]
+
+      # Check that slice is pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+
+      # Run compaction to re-embed ary
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      # Assert that slice is pointer to updated buffer in ary
+      assert_equal(10, slice[0])
+      # Check that slice is still pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_updating_references_for_embed_shared_arrays
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      ary = Array.new(50)
+      50.times { |i| ary[i] = i }
+
+      # Ensure ary is embedded
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(ary), '"embedded":true')
+
+      slice = ary[10..40]
+
+      # Check that slice is pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+
+      # Run compaction to re-embed ary
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      # Assert that slice is pointer to updated buffer in ary
+      assert_equal(10, slice[0])
+      # Check that slice is still pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_updating_references_for_heap_allocated_frozen_shared_arrays
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      ary = []
+      50.times { |i| ary << i }
+      # Frozen arrays can become shared root without RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG
+      ary.freeze
+
+      slice = ary[10..40]
+
+      # Check that slice is pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+
+      # Run compaction to re-embed ary
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      # Assert that slice is pointer to updated buffer in ary
+      assert_equal(10, slice[0])
+      # Check that slice is still pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_updating_references_for_embed_frozen_shared_arrays
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      ary = Array.new(50)
+      50.times { |i| ary[i] = i }
+      # Frozen arrays can become shared root without RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG
+      ary.freeze
+
+      # Ensure ary is embedded
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(ary), '"embedded":true')
+
+      slice = ary[10..40]
+
+      # Check that slice is pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+
+      # Run compaction to re-embed ary
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      # Assert that slice is pointer to updated buffer in ary
+      assert_equal(10, slice[0])
+      # Check that slice is still pointing to buffer of ary
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(slice), '"shared":true')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_arrays_down_heaps
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      ARY_COUNT = 50000
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      Fiber.new {
+        $arys = ARY_COUNT.times.map do
+          ary = "abbbbbbbbbb".chars
+          ary.uniq!
+        end
+      }.resume
+
+      stats = GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+      assert_operator(stats.dig(:moved_down, :T_ARRAY) || 0, :>=, ARY_COUNT - 10)
+      refute_empty($arys.keep_if { |o| ObjectSpace.dump(o).include?('"embedded":true') })
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_arrays_up_heaps
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      ARY_COUNT = 50000
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      Fiber.new {
+        ary = "hello".chars
+        $arys = ARY_COUNT.times.map do
+          x = []
+          ary.each { |e| x << e }
+          x
+        end
+      }.resume
+
+      stats = GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+      assert_operator(stats.dig(:moved_up, :T_ARRAY) || 0, :>=, (0.9995 * ARY_COUNT).to_i)
+      refute_empty($arys.keep_if { |o| ObjectSpace.dump(o).include?('"embedded":true') })
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_objects_between_heaps
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      class Foo
+        def add_ivars
+          10.times do |i|
+            instance_variable_set("@foo" + i.to_s, 0)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      OBJ_COUNT = 50000
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      Fiber.new {
+        $ary = OBJ_COUNT.times.map { Foo.new }
+        $ary.each(&:add_ivars)
+
+        GC.start
+        Foo.new.add_ivars
+      }.resume
+
+      stats = GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_operator(stats.dig(:moved_up, :T_OBJECT) || 0, :>=, OBJ_COUNT - 15)
+      refute_empty($ary.keep_if { |o| ObjectSpace.dump(o).include?('"embedded":true') })
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_compact_objects_of_varying_sizes
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      $objects = []
+      160.times do |n|
+        obj = Class.new.new
+        n.times { |i| obj.instance_variable_set("@foo" + i.to_s, 0) }
+        $objects << obj
+      end
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_strings_up_heaps
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 30)
+    begin;
+      STR_COUNT = 50000
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      Fiber.new {
+        str = "a" * GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE] * 4
+        $ary = STR_COUNT.times.map { +"" << str }
+      }.resume
+
+      stats = GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_operator(stats[:moved_up][:T_STRING], :>=, STR_COUNT - 15)
+      refute_empty($ary.keep_if { |o| ObjectSpace.dump(o).include?('"embedded":true') })
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_strings_down_heaps
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 30)
+    begin;
+      STR_COUNT = 50000
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      Fiber.new {
+        $ary = STR_COUNT.times.map { ("a" * GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE] * 4).squeeze! }
+      }.resume
+
+      stats = GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_operator(stats[:moved_down][:T_STRING], :>=, STR_COUNT - 10)
+      refute_empty($ary.keep_if { |o| ObjectSpace.dump(o).include?('"embedded":true') })
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_hashes_down_heaps
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+    # AR and ST hashes are in the same size pool on 32 bit
+    omit unless RbConfig::SIZEOF["uint64_t"] <= RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"]
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 30)
+    begin;
+      HASH_COUNT = 50000
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      Fiber.new {
+        base_hash = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8 }
+        $ary = HASH_COUNT.times.map { base_hash.dup }
+        $ary.each_with_index { |h, i| h[:i] = 9 }
+      }.resume
+
+      stats = GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_operator(stats[:moved_down][:T_HASH], :>=, HASH_COUNT - 10)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_objects_between_heaps_keeps_shape_frozen_status
+    # [Bug #19536]
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class A
+        def add_ivars
+          @a = @b = @c = @d = 1
+        end
+
+        def set_a
+          @a = 10
+        end
+      end
+
+      a = A.new
+      a.add_ivars
+      a.freeze
+
+      b = A.new
+      b.add_ivars
+      b.set_a # Set the inline cache in set_a
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_raise(FrozenError) { a.set_a }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_moving_too_complex_generic_ivar
+    omit "not compiled with SHAPE_DEBUG" unless defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
+
+    assert_separately([], <<~RUBY)
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      obj = []
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@fixnum, 123)
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@str, "hello")
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_equal(123, obj.instance_variable_get(:@fixnum))
+      assert_equal("hello", obj.instance_variable_get(:@str))
+    RUBY
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_hash.rb b/test/ruby/test_hash.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32384f5a5c
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+++ b/test/ruby/test_hash.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2434 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+
+class TestHash < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_hash
+    x = @cls[1=>2, 2=>4, 3=>6]
+    y = @cls[1=>2, 2=>4, 3=>6] # y = {1, 2, 2, 4, 3, 6} # 1.9 doesn't support
+
+    assert_equal(2, x[1])
+
+    assert(begin
+         for k,v in y
+           raise if k*2 != v
+         end
+         true
+       rescue
+         false
+       end)
+
+    assert_equal(3, x.length)
+    assert_send([x, :has_key?, 1])
+    assert_send([x, :has_value?, 4])
+    assert_equal([4,6], x.values_at(2,3))
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 2=>4, 3=>6}, x)
+
+    z = y.keys.join(":")
+    assert_equal("1:2:3", z)
+
+    z = y.values.join(":")
+    assert_equal("2:4:6", z)
+    assert_equal(x, y)
+
+    y.shift
+    assert_equal(2, y.length)
+
+    z = [1,2]
+    y[z] = 256
+    assert_equal(256, y[z])
+
+    x = Hash.new(0)
+    x[1] = 1
+    assert_equal(1, x[1])
+    assert_equal(0, x[2])
+
+    x = Hash.new([])
+    assert_equal([], x[22])
+    assert_same(x[22], x[22])
+
+    x = Hash.new{[]}
+    assert_equal([], x[22])
+    assert_not_same(x[22], x[22])
+
+    x = Hash.new{|h,kk| z = kk; h[kk] = kk*2}
+    z = 0
+    assert_equal(44, x[22])
+    assert_equal(22, z)
+    z = 0
+    assert_equal(44, x[22])
+    assert_equal(0, z)
+    x.default = 5
+    assert_equal(5, x[23])
+
+    x = Hash.new
+    def x.default(k)
+      $z = k
+      self[k] = k*2
+    end
+    $z = 0
+    assert_equal(44, x[22])
+    assert_equal(22, $z)
+    $z = 0
+    assert_equal(44, x[22])
+    assert_equal(0, $z)
+  end
+
+  # From rubicon
+
+  def setup
+    @cls ||= Hash
+    @h = @cls[
+      1 => 'one', 2 => 'two', 3 => 'three',
+      self => 'self', true => 'true', nil => 'nil',
+      'nil' => nil
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_initialize_copy
+    h = @cls[1=>2]
+    h.instance_eval {initialize_copy({})}
+    assert_empty(h)
+  end
+
+  def test_self_initialize_copy
+    h = @cls[1=>2]
+    h.instance_eval {initialize_copy(h)}
+    assert_equal(2, h[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_s_AREF_from_hash
+    h = @cls["a" => 100, "b" => 200]
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(200, h['b'])
+    assert_nil(h['c'])
+
+    h = @cls.[]("a" => 100, "b" => 200)
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(200, h['b'])
+    assert_nil(h['c'])
+
+    h = @cls[Hash.new(42)]
+    assert_nil(h['a'])
+
+    h = @cls[Hash.new {42}]
+    assert_nil(h['a'])
+  end
+
+  def test_s_AREF_from_list
+    h = @cls["a", 100, "b", 200]
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(200, h['b'])
+    assert_nil(h['c'])
+  end
+
+  def test_s_AREF_from_pairs
+    h = @cls[[["a", 100], ["b", 200]]]
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(200, h['b'])
+    assert_nil(h['c'])
+
+    h = @cls[[["a", 100], ["b"], ["c", 300]]]
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(nil, h['b'])
+    assert_equal(300, h['c'])
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      @cls[[["a", 100], "b", ["c", 300]]]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_s_AREF_duplicated_key
+    alist = [["a", 100], ["b", 200], ["a", 300], ["a", 400]]
+    h = @cls[alist]
+    assert_equal(2, h.size)
+    assert_equal(400, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(200, h['b'])
+    assert_nil(h['c'])
+    assert_equal(nil, h.key('300'))
+  end
+
+  def test_s_AREF_frozen_key_id
+    key = "a".freeze
+    h = @cls[key, 100]
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_same(key, *h.keys)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_AREF_key_tampering
+    key = "a".dup
+    h = @cls[key, 100]
+    key.upcase!
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new
+    h = @cls.new
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, h)
+    assert_nil(h.default)
+    assert_nil(h['spurious'])
+
+    h = @cls.new('default')
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, h)
+    assert_equal('default', h.default)
+    assert_equal('default', h['spurious'])
+  end
+
+  def test_st_literal_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        # >8 element hashes are ST allocated rather than AR allocated
+        {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal({1=>2}, Hash.try_convert({1=>2}))
+    assert_equal(nil, Hash.try_convert("1=>2"))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash; {3=>4} end
+    assert_equal({3=>4}, Hash.try_convert(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF # '[]'
+    t = Time.now
+    h = @cls[
+      1 => 'one', 2 => 'two', 3 => 'three',
+      self => 'self', t => 'time', nil => 'nil',
+      'nil' => nil
+    ]
+
+    assert_equal('one',   h[1])
+    assert_equal('two',   h[2])
+    assert_equal('three', h[3])
+    assert_equal('self',  h[self])
+    assert_equal('time',  h[t])
+    assert_equal('nil',   h[nil])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['nil'])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['koala'])
+
+    h1 = h.dup
+    h1.default = :default
+
+    assert_equal('one',    h1[1])
+    assert_equal('two',    h1[2])
+    assert_equal('three',  h1[3])
+    assert_equal('self',   h1[self])
+    assert_equal('time',   h1[t])
+    assert_equal('nil',    h1[nil])
+    assert_equal(nil,      h1['nil'])
+    assert_equal(:default, h1['koala'])
+
+
+  end
+
+  def test_ASET # '[]='
+    t = Time.now
+    h = @cls.new
+    h[1]     = 'one'
+    h[2]     = 'two'
+    h[3]     = 'three'
+    h[self]  = 'self'
+    h[t]     = 'time'
+    h[nil]   = 'nil'
+    h['nil'] = nil
+    assert_equal('one',   h[1])
+    assert_equal('two',   h[2])
+    assert_equal('three', h[3])
+    assert_equal('self',  h[self])
+    assert_equal('time',  h[t])
+    assert_equal('nil',   h[nil])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['nil'])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['koala'])
+
+    h[1] = 1
+    h[nil] = 99
+    h['nil'] = nil
+    z = [1,2]
+    h[z] = 256
+    assert_equal(1,       h[1])
+    assert_equal('two',   h[2])
+    assert_equal('three', h[3])
+    assert_equal('self',  h[self])
+    assert_equal('time',  h[t])
+    assert_equal(99,      h[nil])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['nil'])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['koala'])
+    assert_equal(256,     h[z])
+  end
+
+  def test_EQUAL # '=='
+    h1 = @cls[ "a" => 1, "c" => 2 ]
+    h2 = @cls[ "a" => 1, "c" => 2, 7 => 35 ]
+    h3 = @cls[ "a" => 1, "c" => 2, 7 => 35 ]
+    h4 = @cls[ ]
+    assert_equal(h1, h1)
+    assert_equal(h2, h2)
+    assert_equal(h3, h3)
+    assert_equal(h4, h4)
+    assert_not_equal(h1, h2)
+    assert_equal(h2, h3)
+    assert_not_equal(h3, h4)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    assert_operator(@h.size, :>, 0)
+    @h.clear
+    assert_equal(0, @h.size)
+    assert_nil(@h[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    for frozen in [ false, true ]
+      a = @h.clone
+      a.freeze if frozen
+      b = a.clone
+
+      assert_equal(a, b)
+      assert_not_same(a, b)
+      assert_equal(a.frozen?, b.frozen?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_nil(@h.default)
+    h = @cls.new(:xyzzy)
+    assert_equal(:xyzzy, h.default)
+  end
+
+  def test_default=
+    assert_nil(@h.default)
+    @h.default = :xyzzy
+    assert_equal(:xyzzy, @h.default)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    h1 = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => 'two', true => 'true' ]
+    h2 = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => 'two' ]
+    h3 = @cls[ 2 => 'two' ]
+
+    assert_equal('true', h1.delete(true))
+    assert_equal(h2, h1)
+
+    assert_equal('one', h1.delete(1))
+    assert_equal(h3, h1)
+
+    assert_equal('two', h1.delete(2))
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h1)
+
+    assert_nil(h1.delete(99))
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h1)
+
+    assert_equal('default 99', h1.delete(99) {|i| "default #{i}" })
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_if
+    base = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => false, true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h1   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => false, true => 'true' ]
+    h2   = @cls[ 2 => false, 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h3   = @cls[ 2 => false ]
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h, h.delete_if { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h.delete_if { true })
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h1, h.delete_if {|k,v| k.instance_of?(String) })
+    assert_equal(h1, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h2, h.delete_if {|k,v| v.instance_of?(String) })
+    assert_equal(h2, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h3, h.delete_if {|k,v| v })
+    assert_equal(h3, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    n = 0
+    h.delete_if {|*a|
+      n += 1
+      assert_equal(2, a.size)
+      assert_equal(base[a[0]], a[1])
+      h.shift
+      true
+    }
+    assert_equal(base.size, n)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.delete_if do
+        h.freeze
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(base.dup, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_same h, h.delete_if {h.assoc(nil); true}
+    assert_empty h
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_if
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal({3=>4,5=>6}, h.keep_if {|k, v| k + v >= 7 })
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal({1=>2,3=>4,5=>6}, h.keep_if{true})
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.keep_if do
+        h.freeze
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact
+    h = @cls[a: 1, b: nil, c: false, d: true, e: nil]
+    assert_equal({a: 1, c: false, d: true}, h.compact)
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: nil, c: false, d: true, e: nil}, h)
+    assert_same(h, h.compact!)
+    assert_equal({a: 1, c: false, d: true}, h)
+    assert_nil(h.compact!)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    for frozen in [ false, true ]
+      a = @h.dup
+      a.freeze if frozen
+      b = a.dup
+
+      assert_equal(a, b)
+      assert_not_same(a, b)
+      assert_equal(false, b.frozen?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_equality
+    h = @cls['k' => 'v']
+    assert_equal(h, h.dup)
+    h1 = @cls[h => 1]
+    assert_equal(h1, h1.dup)
+    h[1] = 2
+    h1.rehash
+    assert_equal(h1, h1.dup)
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    count = 0
+    @cls[].each { |k, v| count + 1 }
+    assert_equal(0, count)
+
+    h = @h
+    h.each do |k, v|
+      assert_equal(v, h.delete(k))
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h[1] = 1
+    h[2] = 2
+    assert_equal([[1,1],[2,2]], h.each.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_key
+    count = 0
+    @cls[].each_key { |k| count + 1 }
+    assert_equal(0, count)
+
+    h = @h
+    h.each_key do |k|
+      h.delete(k)
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_pair
+    count = 0
+    @cls[].each_pair { |k, v| count + 1 }
+    assert_equal(0, count)
+
+    h = @h
+    h.each_pair do |k, v|
+      assert_equal(v, h.delete(k))
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_value
+    res = []
+    @cls[].each_value { |v| res << v }
+    assert_equal(0, [].length)
+
+    @h.each_value { |v| res << v }
+    assert_equal(0, [].length)
+
+    expected = []
+    @h.each { |k, v| expected << v }
+
+    assert_equal([], expected - res)
+    assert_equal([], res - expected)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty?
+    assert_empty(@cls[])
+    assert_not_empty(@h)
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch
+    assert_equal('gumbygumby', @h.fetch('gumby') {|k| k * 2 })
+    assert_equal('pokey', @h.fetch('gumby', 'pokey'))
+
+    assert_equal('one', @h.fetch(1))
+    assert_equal(nil, @h.fetch('nil'))
+    assert_equal('nil', @h.fetch(nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_error
+    assert_raise(KeyError) { @cls[].fetch(1) }
+    assert_raise(KeyError) { @h.fetch('gumby') }
+    e = assert_raise(KeyError) { @h.fetch('gumby'*20) }
+    assert_match(/key not found: "gumbygumby/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/\.\.\.\z/, e.message)
+    assert_same(@h, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal('gumby'*20, e.key)
+  end
+
+  def test_key2?
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :key?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :key?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :key?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :key?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@h, :key?, 'gumby'])
+  end
+
+  def test_value?
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :value?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :value?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :value?, 'one'])
+    assert_send([@h, :value?, nil])
+    assert_not_send([@h, :value?, 'gumby'])
+  end
+
+  def test_include?
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :include?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :include?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :include?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :include?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@h, :include?, 'gumby'])
+  end
+
+  def test_key
+    assert_equal(1,     @h.key('one'))
+    assert_equal(nil,   @h.key('nil'))
+    assert_equal('nil', @h.key(nil))
+
+    assert_equal(nil,   @h.key('gumby'))
+    assert_equal(nil,   @cls[].key('gumby'))
+  end
+
+  def test_values_at
+    res = @h.values_at('dog', 'cat', 'horse')
+    assert_equal(3, res.length)
+    assert_equal([nil, nil, nil], res)
+
+    res = @h.values_at
+    assert_equal(0, res.length)
+
+    res = @h.values_at(3, 2, 1, nil)
+    assert_equal 4, res.length
+    assert_equal %w( three two one nil ), res
+
+    res = @h.values_at(3, 99, 1, nil)
+    assert_equal 4, res.length
+    assert_equal ['three', nil, 'one', 'nil'], res
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_values
+    res = @h.fetch_values
+    assert_equal(0, res.length)
+
+    res = @h.fetch_values(3, 2, 1, nil)
+    assert_equal(4, res.length)
+    assert_equal %w( three two one nil ), res
+
+    e = assert_raise KeyError do
+      @h.fetch_values(3, 'invalid')
+    end
+    assert_same(@h, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal('invalid', e.key)
+
+    res = @h.fetch_values(3, 'invalid') { |k| k.upcase }
+    assert_equal %w( three INVALID ), res
+  end
+
+  def test_invert
+    h = @h.invert
+    assert_equal(1, h['one'])
+    assert_equal(true, h['true'])
+    assert_equal(nil,  h['nil'])
+
+    h.each do |k, v|
+      assert_send([@h, :key?, v])    # not true in general, but works here
+    end
+
+    h = @cls[ 'a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 1].invert
+    assert_equal(2, h.length)
+    assert_include(%w[a c], h[1])
+    assert_equal('b', h[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_key?
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :key?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :key?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :key?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :key?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@h, :key?, 'gumby'])
+  end
+
+  def test_keys
+    assert_equal([], @cls[].keys)
+
+    keys = @h.keys
+    expected = []
+    @h.each { |k, v| expected << k }
+    assert_equal([], keys - expected)
+    assert_equal([], expected - keys)
+  end
+
+  def test_length
+    assert_equal(0, @cls[].length)
+    assert_equal(7, @h.length)
+  end
+
+  def test_member?
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :member?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :member?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :member?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :member?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@h, :member?, 'gumby'])
+  end
+
+  def hash_hint hv
+    hv & 0xff
+  end
+
+  def test_rehash
+    a = [ "a", "b" ]
+    c = [ "c", "d" ]
+    h = @cls[ a => 100, c => 300 ]
+    assert_equal(100, h[a])
+
+    hv = a.hash
+    begin
+      a[0] << "z"
+    end while hash_hint(a.hash) == hash_hint(hv)
+
+    assert_nil(h[a])
+    h.rehash
+    assert_equal(100, h[a])
+  end
+
+  def test_reject
+    assert_equal({3=>4,5=>6}, @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6].reject {|k, v| k + v < 7 })
+
+    base = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => false, true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h1   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => false, true => 'true' ]
+    h2   = @cls[ 2 => false, 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h3   = @cls[ 2 => false ]
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h, h.reject { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h.reject { true })
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h1, h.reject {|k,v| k.instance_of?(String) })
+
+    assert_equal(h2, h.reject {|k,v| v.instance_of?(String) })
+
+    assert_equal(h3, h.reject {|k,v| v })
+    assert_equal(base, h)
+
+    h.instance_variable_set(:@foo, :foo)
+    h.default = 42
+    h = EnvUtil.suppress_warning {h.reject {false}}
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, h)
+    assert_nil(h.default)
+    assert_not_send([h, :instance_variable_defined?, :@foo])
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    expected = {}.compare_by_identity
+    expected[str1] = 1
+    expected[str2] = 2
+    h2 = h.reject{|k,| k != 'str'}
+    assert_equal(expected, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+    h2 = h.reject{true}
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h2 = h.reject{true}
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+    h2 = h.reject{|k,| k != 'str'}
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_reject!
+    base = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => false, true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h1   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', 2 => false, true => 'true' ]
+    h2   = @cls[ 2 => false, 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h3   = @cls[ 2 => false ]
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(nil, h.reject! { false })
+    assert_equal(@cls[],  h.reject! { true })
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h1, h.reject! {|k,v| k.instance_of?(String) })
+    assert_equal(h1, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h2, h.reject! {|k,v| v.instance_of?(String) })
+    assert_equal(h2, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h3, h.reject! {|k,v| v })
+    assert_equal(h3, h)
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.reject! do
+        h.freeze
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(base.dup, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace
+    h = @cls[ 1 => 2, 3 => 4 ]
+    h1 = h.replace(@cls[ 9 => 8, 7 => 6 ])
+    assert_equal(h, h1)
+    assert_equal(8, h[9])
+    assert_equal(6, h[7])
+    assert_nil(h[1])
+    assert_nil(h[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_bug9230
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.replace(@cls[])
+    assert_empty h
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.replace(@cls[].compare_by_identity)
+    assert_predicate(h, :compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift
+    h = @h.dup
+
+    @h.length.times {
+      k, v = h.shift
+      assert_send([@h, :key?, k])
+      assert_equal(@h[k], v)
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(0, h.length)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_equal(0, @cls[].length)
+    assert_equal(7, @h.length)
+  end
+
+  def test_sort
+    h = @cls[].sort
+    assert_equal([], h)
+
+    h = @cls[ 1 => 1, 2 => 1 ].sort
+    assert_equal([[1,1], [2,1]], h)
+
+    h = @cls[ 'cat' => 'feline', 'ass' => 'asinine', 'bee' => 'beeline' ]
+    h1 = h.sort
+    assert_equal([ %w(ass asinine), %w(bee beeline), %w(cat feline)], h1)
+  end
+
+  def test_store
+    t = Time.now
+    h = @cls.new
+    h.store(1, 'one')
+    h.store(2, 'two')
+    h.store(3, 'three')
+    h.store(self, 'self')
+    h.store(t,  'time')
+    h.store(nil, 'nil')
+    h.store('nil', nil)
+    assert_equal('one',   h[1])
+    assert_equal('two',   h[2])
+    assert_equal('three', h[3])
+    assert_equal('self',  h[self])
+    assert_equal('time',  h[t])
+    assert_equal('nil',   h[nil])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['nil'])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['koala'])
+
+    h.store(1, 1)
+    h.store(nil,  99)
+    h.store('nil', nil)
+    assert_equal(1,       h[1])
+    assert_equal('two',   h[2])
+    assert_equal('three', h[3])
+    assert_equal('self',  h[self])
+    assert_equal('time',  h[t])
+    assert_equal(99,      h[nil])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['nil'])
+    assert_equal(nil,     h['koala'])
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    assert_equal([], @cls[].to_a)
+    assert_equal([[1,2]], @cls[ 1=>2 ].to_a)
+    a = @cls[ 1=>2, 3=>4, 5=>6 ].to_a
+    assert_equal([1,2], a.delete([1,2]))
+    assert_equal([3,4], a.delete([3,4]))
+    assert_equal([5,6], a.delete([5,6]))
+    assert_equal(0, a.length)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_hash
+    h = @h.to_hash
+    assert_equal(@h, h)
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h
+    h = @h.to_h
+    assert_equal(@h, h)
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_instance_variable
+    @h.instance_variable_set(:@x, 42)
+    h = @h.to_h
+    if @cls == Hash
+      assert_equal(42, h.instance_variable_get(:@x))
+    else
+      assert_not_send([h, :instance_variable_defined?, :@x])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_default_value
+    @h.default = :foo
+    h = @h.to_h
+    assert_equal(:foo, h.default)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_default_proc
+    @h.default_proc = ->(_,k) {"nope#{k}"}
+    h = @h.to_h
+    assert_equal("nope42", h[42])
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_block
+    h = @h.to_h {|k, v| [k.to_s, v.to_s]}
+    assert_equal({
+                   "1"=>"one", "2"=>"two", "3"=>"three", to_s=>"self",
+                   "true"=>"true", ""=>"nil", "nil"=>""
+                 },
+                 h)
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    h = @cls[ 1 => 2, "cat" => "dog", 1.5 => :fred ]
+    assert_equal(h.inspect, h.to_s)
+    assert_deprecated_warning { $, = ":" }
+    assert_equal(h.inspect, h.to_s)
+    h = @cls[]
+    assert_equal(h.inspect, h.to_s)
+  ensure
+    $, = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    no_quote = '{a: 1, a!: 1, a?: 1}'
+    quote0 = '{"": 1}'
+    quote1 = '{"0": 1, "!": 1, "%": 1, "&": 1, "*": 1, "+": 1, "-": 1, "/": 1, "<": 1, ">": 1, "^": 1, "`": 1, "|": 1, "~": 1}'
+    quote2 = '{"@a": 1, "$a": 1, "+@": 1, "a=": 1, "[]": 1}'
+    quote3 = '{"a\"b": 1, "@@a": 1, "<=>": 1, "===": 1, "[]=": 1}'
+    assert_equal(no_quote, eval(no_quote).inspect)
+    assert_equal(quote0, eval(quote0).inspect)
+    assert_equal(quote1, eval(quote1).inspect)
+    assert_equal(quote2, eval(quote2).inspect)
+    assert_equal(quote3, eval(quote3).inspect)
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::ASCII) do
+      utf8_ascii_hash = '{"\\u3042": 1}'
+      assert_equal(eval(utf8_ascii_hash).inspect, utf8_ascii_hash)
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      utf8_hash = "{\u3042: 1}"
+      assert_equal(eval(utf8_hash).inspect, utf8_hash)
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::Windows_31J) do
+      sjis_hash = "{\x87]: 1}".force_encoding('sjis')
+      assert_equal(eval(sjis_hash).inspect, sjis_hash)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_update
+    h1 = @cls[ 1 => 2, 2 => 3, 3 => 4 ]
+    h2 = @cls[ 2 => 'two', 4 => 'four' ]
+
+    ha = @cls[ 1 => 2, 2 => 'two', 3 => 4, 4 => 'four' ]
+    hb = @cls[ 1 => 2, 2 => 3, 3 => 4, 4 => 'four' ]
+
+    assert_equal(ha, h1.update(h2))
+    assert_equal(ha, h1)
+
+    h1 = @cls[ 1 => 2, 2 => 3, 3 => 4 ]
+    h2 = @cls[ 2 => 'two', 4 => 'four' ]
+
+    assert_equal(hb, h2.update(h1))
+    assert_equal(hb, h2)
+  end
+
+  def test_value2?
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :value?, 1])
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :value?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :value?, nil])
+    assert_send([@h, :value?, 'one'])
+    assert_not_send([@h, :value?, 'gumby'])
+  end
+
+  def test_values
+    assert_equal([], @cls[].values)
+
+    vals = @h.values
+    expected = []
+    @h.each { |k, v| expected << v }
+    assert_equal([], vals - expected)
+    assert_equal([], expected - vals)
+  end
+
+  def test_create
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, @cls[[[1,2],[3,4]]])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @cls[0, 1, 2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @cls[[[0, 1], 2]] }
+    bug5406 = '[ruby-core:39945]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug5406) { @cls[[[1, 2], [3, 4, 5]]] }
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, @cls[1,2,3,4])
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash() {1=>2} end
+    assert_equal({1=>2}, @cls[o], "[ruby-dev:34555]")
+  end
+
+  def test_rehash2
+    h = @cls[1 => 2, 3 => 4]
+    assert_equal(h.dup, h.rehash)
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { h.each { h.rehash } }
+    assert_equal({}, @cls[].rehash)
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch2
+    assert_equal(:bar, assert_warning(/block supersedes default value argument/) {@h.fetch(0, :foo) { :bar }})
+  end
+
+  def test_default_proc
+    h = @cls.new {|hh, k| hh + k + "baz" }
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", h.default_proc.call("foo", "bar"))
+    assert_nil(h.default_proc = nil)
+    assert_nil(h.default_proc)
+    h.default_proc = ->(_,_){ true }
+    assert_equal(true, h[:nope])
+    h = @cls[]
+    assert_nil(h.default_proc)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift2
+    h = @cls.new {|hh, k| :foo }
+    h[1] = 2
+    assert_equal([1, 2], h.shift)
+    assert_nil(h.shift)
+    assert_nil(h.shift)
+
+    h = @cls.new(:foo)
+    h[1] = 2
+    assert_equal([1, 2], h.shift)
+    assert_nil(h.shift)
+    assert_nil(h.shift)
+
+    h =@cls[1=>2]
+    h.each { assert_equal([1, 2], h.shift) }
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_none
+    h = @cls.new {|hh, k| "foo"}
+    def h.default(k = nil)
+      super.upcase
+    end
+    assert_nil(h.shift)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_for_empty_hash
+    # [ruby-dev:51159]
+    h = @cls[]
+    100.times{|n|
+      while h.size < n
+        k = Random.rand 0..1<<30
+        h[k] = 1
+      end
+      0 while h.shift
+      assert_equal({}, h)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_bang2
+    assert_equal({1=>2}, @cls[1=>2,3=>4].reject! {|k, v| k + v == 7 })
+    assert_nil(@cls[1=>2,3=>4].reject! {|k, v| k == 5 })
+    assert_nil(@cls[].reject! { })
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    assert_equal({3=>4,5=>6}, @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6].select {|k, v| k + v >= 7 })
+
+    base = @cls[ 1 => 'one', '2' => false, true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h1   = @cls[ '2' => false, 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h2   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', true => 'true' ]
+    h3   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h, h.select { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h.select { false })
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h1, h.select {|k,v| k.instance_of?(String) })
+
+    assert_equal(h2, h.select {|k,v| v.instance_of?(String) })
+
+    assert_equal(h3, h.select {|k,v| v })
+    assert_equal(base, h)
+
+    h.instance_variable_set(:@foo, :foo)
+    h.default = 42
+    h = h.select {true}
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, h)
+    assert_nil(h.default)
+    assert_not_send([h, :instance_variable_defined?, :@foo])
+  end
+
+  def test_select_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    expected = {}.compare_by_identity
+    expected[str1] = 1
+    expected[str2] = 2
+    h2 = h.select{|k,| k == 'str'}
+    assert_equal(expected, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+    h2 = h.select{false}
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h2 = h.select{false}
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+    h2 = h.select{|k,| k == 'str'}
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_select!
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal(h, h.select! {|k, v| k + v >= 7 })
+    assert_equal({3=>4,5=>6}, h)
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal(nil, h.select!{true})
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.select! do
+        h.freeze
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, h.slice(1, 3))
+    assert_equal({}, h.slice(7))
+    assert_equal({}, h.slice)
+    assert_equal({}, {}.slice)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    sliced = h.slice(str1, str2)
+    expected = {}.compare_by_identity
+    expected[str1] = 1
+    expected[str2] = 2
+    assert_equal(expected, sliced)
+    assert_equal(true, sliced.compare_by_identity?)
+    sliced = h.slice
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, sliced)
+    assert_equal(true, sliced.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    sliced= h.slice
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, sliced)
+    assert_equal(true, sliced.compare_by_identity?)
+    sliced = h.slice(str1, str2)
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, sliced)
+    assert_equal(true, sliced.compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_except
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal({5=>6}, h.except(1, 3))
+    assert_equal({1=>2,3=>4,5=>6}, h.except(7))
+    assert_equal({1=>2,3=>4,5=>6}, h.except)
+    assert_equal({}, {}.except)
+  end
+
+  def test_except_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    excepted = h.except(str1, str2)
+    assert_equal({1=>2,3=>4,5=>6}.compare_by_identity, excepted)
+    assert_equal(true, excepted.compare_by_identity?)
+    excepted = h.except
+    assert_equal(h, excepted)
+    assert_equal(true, excepted.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    excepted = h.except
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, excepted)
+    assert_equal(true, excepted.compare_by_identity?)
+    excepted = h.except(str1, str2)
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, excepted)
+    assert_equal(true, excepted.compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_filter
+    assert_equal({3=>4,5=>6}, @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6].filter {|k, v| k + v >= 7 })
+
+    base = @cls[ 1 => 'one', '2' => false, true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h1   = @cls[ '2' => false, 'cat' => 99 ]
+    h2   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', true => 'true' ]
+    h3   = @cls[ 1 => 'one', true => 'true', 'cat' => 99 ]
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h, h.filter { true })
+    assert_equal(@cls[], h.filter { false })
+
+    h = base.dup
+    assert_equal(h1, h.filter {|k,v| k.instance_of?(String) })
+
+    assert_equal(h2, h.filter {|k,v| v.instance_of?(String) })
+
+    assert_equal(h3, h.filter {|k,v| v })
+    assert_equal(base, h)
+
+    h.instance_variable_set(:@foo, :foo)
+    h.default = 42
+    h = h.filter {true}
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, h)
+    assert_nil(h.default)
+    assert_not_send([h, :instance_variable_defined?, :@foo])
+  end
+
+  def test_filter!
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal(h, h.filter! {|k, v| k + v >= 7 })
+    assert_equal({3=>4,5=>6}, h)
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_equal(nil, h.filter!{true})
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.filter! do
+        h.freeze
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear2
+    assert_equal({}, @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6].clear)
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.each { h.clear }
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace2
+    h1 = @cls.new { :foo }
+    h2 = @cls.new
+    h2.replace h1
+    assert_equal(:foo, h2[0])
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { h2.replace() }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { h2.replace(1) }
+    h2.freeze
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { h2.replace() }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { h2.replace(h1) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { h2.replace(42) }
+  end
+
+  def test_size2
+    assert_equal(0, @cls[].size)
+  end
+
+  def test_equal2
+    assert_not_equal(0, @cls[])
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_variable_set(:@cls, @cls)
+    def o.to_hash; @cls[]; end
+    def o.==(x); true; end
+    assert_equal({}, o)
+    o.singleton_class.remove_method(:==)
+    def o.==(x); false; end
+    assert_not_equal({}, o)
+
+    h1 = @cls[1=>2]; h2 = @cls[3=>4]
+    assert_not_equal(h1, h2)
+    h1 = @cls[1=>2]; h2 = @cls[1=>4]
+    assert_not_equal(h1, h2)
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :eql?, 0])
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_variable_set(:@cls, @cls)
+    def o.to_hash; @cls[]; end
+    def o.eql?(x); true; end
+    assert_send([@cls[], :eql?, o])
+    o.singleton_class.remove_method(:eql?)
+    def o.eql?(x); false; end
+    assert_not_send([@cls[], :eql?, o])
+  end
+
+  def test_hash2
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, @cls[].hash)
+    h = @cls[1=>2]
+    h.shift
+    assert_equal({}.hash, h.hash, '[ruby-core:38650]')
+    bug9231 = '[ruby-core:58993] [Bug #9231]'
+    assert_not_equal(0, @cls[].hash, bug9231)
+  end
+
+  def test_update2
+    h1 = @cls[1=>2, 3=>4]
+    h2 = {1=>3, 5=>7}
+    h1.update(h2) {|k, v1, v2| k + v1 + v2 }
+    assert_equal({1=>6, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1)
+  end
+
+  def test_update3
+    h1 = @cls[1=>2, 3=>4]
+    h1.update()
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, h1)
+    h2 = {1=>3, 5=>7}
+    h3 = {1=>1, 2=>4}
+    h1.update(h2, h3)
+    assert_equal({1=>1, 2=>4, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1)
+  end
+
+  def test_update4
+    h1 = @cls[1=>2, 3=>4]
+    h1.update(){|k, v1, v2| k + v1 + v2 }
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, h1)
+    h2 = {1=>3, 5=>7}
+    h3 = {1=>1, 2=>4}
+    h1.update(h2, h3){|k, v1, v2| k + v1 + v2 }
+    assert_equal({1=>8, 2=>4, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1)
+  end
+
+  def test_update5
+    h = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.update({a: 10, b: 20}){ |key, v1, v2| key == :b && h.freeze; v2 }
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[a: 10, b: 2, c: 3], h)
+
+    h = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.update({a: 10, b: 20}){ |key, v1, v2| key == :b && h.freeze; v2 }
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[a: 10, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_update_modify_in_block
+    a = @cls[]
+    (1..1337).each {|k| a[k] = k}
+    b = {1=>1338}
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /rehash during iteration/) do
+      a.update(b) {|k, o, n|
+        a.rehash
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_update_on_identhash
+    key = +'a'
+    i = @cls[].compare_by_identity
+    i[key] = 0
+    h = @cls[].update(i)
+    key.upcase!
+    assert_equal(0, h.fetch('a'))
+  end
+
+  def test_merge
+    h1 = @cls[1=>2, 3=>4]
+    h2 = {1=>3, 5=>7}
+    h3 = {1=>1, 2=>4}
+    assert_equal({1=>2, 3=>4}, h1.merge())
+    assert_equal({1=>3, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1.merge(h2))
+    assert_equal({1=>6, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1.merge(h2) {|k, v1, v2| k + v1 + v2 })
+    assert_equal({1=>1, 2=>4, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1.merge(h2, h3))
+    assert_equal({1=>8, 2=>4, 3=>4, 5=>7}, h1.merge(h2, h3) {|k, v1, v2| k + v1 + v2 })
+  end
+
+  def test_merge_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    expected = h.dup
+    expected[7] = 8
+    h2 = h.merge(7=>8)
+    assert_equal(expected, h2)
+    assert_predicate(h2, :compare_by_identity?)
+    h2 = h.merge({})
+    assert_equal(h, h2)
+    assert_predicate(h2, :compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h1 = @cls[7=>8]
+    h1.compare_by_identity
+    h2 = h.merge(7=>8)
+    assert_equal(h1, h2)
+    assert_predicate(h2, :compare_by_identity?)
+    h2 = h.merge({})
+    assert_equal(h, h2)
+    assert_predicate(h2, :compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_merge!
+    h = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.merge!({a: 10, b: 20}){ |key, v1, v2| key == :b && h.freeze; v2 }
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[a: 10, b: 2, c: 3], h)
+
+    h = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      h.merge!({a: 10, b: 20}){ |key, v1, v2| key == :b && h.freeze; v2 }
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[a: 10, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10], h)
+  end
+
+  def test_assoc
+    assert_equal([3,4], @cls[1=>2, 3=>4, 5=>6].assoc(3))
+    assert_nil(@cls[1=>2, 3=>4, 5=>6].assoc(4))
+    assert_equal([1.0,1], @cls[1.0=>1].assoc(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_assoc_compare_by_identity
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h["a"] = 1
+    h["a".dup] = 2
+    assert_equal(["a",1], h.assoc("a"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rassoc
+    assert_equal([3,4], @cls[1=>2, 3=>4, 5=>6].rassoc(4))
+    assert_nil({1=>2, 3=>4, 5=>6}.rassoc(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten
+    assert_equal([[1], [2]], @cls[[1] => [2]].flatten)
+
+    a =  @cls[1=> "one", 2 => [2,"two"], 3 => [3, ["three"]]]
+    assert_equal([1, "one", 2, [2, "two"], 3, [3, ["three"]]], a.flatten)
+    assert_equal([[1, "one"], [2, [2, "two"]], [3, [3, ["three"]]]], a.flatten(0))
+    assert_equal([1, "one", 2, [2, "two"], 3, [3, ["three"]]], a.flatten(1))
+    assert_equal([1, "one", 2, 2, "two", 3, 3, ["three"]], a.flatten(2))
+    assert_equal([1, "one", 2, 2, "two", 3, 3, "three"], a.flatten(3))
+    assert_equal([1, "one", 2, 2, "two", 3, 3, "three"], a.flatten(-1))
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ a.flatten(nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten_arity
+    a =  @cls[1=> "one", 2 => [2,"two"], 3 => [3, ["three"]]]
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ a.flatten(1, 2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_callcc
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    h = @cls[1=>2]
+    c = nil
+    f = false
+    h.each { callcc {|c2| c = c2 } }
+    unless f
+      f = true
+      c.call
+    end
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { h.each { h.rehash } }
+
+    h = @cls[1=>2]
+    c = nil
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      h.each { callcc {|c2| c = c2 } }
+      h.clear
+      c.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_callcc_iter_level
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    bug9105 = '[ruby-dev:47803] [Bug #9105]'
+    h = @cls[1=>2, 3=>4]
+    c = nil
+    f = false
+    h.each {callcc {|c2| c = c2}}
+    unless f
+      f = true
+      c.call
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug9105) do
+      h.each {|i, j|
+        h.delete(i);
+        assert_not_equal(false, i, bug9105)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_callcc_escape
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    bug9105 = '[ruby-dev:47803] [Bug #9105]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug9105) do
+      h=@cls[]
+      cnt=0
+      c = callcc {|cc|cc}
+      h[cnt] = true
+      h.each{|i|
+        cnt+=1
+        c.call if cnt == 1
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_callcc_reenter
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    bug9105 = '[ruby-dev:47803] [Bug #9105]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug9105) do
+      h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4]
+      c = nil
+      f = false
+      h.each { |i|
+        callcc {|c2| c = c2 } unless c
+        h.delete(1) if f
+      }
+      unless f
+        f = true
+        c.call
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_threaded_iter_level
+    bug9105 = '[ruby-dev:47807] [Bug #9105]'
+    h = @cls[1=>2]
+    2.times.map {
+      f = false
+      th = Thread.start {h.each {f = true; sleep}}
+      Thread.pass until f
+      Thread.pass until th.stop?
+      th
+    }.each {|th| th.run; th.join}
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug9105) do
+      h[5] = 6
+    end
+    assert_equal(6, h[5], bug9105)
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_by_identity
+    a = "foo"
+    assert_not_predicate(@cls[], :compare_by_identity?)
+    h = @cls[a => "bar"]
+    assert_not_predicate(h, :compare_by_identity?)
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    assert_predicate(h, :compare_by_identity?)
+    #assert_equal("bar", h[a])
+    assert_nil(h["foo"])
+
+    bug8703 = '[ruby-core:56256] [Bug #8703] copied identhash'
+    h.clear
+    assert_predicate(h.dup, :compare_by_identity?, bug8703)
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_by_identy_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #20145]", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      h = { 1 => 2 }.compare_by_identity
+      1_000_000.times do
+        h.select { false }
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_same_key
+    bug9646 = '[ruby-dev:48047] [Bug #9646] Infinite loop at Hash#each'
+    h = @cls[a=[], 1]
+    a << 1
+    h[[]] = 2
+    a.clear
+    cnt = 0
+    r = h.each{ break nil if (cnt+=1) > 100 }
+    assert_not_nil(r,bug9646)
+  end
+
+  class ObjWithHash
+    def initialize(value, hash)
+      @value = value
+      @hash = hash
+    end
+    attr_reader :value, :hash
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      @value == other.value
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_hash
+    assert_equal({0=>2,11=>1}.hash, @cls[11=>1,0=>2].hash)
+    o1 = ObjWithHash.new(0,1)
+    o2 = ObjWithHash.new(11,1)
+    assert_equal({o1=>1,o2=>2}.hash, @cls[o2=>2,o1=>1].hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_bignum_hash
+    x = 2<<(32-3)-1
+    assert_equal({x=>1}.hash, @cls[x=>1].hash)
+    x = 2<<(64-3)-1
+    assert_equal({x=>1}.hash, @cls[x=>1].hash)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.hash; 2 << 100; end
+    assert_equal({o=>1}.hash, @cls[o=>1].hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_popped
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval("a = 1; @cls[a => a]; a") }
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_key
+    h = @cls[]
+    assert_nothing_raised { h[h] = :foo }
+    h.rehash
+    assert_equal(:foo, h[h])
+  end
+
+  def test_inverse_hash
+    feature4262 = '[ruby-core:34334]'
+    [@cls[1=>2], @cls[123=>"abc"]].each do |h|
+      assert_not_equal(h.hash, h.invert.hash, feature4262)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_hash_value_struct
+    bug9151 = '[ruby-core:58567] [Bug #9151]'
+
+    s = Struct.new(:x) {def hash; [x,""].hash; end}
+    a = s.new
+    b = s.new
+    a.x = b
+    b.x = a
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug9151) {a.hash}
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug9151) {b.hash}
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h[[a,"hello"]] = 1
+    assert_equal(1, h.size)
+    h[[b,"world"]] = 2
+    assert_equal(2, h.size)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    h = @cls[a => obj]
+    assert_same(obj, h[b])
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_hash_value_array
+    h = @cls[]
+    h[[[1]]] = 1
+    assert_equal(1, h.size)
+    h[[[2]]] = 1
+    assert_equal(2, h.size)
+
+    a = []
+    a << a
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h[[a, 1]] = 1
+    assert_equal(1, h.size)
+    h[[a, 2]] = 2
+    assert_equal(2, h.size)
+    h[[a, a]] = 3
+    assert_equal(3, h.size)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    h = @cls[a => obj]
+    assert_same(obj, h[[[a]]])
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_hash_value_array_hash
+    h = @cls[]
+    rec = [h]
+    h[:x] = rec
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    h2 = {rec => obj}
+    [h, {x: rec}].each do |k|
+      k = [k]
+      assert_same(obj, h2[k], ->{k.inspect})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_hash_value_hash_array
+    h = @cls[]
+    rec = [h]
+    h[:x] = rec
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    h2 = {h => obj}
+    [rec, [h]].each do |k|
+      k = {x: k}
+      assert_same(obj, h2[k], ->{k.inspect})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dig
+    h = @cls[a: @cls[b: [1, 2, 3]], c: 4]
+    assert_equal(1, h.dig(:a, :b, 0))
+    assert_nil(h.dig(:b, 1))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {h.dig(:c, 1)}
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.dig(*args)
+      {dug: args}
+    end
+    h[:d] = o
+    assert_equal({dug: [:foo, :bar]}, h.dig(:d, :foo, :bar))
+  end
+
+  def test_dig_with_respond_to
+    bug12030 = '[ruby-core:73556] [Bug #12030]'
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.respond_to?(*args)
+      super
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug12030) {@cls[foo: o].dig(:foo, :foo)}
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    h1 = @cls[a:1, b:2]
+    h2 = @cls[a:1, b:2, c:3]
+
+    assert_operator(h1, :<=, h1)
+    assert_operator(h1, :<=, h2)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :<=, h1)
+    assert_operator(h2, :<=, h2)
+
+    assert_operator(h1, :>=, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :>=, h2)
+    assert_operator(h2, :>=, h1)
+    assert_operator(h2, :>=, h2)
+
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :<, h1)
+    assert_operator(h1, :<, h2)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :<, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :<, h2)
+
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :>, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :>, h2)
+    assert_operator(h2, :>, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :>, h2)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp_samekeys
+    h1 = @cls[a:1]
+    h2 = @cls[a:2]
+
+    assert_operator(h1, :<=, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :<=, h2)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :<=, h1)
+    assert_operator(h2, :<=, h2)
+
+    assert_operator(h1, :>=, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :>=, h2)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :>=, h1)
+    assert_operator(h2, :>=, h2)
+
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :<, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :<, h2)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :<, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :<, h2)
+
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :>, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h1, :>, h2)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :>, h1)
+    assert_not_operator(h2, :>, h2)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc
+    h = @cls[
+      1 => 10,
+      2 => 20,
+      3 => 30,
+    ]
+
+    assert_equal([10, 20, 30], [1, 2, 3].map(&h))
+
+    assert_predicate(h.to_proc, :lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_keys
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    y = x.transform_keys {|k| :"#{k}!" }
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, x)
+    assert_equal({a!: 1, b!: 2, c!: 3}, y)
+
+    enum = x.transform_keys
+    assert_equal(x.size, enum.size)
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+
+    y = x.transform_keys.with_index {|k, i| "#{k}.#{i}" }
+    assert_equal(%w(a.0 b.1 c.2), y.keys)
+
+    assert_equal({A: 1, B: 2, c: 3}, x.transform_keys({a: :A, b: :B, d: :D}))
+    assert_equal({A: 1, B: 2, "c" => 3}, x.transform_keys({a: :A, b: :B, d: :D}, &:to_s))
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_keys_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    h2 = h.transform_keys(&:itself)
+    assert_equal(Hash[h.to_a], h2)
+    assert_equal(false, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h2 = h.transform_keys(&:itself)
+    assert_equal({}, h2)
+    assert_equal(false, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_keys_bang
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    y = x.transform_keys! {|k| :"#{k}!" }
+    assert_equal({a!: 1, b!: 2, c!: 3}, x)
+    assert_same(x, y)
+
+    enum = x.transform_keys!
+    assert_equal(x.size, enum.size)
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+
+    x.transform_keys!.with_index {|k, i| "#{k}.#{i}" }
+    assert_equal(%w(a!.0 b!.1 c!.2), x.keys)
+
+    x = @cls[1 => :a, -1 => :b]
+    x.transform_keys! {|k| -k }
+    assert_equal([-1, :a, 1, :b], x.flatten)
+
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    x.transform_keys! { |k| k == :b && break }
+    assert_equal({false => 1, b: 2, c: 3}, x)
+
+    x = @cls[true => :a, false => :b]
+    x.transform_keys! {|k| !k }
+    assert_equal([false, :a, true, :b], x.flatten)
+
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    x.transform_keys!({a: :A, b: :B, d: :D})
+    assert_equal({A: 1, B: 2, c: 3}, x)
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    x.transform_keys!({a: :A, b: :B, d: :D}, &:to_s)
+    assert_equal({A: 1, B: 2, "c" => 3}, x)
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_values
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    x.default = 42
+    y = x.transform_values {|v| v ** 2 }
+    assert_equal([1, 4, 9], y.values_at(:a, :b, :c))
+    assert_not_same(x, y)
+    assert_nil(y.default)
+
+    x.default_proc = proc {|h, k| k}
+    y = x.transform_values {|v| v ** 2 }
+    assert_nil(y.default_proc)
+    assert_nil(y.default)
+
+    y = x.transform_values.with_index {|v, i| "#{v}.#{i}" }
+    assert_equal(%w(1.0  2.1  3.2), y.values_at(:a, :b, :c))
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_values_on_identhash
+    h = @cls[1=>2,3=>4,5=>6]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    str1 = +'str'
+    str2 = +'str'
+    h[str1] = 1
+    h[str2] = 2
+    h2 = h.transform_values(&:itself)
+    assert_equal(h, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h2 = h.transform_values(&:itself)
+    assert_equal({}.compare_by_identity, h2)
+    assert_equal(true, h2.compare_by_identity?)
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_values_bang
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    y = x.transform_values! {|v| v ** 2 }
+    assert_equal([1, 4, 9], y.values_at(:a, :b, :c))
+    assert_same(x, y)
+
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    x.transform_values! { |v| v == 2 && break }
+    assert_equal({a: false, b: 2, c: 3}, x)
+
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    y = x.transform_values!.with_index {|v, i| "#{v}.#{i}" }
+    assert_equal(%w(1.0  2.1  3.2), y.values_at(:a, :b, :c))
+
+    x = @cls[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10]
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      x.transform_values!() do |v|
+        x.freeze if v == 2
+        v.succ
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(@cls[a: 2, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10], x)
+
+    x = (1..1337).to_h {|k| [k, k]}
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /rehash during iteration/) do
+      x.transform_values! {|v|
+        x.rehash if v == 1337
+        v * 2
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hrec h, n, &b
+    if n > 0
+      h.each{hrec(h, n-1, &b)}
+    else
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_huge_iter_level
+    nrec = 200
+
+    h = @cls[a: 1]
+    hrec(h, nrec){}
+    h[:c] = 3
+    assert_equal(3, h[:c])
+
+    h = @cls[a: 1]
+    h.freeze # set hidden attribute for a frozen object
+    hrec(h, nrec){}
+    assert_equal(1, h.size)
+
+    h = @cls[a: 1]
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+      hrec(h, nrec){ h[:c] = 3 }
+    }
+  rescue SystemStackError
+    # ignore
+  end
+
+  # Previously this test would fail because rb_hash inside opt_aref would look
+  # at the current method name
+  def test_hash_recursion_independent_of_mid
+    o = Class.new do
+      def hash(h, k)
+        h[k]
+      end
+
+      def any_other_name(h, k)
+        h[k]
+      end
+    end.new
+
+    rec = []; rec << rec
+
+    h = @cls[]
+    h[rec] = 1
+    assert o.hash(h, rec)
+    assert o.any_other_name(h, rec)
+  end
+
+  class TestSubHash < TestHash
+    class SubHash < Hash
+    end
+
+    def setup
+      @cls = SubHash
+      super
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestHashOnly < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_bad_initialize_copy
+    h = Class.new(Hash) {
+      def initialize_copy(h)
+        super(Object.new)
+      end
+    }.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { h.dup }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_will_not_rehash
+    assert_hash_does_not_rehash(&:dup)
+  end
+
+  def assert_hash_does_not_rehash
+    obj = Object.new
+    class << obj
+      attr_accessor :hash_calls
+      def hash
+        @hash_calls += 1
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    obj.hash_calls = 0
+    hash = {obj => 42}
+    assert_equal(1, obj.hash_calls)
+    yield hash
+    assert_equal(1, obj.hash_calls)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_reject_will_not_rehash
+    assert_hash_does_not_rehash do |hash|
+      hash.select { true }
+    end
+    assert_hash_does_not_rehash do |hash|
+      hash.reject { false }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_st_literal_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        # >8 element hashes are ST allocated rather than AR allocated
+        {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_by_id_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "", <<~RUBY, rss: true)
+      1_000_000.times do
+        {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8}.compare_by_identity
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal({1=>2}, Hash.try_convert({1=>2}))
+    assert_equal(nil, Hash.try_convert("1=>2"))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash; {3=>4} end
+    assert_equal({3=>4}, Hash.try_convert(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF_fstring_key
+    # warmup ObjectSpace.count_objects
+    ObjectSpace.count_objects
+
+    h = {"abc" => 1}
+
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      before = ObjectSpace.count_objects[:T_STRING]
+      5.times{ h["abc".freeze] }
+      assert_equal before, ObjectSpace.count_objects[:T_STRING]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF_fstring_key_default_proc
+    assert_separately(['--disable-frozen-string-literal'], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      h = Hash.new do |h, k|
+        k.frozen?
+      end
+
+      str = "foo"
+      refute str.frozen?
+      refute h[str]
+      refute h["foo"]
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ASET_fstring_key
+    a, b = {}, {}
+    assert_equal 1, a["abc"] = 1
+    assert_equal 1, b["abc"] = 1
+    assert_same a.keys[0], b.keys[0]
+  end
+
+  def test_ASET_fstring_non_literal_key
+    underscore = "_"
+    non_literal_strings = Proc.new{ ["abc#{underscore}def", "abc" * 5, "abc" + "def", "" << "ghi" << "jkl"] }
+
+    a, b = {}, {}
+    non_literal_strings.call.each do |string|
+      assert_equal 1, a[string] = 1
+    end
+
+    non_literal_strings.call.each do |string|
+      assert_equal 1, b[string] = 1
+    end
+
+    [a.keys, b.keys].transpose.each do |key_a, key_b|
+      assert_same key_a, key_b
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_aset_fstring_identity
+    h = {}.compare_by_identity
+    h['abc'] = 1
+    h['abc'] = 2
+    assert_equal 2, h.size, '[ruby-core:78783] [Bug #12855]'
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_aref_fstring_identity
+    h = {}.compare_by_identity
+    h['abc'] = 1
+    assert_nil h['abc'], '[ruby-core:78783] [Bug #12855]'
+  end
+
+  def test_NEWHASH_fstring_key
+    a = {"ABC" => :t}
+    b = {"ABC" => :t}
+    assert_same a.keys[0], b.keys[0]
+    assert_same "ABC".freeze, a.keys[0]
+    var = +'ABC'
+    c = { var => :t }
+    assert_same "ABC".freeze, c.keys[0]
+  end
+
+  def test_rehash_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<~PREP, <<~CODE, rss: true)
+      ar_hash = 1.times.map { |i| [i, i] }.to_h
+      st_hash = 10.times.map { |i| [i, i] }.to_h
+
+      code = proc do
+        ar_hash.rehash
+        st_hash.rehash
+      end
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    PREP
+      1_000_000.times(&code)
+    CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_bug15358
+    h1 = {}
+    h2 = {a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4,e:5}
+    h2.replace(h1)
+    GC.start
+    assert(true)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_st_with_ar
+    # ST hash
+    h1 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9 }
+    # AR hash
+    h2 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7 }
+    # Replace ST hash with AR hash
+    h1.replace(h2)
+    assert_equal(h2, h1)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_to_h
+    h = nil.to_h
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+    assert_nil(h.default)
+    assert_nil(h.default_proc)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_wrong_arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Hash.new(0) { }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<-"begin;"}", "#{<<-'end;'}", rss: true)
+    h = ("aa".."zz").each_with_index.to_h
+    10_000.times {h.dup}
+    begin;
+      500_000.times {h.dup.replace(h)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def hash_iter_recursion(h, level)
+    return if level == 0
+    h.each_key {}
+    h.each_value { hash_iter_recursion(h, level - 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_iterlevel_in_ivar_bug19589
+    h = { a: nil }
+    # Recursion level should be over 127 to actually test iterlevel being set in an instance variable,
+    # but it should be under 131 not to overflow the stack under MN threads/ractors.
+    hash_iter_recursion(h, 130)
+    assert true
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_rehash_memory_leak
+    bug9187 = '[ruby-core:58728] [Bug #9187]'
+
+    prepare = <<-EOS
+    class Foo
+      def initialize
+        @raise = false
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        raise if @raise
+        @raise = true
+        return 0
+      end
+    end
+    h = {Foo.new => true}
+    EOS
+
+    code = <<-EOS
+    10_0000.times do
+      h.rehash rescue nil
+    end
+    GC.start
+    EOS
+
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], prepare, code, bug9187)
+  end
+
+  def test_memory_size_after_delete
+    require 'objspace'
+    h = {}
+    1000.times {|i| h[i] = true}
+    big = ObjectSpace.memsize_of(h)
+    1000.times {|i| h.delete(i)}
+    assert_operator ObjectSpace.memsize_of(h), :<, big/10
+  end
+
+  def test_wrapper
+    bug9381 = '[ruby-core:59638] [Bug #9381]'
+
+    wrapper = Class.new do
+      def initialize(obj)
+        @obj = obj
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        @obj.hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        @obj.eql?(other)
+      end
+    end
+
+    bad = [
+      5, true, false, nil,
+      0.0, 1.72723e-77,
+      :foo, "dsym_#{self.object_id.to_s(16)}_#{Time.now.to_i.to_s(16)}".to_sym,
+      "str",
+    ].select do |x|
+      hash = {x => bug9381}
+      hash[wrapper.new(x)] != bug9381
+    end
+    assert_empty(bad, bug9381)
+  end
+
+  def assert_hash_random(obj, dump = obj.inspect)
+    a = [obj.hash.to_s]
+    3.times {
+      assert_in_out_err(["-e", "print (#{dump}).hash"], "") do |r, e|
+        a += r
+        assert_equal([], e)
+      end
+    }
+    assert_not_equal([obj.hash.to_s], a.uniq)
+    assert_operator(a.uniq.size, :>, 2, proc {a.inspect})
+  end
+
+  def test_string_hash_random
+    assert_hash_random('abc')
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_hash_random
+    assert_hash_random(:-)
+    assert_hash_random(:foo)
+    assert_hash_random("dsym_#{self.object_id.to_s(16)}_#{Time.now.to_i.to_s(16)}".to_sym)
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_hash_random
+    assert_hash_random(0)
+    assert_hash_random(+1)
+    assert_hash_random(-1)
+    assert_hash_random(+(1<<100))
+    assert_hash_random(-(1<<100))
+  end
+
+  def test_float_hash_random
+    assert_hash_random(0.0)
+    assert_hash_random(+1.0)
+    assert_hash_random(-1.0)
+    assert_hash_random(1.72723e-77)
+    assert_hash_random(Float::INFINITY, "Float::INFINITY")
+  end
+
+  def test_label_syntax
+    feature4935 = '[ruby-core:37553] [Feature #4935]'
+    x = 'world'
+    hash = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, feature4935) do
+      break eval(%q({foo: 1, "foo-bar": 2, "hello-#{x}": 3, 'hello-#{x}': 4, 'bar': {}}))
+    end
+    assert_equal({:foo => 1, :'foo-bar' => 2, :'hello-world' => 3, :'hello-#{x}' => 4, :bar => {}}, hash, feature4935)
+    x = x
+  end
+
+  def test_broken_hash_value
+    bug14218 = '[ruby-core:84395] [Bug #14218]'
+
+    assert_equal(0, 1_000_000.times.count{a=Object.new.hash; b=Object.new.hash; a < 0 && b < 0 && a + b > 0}, bug14218)
+    assert_equal(0, 1_000_000.times.count{a=Object.new.hash; b=Object.new.hash; 0 + a + b != 0 + b + a}, bug14218)
+  end
+
+  def test_reserved_hash_val
+    s = Struct.new(:hash)
+    h = {}
+    keys = [*0..8]
+    keys.each {|i| h[s.new(i)]=true}
+    msg = proc {h.inspect}
+    assert_equal(keys, h.keys.map(&:hash), msg)
+  end
+
+  ruby2_keywords def get_flagged_hash(*args)
+    args.last
+  end
+
+  def check_flagged_hash(k: :NG)
+    k
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby2_keywords_hash?
+    flagged_hash = get_flagged_hash(k: 1)
+    assert_equal(true, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(flagged_hash))
+    assert_equal(false, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?({}))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby2_keywords_hash
+    hash = {k: 1}
+    assert_equal(false, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(hash))
+    hash = Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(hash)
+    assert_equal(true, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(hash))
+    assert_equal(1, check_flagged_hash(*[hash]))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(1) }
+  end
+
+  def ar2st_object
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      attr_reader :h
+    end
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@h, {})
+    def obj.hash
+      10.times{|i| @h[i] = i}
+      0
+    end
+    def obj.inspect
+      'test'
+    end
+    def obj.eql? other
+      other.class == Object
+    end
+    obj
+  end
+
+  def test_ar2st_insert
+    obj = ar2st_object
+    h = obj.h
+
+    h[obj] = true
+    assert_equal '{0 => 0, 1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4, 5 => 5, 6 => 6, 7 => 7, 8 => 8, 9 => 9, test => true}', h.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_ar2st_delete
+    obj = ar2st_object
+    h = obj.h
+
+    obj2 = Object.new
+    def obj2.hash
+      0
+    end
+
+    h[obj2] = true
+    h.delete obj
+    assert_equal '{0 => 0, 1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4, 5 => 5, 6 => 6, 7 => 7, 8 => 8, 9 => 9}', h.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_ar2st_lookup
+    obj = ar2st_object
+    h = obj.h
+
+    obj2 = Object.new
+    def obj2.hash
+      0
+    end
+
+    h[obj2] = true
+    assert_equal true, h[obj]
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_12706
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      {a: 1}.each(&->(k, v) {})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_21357
+    h = {x: []}.merge(x: nil) { |_k, v1, _v2| v1 }
+    assert_equal({x: []}, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_any_hash_fixable
+    20.times do
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        require "delegate"
+        typename = DelegateClass(String)
+
+        hash = {
+          "Int" => true,
+          "Float" => true,
+          "String" => true,
+          "Boolean" => true,
+          "WidgetFilter" => true,
+          "WidgetAggregation" => true,
+          "WidgetEdge" => true,
+          "WidgetSortOrder" => true,
+          "WidgetGrouping" => true,
+        }
+
+        hash.each_key do |key|
+          assert_send([hash, :key?, typename.new(key)])
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_by_identity_during_iteration
+    h = { 1 => 1 }
+    h.each do
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError, "compare_by_identity during iteration") do
+        h.compare_by_identity
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ar_hash_to_st_hash
+    assert_normal_exit("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", 'https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20050#note-5')
+    begin;
+      srand(0)
+      class Foo
+        def to_a
+          []
+        end
+
+        def hash
+          $h.delete($h.keys.sample) if rand < 0.1
+          to_a.hash
+        end
+      end
+
+      1000.times do
+        $h = {}
+        (0..10).each {|i| $h[Foo.new] ||= {} }
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ar_to_st_reserved_value
+    klass = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :hash
+      def initialize(val) = @hash = val
+    end
+
+    values = 0.downto(-16).to_a
+    hash = {}
+    values.each do |val|
+      hash[klass.new(val)] = val
+    end
+    assert_equal values, hash.values, "[ruby-core:121239] [Bug #21170]"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_ifunless.rb b/test/ruby/test_ifunless.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f68e5154a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_ifunless.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestIfUnless < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_if_unless
+    x = 'test';
+    assert(if x == x then true else false end)
+    bad = false
+    unless x == x
+      bad = true
+    end
+    assert(!bad)
+    assert(unless x != x then true else false end)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_inlinecache.rb b/test/ruby/test_inlinecache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d48d95d74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_inlinecache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestMethodInlineCache < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_alias
+    m0 = Module.new do
+      def foo; :M0 end
+    end
+    m1 = Module.new do
+      include m0
+    end
+    c = Class.new do
+      include m1
+      alias bar foo
+    end
+    d = Class.new(c) do
+    end
+
+    test = -> do
+      d.new.bar
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :M0, test[]
+
+    c.class_eval do
+      def bar
+        :C
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :C, test[]
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper
+    assert_separately [], <<-EOS
+      class C
+        private def foo
+          :C
+        end
+      end
+
+      class D < C
+        public :foo
+      end
+
+      class E < D; end
+      class F < E; end
+
+      test = -> do
+        F.new().foo
+      end
+
+      assert_equal :C, test[]
+
+      class E
+        def foo; :E; end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal :E, test[]
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_module_methods_redefiniton
+    m0 = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    c1 = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        :C1
+      end
+    end
+
+    c2 = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        :C2
+      end
+    end
+
+    d1 = Class.new(c1) do
+      include m0
+    end
+
+    d2 = Class.new(c2) do
+      include m0
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :C1, d1.new.foo
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    d1.class_eval do
+      include m
+    end
+
+    d2.class_eval do
+      include m
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :C2, d2.new.foo
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_insns_leaf.rb b/test/ruby/test_insns_leaf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c9a4324cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_insns_leaf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestInsnsLeaf < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  require "set"
+
+  class Id
+    attr_reader :db_id
+    def initialize(db_id)
+      @db_id = db_id
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      other.class == self.class && other.db_id == db_id
+    end
+    alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+    def hash
+      10
+    end
+
+    def <=>(other)
+      db_id <=> other.db_id if other.is_a?(self.class)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Namespace
+    IDS = Set[
+      Id.new(1).freeze,
+      Id.new(2).freeze,
+      Id.new(3).freeze,
+      Id.new(4).freeze,
+    ].freeze
+
+    class << self
+      def test?(id)
+	IDS.include?(id)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insns_leaf
+    assert Namespace.test?(Id.new(1)), "IDS should include 1"
+    assert !Namespace.test?(Id.new(5)), "IDS should not include 5"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_integer.rb b/test/ruby/test_integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9bf4fa20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,777 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestInteger < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  FIXNUM_MIN = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+  FIXNUM_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+  LONG_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS['LONG_MAX']
+
+  def test_aref
+
+    [
+      *-16..16,
+      *(FIXNUM_MIN-2)..(FIXNUM_MIN+2),
+      *(FIXNUM_MAX-2)..(FIXNUM_MAX+2),
+    ].each do |n|
+      (-64..64).each do |idx|
+        assert_equal((n >> idx) & 1, n[idx])
+      end
+      [*-66..-62, *-34..-30, *-5..5, *30..34, *62..66].each do |idx|
+        (0..100).each do |len|
+          assert_equal((n >> idx) & ((1 << len) - 1), n[idx, len], "#{ n }[#{ idx }, #{ len }]")
+        end
+        (0..100).each do |len|
+          assert_equal((n >> idx) & ((1 << (len + 1)) - 1), n[idx..idx+len], "#{ n }[#{ idx }..#{ idx+len }]")
+          assert_equal((n >> idx) & ((1 << len) - 1), n[idx...idx+len], "#{ n }[#{ idx }...#{ idx+len }]")
+        end
+
+        # endless
+        assert_equal((n >> idx), n[idx..], "#{ n }[#{ idx }..]")
+        assert_equal((n >> idx), n[idx...], "#{ n }[#{ idx }...#]")
+
+        # beginless
+        if idx >= 0 && n & ((1 << (idx + 1)) - 1) != 0
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError, "#{ n }[..#{ idx }]") { n[..idx] }
+        else
+          assert_equal(0, n[..idx], "#{ n }[..#{ idx }]")
+        end
+        if idx >= 0 && n & ((1 << idx) - 1) != 0
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError, "#{ n }[...#{ idx }]") { n[...idx] }
+        else
+          assert_equal(0, n[...idx], "#{ n }[...#{ idx }]")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # assert_equal(1, (1 << 0x40000000)[0x40000000], "[ruby-dev:31271]")
+    # assert_equal(0, (-1 << 0x40000001)[0x40000000], "[ruby-dev:31271]")
+    big_zero = 0x40000000.coerce(0)[0]
+    assert_equal(0, (-0x40000002)[big_zero], "[ruby-dev:31271]")
+    assert_equal(1, 0x400000001[big_zero], "[ruby-dev:31271]")
+  end
+
+  def test_pow
+    assert_not_equal(0, begin
+                          0**-1
+                        rescue
+                          nil
+                        end, "[ruby-dev:32084] [ruby-dev:34547]")
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {2 ** -0x4000000000000000}
+
+    <<~EXPRS.each_line.with_index(__LINE__+1) do |expr, line|
+      crash01: 111r+11**-11111161111111
+      crash02: 1118111111111**-1111111111111111**1+1==11111
+      crash03: -1111111**-1111*11 - -11** -1111111
+      crash04: 1118111111111** -1111111111111111**1+11111111111**1 ===111
+      crash05: 11** -111155555555555555  -55   !=5-555
+      crash07: 1 + 111111111**-1111811111
+      crash08: 18111111111**-1111111111111111**1 + 1111111111**-1111**1
+      crash10: -7 - -1111111** -1111**11
+      crash12: 1118111111111** -1111111111111111**1 + 1111 - -1111111** -1111*111111111119
+      crash13: 1.0i - -11** -1111111
+      crash14: 11111**111111111**111111 * -11111111111111111111**-111111111111
+      crash15: ~1**1111 + -~1**~1**111
+      crash17: 11** -1111111**1111 /11i
+      crash18: 5555i**-5155 - -9111111**-1111**11
+      crash19: 111111*-11111111111111111111**-1111111111111111
+      crash20: 1111**111-11**-11111**11
+      crash21: 11**-10111111119-1i -1r
+    EXPRS
+      name, expr = expr.split(':', 2)
+      assert_ruby_status(%w"-W0", "begin; #{ expr }; rescue ArgumentError; end", name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_lshift
+    assert_equal(0, 1 << -0x40000000)
+    assert_equal(0, 1 << -0x40000001)
+    assert_equal(0, 1 << -0x80000000)
+    assert_equal(0, 1 << -0x80000001)
+
+    char_bit = RbConfig::LIMITS["UCHAR_MAX"].bit_length
+    size_max = RbConfig::LIMITS["SIZE_MAX"]
+    size_bit_max = size_max * char_bit
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, /shift width/) {
+      1 << size_bit_max
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_rshift
+    assert_predicate((1 >> 0x80000000), :zero?)
+    assert_predicate((1 >> 0xffffffff), :zero?)
+    assert_predicate((1 >> 0x100000000), :zero?)
+    # assert_equal((1 << 0x40000000), (1 >> -0x40000000))
+    # assert_equal((1 << 0x40000001), (1 >> -0x40000001))
+  end
+
+  def test_Integer
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Integer("0x-1")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Integer("-0x-1")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Integer("0x     123")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Integer("0x      123")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Integer("0x0x5")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Integer("0x0x000000005")}
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_equal(1540841, "0x0x5".to_i(36))
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("--0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("-+0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("++1") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("10  x") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("1__2") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("1z") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("46116860184273__87904") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("4611686018427387904_") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("4611686018427387904  :") }
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, Integer("46_11_686_0184273_87904"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("\0") }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:13873]") {
+      assert_equal(0, Integer("0 "))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:14139]") {
+      assert_equal(0377, Integer("0_3_7_7"))
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:14139]") {Integer("0__3_7_7")}
+    assert_equal(1234, Integer(1234))
+    assert_equal(1, Integer(1.234))
+
+    assert_equal(2 ** 50, Integer(2.0 ** 50))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Integer(nil) }
+
+    bug14552 = '[ruby-core:85813]'
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.to_int; "str"; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug14552) { Integer(obj) }
+    def obj.to_i; 42; end
+    assert_equal(42, Integer(obj), bug14552)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.to_i; "str"; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Integer(obj) }
+
+    bug6192 = '[ruby-core:43566]'
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {Integer("0".encode("utf-16be"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {Integer("0".encode("utf-16le"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {Integer("0".encode("utf-32be"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {Integer("0".encode("utf-32le"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {Integer("0".encode("iso-2022-jp"))}
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{1f4a1}/) {Integer("\u{1f4a1}")}
+    end
+
+    obj = Struct.new(:s).new(%w[42 not-an-integer])
+    def obj.to_str; s.shift; end
+    assert_equal(42, Integer(obj, 10))
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class Float
+        undef to_int
+        def to_int; raise "conversion failed"; end
+      end
+      assert_equal (1 << 100), Integer((1 << 100).to_f)
+      assert_equal 1, Integer(1.0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_Integer_with_invalid_exception
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Integer("0", exception: 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_Integer_with_exception_keyword
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer("1z", exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(Object.new, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_i; 42.5; end
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(o, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_i; raise; end
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(o, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_int; raise; end
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(o, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(FloatDomainError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(Float::INFINITY, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(FloatDomainError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(-Float::INFINITY, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(FloatDomainError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(Float::NAN, exception: false))
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Integer("1z", exception: true)
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      Integer(nil, exception: true)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Integer(nil, exception: false))
+    }
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Integer;def method_missing(*);"";end;end
+      assert_equal(0, Integer("0", 2))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_Integer_when_to_str
+    def (obj = Object.new).to_str
+      "0x10"
+    end
+    assert_equal(16, Integer(obj))
+  end
+
+  def test_Integer_with_base
+    assert_equal(1234, Integer("1234", 10))
+    assert_equal(668, Integer("1234", 8))
+    assert_equal(4660, Integer("1234", 16))
+    assert_equal(49360, Integer("1234", 36))
+    # decimal, not octal
+    assert_equal(1234, Integer("01234", 10))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer("0x123", 10) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer(1234, 10) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer(12.34, 10) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer(Object.new, 1) }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Integer(1, 1, 1) }
+
+    def (base = Object.new).to_int
+      8
+    end
+    assert_equal(8, Integer("10", base))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Integer("10", "8") }
+    def (base = Object.new).to_int
+      "8"
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Integer("10", base) }
+  end
+
+  def test_int_p
+    assert_not_predicate(1.0, :integer?)
+    assert_predicate(1, :integer?)
+  end
+
+  def test_succ
+    assert_equal(2, 1.send(:succ))
+  end
+
+  def test_chr
+    assert_equal("a", "a".ord.chr)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (-1).chr }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { 0x100.chr }
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, "3000000000 out of char range") { 3_000_000_000.chr }
+  end
+
+  def test_upto
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(1, 1.upto(3) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(1, 1.upto(0) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([], a)
+
+    y = 2**30 - 1
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(y, y.upto(y+2) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([y, y+1, y+2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_downto
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(-1, -1.downto(-3) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([-1, -2, -3], a)
+
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(1, 1.downto(2) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([], a)
+
+    y = -(2**30)
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(y, y.downto(y-2) {|x| a << x })
+    assert_equal([y, y-1, y-2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_times
+    (2**32).times do |i|
+      break if i == 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_times_bignum_redefine_plus_lt
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      called = false
+      Integer.class_eval do
+        alias old_succ succ
+        undef succ
+        define_method(:succ){|x| called = true; x+1}
+        alias old_lt <
+        undef <
+        define_method(:<){|x| called = true}
+      end
+
+      fix = 1
+      fix.times{break 0}
+      fix_called = called
+
+      called = false
+
+      big = 2**65
+      big.times{break 0}
+      big_called = called
+
+      Integer.class_eval do
+        undef succ
+        alias succ old_succ
+        undef <
+        alias < old_lt
+      end
+
+      # Asssert that Fixnum and Bignum behave consistently
+      bug18377 = "[ruby-core:106361]"
+      assert_equal(fix_called, big_called, bug18377)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def assert_int_equal(expected, result, mesg = nil)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, result, mesg)
+    assert_equal(expected, result, mesg)
+  end
+
+  def assert_float_equal(expected, result, mesg = nil)
+    assert_kind_of(Float, result, mesg)
+    assert_equal(expected, result, mesg)
+  end
+
+  def test_round
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.round)
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.round(0))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.round(1))
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.round(2))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11110, 11111.round(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11100, 11111.round(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +249.round(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +250.round(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -249.round(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +249.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +250.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +349.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+400, +350.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +249.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +250.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +349.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+400, +350.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +249.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +250.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +349.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +350.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -250.round(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -249.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -250.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -349.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-400, -350.round(-2, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -249.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -250.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -349.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-400, -350.round(-2, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -249.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -250.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -349.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -350.round(-2, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+40 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-40 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+40 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-40 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71, half: :even))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+40 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-40 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71, half: :up))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+35 * 10**70 - 1).round(-71, half: :down))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-35 * 10**70 + 1).round(-71, half: :down))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1110, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.round(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1110, (-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111).round(-1))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.round(1))
+    assert_int_equal(10**400, (10**400).round(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_floor
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.floor)
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.floor(0))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.floor(1))
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.floor(2))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11110, 11110.floor(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11110, 11119.floor(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11100, 11100.floor(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(11100, 11199.floor(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(0, 11111.floor(-5))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +299.floor(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +300.floor(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -299.floor(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -300.floor(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).floor(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).floor(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).floor(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-30 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).floor(-71))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1110, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.floor(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1120, (-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111).floor(-1))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.floor(1))
+    assert_int_equal(10**400, (10**400).floor(1))
+
+    assert_int_equal(-10000000000, -1.floor(-10), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_int_equal(-100000000000000000000, -1.floor(-20), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_int_equal(-100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, -1.floor(-50), "[Bug #20654]")
+  end
+
+  def test_ceil
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.ceil)
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.ceil(0))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.ceil(1))
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.ceil(2))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11110, 11110.ceil(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11120, 11119.ceil(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11200, 11101.ceil(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(11200, 11200.ceil(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(100000, 11111.ceil(-5))
+    assert_int_equal(300, 299.ceil(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(300, 300.ceil(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -299.ceil(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -300.ceil(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).ceil(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).ceil(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+30 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).ceil(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).ceil(-71))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1120, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.ceil(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1110, (-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111).ceil(-1))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.ceil(1))
+    assert_int_equal(10**400, (10**400).ceil(1))
+
+    assert_int_equal(10000000000, 1.ceil(-10), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_int_equal(100000000000000000000, 1.ceil(-20), "[Bug #20654]")
+    assert_int_equal(100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 1.ceil(-50), "[Bug #20654]")
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.truncate)
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.truncate(0))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.truncate(1))
+    assert_int_equal(11111, 11111.truncate(2))
+
+    assert_int_equal(11110, 11110.truncate(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11110, 11119.truncate(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(11100, 11100.truncate(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(11100, 11199.truncate(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(0, 11111.truncate(-5))
+    assert_int_equal(+200, +299.truncate(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+300, +300.truncate(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-200, -299.truncate(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(-300, -300.truncate(-2))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70).truncate(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70).truncate(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(+20 * 10**70, (+25 * 10**70 - 1).truncate(-71))
+    assert_int_equal(-20 * 10**70, (-25 * 10**70 + 1).truncate(-71))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1110, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.truncate(-1))
+    assert_int_equal(-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1110, (-1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111).truncate(-1))
+
+    assert_int_equal(1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111, 1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111.truncate(1))
+    assert_int_equal(10**400, (10**400).truncate(1))
+  end
+
+  MimicInteger = Struct.new(:to_int)
+  module CoercionToInt
+    def coerce(other)
+      [other, to_int]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_and_with_integer_mimic_object
+    obj = MimicInteger.new(10)
+    assert_raise(TypeError, '[ruby-core:39491]') { 3 & obj }
+    obj.extend(CoercionToInt)
+    assert_equal(3 & 10, 3 & obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_or_with_integer_mimic_object
+    obj = MimicInteger.new(10)
+    assert_raise(TypeError, '[ruby-core:39491]') { 3 | obj }
+    obj.extend(CoercionToInt)
+    assert_equal(3 | 10, 3 | obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_xor_with_integer_mimic_object
+    obj = MimicInteger.new(10)
+    assert_raise(TypeError, '[ruby-core:39491]') { 3 ^ obj }
+    obj.extend(CoercionToInt)
+    assert_equal(3 ^ 10, 3 ^ obj)
+  end
+
+  module CoercionToSelf
+    def coerce(other)
+     [self.class.new(other), self]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_and_with_integer_coercion
+    obj = Struct.new(:value) do
+      include(CoercionToSelf)
+      def &(other)
+        self.value & other.value
+      end
+    end.new(10)
+    assert_equal(3 & 10, 3 & obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_or_with_integer_coercion
+    obj = Struct.new(:value) do
+      include(CoercionToSelf)
+      def |(other)
+        self.value | other.value
+      end
+    end.new(10)
+    assert_equal(3 | 10, 3 | obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bitwise_xor_with_integer_coercion
+    obj = Struct.new(:value) do
+      include(CoercionToSelf)
+      def ^(other)
+        self.value ^ other.value
+      end
+    end.new(10)
+    assert_equal(3 ^ 10, 3 ^ obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_length
+    assert_equal(13, (-2**12-1).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(12, (-2**12).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(12, (-2**12+1).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(9, -0x101.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(8, -0x100.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(8, -0xff.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(1, -2.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(0, -1.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(0, 0.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(8, 0xff.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(9, 0x100.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(9, 0x101.bit_length)
+    assert_equal(12, (2**12-1).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(13, (2**12).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(13, (2**12+1).bit_length)
+
+    assert_equal(10001, (-2**10000-1).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(10000, (-2**10000).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(10000, (-2**10000+1).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(10000, (2**10000-1).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(10001, (2**10000).bit_length)
+    assert_equal(10001, (2**10000+1).bit_length)
+
+    2.upto(1000) {|i|
+      n = 2**i
+      assert_equal(i+1, (-n-1).bit_length, "(#{-n-1}).bit_length")
+      assert_equal(i,   (-n).bit_length, "(#{-n}).bit_length")
+      assert_equal(i,   (-n+1).bit_length, "(#{-n+1}).bit_length")
+      assert_equal(i,   (n-1).bit_length, "#{n-1}.bit_length")
+      assert_equal(i+1, (n).bit_length, "#{n}.bit_length")
+      assert_equal(i+1, (n+1).bit_length, "#{n+1}.bit_length")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits
+    assert_equal([0], 0.digits)
+    assert_equal([1], 1.digits)
+    assert_equal([0, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 1234567890.digits)
+    assert_equal([90, 78, 56, 34, 12], 1234567890.digits(100))
+    assert_equal([10, 5, 6, 8, 0, 10, 8, 6, 1], 1234567890.digits(13))
+    assert_equal((2 ** 1024).to_s(7).chars.map(&:to_i).reverse, (2 ** 1024).digits(7))
+    assert_equal([0] * 100 + [1], (2 ** (128 * 100)).digits(2 ** 128))
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_negative_numbers
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { -1.digits }
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { -1234567890.digits }
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { -1234567890.digits(100) }
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) { -1234567890.digits(13) }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_invalid_base_numbers
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 10.digits(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 10.digits(0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 10.digits(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_non_integral_base_numbers
+    assert_equal([1], 1.digits(10r))
+    assert_equal([1], 1.digits(10.0))
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { 10.digits(10+1i) }
+  end
+
+  def test_digits_for_non_numeric_base_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 10.digits("10") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 10.digits("a") }
+
+    class << (o = Object.new)
+      def to_int
+        10
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 1], 10.digits(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_square_root
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Integer.sqrt("x")}
+    assert_raise(Math::DomainError) {Integer.sqrt(-1)}
+    assert_equal(0, Integer.sqrt(0))
+    (1...4).each {|i| assert_equal(1, Integer.sqrt(i))}
+    (4...9).each {|i| assert_equal(2, Integer.sqrt(i))}
+    (9...16).each {|i| assert_equal(3, Integer.sqrt(i))}
+    (1..40).each do |i|
+      mesg = "10**#{i}"
+      s = Integer.sqrt(n = 10**i)
+      if i.even?
+        assert_equal(10**(i/2), Integer.sqrt(n), mesg)
+      else
+        assert_include((s**2)...(s+1)**2, n, mesg)
+      end
+    end
+    50.step(400, 10) do |i|
+      exact = 10**(i/2)
+      x = 10**i
+      assert_equal(exact, Integer.sqrt(x), "10**#{i}")
+      assert_equal(exact, Integer.sqrt(x+1), "10**#{i}+1")
+      assert_equal(exact-1, Integer.sqrt(x-1), "10**#{i}-1")
+    end
+
+    bug13440 = '[ruby-core:80696] [Bug #13440]'
+    failures = []
+    0.step(to: 50, by: 0.05) do |i|
+      n = (10**i).to_i
+      root = Integer.sqrt(n)
+      failures << n  unless root*root <= n && (root+1)*(root+1) > n
+    end
+    assert_empty(failures, bug13440)
+
+    x = 0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffff
+    assert_equal(x, Integer.sqrt(x ** 2), "[ruby-core:95453]")
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_21217
+    assert_equal(0x10000 * 2**10, Integer.sqrt(0x100000008 * 2**20))
+  end
+
+  def test_fdiv
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1.fdiv(1))
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.fdiv(2))
+
+    m = 50 << Float::MANT_DIG
+    prev = 1.0
+    (1..100).each do |i|
+      val = (m + i).fdiv(m)
+      assert_operator val, :>=, prev, "1+epsilon*(#{i}/100)"
+      prev = val
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_obj_fdiv
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [x, 0.5]; end
+    assert_equal(2.0, 1.fdiv(o))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x); [self, x]; end
+    def o.fdiv(x); 1; end
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1.fdiv(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal(1, Integer.try_convert(1))
+    assert_equal(1, Integer.try_convert(1.0))
+    assert_nil Integer.try_convert("1")
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nil Integer.try_convert(o)
+    def o.to_i; 1; end
+    assert_nil Integer.try_convert(o)
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 1; end
+    assert_equal(1, Integer.try_convert(o))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; Object.new; end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /can't convert Object to Integer/) {Integer.try_convert(o)}
+  end
+
+  def test_ceildiv
+    assert_equal(0, 0.ceildiv(3))
+    assert_equal(1, 1.ceildiv(3))
+    assert_equal(1, 3.ceildiv(3))
+    assert_equal(2, 4.ceildiv(3))
+
+    assert_equal(-1, 4.ceildiv(-3))
+    assert_equal(-1, -4.ceildiv(3))
+    assert_equal(2, -4.ceildiv(-3))
+
+    assert_equal(3, 3.ceildiv(1.2))
+    assert_equal(3, 3.ceildiv(6/5r))
+
+    assert_equal(10, (10**100-11).ceildiv(10**99-1))
+    assert_equal(11, (10**100-9).ceildiv(10**99-1))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(other); [other, 10]; end
+    assert_equal(124, 1234.ceildiv(o))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_integer_comb.rb b/test/ruby/test_integer_comb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..150f45cfd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_integer_comb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,647 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestIntegerComb < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  VS = [
+    -0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002,
+    -0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001,
+    -0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
+    -0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    -0x1000000000000000000000002,
+    -0x1000000000000000000000001,
+    -0x1000000000000000000000000,
+    -0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    -0x10000000000000002,
+    -0x10000000000000001,
+    -0x10000000000000000,
+    -0xffffffffffffffff,
+    -0x4000000000000002,
+    -0x4000000000000001,
+    -0x4000000000000000,
+    -0x3fffffffffffffff,
+    -0x100000002,
+    -0x100000001,
+    -0x100000000,
+    -0xffffffff,
+    -0xc717a08d, # 0xc717a08d * 0x524b2245 = 0x4000000000000001
+    -0x80000002,
+    -0x80000001,
+    -0x80000000,
+    -0x7fffffff,
+    -0x524b2245,
+    -0x40000002,
+    -0x40000001,
+    -0x40000000,
+    -0x3fffffff,
+    -0x10002,
+    -0x10001,
+    -0x10000,
+    -0xffff,
+    -0x8101, # 0x8101 * 0x7f01 = 0x40000001
+    -0x8002,
+    -0x8001,
+    -0x8000,
+    -0x7fff,
+    -0x7f01,
+    -65,
+    -64,
+    -63,
+    -62,
+    -33,
+    -32,
+    -31,
+    -30,
+    -3,
+    -2,
+    -1,
+    0,
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    30,
+    31,
+    32,
+    33,
+    62,
+    63,
+    64,
+    65,
+    0x7f01,
+    0x7ffe,
+    0x7fff,
+    0x8000,
+    0x8001,
+    0x8101,
+    0xfffe,
+    0xffff,
+    0x10000,
+    0x10001,
+    0x3ffffffe,
+    0x3fffffff,
+    0x40000000,
+    0x40000001,
+    0x524b2245,
+    0x7ffffffe,
+    0x7fffffff,
+    0x80000000,
+    0x80000001,
+    0xc717a08d,
+    0xfffffffe,
+    0xffffffff,
+    0x100000000,
+    0x100000001,
+    0x3ffffffffffffffe,
+    0x3fffffffffffffff,
+    0x4000000000000000,
+    0x4000000000000001,
+    0xfffffffffffffffe,
+    0xffffffffffffffff,
+    0x10000000000000000,
+    0x10000000000000001,
+    0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    0x1000000000000000000000000,
+    0x1000000000000000000000001,
+    0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
+    0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
+  ]
+
+  #VS.map! {|v| 0x4000000000000000.coerce(v)[0] }
+  #VS.concat VS.find_all {|v| Fixnum === v }.map {|v| 0x4000000000000000.coerce(v)[0] }
+  #VS.sort! {|a, b| a.abs <=> b.abs }
+
+  def test_aref
+    VS.each {|a|
+      100.times {|i|
+        assert_equal((a >> i).odd? ? 1 : 0, a[i], "(#{a})[#{i}]")
+      }
+    }
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = nil
+        assert_nothing_raised("(#{a})[#{b}]") { c = a[b] }
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        if b < 0
+          assert_equal(0, c, "(#{a})[#{b}]")
+        else
+          assert_equal((a >> b).odd? ? 1 : 0, c, "(#{a})[#{b}]")
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = a + b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        assert_equal(b + a, c, "#{a} + #{b}")
+        assert_equal(a, c - b, "(#{a} + #{b}) - #{b}")
+        assert_equal(a-~b-1, c, "#{a} + #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal((a^b)+2*(a&b), c, "#{a} + #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal((a|b)+(a&b), c, "#{a} + #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal(2*(a|b)-(a^b), c, "#{a} + #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_minus
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = a - b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        assert_equal(a, c + b, "(#{a} - #{b}) + #{b}")
+        assert_equal(-b, c - a, "(#{a} - #{b}) - #{a}")
+        assert_equal(a+~b+1, c, "#{a} - #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal((a^b)-2*(b&~a), c, "#{a} - #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal((a&~b)-(b&~a), c, "#{a} - #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal(2*(a&~b)-(a^b), c, "#{a} - #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_mult
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = a * b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        assert_equal(b * a, c, "#{a} * #{b}")
+        assert_equal(b.send(:*, a), c, "#{a} * #{b}")
+        assert_equal(b, c / a, "(#{a} * #{b}) / #{a}") if a != 0
+        assert_equal(a.abs * b.abs, (a * b).abs, "(#{a} * #{b}).abs")
+        assert_equal((a-100)*(b-100)+(a-100)*100+(b-100)*100+10000, c, "#{a} * #{b}")
+        assert_equal((a+100)*(b+100)-(a+100)*100-(b+100)*100+10000, c, "#{a} * #{b}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        if b == 0
+          assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) { a.divmod(b) }
+        else
+          q, r = a.divmod(b)
+          assert_kind_of(Integer, q)
+          assert_kind_of(Integer, r)
+          assert_equal(a, b*q+r)
+          assert_operator(r.abs, :<, b.abs)
+          if 0 < b
+            assert_operator(r, :>=, 0)
+            assert_operator(r, :<, b)
+          else
+            assert_operator(r, :>, b)
+            assert_operator(r, :<=, 0)
+          end
+          assert_equal(q, a/b)
+          assert_equal(q, a.div(b))
+          assert_equal(r, a%b)
+          assert_equal(r, a.modulo(b))
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pow
+    small_values = VS.find_all {|v| 0 <= v && v < 1000 }
+    VS.each {|a|
+      small_values.each {|b|
+        c = a ** b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        d = 1
+        b.times { d *= a }
+        assert_equal(d, c, "(#{a}) ** #{b}")
+        if a != 0
+          d = c
+          b.times { d /= a }
+          assert_equal(1, d, "((#{a}) ** #{b}) / #{a} / ...(#{b} times)...")
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_not
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = ~a
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(-1 ^ a, b, "~#{a}")
+      assert_equal(-a-1, b, "~#{a}") # Hacker's Delight
+      assert_equal(0, a & b, "#{a} & ~#{a}")
+      assert_equal(-1, a | b, "#{a} | ~#{a}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_or
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = a | b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        assert_equal(b | a, c, "#{a} | #{b}")
+        assert_equal(a + b - (a&b), c, "#{a} | #{b}")
+        assert_equal((a & ~b) + b, c, "#{a} | #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal(-1, c | ~a, "(#{a} | #{b}) | ~#{a})")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_and
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = a & b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        assert_equal(b & a, c, "#{a} & #{b}")
+        assert_equal(a + b - (a|b), c, "#{a} & #{b}")
+        assert_equal((~a | b) - ~a, c, "#{a} & #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal(0, c & ~a, "(#{a} & #{b}) & ~#{a}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        c = a ^ b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        assert_equal(b ^ a, c, "#{a} ^ #{b}")
+        assert_equal((a|b)-(a&b), c, "#{a} ^ #{b}") # Hacker's Delight
+        assert_equal(b, c ^ a, "(#{a} ^ #{b}) ^ #{a}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_lshift
+    small_values = VS.find_all {|v| v < 8000 }
+    VS.each {|a|
+      small_values.each {|b|
+        c = a << b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        if 0 <= b
+          assert_equal(a, c >> b, "(#{a} << #{b}) >> #{b}")
+          assert_equal(a * 2**b, c, "#{a} << #{b}")
+        end
+        0.upto(c.bit_length+10) {|nth|
+          assert_equal(a[nth-b], c[nth], "(#{a} << #{b})[#{nth}]")
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_rshift
+    small_values = VS.find_all {|v| -8000 < v }
+    VS.each {|a|
+      small_values.each {|b|
+        c = a >> b
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, c)
+        if b <= 0
+          assert_equal(a, c << b, "(#{a} >> #{b}) << #{b}")
+          assert_equal(a * 2**(-b), c, "#{a} >> #{b}")
+        end
+        0.upto(c.bit_length+10) {|nth|
+          assert_equal(a[nth+b], c[nth], "(#{a} >> #{b})[#{nth}]")
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_succ
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.succ
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a+1, b, "(#{a}).succ")
+      assert_equal(a, b.pred, "(#{a}).succ.pred")
+      assert_equal(a, b-1, "(#{a}).succ - 1")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pred
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.pred
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a-1, b, "(#{a}).pred")
+      assert_equal(a, b.succ, "(#{a}).pred.succ")
+      assert_equal(a, b + 1, "(#{a}).pred + 1")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_unary_plus
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = +a
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "+(#{a})")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_unary_minus
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = -a
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(0-a, b, "-(#{a})")
+      assert_equal(~a+1, b, "-(#{a})")
+      assert_equal(0, a+b, "#{a}+(-(#{a}))")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    VS.each_with_index {|a, i|
+      VS.each_with_index {|b, j|
+        assert_equal(i <=> j, a <=> b, "#{a} <=> #{b}")
+        assert_equal(i < j, a < b, "#{a} < #{b}")
+        assert_equal(i <= j, a <= b, "#{a} <= #{b}")
+        assert_equal(i > j, a > b, "#{a} > #{b}")
+        assert_equal(i >= j, a >= b, "#{a} >= #{b}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    VS.each_with_index {|a, i|
+      VS.each_with_index {|b, j|
+        c = a == b
+        assert_equal(b == a, c, "#{a} == #{b}")
+        assert_equal(i == j, c, "#{a} == #{b}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_abs
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.abs
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      if a < 0
+        assert_equal(-a, b, "(#{a}).abs")
+      else
+        assert_equal(a, b, "(#{a}).abs")
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ceil
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.ceil
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "(#{a}).ceil")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_floor
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.floor
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "(#{a}).floor")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_round
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.round
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "(#{a}).round")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate
+    VS.each {|a|
+      b = a.truncate
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "(#{a}).truncate")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_remainder
+    coerce = EnvUtil.labeled_class("CoerceNum") do
+      def initialize(num)
+        @num = num
+      end
+      def coerce(other)
+        [other, @num]
+      end
+      def inspect
+        "#{self.class.name}(#@num)"
+      end
+      alias to_s inspect
+    end
+
+    VS.each {|a|
+      (VS + VS.map {|b| [coerce.new(b), b]}).each {|b, i = b|
+        if i == 0
+          assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) { a.divmod(b) }
+        else
+          r = assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, "#{a}.remainder(#{b})") {a.remainder(b)}
+          assert_kind_of(Integer, r)
+          if a < 0
+            assert_operator(-i.abs, :<, r, "#{a}.remainder(#{b})")
+            assert_operator(0, :>=, r, "#{a}.remainder(#{b})")
+          elsif 0 < a
+            assert_operator(0, :<=, r, "#{a}.remainder(#{b})")
+            assert_operator(i.abs, :>, r, "#{a}.remainder(#{b})")
+          else
+            assert_equal(0, r, "#{a}.remainder(#{b})")
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_nonzero
+    VS.each {|a|
+      z = a.zero?
+      n = a.nonzero?
+      if a == 0
+        assert_equal(true, z, "(#{a}).zero?")
+        assert_equal(nil, n, "(#{a}).nonzero?")
+      else
+        assert_equal(false, z, "(#{a}).zero?")
+        assert_equal(a, n, "(#{a}).nonzero?")
+        assert_kind_of(Integer, n)
+      end
+      assert(z ^ n, "(#{a}).zero? ^ (#{a}).nonzero?")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_even_odd
+    VS.each {|a|
+      e = a.even?
+      o = a.odd?
+      assert_equal((a % 2) == 0, e, "(#{a}).even?")
+      assert_equal((a % 2) == 1, o, "(#{a}).odd")
+      assert_equal((a & 1) == 0, e, "(#{a}).even?")
+      assert_equal((a & 1) == 1, o, "(#{a}).odd")
+      assert(e ^ o, "(#{a}).even? ^ (#{a}).odd?")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_allbits_p
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        assert_equal((a & b) == b, a.allbits?(b), "(#{a}).allbits?(#{b}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_anybits_p
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        assert_equal((a & b) != 0, a.anybits?(b), "(#{a}).anybits?(#{b}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nobits_p
+    VS.each {|a|
+      VS.each {|b|
+        assert_equal((a & b) == 0, a.nobits?(b), "(#{a}).nobits?(#{b}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    2.upto(36) {|radix|
+      VS.each {|a|
+        s = a.to_s(radix)
+        b = s.to_i(radix)
+        assert_equal(a, b, "(#{a}).to_s(#{radix}).to_i(#{radix})")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_x
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%x", a)
+      if /\A\.\./ =~ s
+        b = -($'.tr('0123456789abcdef', 'fedcba9876543210').to_i(16) + 1)
+      else
+        b = s.to_i(16)
+      end
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%x', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_x_sign
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%+x", a)
+      b = s.to_i(16)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%+x', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+      s = sprintf("% x", a)
+      b = s.to_i(16)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('% x', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_o
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%o", a)
+      if /\A\.\./ =~ s
+        b = -($'.tr('01234567', '76543210').to_i(8) + 1)
+      else
+        b = s.to_i(8)
+      end
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%o', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_o_sign
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%+o", a)
+      b = s.to_i(8)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%+o', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+      s = sprintf("% o", a)
+      b = s.to_i(8)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('% o', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_b
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%b", a)
+      if /\A\.\./ =~ s
+        b = -($'.tr('01', '10').to_i(2) + 1)
+      else
+        b = s.to_i(2)
+      end
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%b', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_b_sign
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%+b", a)
+      b = s.to_i(2)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%+b', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+      s = sprintf("% b", a)
+      b = s.to_i(2)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('% b', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf_diu
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = sprintf("%d", a)
+      b = s.to_i
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%d', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+      s = sprintf("%i", a)
+      b = s.to_i
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%i', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+      s = sprintf("%u", a)
+      b = s.to_i
+      assert_equal(a, b, "sprintf('%u', #{a}) = #{s.inspect}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      s = Marshal.dump(a)
+      b = Marshal.load(s)
+      assert_equal(a, b, "Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(#{a}))")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack
+    %w[c C s S s! S! i I i! I! l L l! L! q Q n N v V].each {|template|
+      size = [0].pack(template).size
+      mask = (1 << (size * 8)) - 1
+      if /[A-Znv]/ =~ template
+        min = 0
+        max = (1 << (size * 8))-1
+      else
+        min = -(1 << (size * 8 - 1))
+        max = (1 << (size * 8 - 1)) - 1
+      end
+      VS.reverse_each {|a|
+        s = [a].pack(template)
+        b = s.unpack(template)[0]
+        if min <= a && a <= max
+          assert_equal(a, b, "[#{a}].pack(#{template.dump}).unpack(#{template.dump})[0]")
+        end
+        assert_operator(min, :<=, b)
+        assert_operator(b, :<=, max)
+        assert_equal(a & mask, b & mask, "[#{a}].pack(#{template.dump}).unpack(#{template.dump})[0] & #{mask}")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_ber
+    template = "w"
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      if a < 0
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [a].pack(template) }
+      else
+        s = [a].pack(template)
+        b = s.unpack(template)[0]
+        assert_equal(a, b, "[#{a}].pack(#{template.dump}).unpack(#{template.dump})")
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_utf8
+    template = "U"
+    VS.reverse_each {|a|
+      if a < 0 || 0x7fffffff < a
+        assert_raise(RangeError) { [a].pack(template) }
+      else
+        s = [a].pack(template)
+        b = s.unpack(template)[0]
+        assert_equal(a, b, "[#{a}].pack(#{template.dump}).unpack(#{template.dump})")
+      end
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_io.rb b/test/ruby/test_io.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1adf47ac51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_io.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4428 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require "fcntl"
+require 'io/nonblock'
+require 'pathname'
+require 'socket'
+require 'stringio'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'weakref'
+
+class TestIO < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  module Feature
+    def have_close_on_exec?
+      $stdin.close_on_exec?
+      true
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      false
+    end
+
+    def have_nonblock?
+      IO.method_defined?("nonblock=")
+    end
+  end
+
+  include Feature
+  extend Feature
+
+  def pipe(wp, rp)
+    re, we = nil, nil
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    rt = Thread.new do
+      begin
+        rp.call(r)
+      rescue Exception
+        r.close
+        re = $!
+      end
+    end
+    wt = Thread.new do
+      begin
+        wp.call(w)
+      rescue Exception
+        w.close
+        we = $!
+      end
+    end
+    flunk("timeout") unless wt.join(10) && rt.join(10)
+  ensure
+    w&.close
+    r&.close
+    (wt.kill; wt.join) if wt
+    (rt.kill; rt.join) if rt
+    raise we if we
+    raise re if re
+  end
+
+  def with_pipe
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    begin
+      yield r, w
+    ensure
+      r.close
+      w.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_read_pipe(content)
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w << content
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      yield r
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def mkcdtmpdir
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
+      Dir.chdir(d) {
+        yield
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def trapping_usr2
+    @usr2_rcvd  = 0
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    trap(:USR2) do
+      w.write([@usr2_rcvd += 1].pack('L'))
+    end
+    yield r
+  ensure
+    trap(:USR2, "DEFAULT")
+    w&.close
+    r&.close
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    assert_instance_of(IO, r)
+    assert_instance_of(IO, w)
+    [
+      Thread.start{
+        w.print "abc"
+        w.close
+      },
+      Thread.start{
+        assert_equal("abc", r.read)
+        r.close
+      }
+    ].each{|thr| thr.join}
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode_pipe
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+        begin
+          reader0, writer0 = IO.pipe
+          reader0.binmode
+          writer0.binmode
+
+          reader1, writer1 = IO.pipe
+
+          reader2, writer2 = IO.pipe(binmode: true)
+          assert_predicate writer0, :binmode?
+          assert_predicate writer2, :binmode?
+          assert_equal writer0.binmode?, writer2.binmode?
+          assert_equal writer0.external_encoding, writer2.external_encoding
+          assert_equal writer0.internal_encoding, writer2.internal_encoding
+          assert_predicate reader0, :binmode?
+          assert_predicate reader2, :binmode?
+          assert_equal reader0.binmode?, reader2.binmode?
+          assert_equal reader0.external_encoding, reader2.external_encoding
+          assert_equal reader0.internal_encoding, reader2.internal_encoding
+
+          reader3, writer3 = IO.pipe("UTF-8:UTF-8", binmode: true)
+          assert_predicate writer3, :binmode?
+          assert_equal writer1.external_encoding, writer3.external_encoding
+          assert_equal writer1.internal_encoding, writer3.internal_encoding
+          assert_predicate reader3, :binmode?
+          assert_equal reader1.external_encoding, reader3.external_encoding
+          assert_equal reader1.internal_encoding, reader3.internal_encoding
+
+          reader4, writer4 = IO.pipe("UTF-8:UTF-8", binmode: true)
+          assert_predicate writer4, :binmode?
+          assert_equal writer1.external_encoding, writer4.external_encoding
+          assert_equal writer1.internal_encoding, writer4.internal_encoding
+          assert_predicate reader4, :binmode?
+          assert_equal reader1.external_encoding, reader4.external_encoding
+          assert_equal reader1.internal_encoding, reader4.internal_encoding
+
+          reader5, writer5 = IO.pipe("UTF-8", "UTF-8", binmode: true)
+          assert_predicate writer5, :binmode?
+          assert_equal writer1.external_encoding, writer5.external_encoding
+          assert_equal writer1.internal_encoding, writer5.internal_encoding
+          assert_predicate reader5, :binmode?
+          assert_equal reader1.external_encoding, reader5.external_encoding
+          assert_equal reader1.internal_encoding, reader5.internal_encoding
+        ensure
+          [
+            reader0, writer0,
+            reader1, writer1,
+            reader2, writer2,
+            reader3, writer3,
+            reader4, writer4,
+            reader5, writer5,
+          ].compact.map(&:close)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe_block
+    x = nil
+    ret = IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      x = [r,w]
+      assert_instance_of(IO, r)
+      assert_instance_of(IO, w)
+      [
+        Thread.start do
+          w.print "abc"
+          w.close
+        end,
+        Thread.start do
+          assert_equal("abc", r.read)
+        end
+      ].each{|thr| thr.join}
+      assert_not_predicate(r, :closed?)
+      assert_predicate(w, :closed?)
+      :foooo
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foooo, ret)
+    assert_predicate(x[0], :closed?)
+    assert_predicate(x[1], :closed?)
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe_block_close
+    4.times {|i|
+      x = nil
+      IO.pipe {|r, w|
+        x = [r,w]
+        r.close if (i&1) == 0
+        w.close if (i&2) == 0
+      }
+      assert_predicate(x[0], :closed?)
+      assert_predicate(x[1], :closed?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_rs
+    rs = ":"
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "aaa:bbb"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "aaa:", r.gets(rs)
+      assert_equal "bbb", r.gets(rs)
+      assert_nil r.gets(rs)
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_default_rs
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "aaa\nbbb\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "aaa\n", r.gets
+      assert_equal "bbb\n", r.gets
+      assert_nil r.gets
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_rs_nil
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "a\n\nb\n\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "a\n\nb\n\n", r.gets(nil)
+      assert_nil r.gets("")
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_rs_377
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "\377xyz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.binmode
+      assert_equal("\377", r.gets("\377"), "[ruby-dev:24460]")
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_paragraph
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "a\n\nb\n\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "a\n\n", r.gets(""), "[ruby-core:03771]"
+      assert_equal "b\n\n", r.gets("")
+      assert_nil r.gets("")
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_chomp_rs
+    rs = ":"
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "aaa:bbb"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "aaa", r.gets(rs, chomp: true)
+      assert_equal "bbb", r.gets(rs, chomp: true)
+      assert_nil r.gets(rs, chomp: true)
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_chomp_default_rs
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "aaa\r\nbbb\nccc"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "aaa", r.gets(chomp: true)
+      assert_equal "bbb", r.gets(chomp: true)
+      assert_equal "ccc", r.gets(chomp: true)
+      assert_nil r.gets
+      r.close
+    end)
+
+    (0..3).each do |i|
+      pipe(proc do |w|
+        w.write("a" * ((4096 << i) - 4), "\r\n" "a\r\n")
+        w.close
+      end,
+      proc do |r|
+        r.gets
+        assert_equal "a", r.gets(chomp: true)
+        assert_nil r.gets
+        r.close
+      end)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_chomp_rs_nil
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "a\n\nb\n\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("a\n\nb\n\n", r.gets(nil, chomp: true), "[Bug #18770]")
+      assert_nil r.gets("")
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_chomp_paragraph
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print "a\n\nb\n\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal "a", r.gets("", chomp: true)
+      assert_equal "b", r.gets("", chomp: true)
+      assert_nil r.gets("", chomp: true)
+      r.close
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_limit_extra_arg
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w << "0123456789\n0123456789"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("0123456789\n0", r.gets(nil, 12))
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { r.gets(3,nil) }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  # This test cause SEGV.
+  def test_ungetc
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      s = "a" * 1000
+      assert_raise(IOError, "[ruby-dev:31650]") { 200.times { r.ungetc s } }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetc_with_seek
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      t.open
+      t.write('0123456789')
+      t.rewind
+
+      t.ungetc('a')
+      t.seek(2, :SET)
+
+      assert_equal('2', t.getc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetbyte
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      t.open
+      t.binmode
+      t.ungetbyte(0x41)
+      assert_equal(-1, t.pos)
+      assert_equal(0x41, t.getbyte)
+      t.rewind
+      assert_equal(0, t.pos)
+      t.ungetbyte("qux")
+      assert_equal(-3, t.pos)
+      assert_equal("quxfoo\n", t.gets)
+      assert_equal(4, t.pos)
+      t.set_encoding("utf-8")
+      t.ungetbyte(0x89)
+      t.ungetbyte(0x8e)
+      t.ungetbyte("\xe7")
+      t.ungetbyte("\xe7\xb4\x85")
+      assert_equal(-2, t.pos)
+      assert_equal("\u7d05\u7389bar\n", t.gets)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetbyte_with_seek
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      t.open
+      t.write('0123456789')
+      t.rewind
+
+      t.ungetbyte('a'.ord)
+      t.seek(2, :SET)
+
+      assert_equal('2'.ord, t.getbyte)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w << "abc def"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.each_byte {|byte| break if byte == 32 }
+      assert_equal("def", r.read, "[ruby-dev:31659]")
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte_with_seek
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      bug5119 = '[ruby-core:38609]'
+      i = 0
+      open(t.path) do |f|
+        f.each_byte {i = f.pos}
+      end
+      assert_equal(12, i, bug5119)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte_closed
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w << "abc def"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_raise(IOError) do
+        r.each_byte {|byte| r.close if byte == 32 }
+      end
+    end)
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      File.open(t, 'rt') {|f|
+        assert_raise(IOError) do
+          f.each_byte {|c| f.close if c == 10}
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      bug2959 = '[ruby-core:28650]'
+      a = ""
+      File.open(t, 'rt') {|f|
+        f.each_codepoint {|c| a << c}
+      }
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", a, bug2959)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint_closed
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print("abc def")
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_raise(IOError) do
+        r.each_codepoint {|c| r.close if c == 32}
+      end
+    end)
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      File.open(t, 'rt') {|f|
+        assert_raise(IOError) do
+          f.each_codepoint {|c| f.close if c == 10}
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint_with_ungetc
+    bug21562 = '[ruby-core:123176] [Bug #21562]'
+    with_read_pipe("") {|p|
+      p.binmode
+      p.ungetc("aa")
+      a = ""
+      p.each_codepoint { |c| a << c }
+      assert_equal("aa", a, bug21562)
+    }
+    with_read_pipe("") {|p|
+      p.set_encoding("ascii-8bit", universal_newline: true)
+      p.ungetc("aa")
+      a = ""
+      p.each_codepoint { |c| a << c }
+      assert_equal("aa", a, bug21562)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_rubydev33072
+    t = make_tempfile
+    path = t.path
+    t.close!
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT, "[ruby-dev:33072]") do
+      File.read(path, nil, nil, **{})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_srccontent(content = "baz")
+    src = "src"
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open(src, "w") {|f| f << content }
+      yield src, content
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_small
+    with_srccontent("foobar") {|src, content|
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, "dst")
+      assert_equal(content.bytesize, ret)
+      assert_equal(content, File.read("dst"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_append
+    with_srccontent("foobar") {|src, content|
+      File.open('dst', 'ab') do |dst|
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+        assert_equal(content.bytesize, ret)
+        assert_equal(content, File.read("dst"))
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_append_to_nonempty
+    with_srccontent("foobar") {|src, content|
+      preface = 'preface'
+      File.write('dst', preface)
+      File.open('dst', 'ab') do |dst|
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+        assert_equal(content.bytesize, ret)
+        assert_equal(preface + content, File.read("dst"))
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_smaller
+    with_srccontent {|src, content|
+
+      # overwrite by smaller file.
+      dst = "dst"
+      File.open(dst, "w") {|f| f << "foobar"}
+
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+      assert_equal(content.bytesize, ret)
+      assert_equal(content, File.read(dst))
+
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 2)
+      assert_equal(2, ret)
+      assert_equal(content[0,2], File.read(dst))
+
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 0)
+      assert_equal(0, ret)
+      assert_equal("", File.read(dst))
+
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, nil, 1)
+      assert_equal(content.bytesize-1, ret)
+      assert_equal(content[1..-1], File.read(dst))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_noent
+    with_srccontent {|src, content|
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {
+        IO.copy_stream("nodir/foo", "dst")
+      }
+
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {
+        IO.copy_stream(src, "nodir/bar")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_pipe
+    with_srccontent {|src, content|
+      pipe(proc do |w|
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(src, w)
+        assert_equal(content.bytesize, ret)
+        w.close
+      end, proc do |r|
+        assert_equal(content, r.read)
+      end)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_write_pipe
+    with_srccontent {|src, content|
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        w.close
+        assert_raise(IOError) { IO.copy_stream(src, w) }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_pipecontent
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      yield "abc"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_pipe_to_file
+    with_pipecontent {|pipe_content|
+      dst = "dst"
+      with_read_pipe(pipe_content) {|r|
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(r, dst)
+        assert_equal(pipe_content.bytesize, ret)
+        assert_equal(pipe_content, File.read(dst))
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_read_pipe
+    with_pipecontent {|pipe_content|
+      with_read_pipe(pipe_content) {|r1|
+        assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+        pipe(proc do |w2|
+          w2.sync = false
+          w2 << "def"
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2)
+          assert_equal(2, ret)
+          w2.close
+        end, proc do |r2|
+          assert_equal("defbc", r2.read)
+        end)
+      }
+
+      with_read_pipe(pipe_content) {|r1|
+        assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+        pipe(proc do |w2|
+          w2.sync = false
+          w2 << "def"
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2, 1)
+          assert_equal(1, ret)
+          w2.close
+        end, proc do |r2|
+          assert_equal("defb", r2.read)
+        end)
+      }
+
+      with_read_pipe(pipe_content) {|r1|
+        assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+        pipe(proc do |w2|
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2)
+          assert_equal(2, ret)
+          w2.close
+        end, proc do |r2|
+          assert_equal("bc", r2.read)
+        end)
+      }
+
+      with_read_pipe(pipe_content) {|r1|
+        assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+        pipe(proc do |w2|
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2, 1)
+          assert_equal(1, ret)
+          w2.close
+        end, proc do |r2|
+          assert_equal("b", r2.read)
+        end)
+      }
+
+      with_read_pipe(pipe_content) {|r1|
+        assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+        pipe(proc do |w2|
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2, 0)
+          assert_equal(0, ret)
+          w2.close
+        end, proc do |r2|
+          assert_equal("", r2.read)
+        end)
+      }
+
+      pipe(proc do |w1|
+        w1 << "abc"
+        w1 << "def"
+        w1.close
+      end, proc do |r1|
+        assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+        pipe(proc do |w2|
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2)
+          assert_equal(5, ret)
+          w2.close
+        end, proc do |r2|
+          assert_equal("bcdef", r2.read)
+        end)
+      end)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_file_to_pipe
+    with_srccontent {|src, content|
+      pipe(proc do |w|
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(src, w, 1, 1)
+        assert_equal(1, ret)
+        w.close
+      end, proc do |r|
+        assert_equal(content[1,1], r.read)
+      end)
+    }
+  end
+
+  if have_nonblock?
+    def test_copy_stream_no_busy_wait
+      omit "multiple threads already active" if Thread.list.size > 1
+
+      msg = 'r58534 [ruby-core:80969] [Backport #13533]'
+      IO.pipe do |r,w|
+        r.nonblock = true
+        assert_cpu_usage_low(msg, stop: ->{w.close}) do
+          IO.copy_stream(r, IO::NULL)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_copy_stream_pipe_nonblock
+      mkcdtmpdir {
+        with_read_pipe("abc") {|r1|
+          assert_equal("a", r1.getc)
+          with_pipe {|r2, w2|
+            begin
+              w2.nonblock = true
+            rescue Errno::EBADF
+              omit "nonblocking IO for pipe is not implemented"
+            end
+            s = w2.syswrite("a" * 100000)
+            t = Thread.new { sleep 0.1; r2.read }
+            ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2)
+            w2.close
+            assert_equal(2, ret)
+            assert_equal("a" * s + "bc", t.value)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_bigcontent
+    yield "abc" * 123456
+  end
+
+  def with_bigsrc
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      with_bigcontent {|bigcontent|
+        bigsrc = "bigsrc"
+        File.open("bigsrc", "w") {|f| f << bigcontent }
+        yield bigsrc, bigcontent
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_bigcontent
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(bigsrc, "bigdst")
+      assert_equal(bigcontent.bytesize, ret)
+      assert_equal(bigcontent, File.read("bigdst"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_bigcontent_chop
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(bigsrc, "bigdst", nil, 100)
+      assert_equal(bigcontent.bytesize-100, ret)
+      assert_equal(bigcontent[100..-1], File.read("bigdst"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_bigcontent_mid
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(bigsrc, "bigdst", 30000, 100)
+      assert_equal(30000, ret)
+      assert_equal(bigcontent[100, 30000], File.read("bigdst"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_bigcontent_fpos
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      File.open(bigsrc) {|f|
+        begin
+          assert_equal(0, f.pos)
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(f, "bigdst", nil, 10)
+          assert_equal(bigcontent.bytesize-10, ret)
+          assert_equal(bigcontent[10..-1], File.read("bigdst"))
+          assert_equal(0, f.pos)
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(f, "bigdst", 40, 30)
+          assert_equal(40, ret)
+          assert_equal(bigcontent[30, 40], File.read("bigdst"))
+          assert_equal(0, f.pos)
+        rescue NotImplementedError
+          #skip "pread(2) is not implemented."
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_closed_pipe
+    with_srccontent {|src,|
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        w.close
+        assert_raise(IOError) { IO.copy_stream(src, w) }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_megacontent
+    yield "abc" * 1234567
+  end
+
+  def with_megasrc
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      with_megacontent {|megacontent|
+        megasrc = "megasrc"
+        File.open(megasrc, "w") {|f| f << megacontent }
+        yield megasrc, megacontent
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  if have_nonblock?
+    def test_copy_stream_megacontent_nonblock
+      with_megacontent {|megacontent|
+        with_pipe {|r1, w1|
+          with_pipe {|r2, w2|
+            begin
+              r1.nonblock = true
+              w2.nonblock = true
+            rescue Errno::EBADF
+              omit "nonblocking IO for pipe is not implemented"
+            end
+            t1 = Thread.new { w1 << megacontent; w1.close }
+            t2 = Thread.new { r2.read }
+            t3 = Thread.new {
+              ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2)
+              assert_equal(megacontent.bytesize, ret)
+              w2.close
+            }
+            _, t2_value, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2, t3])
+            assert_equal(megacontent, t2_value)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_megacontent_pipe_to_file
+    with_megasrc {|megasrc, megacontent|
+      with_pipe {|r1, w1|
+        with_pipe {|r2, w2|
+          t1 = Thread.new { w1 << megacontent; w1.close }
+          t2 = Thread.new { r2.read }
+          t3 = Thread.new {
+            ret = IO.copy_stream(r1, w2)
+            assert_equal(megacontent.bytesize, ret)
+            w2.close
+          }
+          _, t2_value, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2, t3])
+          assert_equal(megacontent, t2_value)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_megacontent_file_to_pipe
+    with_megasrc {|megasrc, megacontent|
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        t1 = Thread.new { r.read }
+        t2 = Thread.new {
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(megasrc, w)
+          assert_equal(megacontent.bytesize, ret)
+          w.close
+        }
+        t1_value, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+        assert_equal(megacontent, t1_value)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_rbuf
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      begin
+        pipe(proc do |w|
+          File.open("foo", "w") {|f| f << "abcd" }
+          File.open("foo") {|f|
+            f.read(1)
+            assert_equal(3, IO.copy_stream(f, w, 10, 1))
+          }
+          w.close
+        end, proc do |r|
+          assert_equal("bcd", r.read)
+        end)
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        omit "pread(2) is not implemtented."
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_socketpair
+    s1, s2 = UNIXSocket.pair
+    begin
+      yield s1, s2
+    ensure
+      s1.close unless s1.closed?
+      s2.close unless s2.closed?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket1
+    with_srccontent("foobar") {|src, content|
+      with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(src, s1)
+        assert_equal(content.bytesize, ret)
+        s1.close
+        assert_equal(content, s2.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end if defined? UNIXSocket
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket2
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+        t1 = Thread.new { s2.read }
+        t2 = Thread.new {
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(bigsrc, s1)
+          assert_equal(bigcontent.bytesize, ret)
+          s1.close
+        }
+        result, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+        assert_equal(bigcontent, result)
+      }
+    }
+  end if defined? UNIXSocket
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket3
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+        t1 = Thread.new { s2.read }
+        t2 = Thread.new {
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(bigsrc, s1, 10000)
+          assert_equal(10000, ret)
+          s1.close
+        }
+        result, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+        assert_equal(bigcontent[0,10000], result)
+      }
+    }
+  end if defined? UNIXSocket
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket4
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mingw|mswin/
+      omit "pread(2) is not implemented."
+    end
+
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      File.open(bigsrc) {|f|
+        assert_equal(0, f.pos)
+        with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+          t1 = Thread.new { s2.read }
+          t2 = Thread.new {
+            ret = IO.copy_stream(f, s1, nil, 100)
+            assert_equal(bigcontent.bytesize-100, ret)
+            assert_equal(0, f.pos)
+            s1.close
+          }
+          result, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+          assert_equal(bigcontent[100..-1], result)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket5
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mingw|mswin/
+      omit "pread(2) is not implemented."
+    end
+
+    with_bigsrc {|bigsrc, bigcontent|
+      File.open(bigsrc) {|f|
+        assert_equal(bigcontent[0,100], f.read(100))
+        assert_equal(100, f.pos)
+        with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+          t1 = Thread.new { s2.read }
+          t2 = Thread.new {
+            ret = IO.copy_stream(f, s1)
+            assert_equal(bigcontent.bytesize-100, ret)
+            assert_equal(bigcontent.length, f.pos)
+            s1.close
+          }
+          result, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+          assert_equal(bigcontent[100..-1], result)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket6
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mingw|mswin/
+      omit "pread(2) is not implemented."
+    end
+
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      megacontent = "abc" * 1234567
+      File.open("megasrc", "w") {|f| f << megacontent }
+
+      with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+        begin
+          s1.nonblock = true
+        rescue Errno::EBADF
+          omit "nonblocking IO for pipe is not implemented"
+        end
+        t1 = Thread.new { s2.read }
+        t2 = Thread.new {
+          ret = IO.copy_stream("megasrc", s1)
+          assert_equal(megacontent.bytesize, ret)
+          s1.close
+        }
+        result, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+        assert_equal(megacontent, result)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_socket7
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mingw|mswin/
+      omit "pread(2) is not implemented."
+    end
+
+    GC.start
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      megacontent = "abc" * 1234567
+      File.open("megasrc", "w") {|f| f << megacontent }
+
+      with_socketpair {|s1, s2|
+        begin
+          s1.nonblock = true
+        rescue Errno::EBADF
+          omit "nonblocking IO for pipe is not implemented"
+        end
+        trapping_usr2 do |rd|
+          nr = 30
+          begin
+            pid = fork do
+              s1.close
+              IO.select([s2])
+              Process.kill(:USR2, Process.ppid)
+              buf = String.new(capacity: 16384)
+              nil while s2.read(16384, buf)
+            end
+            s2.close
+            nr.times do
+              assert_equal megacontent.bytesize, IO.copy_stream("megasrc", s1)
+            end
+            assert_equal(1, rd.read(4).unpack1('L'))
+          ensure
+            s1.close
+            _, status = Process.waitpid2(pid) if pid
+          end
+          assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio
+    src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+    dst = StringIO.new
+    ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+    assert_equal(4, ret)
+    assert_equal("abcd", dst.string)
+    assert_equal(4, src.pos)
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_len
+    src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+    dst = StringIO.new
+    ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 3)
+    assert_equal(3, ret)
+    assert_equal("abc", dst.string)
+    assert_equal(3, src.pos)
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_off
+    src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        IO.copy_stream(src, w, 3, 1)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_fname_to_strio
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open("foo", "w") {|f| f << "abcd" }
+      src = "foo"
+      dst = StringIO.new
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 3)
+      assert_equal(3, ret)
+      assert_equal("abc", dst.string)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_to_fname
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      # StringIO to filename
+      src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+      ret = IO.copy_stream(src, "fooo", 3)
+      assert_equal(3, ret)
+      assert_equal("abc", File.read("fooo"))
+      assert_equal(3, src.pos)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_io_to_strio
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      # IO to StringIO
+      File.open("bar", "w") {|f| f << "abcd" }
+      File.open("bar") {|src|
+        dst = StringIO.new
+        ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 3)
+        assert_equal(3, ret)
+        assert_equal("abc", dst.string)
+        assert_equal(3, src.pos)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_to_io
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      # StringIO to IO
+      src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+      ret = File.open("baz", "w") {|dst|
+        IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 3)
+      }
+      assert_equal(3, ret)
+      assert_equal("abc", File.read("baz"))
+      assert_equal(3, src.pos)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_to_tempfile
+    bug11015 = '[ruby-core:68676] [Bug #11015]'
+    # StringIO to Tempfile
+    src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+    dst = Tempfile.new("baz")
+    ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+    assert_equal(4, ret)
+    pos = dst.pos
+    dst.rewind
+    assert_equal("abcd", dst.read)
+    assert_equal(4, pos, bug11015)
+  ensure
+    dst.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_pathname_to_pathname
+    bug11199 = '[ruby-dev:49008] [Bug #11199]'
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open("src", "w") {|f| f << "ok" }
+      src = Pathname.new("src")
+      dst = Pathname.new("dst")
+      IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+      assert_equal("ok", IO.read("dst"), bug11199)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_dup_buffer
+    bug21131 = '[ruby-core:120961] [Bug #21131]'
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      dst_class = Class.new do
+        def initialize(&block)
+          @block = block
+        end
+
+        def write(data)
+          @block.call(data.dup)
+          data.bytesize
+        end
+      end
+
+      rng = Random.new(42)
+      body = Tempfile.new("ruby-bug", binmode: true)
+      body.write(rng.bytes(16_385))
+      body.rewind
+
+      payload = []
+      IO.copy_stream(body, dst_class.new{payload << it})
+      body.rewind
+      assert_equal(body.read, payload.join, bug21131)
+    ensure
+      body&.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_write_in_binmode
+    bug8767 = '[ruby-core:56518] [Bug #8767]'
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+        # StringIO to object with to_path
+        bytes = "\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+        src = StringIO.new(bytes)
+        dst = Object.new
+        def dst.to_path
+          "qux"
+        end
+        assert_nothing_raised(bug8767) {
+          IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+        }
+        assert_equal(bytes, File.binread("qux"), bug8767)
+        assert_equal(4, src.pos, bug8767)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_read_in_binmode
+    bug8767 = '[ruby-core:56518] [Bug #8767]'
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+        # StringIO to object with to_path
+        bytes = "\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+        File.binwrite("qux", bytes)
+        dst = StringIO.new
+        src = Object.new
+        def src.to_path
+          "qux"
+        end
+        assert_nothing_raised(bug8767) {
+          IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+        }
+        assert_equal(bytes, dst.string.b, bug8767)
+        assert_equal(4, dst.pos, bug8767)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  class Rot13IO
+    def initialize(io)
+      @io = io
+    end
+
+    def readpartial(*args)
+      ret = @io.readpartial(*args)
+      ret.tr!('a-zA-Z', 'n-za-mN-ZA-M')
+      ret
+    end
+
+    def write(str)
+      @io.write(str.tr('a-zA-Z', 'n-za-mN-ZA-M'))
+    end
+
+    def to_io
+      @io
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_io_to_rot13
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open("bar", "w") {|f| f << "vex" }
+      File.open("bar") {|src|
+        File.open("baz", "w") {|dst0|
+          dst = Rot13IO.new(dst0)
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 3)
+          assert_equal(3, ret)
+        }
+        assert_equal("irk", File.read("baz"))
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_rot13_to_io
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open("bar", "w") {|f| f << "flap" }
+      File.open("bar") {|src0|
+        src = Rot13IO.new(src0)
+        File.open("baz", "w") {|dst|
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 4)
+          assert_equal(4, ret)
+        }
+      }
+      assert_equal("sync", File.read("baz"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_rot13_to_rot13
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open("bar", "w") {|f| f << "bin" }
+      File.open("bar") {|src0|
+        src = Rot13IO.new(src0)
+        File.open("baz", "w") {|dst0|
+          dst = Rot13IO.new(dst0)
+          ret = IO.copy_stream(src, dst, 3)
+          assert_equal(3, ret)
+        }
+      }
+      assert_equal("bin", File.read("baz"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_flush
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      w.sync = false
+      w.write "zz"
+      src = StringIO.new("abcd")
+      IO.copy_stream(src, w)
+      t1 = Thread.new {
+        w.close
+      }
+      t2 = Thread.new { r.read }
+      _, result = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+      assert_equal("zzabcd", result)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_strio_rbuf
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w << "abcd"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("a", r.read(1))
+      sio = StringIO.new
+      IO.copy_stream(r, sio)
+      assert_equal("bcd", sio.string)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_src_wbuf
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      pipe(proc do |w|
+        File.open("foe", "w+") {|f|
+          f.write "abcd\n"
+          f.rewind
+          f.write "xy"
+          IO.copy_stream(f, w)
+        }
+        assert_equal("xycd\n", File.read("foe"))
+        w.close
+      end, proc do |r|
+        assert_equal("cd\n", r.read)
+        r.close
+      end)
+    }
+  end
+
+  class Bug5237
+    attr_reader :count
+    def initialize
+      @count = 0
+    end
+
+    def read(bytes, buffer)
+      @count += 1
+      buffer.replace "this is a test"
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_broken_src_read_eof
+    src = Bug5237.new
+    dst = StringIO.new
+    assert_equal 0, src.count
+    th = Thread.new { IO.copy_stream(src, dst) }
+    flunk("timeout") unless th.join(10)
+    assert_equal 1, src.count
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_dst_rbuf
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      pipe(proc do |w|
+        w << "xyz"
+        w.close
+      end, proc do |r|
+        File.open("fom", "w+b") {|f|
+          f.write "abcd\n"
+          f.rewind
+          assert_equal("abc", f.read(3))
+          f.ungetc "c"
+          IO.copy_stream(r, f)
+        }
+        assert_equal("abxyz", File.read("fom"))
+      end)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_stream_to_duplex_io
+    result = IO.pipe {|a,w|
+      th = Thread.start {w.puts "yes"; w.close}
+      IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, '-pe$_="#$.:#$_"'], "r+") {|b|
+        IO.copy_stream(a, b)
+        b.close_write
+        assert_join_threads([th])
+        b.read
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal("1:yes\n", result)
+  end
+
+  def ruby(*args)
+    args = ['-e', '$>.write($<.read)'] if args.empty?
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    opts = {}
+    if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NPROC)
+      lim = Process.getrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NPROC)[1]
+      opts[:rlimit_nproc] = [lim, 2048].min
+    end
+    f = IO.popen([ruby] + args, 'r+', opts)
+    pid = f.pid
+    yield(f)
+  ensure
+    f.close unless !f || f.closed?
+    begin
+      Process.wait(pid)
+    rescue Errno::ECHILD, Errno::ESRCH
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal(STDOUT, IO.try_convert(STDOUT))
+    assert_equal(nil, IO.try_convert("STDOUT"))
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetc2
+    f = false
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      Thread.pass until f
+      w.write("1" * 10000)
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.ungetc("0" * 10000)
+      f = true
+      assert_equal("0" * 10000 + "1" * 10000, r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_with_multiple_arguments
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write("foo", "bar")
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("foobar", r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_with_multiple_arguments_and_buffer
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      line = "x"*9+"\n"
+      file = "test.out"
+      open(file, "wb") do |w|
+        w.write(line)
+        assert_equal(11, w.write(line, "\n"))
+      end
+      open(file, "rb") do |r|
+        assert_equal([line, line, "\n"], r.readlines)
+      end
+
+      line = "x"*99+"\n"
+      open(file, "wb") do |w|
+        w.write(line*81)        # 8100 bytes
+        assert_equal(100, w.write("a"*99, "\n"))
+      end
+      open(file, "rb") do |r|
+        81.times {assert_equal(line, r.gets)}
+        assert_equal("a"*99+"\n", r.gets)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_write_with_many_arguments
+    [1023, 1024].each do |n|
+      pipe(proc do |w|
+        w.write(*(["a"] * n))
+        w.close
+      end, proc do |r|
+        assert_equal("a" * n, r.read)
+      end)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_write_with_multiple_nonstring_arguments
+    assert_in_out_err([], "STDOUT.write(:foo, :bar)", ["foobar"])
+  end
+
+  def test_write_buffered_with_multiple_arguments
+    out, err, (_, status) = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(["-e", "sleep 0.1;puts 'foo'"], "", true, true) do |_, o, e, i|
+      [o.read, e.read, Process.waitpid2(i)]
+    end
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+    assert_equal("foo\n", out)
+    assert_empty(err)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_no_args
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_equal 0, w.write, '[ruby-core:86285] [Bug #14338]'
+      assert_equal :wait_readable, r.read_nonblock(1, exception: false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_write_non_writable
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_raise(IOError) do
+        r.write "foobarbaz"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    ruby do |f|
+      begin
+        f2 = f.dup
+        f.puts "foo"
+        f2.puts "bar"
+        f.close_write
+        f2.close_write
+        assert_equal("foo\nbar\n", f.read)
+        assert_equal("", f2.read)
+      ensure
+        f2.close
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_many
+    opts = {}
+    opts[:rlimit_nofile] = 1024 if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+    assert_separately([], <<-'End', **opts)
+      a = []
+      assert_raise(Errno::EMFILE, Errno::ENFILE, Errno::ENOMEM) do
+        loop {a << IO.pipe}
+      end
+      assert_raise(Errno::EMFILE, Errno::ENFILE, Errno::ENOMEM) do
+        loop {a << [a[-1][0].dup, a[-1][1].dup]}
+      end
+    End
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_timeout
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      r.timeout = 0.1
+      r2 = r.dup
+      assert_equal(0.1, r2.timeout)
+    ensure
+      r2&.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_match(/^#<IO:fd \d+>$/, r.inspect)
+      r.freeze
+      assert_match(/^#<IO:fd \d+>$/, r.inspect)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foobarbaz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { r.readpartial(-1) }
+      assert_equal("fooba", r.readpartial(5))
+      r.readpartial(5, s = "")
+      assert_equal("rbaz", s)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_lock
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      s = ""
+      t = Thread.new { r.readpartial(5, s) }
+      Thread.pass until t.stop?
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { s.clear }
+      w.write "foobarbaz"
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("fooba", t.value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_pos
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      open("foo", "w") {|f| f << "abc" }
+      open("foo") {|f|
+        f.seek(0)
+        assert_equal("ab", f.readpartial(2))
+        assert_equal(2, f.pos)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_with_not_empty_buffer
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foob"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.readpartial(5, s = "01234567")
+      assert_equal("foob", s)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_zero_size
+    File.open(IO::NULL) do |r|
+      assert_empty(r.readpartial(0, s = "01234567"))
+      assert_empty(s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_buffer_error
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      s = ""
+      t = Thread.new { r.readpartial(5, s) }
+      Thread.pass until t.stop?
+      t.kill
+      t.value
+      assert_equal("", s)
+    end
+  end if /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foobarbaz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { r.read(-1) }
+      assert_equal("fooba", r.read(5))
+      r.read(nil, s = "")
+      assert_equal("rbaz", s)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_lock
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      s = ""
+      t = Thread.new { r.read(5, s) }
+      Thread.pass until t.stop?
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { s.clear }
+      w.write "foobarbaz"
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("fooba", t.value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_with_not_empty_buffer
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foob"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.read(nil, s = "01234567")
+      assert_equal("foob", s)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_zero_size
+    File.open(IO::NULL) do |r|
+      assert_empty(r.read(0, s = "01234567"))
+      assert_empty(s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_buffer_error
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      s = ""
+      t = Thread.new { r.read(5, s) }
+      Thread.pass until t.stop?
+      t.kill
+      t.value
+      assert_equal("", s)
+    end
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      s = "xxx"
+      t = Thread.new {r.read(2, s)}
+      Thread.pass until t.stop?
+      t.kill
+      t.value
+      assert_equal("xxx", s)
+    end
+  end if /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_write_nonblock
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write_nonblock(1)
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("1", r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_with_not_empty_buffer
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      w.write "foob"
+      w.close
+      r.read_nonblock(5, s = "01234567")
+      assert_equal("foob", s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_zero_size
+    File.open(IO::NULL) do |r|
+      assert_empty(r.read_nonblock(0, s = "01234567"))
+      assert_empty(s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_file
+    make_tempfile do |path|
+      File.open(path, 'r') do |file|
+        file.read_nonblock(4)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_write_nonblock_file
+    make_tempfile do |path|
+      File.open(path, 'w') do |file|
+        file.write_nonblock("Ruby")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_path
+    io = IO.for_fd(0, path: "Fake Path", autoclose: false)
+    assert_match %r"Fake Path", io.inspect
+    assert_equal "Fake Path", io.path
+  end
+
+  def test_write_nonblock_simple_no_exceptions
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write_nonblock('1', exception: false)
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("1", r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_error
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      begin
+        r.read_nonblock 4096
+      rescue Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
+        assert_kind_of(IO::WaitReadable, $!)
+      end
+    }
+
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      begin
+        r.read_nonblock 4096, ""
+      rescue Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
+        assert_kind_of(IO::WaitReadable, $!)
+      end
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_invalid_exception
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {r.read_nonblock(4096, exception: 1)}
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_no_exceptions
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_equal :wait_readable, r.read_nonblock(4096, exception: false)
+      w.puts "HI!"
+      assert_equal "HI!\n", r.read_nonblock(4096, exception: false)
+      w.close
+      assert_equal nil, r.read_nonblock(4096, exception: false)
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_read_nonblock_with_buffer_no_exceptions
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_equal :wait_readable, r.read_nonblock(4096, "", exception: false)
+      w.puts "HI!"
+      buf = "buf"
+      value = r.read_nonblock(4096, buf, exception: false)
+      assert_equal value, "HI!\n"
+      assert_same(buf, value)
+      w.close
+      assert_equal nil, r.read_nonblock(4096, "", exception: false)
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_write_nonblock_error
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      begin
+        loop {
+          w.write_nonblock "a"*100000
+        }
+      rescue Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
+        assert_kind_of(IO::WaitWritable, $!)
+      end
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_write_nonblock_invalid_exception
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {w.write_nonblock(4096, exception: 1)}
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_write_nonblock_no_exceptions
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      loop {
+        ret = w.write_nonblock("a"*100000, exception: false)
+        if ret.is_a?(Symbol)
+          assert_equal :wait_writable, ret
+          break
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end if have_nonblock?
+
+  def test_gets
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foobarbaz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("", r.gets(0))
+      assert_equal("foobarbaz", r.gets(9))
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_close_read
+    ruby do |f|
+      f.close_read
+      f.write "foobarbaz"
+      assert_raise(IOError) { f.read }
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {f.close_read}
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {f.close}
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {f.close_read}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close_read_pipe
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      r.close_read
+      assert_raise(Errno::EPIPE) { w.write "foobarbaz" }
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {r.close_read}
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {r.close}
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {r.close_read}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_write_epipe_nosync
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      r.close
+      w.sync = false
+      assert_raise(Errno::EPIPE) {
+        loop { w.write "a" }
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_close_read_non_readable
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_raise(IOError) do
+        w.close_read
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close_write
+    ruby do |f|
+      f.write "foobarbaz"
+      f.close_write
+      assert_equal("foobarbaz", f.read)
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {f.close_write}
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {f.close}
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {f.close_write}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close_write_non_readable
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_raise(IOError) do
+        r.close_write
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close_read_write_separately
+    bug = '[ruby-list:49598]'
+    (1..10).each do |i|
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError, "#{bug} trying ##{i}") do
+        IO.popen(EnvUtil.rubybin, "r+") {|f|
+          th = Thread.new {f.close_write}
+          f.close_read
+          th.join
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pid
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_equal(nil, r.pid)
+      assert_equal(nil, w.pid)
+    }
+
+    begin
+      pipe = IO.popen(EnvUtil.rubybin, "r+")
+      pid1 = pipe.pid
+      pipe.puts "p $$"
+      pipe.close_write
+      pid2 = pipe.read.chomp.to_i
+      assert_equal(pid2, pid1)
+      assert_equal(pid2, pipe.pid)
+    ensure
+      pipe.close
+    end
+    assert_raise(IOError) { pipe.pid }
+  end
+
+  def test_pid_after_close_read
+    pid1 = pid2 = nil
+    IO.popen("exit ;", "r+") do |io|
+      pid1 = io.pid
+      io.close_read
+      pid2 = io.pid
+    end
+    assert_not_nil(pid1)
+    assert_equal(pid1, pid2)
+  end
+
+  def make_tempfile
+    t = Tempfile.new("test_io")
+    t.binmode
+    t.puts "foo"
+    t.puts "bar"
+    t.puts "baz"
+    t.close
+    if block_given?
+      begin
+        yield t
+      ensure
+        t.close(true)
+      end
+    else
+      t
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_set_lineno
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_separately(["-", t.path], <<-SRC)
+        open(ARGV[0]) do |f|
+          assert_equal(0, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(1, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(2, $.)
+          f.lineno = 1000; assert_equal(2, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(1001, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(1001, $.)
+          f.rewind; assert_equal(1001, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(1, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(2, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(3, $.)
+          f.gets; assert_equal(3, $.)
+        end
+      SRC
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_set_lineno_gets
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.gets; assert_equal(1, $.)
+      r.gets; assert_equal(2, $.)
+      r.lineno = 1000; assert_equal(2, $.)
+      r.gets; assert_equal(1001, $.)
+      r.gets; assert_equal(1001, $.)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_bad_param_raises
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        f.readline Object.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        f.readline 1, 2
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_raises
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      assert_equal File.read(__FILE__), f.readline(nil)
+      assert_raise(EOFError) do
+        f.readline
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_separators
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      line = f.readline("def")
+      assert_equal File.read(__FILE__)[/\A.*?def/m], line
+    end
+
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      line = f.readline("def", chomp: true)
+      assert_equal File.read(__FILE__)[/\A.*?(?=def)/m], line
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_separators_limits
+    t = Tempfile.open("readline_limit")
+    str = "#" * 50
+    sep = "def"
+
+    t.write str
+    t.write sep
+    t.write str
+    t.flush
+
+    # over limit
+    File.open(t.path) do |f|
+      line = f.readline sep, str.bytesize
+      assert_equal(str, line)
+    end
+
+    # under limit
+    File.open(t.path) do |f|
+      line = f.readline(sep, str.bytesize + 5)
+      assert_equal(str + sep, line)
+    end
+
+    # under limit + chomp
+    File.open(t.path) do |f|
+      line = f.readline(sep, str.bytesize + 5, chomp: true)
+      assert_equal(str, line)
+    end
+  ensure
+    t&.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_limit_without_separator
+    t = Tempfile.open("readline_limit")
+    str = "#" * 50
+    sep = "\n"
+
+    t.write str
+    t.write sep
+    t.write str
+    t.flush
+
+    # over limit
+    File.open(t.path) do |f|
+      line = f.readline str.bytesize
+      assert_equal(str, line)
+    end
+
+    # under limit
+    File.open(t.path) do |f|
+      line = f.readline(str.bytesize + 5)
+      assert_equal(str + sep, line)
+    end
+
+    # under limit + chomp
+    File.open(t.path) do |f|
+      line = f.readline(str.bytesize + 5, chomp: true)
+      assert_equal(str, line)
+    end
+  ensure
+    t&.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_chomp_true
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      line = f.readline(chomp: true)
+      assert_equal File.readlines(__FILE__).first.chomp, line
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_incompatible_rs
+    first_line = File.open(__FILE__, &:gets).encode("utf-32le")
+    File.open(__FILE__, encoding: "utf-8:utf-32le") {|f|
+      assert_equal first_line, f.readline
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {f.readline("\0")}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_readline_limit_nonascii
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      i = 0
+
+      File.open("text#{i+=1}", "w+:utf-8") do |f|
+        f.write("Test\nok\u{bf}ok\n")
+        f.rewind
+
+        assert_equal("Test\nok\u{bf}", f.readline("\u{bf}"))
+        assert_equal("ok\n", f.readline("\u{bf}"))
+      end
+
+      File.open("text#{i+=1}", "w+b:utf-32le") do |f|
+        f.write("0123456789")
+        f.rewind
+
+        assert_equal(4, f.readline(4).bytesize)
+        assert_equal(4, f.readline(3).bytesize)
+      end
+
+      File.open("text#{i+=1}", "w+:utf-8:utf-32le") do |f|
+        f.write("0123456789")
+        f.rewind
+
+        assert_equal(4, f.readline(4).bytesize)
+        assert_equal(4, f.readline(3).bytesize)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_set_lineno_readline
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.readline; assert_equal(1, $.)
+      r.readline; assert_equal(2, $.)
+      r.lineno = 1000; assert_equal(2, $.)
+      r.readline; assert_equal(1001, $.)
+      assert_raise(EOFError) { r.readline }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_char
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      a = []
+      r.each_char {|c| a << c }
+      assert_equal(%w(f o o) + ["\n"] + %w(b a r) + ["\n"] + %w(b a z) + ["\n"], a)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      e = nil
+      assert_warn('') {
+        e = r.each_line
+      }
+      assert_equal("foo\n", e.next)
+      assert_equal("bar\n", e.next)
+      assert_equal("baz\n", e.next)
+      assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    end)
+
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foo\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal(["foo\n"], r.each_line(nil, chomp: true).to_a, "[Bug #18770]")
+    end)
+
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foo\n"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal(["fo", "o\n"], r.each_line(nil, 2, chomp: true).to_a, "[Bug #18770]")
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte2
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.binmode
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      e = nil
+      assert_warn('') {
+        e = r.each_byte
+      }
+      (%w(f o o) + ["\n"] + %w(b a r) + ["\n"] + %w(b a z) + ["\n"]).each do |c|
+        assert_equal(c.ord, e.next)
+      end
+      assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_char2
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      e = nil
+      assert_warn('') {
+        e = r.each_char
+      }
+      (%w(f o o) + ["\n"] + %w(b a r) + ["\n"] + %w(b a z) + ["\n"]).each do |c|
+        assert_equal(c, e.next)
+      end
+      assert_raise(StopIteration) { e.next }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_readbyte
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.binmode
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.binmode
+      (%w(f o o) + ["\n"] + %w(b a r) + ["\n"] + %w(b a z) + ["\n"]).each do |c|
+        assert_equal(c.ord, r.readbyte)
+      end
+      assert_raise(EOFError) { r.readbyte }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_readchar
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts "foo"
+      w.puts "bar"
+      w.puts "baz"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      (%w(f o o) + ["\n"] + %w(b a r) + ["\n"] + %w(b a z) + ["\n"]).each do |c|
+        assert_equal(c, r.readchar)
+      end
+      assert_raise(EOFError) { r.readchar }
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_close_on_exec
+    ruby do |f|
+      assert_equal(true, f.close_on_exec?)
+      f.close_on_exec = false
+      assert_equal(false, f.close_on_exec?)
+      f.close_on_exec = true
+      assert_equal(true, f.close_on_exec?)
+      f.close_on_exec = false
+      assert_equal(false, f.close_on_exec?)
+    end
+
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_equal(true, r.close_on_exec?)
+      r.close_on_exec = false
+      assert_equal(false, r.close_on_exec?)
+      r.close_on_exec = true
+      assert_equal(true, r.close_on_exec?)
+      r.close_on_exec = false
+      assert_equal(false, r.close_on_exec?)
+
+      assert_equal(true, w.close_on_exec?)
+      w.close_on_exec = false
+      assert_equal(false, w.close_on_exec?)
+      w.close_on_exec = true
+      assert_equal(true, w.close_on_exec?)
+      w.close_on_exec = false
+      assert_equal(false, w.close_on_exec?)
+    end
+  end if have_close_on_exec?
+
+  def test_pos
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path, IO::RDWR|IO::CREAT|IO::TRUNC, 0600) do |f|
+        f.write "Hello"
+        assert_equal(5, f.pos)
+      end
+      open(t.path, IO::RDWR|IO::CREAT|IO::TRUNC, 0600) do |f|
+        f.sync = true
+        f.read
+        f.write "Hello"
+        assert_equal(5, f.pos)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pos_with_getc
+    _bug6179 = '[ruby-core:43497]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      ["", "t", "b"].each do |mode|
+        open(t.path, "w#{mode}") do |f|
+          f.write "0123456789\n"
+        end
+
+        open(t.path, "r#{mode}") do |f|
+          assert_equal 0, f.pos, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal '0', f.getc, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal 1, f.pos, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal '1', f.getc, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal 2, f.pos, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal '2', f.getc, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal 3, f.pos, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal '3', f.getc, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal 4, f.pos, "mode=r#{mode}"
+          assert_equal '4', f.getc, "mode=r#{mode}"
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def can_seek_data(f)
+    if /linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      require "-test-/file"
+      # lseek(2)
+      case Bug::File::Fs.fsname(f.path)
+      when "btrfs"
+        return true if (Etc.uname[:release].split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [3,1]) >= 0
+      when "ocfs"
+        return true if (Etc.uname[:release].split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [3,2]) >= 0
+      when "xfs"
+        return true if (Etc.uname[:release].split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [3,5]) >= 0
+      when "ext4"
+        return true if (Etc.uname[:release].split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [3,8]) >= 0
+      when "tmpfs"
+        return true if (Etc.uname[:release].split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [3,8]) >= 0
+      end
+    end
+    false
+  end
+
+  def test_seek
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        f.seek(9)
+        assert_equal("az\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        f.seek(9, IO::SEEK_SET)
+        assert_equal("az\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        f.seek(-4, IO::SEEK_END)
+        assert_equal("baz\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+        f.seek(2, IO::SEEK_CUR)
+        assert_equal("r\nbaz\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      if defined?(IO::SEEK_DATA)
+        open(t.path) { |f|
+          break unless can_seek_data(f)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+          f.seek(0, IO::SEEK_DATA)
+          assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", f.read)
+        }
+        open(t.path, 'r+') { |f|
+          break unless can_seek_data(f)
+          f.seek(100*1024, IO::SEEK_SET)
+          f.print("zot\n")
+          f.seek(50*1024, IO::SEEK_DATA)
+          assert_operator(f.pos, :>=, 50*1024)
+          assert_match(/\A\0*zot\n\z/, f.read)
+        }
+      end
+
+      if defined?(IO::SEEK_HOLE)
+        open(t.path) { |f|
+          break unless can_seek_data(f)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+          f.seek(0, IO::SEEK_HOLE)
+          assert_operator(f.pos, :>, 20)
+          f.seek(100*1024, IO::SEEK_HOLE)
+          assert_equal("", f.read)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_seek_symwhence
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        f.seek(9, :SET)
+        assert_equal("az\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        f.seek(-4, :END)
+        assert_equal("baz\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      open(t.path) { |f|
+        assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+        f.seek(2, :CUR)
+        assert_equal("r\nbaz\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      if defined?(IO::SEEK_DATA)
+        open(t.path) { |f|
+          break unless can_seek_data(f)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+          f.seek(0, :DATA)
+          assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", f.read)
+        }
+        open(t.path, 'r+') { |f|
+          break unless can_seek_data(f)
+          f.seek(100*1024, :SET)
+          f.print("zot\n")
+          f.seek(50*1024, :DATA)
+          assert_operator(f.pos, :>=, 50*1024)
+          assert_match(/\A\0*zot\n\z/, f.read)
+        }
+      end
+
+      if defined?(IO::SEEK_HOLE)
+        open(t.path) { |f|
+          break unless can_seek_data(f)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+          f.seek(0, :HOLE)
+          assert_operator(f.pos, :>, 20)
+          f.seek(100*1024, :HOLE)
+          assert_equal("", f.read)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sysseek
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path) do |f|
+        f.sysseek(-4, IO::SEEK_END)
+        assert_equal("baz\n", f.read)
+      end
+
+      open(t.path) do |f|
+        a = [f.getc, f.getc, f.getc]
+        a.reverse_each {|c| f.ungetc c }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.sysseek(1) }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_syswrite
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path, "w") do |f|
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.to_s; "FOO\n"; end
+        f.syswrite(o)
+      end
+      assert_equal("FOO\n", File.read(t.path))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sysread
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path) do |f|
+        a = [f.getc, f.getc, f.getc]
+        a.reverse_each {|c| f.ungetc c }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.sysread(1) }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sysread_with_not_empty_buffer
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.write "foob"
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      r.sysread( 5, s = "01234567" )
+      assert_equal( "foob", s )
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_sysread_with_negative_length
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path) do |f|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f.sysread(-1) }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_flag
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        open(t.path, "z") { }
+      end
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        open(t.path, "rr") { }
+      end
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        open(t.path, "rbt") { }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sysopen
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      fd = IO.sysopen(t.path)
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, fd)
+      f = IO.for_fd(fd)
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", f.read)
+      f.close
+
+      fd = IO.sysopen(t.path, "w", 0666)
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, fd)
+      if defined?(Fcntl::F_GETFL)
+        f = IO.for_fd(fd)
+      else
+        f = IO.for_fd(fd, 0666)
+      end
+      f.write("FOO\n")
+      f.close
+
+      fd = IO.sysopen(t.path, "r")
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, fd)
+      f = IO.for_fd(fd)
+      assert_equal("FOO\n", f.read)
+      f.close
+    }
+  end
+
+  def try_fdopen(fd, autoclose = true, level = 50)
+    if level > 0
+      begin
+        1.times {return try_fdopen(fd, autoclose, level - 1)}
+      ensure
+        GC.start
+      end
+    else
+      WeakRef.new(IO.for_fd(fd, autoclose: autoclose))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autoclose
+    feature2250 = '[ruby-core:26222]'
+    pre = 'ft2250'
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
+      t = open("#{d}/#{pre}", "w")
+      f = IO.for_fd(t.fileno)
+      assert_equal(true, f.autoclose?)
+      f.autoclose = false
+      assert_equal(false, f.autoclose?)
+      f.close
+      assert_nothing_raised(Errno::EBADF, feature2250) {t.close}
+
+      t = open("#{d}/#{pre}", "w")
+      f = IO.for_fd(t.fileno, autoclose: false)
+      assert_equal(false, f.autoclose?)
+      f.autoclose = true
+      assert_equal(true, f.autoclose?)
+      f.close
+      assert_raise(Errno::EBADF, feature2250) {t.close}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_autoclose_true_closed_by_finalizer
+    feature2250 = '[ruby-core:26222]'
+    pre = 'ft2250'
+    t = Tempfile.new(pre)
+    w = try_fdopen(t.fileno)
+    begin
+      w.close
+      begin
+        t.close
+      rescue Errno::EBADF
+      end
+      omit "expect IO object was GC'ed but not recycled yet"
+    rescue WeakRef::RefError
+      assert_raise(Errno::EBADF, feature2250) {t.close}
+    end
+  ensure
+    t&.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_autoclose_false_closed_by_finalizer
+    feature2250 = '[ruby-core:26222]'
+    pre = 'ft2250'
+    t = Tempfile.new(pre)
+    w = try_fdopen(t.fileno, false)
+    begin
+      w.close
+      t.close
+      omit "expect IO object was GC'ed but not recycled yet"
+    rescue WeakRef::RefError
+      assert_nothing_raised(Errno::EBADF, feature2250) {t.close}
+    end
+  ensure
+    t.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_open_redirect
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_open; self; end
+    assert_equal(o, open(o))
+    o2 = nil
+    open(o) do |f|
+      o2 = f
+    end
+    assert_equal(o, o2)
+  end
+
+  def test_open_redirect_keyword
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_open(**kw); kw; end
+    assert_equal({:a=>1}, open(o, a: 1))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { open(o, {a: 1}) }
+
+    class << o
+      remove_method(:to_open)
+    end
+    def o.to_open(kw); kw; end
+    assert_equal({:a=>1}, open(o, a: 1))
+    assert_equal({:a=>1}, open(o, {a: 1}))
+  end
+
+  def test_path_with_pipe
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      cmd = "|echo foo"
+      assert_file.not_exist?(cmd)
+
+      pipe_errors = [Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EINVAL, Errno::EACCES, Errno::EPERM]
+      assert_raise(*pipe_errors) { open(cmd, "r+") }
+      assert_raise(*pipe_errors) { IO.read(cmd) }
+      assert_raise(*pipe_errors) { IO.foreach(cmd) {|x| assert false } }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        f.gets
+        assert_nothing_raised {
+          f.reopen(t.path)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+        }
+      end
+
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        f.gets
+        f2 = open(t.path)
+        begin
+          f2.gets
+          assert_nothing_raised {
+            f.reopen(f2)
+            assert_equal("bar\n", f.gets, '[ruby-core:24240]')
+          }
+        ensure
+          f2.close
+        end
+      end
+
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        f2 = open(t.path)
+        begin
+          f.reopen(f2)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+          assert_equal("bar\n", f.gets)
+          f.reopen(f2)
+          assert_equal("baz\n", f.gets, '[ruby-dev:39479]')
+        ensure
+          f2.close
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_inherit
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      system(EnvUtil.rubybin, '-e', <<-"End")
+        f = open("out", "w")
+        STDOUT.reopen(f)
+        STDERR.reopen(f)
+        system(#{EnvUtil.rubybin.dump}, '-e', 'STDOUT.print "out"')
+        system(#{EnvUtil.rubybin.dump}, '-e', 'STDERR.print "err"')
+      End
+      assert_equal("outerr", File.read("out"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_stdio
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      fname = 'bug11319'
+      File.write(fname, 'hello')
+      system(EnvUtil.rubybin, '-e', "STDOUT.reopen('#{fname}', 'w+')")
+      assert_equal('', File.read(fname))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_mode
+    feature7067 = '[ruby-core:47694]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        assert_nothing_raised {
+          f.reopen(t.path, "r")
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+        }
+      end
+
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        assert_nothing_raised(feature7067) {
+          f.reopen(t.path, File::RDONLY)
+          assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_opt
+    feature7103 = '[ruby-core:47806]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        assert_nothing_raised(feature7103) {
+          f.reopen(t.path, "r", binmode: true)
+        }
+        assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+      end
+
+      open(__FILE__) do |f|
+        assert_nothing_raised(feature7103) {
+          f.reopen(t.path, autoclose: false)
+        }
+        assert_equal("foo\n", f.gets)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_binmode
+    f1 = File.open(__FILE__)
+    f2 = File.open(__FILE__)
+    f1.binmode
+    f1.reopen(f2)
+    assert_not_operator(f1, :binmode?)
+  ensure
+    f2.close
+    f1.close
+  end
+
+  def make_tempfile_for_encoding
+    t = make_tempfile
+    open(t.path, "rb+:utf-8") {|f| f.puts "\u7d05\u7389bar\n"}
+    if block_given?
+      yield t
+    else
+      t
+    end
+  ensure
+    t&.close(true) if block_given?
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_encoding
+    make_tempfile_for_encoding {|t|
+      open(__FILE__) {|f|
+        f.reopen(t.path, "r:utf-8")
+        s = f.gets
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\u7d05\u7389bar\n", s)
+      }
+
+      open(__FILE__) {|f|
+        f.reopen(t.path, "r:UTF-8:EUC-JP")
+        s = f.gets
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xB9\xC8\xB6\xCCbar\n".force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_encoding_from_io
+    f1 = File.open(__FILE__, "rb:UTF-16LE")
+    f2 = File.open(__FILE__, "r:UTF-8")
+    f1.reopen(f2)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f1.external_encoding)
+  ensure
+    f2.close
+    f1.close
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_opt_encoding
+    feature7103 = '[ruby-core:47806]'
+    make_tempfile_for_encoding {|t|
+      open(__FILE__) {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised(feature7103) {f.reopen(t.path, encoding: "ASCII-8BIT")}
+        s = f.gets
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xe7\xb4\x85\xe7\x8e\x89bar\n", s)
+      }
+
+      open(__FILE__) {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised(feature7103) {f.reopen(t.path, encoding: "UTF-8:EUC-JP")}
+        s = f.gets
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xB9\xC8\xB6\xCCbar\n".force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  bug11320 = '[ruby-core:69780] [Bug #11320]'
+  ["UTF-8", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS"].each do |enc|
+    define_method("test_reopen_nonascii(#{enc})") do
+      mkcdtmpdir do
+        fname = "\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}".encode(enc)
+        File.write(fname, '')
+        assert_file.exist?(fname)
+        stdin = $stdin.dup
+        begin
+          assert_nothing_raised(Errno::ENOENT, "#{bug11320}: #{enc}") {
+            $stdin.reopen(fname, 'r')
+          }
+        ensure
+          $stdin.reopen(stdin)
+          stdin.close
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_ivar
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      f = File.open(IO::NULL)
+      f.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+      f.reopen(STDIN)
+      f.instance_variable_defined?(:@foo)
+      f.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_foreach
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a)
+
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path, :mode => "r") {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a)
+
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path, :open_args => []) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a)
+
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path, :open_args => ["r"]) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a)
+
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path, "b") {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo\nb", "ar\nb", "az\n"], a)
+
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path, 3) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo", "\n", "bar", "\n", "baz", "\n"], a)
+
+      a = []
+      IO.foreach(t.path, "b", 3) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal(["foo", "\nb", "ar\n", "b", "az\n"], a)
+
+      bug = '[ruby-dev:31525]'
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug) {IO.foreach}
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[Bug #18767] [ruby-core:108499]") {IO.foreach(__FILE__, 0){}}
+
+      a = nil
+      assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug) {a = IO.foreach(t.path).to_a}
+      assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a, bug)
+
+      bug6054 = '[ruby-dev:45267]'
+      assert_raise_with_message(IOError, /not opened for reading/, bug6054) do
+        IO.foreach(t.path, mode:"w").next
+      end
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[Bug #18771] [ruby-core:108503]") {IO.foreach(t, "\n", 10, true){}}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_readlines
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], IO.readlines(t.path))
+      assert_equal(["foo\nb", "ar\nb", "az\n"], IO.readlines(t.path, "b"))
+      assert_equal(["fo", "o\n", "ba", "r\n", "ba", "z\n"], IO.readlines(t.path, 2))
+      assert_equal(["fo", "o\n", "b", "ar", "\nb", "az", "\n"], IO.readlines(t.path, "b", 2))
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[Bug #18771] [ruby-core:108503]") {IO.readlines(t, "\n", 10, true){}}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_printf
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      printf(w, "foo %s baz\n", "bar")
+      w.close_write
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("foo bar baz\n", r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_print
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_in_out_err(["-", t.path],
+                        "print while $<.gets",
+                        %w(foo bar baz), [])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_print_separators
+    assert_deprecated_warning(/non-nil '\$,'/) {$, = ":"}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {$, = 1}
+    assert_deprecated_warning(/non-nil '\$\\'/) {$\ = "\n"}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {$/ = 1}
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.print('a')
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {w.print('a','b','c')}
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("a\n", r.gets)
+      assert_equal("a:b:c\n", r.gets)
+      assert_nil r.gets
+      r.close
+    end)
+  ensure
+    $, = nil
+    $\ = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_putc
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.putc "A"
+      w.putc "BC"
+      w.putc 68
+      w.close_write
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("ABD", r.read)
+    end)
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], "putc 65", %w(A), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_puts_recursive_array
+    a = ["foo"]
+    a << a
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w.puts a
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("foo\n[...]\n", r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_puts_parallel
+    omit "not portable"
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      threads = []
+      100.times do
+        threads << Thread.new { w.puts "hey" }
+      end
+      threads.each(&:join)
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("hey\n" * 100, r.read)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def test_puts_old_write
+    capture = String.new
+    def capture.write(str)
+      self << str
+    end
+
+    capture.clear
+    assert_deprecated_warning(/[.#]write is outdated/) do
+      stdout, $stdout = $stdout, capture
+      puts "hey"
+    ensure
+      $stdout = stdout
+    end
+    assert_equal("hey\n", capture)
+  end
+
+  def test_display
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      "foo".display(w)
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal("foo", r.read)
+    end)
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], "'foo'.display", %w(foo), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_set_stdout
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { $> = Object.new }
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], "$> = $stderr\nputs 'foo'", [], %w(foo))
+
+    assert_separately(%w[-Eutf-8], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      alias $\u{6a19 6e96 51fa 529b} $stdout
+      x = eval("class X\u{307b 3052}; self; end".encode("euc-jp"))
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\\$\u{6a19 6e96 51fa 529b} must.*, X\u{307b 3052} given/) do
+        $\u{6a19 6e96 51fa 529b} = x.new
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    return unless defined?(Fcntl::F_GETFL)
+
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      fd = IO.sysopen(t.path, "w")
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, fd)
+      %w[r r+ w+ a+].each do |mode|
+        assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL, "#{mode} [ruby-dev:38571]") {IO.new(fd, mode)}
+      end
+      f = IO.new(fd, "w")
+      f.write("FOO\n")
+      f.close
+
+      assert_equal("FOO\n", File.read(t.path))
+
+      fd = IO.sysopen(t.path)
+      %w[w r+ w+ a+].each do |mode|
+        assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL, "#{mode} [ruby-dev:38571]") {IO.new(fd, mode)}
+      end
+      f = IO.new(fd, "r")
+      data = f.read
+      f.close
+      assert_equal("FOO\n", data)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_reinitialize
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      f = open(t.path)
+      begin
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+          f.instance_eval { initialize }
+        end
+      ensure
+        f.close
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_with_block
+    assert_in_out_err([], "r, w = IO.pipe; r.autoclose=false; IO.new(r.fileno) {}.close", [], /^.+$/)
+    n = "IO\u{5165 51fa 529b}"
+    c = eval("class #{n} < IO; self; end")
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_warning(/#{n}/) {
+        r.autoclose=false
+        io = c.new(r.fileno) {}
+        io.close
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readline2
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", <<-SRC], "foo\nbar\nbaz\n", %w(foo bar baz end), [])
+      puts readline
+      puts readline
+      puts readline
+      begin
+        puts readline
+      rescue EOFError
+        puts "end"
+      end
+    SRC
+  end
+
+  def test_readlines
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", "p readlines"], "foo\nbar\nbaz\n",
+                      ["[\"foo\\n\", \"bar\\n\", \"baz\\n\"]"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_s_read
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz\n", File.read(t.path))
+      assert_equal("foo\nba", File.read(t.path, 6))
+      assert_equal("bar\n", File.read(t.path, 4, 4))
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.read(t.path, -1) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { File.read(t.path, 1, -1) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized
+    assert_raise(IOError) { IO.allocate.print "" }
+  end
+
+  def test_nofollow
+    # O_NOFOLLOW is not standard.
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      open("file", "w") {|f| f << "content" }
+      begin
+        File.symlink("file", "slnk")
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        return
+      end
+      assert_raise(Errno::EMLINK, Errno::ELOOP) {
+        open("slnk", File::RDONLY|File::NOFOLLOW) {}
+      }
+      assert_raise(Errno::EMLINK, Errno::ELOOP) {
+        File.foreach("slnk", :open_args=>[File::RDONLY|File::NOFOLLOW]) {}
+      }
+    }
+  end if /freebsd|linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and defined? File::NOFOLLOW
+
+  def test_binmode_after_closed
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_raise(IOError) {t.binmode}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_DATA_binmode
+    assert_separately([], <<-SRC)
+assert_not_predicate(DATA, :binmode?)
+__END__
+    SRC
+  end
+
+  def test_threaded_flush
+    bug3585 = '[ruby-core:31348]'
+    src = "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      t = Thread.new { sleep 3 }
+      Thread.new {sleep 1; t.kill; p 'hi!'}
+      t.join
+    end;
+    10.times.map do
+      Thread.start do
+        assert_in_out_err([], src, timeout: 20) {|stdout, stderr|
+          assert_no_match(/hi.*hi/, stderr.join, bug3585)
+        }
+      end
+    end.each {|th| th.join}
+  end
+
+  def test_flush_in_finalizer1
+    bug3910 = '[ruby-dev:42341]'
+    tmp = Tempfile.open("bug3910") {|t|
+      path = t.path
+      t.close
+      fds = []
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug3910) do
+        500.times {
+          f = File.open(path, "w")
+          f.instance_variable_set(:@test_flush_in_finalizer1, true)
+          fds << f.fileno
+          f.print "hoge"
+        }
+      end
+      t
+    }
+  ensure
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(File) {|f|
+      if f.instance_variables.include?(:@test_flush_in_finalizer1)
+        f.close
+      end
+    }
+    tmp.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_flush_in_finalizer2
+    bug3910 = '[ruby-dev:42341]'
+    Tempfile.create("bug3910") {|t|
+      path = t.path
+      t.close
+      begin
+        1.times do
+          io = open(path,"w")
+          io.instance_variable_set(:@test_flush_in_finalizer2, true)
+          io.print "hoge"
+        end
+        assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug3910) do
+          GC.start
+        end
+      ensure
+        ObjectSpace.each_object(File) {|f|
+          if f.instance_variables.include?(:@test_flush_in_finalizer2)
+            f.close
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_readlines_limit_0
+    bug4024 = '[ruby-dev:42538]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path, "r") do |io|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug4024) do
+          io.readlines(0)
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line_limit_0
+    bug4024 = '[ruby-dev:42538]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      open(t.path, "r") do |io|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug4024) do
+          io.each_line(0).next
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def os_and_fs(path)
+    uname = Etc.uname
+    os = "#{uname[:sysname]} #{uname[:release]}"
+
+    fs = nil
+    if uname[:sysname] == 'Linux'
+      # [ruby-dev:45703] Old Linux's fadvise() doesn't work on tmpfs.
+      mount = `mount`
+      mountpoints = []
+      mount.scan(/ on (\S+) type (\S+) /) {
+        mountpoints << [$1, $2]
+      }
+      mountpoints.sort_by {|mountpoint, fstype| mountpoint.length }.reverse_each {|mountpoint, fstype|
+        if path == mountpoint
+          fs = fstype
+          break
+        end
+        mountpoint += "/" if %r{/\z} !~ mountpoint
+        if path.start_with?(mountpoint)
+          fs = fstype
+          break
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    if fs
+      "#{fs} on #{os}"
+    else
+      os
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_advise
+    make_tempfile {|tf|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, "no arguments") { tf.advise }
+      %w{normal random sequential willneed dontneed noreuse}.map(&:to_sym).each do |adv|
+        [[0,0], [0, 20], [400, 2]].each do |offset, len|
+          open(tf.path) do |t|
+            ret = assert_nothing_raised(lambda { os_and_fs(tf.path) }) {
+              begin
+                t.advise(adv, offset, len)
+              rescue Errno::EINVAL => e
+                if /linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM && (Etc.uname[:release].split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [3,6]) < 0
+                  next # [ruby-core:65355] tmpfs is not supported
+                else
+                  raise e
+                end
+              end
+            }
+            assert_nil(ret)
+            assert_raise(ArgumentError, "superfluous arguments") do
+              t.advise(adv, offset, len, offset)
+            end
+            assert_raise(TypeError, "wrong type for first argument") do
+              t.advise(adv.to_s, offset, len)
+            end
+            assert_raise(TypeError, "wrong type for last argument") do
+              t.advise(adv, offset, Array(len))
+            end
+            assert_raise(RangeError, "last argument too big") do
+              t.advise(adv, offset, 9999e99)
+            end
+          end
+          assert_raise(IOError, "closed file") do
+            make_tempfile {|tf2|
+              tf2.advise(adv.to_sym, offset, len)
+            }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_advise
+    feature4204 = '[ruby-dev:42887]'
+    make_tempfile {|tf|
+      %W{Normal rand glark will_need zzzzzzzzzzzz \u2609}.map(&:to_sym).each do |adv|
+        [[0,0], [0, 20], [400, 2]].each do |offset, len|
+          open(tf.path) do |t|
+            assert_raise_with_message(NotImplementedError, /#{Regexp.quote(adv.inspect)}/, feature4204) { t.advise(adv, offset, len) }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_fcntl_lock_linux
+    pad = 0
+    Tempfile.create(self.class.name) do |f|
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      pid = fork do
+        r.close
+        lock = [Fcntl::F_WRLCK, IO::SEEK_SET, pad, 12, 34, 0].pack("s!s!i!L!L!i!")
+        f.fcntl Fcntl::F_SETLKW, lock
+        w.syswrite "."
+        sleep
+      end
+      w.close
+      assert_equal ".", r.read(1)
+      r.close
+      pad = 0
+      getlock = [Fcntl::F_WRLCK, 0, pad, 0, 0, 0].pack("s!s!i!L!L!i!")
+      f.fcntl Fcntl::F_GETLK, getlock
+
+      ptype, whence, pad, start, len, lockpid = getlock.unpack("s!s!i!L!L!i!")
+
+      assert_equal(ptype, Fcntl::F_WRLCK)
+      assert_equal(whence, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      assert_equal(start, 12)
+      assert_equal(len, 34)
+      assert_equal(pid, lockpid)
+
+      Process.kill :TERM, pid
+      Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    end
+  end if /x86_64-linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and # A binary form of struct flock depend on platform
+    [nil].pack("p").bytesize == 8 # unless x32 platform.
+
+  def test_fcntl_lock_freebsd
+    start = 12
+    len = 34
+    sysid = 0
+    Tempfile.create(self.class.name) do |f|
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      pid = fork do
+        r.close
+        lock = [start, len, 0, Fcntl::F_WRLCK, IO::SEEK_SET, sysid].pack("qqis!s!i!")
+        f.fcntl Fcntl::F_SETLKW, lock
+        w.syswrite "."
+        sleep
+      end
+      w.close
+      assert_equal ".", r.read(1)
+      r.close
+
+      getlock = [0, 0, 0, Fcntl::F_WRLCK, 0, 0].pack("qqis!s!i!")
+      f.fcntl Fcntl::F_GETLK, getlock
+
+      start, len, lockpid, ptype, whence, sysid = getlock.unpack("qqis!s!i!")
+
+      assert_equal(ptype, Fcntl::F_WRLCK)
+      assert_equal(whence, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      assert_equal(start, 12)
+      assert_equal(len, 34)
+      assert_equal(pid, lockpid)
+
+      Process.kill :TERM, pid
+      Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    end
+  end if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # A binary form of struct flock depend on platform
+
+  def test_fcntl_dupfd
+    Tempfile.create(self.class.name) do |f|
+      fd = f.fcntl(Fcntl::F_DUPFD, 63)
+      begin
+        assert_operator(fd, :>=, 63)
+      ensure
+        IO.for_fd(fd).close
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cross_thread_close_fd
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      read_thread = Thread.new do
+        begin
+          r.read(1)
+        rescue => e
+          e
+        end
+      end
+
+      sleep(0.1) until read_thread.stop?
+      r.close
+      read_thread.join
+      assert_kind_of(IOError, read_thread.value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cross_thread_close_stdio
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+      IO.pipe do |r,w|
+        $stdin.reopen(r)
+        r.close
+        read_thread = Thread.new do
+          begin
+            $stdin.read(1)
+          rescue IOError => e
+            e
+          end
+        end
+        sleep(0.1) until read_thread.stop?
+        $stdin.close
+        assert_kind_of(IOError, read_thread.value)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_single_exception_on_close
+    a = []
+    t = []
+    10.times do
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      a << [r, w]
+      t << Thread.new do
+        while r.gets
+        end rescue IOError
+        Thread.current.pending_interrupt?
+      end
+    end
+    a.each do |r, w|
+      w.write(-"\n")
+      w.close
+      r.close
+    end
+    t.each do |th|
+      assert_equal false, th.value, '[ruby-core:81581] [Bug #13632]'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_open_mode
+    feature4742 = "[ruby-core:36338]"
+    bug6055 = '[ruby-dev:45268]'
+
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      assert_not_nil(f = File.open('symbolic', 'w'))
+      f.close
+      assert_not_nil(f = File.open('numeric',  File::WRONLY|File::TRUNC|File::CREAT))
+      f.close
+      assert_not_nil(f = File.open('hash-symbolic', :mode => 'w'))
+      f.close
+      assert_not_nil(f = File.open('hash-numeric', :mode => File::WRONLY|File::TRUNC|File::CREAT), feature4742)
+      f.close
+      assert_nothing_raised(bug6055) {f = File.open('hash-symbolic', binmode: true)}
+      f.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_s_write
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      path = "test_s_write"
+      File.write(path, "foo\nbar\nbaz")
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz", File.read(path))
+      File.write(path, "FOO", 0)
+      assert_equal("FOO\nbar\nbaz", File.read(path))
+      File.write(path, "BAR")
+      assert_equal("BAR", File.read(path))
+      File.write(path, "\u{3042}", mode: "w", encoding: "EUC-JP")
+      assert_equal("\u{3042}".encode("EUC-JP"), File.read(path, encoding: "EUC-JP"))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_equal(6, File.write(path, 'string', 2))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL) { File.write('nonexisting','string', -2) }
+      assert_equal(6, File.write(path, 'string'))
+      assert_equal(3, File.write(path, 'sub', 1))
+      assert_equal("ssubng", File.read(path))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_equal(3, File.write(path, "foo", encoding: "UTF-8"))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_equal(3, File.write(path, "foo", 0, encoding: "UTF-8"))
+      assert_equal("foo", File.read(path))
+      assert_equal(1, File.write(path, "f", 1, encoding: "UTF-8"))
+      assert_equal("ffo", File.read(path))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_equal(1, File.write(path, "f", 1, encoding: "UTF-8"))
+      assert_equal("\00f", File.read(path))
+      assert_equal(1, File.write(path, "f", 0, encoding: "UTF-8"))
+      assert_equal("ff", File.read(path))
+      File.write(path, "foo", Object.new => Object.new)
+      assert_equal("foo", File.read(path))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_s_binread_does_not_leak_with_invalid_offset
+    assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL) { IO.binread(__FILE__, 0, -1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_binwrite
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      path = "test_s_binwrite"
+      File.binwrite(path, "foo\nbar\nbaz")
+      assert_equal("foo\nbar\nbaz", File.read(path))
+      File.binwrite(path, "FOO", 0)
+      assert_equal("FOO\nbar\nbaz", File.read(path))
+      File.binwrite(path, "BAR")
+      assert_equal("BAR", File.read(path))
+      File.binwrite(path, "\u{3042}")
+      assert_equal("\u{3042}".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT"), File.binread(path))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_equal(6, File.binwrite(path, 'string', 2))
+      File.delete path
+      assert_equal(6, File.binwrite(path, 'string'))
+      assert_equal(3, File.binwrite(path, 'sub', 1))
+      assert_equal("ssubng", File.binread(path))
+      assert_equal(6, File.size(path))
+      assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL) { File.binwrite('nonexisting', 'string', -2) }
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) { File.binwrite(path, "string", mode: "w", encoding: "EUC-JP") }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_race_between_read
+    Tempfile.create("test") {|file|
+      begin
+        path = file.path
+        file.close
+        write_file = File.open(path, "wt")
+        read_file = File.open(path, "rt")
+
+        threads = []
+        10.times do |i|
+          threads << Thread.new {write_file.print(i)}
+          threads << Thread.new {read_file.read}
+        end
+        assert_join_threads(threads)
+        assert(true, "[ruby-core:37197]")
+      ensure
+        read_file.close
+        write_file.close
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_warn
+    assert_warning "warning\n" do
+      warn "warning"
+    end
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      warn
+    end
+
+    assert_warning "[Feature #5029]\n[ruby-core:38070]\n" do
+      warn "[Feature #5029]", "[ruby-core:38070]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cloexec
+    return unless defined? Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC
+    open(__FILE__) {|f|
+      assert_predicate(f, :close_on_exec?)
+      g = f.dup
+      begin
+        assert_predicate(g, :close_on_exec?)
+        f.reopen(g)
+        assert_predicate(f, :close_on_exec?)
+      ensure
+        g.close
+      end
+      g = IO.new(f.fcntl(Fcntl::F_DUPFD))
+      begin
+        assert_predicate(g, :close_on_exec?)
+      ensure
+        g.close
+      end
+    }
+    IO.pipe {|r,w|
+      assert_predicate(r, :close_on_exec?)
+      assert_predicate(w, :close_on_exec?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ioctl_linux
+    # Alpha, mips, sparc and ppc have an another ioctl request number scheme.
+    # So, hardcoded 0x80045200 may fail.
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      File.open('/dev/urandom'){|f1|
+        entropy_count = ""
+        # RNDGETENTCNT(0x80045200) mean "get entropy count".
+        f1.ioctl(0x80045200, entropy_count)
+      }
+    end
+
+    buf = ''
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      fionread = 0x541B
+      File.open(__FILE__){|f1|
+        f1.ioctl(fionread, buf)
+      }
+    end
+    assert_equal(File.size(__FILE__), buf.unpack('i!')[0])
+  end if /^(?:i.?86|x86_64)-linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_ioctl_linux2
+    return unless STDIN.tty? # stdin is not a terminal
+    begin
+      f = File.open('/dev/tty')
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::ENXIO => e
+      omit e.message
+    else
+      tiocgwinsz=0x5413
+      winsize=""
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        f.ioctl(tiocgwinsz, winsize)
+      }
+    ensure
+      f&.close
+    end
+  end if /^(?:i.?86|x86_64)-linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_setpos
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      File.open("tmp.txt", "wb") {|f|
+        f.puts "a"
+        f.puts "bc"
+        f.puts "def"
+      }
+      pos1 = pos2 = pos3 = nil
+      File.open("tmp.txt", "rb") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        pos1 = f.pos
+        assert_equal("bc\n", f.gets)
+        pos2 = f.pos
+        assert_equal("def\n", f.gets)
+        pos3 = f.pos
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+      File.open("tmp.txt", "rb") {|f|
+        f.pos = pos1
+        assert_equal("bc\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("def\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+      File.open("tmp.txt", "rb") {|f|
+        f.pos = pos2
+        assert_equal("def\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+      File.open("tmp.txt", "rb") {|f|
+        f.pos = pos3
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+      File.open("tmp.txt", "rb") {|f|
+        f.pos = File.size("tmp.txt")
+        s = "not empty string        "
+        assert_equal("", f.read(0,s))
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_std_fileno
+    assert_equal(0, STDIN.fileno)
+    assert_equal(1, STDOUT.fileno)
+    assert_equal(2, STDERR.fileno)
+    assert_equal(0, $stdin.fileno)
+    assert_equal(1, $stdout.fileno)
+    assert_equal(2, $stderr.fileno)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_fileno
+    bug9865 = '[ruby-dev:48241] [Bug #9865]'
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      fd = r.fileno
+      assert_equal(fd, r.freeze.fileno, bug9865)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_autoclose
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      assert_equal(true, r.freeze.autoclose?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sysread_locktmp
+    bug6099 = '[ruby-dev:45297]'
+    buf = " " * 100
+    data = "a" * 100
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      th = Thread.new {r.sysread(100, buf)}
+
+      Thread.pass until th.stop?
+
+      assert_equal 100, buf.bytesize
+
+      msg = /can't modify string; temporarily locked/
+      assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, msg) do
+        buf.replace("")
+      end
+      assert_predicate(th, :alive?)
+      w.write(data)
+      th.join
+    end
+    assert_equal(data, buf, bug6099)
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_locktmp
+    bug6099 = '[ruby-dev:45297]'
+    buf = " " * 100
+    data = "a" * 100
+    th = nil
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      r.nonblock = true
+      th = Thread.new {r.readpartial(100, buf)}
+
+      Thread.pass until th.stop?
+
+      assert_equal 100, buf.bytesize
+
+      msg = /can't modify string; temporarily locked/
+      assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, msg) do
+        buf.replace("")
+      end
+      assert_predicate(th, :alive?)
+      w.write(data)
+      th.join
+    end
+    assert_equal(data, buf, bug6099)
+  end
+
+  def test_advise_pipe
+    # we don't know if other platforms have a real posix_fadvise()
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      # Linux 2.6.15 and earlier returned EINVAL instead of ESPIPE
+      assert_raise(Errno::ESPIPE, Errno::EINVAL) {
+        r.advise(:willneed) or omit "fadvise(2) is not implemented"
+      }
+      assert_raise(Errno::ESPIPE, Errno::EINVAL) {
+        w.advise(:willneed) or omit "fadvise(2) is not implemented"
+      }
+    end
+  end if /linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def assert_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error
+    bug6764 = '[ruby-core:46586]'
+    bug9847 = '[ruby-core:62643] [Bug #9847]'
+    size = 28
+    data = [*"a".."z", *"A".."Z"].shuffle.join("")
+    t = Tempfile.new("test_io")
+    t.write(data)
+    t.close
+    w = []
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug6764) do
+      buf = ''
+      File.open(t.path, "r") do |r|
+        while yield(r, size, buf)
+          w << buf.dup
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(data, w.join(""), bug9847)
+  ensure
+    t.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_read_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error
+    assert_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error do |r, size, buf|
+      r.read(size, buf)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sysread_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error
+    assert_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error do |r, size, buf|
+      begin
+        r.sysread(size, buf)
+      rescue EOFError
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_readpartial_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error
+    assert_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error do |r, size, buf|
+      begin
+        r.readpartial(size, buf)
+      rescue EOFError
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_puts_recursive_ary
+    bug5986 = '[ruby-core:42444]'
+    c = Class.new {
+      def to_ary
+        [self]
+      end
+    }
+    s = StringIO.new
+    s.puts(c.new)
+    assert_equal("[...]\n", s.string, bug5986)
+  end
+
+  def test_io_select_with_many_files
+    bug8080 = '[ruby-core:53349]'
+
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require "tempfile"
+
+      # Unfortunately, ruby doesn't export FD_SETSIZE. then we assume it's 1024.
+      fd_setsize = 1024
+
+      # try to raise RLIM_NOFILE to >FD_SETSIZE
+      begin
+        Process.setrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE, fd_setsize+20)
+      rescue Errno::EPERM
+        exit 0
+      end
+
+      tempfiles = []
+      (0...fd_setsize).map {|i|
+        tempfiles << Tempfile.create("test_io_select_with_many_files")
+      }
+
+      begin
+        IO.select(tempfiles)
+      ensure
+        tempfiles.each { |t|
+          t.close
+          File.unlink(t.path)
+        }
+      end
+    }, bug8080, timeout: 100
+  end if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+
+  def test_read_32bit_boundary
+    bug8431 = '[ruby-core:55098] [Bug #8431]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      assert_separately(["-", bug8431, t.path], <<-"end;")
+        msg = ARGV.shift
+        f = open(ARGV[0], "rb")
+        f.seek(0xffff_ffff)
+        assert_nil(f.read(1), msg)
+      end;
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_write_32bit_boundary
+    bug8431 = '[ruby-core:55098] [Bug #8431]'
+    make_tempfile {|t|
+      def t.close(unlink_now = false)
+        # TODO: Tempfile should deal with this delay on Windows?
+        # NOTE: re-opening with O_TEMPORARY does not work.
+        path = self.path
+        ret = super
+        if unlink_now
+          begin
+            File.unlink(path)
+          rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          rescue Errno::EACCES
+            sleep(2)
+            retry
+          end
+        end
+        ret
+      end
+
+      begin
+        assert_separately(["-", bug8431, t.path], <<-"end;", timeout: 30)
+          msg = ARGV.shift
+          f = open(ARGV[0], "wb")
+          f.seek(0xffff_ffff)
+          begin
+            # this will consume very long time or fail by ENOSPC on a
+            # filesystem which sparse file is not supported
+            f.write('1')
+            pos = f.tell
+          rescue Errno::ENOSPC
+            omit "non-sparse file system"
+          rescue SystemCallError
+          else
+            assert_equal(0x1_0000_0000, pos, msg)
+          end
+        end;
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+        omit "Timeout because of slow file writing"
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_unlocktmp_ensure
+    bug8669 = '[ruby-core:56121] [Bug #8669]'
+
+    str = ""
+    IO.pipe {|r,|
+      t = Thread.new {
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+          r.read(nil, str)
+        }
+      }
+      sleep 0.1 until t.stop?
+      t.raise
+      sleep 0.1 while t.alive?
+      assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug8669) { str.clear }
+      t.join
+    }
+  end if /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_readpartial_unlocktmp_ensure
+    bug8669 = '[ruby-core:56121] [Bug #8669]'
+
+    str = ""
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      t = Thread.new {
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+          r.readpartial(4096, str)
+        }
+      }
+      sleep 0.1 until t.stop?
+      t.raise
+      sleep 0.1 while t.alive?
+      assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug8669) { str.clear }
+      t.join
+    }
+  end if /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_readpartial_bad_args
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      w.write '.'
+      buf = String.new
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { r.readpartial(1, buf, exception: false) }
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { r.readpartial(1, exception: false) }
+      assert_equal [[r],[],[]], IO.select([r], nil, nil, 1)
+      assert_equal '.', r.readpartial(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sysread_unlocktmp_ensure
+    bug8669 = '[ruby-core:56121] [Bug #8669]'
+
+    str = ""
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      t = Thread.new {
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+          r.sysread(4096, str)
+        }
+      }
+      sleep 0.1 until t.stop?
+      t.raise
+      sleep 0.1 while t.alive?
+      assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug8669) { str.clear }
+      t.join
+    }
+  end if /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_exception_at_close
+    bug10153 = '[ruby-core:64463] [Bug #10153] exception in close at the end of block'
+    assert_raise(Errno::EBADF, bug10153) do
+      IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        assert_nothing_raised {IO.open(w.fileno) {}}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close_twice
+    open(__FILE__) {|f|
+      assert_equal(nil, f.close)
+      assert_equal(nil, f.close)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_close_uninitialized
+    io = IO.allocate
+    assert_raise(IOError) { io.close }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_fifo_does_not_block_other_threads
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      File.mkfifo("fifo")
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+    else
+      assert_separately([], <<-'EOS')
+        t1 = Thread.new {
+          open("fifo", "r") {|r|
+            r.read
+          }
+        }
+        t2 = Thread.new {
+          open("fifo", "w") {|w|
+            w.write "foo"
+          }
+        }
+        t1_value, _ = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+        assert_equal("foo", t1_value)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_open_fifo_restart_at_signal_intterupt
+    mkcdtmpdir do
+      File.mkfifo("fifo")
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+    else
+      wait = EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(0.1)
+      data = "writing to fifo"
+
+      # Do not use assert_separately, because reading from stdin
+      # prevents to reproduce [Bug #20708]
+      assert_in_out_err(["-e", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"], [], [data])
+      wait, data = #{wait}, #{data.dump}
+      ;
+      begin;
+        trap(:USR1) {}
+        Thread.new do
+          sleep wait; Process.kill(:USR1, $$)
+          sleep wait; File.write("fifo", data)
+        end
+        puts File.read("fifo")
+      end;
+    end
+  end if Signal.list[:USR1] # Pointless on platforms without signal
+
+  def test_open_flag
+    make_tempfile do |t|
+      assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST){ open(t.path, File::WRONLY|File::CREAT, flags: File::EXCL){} }
+      assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST){ open(t.path, 'w', flags: File::EXCL){} }
+      assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST){ open(t.path, mode: 'w', flags: File::EXCL){} }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_open_flag_binary
+    binary_enc = Encoding.find("BINARY")
+    make_tempfile do |t|
+      open(t.path, File::RDONLY, flags: File::BINARY) do |f|
+        assert_equal true, f.binmode?
+        assert_equal binary_enc, f.external_encoding
+      end
+      open(t.path, 'r', flags: File::BINARY) do |f|
+        assert_equal true, f.binmode?
+        assert_equal binary_enc, f.external_encoding
+      end
+      open(t.path, mode: 'r', flags: File::BINARY) do |f|
+        assert_equal true, f.binmode?
+        assert_equal binary_enc, f.external_encoding
+      end
+      open(t.path, File::RDONLY|File::BINARY) do |f|
+        assert_equal true, f.binmode?
+        assert_equal binary_enc, f.external_encoding
+      end
+      open(t.path, File::RDONLY|File::BINARY, autoclose: true) do |f|
+        assert_equal true, f.binmode?
+        assert_equal binary_enc, f.external_encoding
+      end
+    end
+  end if File::BINARY != 0
+
+  def test_exclusive_mode
+    make_tempfile do |t|
+      assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST){ open(t.path, 'wx'){} }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError){ open(t.path, 'rx'){} }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError){ open(t.path, 'ax'){} }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_race_gets_and_close
+    opt = { signal: :ABRT, timeout: 10 }
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", **opt)
+    bug13076 = '[ruby-core:78845] [Bug #13076]'
+    begin;
+      10.times do |i|
+        a = []
+        t = []
+        10.times do
+          r,w = IO.pipe
+          a << [r,w]
+          t << Thread.new do
+            begin
+              while r.gets
+              end
+            rescue IOError
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        a.each do |r,w|
+          w.puts "hoge"
+          w.close
+          r.close
+        end
+        t.each do |th|
+          assert_same(th, th.join(2), bug13076)
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_race_closed_stream
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      bug13158 = '[ruby-core:79262] [Bug #13158]'
+      closed = nil
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        thread = Thread.new do
+          begin
+            q << true
+            assert_raise_with_message(IOError, /stream closed/) do
+              while r.gets
+              end
+            end
+          ensure
+            closed = r.closed?
+          end
+        end
+        q.pop
+        sleep 0.01 until thread.stop?
+        r.close
+        thread.join
+        assert_equal(true, closed, bug13158 + ': stream should be closed')
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" # implementation details
+    def test_foreach_rs_conversion
+      make_tempfile {|t|
+        a = []
+        rs = Struct.new(:count).new(0)
+        def rs.to_str; self.count += 1; "\n"; end
+        IO.foreach(t.path, rs) {|x| a << x }
+        assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a)
+        assert_equal(1, rs.count)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_foreach_rs_invalid
+      make_tempfile {|t|
+        rs = Object.new
+        def rs.to_str; raise "invalid rs"; end
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+          IO.foreach(t.path, rs, mode:"w") {}
+        end
+        assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], IO.foreach(t.path).to_a)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_foreach_limit_conversion
+      make_tempfile {|t|
+        a = []
+        lim = Struct.new(:count).new(0)
+        def lim.to_int; self.count += 1; -1; end
+        IO.foreach(t.path, lim) {|x| a << x }
+        assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], a)
+        assert_equal(1, lim.count)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_foreach_limit_invalid
+      make_tempfile {|t|
+        lim = Object.new
+        def lim.to_int; raise "invalid limit"; end
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+          IO.foreach(t.path, lim, mode:"w") {}
+        end
+        assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], IO.foreach(t.path).to_a)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_readlines_rs_invalid
+      make_tempfile {|t|
+        rs = Object.new
+        def rs.to_str; raise "invalid rs"; end
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+          IO.readlines(t.path, rs, mode:"w")
+        end
+        assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], IO.readlines(t.path))
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_readlines_limit_invalid
+      make_tempfile {|t|
+        lim = Object.new
+        def lim.to_int; raise "invalid limit"; end
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+          IO.readlines(t.path, lim, mode:"w")
+        end
+        assert_equal(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"], IO.readlines(t.path))
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_closed_stream_in_rescue
+      omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+      begin;
+      10.times do
+        assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, /frozen IOError/) do
+          IO.pipe do |r, w|
+            th = Thread.start {r.close}
+            r.gets
+          rescue IOError
+            # swallow pending exceptions
+            begin
+              sleep 0.001
+            rescue IOError
+              retry
+            end
+          ensure
+            th.kill.join
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pread
+    make_tempfile { |t|
+      open(t.path) do |f|
+        assert_equal("bar", f.pread(3, 4))
+        buf = "asdf"
+        assert_equal("bar", f.pread(3, 4, buf))
+        assert_equal("bar", buf)
+        assert_raise(EOFError) { f.pread(1, f.size) }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pwrite
+    make_tempfile { |t|
+      open(t.path, IO::RDWR) do |f|
+        assert_equal(3, f.pwrite("ooo", 4))
+        assert_equal("ooo", f.pread(3, 4))
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_exceptfds
+    if Etc.uname[:sysname] == 'SunOS'
+      str = 'h'.freeze #(???) Only 1 byte with MSG_OOB on Solaris
+    else
+      str = 'hello'.freeze
+    end
+
+    TCPServer.open('localhost', 0) do |svr|
+      con = TCPSocket.new('localhost', svr.addr[1])
+      acc = svr.accept
+      assert_equal str.length, con.send(str, Socket::MSG_OOB)
+      set = IO.select(nil, nil, [acc], 30)
+      assert_equal([[], [], [acc]], set, 'IO#select exceptions array OK')
+      acc.close
+      con.close
+    end
+  end if Socket.const_defined?(:MSG_OOB)
+
+  def test_select_timeout
+    assert_equal(nil, IO.select(nil,nil,nil,0))
+    assert_equal(nil, IO.select(nil,nil,nil,0.0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { IO.select(nil,nil,nil,"invalid-timeout") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { IO.select(nil,nil,nil,-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { IO.select(nil,nil,nil,-0.1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { IO.select(nil,nil,nil,-Float::INFINITY) }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { IO.select(nil,nil,nil,Float::NAN) }
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      w << "x"
+      ret = [[r], [], []]
+      assert_equal(ret, IO.select([r],nil,nil,0.1))
+      assert_equal(ret, IO.select([r],nil,nil,1))
+      assert_equal(ret, IO.select([r],nil,nil,Float::INFINITY))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_recycled_fd_close
+    dot = -'.'
+    IO.pipe do |sig_rd, sig_wr|
+      noex = Thread.new do # everything right and never see exceptions :)
+        until sig_rd.wait_readable(0)
+          IO.pipe do |r, w|
+            assert_nil r.timeout
+            assert_nil w.timeout
+
+            th = Thread.new { r.read(1) }
+            w.write(dot)
+
+            assert_same th, th.join(15), '"good" reader timeout'
+            assert_equal(dot, th.value)
+          end
+        end
+        sig_rd.read(4)
+      end
+      1000.times do |i| # stupid things and make exceptions:
+        IO.pipe do |r,w|
+          th = Thread.new do
+            begin
+              while r.gets
+              end
+            rescue IOError => e
+              e
+            end
+          end
+          Thread.pass until th.stop?
+
+          r.close
+          assert_same th, th.join(30), '"bad" reader timeout'
+          assert_match(/stream closed/, th.value.message)
+        end
+      end
+      sig_wr.write 'done'
+      assert_same noex, noex.join(20), '"good" writer timeout'
+      assert_equal 'done', noex.value ,'r63216'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_select_memory_leak
+    # avoid malloc arena explosion from glibc and jemalloc:
+    env = {
+      'MALLOC_ARENA_MAX' => '1',
+      'MALLOC_ARENA_TEST' => '1',
+      'MALLOC_CONF' => 'narenas:1',
+    }
+    assert_no_memory_leak([env], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'else;'}", "#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true, timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      rset = [r]
+      wset = [w]
+      exc = StandardError.new(-"select used to leak on exception")
+      exc.set_backtrace([])
+      Thread.new { IO.select(rset, wset, nil, 0) }.join
+    else;
+      th = Thread.new do
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(StandardError => :on_blocking) do
+          begin
+            IO.select(rset, wset)
+          rescue
+            retry
+          end while true
+        end
+      end
+      50_000.times do
+        Thread.pass until th.stop?
+        th.raise(exc)
+      end
+      th.kill
+      th.join
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_external_encoding_index
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.dump(r)}
+      assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.dump(w)}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_closed_io
+    bug18077 = '[ruby-core:104927] [Bug #18077]'
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    r.close; w.close
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug18077) {Marshal.dump(r)}
+
+    class << r
+      undef_method :closed?
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug18077) {Marshal.dump(r)}
+  end
+
+  def test_stdout_to_closed_pipe
+    EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(["-e", "loop {puts :ok}"], "", true, true) do
+      |in_p, out_p, err_p, pid|
+      out = out_p.gets
+      out_p.close
+      err = err_p.read
+    ensure
+      status = Process.wait2(pid)[1]
+      assert_equal("ok\n", out)
+      assert_empty(err)
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+      if Signal.list["PIPE"]
+        assert_predicate(status, :signaled?)
+        assert_equal("PIPE", Signal.signame(status.termsig) || status.termsig)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_blocking_timeout
+    assert_separately([], <<~'RUBY')
+      IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        trap(:INT) do
+          w.puts "INT"
+        end
+
+        main = Thread.current
+        thread = Thread.new do
+          # Wait until the main thread has entered `$stdin.gets`:
+          Thread.pass until main.status == 'sleep'
+
+          # Cause an interrupt while handling `$stdin.gets`:
+          Process.kill :INT, $$
+        end
+
+        r.timeout = 1
+        assert_equal("INT", r.gets.chomp)
+      rescue IO::TimeoutError
+        # Ignore - some platforms don't support interrupting `gets`.
+      ensure
+        thread&.join
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_fork_close
+    omit "fork is not supported" unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+    assert_separately([], <<~'RUBY')
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+
+      thread = Thread.new do
+        r.read
+      end
+
+      Thread.pass until thread.status == "sleep"
+
+      pid = fork do
+        r.close
+      end
+
+      w.close
+
+      status = Process.wait2(pid).last
+      thread.join
+
+      assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+    RUBY
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_io_buffer.rb b/test/ruby/test_io_buffer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..706ce16c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_io_buffer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,933 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+
+class TestIOBuffer < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  experimental = Warning[:experimental]
+  begin
+    Warning[:experimental] = false
+    IO::Buffer.new(0)
+  ensure
+    Warning[:experimental] = experimental
+  end
+
+  def assert_negative(value)
+    assert(value < 0, "Expected #{value} to be negative!")
+  end
+
+  def assert_positive(value)
+    assert(value > 0, "Expected #{value} to be positive!")
+  end
+
+  def test_flags
+    assert_equal 1, IO::Buffer::EXTERNAL
+    assert_equal 2, IO::Buffer::INTERNAL
+    assert_equal 4, IO::Buffer::MAPPED
+
+    assert_equal 32, IO::Buffer::LOCKED
+    assert_equal 64, IO::Buffer::PRIVATE
+
+    assert_equal 128, IO::Buffer::READONLY
+  end
+
+  def test_endian
+    assert_equal 4, IO::Buffer::LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    assert_equal 8, IO::Buffer::BIG_ENDIAN
+    assert_equal 8, IO::Buffer::NETWORK_ENDIAN
+
+    assert_include [IO::Buffer::LITTLE_ENDIAN, IO::Buffer::BIG_ENDIAN], IO::Buffer::HOST_ENDIAN
+  end
+
+  def test_default_size
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer::DEFAULT_SIZE, IO::Buffer.new.size
+  end
+
+  def test_new_internal
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(1024, IO::Buffer::INTERNAL)
+    assert_equal 1024, buffer.size
+    refute_predicate buffer, :external?
+    assert_predicate buffer, :internal?
+    refute_predicate buffer, :mapped?
+  end
+
+  def test_new_mapped
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(1024, IO::Buffer::MAPPED)
+    assert_equal 1024, buffer.size
+    refute_predicate buffer, :external?
+    refute_predicate buffer, :internal?
+    assert_predicate buffer, :mapped?
+  end
+
+  def test_new_readonly
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128, IO::Buffer::INTERNAL|IO::Buffer::READONLY)
+    assert_predicate buffer, :readonly?
+
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError do
+      buffer.set_string("")
+    end
+
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError do
+      buffer.set_string("!", 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped
+    buffer = File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    assert_equal File.size(__FILE__), buffer.size
+
+    contents = buffer.get_string
+    assert_include contents, "Hello World"
+    assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, contents.encoding
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_with_size
+    buffer = File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, 30, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    assert_equal 30, buffer.size
+
+    contents = buffer.get_string
+    assert_equal "# frozen_string_literal: false", contents
+    assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, contents.encoding
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_size_too_large
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, 200_000, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, File.size(__FILE__) + 1, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_size_just_enough
+    File.open(__FILE__) {|file|
+      assert_equal File.size(__FILE__), IO::Buffer.map(file, File.size(__FILE__), 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY).size
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_offset_too_large
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, nil, IO::Buffer::PAGE_SIZE * 100, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, 20, IO::Buffer::PAGE_SIZE * 100, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_zero_size
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, 0, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_negative_size
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, -10, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_negative_offset
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      File.open(__FILE__) {|file| IO::Buffer.map(file, 20, -1, IO::Buffer::READONLY)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_mapped_invalid
+    assert_raise TypeError do
+      IO::Buffer.map("foobar")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_mapped
+    string = "Hello World"
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+    assert_predicate buffer, :readonly?
+  end
+
+  def test_string_mapped_frozen
+    string = "Hello World".freeze
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+    assert_predicate buffer, :readonly?
+  end
+
+  def test_string_mapped_mutable
+    string = "Hello World"
+    IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
+      refute_predicate buffer, :readonly?
+
+      buffer.set_value(:U8, 0, "h".ord)
+
+      # Buffer releases it's ownership of the string:
+      buffer.free
+
+      assert_equal "hello World", string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_mapped_buffer_locked
+    string = "Hello World"
+    IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
+      # Cannot modify string as it's locked by the buffer:
+      assert_raise RuntimeError do
+        string[0] = "h"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_mapped_buffer_frozen
+    string = "Hello World".freeze
+    IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
+      assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError, "Buffer is not writable!" do
+        buffer.set_string("abc")
+      end
+      assert_equal "H".ord, buffer.get_value(:U8, 0)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_non_string
+    not_string = Object.new
+
+    assert_raise TypeError do
+      IO::Buffer.for(not_string)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    result = IO::Buffer.string(12) do |buffer|
+      buffer.set_string("Hello World!")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Hello World!", result
+  end
+
+  def test_string_negative
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      IO::Buffer.string(-1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_resize_mapped
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new
+
+    buffer.resize(2048)
+    assert_equal 2048, buffer.size
+
+    buffer.resize(4096)
+    assert_equal 4096, buffer.size
+  end
+
+  def test_resize_preserve
+    message = "Hello World"
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(1024)
+    buffer.set_string(message)
+    buffer.resize(2048)
+    assert_equal message, buffer.get_string(0, message.bytesize)
+  end
+
+  def test_resize_zero_internal
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(1)
+
+    buffer.resize(0)
+    assert_equal 0, buffer.size
+
+    buffer.resize(1)
+    assert_equal 1, buffer.size
+  end
+
+  def test_resize_zero_external
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for('1')
+
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError do
+      buffer.resize(0)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_same_size
+    buffer1 = IO::Buffer.new(1)
+    assert_equal buffer1, buffer1
+
+    buffer2 = IO::Buffer.new(1)
+    buffer1.set_value(:U8, 0, 0x10)
+    buffer2.set_value(:U8, 0, 0x20)
+
+    assert_negative buffer1 <=> buffer2
+    assert_positive buffer2 <=> buffer1
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_different_size
+    buffer1 = IO::Buffer.new(3)
+    buffer2 = IO::Buffer.new(5)
+
+    assert_negative buffer1 <=> buffer2
+    assert_positive buffer2 <=> buffer1
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_zero_length
+    buffer1 = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+    buffer2 = IO::Buffer.new(1)
+
+    assert_negative buffer1 <=> buffer2
+    assert_positive buffer2 <=> buffer1
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    slice = buffer.slice(8, 32)
+    slice.set_string("Hello World")
+    assert_equal("Hello World", buffer.get_string(8, 11))
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_arguments
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for("Hello World")
+
+    slice = buffer.slice
+    assert_equal "Hello World", slice.get_string
+
+    slice = buffer.slice(2)
+    assert_equal("llo World", slice.get_string)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_bounds_error
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      buffer.slice(128, 10)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      buffer.slice(-10, 10)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_readonly
+    hello = %w"Hello World".join(" ").freeze
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(hello)
+    slice = buffer.slice
+    assert_predicate slice, :readonly?
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError do
+      # This breaks the literal in string pool and many other tests in this file.
+      slice.set_string("Adios", 0, 5)
+    end
+    assert_equal "Hello World", hello
+  end
+
+  def test_transfer
+    hello = %w"Hello World".join(" ")
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(hello)
+    transferred = buffer.transfer
+    assert_equal "Hello World", transferred.get_string
+    assert_predicate buffer, :null?
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError do
+      transferred.set_string("Goodbye")
+    end
+    assert_equal "Hello World", hello
+  end
+
+  def test_transfer_in_block
+    hello = %w"Hello World".join(" ")
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(hello, &:transfer)
+    assert_equal "Hello World", buffer.get_string
+    buffer.set_string("Ciao!")
+    assert_equal "Ciao! World", hello
+    hello.freeze
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::AccessError do
+      buffer.set_string("Hola")
+    end
+    assert_equal "Ciao! World", hello
+  end
+
+  def test_locked
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128, IO::Buffer::INTERNAL|IO::Buffer::LOCKED)
+
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::LockedError do
+      buffer.resize(256)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 128, buffer.size
+
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::LockedError do
+      buffer.free
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 128, buffer.size
+  end
+
+  def test_get_string
+    message = "Hello World 🤓"
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    buffer.set_string(message)
+
+    chunk = buffer.get_string(0, message.bytesize, Encoding::UTF_8)
+    assert_equal message, chunk
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, chunk.encoding
+
+    chunk = buffer.get_string(0, message.bytesize, Encoding::BINARY)
+    assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, chunk.encoding
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /bigger than the buffer size/) do
+      buffer.get_string(0, 129)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /bigger than the buffer size/) do
+      buffer.get_string(129)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /Offset can't be negative/) do
+      buffer.get_string(-1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_length_get_string
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new.slice(0, 0)
+    assert_equal "", buffer.get_string
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+    assert_equal "", buffer.get_string
+  end
+
+  # We check that values are correctly round tripped.
+  RANGES = {
+    :U8 => [0, 2**8-1],
+    :S8 => [-2**7, 0, 2**7-1],
+
+    :U16 => [0, 2**16-1],
+    :S16 => [-2**15, 0, 2**15-1],
+    :u16 => [0, 2**16-1],
+    :s16 => [-2**15, 0, 2**15-1],
+
+    :U32 => [0, 2**32-1],
+    :S32 => [-2**31, 0, 2**31-1],
+    :u32 => [0, 2**32-1],
+    :s32 => [-2**31, 0, 2**31-1],
+
+    :U64 => [0, 2**64-1],
+    :S64 => [-2**63, 0, 2**63-1],
+    :u64 => [0, 2**64-1],
+    :s64 => [-2**63, 0, 2**63-1],
+
+    :U128 => [0, 2**64, 2**127-1, 2**128-1],
+    :S128 => [-2**127, -2**63-1, -1, 0, 2**63, 2**127-1],
+    :u128 => [0, 2**64, 2**127-1, 2**128-1],
+    :s128 => [-2**127, -2**63-1, -1, 0, 2**63, 2**127-1],
+
+    :F32 => [-1.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 128.0],
+    :F64 => [-1.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 128.0],
+  }
+
+  SIZE_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS["SIZE_MAX"]
+
+  def test_get_set_value
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+
+    RANGES.each do |data_type, values|
+      values.each do |value|
+        buffer.set_value(data_type, 0, value)
+        assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(data_type, 0), "Converting #{value} as #{data_type}."
+      end
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.get_value(data_type, 128)}
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.set_value(data_type, 128, 0)}
+      case data_type
+      when :U8, :S8
+      else
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.get_value(data_type, 127)}
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.set_value(data_type, 127, 0)}
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.get_value(data_type, SIZE_MAX)}
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.set_value(data_type, SIZE_MAX, 0)}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_get_set_values
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+
+    RANGES.each do |data_type, values|
+      format = [data_type] * values.size
+
+      buffer.set_values(format, 0, values)
+      assert_equal values, buffer.get_values(format, 0), "Converting #{values} as #{format}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_length_get_set_values
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+
+    assert_equal [], buffer.get_values([], 0)
+    assert_equal 0, buffer.set_values([], 0, [])
+  end
+
+  def test_values
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+
+    RANGES.each do |data_type, values|
+      format = [data_type] * values.size
+
+      buffer.set_values(format, 0, values)
+      assert_equal values, buffer.values(data_type, 0, values.size), "Reading #{values} as #{format}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+
+    RANGES.each do |data_type, values|
+      format = [data_type] * values.size
+      data_type_size = IO::Buffer.size_of(data_type)
+      values_with_offsets = values.map.with_index{|value, index| [index * data_type_size, value]}
+
+      buffer.set_values(format, 0, values)
+      assert_equal values_with_offsets, buffer.each(data_type, 0, values.size).to_a, "Reading #{values} as #{data_type}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_length_each
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+
+    assert_equal [], buffer.each(:U8).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte
+    string = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+
+    assert_equal string.bytes, buffer.each_byte.to_a
+    assert_equal string.bytes[3, 5], buffer.each_byte(3, 5).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_length_each_byte
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+
+    assert_equal [], buffer.each_byte.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(16)
+    assert_equal "\0" * 16, buffer.get_string
+    buffer.clear(1)
+    assert_equal "\1" * 16, buffer.get_string
+    buffer.clear(2, 1, 2)
+    assert_equal "\1" + "\2"*2 + "\1"*13, buffer.get_string
+    buffer.clear(2, 1)
+    assert_equal "\1" + "\2"*15, buffer.get_string
+    buffer.clear(260)
+    assert_equal "\4" * 16, buffer.get_string
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {buffer.clear("x")}
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.clear(0, 20)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.clear(0, 0, 20)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.clear(0, 10, 10)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {buffer.clear(0, SIZE_MAX-7, 10)}
+  end
+
+  def test_invalidation
+    input, output = IO.pipe
+
+    # (1) rb_write_internal creates IO::Buffer object,
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+
+    # (2) it is passed to (malicious) scheduler
+    # (3) scheduler starts a thread which call system call with the buffer object
+    thread = Thread.new{buffer.locked{input.read}}
+
+    Thread.pass until thread.stop?
+
+    # (4) scheduler returns
+    # (5) rb_write_internal invalidate the buffer object
+    assert_raise IO::Buffer::LockedError do
+      buffer.free
+    end
+
+    # (6) the system call access the memory area after invalidation
+    output.write("Hello World")
+    output.close
+    thread.join
+
+    input.close
+  end
+
+  def hello_world_tempfile(repeats = 1)
+    io = Tempfile.new
+    repeats.times do
+      io.write("Hello World")
+    end
+    io.seek(0)
+
+    yield io
+  ensure
+    io&.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_read
+    hello_world_tempfile do |io|
+      buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+      buffer.read(io)
+      assert_equal "Hello", buffer.get_string(0, 5)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_with_with_length
+    hello_world_tempfile do |io|
+      buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+      buffer.read(io, 5)
+      assert_equal "Hello", buffer.get_string(0, 5)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_with_with_offset
+    hello_world_tempfile do |io|
+      buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+      buffer.read(io, nil, 6)
+      assert_equal "Hello", buffer.get_string(6, 5)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_with_length_and_offset
+    hello_world_tempfile(100) do |io|
+      buffer = IO::Buffer.new(1024)
+      # Only read 24 bytes from the file, as we are starting at offset 1000 in the buffer.
+      assert_equal 24, buffer.read(io, 0, 1000)
+      assert_equal "Hello World", buffer.get_string(1000, 11)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_write
+    io = Tempfile.new
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    buffer.set_string("Hello")
+    buffer.write(io)
+
+    io.seek(0)
+    assert_equal "Hello", io.read(5)
+  ensure
+    io.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_write_with_length_and_offset
+    io = Tempfile.new
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(5)
+    buffer.set_string("Hello")
+    buffer.write(io, 4, 1)
+
+    io.seek(0)
+    assert_equal "ello", io.read(4)
+  ensure
+    io.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_pread
+    io = Tempfile.new
+    io.write("Hello World")
+    io.seek(0)
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    buffer.pread(io, 6, 5)
+
+    assert_equal "World", buffer.get_string(0, 5)
+    assert_equal 0, io.tell
+  ensure
+    io.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_pread_offset
+    io = Tempfile.new
+    io.write("Hello World")
+    io.seek(0)
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    buffer.pread(io, 6, 5, 6)
+
+    assert_equal "World", buffer.get_string(6, 5)
+    assert_equal 0, io.tell
+  ensure
+    io.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_pwrite
+    io = Tempfile.new
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    buffer.set_string("World")
+    buffer.pwrite(io, 6, 5)
+
+    assert_equal 0, io.tell
+
+    io.seek(6)
+    assert_equal "World", io.read(5)
+  ensure
+    io.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_pwrite_offset
+    io = Tempfile.new
+
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(128)
+    buffer.set_string("Hello World")
+    buffer.pwrite(io, 6, 5, 6)
+
+    assert_equal 0, io.tell
+
+    io.seek(6)
+    assert_equal "World", io.read(5)
+  ensure
+    io.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_operators
+    source = IO::Buffer.for("1234123412")
+    mask = IO::Buffer.for("133\x00")
+
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("123\x00123\x0012"), (source & mask)
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("1334133413"), (source | mask)
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("\x00\x01\x004\x00\x01\x004\x00\x01"), (source ^ mask)
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("\xce\xcd\xcc\xcb\xce\xcd\xcc\xcb\xce\xcd"), ~source
+  end
+
+  def test_inplace_operators
+    source = IO::Buffer.for("1234123412")
+    mask = IO::Buffer.for("133\x00")
+
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("123\x00123\x0012"), source.dup.and!(mask)
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("1334133413"), source.dup.or!(mask)
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("\x00\x01\x004\x00\x01\x004\x00\x01"), source.dup.xor!(mask)
+    assert_equal IO::Buffer.for("\xce\xcd\xcc\xcb\xce\xcd\xcc\xcb\xce\xcd"), source.dup.not!
+  end
+
+  def test_shared
+    message = "Hello World"
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(64, IO::Buffer::MAPPED | IO::Buffer::SHARED)
+
+    pid = fork do
+      buffer.set_string(message)
+    end
+
+    Process.wait(pid)
+    string = buffer.get_string(0, message.bytesize)
+    assert_equal message, string
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    omit "Fork/shared memory is not supported."
+  end
+
+  def test_private
+    Tempfile.create(%w"buffer .txt") do |file|
+      file.write("Hello World")
+
+      buffer = IO::Buffer.map(file, nil, 0, IO::Buffer::PRIVATE)
+      begin
+        assert_predicate buffer, :private?
+        refute_predicate buffer, :readonly?
+
+        buffer.set_string("J")
+
+        # It was not changed because the mapping was private:
+        file.seek(0)
+        assert_equal "Hello World", file.read
+      ensure
+        buffer&.free
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_overlapped_fwd
+    buf = IO::Buffer.for('0123456789').dup
+    buf.copy(buf, 3, 7)
+    assert_equal '0120123456', buf.get_string
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_overlapped_bwd
+    buf = IO::Buffer.for('0123456789').dup
+    buf.copy(buf, 0, 7, 3)
+    assert_equal '3456789789', buf.get_string
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_null_destination
+    buf = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+    assert_predicate buf, :null?
+    buf.copy(IO::Buffer.for('a'), 0, 0)
+    assert_predicate buf, :empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_copy_null_source
+    buf = IO::Buffer.for('a').dup
+    src = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+    assert_predicate src, :null?
+    buf.copy(src, 0, 0)
+    assert_equal 'a', buf.get_string
+  end
+
+  def test_set_string_overlapped_fwd
+    str = +'0123456789'
+    IO::Buffer.for(str) do |buf|
+      buf.set_string(str, 3, 7)
+    end
+    assert_equal '0120123456', str
+  end
+
+  def test_set_string_overlapped_bwd
+    str = +'0123456789'
+    IO::Buffer.for(str) do |buf|
+      buf.set_string(str, 0, 7, 3)
+    end
+    assert_equal '3456789789', str
+  end
+
+  def test_set_string_null_destination
+    buf = IO::Buffer.new(0)
+    assert_predicate buf, :null?
+    buf.set_string('a', 0, 0)
+    assert_predicate buf, :empty?
+  end
+
+  # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21210
+  def test_bug_21210
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    str = +"hello"
+    buf = IO::Buffer.for(str)
+    assert_predicate buf, :valid?
+
+    GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+    assert_predicate buf, :valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_128_bit_integers
+    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(32)
+
+    # Test unsigned 128-bit integers
+    test_values_u128 = [
+      0,
+      1,
+      2**64 - 1,
+      2**64,
+      2**127 - 1,
+      2**128 - 1,
+    ]
+
+    test_values_u128.each do |value|
+      buffer.set_value(:u128, 0, value)
+      assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(:u128, 0), "u128: #{value}"
+
+      buffer.set_value(:U128, 0, value)
+      assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(:U128, 0), "U128: #{value}"
+    end
+
+    # Test signed 128-bit integers
+    test_values_s128 = [
+      -2**127,
+      -2**63 - 1,
+      -1,
+      0,
+      1,
+      2**63,
+      2**127 - 1,
+    ]
+
+    test_values_s128.each do |value|
+      buffer.set_value(:s128, 0, value)
+      assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(:s128, 0), "s128: #{value}"
+
+      buffer.set_value(:S128, 0, value)
+      assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(:S128, 0), "S128: #{value}"
+    end
+
+    # Test size_of
+    assert_equal 16, IO::Buffer.size_of(:u128)
+    assert_equal 16, IO::Buffer.size_of(:U128)
+    assert_equal 16, IO::Buffer.size_of(:s128)
+    assert_equal 16, IO::Buffer.size_of(:S128)
+    assert_equal 32, IO::Buffer.size_of([:u128, :u128])
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_endianness_swapping
+    # Test that byte order is swapped correctly for all signed and unsigned integers > 1 byte
+    host_is_le = IO::Buffer::HOST_ENDIAN == IO::Buffer::LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    host_is_be = IO::Buffer::HOST_ENDIAN == IO::Buffer::BIG_ENDIAN
+
+    # Test values that will produce different byte patterns when swapped
+    # Format: [little_endian_type, big_endian_type, test_value, expected_swapped_value]
+    # expected_swapped_value is the result when writing as le_type and reading as be_type
+    # (or vice versa) on a little-endian host
+    test_cases = [
+      [:u16, :U16, 0x1234, 0x3412],
+      [:s16, :S16, 0x1234, 0x3412],
+      [:u32, :U32, 0x12345678, 0x78563412],
+      [:s32, :S32, 0x12345678, 0x78563412],
+      [:u64, :U64, 0x0123456789ABCDEF, 0xEFCDAB8967452301],
+      [:s64, :S64, 0x0123456789ABCDEF, -1167088121787636991],
+      [:u128, :U128, 0x0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF, 0xEFCDAB8967452301EFCDAB8967452301],
+      [:u128, :U128, 0x0123456789ABCDEFFEDCBA9876543210, 0x1032547698BADCFEEFCDAB8967452301],
+      [:u128, :U128, 0xFEDCBA98765432100123456789ABCDEF, 0xEFCDAB89674523011032547698BADCFE],
+      [:u128, :U128, 0x123456789ABCDEF0FEDCBA9876543210, 0x1032547698BADCFEF0DEBC9A78563412],
+      [:s128, :S128, 0x0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF, -21528975894082904073953971026863512831],
+      [:s128, :S128, 0x0123456789ABCDEFFEDCBA9876543210, 0x1032547698BADCFEEFCDAB8967452301],
+    ]
+
+    test_cases.each do |le_type, be_type, value, expected_swapped|
+      buffer_size = IO::Buffer.size_of(le_type)
+      buffer = IO::Buffer.new(buffer_size * 2)
+
+      # Test little-endian round-trip
+      buffer.set_value(le_type, 0, value)
+      result_le = buffer.get_value(le_type, 0)
+      assert_equal value, result_le, "#{le_type}: round-trip failed"
+
+      # Test big-endian round-trip
+      buffer.set_value(be_type, buffer_size, value)
+      result_be = buffer.get_value(be_type, buffer_size)
+      assert_equal value, result_be, "#{be_type}: round-trip failed"
+
+      # Verify byte patterns are different when endianness differs from host
+      if host_is_le
+        # On little-endian host: le_type should match host, be_type should be swapped
+        # So the byte patterns should be different (unless value is symmetric)
+        # Read back with opposite endianness to verify swapping
+        result_le_read_as_be = buffer.get_value(be_type, 0)
+        result_be_read_as_le = buffer.get_value(le_type, buffer_size)
+
+        # The swapped reads should NOT equal the original value (unless it's symmetric)
+        # For most values, this will be different
+        if value != 0 && value != -1 && value.abs != 1
+          refute_equal value, result_le_read_as_be, "#{le_type} written, read as #{be_type} should be swapped on LE host"
+          refute_equal value, result_be_read_as_le, "#{be_type} written, read as #{le_type} should be swapped on LE host"
+        end
+
+        # Verify that reading back with correct endianness works
+        assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(le_type, 0), "#{le_type} should read correctly on LE host"
+        assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(be_type, buffer_size), "#{be_type} should read correctly on LE host (with swapping)"
+      elsif host_is_be
+        # On big-endian host: be_type should match host, le_type should be swapped
+        result_le_read_as_be = buffer.get_value(be_type, 0)
+        result_be_read_as_le = buffer.get_value(le_type, buffer_size)
+
+        # The swapped reads should NOT equal the original value (unless it's symmetric)
+        if value != 0 && value != -1 && value.abs != 1
+          refute_equal value, result_le_read_as_be, "#{le_type} written, read as #{be_type} should be swapped on BE host"
+          refute_equal value, result_be_read_as_le, "#{be_type} written, read as #{le_type} should be swapped on BE host"
+        end
+
+        # Verify that reading back with correct endianness works
+        assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(be_type, buffer_size), "#{be_type} should read correctly on BE host"
+        assert_equal value, buffer.get_value(le_type, 0), "#{le_type} should read correctly on BE host (with swapping)"
+      end
+
+      # Verify that when we write with one endianness and read with the opposite,
+      # we get the expected swapped value
+      buffer.set_value(le_type, 0, value)
+      swapped_value_le_to_be = buffer.get_value(be_type, 0)
+      assert_equal expected_swapped, swapped_value_le_to_be, "#{le_type} written, read as #{be_type} should produce expected swapped value"
+
+      # Also verify the reverse direction
+      buffer.set_value(be_type, buffer_size, value)
+      swapped_value_be_to_le = buffer.get_value(le_type, buffer_size)
+      assert_equal expected_swapped, swapped_value_be_to_le, "#{be_type} written, read as #{le_type} should produce expected swapped value"
+
+      # Verify that writing the swapped value back and reading with original endianness
+      # gives us the original value (double-swap should restore original)
+      buffer.set_value(be_type, 0, swapped_value_le_to_be)
+      round_trip_value = buffer.get_value(le_type, 0)
+      assert_equal value, round_trip_value, "#{le_type}/#{be_type}: double-swap should restore original value"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_io_m17n.rb b/test/ruby/test_io_m17n.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83d4fb0c7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_io_m17n.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2822 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'timeout'
+
+class TestIO_M17N < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  ENCS = [
+    Encoding::ASCII_8BIT,
+    Encoding::EUC_JP,
+    Encoding::Shift_JIS,
+    Encoding::UTF_8
+  ]
+
+  def with_tmpdir
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|dir|
+      Dir.chdir(dir) {
+        yield dir
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def pipe(*args, wp, rp)
+    re, we = nil, nil
+    kw = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+    r, w = IO.pipe(*args, **kw)
+    rt = Thread.new do
+      begin
+        rp.call(r)
+      rescue Exception
+        r.close
+        re = $!
+      end
+    end
+    wt = Thread.new do
+      begin
+        wp.call(w)
+      rescue Exception
+        w.close
+        we = $!
+      end
+    end
+    flunk("timeout") unless wt.join(10) && rt.join(10)
+  ensure
+    w.close unless !w || w.closed?
+    r.close unless !r || r.closed?
+    (wt.kill; wt.join) if wt
+    (rt.kill; rt.join) if rt
+    raise we if we
+    raise re if re
+  end
+
+  def with_pipe(*args)
+    r, w = IO.pipe(*args)
+    begin
+      yield r, w
+    ensure
+      r.close if !r.closed?
+      w.close if !w.closed?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generate_file(path, content)
+    open(path, "wb") {|f| f.write content }
+  end
+
+  def encdump(str)
+    "#{str.dump}.force_encoding(#{str.encoding.name.dump})"
+  end
+
+  def assert_str_equal(expected, actual, message=nil)
+    full_message = build_message(message, <<EOT)
+#{encdump expected} expected but not equal to
+#{encdump actual}.
+EOT
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, full_message)
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding.default_external, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_rb
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "rb") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding.find("ASCII-8BIT"), f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r:euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_ascii8bit
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) do
+        EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+          open("tmp", "r") {|f|
+            assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+            assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+          }
+          open("tmp", "r:ascii-8bit") {|f|
+            assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+            assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+          }
+          open("tmp", "r:ascii-8bit:utf-16") {|f|
+            assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+            assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+          }
+        end
+        EnvUtil.with_default_internal(nil) do
+          open("tmp", "r") {|f|
+            assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+            assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+          }
+          open("tmp", "r:ascii-8bit") {|f|
+            assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+            assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+          }
+          open("tmp", "r:ascii-8bit:utf-16") {|f|
+            assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+            assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", encoding: "euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_encname_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", encoding: Encoding::EUC_JP) {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_ext_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", external_encoding: Encoding::EUC_JP) {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_ext_encname_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", external_encoding: "euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_enc_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", external_encoding: Encoding::EUC_JP, internal_encoding: Encoding::UTF_8) {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_encname_encname
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_encname_encname_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", encoding: "euc-jp:utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_enc_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", external_encoding: Encoding::EUC_JP, internal_encoding: Encoding::UTF_8) {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_r_externalencname_internalencname_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "")
+      open("tmp", "r", external_encoding: "euc-jp", internal_encoding: "utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w") {|f|
+        assert_equal(nil, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_wb
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "wb") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding.find("ASCII-8BIT"), f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w:euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w", encoding: "euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc_in_opt2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w", external_encoding: "euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w", encoding: "euc-jp:utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc_enc_in_opt2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w", external_encoding: "euc-jp", internal_encoding: "utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_w_enc_enc_perm
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tmp", "w:euc-jp:utf-8", 0600) {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ignored_encoding_option
+    enc = "\u{30a8 30f3 30b3 30fc 30c7 30a3 30f3 30b0}"
+    pattern = /#{enc}/
+    assert_warning(pattern) {
+      open(IO::NULL, external_encoding: "us-ascii", encoding: enc) {}
+    }
+    assert_warning(pattern) {
+      open(IO::NULL, internal_encoding: "us-ascii", encoding: enc) {}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_io_new_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("tmp", "\xa1")
+      fd = IO.sysopen("tmp")
+      f = IO.new(fd, "r:sjis")
+      begin
+        assert_equal(Encoding::Windows_31J, f.read.encoding)
+      ensure
+        f.close
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_pipe_invalid
+    pipe("utf-8", "euc-jp", { :invalid=>:replace },
+        proc do |w|
+          w << "\x80"
+          w.close
+        end,
+        proc do |r|
+          assert_equal("?", r.read)
+        end)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_pipe_undef
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp", { :undef=>:replace },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\ufffd"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("?", r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_pipe_undef_replace_string
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp", { :undef=>:replace, :replace=>"X" },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\ufffd"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("X", r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\u3042"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r2 = r.dup
+           begin
+             assert_equal("\xA4\xA2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r2.read)
+           ensure
+             r2.close
+           end
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_undef
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp", { :undef=>:replace },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\uFFFD"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r2 = r.dup
+           begin
+             assert_equal("?", r2.read)
+           ensure
+             r2.close
+           end
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_stdin
+    assert_equal(Encoding.default_external, STDIN.external_encoding)
+    assert_equal(nil, STDIN.internal_encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_stdout
+    assert_equal(nil, STDOUT.external_encoding)
+    assert_equal(nil, STDOUT.internal_encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_stderr
+    assert_equal(nil, STDERR.external_encoding)
+    assert_equal(nil, STDERR.internal_encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_terminator_conversion
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "before \u00FF after")
+      s = open("tmp", "r:utf-8:iso-8859-1") {|f|
+        f.gets("\xFF".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"))
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding.find("iso-8859-1"), s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal("before \xFF".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"), s, '[ruby-core:14288]')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_terminator_conversion2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "before \xA1\xA2\xA2\xA3 after")
+      s = open("tmp", "r:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f|
+        f.gets("\xA2\xA2".force_encoding("euc-jp").encode("utf-8"))
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding.find("utf-8"), s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal("before \xA1\xA2\xA2\xA3 after".force_encoding("euc-jp").encode("utf-8"), s, '[ruby-core:14319]')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_terminator_stateful_conversion
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "before \e$B\x23\x30\x23\x31\e(B after".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      s = open("tmp", "r:iso-2022-jp:euc-jp") {|f|
+        f.gets("0".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding.find("euc-jp"), s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal(src.encode("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_terminator
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "before \xA2\xA2 after")
+      open("tmp", "r:euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+          f.gets("\xA2\xA2".force_encoding("utf-8"))
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe_terminator_conversion
+    rs = "\xA2\xA2".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp")
+    pipe("euc-jp:utf-8",
+         proc do |w|
+           w.write "before \xa2\xa2 after"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           Timeout.timeout(1) {
+             assert_equal("before \xa2\xa2".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp"),
+                          r.gets(rs))
+           }
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe_conversion
+    pipe("euc-jp:utf-8",
+         proc do |w|
+           w.write "\xa1\xa1"
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa1\xa1".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp"), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe_convert_partial_read
+    pipe("euc-jp:utf-8",
+         proc do |w|
+           w.write "\xa1"
+           sleep 0.1
+           w.write "\xa1"
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa1\xa1".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp"), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_invalid
+    pipe("euc-jp:utf-8",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\xa1xyz"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { r.getc }
+           assert_equal("\xA1".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), err.error_bytes)
+           assert_equal("xyz", r.read(10))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_stateful_conversion
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "\e$B\x23\x30\x23\x31\e(B".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      open("tmp", "r:iso-2022-jp:euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal("\xa3\xb0".force_encoding("euc-jp"), f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\xa3\xb1".force_encoding("euc-jp"), f.getc)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_newlineconv
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "\u3042"
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+        open("tmp", "rt") {|f|
+          s = f.getc
+          assert_equal(true, s.valid_encoding?)
+          assert_equal("\u3042", s)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_newlineconv_invalid
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "\xE3\x81"
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+        open("tmp", "rt") {|f|
+          s = f.getc
+          assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?)
+          assert_equal("\xE3".force_encoding("UTF-8"), s)
+          s = f.getc
+          assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?)
+          assert_equal("\x81".force_encoding("UTF-8"), s)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetc_int
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "A")
+      s = open("tmp", "r:GB18030") {|f|
+        f.ungetc(0x8431A439)
+        f.read
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding::GB18030, s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal(0x8431A439.chr("GB18030")+"A", s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetc_str
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tmp', "A")
+      s = open("tmp", "r:GB18030") {|f|
+        f.ungetc(0x8431A439.chr("GB18030"))
+        f.read
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding::GB18030, s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal(0x8431A439.chr("GB18030")+"A", s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetc_stateful_conversion
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "before \e$B\x23\x30\x23\x31\e(B after".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      s = open("tmp", "r:iso-2022-jp:euc-jp") {|f|
+        f.ungetc("0".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+        f.read
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding.find("euc-jp"), s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal("0" + src.encode("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ungetc_stateful_conversion2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src =    "before \e$B\x23\x30\x23\x31\e(B after".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      former = "before \e$B\x23\x30\e(B".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      rs =            "\e$B\x23\x30\e(B".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      latter =                "\e$B\x23\x31\e(B after".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      s = open("tmp", "r:iso-2022-jp:euc-jp") {|f|
+        assert_equal(former.encode("euc-jp", "iso-2022-jp"),
+                     f.gets(rs.encode("euc-jp", "iso-2022-jp")))
+        f.ungetc("0")
+        f.read
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding.find("euc-jp"), s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal("0" + latter.encode("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_ascii
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "abc\n"
+      generate_file('tmp', "abc\n")
+      ENCS.each {|enc|
+        s = open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f| f.gets }
+        assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+        assert_str_equal(src, s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_nonascii
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "\xc2\xa1\n"
+      generate_file('tmp', src)
+      ENCS.each {|enc|
+        content = src.dup.force_encoding(enc)
+        s = open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f| f.gets }
+        assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+        assert_str_equal(content, s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_read_encoding
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "\xc2\xa1\n".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+      generate_file('tmp', "\xc2\xa1\n")
+      ENCS.each {|enc|
+        content = src.dup.force_encoding(enc)
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.getc
+          assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(content[0], s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.readchar
+          assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(content[0], s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.gets
+          assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(content, s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.readline
+          assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(content, s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          lines = f.readlines
+          assert_equal(1, lines.length)
+          s = lines[0]
+          assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(content, s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          f.each_line {|s|
+            assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+            assert_str_equal(content, s)
+          }
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.read
+          assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(content, s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.read(1)
+          assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(src[0], s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.readpartial(1)
+          assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(src[0], s)
+        }
+        open('tmp', "r:#{enc}") {|f|
+          s = f.sysread(1)
+          assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+          assert_str_equal(src[0], s)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_write_noenc
+    src = "\xc2\xa1\n".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open('tmp', "w") {|f|
+        ENCS.each {|enc|
+          f.write src.dup.force_encoding(enc)
+        }
+      }
+      open('tmp', 'r:ascii-8bit') {|f|
+        assert_equal(src*ENCS.length, f.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_write_conversion
+    utf8 = "\u6666"
+    eucjp = "\xb3\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP")
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open('tmp', "w:EUC-JP") {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+        f.print utf8
+      }
+      assert_equal(eucjp, File.read('tmp').force_encoding("EUC-JP"))
+      open('tmp', 'r:EUC-JP:UTF-8') {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.external_encoding)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+        assert_equal(utf8, f.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe
+    utf8 = "\u6666"
+    eucjp = "\xb3\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP")
+
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+      w << utf8
+      w.close
+    end, proc do |r|
+      assert_equal(Encoding.default_external, r.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(nil, r.internal_encoding)
+      s = r.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding.default_external, s.encoding)
+      assert_str_equal(utf8.dup.force_encoding(Encoding.default_external), s)
+    end)
+
+    pipe("EUC-JP",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << eucjp
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, r.external_encoding)
+           assert_equal(nil, r.internal_encoding)
+           assert_equal(eucjp, r.read)
+         end)
+
+    pipe("UTF-8",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "a" * 1023 + "\u3042" + "a" * 1022
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal(true, r.read.valid_encoding?)
+         end)
+
+    pipe("UTF-8:EUC-JP",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << utf8
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, r.external_encoding)
+           assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, r.internal_encoding)
+           assert_equal(eucjp, r.read)
+         end)
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /invalid encoding name/) do
+      with_pipe("UTF-8", "UTF-8".encode("UTF-32BE")) {}
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /invalid encoding name/) do
+      with_pipe("UTF-8".encode("UTF-32BE")) {}
+    end
+
+    ENCS.each {|enc|
+      pipe(enc,
+           proc do |w|
+             w << "\xc2\xa1"
+             w.close
+           end,
+           proc do |r|
+             s = r.getc
+             assert_equal(enc, s.encoding)
+           end)
+    }
+
+    ENCS.each {|enc|
+      next if enc == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+      next if enc == Encoding::UTF_8
+      pipe("#{enc}:UTF-8",
+           proc do |w|
+             w << "\xc2\xa1"
+             w.close
+           end,
+           proc do |r|
+             s = r.read
+             assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, s.encoding)
+             assert_equal(s.encode("UTF-8"), s)
+           end)
+    }
+
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    data = 56225
+    pipe("EUC-JP",
+         proc do |w|
+           Marshal.dump(data, w)
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           result = nil
+           assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:33264]") { result = Marshal.load(r) }
+           assert_equal(data, result)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_nil
+    pipe("UTF-8:EUC-JP",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\u{3042}"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           result = r.gets(nil)
+           assert_equal("\u{3042}".encode("euc-jp"), result)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_limit
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(1)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(2)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(3)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(4)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(5)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(6)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(7)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(8)) })
+    pipe("euc-jp",
+         proc {|w| w << "\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n\xa4\xa8\xa4\xaa"; w.close },
+         proc {|r| assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4\xa4\xa6\n".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.gets(9)) })
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_invalid
+    before = "\u{3042}\u{3044}"
+    invalid = "\x80".force_encoding("utf-8")
+    after = "\u{3046}\u{3048}"
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << before + invalid + after
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { r.gets }
+           assert_equal(invalid.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), err.error_bytes)
+           assert_equal(after.encode("euc-jp"), r.gets)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_invalid2
+    before1 = "\u{3042}"
+    before2 = "\u{3044}"
+    invalid = "\x80".force_encoding("utf-8")
+    after1 = "\u{3046}"
+    after2 = "\u{3048}"
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << before1 + before2 + invalid + after1 + after2
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal(before1.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           assert_equal(before2.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { r.getc }
+           assert_equal(invalid.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), err.error_bytes)
+           assert_equal(after1.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           assert_equal(after2.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_invalid3
+    before1 = "\x42\x30".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    before2 = "\x44\x30".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    invalid = "\x00\xd8".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    after1 = "\x46\x30".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    after2 = "\x48\x30".force_encoding("utf-16le")
+    pipe("utf-16le:euc-jp", { :binmode => true },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << before1 + before2 + invalid + after1 + after2
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal(before1.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           assert_equal(before2.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { r.getc }
+           assert_equal(invalid.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), err.error_bytes)
+           assert_equal(after1.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           assert_equal(after2.encode("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_all
+    str = "\u3042\u3044"
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << str
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal(str.encode("euc-jp"), r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_all_invalid
+    before = "\u{3042}\u{3044}"
+    invalid = "\x80".force_encoding("utf-8")
+    after = "\u{3046}\u{3048}"
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+      proc do |w|
+        w << before + invalid + after
+        w.close
+      end,
+      proc do |r|
+        err = assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { r.read }
+        assert_equal(invalid.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), err.error_bytes)
+        assert_equal(after.encode("euc-jp"), r.read)
+      end)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_foreach
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file('tst', 'a' * 8191 + "\xa1\xa1")
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        File.foreach('tst', :encoding=>"euc-jp") {|line| line.inspect }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           s = "\u3042".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           s << "\x82\xa0".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           w << s
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           r.set_encoding("shift_jis:euc-jp")
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding2
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           s = "\u3042".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           s << "\x82\xa0".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           w << s
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           r.set_encoding("shift_jis", "euc-jp")
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_nil
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           s = "\u3042".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           s << "\x82\xa0".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           w << s
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           r.set_encoding(nil)
+           assert_equal("\x82\xa0".force_encoding(Encoding.default_external), r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_enc
+    pipe("utf-8:euc-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           s = "\u3042".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           s << "\x82\xa0".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+           w << s
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), r.getc)
+           r.set_encoding(Encoding::Shift_JIS)
+           assert_equal("\x82\xa0".force_encoding(Encoding::Shift_JIS), r.getc)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_invalid
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w << "\x80"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r.set_encoding("utf-8:euc-jp", :invalid=>:replace)
+           assert_equal("?", r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_identical
+    #bug5568 = '[ruby-core:40727]'
+    bug6324 = '[ruby-core:44455]'
+    open(__FILE__, "r") do |f|
+      assert_warning('', bug6324) {
+        f.set_encoding("eucjp:euc-jp")
+      }
+      assert_warning('', bug6324) {
+        f.set_encoding("eucjp", "euc-jp")
+      }
+      assert_warning('', bug6324) {
+        f.set_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP, "euc-jp")
+      }
+      assert_warning('', bug6324) {
+        f.set_encoding("eucjp", Encoding::EUC_JP)
+      }
+      assert_warning('', bug6324) {
+        f.set_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP, Encoding::EUC_JP)
+      }
+      nonstr = Object.new
+      def nonstr.to_str; "eucjp"; end
+      assert_warning('', bug6324) {
+        f.set_encoding(nonstr, nonstr)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_undef
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w << "\ufffd"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r.set_encoding("utf-8", "euc-jp", :undef=>:replace)
+           assert_equal("?", r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_undef_replace
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w << "\ufffd"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r.set_encoding("utf-8", "euc-jp", :undef=>:replace, :replace=>"ZZZ")
+           assert_equal("ZZZ", r.read)
+         end)
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w << "\ufffd"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r.set_encoding("utf-8:euc-jp", :undef=>:replace, :replace=>"ZZZ")
+           assert_equal("ZZZ", r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_binmode
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      open(__FILE__, "rt") {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      open(__FILE__, "r") {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      open(__FILE__, "rb") {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      open(__FILE__, "r") {|f|
+        f.binmode
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      open(__FILE__, "rt") {|f|
+        f.binmode
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      open(__FILE__, "r", binmode: true) {|f|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      open(__FILE__, "rb", binmode: true) {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      open(__FILE__, "rb", binmode: false) {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_unsupported
+    bug5567 = '[ruby-core:40726]'
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      assert_nothing_raised(bug5567) do
+        assert_warning(/Unsupported/, bug5567) {r.set_encoding("fffffffffffxx")}
+        w.puts("foo")
+        assert_equal("foo\n", r.gets)
+        assert_warning(/Unsupported/, bug5567) {r.set_encoding("fffffffffffxx", "us-ascii")}
+        w.puts("bar")
+        assert_equal("bar\n", r.gets)
+        assert_warning(/Unsupported/, bug5567) {r.set_encoding("us-ascii", "fffffffffffxx")}
+        w.puts("zot")
+        begin
+          assert_equal("zot\n", r.gets)
+        rescue Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError => e
+          assert_match(/\((\S+) to \1\)/, e.message)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding_argument_parsing
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('binary')
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding(Encoding.find('binary'))
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('binary:utf-8')
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('binary', 'utf-8')
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding(Encoding.find('binary'), Encoding.find('utf-8'))
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('binary', Encoding.find('utf-8'))
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding(Encoding.find('binary'), 'utf-8')
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('iso-8859-1:utf-8')
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('iso-8859-1', 'utf-8')
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding(Encoding.find('iso-8859-1'), Encoding.find('utf-8'))
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding('iso-8859-1', Encoding.find('utf-8'))
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+
+    File.open(File::NULL) do |f|
+      f.set_encoding(Encoding.find('iso-8859-1'), 'utf-8')
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, f.internal_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, f.external_encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_twice
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      open(__FILE__, "rt", textmode: true) {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      open(__FILE__, "rt", textmode: false) {|f|
+        f.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_write_conversion_fixenc
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp:utf-8")
+             w << "\u3042"
+             w << "\u3044"
+             w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\e$B$\"$$\e(B".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"),
+                        r.read.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_conversion_anyenc_stateful
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+           w << "\u3042"
+           w << "\x82\xa2".force_encoding("sjis")
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\e$B$\"$$\e(B".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"),
+                        r.read.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_conversion_anyenc_stateless
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w.set_encoding("euc-jp")
+           w << "\u3042"
+           w << "\x82\xa2".force_encoding("sjis")
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\xa4\xa2\xa4\xa4".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"),
+                        r.read.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_conversion_anyenc_stateful_nosync
+    pipe(proc do |w|
+           w.sync = false
+           w.set_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+           w << "\u3042"
+           w << "\x82\xa2".force_encoding("sjis")
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\e$B$\"$$\e(B".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"),
+                        r.read.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_stateful
+    pipe("euc-jp:iso-2022-jp",
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\xA4\xA2"
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("\e$B$\"\e(B".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp"), r.read)
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_stdin_external_encoding_with_reopen
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("tst", "w+") {|f|
+        pid = spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, '-e', <<-'End', 10=>f)
+          io = IO.new(10, "r+")
+          STDIN.reopen(io)
+          STDIN.external_encoding
+          STDIN.write "\u3042"
+          STDIN.flush
+        End
+        Process.wait pid
+        f.rewind
+        result = f.read.force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+        assert_equal("\u3042".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), result)
+      }
+    }
+  end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # passing non-stdio fds is not supported
+
+  def test_popen_r_enc
+    IO.popen("#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e 'putc 255'", "r:ascii-8bit") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_r_enc_in_opt
+    IO.popen("#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e 'putc 255'", "r", encoding: "ascii-8bit") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_r_enc_in_opt2
+    IO.popen("#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e 'putc 255'", "r", external_encoding: "ascii-8bit") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(nil, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_r_enc_enc
+    IO.popen("#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e 'putc 0xa1'", "r:shift_jis:euc-jp") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::Shift_JIS, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\x8e\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_r_enc_enc_in_opt
+    IO.popen("#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e 'putc 0xa1'", "r", encoding: "shift_jis:euc-jp") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::Shift_JIS, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\x8e\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_r_enc_enc_in_opt2
+    IO.popen("#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e 'putc 0xa1'", "r", external_encoding: "shift_jis", internal_encoding: "euc-jp") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::Shift_JIS, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\x8e\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popenv_r_enc_enc_in_opt2
+    IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, "-e", "putc 0xa1"], "r", external_encoding: "shift_jis", internal_encoding: "euc-jp") {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::Shift_JIS, f.external_encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, f.internal_encoding)
+      s = f.read
+      assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+      assert_equal("\x8e\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\xff")
+      IO.foreach("t", :mode => "r:ascii-8bit") {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\xff")
+      IO.foreach("t", :encoding => "ascii-8bit") {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_enc_in_opt2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\xff")
+      IO.foreach("t", :external_encoding => "ascii-8bit") {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_enc_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\u3042")
+      IO.foreach("t", :mode => "r:utf-8:euc-jp") {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_enc_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\u3042")
+      IO.foreach("t", :mode => "r", :encoding => "utf-8:euc-jp") {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_enc_enc_in_opt2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\u3042")
+      IO.foreach("t", :mode => "r", :external_encoding => "utf-8", :internal_encoding => "euc-jp") {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_open_args_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\xff")
+      IO.foreach("t", :open_args => ["r:ascii-8bit"]) {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_open_args_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\xff")
+      IO.foreach("t", :open_args => ["r", encoding: "ascii-8bit"]) {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_open_args_enc_in_opt2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\xff")
+      IO.foreach("t", :open_args => ["r", external_encoding: "ascii-8bit"]) {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xff".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_open_args_enc_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\u3042")
+      IO.foreach("t", :open_args => ["r:utf-8:euc-jp"]) {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_open_args_enc_enc_in_opt
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\u3042")
+      IO.foreach("t", :open_args => ["r", encoding: "utf-8:euc-jp"]) {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_s_foreach_open_args_enc_enc_in_opt2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "\u3042")
+      IO.foreach("t", :open_args => ["r", external_encoding: "utf-8", internal_encoding: "euc-jp"]) {|s|
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+        assert_equal("\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"), s)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_both_textmode_binmode
+    bug5918 = '[ruby-core:42199]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug5918) { open("not-exist", "r", :textmode=>true, :binmode=>true) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug5918) { open("not-exist", "rt", :binmode=>true) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug5918) { open("not-exist", "rt", :binmode=>false) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug5918) { open("not-exist", "rb", :textmode=>true) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug5918) { open("not-exist", "rb", :textmode=>false) }
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_decode_universal_newline_read
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.crlf", "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.crlf", mode:"rt:euc-jp:utf-8"))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.crlf", mode:"rt"))
+      open("t.crlf", "rt:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", f.read) }
+      open("t.crlf", "rt") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", f.read) }
+      open("t.crlf", "r", :textmode=>true) {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", f.read) }
+      open("t.crlf", "r", textmode: true, universal_newline: false) {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n", f.read)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.cr", "a\rb\rc\r")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.cr", mode:"rt:euc-jp:utf-8"))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.cr", mode:"rt"))
+
+      generate_file("t.lf", "a\nb\nc\n")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.cr", mode:"rt:euc-jp:utf-8"))
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.cr", mode:"rt"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_decode_universal_newline_getc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.crlf", "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n")
+      open("t.crlf", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("b", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("c", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.getc)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.cr", "a\rb\rc\r")
+      open("t.cr", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("b", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("c", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.getc)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.lf", "a\nb\nc\n")
+      open("t.lf", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("b", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("c", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.getc)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_decode_universal_newline_gets
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.crlf", "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n")
+      open("t.crlf", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("b\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.cr", "a\rb\rc\r")
+      open("t.cr", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("b\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.lf", "a\nb\nc\n")
+      open("t.lf", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("b\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_decode_universal_newline_utf16
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.utf16be.crlf", "\0a\0\r\0\n\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\r\0\n")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.utf16be.crlf", mode:"rt:utf-16be:utf-8"))
+
+      generate_file("t.utf16le.crlf", "a\0\r\0\n\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\r\0\n\0")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.utf16le.crlf", mode:"rt:utf-16le:utf-8"))
+
+      generate_file("t.utf16be.cr", "\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0c\0\r")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.utf16be.cr", mode:"rt:utf-16be:utf-8"))
+
+      generate_file("t.utf16le.cr", "a\0\r\0b\0\r\0c\0\r\0")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.utf16le.cr", mode:"rt:utf-16le:utf-8"))
+
+      generate_file("t.utf16be.lf", "\0a\0\n\0b\0\n\0c\0\n")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.utf16be.lf", mode:"rt:utf-16be:utf-8"))
+
+      generate_file("t.utf16le.lf", "a\0\n\0b\0\n\0c\0\n\0")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", File.read("t.utf16le.lf", mode:"rt:utf-16le:utf-8"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  SYSTEM_NEWLINE = []
+  def system_newline
+    return SYSTEM_NEWLINE.first if !SYSTEM_NEWLINE.empty?
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("newline", "wt") {|f|
+        f.print "\n"
+      }
+      open("newline", "rb") {|f|
+        SYSTEM_NEWLINE << f.read
+      }
+    }
+    SYSTEM_NEWLINE.first
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_encode_newline
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("t.txt", "wt") {|f|
+        f.puts "abc"
+        f.puts "def"
+      }
+      content = File.read("t.txt", :mode=>"rb")
+      nl = system_newline
+      assert_equal("abc#{nl}def#{nl}", content)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_encode_newline_enc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("t.txt", "wt:euc-jp") {|f|
+        f.puts "abc\u3042"
+        f.puts "def\u3044"
+      }
+      content = File.read("t.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      nl = system_newline
+      assert_equal("abc\xA4\xA2#{nl}def\xA4\xA4#{nl}", content)
+    }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_binmode_decode_universal_newline
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.txt", "a\n")
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        open("t.txt", "rb", newline: :universal) {}
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_default_mode_decode_universal_newline_gets
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.crlf", "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n")
+      open("t.crlf", "r", newline: :universal) {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("b\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.cr", "a\rb\rc\r")
+      open("t.cr", "r", newline: :universal) {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("b\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+
+      generate_file("t.lf", "a\nb\nc\n")
+      open("t.lf", "r", newline: :universal) {|f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("b\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.gets)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_read_newline_conversion_with_encoding_conversion
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.utf8.crlf", "a\r\nb\r\n")
+      open("t.utf8.crlf", "rb:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f|
+        content = f.read
+        assert_equal("\0a\0\r\0\n\0b\0\r\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), content)
+      }
+      open("t.utf8.crlf", "rt:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f|
+        content = f.read
+        assert_equal("\0a\0\n\0b\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), content)
+      }
+      open("t.utf8.crlf", "r:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f|
+        content = f.read
+        if system_newline == "\n"
+          assert_equal("\0a\0\r\0\n\0b\0\r\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), content)
+        else
+          assert_equal("\0a\0\n\0b\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), content)
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_read_newline_conversion_without_encoding_conversion
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.utf16.crlf", "\0a\0\r\0\n\0b\0\r\0\n")
+      open("t.utf16.crlf", "rb:utf-16be") {|f|
+        content = f.read
+        assert_equal("\0a\0\r\0\n\0b\0\r\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),
+                     content)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_read_newline_conversion_error
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("empty.txt", "")
+      # ascii incompatible encoding without conversion needs binmode.
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        open("empty.txt", "rt:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        open("empty.txt", "r:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_read_mode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t", "a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2")
+      generate_file("ie", "a\rb\r\nc\n\e$B\x42\x22\e(B")
+      generate_file("iu", "a\rb\r\nc\n\e$B\x21\x71\e(B")
+      generate_file("be", "\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\n\x85\x35")
+      generate_file("bu", "\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\n\0\xa2")
+      # "\xc2\xa2" is valid as EUC-JP and UTF-8
+      #   EUC-JP        UTF-8           Unicode
+      #   0xC2A2        0xE894B5        U+8535
+      #   0xA1F1        0xC2A2          U+00A2
+
+      open("t","rt") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding(Encoding.default_external), f.read) }
+      open("t","rb") {|f| assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT), f.read) }
+
+      open("t","rt:euc-jp") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rb:euc-jp") {|f| assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rt:utf-8") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-8"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rb:utf-8") {|f| assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-8"), f.read) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { open("t", "rt:iso-2022-jp") {|f| } }
+      open("t","rb:iso-2022-jp") {|f| assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), f.read) }
+
+      open("t","rt:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\u8535", f.read) }
+      open("t","rt:utf-8:euc-jp") {|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xa1\xf1".force_encoding("EUC-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rb:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f| assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\u8535", f.read) }
+      open("t","rb:utf-8:euc-jp") {|f| assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xa1\xf1".force_encoding("EUC-JP"), f.read) }
+
+      open("t","rt:euc-jp:iso-2022-jp"){|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\e$B\x42\x22\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rt:utf-8:iso-2022-jp"){|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\e$B\x21\x71\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rt:euc-jp:utf-16be"){|f| assert_equal("\0a\0\n\0b\0\n\0c\0\n\x85\x35".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rt:utf-8:utf-16be"){|f| assert_equal("\0a\0\n\0b\0\n\0c\0\n\0\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"), f.read) }
+      open("t","rb:euc-jp:iso-2022-jp"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\e$B\x42\x22\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),f.read)}
+      open("t","rb:utf-8:iso-2022-jp"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\e$B\x21\x71\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),f.read)}
+      open("t","rb:euc-jp:utf-16be"){|f|assert_equal("\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\n\x85\x35".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),f.read)}
+      open("t","rb:utf-8:utf-16be"){|f|assert_equal("\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\n\0\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),f.read)}
+
+      open("ie","rt:iso-2022-jp:euc-jp"){|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("iu","rt:iso-2022-jp:utf-8"){|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-8"), f.read) }
+      open("be","rt:utf-16be:euc-jp"){|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP"), f.read) }
+      open("bu","rt:utf-16be:utf-8"){|f| assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-8"), f.read) }
+      open("ie","rb:iso-2022-jp:euc-jp"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP"),f.read)}
+      open("iu","rb:iso-2022-jp:utf-8"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-8"),f.read)}
+      open("be","rb:utf-16be:euc-jp"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("EUC-JP"),f.read)}
+      open("bu","rb:utf-16be:utf-8"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("UTF-8"),f.read)}
+
+      open("ie","rt:iso-2022-jp:utf-16be"){|f|assert_equal("\0a\0\n\0b\0\n\0c\0\n\x85\x35".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),f.read)}
+      open("be","rt:utf-16be:iso-2022-jp"){|f|assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n\e$B\x42\x22\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),f.read)}
+      open("ie","rb:iso-2022-jp:utf-16be"){|f|assert_equal("\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\n\x85\x35".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),f.read)}
+      open("be","rb:utf-16be:iso-2022-jp"){|f|assert_equal("a\rb\r\nc\n\e$B\x42\x22\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),f.read)}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_write(expected, mode, *args)
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("t", mode) {|f|
+        args.each {|arg| f.print arg }
+      }
+      content = File.read("t", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal(expected.b, content.b)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_write_mode
+    # "\xc2\xa2" is valid as EUC-JP and UTF-8
+    #   EUC-JP        UTF-8           Unicode
+    #   0xC2A2        0xE894B5        U+8535
+    #   0xA1F1        0xC2A2          U+00A2
+    a = "a\rb\r\nc\n"
+    e = "\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    u8 = "\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("utf-8")
+    u16 = "\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r\0\n\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    i = "\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r\n\n".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+    n = system_newline
+    n.encode("utf-16be").force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+
+    assert_write("a\rb\r#{n}c#{n}", "wt", a)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2", "wt", e)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2", "wt", u8)
+
+    assert_write("a\rb\r\nc\n", "wb", a)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2", "wb", e)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2", "wb", u8)
+
+    #assert_write("\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r\0\n\0\n", "wt", u16) should raise
+    #assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r\n\n", "wt", i) should raise
+    assert_write("\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r\0\n\0\n", "wb", u16)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r\n\n", "wb", i)
+
+    t_write_mode_enc
+    t_write_mode_enc(":utf-8")
+  end
+
+  def t_write_mode_enc(enc="")
+    # "\xc2\xa2" is valid as EUC-JP and UTF-8
+    #   EUC-JP        UTF-8           Unicode
+    #   0xC2A2        0xE894B5        U+8535
+    #   0xA1F1        0xC2A2          U+00A2
+    a = "a\rb\r\nc\n"
+    e = "\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    u8 = "\xc2\xa2".force_encoding("utf-8")
+    u16 = "\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r\0\n\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    i = "\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r\n\n".force_encoding("iso-2022-jp")
+    n = system_newline
+    un = n.encode("utf-16be").force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+
+    assert_write("a\rb\r#{n}c#{n}", "wt:euc-jp#{enc}", a)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2", "wt:euc-jp#{enc}", e)
+    assert_write("\xa1\xf1", "wt:euc-jp#{enc}", u8)
+
+    assert_write("a\rb\r\nc\n", "wb:euc-jp#{enc}", a)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2", "wb:euc-jp#{enc}", e)
+    assert_write("\xa1\xf1", "wb:euc-jp#{enc}", u8)
+
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2\r\xa1\xf1\r#{n}#{n}", "wt:euc-jp#{enc}", u16)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2\r\xa1\xf1\r#{n}#{n}", "wt:euc-jp#{enc}", i)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2\r\xa1\xf1\r\n\n", "wb:euc-jp#{enc}", u16)
+    assert_write("\xc2\xa2\r\xa1\xf1\r\n\n", "wb:euc-jp#{enc}", i)
+
+    assert_write("\0a\0\r\0b\0\r#{un}\0c#{un}", "wt:utf-16be#{enc}", a)
+    assert_write("\x85\x35", "wt:utf-16be#{enc}", e)
+    assert_write("\x00\xa2", "wt:utf-16be#{enc}", u8)
+    assert_write("a\rb\r#{n}c#{n}", "wt:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", a)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B", "wt:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", e)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x21\x71\e(B", "wt:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", u8)
+
+    assert_write("\0a\0\r\0b\0\r\0\n\0c\0\n", "wb:utf-16be#{enc}", a)
+    assert_write("\x85\x35", "wb:utf-16be#{enc}", e)
+    assert_write("\x00\xa2", "wb:utf-16be#{enc}", u8)
+    assert_write("a\rb\r\nc\n", "wb:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", a)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B", "wb:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", e)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x21\x71\e(B", "wb:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", u8)
+
+    assert_write("\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r#{un}#{un}", "wt:utf-16be#{enc}", u16)
+    assert_write("\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r#{un}#{un}", "wt:utf-16be#{enc}", i)
+    assert_write("\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r\0\n\0\n", "wb:utf-16be#{enc}", u16)
+    assert_write("\x85\x35\0\r\x00\xa2\0\r\0\n\0\n", "wb:utf-16be#{enc}", i)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r#{n}#{n}", "wt:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", u16)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r#{n}#{n}", "wt:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", i)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r\n\n", "wb:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", u16)
+    assert_write("\e$B\x42\x22\e(B\r\e$B\x21\x71\e(B\r\n\n", "wb:iso-2022-jp#{enc}", i)
+  end
+
+  def test_write_mode_fail
+    return if system_newline == "\n"
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("t", "wt") {|f|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f.print "\0\r\0\r\0\n\0\n".force_encoding("utf-16be") }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_write_ascii_incompat
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("t.utf8", "wb:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      open("t.utf8", "wt:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      open("t.utf8", "w:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      open("t.utf16", "wb:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      open("t.utf16", "wt:utf-16be") {|f| }
+      open("t.utf16", "w:utf-16be") {|f| }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode_write_ascii_incompat_internal
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("t.utf8.lf", "wb:utf-8:utf-16be") {|f|
+        f.print "\0a\0\n\0b\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE")
+      }
+      content = File.read("t.utf8.lf", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("a\nb\n", content)
+
+      open("t.utf8.lf", "wb:utf-16be") {|f|
+        f.print "\0a\0\n\0b\0\n".force_encoding("UTF-16BE")
+      }
+      content = File.read("t.utf8.lf", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\0a\0\n\0b\0\n", content)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binary
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "a\nb\rc\r\nd\n"
+      generate_file("t.txt", src)
+      open("t.txt", "rb") {|f|
+        assert_equal(src, f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r", :binmode=>true) {|f|
+        assert_equal(src, f.read)
+      }
+      if system_newline == "\n"
+        open("t.txt", "r") {|f|
+          assert_equal(src, f.read)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n"
+      generate_file("t.txt", src)
+      open("t.txt", "rt") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        f.binmode
+        assert_equal("b", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\r", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("c", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\r", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.getc)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode2
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n"
+      generate_file("t.txt", src)
+      open("t.txt", "rt:euc-jp:utf-8") {|f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        f.binmode
+        assert_equal("b", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\r", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("c", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\r", f.getc)
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)
+        assert_equal(nil, f.getc)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode3
+    with_tmpdir {
+      src = "\u3042\r\n"
+      generate_file("t.txt", src)
+      srcbin = src.b
+      open("t.txt", "rt:utf-8:euc-jp") {|f|
+        f.binmode
+        result = f.read
+        assert_str_equal(srcbin, result)
+        assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, result.encoding)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_r
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.txt", "a\x80b")
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :invalid => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_equal("a?b", f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :invalid => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_equal("ab", f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :undef => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { f.read }
+        assert_equal("b", f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :undef => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { f.read }
+        assert_equal("b", f.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_r
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.txt", "a\uFFFDb")
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :undef => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_equal("a?b", f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :undef => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_equal("ab", f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :invalid => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { f.read }
+        assert_equal("b", f.read)
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "r:utf-8:euc-jp", :invalid => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { f.read }
+        assert_equal("b", f.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_w
+    with_tmpdir {
+      invalid_utf8 = "a\x80b".force_encoding("utf-8")
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp", :invalid => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised { f.write invalid_utf8 }
+      }
+      assert_equal("a?b", File.read("t.txt"))
+
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp", :invalid => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised { f.write invalid_utf8 }
+      }
+      assert_equal("ab", File.read("t.txt"))
+
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp", :undef => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { f.write invalid_utf8 }
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp", :undef => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { f.write invalid_utf8 }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_w_stateless
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.txt", "a\uFFFDb")
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp:utf-8", :undef => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+      assert_equal("a?b", File.read("t.txt"))
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp:utf-8", :undef => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+      assert_equal("ab", File.read("t.txt"))
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp:utf-8", :invalid => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "w:euc-jp:utf-8", :invalid => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_w_stateful
+    with_tmpdir {
+      generate_file("t.txt", "a\uFFFDb")
+      open("t.txt", "w:iso-2022-jp:utf-8", :undef => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+      assert_equal("a?b", File.read("t.txt"))
+      open("t.txt", "w:iso-2022-jp:utf-8", :undef => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_nothing_raised { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+      assert_equal("ab", File.read("t.txt"))
+      open("t.txt", "w:iso-2022-jp:utf-8", :invalid => :replace) {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+      open("t.txt", "w:iso-2022-jp:utf-8", :invalid => :replace, :replace => "") {|f|
+        assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { f.write "a\uFFFDb" }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_w_xml_attr
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("raw.txt", "wb", xml: :attr) {|f| f.print '&<>"\''; f.puts "\u4E02\u3042" }
+      content = File.read("raw.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\"&amp;&lt;&gt;&quot;&apos;\u4E02\u3042\n\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+
+      open("ascii.txt", "wb:us-ascii", xml: :attr) {|f| f.print '&<>"\''; f.puts "\u4E02\u3042" }
+      content = File.read("ascii.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\"&amp;&lt;&gt;&quot;&apos;&#x4E02;&#x3042;\n\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+
+      open("iso-2022-jp.txt", "wb:iso-2022-jp", xml: :attr) {|f| f.print '&<>"\''; f.puts "\u4E02\u3042" }
+      content = File.read("iso-2022-jp.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\"&amp;&lt;&gt;&quot;&apos;&#x4E02;\e$B$\"\e(B\n\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+
+      open("utf-16be.txt", "wb:utf-16be", xml: :attr) {|f| f.print '&<>"\''; f.puts "\u4E02\u3042" }
+      content = File.read("utf-16be.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\0\"\0&\0a\0m\0p\0;\0&\0l\0t\0;\0&\0g\0t\0;\0&\0q\0u\0o\0t\0;\0&\0a\0p\0o\0s\0;\x4E\x02\x30\x42\0\n\0\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+
+      open("eucjp.txt", "w:euc-jp:utf-8", xml: :attr) {|f|
+        f.print "\u4E02" # U+4E02 is 0x3021 in JIS X 0212
+      }
+      content = File.read("eucjp.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\"\x8F\xB0\xA1\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+
+      open("sjis.txt", "w:sjis:utf-8", xml: :attr) {|f|
+        f.print "\u4E02" # U+4E02 is 0x3021 in JIS X 0212
+      }
+      content = File.read("sjis.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\"&#x4E02;\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+
+      open("iso-2022-jp.txt", "w:iso-2022-jp:utf-8", xml: :attr) {|f|
+        f.print "\u4E02" # U+4E02 is 0x3021 in JIS X 0212
+      }
+      content = File.read("iso-2022-jp.txt", :mode=>"rb:ascii-8bit")
+      assert_equal("\"&#x4E02;\"".force_encoding("ascii-8bit"), content)
+    }
+  end
+
+  %w/UTF-8 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE UTF-32BE UTF-32LE/.each do |name|
+    define_method("test_strip_bom:#{name}") do
+      path = "#{name}-bom.txt"
+      with_tmpdir {
+        text = "\uFEFF\u0100a"
+        stripped = "\u0100a"
+        content = text.encode(name)
+        generate_file(path, content)
+        result = File.read(path, mode: 'rb:BOM|UTF-8')
+        assert_equal(Encoding.find(name), result.encoding, name)
+        assert_equal(content[1..-1].b, result.b, name)
+        %w[rb rt r].each do |mode|
+          message = "#{name}, mode: #{mode.dump}"
+          result = File.read(path, mode: "#{mode}:BOM|UTF-8:UTF-8")
+          assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding, message)
+          assert_equal(stripped, result, message)
+        end
+
+        File.open(path, "rb") {|f|
+          assert_equal(Encoding.find(name), f.set_encoding_by_bom)
+        }
+        File.open(path, "rb", encoding: "iso-8859-1") {|f|
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError) {f.set_encoding_by_bom}
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_strip_bom_no_conv
+    with_tmpdir {
+      path = 'UTF-8-bom.txt'
+      generate_file(path, "\uFEFFa")
+
+      bug3407 = '[ruby-core:30641]'
+      result = File.read(path, encoding: 'BOM|UTF-8')
+      assert_equal("a", result.b, bug3407)
+
+      File.open(path, "rb", encoding: "iso-8859-1") {|f|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {f.set_encoding_by_bom}
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_strip_bom_invalid
+    with_tmpdir {
+      path = 'UTF-8-bom.txt'
+      generate_file(path, "\uFEFFa")
+
+      bug8323 = '[ruby-core:54563] [Bug #8323]'
+      expected = "a\xff".force_encoding("utf-8")
+      open(path, 'ab') {|f| f.write("\xff")}
+      result = File.read(path, encoding: 'BOM|UTF-8')
+      assert_not_predicate(result, :valid_encoding?, bug8323)
+      assert_equal(expected, result, bug8323)
+      result = File.read(path, encoding: 'BOM|UTF-8:UTF-8')
+      assert_not_predicate(result, :valid_encoding?, bug8323)
+      assert_equal(expected, result, bug8323)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_strip_bom_no_bom
+    with_tmpdir {
+      bug8323 = '[ruby-core:54563] [Bug #8323]'
+      path = 'ascii.txt'
+      stripped = "a"
+      generate_file(path, stripped)
+      result = File.read(path, encoding: 'BOM|UTF-8')
+      assert_equal(stripped, result, bug8323)
+      result = File.read(path, encoding: 'BOM|UTF-8:UTF-8')
+      assert_equal(stripped, result, bug8323)
+
+      File.open(path, "rb") {|f|
+        assert_nil(f.set_encoding_by_bom)
+      }
+      File.open(path, "rb", encoding: "iso-8859-1") {|f|
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) {f.set_encoding_by_bom}
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_too_long_utfname
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_warn(/Unsupported encoding/) {
+        open(IO::NULL, "r:bom|utf-" + "x" * 10000) {}
+      }
+    end;
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_warn(/Unsupported encoding/) {
+        open(IO::NULL, encoding: "bom|utf-" + "x" * 10000) {}
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_non_utf
+    enc = nil
+
+    assert_warn(/BOM/) {
+      open(__FILE__, "r:bom|us-ascii") {|f| enc = f.external_encoding}
+    }
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, enc)
+
+    enc = nil
+    assert_warn(/BOM/) {
+      open(__FILE__, "r", encoding: "bom|us-ascii") {|f| enc = f.external_encoding}
+    }
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, enc)
+
+    enc = nil
+    assert_warn(/BOM/) {
+      open(IO::NULL, "w:bom|us-ascii") {|f| enc = f.external_encoding}
+    }
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, enc)
+
+    enc = nil
+    assert_warn(/BOM/) {
+      open(IO::NULL, "w", encoding: "bom|us-ascii") {|f| enc = f.external_encoding}
+    }
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, enc)
+
+    tlhInganHol = "\u{f8e4 f8d9 f8d7 f8dc f8d0 f8db} \u{f8d6 f8dd f8d9}"
+    assert_warn(/#{tlhInganHol}/) {
+      EnvUtil.with_default_internal(nil) {
+        open(IO::NULL, "w:bom|#{tlhInganHol}") {|f| enc = f.external_encoding}
+      }
+    }
+    assert_nil(enc)
+  end
+
+  def test_bom_non_reading
+    with_tmpdir {
+      enc = nil
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {
+        open("test", "w:bom|utf-8") {|f|
+          enc = f.external_encoding
+          f.print("abc")
+        }
+      }
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, enc)
+      assert_equal("abc", File.binread("test"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_cbuf
+    with_tmpdir {
+      fn = "tst"
+      open(fn, "w") {|f| f.print "foo" }
+      open(fn, "r+t") {|f|
+        f.ungetc(f.getc)
+        assert_raise(IOError, "[ruby-dev:40493]") { f.readpartial(2) }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.read(2) }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.each_byte {|c| } }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.getbyte }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.ungetbyte(0) }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.sysread(2) }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { IO.copy_stream(f, "tmpout") }
+        assert_raise(IOError) { f.sysseek(2) }
+      }
+      open(fn, "r+t") {|f|
+        f.ungetc(f.getc)
+        assert_equal("foo", f.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_text_mode_ungetc_eof
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("ff", "w") {|f| }
+      open("ff", "rt") {|f|
+        f.ungetc "a"
+        assert_not_predicate(f, :eof?, "[ruby-dev:40506] (3)")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_cbuf_select
+    pipe("US-ASCII:UTF-8", { :universal_newline => true },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "\r\n"
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r.ungetc(r.getc)
+           assert_equal([[r],[],[]], IO.select([r], nil, nil, 1))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_paragraphmode
+    pipe("US-ASCII:UTF-8", { :universal_newline => true },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "a\n\n\nc".gsub(/\n/, "\r\n")
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("a\n\n", r.gets(""))
+           assert_equal("c", r.gets(""), "[ruby-core:23723] (18)")
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_paragraph_binaryread
+    pipe("US-ASCII:UTF-8", { :universal_newline => true },
+         proc do |w|
+           w << "a\n\n\ncdefgh".gsub(/\n/, "\r\n")
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           assert_equal("a\n\n", r.gets(""))
+           assert_equal("c", r.getc)
+           assert_equal("defgh", r.readpartial(10))
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_textmode_paragraph_nonasciicompat
+    bug3534 = ['[ruby-dev:41803]', '[Bug #3534]']
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      [Encoding::UTF_32BE, Encoding::UTF_32LE,
+       Encoding::UTF_16BE, Encoding::UTF_16LE,
+       Encoding::UTF_8].each do |e|
+        r.set_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII, e)
+        wthr = Thread.new{ w.print(bug3534[0], "\n\n\n\n", bug3534[1], "\n") }
+        assert_equal((bug3534[0]+"\n\n").encode(e), r.gets(""), bug3534[0])
+        assert_equal((bug3534[1]+"\n").encode(e), r.gets(), bug3534[1])
+        wthr.join
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode_paragraph_nonasciicompat
+    bug3534 = ['[ruby-dev:41803]', '[Bug #3534]']
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      r.binmode
+      w.binmode
+      [Encoding::UTF_32BE, Encoding::UTF_32LE,
+       Encoding::UTF_16BE, Encoding::UTF_16LE,
+       Encoding::UTF_8].each do |e|
+        r.set_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII, e)
+        wthr = Thread.new{ w.print(bug3534[0], "\n\n\n\n", bug3534[1], "\n") }
+        assert_equal((bug3534[0]+"\n\n").encode(e), r.gets(""), bug3534[0])
+        assert_equal((bug3534[1]+"\n").encode(e), r.gets(), bug3534[1])
+        wthr.join
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_puts_widechar
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:42212]'
+    pipe(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT,
+         proc do |w|
+           w.binmode
+           w.puts(0x010a.chr(Encoding::UTF_32BE))
+           w.puts(0x010a.chr(Encoding::UTF_16BE))
+           w.puts(0x0a01.chr(Encoding::UTF_32LE))
+           w.puts(0x0a01.chr(Encoding::UTF_16LE))
+           w.close
+         end,
+         proc do |r|
+           r.binmode
+           assert_equal("\x00\x00\x01\x0a\n", r.read(5), bug)
+           assert_equal("\x01\x0a\n", r.read(3), bug)
+           assert_equal("\x01\x0a\x00\x00\n", r.read(5), bug)
+           assert_equal("\x01\x0a\n", r.read(3), bug)
+           assert_equal("", r.read, bug)
+           r.close
+         end)
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_ascii_only
+    bug4557 = '[ruby-core:35630]'
+    c = with_tmpdir {
+      open("a", "wb") {|f| f.puts "a"}
+      open("a", "rt") {|f| f.getc}
+    }
+    assert_predicate(c, :ascii_only?, bug4557)
+  end
+
+  def test_getc_conversion
+    bug8516 = '[ruby-core:55444] [Bug #8516]'
+    c = with_tmpdir {
+      open("a", "wb") {|f| f.putc "\xe1"}
+      open("a", "r:iso-8859-1:utf-8") {|f| f.getc}
+    }
+    assert_not_predicate(c, :ascii_only?, bug8516)
+    assert_equal(1, c.size, bug8516)
+  end
+
+  def test_default_mode_on_dosish
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("a", "w") {|f| f.write "\n"}
+      assert_equal("\r\n", IO.binread("a"))
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_default_mode_on_unix
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("a", "w") {|f| f.write "\n"}
+      assert_equal("\n", IO.binread("a"))
+    }
+  end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_text_mode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("a", "wb") {|f| f.write "\r\n"}
+      assert_equal("\n", open("a", "rt"){|f| f.read})
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_binary_mode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      open("a", "wb") {|f| f.write "\r\n"}
+      assert_equal("\r\n", open("a", "rb"){|f| f.read})
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_default_stdout_stderr_mode
+    with_pipe do |in_r, in_w|
+      with_pipe do |out_r, out_w|
+        pid = Process.spawn({}, EnvUtil.rubybin, in: in_r, out: out_w, err: out_w)
+        in_r.close
+        out_w.close
+        in_w.write <<-EOS
+          STDOUT.puts "abc"
+          STDOUT.flush
+          STDERR.puts "def"
+          STDERR.flush
+        EOS
+        in_w.close
+        Process.wait pid
+        assert_equal "abc\r\ndef\r\n", out_r.binmode.read
+        out_r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_cr_decorator_on_stdout
+    with_pipe do |in_r, in_w|
+      with_pipe do |out_r, out_w|
+        pid = Process.spawn({}, EnvUtil.rubybin, in: in_r, out: out_w)
+        in_r.close
+        out_w.close
+        in_w.write <<-EOS
+          STDOUT.set_encoding('locale', nil, newline: :cr)
+          STDOUT.puts "abc"
+          STDOUT.flush
+        EOS
+        in_w.close
+        Process.wait pid
+        assert_equal "abc\r", out_r.binmode.read
+        out_r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_lf_decorator_on_stdout
+    with_pipe do |in_r, in_w|
+      with_pipe do |out_r, out_w|
+        pid = Process.spawn({}, EnvUtil.rubybin, in: in_r, out: out_w)
+        in_r.close
+        out_w.close
+        in_w.write <<-EOS
+          STDOUT.set_encoding('locale', nil, newline: :lf)
+          STDOUT.puts "abc"
+          STDOUT.flush
+        EOS
+        in_w.close
+        Process.wait pid
+        assert_equal "abc\n", out_r.binmode.read
+        out_r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_crlf_decorator_on_stdout
+    with_pipe do |in_r, in_w|
+      with_pipe do |out_r, out_w|
+        pid = Process.spawn({}, EnvUtil.rubybin, in: in_r, out: out_w)
+        in_r.close
+        out_w.close
+        in_w.write <<-EOS
+          STDOUT.set_encoding('locale', nil, newline: :crlf)
+          STDOUT.puts "abc"
+          STDOUT.flush
+        EOS
+        in_w.close
+        Process.wait pid
+        assert_equal "abc\r\n", out_r.binmode.read
+        out_r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_binmode_with_pipe
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      src = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n"
+      w.binmode.write src
+      w.close
+
+      assert_equal("a", r.getc)
+      assert_equal("\n", r.getc)
+      r.binmode
+      assert_equal("b", r.getc)
+      assert_equal("\r", r.getc)
+      assert_equal("\n", r.getc)
+      assert_equal("c", r.getc)
+      assert_equal("\r", r.getc)
+      assert_equal("\n", r.getc)
+      assert_equal(nil, r.getc)
+      r.close
+    end
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_stdin_binmode
+    with_pipe do |in_r, in_w|
+      with_pipe do |out_r, out_w|
+        pid = Process.spawn({}, EnvUtil.rubybin, '-e', <<-'End', in: in_r, out: out_w)
+          STDOUT.binmode
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDIN.binmode
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+          STDOUT.write STDIN.getc
+        End
+        in_r.close
+        out_w.close
+        src = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n"
+        in_w.binmode.write src
+        in_w.close
+        Process.wait pid
+        assert_equal "a\nb\r\nc\r\n", out_r.binmode.read
+        out_r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_with_length
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\nb"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal(str, f.read(3))
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_with_length_binmode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n\r\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        # read with length should be binary mode
+        assert_equal("a\r\n", f.read(3)) # binary
+        assert_equal("b\nc\n\n", f.read) # text
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_gets_and_read_with_binmode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n\n\r\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)      # text
+        assert_equal("b\r\n", f.read(3)) # binary
+        assert_equal("c\r\n", f.read(3)) # binary
+        assert_equal("\n\n", f.read)     # text
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_getc_and_read_with_binmode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\n\n\r\n\r\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)         # text
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)        # text
+        assert_equal("b\r\n", f.read(3))  # binary
+        assert_equal("c\n\n\n\n", f.read) # text
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_with_binmode_and_gets
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n\r\n"
+      open("tmp", "wb") { |f| f.write str }
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)         # text
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)        # text
+        assert_equal("b\r\n", f.read(3))  # binary
+        assert_equal("c\n", f.gets)       # text
+        assert_equal("\n", f.gets)        # text
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_with_binmode_and_getc
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n\r\n"
+      open("tmp", "wb") { |f| f.write str }
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal("a", f.getc)         # text
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)        # text
+        assert_equal("b\r\n", f.read(3))  # binary
+        assert_equal("c", f.getc)         # text
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)        # text
+        assert_equal("\n", f.getc)        # text
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_write_with_binmode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r+") do |f|
+        assert_equal("a\r\n", f.read(3))  # binary
+        f.write("b\n\n");                 # text
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal("a\nb\n\n", f.read)  # text
+        f.rewind
+        assert_equal("a\r\nb\r\n\r\n", f.binmode.read) # binary
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_seek_with_setting_binmode
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal("a\n", f.gets)      # text
+        assert_equal("b\r\n", f.read(3)) # binary
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_error_nonascii
+    bug6071 = '[ruby-dev:45279]'
+    paths = ["\u{3042}".encode("sjis"), "\u{ff}".encode("iso-8859-1")]
+    encs = with_tmpdir {
+      paths.map {|path|
+        open(path) rescue $!.message.encoding
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal(paths.map(&:encoding), encs, bug6071)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_nonascii
+    bug6072 = '[ruby-dev:45280]'
+    paths = ["\u{3042}".encode("sjis"), "\u{ff}".encode("iso-8859-1")]
+    encs = with_tmpdir {
+      paths.map {|path|
+        open(path, "wb") {|f| f.inspect.encoding}
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal(paths.map(&:encoding), encs, bug6072)
+  end
+
+  def test_pos_dont_move_cursor_position
+    bug6179 = '[ruby-core:43497]'
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "line one\r\nline two\r\nline three\r\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        assert_equal("line one\n", f.readline)
+        assert_equal(10, f.pos, bug6179)
+        assert_equal("line two\n", f.readline, bug6179)
+        assert_equal(20, f.pos, bug6179)
+        assert_equal("line three\n", f.readline, bug6179)
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_pos_with_buffer_end_cr
+    bug6401 = '[ruby-core:44874]'
+    with_tmpdir {
+      # Read buffer size is 8192. This generates '\r' at 8192.
+      lines = ["X" * 8188, "X"]
+      generate_file("tmp", lines.join("\r\n") + "\r\n")
+
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        lines.each do |line|
+          f.pos
+          assert_equal(line, f.readline.chomp, bug6401)
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_crlf_and_eof
+    bug6271 = '[ruby-core:44189]'
+    with_tmpdir {
+      str = "a\r\nb\r\nc\r\n"
+      generate_file("tmp", str)
+      open("tmp", "r") do |f|
+        i = 0
+        until f.eof?
+          assert_equal(str[i], f.read(1), bug6271)
+          i += 1
+        end
+        assert_equal(str.size, i, bug6271)
+      end
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_read_with_buf_broken_ascii_only
+    a, b = IO.pipe
+    a.binmode
+    b.binmode
+    b.write("\xE2\x9C\x93")
+    b.close
+
+    buf = "".force_encoding("binary")
+    assert buf.ascii_only?, "should have been ascii_only?"
+    a.read(1, buf)
+    assert !buf.ascii_only?, "should not have been ascii_only?"
+  ensure
+    a.close rescue nil
+    b.close rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint_need_more
+    bug11444 = '[ruby-core:70379] [Bug #11444]'
+    tests = [
+      ["incomplete multibyte", "\u{1f376}".b[0,3], [], ["invalid byte sequence in UTF-8"]],
+      ["multibyte at boundary", "x"*8190+"\u{1f376}", ["1f376"], []],
+    ]
+    failure = []
+    ["bin", "text"].product(tests) do |mode, (test, data, out, err)|
+      code = <<-"end;"
+        c = nil
+        begin
+          open(ARGV[0], "r#{mode[0]}:utf-8") do |f|
+            f.each_codepoint{|i| c = i}
+          end
+        rescue ArgumentError => e
+          STDERR.puts e.message
+        else
+          printf "%x", c
+        end
+      end;
+      Tempfile.create("codepoint") do |f|
+        args = ['-e', code, f.path]
+        f.print data
+        f.close
+        begin
+          assert_in_out_err(args, "", out, err,
+                            "#{bug11444}: #{test} in #{mode} mode",
+                            timeout: 10)
+        rescue Exception => e
+          failure << e
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    unless failure.empty?
+      flunk failure.join("\n---\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint_encoding_with_ungetc
+    File.open(File::NULL, "rt:utf-8") do |f|
+      f.ungetc(%Q[\u{3042}\u{3044}\u{3046}])
+      assert_equal [0x3042, 0x3044, 0x3046], f.each_codepoint.to_a
+    end
+    File.open(File::NULL, "rt:us-ascii") do |f|
+      f.ungetc(%Q[\u{3042}\u{3044}\u{3046}])
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        f.each_codepoint.to_a
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_io_timeout.rb b/test/ruby/test_io_timeout.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e017395980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_io_timeout.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require 'io/nonblock'
+
+class TestIOTimeout < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def with_pipe
+    omit "UNIXSocket is not defined!" unless defined?(UNIXSocket)
+
+    begin
+      i, o = UNIXSocket.pair
+
+      yield i, o
+    ensure
+      i.close
+      o.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_attribute
+    with_pipe do |i, o|
+      assert_nil i.timeout
+
+      i.timeout = 10
+      assert_equal 10, i.timeout
+      assert_nil o.timeout
+
+      o.timeout = 20
+      assert_equal 20, o.timeout
+      assert_equal 10, i.timeout
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_read_exception
+    with_pipe do |i, o|
+      i.timeout = 0.0001
+
+      assert_raise(IO::TimeoutError) {i.read}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_gets_exception
+    with_pipe do |i, o|
+      i.timeout = 0.0001
+
+      assert_raise(IO::TimeoutError) {i.gets}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_puts
+    with_pipe do |i, o|
+      i.timeout = 0.0001
+      o.puts("Hello World")
+      o.close
+
+      assert_equal "Hello World", i.gets.chomp
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb b/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa716787fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,996 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class TestISeq < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  ISeq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence
+
+  def test_no_linenum
+    bug5894 = '[ruby-dev:45130]'
+    assert_normal_exit('p RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("1", "mac", "", 0).to_a', bug5894)
+  end
+
+  def compile(src, line = nil, opt = nil)
+    unless line
+      line = caller_locations(1).first.lineno
+    end
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      ISeq.new(src, __FILE__, __FILE__, line, opt)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def lines src, lines = nil
+    body = compile(src, lines).to_a[13]
+    body.find_all{|e| e.kind_of? Integer}
+  end
+
+  def test_allocate
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {ISeq.allocate}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_lines
+    assert_equal [__LINE__+1, __LINE__+2, __LINE__+4], lines(<<-EOS, __LINE__+1)
+    p __LINE__ # 1
+    p __LINE__ # 2
+               # 3
+    p __LINE__ # 4
+    EOS
+
+    assert_equal [__LINE__+2, __LINE__+4], lines(<<-EOS, __LINE__+1)
+               # 1
+    p __LINE__ # 2
+               # 3
+    p __LINE__ # 4
+               # 5
+    EOS
+
+    assert_equal [__LINE__+3, __LINE__+4, __LINE__+7, __LINE__+9], lines(<<~EOS, __LINE__+1)
+    1 # should be optimized out
+    2 # should be optimized out
+    p __LINE__ # 3
+    p __LINE__ # 4
+    5 # should be optimized out
+    6 # should be optimized out
+    p __LINE__ # 7
+    8 # should be optimized out
+    9
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_unsupported_type
+    ary = compile("p").to_a
+    ary[9] = :foobar
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:foobar/) {ISeq.load(ary)}
+  end if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load)
+
+  def test_loaded_cdhash_mark
+    iseq = compile(<<-'end;', __LINE__+1)
+      def bug(kw)
+        case kw
+        when "false" then false
+        when "true"  then true
+        when "nil"   then nil
+        else raise("unhandled argument: #{kw.inspect}")
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      iseq = #{iseq.to_a.inspect}
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load(iseq).eval
+      assert_equal(false, bug("false"))
+      GC.start
+      assert_equal(false, bug("false"))
+    end;
+  end if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load)
+
+  def test_cdhash_after_roundtrip
+    # CDHASH was not built properly when loading from binary and
+    # was causing opt_case_dispatch to clobber its stack canary
+    # for its "leaf" instruction attribute.
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      case Class.new(String).new("foo")
+      when "foo"
+        42
+      end
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_forwardable
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      Class.new {
+        def bar(a, b); a + b; end
+        def foo(...); bar(...); end
+      }
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval.new.foo(40, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_block
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      def (Object.new).touch(*) # :nodoc:
+        foo { super }
+      end
+      42
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_block_hash_0
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      # [Bug #18250] `req` specifically cause `Assertion failed: (key != 0), function hash_table_raw_insert`
+      def (Object.new).touch(req, *)
+        foo { super }
+      end
+      42
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_block_and_kwrest
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      def (Object.new).touch(**) # :nodoc:
+        foo { super }
+      end
+      42
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_with_ractor_roundtrip
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      x = 42
+      y = Ractor.shareable_lambda{x}
+      y.call
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_anonymous_block
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      def (Object.new).touch(&) # :nodoc:
+        foo { super }
+      end
+      42
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(42, ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval)
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_unshareable_outer_variable
+    name = "\u{2603 26a1}"
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\(#{name}\)/) do
+      eval("#{name} = nil; Ractor.shareable_proc{#{name} = nil}")
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(Ractor::IsolationError, /\'#{name}\'/) do
+      eval("#{name} = []; Ractor.shareable_proc{#{name}}")
+    end
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.foo(*) Ractor.shareable_proc{super} end
+    assert_raise_with_message(Ractor::IsolationError, /cannot make a shareable Proc because it can refer unshareable object \[\]/) do
+      obj.foo(*[])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_shareable_value_frozen_core
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(<<~'RUBY')
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      REGEX = /#{}/ # [Bug #20569]
+    RUBY
+    assert_includes iseq_to_binary(iseq), "REGEX".b
+  end
+
+  def test_disasm_encoding
+    src = +"\u{3042} = 1; \u{3042}; \u{3043}"
+    asm = compile(src).disasm
+    assert_equal(src.encoding, asm.encoding)
+    assert_predicate(asm, :valid_encoding?)
+    src.encode!(Encoding::Shift_JIS)
+    asm = compile(src).disasm
+    assert_equal(src.encoding, asm.encoding)
+    assert_predicate(asm, :valid_encoding?)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    name = "\u{2603 26a1}"
+    obj.instance_eval("def #{name}; tap {}; end")
+    assert_include(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(obj.method(name)).disasm, name)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_file_encoding
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_iseq .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "{ '\u00de' => 'Th', '\u00df' => 'ss', '\u00e0' => 'a' }"
+      f.close
+
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::US_ASCII) do
+        assert_warn('') {
+          load f.path
+        }
+        assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) {
+          RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(f.path)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  LINE_BEFORE_METHOD = __LINE__
+  def method_test_line_trace
+
+    _a = 1
+
+    _b = 2
+
+  end
+
+  def test_line_trace
+    iseq = compile(<<~EOF, __LINE__+1)
+      a = 1
+      b = 2
+      c = 3
+      # d = 4
+      e = 5
+      # f = 6
+      g = 7
+    EOF
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 5, 7], iseq.line_trace_all)
+    iseq.line_trace_specify(1, true) # line 2
+    iseq.line_trace_specify(3, true) # line 5
+
+    result = []
+    TracePoint.new(:specified_line){|tp|
+      result << tp.lineno
+    }.enable{
+      iseq.eval
+    }
+    assert_equal([2, 5], result)
+
+    iseq = ISeq.of(self.class.instance_method(:method_test_line_trace))
+    assert_equal([LINE_BEFORE_METHOD + 3, LINE_BEFORE_METHOD + 5], iseq.line_trace_all)
+  end if false # TODO: now, it is only for C APIs.
+
+  LINE_OF_HERE = __LINE__
+  def test_location
+    iseq = ISeq.of(method(:test_location))
+
+    assert_equal(__FILE__, iseq.path)
+    assert_match(/#{__FILE__}/, iseq.absolute_path)
+    assert_equal("test_location", iseq.label)
+    assert_equal("test_location", iseq.base_label)
+    assert_equal(LINE_OF_HERE+1, iseq.first_lineno)
+
+    line = __LINE__
+    iseq = ISeq.of(Proc.new{})
+    assert_equal(__FILE__, iseq.path)
+    assert_match(/#{__FILE__}/, iseq.absolute_path)
+    assert_equal("test_location", iseq.base_label)
+    assert_equal("block in test_location", iseq.label)
+    assert_equal(line+1, iseq.first_lineno)
+  end
+
+  def test_label_fstring
+    c = Class.new{ def foobar() end }
+
+    a, b = eval("# encoding: us-ascii\n'foobar'.freeze"),
+           ISeq.of(c.instance_method(:foobar)).label
+    assert_same a, b
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_opt
+    src = "a['foo'] = a['bar']; 'a'.freeze"
+    body= compile(src, __LINE__, false).to_a[13]
+    body.each{|insn|
+      next unless Array === insn
+      op = insn.first
+      assert(!op.to_s.match(/^opt_/), "#{op}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_source
+    bug11159 = '[ruby-core:69219] [Bug #11159]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11159) {compile(nil)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11159) {compile(:foo)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11159) {compile(1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_source_no_memory_leak
+    # [Bug #21394]
+    assert_no_memory_leak(["-rtempfile"], "#{<<-"begin;"}", "#{<<-'end;'}", rss: true)
+      code = proc do |t|
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new(nil)
+      rescue TypeError
+      else
+        raise "TypeError was not raised during RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new"
+      end
+
+      10.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+
+    # [Bug #21394]
+    # RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new calls rb_io_path, which dups the string
+    # and can leak memory if the dup raises
+    assert_no_memory_leak(["-rtempfile"], "#{<<-"begin;"}", "#{<<-'end;'}", rss: true)
+      MyError = Class.new(StandardError)
+      String.prepend(Module.new do
+        def initialize_dup(_)
+          if $raise_on_dup
+            raise MyError
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end)
+
+      code = proc do |t|
+        Tempfile.create do |f|
+          $raise_on_dup = true
+          t.times do
+            RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new(f)
+          rescue MyError
+          else
+            raise "MyError was not raised during RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new"
+          end
+        ensure
+          $raise_on_dup = false
+        end
+      end
+
+      code.call(100)
+    begin;
+      code.call(1_000_000)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_string_literal_compile_option
+    $f = 'f'
+    line = __LINE__ + 2
+    code = <<-'EOS'
+    ['foo', 'foo', "#{$f}foo", "#{'foo'}"]
+    EOS
+    s1, s2, s3, s4 = compile(code, line, {frozen_string_literal: true}).eval
+    assert_predicate(s1, :frozen?)
+    assert_predicate(s2, :frozen?)
+    assert_not_predicate(s3, :frozen?)
+    assert_not_predicate(s4, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  # Safe call chain is not optimized when Coverage is running.
+  # So we can test it only when Coverage is not running.
+  def test_safe_call_chain
+    src = "a&.a&.a&.a&.a&.a"
+    body = compile(src, __LINE__, {peephole_optimization: true}).to_a[13]
+    labels = body.select {|op, arg| op == :branchnil}.map {|op, arg| arg}
+    assert_equal(1, labels.uniq.size)
+  end if (!defined?(Coverage) || !Coverage.running?)
+
+  def test_parent_iseq_mark
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;', timeout: 20)
+      ->{
+        ->{
+          ->{
+            eval <<-EOS
+              class Segfault
+                define_method :segfault do
+                  x = nil
+                  GC.disable
+                  1000.times do |n|
+                    n.times do
+                      x = (foo rescue $!).local_variables
+                    end
+                    GC.start
+                  end
+                  x
+                end
+              end
+            EOS
+          }.call
+        }.call
+      }.call
+      at_exit { assert_equal([:n, :x], Segfault.new.segfault.sort) }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_message
+    feature11951 = '[Feature #11951]'
+
+    src, line = <<-'end;', __LINE__+1
+      def x@;end
+      def y@;end
+    end;
+    e1 = e2 = nil
+    m1 = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      e1 = assert_raise(SyntaxError) do
+        eval(src, nil, __FILE__, line)
+      end
+    end
+    m2 = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      e2 = assert_raise(SyntaxError) do
+        ISeq.new(src, __FILE__, __FILE__, line)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([m1, e1.message], [m2, e2.message], feature11951)
+
+    if e1.message.lines[0] == "#{__FILE__}:#{line}: syntax errors found\n"
+      # Prism lays out the error messages in line with the source, so the
+      # following assertions do not make sense in that context.
+    else
+      message = e1.message.each_line
+      message.with_index(1) do |line, i|
+        next if /^ / =~ line
+        assert_send([line, :start_with?, __FILE__],
+                    proc {message.map {|l, j| (i == j ? ">" : " ") + l}.join("")})
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #19173]
+  def test_compile_error
+    assert_raise SyntaxError do
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile 'using Module.new; yield'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_file_error
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_iseq .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "end"
+      f.close
+      path = f.path
+      assert_in_out_err(%W[- #{path}], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", /unexpected 'end'/, [], success: true)
+      begin;
+        path = ARGV[0]
+        begin
+          RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(path)
+        rescue SyntaxError => e
+          puts e.message
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_by_object
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      class Object
+        def translate
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(0, eval("0"))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    %W[foo \u{30d1 30b9}].each do |name|
+      assert_match(/@#{name}/, ISeq.compile("", name).inspect, name)
+      m = ISeq.compile("class TestISeq::Inspect; def #{name}; end; instance_method(:#{name}); end").eval
+      assert_match(/:#{name}@/, ISeq.of(m).inspect, name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def anon_star(*); end
+
+  def test_anon_rest_param_in_disasm
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(:anon_star))
+    param_names = iseq.to_a[iseq.to_a.index(:method) + 1]
+    assert_equal [:*], param_names
+  end
+
+  def anon_keyrest(**); end
+
+  def test_anon_keyrest_param_in_disasm
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(:anon_keyrest))
+    param_names = iseq.to_a[iseq.to_a.index(:method) + 1]
+    assert_equal [:**], param_names
+  end
+
+  def anon_block(&); end
+
+  def test_anon_block_param_in_disasm
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(:anon_block))
+    param_names = iseq.to_a[iseq.to_a.index(:method) + 1]
+    assert_equal [:&], param_names
+  end
+
+  def strip_lineno(source)
+    source.gsub(/^.*?: /, "")
+  end
+
+  def sample_iseq
+    ISeq.compile(strip_lineno(<<-EOS))
+     1: class C
+     2:   def foo
+     3:     begin
+     4:     rescue
+     5:       p :rescue
+     6:     ensure
+     7:       p :ensure
+     8:     end
+     9:   end
+    10:   def bar
+    11:     1.times{
+    12:       2.times{
+    13:       }
+    14:     }
+    15:   end
+    16: end
+    17: class D < C
+    18: end
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_each_child
+    iseq = sample_iseq
+
+    collect_iseq = lambda{|iseq|
+      iseqs = []
+      iseq.each_child{|child_iseq|
+        iseqs << collect_iseq.call(child_iseq)
+      }
+      ["#{iseq.label}@#{iseq.first_lineno}", *iseqs.sort_by{|k, *| k}]
+    }
+
+    expected = ["<compiled>@1",
+                  ["<class:C>@1",
+                    ["bar@10", ["block in bar@11",
+                            ["block (2 levels) in bar@12"]]],
+                    ["foo@2", ["ensure in foo@7"],
+                              ["rescue in foo@4"]]],
+                  ["<class:D>@17"]]
+
+    assert_equal expected, collect_iseq.call(iseq)
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_points
+    collect_iseq = lambda{|iseq|
+      iseqs = []
+      iseq.each_child{|child_iseq|
+        iseqs << collect_iseq.call(child_iseq)
+      }
+      [["#{iseq.label}@#{iseq.first_lineno}", iseq.trace_points], *iseqs.sort_by{|k, *| k}]
+    }
+    assert_equal [["<compiled>@1", [[1, :line],
+                                    [17, :line]]],
+                   [["<class:C>@1", [[1, :class],
+                                     [2, :line],
+                                     [10, :line],
+                                     [16, :end]]],
+                     [["bar@10", [[10, :call],
+                                  [11, :line],
+                                  [15, :return]]],
+                         [["block in bar@11", [[11, :b_call],
+                                               [12, :line],
+                                               [14, :b_return]]],
+                         [["block (2 levels) in bar@12", [[12, :b_call],
+                                                          [13, :b_return]]]]]],
+                      [["foo@2", [[2, :call],
+                                  [4, :line],
+                                  [7, :line],
+                                  [9, :return]]],
+                       [["ensure in foo@7", [[7, :line]]]],
+                       [["rescue in foo@4", [[5, :line],
+                                             [5, :rescue]]]]]],
+                   [["<class:D>@17", [[17, :class],
+                                      [18, :end]]]]], collect_iseq.call(sample_iseq)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_iseq_lineno
+    iseq = ISeq.compile(<<-EOS)
+    # 1
+    # 2
+    def foo   # line 3 empty method
+    end       # line 4
+    1.time do # line 5 empty block
+    end       # line 6
+    class C   # line 7 empty class
+    end
+    EOS
+
+    iseq.each_child{|ci|
+      ary = ci.to_a
+      type = ary[9]
+      name = ary[5]
+      line = ary[13].first
+      case type
+      when :method
+        assert_equal "foo", name
+        assert_equal 3, line
+      when :class
+        assert_equal '<class:C>', name
+        assert_equal 7, line
+      when :block
+        assert_equal 'block in <compiled>', name
+        assert_equal 5, line
+      else
+        raise "unknown ary: " + ary.inspect
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def hexdump(bin)
+    bin.unpack1("H*").gsub(/.{1,32}/) {|s|
+      "#{'%04x:' % $~.begin(0)}#{s.gsub(/../, " \\&").tap{|_|_[24]&&="-"}}\n"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def iseq_to_binary(iseq)
+    iseq.to_binary
+  rescue RuntimeError => e
+    omit e.message if /compile with coverage/ =~ e.message
+    raise
+  end
+
+  def assert_iseq_to_binary(code, mesg = nil)
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+    bin = assert_nothing_raised(mesg) do
+      iseq_to_binary(iseq)
+    end
+    10.times do
+      bin2 = iseq_to_binary(iseq)
+      assert_equal(bin, bin2, message(mesg) {diff hexdump(bin), hexdump(bin2)})
+    end
+    iseq2 = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(bin)
+    a1 = iseq.to_a
+    a2 = iseq2.to_a
+    assert_equal(a1, a2, message(mesg) {diff iseq.disassemble, iseq2.disassemble})
+    if iseq2.script_lines
+      assert_kind_of(Array, iseq2.script_lines)
+    else
+      assert_nil(iseq2.script_lines)
+    end
+    iseq2
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_with_hidden_local_variables
+    assert_iseq_to_binary("for _foo in bar; end")
+
+    bin = iseq_to_binary(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(<<-RUBY))
+      Object.new.instance_eval do
+        a = []
+        def self.bar; [1] end
+        for foo in bar
+          a << (foo * 2)
+        end
+        a
+      end
+    RUBY
+    v = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(bin).eval
+    assert_equal([2], v)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_with_objects
+    assert_iseq_to_binary("[]"+100.times.map{|i|"<</#{i}/"}.join)
+    assert_iseq_to_binary("@x ||= (1..2)")
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_pattern_matching
+    code = "case foo; in []; end"
+    iseq = compile(code)
+    assert_include(iseq.disasm, "TypeError")
+    assert_include(iseq.disasm, "NoMatchingPatternError")
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      assert_iseq_to_binary(code, "[Feature #14912]")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_dumps_nokey
+    iseq = assert_iseq_to_binary(<<-RUBY)
+      o = Object.new
+      class << o
+        def foo(**nil); end
+      end
+      o
+    RUBY
+    assert_equal([[:nokey]], iseq.eval.singleton_method(:foo).parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_line_info
+    assert_iseq_to_binary("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", '[Bug #14660]').eval
+    begin;
+      class P
+        def p; end
+        def q; end
+        E = ""
+        N = "#{E}"
+        attr_reader :i
+      end
+    end;
+
+    # cleanup
+    ::Object.class_eval do
+      remove_const :P
+    end
+  end
+
+  def collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(tracepoint_type, filename)
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(strip_lineno(<<-RUBY), filename)
+      class A
+        class B
+          2.times {
+            def self.foo
+              _a = 'good day'
+              raise
+            rescue
+              'dear reader'
+            end
+          }
+        end
+        B.foo
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    iseq_bin = iseq_to_binary(iseq)
+    iseq = ISeq.load_from_binary(iseq_bin)
+    lines = []
+    TracePoint.new(tracepoint_type){|tp|
+      next unless tp.path == filename
+      lines << tp.lineno
+    }.enable{
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {iseq.eval}
+    }
+
+    lines
+  ensure
+    Object.send(:remove_const, :A) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_line_tracepoint
+    filename = "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}_#{__LINE__}"
+    lines = collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(:line, filename)
+
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 12, 5, 6, 8], lines, '[Bug #14702]'
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_class_tracepoint
+    filename = "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}_#{__LINE__}"
+    lines = collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(:class, filename)
+
+    assert_equal [1, 2], lines, '[Bug #14702]'
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_end_tracepoint
+    filename = "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}_#{__LINE__}"
+    lines = collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(:end, filename)
+
+    assert_equal [11, 13], lines, '[Bug #14702]'
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_return_tracepoint
+    filename = "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}_#{__LINE__}"
+    lines = collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(:return, filename)
+
+    assert_equal [9], lines, '[Bug #14702]'
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_b_call_tracepoint
+    filename = "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}_#{__LINE__}"
+    lines = collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(:b_call, filename)
+
+    assert_equal [3, 3], lines, '[Bug #14702]'
+  end
+
+  def test_to_binary_b_return_tracepoint
+    filename = "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}_#{__LINE__}"
+    lines = collect_from_binary_tracepoint_lines(:b_return, filename)
+
+    assert_equal [10, 10], lines, '[Bug #14702]'
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_of
+    [
+      proc{},
+      method(:test_iseq_of),
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("p 1", __FILE__),
+      begin; raise "error"; rescue => error; error.backtrace_locations[0]; end
+    ].each{|src|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(src)
+      assert_equal __FILE__, iseq.path
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_of_twice_for_same_code
+    [
+      proc{},
+      method(:test_iseq_of_twice_for_same_code),
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("p 1"),
+      begin; raise "error"; rescue => error; error.backtrace_locations[0]; end
+    ].each{|src|
+      iseq1 = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(src)
+      iseq2 = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(src)
+
+      # ISeq objects should be same for same src
+      assert_equal iseq1.object_id, iseq2.object_id
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_builtin_to_a
+    invokebuiltin = eval(EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', <<~EOS], '', true).first)
+      insns = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of([].method(:pack)).to_a.last
+      p insns.find { |insn| insn.is_a?(Array) && insn[0] == :opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave }
+    EOS
+    assert_not_nil(invokebuiltin)
+    assert_equal([:func_ptr, :argc, :index, :name], invokebuiltin[1].keys)
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_builtin_load
+    Tempfile.create(["builtin", ".iseq"]) do |f|
+      f.binmode
+      f.write(iseq_to_binary(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(1.method(:abs))))
+      f.close
+      assert_separately(["-", f.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        bin = File.binread(ARGV[0])
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+          RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(bin)
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_option_debug_level
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {ISeq.compile("", debug_level: "")}
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("", debug_level: 5)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_mandatory_only
+    assert_separately [], <<~RUBY
+      at0 = Time.at(0)
+      assert_equal at0, Time.public_send(:at, 0, 0)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_mandatory_only_redef
+    assert_separately ['-W0'], <<~RUBY
+      r = Ractor.new{
+        Float(10)
+        module Kernel
+          undef Float
+          def Float(n)
+            :new
+          end
+        end
+        GC.start
+        Float(30)
+      }
+      assert_equal :new, r.value
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_ever_condition_loop
+    assert_ruby_status([], "BEGIN {exit}; while true && true; end")
+  end
+
+  def test_unreachable_syntax_error
+    mesg = /Invalid break/
+    assert_syntax_error("false and break", mesg)
+    assert_syntax_error("if false and break; end", mesg)
+  end
+
+  def test_unreachable_pattern_matching
+    assert_in_out_err([], "true or 1 in 1")
+    assert_in_out_err([], "true or (case 1; in 1; 1; in 2; 2; end)")
+  end
+
+  def test_unreachable_pattern_matching_in_if_condition
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", %w[1])
+    begin;
+      if true or {a: 0} in {a:}
+        p 1
+      else
+        p a
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_unreachable_next_in_block
+    bug20344 = '[ruby-core:117210] [Bug #20344]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug20344) do
+      compile(<<~RUBY)
+        proc do
+          next
+
+          case nil
+          when "a"
+            next
+          when "b"
+          when "c"
+            proc {}
+          end
+
+          next
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_serialize_anonymous_outer_variables
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(<<~'RUBY')
+      obj = Object.new
+      def obj.test
+        [1].each do
+          raise "Oops"
+        rescue
+          return it
+        end
+      end
+      obj
+    RUBY
+
+    binary = iseq.to_binary # [Bug # 21370]
+    roundtripped_iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(binary)
+    object = roundtripped_iseq.eval
+    assert_equal 1, object.test
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_kwargs_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+      a = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("foo(bar: :baz)").to_binary
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(a)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ibf_bignum
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("0x0"+"_0123_4567_89ab_cdef"*5)
+    expected = iseq.eval
+    result = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(iseq_to_binary(iseq)).eval
+    assert_equal expected, result, proc {sprintf("expected: %x, result: %x", expected, result)}
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_prism_with_file
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_iseq .rb") do |f|
+      f.puts "_name = 'Prism'; puts 'hello'"
+      f.close
+
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) do
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(f)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def block_using_method
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def block_unused_method
+  end
+
+  def test_unused_param
+    a = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(:block_using_method)).to_a
+
+    assert_equal true, a.dig(11, :use_block)
+
+    b = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(:block_unused_method)).to_a
+    assert_equal nil, b.dig(11, :use_block)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_prism_with_invalid_object_type
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_prism(Object.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_load_from_binary_only_accepts_string_param
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      var_0 = 0
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(var_0)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_while_in_until_condition
+    assert_in_out_err(["--dump=i", "-e", "until while 1; end; end"]) do |stdout, stderr, status|
+      assert_include(stdout.shift, "== disasm:")
+      assert_include(stdout.pop, "leave")
+      assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_empty_under_gc_stress
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_stress do
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(File::NULL)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_iterator.rb b/test/ruby/test_iterator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bb655d52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_iterator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class Array
+  def iter_test1
+    collect{|e| [e, yield(e)]}.sort{|a,b|a[1]<=>b[1]}
+  end
+  def iter_test2
+    ary = collect{|e| [e, yield(e)]}
+    ary.sort{|a,b|a[1]<=>b[1]}
+  end
+end
+
+class TestIterator < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_yield_at_toplevel
+    assert_separately([],"#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert(!block_given?)
+      assert(!defined?(yield))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_array
+    x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    y = []
+
+    # iterator over array
+    for i in x
+      y.push i
+    end
+    assert_equal(x, y)
+  end
+
+  def tt
+    1.upto(10) {|i|
+      yield i
+    }
+  end
+
+  def tt2(dummy)
+    yield 1
+  end
+
+  def tt3(&block)
+    tt2(raise(ArgumentError,""),&block)
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_iterator
+    i = 0
+    tt{|j| break if j == 5}
+    assert_equal(0, i)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      tt3{}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def tt4 &block
+    tt2(raise(ArgumentError,""),&block)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_argument_without_paren
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      tt4{}
+    end
+  end
+
+  # iterator break/redo/next
+  def test_break
+    done = true
+    loop{
+      break if true
+      done = false			# should not reach here
+    }
+    assert(done)
+
+    done = false
+    bad = false
+    loop {
+      break if done
+      done = true
+      next if true
+      bad = true			# should not reach here
+    }
+    assert(!bad)
+
+    done = false
+    bad = false
+    loop {
+      break if done
+      done = true
+      redo if true
+      bad = true			# should not reach here
+    }
+    assert(!bad)
+
+    x = []
+    for i in 1 .. 7
+      x.push i
+    end
+    assert_equal(7, x.size)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], x)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_for_masgn
+    a = [Struct.new(:to_ary).new([1,2])]
+    x = []
+    a.each {|i,j|x << [i,j]}
+    assert_equal([[1,2]], x)
+    x = []
+    for i,j in a; x << [i,j]; end
+    assert_equal([[1,2]], x)
+  end
+
+  def test_append_method_to_built_in_class
+    x = [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
+    assert_equal(x.iter_test1{|e|e}, x.iter_test2{|e|e})
+  end
+
+  class IterTest
+    def initialize(e); @body = e; end
+
+    def each0(&block); @body.each(&block); end
+    def each1(&block); @body.each {|*x| block.call(*x) } end
+    def each2(&block); @body.each {|*x| block.call(x) } end
+    def each3(&block); @body.each {|x| block.call(*x) } end
+    def each4(&block); @body.each {|x| block.call(x) } end
+    def each5; @body.each {|*x| yield(*x) } end
+    def each6; @body.each {|*x| yield(x) } end
+    def each7; @body.each {|x| yield(*x) } end
+    def each8; @body.each {|x| yield(x) } end
+
+    def f(a)
+      a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_itertest
+    assert_equal([1], IterTest.new(nil).method(:f).to_proc.call([1]))
+    m = /\w+/.match("abc")
+    assert_equal([m], IterTest.new(nil).method(:f).to_proc.call([m]))
+
+    IterTest.new([0]).each0 {|x| assert_equal(0, x)}
+    IterTest.new([1]).each1 {|x| assert_equal(1, x)}
+    IterTest.new([2]).each2 {|x| assert_equal([2], x)}
+    IterTest.new([4]).each4 {|x| assert_equal(4, x)}
+    IterTest.new([5]).each5 {|x| assert_equal(5, x)}
+    IterTest.new([6]).each6 {|x| assert_equal([6], x)}
+    IterTest.new([8]).each8 {|x| assert_equal(8, x)}
+
+    IterTest.new([[0]]).each0 {|x| assert_equal([0], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[1]]).each1 {|x| assert_equal([1], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[2]]).each2 {|x| assert_equal([[2]], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[3]]).each3 {|x| assert_equal(3, x)}
+    IterTest.new([[4]]).each4 {|x| assert_equal([4], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[5]]).each5 {|x| assert_equal([5], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[6]]).each6 {|x| assert_equal([[6]], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[7]]).each7 {|x| assert_equal(7, x)}
+    IterTest.new([[8]]).each8 {|x| assert_equal([8], x)}
+
+    IterTest.new([[0,0]]).each0 {|*x| assert_equal([[0,0]], x)}
+    IterTest.new([[8,8]]).each8 {|*x| assert_equal([[8,8]], x)}
+  end
+
+  def m(var)
+    var
+  end
+
+  def m1
+    m(block_given?)
+  end
+
+  def m2
+    m(block_given?,&proc{})
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    assert(m1{p 'test'})
+    assert(m2{p 'test'})
+    assert(!m1())
+    assert(!m2())
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def m3(var, &block)
+    m(yield(var), &block)
+  end
+
+  def m4(&block)
+    m(m1(), &block)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_passing
+    assert(!m4())
+    assert(!m4 {})
+    assert_equal(100, m3(10) {|x|x*x})
+  end
+
+  class C
+    include Enumerable
+    def initialize
+      @a = [1,2,3]
+    end
+    def each(&block)
+      @a.each(&block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_collect
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], C.new.collect{|n| n})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, lambda{})
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, Proc.new{})
+    lambda{|a|assert_equal(a, 1)}.call(1)
+  end
+
+  def test_block
+    assert_instance_of(NilClass, get_block)
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, get_block{})
+  end
+
+  def test_argument
+    assert_nothing_raised {lambda{||}.call}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {lambda{||}.call(1)}
+    assert_nothing_raised {lambda{|a,|}.call(1)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {lambda{|a,|}.call()}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {lambda{|a,|}.call(1,2)}
+  end
+
+  def get_block(&block)
+    block
+  end
+
+  def test_get_block
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, get_block{})
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block{||}.call()}
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block{||}.call(1)}
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block{|a,|}.call(1)}
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block{|a,|}.call()}
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block{|a,|}.call(1,2)}
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block(&lambda{||}).call()}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {get_block(&lambda{||}).call(1)}
+    assert_nothing_raised {get_block(&lambda{|a,|}).call(1)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {get_block(&lambda{|a,|}).call(1,2)}
+
+    block = get_block{11}
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, block)
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, block.to_proc)
+    assert_equal(block.clone.call, 11)
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, get_block(&block))
+
+    lmd = lambda{44}
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, lmd)
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, lmd.to_proc)
+    assert_equal(lmd.clone.call, 44)
+    assert_instance_of(Proc, get_block(&lmd))
+
+    assert_equal(1, Proc.new{|a,| a}.call(1,2,3))
+    assert_nothing_raised {Proc.new{|a,|}.call(1,2)}
+  end
+
+  def return1_test
+    Proc.new {
+      return 55
+    }.call + 5
+  end
+
+  def test_return1
+    assert_equal(55, return1_test())
+  end
+
+  def return2_test
+    lambda {
+      return 55
+    }.call + 5
+  end
+
+  def test_return2
+    assert_equal(60, return2_test())
+  end
+
+  def proc_call(&b)
+    b.call
+  end
+  def proc_call2(b)
+    b.call
+  end
+  def proc_yield()
+    yield
+  end
+  def proc_return1
+    proc_call{return 42}+1
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_return1
+    assert_equal(42, proc_return1())
+  end
+
+  def proc_return2
+    proc_yield{return 42}+1
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_return2
+    assert_equal(42, proc_return2())
+  end
+
+  def test_ljump
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {get_block{break}.call}
+    begin
+      verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      # See the commit https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/7d8a415bc2d08a1b5e9d1ea802493b6eeb99c219
+      # This block is not used but this is intentional.
+      #   |
+      #   +-----------------------------------------------------+
+      #                                                         |
+      #                                                         vv
+      assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {proc_call2(get_block{break}){}}
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+    end
+
+    # cannot use assert_nothing_raised due to passing block.
+    begin
+      val = lambda{break 11}.call
+    rescue LocalJumpError
+      assert(false, "LocalJumpError occurred from break in lambda")
+    else
+      assert_equal(11, val)
+    end
+
+    block = get_block{11}
+    lmd = lambda{44}
+    assert_equal(0, block.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, lmd.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, lambda{||}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, lambda{|a|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, lambda{|a,|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(2, lambda{|a,b|}.arity)
+  end
+
+  def marity_test(m)
+    mobj = method(m)
+    assert_equal(mobj.arity, mobj.to_proc.arity)
+  end
+
+  def test_marity
+    marity_test(:assert)
+    marity_test(:marity_test)
+    marity_test(:p)
+
+    get_block{|a,n| assert(a,n)}.call(true, "marity")
+  end
+
+  def foo
+    yield(:key, :value)
+  end
+  def bar(&blk)
+    blk.call(:key, :value)
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_vs_call
+    foo{|k,v| assert_equal([:key, :value], [k,v])}
+    bar{|k,v| assert_equal([:key, :value], [k,v])}
+  end
+
+  class H
+    def each
+      yield [:key, :value]
+    end
+    alias each_pair each
+  end
+
+  def test_assoc_yield
+     [{:key=>:value}, H.new].each {|h|
+       h.each{|a| assert_equal([:key, :value], a)}
+       h.each{|a,| assert_equal(:key, a)}
+       h.each{|*a| assert_equal([[:key, :value]], a)}
+       h.each{|k,v| assert_equal([:key, :value], [k,v])}
+       h.each_pair{|a| assert_equal([:key, :value], a)}
+       h.each_pair{|a,| assert_equal(:key, a)}
+       h.each_pair{|*a| assert_equal([[:key, :value]], a)}
+       h.each_pair{|k,v| assert_equal([:key, :value], [k,v])}
+    }
+  end
+
+  class ITER_TEST1
+    def a
+      block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ITER_TEST2 < ITER_TEST1
+    include Test::Unit::Assertions
+    def a
+      assert(super)
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_iter_test2
+    assert(ITER_TEST2.new.a {})
+  end
+
+  class ITER_TEST3
+    def foo x
+      return yield if block_given?
+      x
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ITER_TEST4 < ITER_TEST3
+    include Test::Unit::Assertions
+    def foo x
+      assert_equal(super, yield)
+      assert_equal(x, super(x, &nil))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_iter4
+    ITER_TEST4.new.foo(44){55}
+  end
+
+  def test_break__nested_loop1
+    _test_break__nested_loop1 do
+      break
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _test_break__nested_loop1
+    while true
+      yield
+    end
+    assert(false, "must not reach here")
+  end
+
+  def test_break__nested_loop2
+    _test_break__nested_loop2 do
+      break
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _test_break__nested_loop2
+    until false
+      yield
+    end
+    assert(false, "must not reach here")
+  end
+
+  def test_break__nested_loop3
+    _test_break__nested_loop3 do
+      break
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _test_break__nested_loop3
+    loop do
+      yield
+    end
+    assert(false, "must not reach here")
+  end
+
+  def test_break_from_enum
+    result = ["a"].inject("ng") {|x,y| break "ok"}
+    assert_equal("ok", result)
+  end
+
+  def _test_return_trace_func(x)
+    set_trace_func(proc {})
+    [].fetch(2) {return x}
+  ensure
+    set_trace_func(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_return_trace_func
+    ok = "returned gracefully"
+    result = "skipped"
+    result = _test_return_trace_func(ok)
+  ensure
+    assert_equal(ok, result)
+    return
+  end
+
+  class IterString < ::String
+    def ===(other)
+      super if !block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Check that the block passed to an iterator
+  # does not get propagated inappropriately
+  def test_block_given_within_iterator
+    assert_equal(["b"], ["a", "b", "c"].grep(IterString.new("b")) {|s| s})
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerator
+    [1,2,3].each.with_index {|x,i|
+      assert_equal(x, i+1)
+    }
+
+    e = [1,2,3].each
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    assert_equal(2, e.next)
+    assert_equal(3, e.next)
+    assert_raise(StopIteration){e.next}
+    e.rewind
+    assert_equal(1, e.next)
+    e.rewind
+    a = []
+    loop{a.push e.next}
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], a)
+
+    assert_equal([[8, 1, 10], [6, 2, 11], [4, 3, 12]],
+                 [8,6,4].zip((1..10),(10..100)).to_a)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_key_error.rb b/test/ruby/test_key_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe1d5bb5ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_key_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestKeyError < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_default
+    error = KeyError.new
+    assert_equal("KeyError", error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_message
+    error = KeyError.new("Message")
+    assert_equal("Message", error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_receiver
+    receiver = Object.new
+    error = KeyError.new(receiver: receiver)
+    assert_equal(receiver, error.receiver)
+    error = KeyError.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+  end
+
+  def test_key
+    error = KeyError.new(key: :key)
+    assert_equal(:key, error.key)
+    error = KeyError.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.key}
+  end
+
+  def test_receiver_and_key
+    receiver = Object.new
+    error = KeyError.new(receiver: receiver, key: :key)
+    assert_equal([receiver, :key],
+                 [error.receiver, error.key])
+  end
+
+  def test_all
+    receiver = Object.new
+    error = KeyError.new("Message", receiver: receiver, key: :key)
+    assert_equal(["Message", receiver, :key],
+                 [error.message, error.receiver, error.key])
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb b/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c836abd0c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4597 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require '-test-/rb_call_super_kw'
+require '-test-/iter'
+
+class TestKeywordArguments < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def f1(str: "foo", num: 424242)
+    [str, num]
+  end
+
+  def test_f1
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242], f1)
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242], f1(str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111], f1(num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111], f1(str: "bar", num: 111111))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f1(str: "bar", check: true) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f1("string") }
+  end
+
+
+  def f2(x, str: "foo", num: 424242)
+    [x, str, num]
+  end
+
+  def test_f2
+    assert_equal([:xyz, "foo", 424242], f2(:xyz))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f2("bar"=>42) }
+  end
+
+
+  def f3(str: "foo", num: 424242, **h)
+    [str, num, h]
+  end
+
+  def test_f3
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}], f3)
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {}], f3(str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111, {}], f3(num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111, {}], f3(str: "bar", num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {:check=>true}], f3(str: "bar", check: true))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f3("string") }
+  end
+
+
+  define_method(:f4) {|str: "foo", num: 424242| [str, num] }
+
+  def test_f4
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242], f4)
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242], f4(str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111], f4(num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111], f4(str: "bar", num: 111111))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f4(str: "bar", check: true) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f4("string") }
+  end
+
+
+  define_method(:f5) {|str: "foo", num: 424242, **h| [str, num, h] }
+
+  def test_f5
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}], f5)
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {}], f5(str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111, {}], f5(num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111, {}], f5(str: "bar", num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {:check=>true}], f5(str: "bar", check: true))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f5("string") }
+  end
+
+
+  def f6(str: "foo", num: 424242, **h, &blk)
+    [str, num, h, blk]
+  end
+
+  def test_f6 # [ruby-core:40518]
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}, nil], f6)
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {}, nil], f6(str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111, {}, nil], f6(num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111, {}, nil], f6(str: "bar", num: 111111))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {:check=>true}, nil], f6(str: "bar", check: true))
+    a = f6 {|x| x + 42 }
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}], a[0, 3])
+    assert_equal(43, a.last.call(1))
+  end
+
+  def f7(*r, str: "foo", num: 424242, **h)
+    [r, str, num, h]
+  end
+
+  def test_f7 # [ruby-core:41772]
+    assert_equal([[], "foo", 424242, {}], f7)
+    assert_equal([[], "bar", 424242, {}], f7(str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal([[], "foo", 111111, {}], f7(num: 111111))
+    assert_equal([[], "bar", 111111, {}], f7(str: "bar", num: 111111))
+    assert_equal([[1], "foo", 424242, {}], f7(1))
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], "foo", 424242, {}], f7(1, 2))
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], "foo", 424242, {}], f7(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal([[1], "bar", 424242, {}], f7(1, str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], "bar", 424242, {}], f7(1, 2, str: "bar"))
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], "bar", 424242, {}], f7(1, 2, 3, str: "bar"))
+  end
+
+  define_method(:f8) { |opt = :ion, *rest, key: :word|
+    [opt, rest, key]
+  }
+
+  def test_f8
+    assert_equal([:ion, [], :word], f8)
+    assert_equal([1, [], :word], f8(1))
+    assert_equal([1, [2], :word], f8(1, 2))
+  end
+
+  def f9(r, o=42, *args, p, k: :key, **kw, &b)
+    [r, o, args, p, k, kw, b]
+  end
+
+  def test_f9
+    assert_equal([1, 42, [], 2, :key, {}, nil], f9(1, 2))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, [], 3, :key, {}, nil], f9(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, [3], 4, :key, {}, nil], f9(1, 2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, [3, 4], 5, :key, {str: "bar"}, nil], f9(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, str: "bar"))
+  end
+
+  def f10(a: 1, **)
+    a
+  end
+
+  def test_f10
+    assert_equal(42, f10(a: 42))
+    assert_equal(1, f10(b: 42))
+  end
+
+  def f11(**nil)
+    local_variables
+  end
+
+  def test_f11
+    h = {}
+
+    assert_equal([], f11)
+    assert_equal([], f11(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], f11(**h))
+  end
+
+  def f12(**nil, &b)
+    [b, local_variables]
+  end
+
+  def test_f12
+    h = {}
+    b = proc{}
+
+    assert_equal([nil, [:b]], f12)
+    assert_equal([nil, [:b]], f12(**{}))
+    assert_equal([nil, [:b]], f12(**h))
+    assert_equal([b, [:b]], f12(&b))
+    assert_equal([b, [:b]], f12(**{}, &b))
+    assert_equal([b, [:b]], f12(**h, &b))
+  end
+
+  def f13(a, **nil)
+    a
+  end
+
+  def test_f13
+    assert_equal(1, f13(1))
+    assert_equal(1, f13(1, **{}))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f13(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f13(1, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f13(**{a: 1}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f13(1, **{a: 1}) }
+  end
+
+  def test_method_parameters
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num]], method(:f1).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:req, :x], [:key, :str], [:key, :num]], method(:f2).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h]], method(:f3).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num]], method(:f4).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h]], method(:f5).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h], [:block, :blk]], method(:f6).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :r], [:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h]], method(:f7).parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :opt], [:rest, :rest], [:key, :key]], method(:f8).parameters) # [Bug #7540] [ruby-core:50735]
+    assert_equal([[:req, :r], [:opt, :o], [:rest, :args], [:req, :p], [:key, :k],
+                  [:keyrest, :kw], [:block, :b]], method(:f9).parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_with_anonymous_keyword_splat
+    def self.a(b: 1, **) [b, **] end
+    kw = {b: 2, c: 3}
+    assert_equal([2, {c: 3}], a(**kw))
+    assert_equal({b: 2, c: 3}, kw)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_splat_nil
+    # cfunc call
+    assert_equal(nil, p(**nil))
+
+    def self.a0(&); end
+    assert_equal(nil, a0(**nil))
+    assert_equal(nil, :a0.to_proc.call(self, **nil))
+    assert_equal(nil, a0(**nil, &:block))
+
+    def self.o(x=1); x end
+    assert_equal(1, o(**nil))
+    assert_equal(2, o(2, **nil))
+    assert_equal(1, o(*nil, **nil))
+    assert_equal(1, o(**nil, **nil))
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, o(a: 1, **nil))
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, o(**nil, a: 1))
+
+    # symproc call
+    assert_equal(1, :o.to_proc.call(self, **nil))
+
+    def self.s(*a); a end
+    assert_equal([], s(**nil))
+    assert_equal([1], s(1, **nil))
+    assert_equal([], s(*nil, **nil))
+
+    def self.kws(**a); a end
+    assert_equal({}, kws(**nil))
+    assert_equal({}, kws(*nil, **nil))
+
+    def self.skws(*a, **kw); [a, kw] end
+    assert_equal([[], {}], skws(**nil))
+    assert_equal([[1], {}], skws(1, **nil))
+    assert_equal([[], {}], skws(*nil, **nil))
+
+    assert_equal({}, {**nil})
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, {a: 1, **nil})
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, {**nil, a: 1})
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda
+    f = ->(str: "foo", num: 424242) { [str, num] }
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242], f[])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242], f[str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111], f[num: 111111])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111], f[str: "bar", num: 111111])
+  end
+
+  def test_unset_hash_flag
+    bug18625 = "[ruby-core: 107847]"
+    singleton_class.class_eval do
+      ruby2_keywords def foo(*args)
+        args
+      end
+
+      def single(arg)
+        arg
+      end
+
+      def splat(*args)
+        args.last
+      end
+
+      def kwargs(**kw)
+        kw
+      end
+    end
+
+    h = { a: 1 }
+    args = foo(**h)
+    marked = args.last
+    assert_equal(true, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(marked))
+
+    after_usage = single(*args)
+    assert_equal(h, after_usage)
+    assert_same(marked, args.last)
+    assert_not_same(marked, after_usage)
+    assert_equal(false, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(after_usage))
+
+    after_usage = splat(*args)
+    assert_equal(h, after_usage)
+    assert_same(marked, args.last)
+    assert_not_same(marked, after_usage, bug18625)
+    assert_equal(false, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(after_usage), bug18625)
+
+    after_usage = kwargs(*args)
+    assert_equal(h, after_usage)
+    assert_same(marked, args.last)
+    assert_not_same(marked, after_usage, bug18625)
+    assert_not_same(marked, after_usage)
+    assert_equal(false, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(after_usage))
+
+    assert_equal(true, Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(marked))
+  end
+
+  def assert_equal_not_same(kw, res)
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, res)
+    assert_equal(kw, res)
+    assert_not_same(kw, res)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_splat_new
+    kw = {}
+    h = {a: 1}
+
+    def self.yo(**kw) kw end
+    m = method(:yo)
+    assert_equal(false, yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, public_send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    m = method(:send)
+    assert_equal(false, m.(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, :yo,  **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, :yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, :yo, **h))
+
+    singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :yo)
+    define_singleton_method(:yo) { |**kw| kw }
+    m = method(:yo)
+    assert_equal(false, yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, public_send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    yo = lambda { |**kw| kw }
+    m = yo.method(:call)
+    assert_equal(false, yo.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, yo.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo.send(:call, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, yo.public_send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo.public_send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo.public_send(:call, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    yo = :yo.to_proc
+    m = yo.method(:call)
+    assert_equal(false, yo.(self, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo.(self, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo.(self, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, yo.send(:call, self, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo.send(:call, self, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo.send(:call, self, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, yo.public_send(:call, self, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo.public_send(:call, self, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo.public_send(:call, self, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(self, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(self, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(self, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, self, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, self, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, self, **h))
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def yo(**kw) kw end
+    end
+    o = c.new
+    def o.yo(**kw) super end
+    m = o.method(:yo)
+    assert_equal(false, o.yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.public_send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    o.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :yo)
+    def o.yo(**kw) super(**kw) end
+    assert_equal(false, o.yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.public_send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def method_missing(_, **kw) kw end
+    end
+    o = c.new
+    def o.yo(**kw) super end
+    m = o.method(:yo)
+    assert_equal(false, o.yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.public_send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    o.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :yo)
+    def o.yo(**kw) super(**kw) end
+    assert_equal(false, o.yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, o.public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, o.public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, o.public_send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :kw
+      def initialize(**kw) @kw = kw end
+    end
+    m = c.method(:new)
+    assert_equal(false, c.new(**{}).kw.frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, c.new(**kw).kw)
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, c.new(**h).kw)
+    assert_equal(false, c.send(:new, **{}).kw.frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, c.send(:new, **kw).kw)
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, c.send(:new, **h).kw)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_send(:new, **{}).kw.frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, c.public_send(:new, **kw).kw)
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, c.public_send(:new, **h).kw)
+    assert_equal(false, m.(**{}).kw.frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.(**kw).kw)
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h).kw)
+    assert_equal(false, m.send(:call, **{}).kw.frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, m.send(:call, **kw).kw)
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h).kw)
+
+    singleton_class.send(:attr_writer, :y)
+    m = method(:y=)
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, send(:y=, **h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, public_send(:y=, **h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.(**h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, m.send(:call, **h))
+
+    singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :yo)
+    def self.method_missing(_, **kw) kw end
+    assert_equal(false, yo(**{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, yo(**kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo(**h))
+    assert_equal(false, send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, send(:yo, **h))
+    assert_equal(false, public_send(:yo, **{}).frozen?)
+    assert_equal_not_same(kw, public_send(:yo, **kw))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, public_send(:yo, **h))
+
+    def self.yo(*a, **kw) = kw
+    assert_equal_not_same kw, yo(**kw)
+    assert_equal_not_same kw, yo(**kw, **kw)
+
+    singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :yo)
+    def self.yo(opts) = opts
+    assert_equal_not_same h, yo(*[], **h)
+    a = []
+    assert_equal_not_same h, yo(*a, **h)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_splat_to_non_keyword_method
+    h = {a: 1}.freeze
+
+    def self.yo(kw) kw end
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yo(**h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, method(:yo).(**h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, :yo.to_proc.(self, **h))
+
+    def self.yoa(*kw) kw[0] end
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, yoa(**h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, method(:yoa).(**h))
+    assert_equal_not_same(h, :yoa.to_proc.(self, **h))
+  end
+
+  def test_regular_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(kw, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.m(h))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.m(h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.m(h3))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.m(h))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.m(h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.m(h3))
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_super_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    sc = Class.new
+    c = sc.new
+    def c.m(*args, **kw)
+      super(*args, **kw)
+    end
+    sc.class_eval do
+      def m(*args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m; end
+    end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(**args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(arg, **args)
+        [arg, args]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(arg=1, **args)
+        [arg, args]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_super_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    sc = Class.new
+    c = sc.new
+    def c.m(*args, **kw)
+      super(*args, **kw)
+    end
+    sc.class_eval do
+      def m(*args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m; end
+    end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(**args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(arg, **args)
+        [arg, args]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    sc.class_eval do
+      remove_method(:m)
+      def m(arg=1, **args)
+        [arg, args]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_kwsplat_call
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    f = -> { true }
+    assert_equal(true, f[**{}])
+    assert_equal(true, f[**kw])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h3] }
+
+    f = ->(a) { a }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**kw] }
+    assert_equal(h, f[**h])
+    assert_equal(h, f[a: 1])
+    assert_equal(h2, f[**h2])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[**h3])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[a: 1, **h2])
+
+    f = ->(**x) { x }
+    assert_equal(kw, f[**{}])
+    assert_equal(kw, f[**kw])
+    assert_equal(h, f[**h])
+    assert_equal(h, f[a: 1])
+    assert_equal(h2, f[**h2])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[**h3])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[a: 1, **h2])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[h3] }
+
+    f = ->(a, **x) { [a,x] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**kw] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h3] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[a: 1, **h2] }
+
+    f = ->(a=1, **x) { [a, x] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], f[**{}])
+    assert_equal([1, kw], f[**kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], f[**h])
+    assert_equal([1, h], f[a: 1])
+    assert_equal([1, h2], f[**h2])
+    assert_equal([1, h3], f[**h3])
+    assert_equal([1, h3], f[a: 1, **h2])
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_method_kwsplat_call
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    f = -> { true }
+    f = f.method(:call)
+    assert_equal(true, f[**{}])
+    assert_equal(true, f[**kw])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h3] }
+
+    f = ->(a) { a }
+    f = f.method(:call)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**kw] }
+    assert_equal(h, f[**h])
+    assert_equal(h, f[a: 1])
+    assert_equal(h2, f[**h2])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[**h3])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[a: 1, **h2])
+
+    f = ->(**x) { x }
+    f = f.method(:call)
+    assert_equal(kw, f[**{}])
+    assert_equal(kw, f[**kw])
+    assert_equal(h, f[**h])
+    assert_equal(h, f[a: 1])
+    assert_equal(h2, f[**h2])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[**h3])
+    assert_equal(h3, f[a: 1, **h2])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[h3] }
+
+    f = ->(a, **x) { [a,x] }
+    f = f.method(:call)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**kw] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[**h3] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f[a: 1, **h2] }
+
+    f = ->(a=1, **x) { [a, x] }
+    f = f.method(:call)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], f[**{}])
+    assert_equal([1, kw], f[**kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], f[**h])
+    assert_equal([1, h], f[a: 1])
+    assert_equal([1, h2], f[**h2])
+    assert_equal([1, h3], f[**h3])
+    assert_equal([1, h3], f[a: 1, **h2])
+  end
+
+  def test_Thread_new_kwsplat
+    Thread.report_on_exception = false
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    t = Thread
+    f = -> { true }
+    assert_equal(true, t.new(**{}, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(true, t.new(**kw, &f).value)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**h, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(a: 1, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**h2, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**h3, &f).value }
+
+    f = ->(a) { a }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**{}, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**kw, &f).value }
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(**h, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(a: 1, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h2, t.new(**h2, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(**h3, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(a: 1, **h2, &f).value)
+
+    f = ->(**x) { x }
+    assert_equal(kw, t.new(**{}, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(kw, t.new(**kw, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(**h, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(a: 1, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h2, t.new(**h2, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(**h3, &f).value)
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(a: 1, **h2, &f).value)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(h, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(h2, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(h3, &f).value }
+
+    f = ->(a, **x) { [a,x] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**{}, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**kw, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**h, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(a: 1, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**h2, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(**h3, &f).value }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(a: 1, **h2, &f).value }
+
+    f = ->(a=1, **x) { [a, x] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], t.new(**{}, &f).value)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], t.new(**kw, &f).value)
+    assert_equal([1, h], t.new(**h, &f).value)
+    assert_equal([1, h], t.new(a: 1, &f).value)
+    assert_equal([1, h2], t.new(**h2, &f).value)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], t.new(**h3, &f).value)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], t.new(a: 1, **h2, &f).value)
+  ensure
+    Thread.report_on_exception = true
+  end
+
+  def test_Fiber_resume_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    t = Fiber
+    f = -> { true }
+    assert_equal(true, t.new(&f).resume(**{}))
+    assert_equal(true, t.new(&f).resume(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**h3) }
+
+    f = ->(a) { a }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(&f).resume(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(&f).resume(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, t.new(&f).resume(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(&f).resume(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(&f).resume(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    f = ->(**x) { x }
+    assert_equal(kw, t.new(&f).resume(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, t.new(&f).resume(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(&f).resume(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, t.new(&f).resume(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, t.new(&f).resume(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(&f).resume(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, t.new(&f).resume(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(h3) }
+
+    f = ->(a, **x) { [a,x] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { t.new(&f).resume(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    f = ->(a=1, **x) { [a, x] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], t.new(&f).resume(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], t.new(&f).resume(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], t.new(&f).resume(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], t.new(&f).resume(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], t.new(&f).resume(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], t.new(&f).resume(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], t.new(&f).resume(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_Enumerator_Generator_each_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    g = Enumerator::Generator
+    f = ->(_) { true }
+    assert_equal(true, g.new(&f).each(**{}))
+    assert_equal(true, g.new(&f).each(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**h3) }
+
+    f = ->(_, a) { a }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, g.new(&f).each(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, g.new(&f).each(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, g.new(&f).each(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new(&f).each(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new(&f).each(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    f = ->(_, **x) { x }
+    assert_equal(kw, g.new(&f).each(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, g.new(&f).each(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, g.new(&f).each(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, g.new(&f).each(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, g.new(&f).each(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new(&f).each(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new(&f).each(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(h3) }
+
+    f = ->(_, a, **x) { [a,x] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new(&f).each(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    f = ->(_, a=1, **x) { [a, x] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], g.new(&f).each(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], g.new(&f).each(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], g.new(&f).each(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], g.new(&f).each(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], g.new(&f).each(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], g.new(&f).each(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], g.new(&f).each(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_Enumerator_Yielder_yield_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    g = Enumerator::Generator
+    f = -> { true }
+    assert_equal(true, g.new{|y| y.yield(**{})}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(true, g.new{|y| y.yield(**kw)}.each(&f))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**h)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**h2)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**h3)}.each(&f) }
+
+    f = ->(a) { a }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**{})}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**kw)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_equal(h, g.new{|y| y.yield(**h)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h, g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h2, g.new{|y| y.yield(**h2)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new{|y| y.yield(**h3)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1, **h2)}.each(&f))
+
+    f = ->(**x) { x }
+    assert_equal(kw, g.new{|y| y.yield(**{})}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(kw, g.new{|y| y.yield(**kw)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h, g.new{|y| y.yield(**h)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h, g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h2, g.new{|y| y.yield(**h2)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new{|y| y.yield(**h3)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal(h3, g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1, **h2)}.each(&f))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(h)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(h2)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(h3)}.each(&f) }
+
+    f = ->(a, **x) { [a,x] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**{})}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**kw)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**h)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**h2)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(**h3)}.each(&f) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1, **h2)}.each(&f) }
+
+    f = ->(a=1, **x) { [a, x] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], g.new{|y| y.yield(**{})}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], g.new{|y| y.yield(**kw)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal([1, h], g.new{|y| y.yield(**h)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal([1, h], g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], g.new{|y| y.yield(**h2)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], g.new{|y| y.yield(**h3)}.each(&f))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], g.new{|y| y.yield(a: 1, **h2)}.each(&f))
+  end
+
+  def test_Class_new_kwsplat_call
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    sc = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :args
+      class << self
+        alias [] new
+      end
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(*args)
+        @args = args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c[**{}].args)
+    assert_equal([], c[**kw].args)
+    assert_equal([h], c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal([h], c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal([h2], c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal([h3], c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal([h3], c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize; end
+    end
+    assert_nil(c[**{}].args)
+    assert_nil(c[**kw].args)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h3] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1, **h2] }
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(args)
+        @args = args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**kw] }
+    assert_equal(h, c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal(h, c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal(h2, c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(**args)
+        @args = args
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c[**{}].args)
+    assert_equal(kw, c[**kw].args)
+    assert_equal(h, c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal(h, c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal(h2, c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[h].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[h2].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[h3].args }
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(arg, **args)
+        @args = [arg, args]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**{}].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**kw].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h2].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h3].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1, **h2].args }
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(arg=1, **args)
+        @args = [arg, args]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c[**{}].args)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c[**kw].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h], c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h], c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+  end
+
+  def test_Class_new_method_kwsplat_call
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    sc = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :args
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(*args)
+        @args = args
+      end
+    end.method(:new)
+    assert_equal([], c[**{}].args)
+    assert_equal([], c[**kw].args)
+    assert_equal([h], c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal([h], c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal([h2], c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal([h3], c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal([h3], c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize; end
+    end.method(:new)
+    assert_nil(c[**{}].args)
+    assert_nil(c[**kw].args)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h3] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1, **h2] }
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(args)
+        @args = args
+      end
+    end.method(:new)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**kw] }
+    assert_equal(h, c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal(h, c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal(h2, c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(**args)
+        @args = args
+      end
+    end.method(:new)
+    assert_equal(kw, c[**{}].args)
+    assert_equal(kw, c[**kw].args)
+    assert_equal(h, c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal(h, c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal(h2, c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal(h3, c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[h].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[h2].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[h3].args }
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(arg, **args)
+        @args = [arg, args]
+      end
+    end.method(:new)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**{}].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**kw].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h2].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[**h3].args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c[a: 1, **h2].args }
+
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      def initialize(arg=1, **args)
+        @args = [arg, args]
+      end
+    end.method(:new)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c[**{}].args)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c[**kw].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h], c[**h].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h], c[a: 1].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c[**h2].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c[**h3].args)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c[a: 1, **h2].args)
+  end
+
+  def test_Method_call_kwsplat_call
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.method(:m)[**{}])
+    assert_equal([], c.method(:m)[**kw])
+    assert_equal([h], c.method(:m)[**h])
+    assert_equal([h], c.method(:m)[a: 1])
+    assert_equal([h2], c.method(:m)[**h2])
+    assert_equal([h3], c.method(:m)[**h3])
+    assert_equal([h3], c.method(:m)[a: 1, **h2])
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(c.method(:m)[**{}])
+    assert_nil(c.method(:m)[**kw])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**h3] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[a: 1, **h2] }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**kw] }
+    assert_equal(h, c.method(:m)[**h])
+    assert_equal(h, c.method(:m)[a: 1])
+    assert_equal(h2, c.method(:m)[**h2])
+    assert_equal(h3, c.method(:m)[**h3])
+    assert_equal(h3, c.method(:m)[a: 1, **h2])
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.method(:m)[**{}])
+    assert_equal(kw, c.method(:m)[**kw])
+    assert_equal(h, c.method(:m)[**h])
+    assert_equal(h, c.method(:m)[a: 1])
+    assert_equal(h2, c.method(:m)[**h2])
+    assert_equal(h3, c.method(:m)[**h3])
+    assert_equal(h3, c.method(:m)[a: 1, **h2])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[h3] }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**{}] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**kw] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**h] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[a: 1] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**h2] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[**h3] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.method(:m)[a: 1, **h2] }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.method(:m)[**{}])
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.method(:m)[**kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.method(:m)[**h])
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.method(:m)[a: 1])
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.method(:m)[**h2])
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.method(:m)[**h3])
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.method(:m)[a: 1, **h2])
+  end
+
+  def test_UnboundMethod_bindcall_kwsplat_call
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    sc = c.singleton_class
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    sc.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **{}))
+    assert_nil(sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    sc.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    sc.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, h3) }
+
+    sc.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    sc.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], sc.instance_method(:m).bind_call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(c.send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_nil(c.send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_public_send_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.public_send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.public_send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.public_send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.public_send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.public_send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.public_send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.public_send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(c.public_send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_nil(c.public_send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.public_send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.public_send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.public_send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.public_send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.public_send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.public_send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.public_send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.public_send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.public_send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.public_send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.public_send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.public_send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.public_send(:m, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.public_send(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.public_send(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.public_send(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.public_send(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.public_send(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.public_send(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.public_send(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_send_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    m = c.method(:send)
+    assert_equal([], m.call(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], m.call(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], m.call(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], m.call(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], m.call(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], m.call(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], m.call(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    m = c.method(:send)
+    assert_nil(m.call(:m, **{}))
+    assert_nil(m.call(:m, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    m = c.method(:send)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    m = c.method(:send)
+    assert_equal(kw, m.call(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, m.call(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    m = c.method(:send)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(:m, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    m = c.method(:send)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], m.call(:m, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], m.call(:m, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], m.call(:m, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], m.call(:m, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], m.call(:m, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], m.call(:m, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], m.call(:m, a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_sym_proc_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], :m.to_proc.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], :m.to_proc.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], :m.to_proc.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], :m.to_proc.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], :m.to_proc.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(:m.to_proc.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_nil(:m.to_proc.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, :m.to_proc.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, :m.to_proc.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, :m.to_proc.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, :m.to_proc.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, :m.to_proc.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, :m.to_proc.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, :m.to_proc.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, :m.to_proc.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], :m.to_proc.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], :m.to_proc.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], :m.to_proc.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], :m.to_proc.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], :m.to_proc.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], :m.to_proc.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_sym_proc_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    m = :m.to_proc.method(:call)
+    assert_equal([], m.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], m.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], m.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], m.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], m.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], m.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], m.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(m.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_nil(m.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, m.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, m.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], m.call(c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], m.call(c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], m.call(c, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], m.call(c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], m.call(c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], m.call(c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], m.call(c, a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.method_missing(_, *args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_); end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, **args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_missing_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def m(*args, **kw)
+        super
+      end
+    end.new
+    def c.method_missing(_, *args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_); end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, **args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_call_super_kw_method_missing_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    c.extend Bug::RbCallSuperKw
+    def c.method_missing(_, *args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_); end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, **args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) { }
+    end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg| arg }
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|*args| args }
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|**opt| opt}
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(h3) }
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg, **opt| [arg, opt] }
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg=1, **opt| [arg, opt] }
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|*args, **opt| [args, opt] }
+    end
+    assert_equal([[h], kw], c.m(h))
+    assert_equal([[h, h], kw], c.m(h, h))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg=nil, a: nil| [arg, a] }
+    end
+    assert_equal([h3, nil], c.m(h3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) { }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_nil(m.call(**{}))
+    assert_nil(m.call(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg| arg }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|*args| args }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([], m.call(**{}))
+    assert_equal([], m.call(**kw))
+    assert_equal([h], m.call(**h))
+    assert_equal([h], m.call(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], m.call(**h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], m.call(**h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], m.call(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|**opt| opt}
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal(kw, m.call(**{}))
+    assert_equal(kw, m.call(**kw))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(h3) }
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg, **opt| [arg, opt] }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**kw) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg=1, **opt| [arg, opt] }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], m.call(**{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], m.call(**kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], m.call(**h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], m.call(a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], m.call(**h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], m.call(**h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], m.call(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|*args, **opt| [args, opt] }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([[h], kw], m.call(h))
+    assert_equal([[h, h], kw], m.call(h, h))
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      define_method(:m) {|arg=nil, a: nil| [arg, a] }
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([h3, nil], m.call(h3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_reader_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      attr_reader :m
+    end
+    assert_nil(c.m(**{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(a: 1, **h2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_reader_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      attr_reader :m
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m)
+    assert_nil(m.call(**{}))
+    assert_nil(m.call(**kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(a: 1, **h2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_writer_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      attr_writer :m
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.send(:m=, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.send(:m=, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.send(:m=, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.send(:m=, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.send(:m=, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    assert_equal(42, c.send(:m=, 42, **{}))
+    assert_equal(42, c.send(:m=, 42, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, 42, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, 42, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, 42, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, 42, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.send(:m=, 42, a: 1, **h2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_writer_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    class << c
+      attr_writer :m
+    end
+    m = c.method(:m=)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(**kw) }
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(**h))
+    assert_equal(h, m.call(a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, m.call(**h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(**h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, m.call(a: 1, **h2))
+
+    assert_equal(42, m.call(42, **{}))
+    assert_equal(42, m.call(42, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(42, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(42, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(42, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(42, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.call(42, a: 1, **h2) }
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby2_keywords_post_arg
+    def self.a(*c, **kw) [c, kw] end
+    def self.b(*a, b) a(*a, b) end
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for b \(method accepts keywords or post arguments or method does not accept argument splat\)/) do
+      assert_nil(singleton_class.send(:ruby2_keywords, :b))
+    end
+    assert_equal([[{foo: 1}, {bar: 1}], {}], b({foo: 1}, bar: 1))
+
+    b = ->(*a, b){a(*a, b)}
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc \(proc accepts keywords or post arguments or proc does not accept argument splat\)/) do
+      b.ruby2_keywords
+    end
+    assert_equal([[{foo: 1}, {bar: 1}], {}], b.({foo: 1}, bar: 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_ruby2_keywords
+    h1 = {:a=>1}
+    foo = ->(*args, &block){block.call(*args)}
+    assert_same(foo, foo.ruby2_keywords)
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], foo.call(1, :a=>1, &->(*args, **kw){[args, kw]}))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], foo.call(1, :a=>1, &->(*args){args}))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], foo.call(1, {:a=>1}, &->(*args, **kw){[args, kw]}))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], foo.call(1, {:a=>1}, &->(*args){args}))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { foo.call(:a=>1, &->(arg, **kw){[arg, kw]}) }
+    assert_equal(h1, foo.call(:a=>1, &->(arg){arg}))
+
+    [->(){}, ->(arg){}, ->(*args, x){}, ->(*args, **kw){}, ->(*args, k: 1){}, ->(*args, k: ){}].each do |pr|
+      assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc \(proc accepts keywords or post arguments or proc does not accept argument splat\)/) do
+        pr.ruby2_keywords
+      end
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo(*args)
+      yield(*args)
+    end
+    foo = o.method(:foo).to_proc
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc \(proc created from method\)/) do
+      foo.ruby2_keywords
+    end
+
+    foo = :foo.to_proc
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc \(proc not defined in Ruby\)/) do
+      foo.ruby2_keywords
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { ->(*args){}.freeze.ruby2_keywords }
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby2_keywords
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Class.new do
+        ruby2_keywords
+      end
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      ruby2_keywords def foo(meth, *args)
+        send(meth, *args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords(define_method(:bfoo) do |meth, *args|
+        send(meth, *args)
+      end)
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_bar(*args)
+        bar(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_baz(*args)
+        baz(*args)
+      end
+
+      define_method(:block_splat) {|*args| }
+      ruby2_keywords :block_splat, def foo_bar_after_bmethod(*args)
+        bar(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_baz2(*args)
+        baz(*args)
+        baz(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_foo_bar(meth, *args)
+        foo_bar(meth, *args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_foo_baz(meth, *args)
+        foo_baz(meth, *args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_mod(meth, *args)
+        args << 1
+        send(meth, *args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_bar_mod(*args)
+        args << 1
+        bar(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_baz_mod(*args)
+        args << 1
+        baz(*args)
+      end
+
+      def pass_bar(*args)
+        bar(*args)
+      end
+
+      def bar(*args, **kw)
+        [args, kw]
+      end
+
+      def baz(*args)
+        args
+      end
+
+      def empty_method
+      end
+
+      def opt(arg = :opt)
+        arg
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_dbar(*args)
+        dbar(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def foo_dbaz(*args)
+        dbaz(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def clear_last_empty_method(*args)
+        args.last.clear
+        empty_method(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def clear_last_opt(*args)
+        args.last.clear
+        opt(*args)
+      end
+
+      define_method(:dbar) do |*args, **kw|
+        [args, kw]
+      end
+
+      define_method(:dbaz) do |*args|
+        args
+      end
+
+      def pass_cfunc(*args)
+        self.class.new(*args).init_args
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def block(*args)
+        ->(*args, **kw){[args, kw]}.(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def cfunc(*args)
+        self.class.new(*args).init_args
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def store_foo(meth, *args)
+        @stored_args = args
+        use(meth)
+      end
+      def use(meth)
+        send(meth, *@stored_args)
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :init_args
+      def initialize(*args, **kw)
+        @init_args = [args, kw]
+      end
+    end
+
+    mmkw = Class.new do
+      def method_missing(*args, **kw)
+        [args, kw]
+      end
+    end
+
+    mmnokw = Class.new do
+      def method_missing(*args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+
+    implicit_super = Class.new(c) do
+      ruby2_keywords def bar(*args)
+        super
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def baz(*args)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    explicit_super = Class.new(c) do
+      ruby2_keywords def bar(*args)
+        super(*args)
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def baz(*args)
+        super(*args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    h1 = {a: 1}
+    o = c.new
+
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_baz2(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1], o.foo_baz2(1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo_baz2(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:baz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bfoo(:bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.bfoo(:baz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.store_foo(:bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.store_foo(:baz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_bar(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_baz(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:foo, :bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:foo, :baz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:foo_bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:foo_baz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_foo_bar(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_foo_baz(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_bar_after_bmethod(1, :a=>1))
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:bar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:baz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bfoo(:bar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.bfoo(:baz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.store_foo(:bar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.store_foo(:baz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_bar(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_baz(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:foo, :bar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:foo, :baz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:foo_bar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:foo_baz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_foo_bar(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_foo_baz(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_bar_after_bmethod(1, **h1))
+
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo(:bar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo(:baz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.bfoo(:bar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.bfoo(:baz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.store_foo(:bar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.store_foo(:baz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo_bar(h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo_baz(h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo(:foo, :bar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo(:foo, :baz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo(:foo_bar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo(:foo_baz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo_foo_bar(h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo_foo_baz(h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo_bar_after_bmethod(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo(:bar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:baz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.bfoo(:bar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.bfoo(:baz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.store_foo(:bar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.store_foo(:baz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo_bar(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_baz(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo_bar_after_bmethod(1, h1))
+
+    assert_equal([[1, h1, 1], {}], o.foo_mod(:bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1, 1], o.foo_mod(:baz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1, 1], {}], o.foo_bar_mod(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1, 1], o.foo_baz_mod(1, :a=>1))
+
+    assert_equal([[1, h1, 1], {}], o.foo_mod(:bar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1, 1], o.foo_mod(:baz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1, 1], {}], o.foo_bar_mod(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1, 1], o.foo_baz_mod(1, **h1))
+
+    assert_equal([[h1, 1], {}], o.foo_mod(:bar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1, 1], o.foo_mod(:baz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1, 1], {}], o.foo_bar_mod(h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1, 1], o.foo_baz_mod(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([[1, h1, 1], {}], o.foo_mod(:bar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1, 1], o.foo_mod(:baz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1, 1], {}], o.foo_bar_mod(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1, 1], o.foo_baz_mod(1, h1))
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:dbar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:dbaz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bfoo(:dbar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.bfoo(:dbaz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.store_foo(:dbar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.store_foo(:dbaz, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_dbar(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_dbaz(1, :a=>1))
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo(:dbar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:dbaz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bfoo(:dbar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.bfoo(:dbaz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.store_foo(:dbar, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.store_foo(:dbaz, 1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.foo_dbar(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_dbaz(1, **h1))
+
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo(:dbar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo(:dbaz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.bfoo(:dbar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.bfoo(:dbaz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.store_foo(:dbar, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.store_foo(:dbaz, h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.foo_dbar(h1, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.foo_dbaz(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo(:dbar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo(:dbaz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.bfoo(:dbar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.bfoo(:dbaz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.store_foo(:dbar, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.store_foo(:dbaz, 1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo_dbar(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.foo_dbaz(1, h1))
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.block(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.block(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.block(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.block(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.cfunc(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.cfunc(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.cfunc(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.cfunc(h1, **{}))
+
+    o = mmkw.new
+    assert_equal([[:b, 1], h1], o.b(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[:b, 1], h1], o.b(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[:b, 1, h1], {}], o.b(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[:b, h1], {}], o.b(h1, **{}))
+
+    o = mmnokw.new
+    assert_equal([:b, 1, h1], o.b(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([:b, 1, h1], o.b(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([:b, 1, h1], o.b(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([:b, h1], o.b(h1, **{}))
+
+    o = implicit_super.new
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bar(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bar(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.bar(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.bar(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.baz(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.baz(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.baz(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.baz(h1, **{}))
+
+    o = explicit_super.new
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bar(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1], h1], o.bar(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.bar(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([[h1], {}], o.bar(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.baz(1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.baz(1, **h1))
+    assert_equal([1, h1], o.baz(1, h1))
+    assert_equal([h1], o.baz(h1, **{}))
+
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo(:pass_bar, 1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[1, h1], {}], o.foo(:pass_cfunc, 1, :a=>1))
+
+    assert_equal(:opt, o.clear_last_opt(a: 1))
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { o.clear_last_empty_method(a: 1) }
+
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for bar \(method accepts keywords or post arguments or method does not accept argument splat\)/) do
+      assert_nil(c.send(:ruby2_keywords, :bar))
+    end
+
+    c.class_eval do
+      def bar_post(*a, x) = nil
+      define_method(:bar_post_bmethod) { |*a, x| }
+    end
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for bar_post \(method accepts keywords or post arguments or method does not accept argument splat\)/) do
+      assert_nil(c.send(:ruby2_keywords, :bar_post))
+    end
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for bar_post_bmethod \(method accepts keywords or post arguments or method does not accept argument splat\)/) do
+      assert_nil(c.send(:ruby2_keywords, :bar_post_bmethod))
+    end
+
+    utf16_sym = "abcdef".encode("UTF-16LE").to_sym
+    c.send(:define_method, utf16_sym, c.instance_method(:itself))
+    assert_warn(/abcdef/) do
+      assert_nil(c.send(:ruby2_keywords, utf16_sym))
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      alias bar p
+    end
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for bar \(method not defined in Ruby\)/) do
+      assert_nil(o.singleton_class.send(:ruby2_keywords, :bar))
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c)
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for bar \(can only set in method defining module\)/) do
+      sc.send(:ruby2_keywords, :bar)
+    end
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_warn(/Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for system \(can only set in method defining module\)/) do
+      m.send(:ruby2_keywords, :system)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.send(:ruby2_keywords, "a5e36ccec4f5080a1d5e63f8") }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.send(:ruby2_keywords, :quux) }
+
+    c.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { c.send(:ruby2_keywords, :baz) }
+  end
+
+  def test_anon_splat_ruby2_keywords
+    singleton_class.class_exec do
+      def bar(*a, **kw)
+        [a, kw]
+      end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def bar_anon(*)
+        bar(*)
+      end
+    end
+
+    a = [1, 2]
+    kw = {a: 1}
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], {a: 1}], bar_anon(*a, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], a)
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, kw)
+  end
+
+  def test_anon_splat_ruby2_keywords_bug_20388
+    extend(Module.new{def process(action, ...) 1 end})
+    extend(Module.new do
+      def process(action, *args)
+        args.freeze
+        super
+      end
+      ruby2_keywords :process
+    end)
+
+    assert_equal(1, process(:foo, bar: :baz))
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby2_keywords_bug_20679
+    c = Class.new do
+       def self.get(_, _, h, &block)
+         h[1]
+       end
+
+      ruby2_keywords def get(*args, &block)
+        self.class.get(*args, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, c.new.get(true, {}, 1 => 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_top_ruby2_keywords
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["[1, 2, 3]", "{k: 1}"], [])
+      def bar(*a, **kw)
+        p a, kw
+      end
+      ruby2_keywords def foo(*a)
+        bar(*a)
+      end
+      foo(1, 2, 3, k:1)
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_dig_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.dig(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:dig)
+    def c.dig; end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:dig)
+    def c.dig(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal(kw, [c].dig(0, kw, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:dig)
+    def c.dig(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:dig)
+    def c.dig(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:dig)
+    def c.dig(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h, {}], [c].dig(0, h))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, h3))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, h, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, h2, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, h3, **{}))
+  end
+
+  def test_dig_method_missing_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.method_missing(_, *args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing; end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal(kw, [c].dig(0, kw, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, **args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [c].dig(0, h3) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **{}))
+    assert_equal(c, [c].dig(0, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, **h))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, h))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, h3))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], [c].dig(0, h, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], [c].dig(0, h2, **{}))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], [c].dig(0, h3, **{}))
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerator_size_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    c.to_enum(:each){|*args| args}.size
+    m = ->(*args){ args }
+    assert_equal([], c.to_enum(:each, **{}, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([], c.to_enum(:each, **kw, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h], c.to_enum(:each, **h, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h], c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h2], c.to_enum(:each, **h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h3], c.to_enum(:each, **h3, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h3], c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, **h2, &m).size)
+
+    m = ->(){  }
+    assert_nil(c.to_enum(:each, **{}, &m).size)
+    assert_nil(c.to_enum(:each, **kw, &m).size)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **h, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **h2, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **h3, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, **h2, &m).size }
+
+    m = ->(args){ args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **{}, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **kw, &m).size }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.to_enum(:each, kw, **kw, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h, c.to_enum(:each, **h, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h, c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h2, c.to_enum(:each, **h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h3, c.to_enum(:each, **h3, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h3, c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, **h2, &m).size)
+
+    m = ->(**args){ args }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.to_enum(:each, **{}, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(kw, c.to_enum(:each, **kw, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h, c.to_enum(:each, **h, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h, c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h2, c.to_enum(:each, **h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h3, c.to_enum(:each, **h3, &m).size)
+    assert_equal(h3, c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, **h2, &m).size)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, h, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, h2, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, h3, &m).size }
+
+    m = ->(arg, **args){ [arg, args] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **{}, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **kw, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **h, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **h2, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, **h3, &m).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, **h2, &m).size }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.to_enum(:each, h, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.to_enum(:each, h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.to_enum(:each, h3, &m).size)
+
+    m = ->(arg=1, **args){ [arg, args] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.to_enum(:each, **{}, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.to_enum(:each, **kw, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.to_enum(:each, **h, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.to_enum(:each, **h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.to_enum(:each, **h3, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.to_enum(:each, a: 1, **h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.to_enum(:each, h, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.to_enum(:each, h2, &m).size)
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.to_enum(:each, h3, &m).size)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    m = ->(*args) { args }
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+
+    m = ->() { nil }
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+
+    m = ->(args) { args }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**kw, &m) }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(kw, **kw, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+
+    m = ->(**args) { args }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h3, &m) }
+
+    m = ->(arg, **args) { [arg, args] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**kw, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(h3, &m))
+
+    m = ->(arg=1, **args) { [arg, args] }
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(h3, &m))
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**kw, &m) }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(kw, **kw, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h3, &m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**kw, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(h3, &m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(h3, &m))
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_define_method_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    c.define_singleton_method(:m) do |*args|
+      args
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    c.define_singleton_method(:m) do
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    c.define_singleton_method(:m) do |args|
+      args
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**kw, &m) }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(kw, **kw, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    c.define_singleton_method(:m) do |**args|
+      args
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(h3, &m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    c.define_singleton_method(:m) do |arg, **args|
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**kw, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(**h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(h3, &m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    c.define_singleton_method(:m) do |arg=1, **args|
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    m  = c.method(:m)
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(**{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(**kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(**h, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.instance_exec(**h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(**h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(h3, &m))
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_sym_proc_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(c, **{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([], c.instance_exec(c, **kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(c, **h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.instance_exec(c, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(c, **h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m
+    end
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(c, **{}, &:m))
+    assert_nil(c.instance_exec(c, **kw, &:m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **h3, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, **h2, &:m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **{}, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **kw, &:m) }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(c, kw, **kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(c, **h, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(c, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(c, **h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(c, **{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.instance_exec(c, **kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(c, **h, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.instance_exec(c, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(c, **h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, h3, &:m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **{}, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **kw, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, **h3, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, **h2, &:m) }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(c, h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(c, h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(c, h3, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(c, **{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.instance_exec(c, **kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(c, **h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.instance_exec(c, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(c, **h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.instance_exec(c, a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.instance_exec(c, h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.instance_exec(c, h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.instance_exec(c, h3, &:m))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_yield_block_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = Object.new
+    c.extend Bug::Iter::Yield
+    class << c
+      alias m yield_block
+    end
+    def c.c(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.m(:c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([], c.m(:c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(:c, **h))
+    assert_equal([h], c.m(:c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.m(:c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(:c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.m(:c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:c)
+    def c.c; end
+    assert_nil(c.m(:c, **{}))
+    assert_nil(c.m(:c, **kw))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **h) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, a: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **h2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **h3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, a: 1, **h2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:c)
+    def c.c(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **{}) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **kw) }
+    assert_equal(kw, c.m(:c, kw, **kw))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(:c, **h))
+    assert_equal(h, c.m(:c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.m(:c, **h2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(:c, **h3))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.m(:c, a: 1, **h2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:c)
+    def c.c(**args)
+      [args, yield(**args)]
+    end
+    m = ->(**args){ args }
+    assert_equal([kw, kw], c.m(:c, **{}, &m))
+    assert_equal([kw, kw], c.m(:c, **kw, &m))
+    assert_equal([h, h], c.m(:c, **h, &m))
+    assert_equal([h, h], c.m(:c, a: 1, &m))
+    assert_equal([h2, h2], c.m(:c, **h2, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, h3], c.m(:c, **h3, &m))
+    assert_equal([h3, h3], c.m(:c, a: 1, **h2, &m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, h3, &m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:c)
+    def c.c(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **{}, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **kw, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **h, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, a: 1, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **h2, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, **h3, &m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.m(:c, a: 1, **h2, &m) }
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.m(:c, h))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.m(:c, h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.m(:c, h3))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:c)
+    def c.c(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(:c, **{}))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.m(:c, **kw))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(:c, **h))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.m(:c, a: 1))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.m(:c, **h2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(:c, **h3))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.m(:c, a: 1, **h2))
+    assert_equal([h, kw], c.m(:c, h))
+    assert_equal([h2, kw], c.m(:c, h2))
+    assert_equal([h3, kw], c.m(:c, h3))
+  end
+
+  def p1
+    Proc.new do |str: "foo", num: 424242|
+      [str, num]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_p1
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242], p1[])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242], p1[str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111], p1[num: 111111])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111], p1[str: "bar", num: 111111])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { p1[str: "bar", check: true] }
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242], p1["string"] )
+  end
+
+
+  def p2
+    Proc.new do |x, str: "foo", num: 424242|
+      [x, str, num]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_p2
+    assert_equal([nil, "foo", 424242], p2[])
+    assert_equal([:xyz, "foo", 424242], p2[:xyz])
+  end
+
+
+  def p3
+    Proc.new do |str: "foo", num: 424242, **h|
+      [str, num, h]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_p3
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}], p3[])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {}], p3[str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111, {}], p3[num: 111111])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111, {}], p3[str: "bar", num: 111111])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {:check=>true}], p3[str: "bar", check: true])
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}], p3["string"])
+  end
+
+
+  def p4
+    Proc.new do |str: "foo", num: 424242, **h, &blk|
+      [str, num, h, blk]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_p4
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}, nil], p4[])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {}, nil], p4[str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111, {}, nil], p4[num: 111111])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111, {}, nil], p4[str: "bar", num: 111111])
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242, {:check=>true}, nil], p4[str: "bar", check: true])
+    a = p4.call {|x| x + 42 }
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242, {}], a[0, 3])
+    assert_equal(43, a.last.call(1))
+  end
+
+
+  def p5
+    Proc.new do |*r, str: "foo", num: 424242, **h|
+      [r, str, num, h]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_p5
+    assert_equal([[], "foo", 424242, {}], p5[])
+    assert_equal([[], "bar", 424242, {}], p5[str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal([[], "foo", 111111, {}], p5[num: 111111])
+    assert_equal([[], "bar", 111111, {}], p5[str: "bar", num: 111111])
+    assert_equal([[1], "foo", 424242, {}], p5[1])
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], "foo", 424242, {}], p5[1, 2])
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], "foo", 424242, {}], p5[1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal([[1], "bar", 424242, {}], p5[1, str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], "bar", 424242, {}], p5[1, 2, str: "bar"])
+    assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], "bar", 424242, {}], p5[1, 2, 3, str: "bar"])
+  end
+
+
+  def p6
+    Proc.new do |o1, o2=42, *args, p, k: :key, **kw, &b|
+      [o1, o2, args, p, k, kw, b]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_p6
+    assert_equal([nil, 42, [], nil, :key, {}, nil], p6[])
+    assert_equal([1, 42, [], 2, :key, {}, nil], p6[1, 2])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, [], 3, :key, {}, nil], p6[1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, [3], 4, :key, {}, nil], p6[1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert_equal([1, 2, [3, 4], 5, :key, {str: "bar"}, nil], p6[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, str: "bar"])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_parameters
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num]], p1.parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :x], [:key, :str], [:key, :num]], p2.parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h]], p3.parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h], [:block, :blk]], p4.parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :r], [:key, :str], [:key, :num], [:keyrest, :h]], p5.parameters);
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :o1], [:opt, :o2], [:rest, :args], [:opt, :p], [:key, :k],
+                  [:keyrest, :kw], [:block, :b]], p6.parameters)
+  end
+
+  def m1(*args, **options)
+    yield(*args, **options)
+  end
+
+  def test_block
+    blk = Proc.new {|str: "foo", num: 424242| [str, num] }
+    assert_equal(["foo", 424242], m1(&blk))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 424242], m1(str: "bar", &blk))
+    assert_equal(["foo", 111111], m1(num: 111111, &blk))
+    assert_equal(["bar", 111111], m1(str: "bar", num: 111111, &blk))
+  end
+
+  def rest_keyrest(*args, **opt)
+    return *args, opt
+  end
+
+  def test_rest_keyrest
+    bug7665 = '[ruby-core:51278]'
+    bug8463 = '[ruby-core:55203] [Bug #8463]'
+    a = [*%w[foo bar], {zzz: 42}]
+    splat_expect = a + [{}]
+    nonsplat_expect = [a, {}]
+    assert_equal(splat_expect, rest_keyrest(*a), bug7665)
+    assert_equal(nonsplat_expect, rest_keyrest(a), bug7665)
+
+    pr = proc {|*args, **opt| next *args, opt}
+    assert_equal(splat_expect, pr.call(*a), bug7665)
+    assert_equal(nonsplat_expect, pr.call(a), bug8463)
+
+    pr = proc {|a, *b, **opt| next a, *b, opt}
+    assert_equal(splat_expect, pr.call(a), bug8463)
+
+    pr = proc {|a, **opt| next a, opt}
+    assert_equal([splat_expect, {}], pr.call(splat_expect), bug8463)
+  end
+
+  def req_plus_keyword(x, **h)
+    [x, h]
+  end
+
+  def opt_plus_keyword(x=1, **h)
+    [x, h]
+  end
+
+  def splat_plus_keyword(*a, **h)
+    [a, h]
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_no_split
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { req_plus_keyword(:a=>1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { req_plus_keyword("a"=>1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { req_plus_keyword("a"=>1, :a=>1) }
+    assert_equal([{:a=>1}, {}], req_plus_keyword({:a=>1}))
+    assert_equal([{"a"=>1}, {}], req_plus_keyword({"a"=>1}))
+    assert_equal([{"a"=>1, :a=>1}, {}], req_plus_keyword({"a"=>1, :a=>1}))
+
+    assert_equal([1, {:a=>1}], opt_plus_keyword(:a=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, {"a"=>1}], opt_plus_keyword("a"=>1))
+    assert_equal([1, {"a"=>1, :a=>1}], opt_plus_keyword("a"=>1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([{:a=>1}, {}], opt_plus_keyword({:a=>1}))
+    assert_equal([{"a"=>1}, {}], opt_plus_keyword({"a"=>1}))
+    assert_equal([{"a"=>1, :a=>1}, {}], opt_plus_keyword({"a"=>1, :a=>1}))
+
+    assert_equal([[], {:a=>1}], splat_plus_keyword(:a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[], {"a"=>1}], splat_plus_keyword("a"=>1))
+    assert_equal([[], {"a"=>1, :a=>1}], splat_plus_keyword("a"=>1, :a=>1))
+    assert_equal([[{:a=>1}], {}], splat_plus_keyword({:a=>1}))
+    assert_equal([[{"a"=>1}], {}], splat_plus_keyword({"a"=>1}))
+    assert_equal([[{"a"=>1, :a=>1}], {}], splat_plus_keyword({"a"=>1, :a=>1}))
+  end
+
+  def test_bare_kwrest
+    # valid syntax, but its semantics is undefined
+    assert_valid_syntax("def bug7662(**) end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def bug7662(*, **) end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def bug7662(a, **) end")
+  end
+
+  def test_without_paren
+    bug7942 = '[ruby-core:52820] [Bug #7942]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("def bug7942 a: 1; end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def bug7942 a: 1, **; end")
+
+    o = Object.new
+    eval("def o.bug7942 a: 1; a; end", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal(1, o.bug7942(), bug7942)
+    assert_equal(42, o.bug7942(a: 42), bug7942)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    eval("def o.bug7942 a: 1, **; a; end", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal(1, o.bug7942(), bug7942)
+    assert_equal(42, o.bug7942(a: 42), bug7942)
+  end
+
+  def test_required_keyword
+    feature7701 = '[ruby-core:51454] [Feature #7701] required keyword argument'
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, feature7701) do
+      eval("def o.foo(a:) a; end", nil, "xyzzy")
+      eval("def o.bar(a:,**b) [a, b]; end")
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, feature7701) {o.foo}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/, feature7701) {o.foo(a:0, b:1)}
+    begin
+      o.foo(a: 0, b: 1)
+    rescue => e
+      assert_equal('xyzzy', e.backtrace_locations[0].path)
+    end
+    assert_equal(42, o.foo(a: 42), feature7701)
+    assert_equal([[:keyreq, :a]], o.method(:foo).parameters, feature7701)
+
+    bug8139 = '[ruby-core:53608] [Bug #8139] required keyword argument with rest hash'
+    assert_equal([42, {}], o.bar(a: 42), feature7701)
+    assert_equal([42, {c: feature7701}], o.bar(a: 42, c: feature7701), feature7701)
+    assert_equal([[:keyreq, :a], [:keyrest, :b]], o.method(:bar).parameters, feature7701)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, bug8139) {o.bar(c: bug8139)}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, bug8139) {o.bar}
+  end
+
+  def test_required_keyword_with_newline
+    bug9669 = '[ruby-core:61658] [Bug #9669]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug9669) do
+      eval(<<-'end;', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        def bug9669.foo a:
+          return a
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal(42, bug9669.foo(a: 42))
+    o = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug9669) do
+      eval(<<-'end;', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        o = {
+          a:
+          1
+        }
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, o, bug9669)
+  end
+
+  def test_required_keyword_with_reserved
+    bug10279 = '[ruby-core:65211] [Bug #10279]'
+    h = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug10279) do
+      break eval(<<-'end;', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        h = {a: if true then 42 end}
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal({a: 42}, h, bug10279)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_required_keyword
+    feature7701 = '[ruby-core:51454] [Feature #7701] required keyword argument'
+    b = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, feature7701) do
+      break eval("proc {|a:| a}", nil, 'xyzzy', __LINE__)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, feature7701) {b.call}
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/, feature7701) {b.call(a:0, b:1)}
+    assert_equal('xyzzy', e.backtrace_locations[0].path)
+
+    assert_equal(42, b.call(a: 42), feature7701)
+    assert_equal([[:keyreq, :a]], b.parameters, feature7701)
+
+    bug8139 = '[ruby-core:53608] [Bug #8139] required keyword argument with rest hash'
+    b = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, feature7701) do
+      break eval("proc {|a:, **bl| [a, bl]}", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    end
+    assert_equal([42, {}], b.call(a: 42), feature7701)
+    assert_equal([42, {c: feature7701}], b.call(a: 42, c: feature7701), feature7701)
+    assert_equal([[:keyreq, :a], [:keyrest, :bl]], b.parameters, feature7701)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, bug8139) {b.call(c: bug8139)}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, bug8139) {b.call}
+
+    b = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, feature7701) do
+      break eval("proc {|m, a:| [m, a]}", nil, 'xyzzy', __LINE__)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/) {b.call}
+    assert_equal([:ok, 42], b.call(:ok, a: 42))
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword/) {b.call(42, a:0, b:1)}
+    assert_equal('xyzzy', e.backtrace_locations[0].path)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :m], [:keyreq, :a]], b.parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_keyword
+    bug8236 = '[ruby-core:54094] [Bug #8236]'
+    base = Class.new do
+      def foo(*args)
+        args
+      end
+    end
+    a = Class.new(base) do
+      def foo(arg, bar: 'x')
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    b = Class.new(base) do
+      def foo(*args, bar: 'x')
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([42, {:bar=>"x"}], a.new.foo(42), bug8236)
+    assert_equal([42, {:bar=>"x"}], b.new.foo(42), bug8236)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_keyword_kwrest
+    base = Class.new do
+      def foo(**h)
+        h
+      end
+    end
+    a = Class.new(base) do
+      attr_reader :h
+      def foo(a:, b:, **h)
+        @h = h
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    o = a.new
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, o.foo(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3))
+    assert_equal({c: 3}, o.h)
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_only_named_kwrest
+    bug8416 = '[ruby-core:55033] [Bug #8416]'
+    base = Class.new do
+      def foo(**h)
+        h
+      end
+    end
+    a = Class.new(base) do
+      attr_reader :h
+      def foo(**h)
+        @h = h
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    o = a.new
+    assert_equal({:bar=>"x"}, o.foo(bar: "x"), bug8416)
+    assert_equal({:bar=>"x"}, o.h)
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_only_anonymous_kwrest
+    bug8416 = '[ruby-core:55033] [Bug #8416]'
+    base = Class.new do
+      def foo(**h)
+        h
+      end
+    end
+    a = Class.new(base) do
+      def foo(**)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal({:bar=>"x"}, a.new.foo(bar: "x"), bug8416)
+  end
+
+  def test_precedence_of_keyword_arguments
+    bug8040 = '[ruby-core:53199] [Bug #8040]'
+    a = Class.new do
+      def foo(x, **h)
+        [x, h]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([{}, {}], a.new.foo({}))
+    assert_equal([{}, {:bar=>"x"}], a.new.foo({}, bar: "x"), bug8040)
+  end
+
+  def test_precedence_of_keyword_arguments_with_post_argument
+    a = Class.new do
+      def foo(a, b, c=1, *d, e, f:2, **g)
+        [a, b, c, d, e, f, g]
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.new.foo(1, 2, f:5) }
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_keyword_nondestructive
+    bug9776 = '[ruby-core:62161] [Bug #9776]'
+
+    h = {a: 1}
+    assert_equal({a:1, b:2}, {**h, b:2})
+    assert_equal({a:1}, h, bug9776)
+
+    pr = proc {|**opt| next opt}
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, pr.call(**h))
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, pr.call(**h, b: 2))
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, h, bug9776)
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_hash_conversion
+    bug9898 = '[ruby-core:62921] [Bug #9898]'
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash() { a: 1 } end
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, m1(**o) {|x| break x}, bug9898)
+    o2 = Object.new
+    def o2.to_hash() { b: 2 } end
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, m1(**o, **o2) {|x| break x}, bug9898)
+  end
+
+  def test_no_implicit_hash_conversion
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash() { k: 9 } end
+    assert_equal([1, 42, [], o, :key, {}, nil], f9(1, o))
+    assert_equal([1, 0], m1(1, o) {|a, k: 0| break [a, k]})
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m1(1, o, &->(a, k: 0) {break [a, k]}) }
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_hash
+    m = Object.new
+    def m.f() :ok; end
+    def m.f1(a) a; end
+    def m.f2(a = nil) a; end
+    def m.f3(**a) a; end
+    def m.f4(*a) a; end
+    o = {a: 1}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number of arguments \(given 1, expected 0\)/) {
+      m.f(**o)
+    }
+    o = {}
+    assert_equal(:ok, m.f(**o), '[ruby-core:68124] [Bug #10856]')
+    a = []
+    assert_equal(:ok, m.f(*a, **o), '[ruby-core:83638] [Bug #10856]')
+    assert_equal(:OK, m.f1(*a, :OK, **o), '[ruby-core:91825] [Bug #10856]')
+    assert_equal({}, m.f1(*a, o), '[ruby-core:91825] [Bug #10856]')
+
+    o = {a: 42}
+    assert_warning('', 'splat to mandatory') do
+      assert_equal({a: 42}, m.f1(**o))
+    end
+    assert_warning('') do
+      assert_equal({a: 42}, m.f2(**o), '[ruby-core:82280] [Bug #13791]')
+    end
+    assert_warning('', 'splat to kwrest') do
+      assert_equal({a: 42}, m.f3(**o))
+    end
+    assert_warning('', 'splat to rest') do
+      assert_equal([{a: 42}], m.f4(**o))
+    end
+
+    assert_warning('') do
+      assert_equal({a: 42}, m.f2("a".to_sym => 42), '[ruby-core:82291] [Bug #13793]')
+    end
+
+    o = {}
+    a = [:ok]
+    assert_equal(:ok, m.f2(*a, **o), '[ruby-core:83638] [Bug #10856]')
+  end
+
+  def test_gced_object_in_stack
+    bug8964 = '[ruby-dev:47729] [Bug #8964]'
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      def m(a: [])
+      end
+      GC.stress = true
+      tap { m }
+      GC.start
+      tap { m }
+    }, bug8964, timeout: 30
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      prc = Proc.new {|a: []|}
+      GC.stress = true
+      tap { prc.call }
+      GC.start
+      tap { prc.call }
+    }, bug8964
+  end
+
+  def test_large_kwsplat_to_method_taking_kw_and_kwsplat
+    assert_separately(['-'], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      n = 100000
+      x = Fiber.new do
+        h = {kw: 2}
+        n.times{|i| h[i.to_s.to_sym] = i}
+        def self.f(kw: 1, **kws) kws.size end
+        f(**h)
+      end.resume
+      assert_equal(n, x)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_symbol_keyword
+    bug10266 = '[ruby-dev:48564] [Bug #10266]'
+    assert_separately(['-', bug10266], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      "hoge".to_sym
+      assert_nothing_raised(bug) {eval("def a(hoge:); end")}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_unknown_keyword_with_block
+    bug10413 = '[ruby-core:65837] [Bug #10413]'
+    class << (o = Object.new)
+      def bar(k2: 'v2')
+      end
+
+      def foo
+        bar(k1: 1)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword: :k1/, bug10413) {
+      o.foo {raise "unreachable"}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_unknown_keyword
+    bug13004 = '[ruby-dev:49893] [Bug #13004]'
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword: :"invalid-argument"/, bug13004) {
+      [].sample(random: nil, "invalid-argument": nil)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_anon_restkeywords
+    bug10659 = '[ruby-core:67157] [Bug #10659]'
+
+    foo = Class.new do
+      def foo(**h)
+        h
+      end
+    end
+
+    class << (obj = foo.new)
+      def foo(bar: "bar", **)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug10659) {
+      assert_equal({:bar => "bar"}, obj.foo, bug10659)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def m(a) yield a end
+
+  def test_nonsymbol_key
+    result = m(["a" => 10]) { |a = nil, **b| [a, b] }
+    assert_equal([[{"a" => 10}], {}], result)
+  end
+
+  def method_for_test_to_hash_call_during_setup_complex_parameters k1:, k2:, **rest_kw
+    [k1, k2, rest_kw]
+  end
+
+  def test_to_hash_call_during_setup_complex_parameters
+    sym = "sym_#{Time.now}".to_sym
+    h = method_for_test_to_hash_call_during_setup_complex_parameters k1: "foo", k2: "bar", sym => "baz"
+    assert_equal ["foo", "bar", {sym => "baz"}], h, '[Bug #11027]'
+  end
+
+  class AttrSetTest
+    attr_accessor :foo
+    alias set_foo :foo=
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_set_method_cache
+    obj = AttrSetTest.new
+    h = {a: 1, b: 2}
+    2.times{
+      obj.foo = 1
+      assert_equal(1, obj.foo)
+      obj.set_foo 2
+      assert_equal(2, obj.foo)
+      obj.set_foo(x: 1, y: 2)
+      assert_equal({x: 1, y: 2}, obj.foo)
+      obj.set_foo(x: 1, y: 2, **h)
+      assert_equal({x: 1, y: 2, **h}, obj.foo)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_kwrest_overwritten
+    bug13015 = '[ruby-core:78536] [Bug #13015]'
+
+    klass = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Parent") do
+      def initialize(d:)
+      end
+    end
+
+    klass = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Child", klass) do
+      def initialize(d:, **h)
+        h = [2, 3]
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /expected Hash/, bug13015) do
+      klass.new(d: 4)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_non_keyword_hash_subclass
+    bug12884 = '[ruby-core:77813] [Bug #12884]'
+    klass = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Child", Hash)
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.t(params = klass.new, d: nil); params; end
+    x = klass.new
+    x["foo"] = "bar"
+    result = obj.t(x)
+    assert_equal(x, result)
+    assert_kind_of(klass, result, bug12884)
+  end
+
+  def test_arity_error_message
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.t(x:) end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /required keyword: x\)/) do
+      obj.t(42)
+    end
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.t(x:, y:, z: nil) end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /required keywords: x, y\)/) do
+      obj.t(42)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def many_kwargs(a0: '', a1: '', a2: '', a3: '', a4: '', a5: '', a6: '', a7: '',
+                  b0: '', b1: '', b2: '', b3: '', b4: '', b5: '', b6: '', b7: '',
+                  c0: '', c1: '', c2: '', c3: '', c4: '', c5: '', c6: '', c7: '',
+                  d0: '', d1: '', d2: '', d3: '', d4: '', d5: '', d6: '', d7: '',
+                  e0: '')
+    [a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7,
+     b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7,
+     c0, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7,
+     d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7,
+     e0]
+  end
+
+  def test_many_kwargs
+    i = 0
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a0: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a0"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a1: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a1"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a2: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a2"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a3: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a3"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a4: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a4"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a5: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a5"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a6: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a6"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(a7: :ok)[i], "#{i}: a7"); i+=1
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b0: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b0"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b1: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b1"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b2: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b2"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b3: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b3"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b4: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b4"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b5: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b5"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b6: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b6"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(b7: :ok)[i], "#{i}: b7"); i+=1
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c0: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c0"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c1: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c1"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c2: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c2"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c3: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c3"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c4: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c4"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c5: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c5"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c6: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c6"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(c7: :ok)[i], "#{i}: c7"); i+=1
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d0: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d0"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d1: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d1"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d2: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d2"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d3: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d3"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d4: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d4"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d5: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d5"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d6: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d6"); i+=1
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(d7: :ok)[i], "#{i}: d7"); i+=1
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, many_kwargs(e0: :ok)[i], "#{i}: e0"); i+=1
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_empty_hash_with_block_passing
+    assert_valid_syntax("bug15087(**{}, &nil)")
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_use_newarraykwsplat
+    assert_equal([42, "foo", 424242], f2(*[], 42, **{}))
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal([[1,2,3,4,5,6], "foo", 424242, {:k=>:k}], f7(*a, 4,5,6, k: :k))
+  end
+end
+
+class TestKeywordArgumentsSymProcRefinements < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class C
+    def call(*args, **kw)
+      yield(self, *args, **kw)
+    end
+  end
+  using(Module.new do
+    refine C do
+      def m(*args, **kw)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end)
+
+  def test_sym_proc_refine_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = C.new
+    def c.m(*args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([], c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(h, **{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m; end
+    assert_nil(c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_nil(c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h3, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**{}, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**kw, &:m) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(**args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h3, &:m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**{}, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**kw, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h3, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:m)
+    def c.m(arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+  end
+
+  def test_sym_proc_refine_super_method_missing_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = C.new
+    def c.method_missing(_, *args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([], c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(h, **{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_) end
+    assert_nil(c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_nil(c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h2, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h3, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**{}, &:m) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**kw, &:m) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, **args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h2, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h3, &:m2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**{}, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**kw, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h2, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h3, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.call(**{}, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.call(**kw, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.call(**h, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.call(a: 1, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.call(**h2, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.call(**h3, &:m))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m))
+  end
+
+  def test_sym_proc_refine_method_missing_kwsplat
+    kw = {}
+    h = {:a=>1}
+    h2 = {'a'=>1}
+    h3 = {'a'=>1, :a=>1}
+
+    c = C.new
+    def c.method_missing(_, *args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal([], c.call(**{}, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([], c.call(**kw, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(**h, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(h, **{}, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([h], c.call(a: 1, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([h2], c.call(**h2, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.call(**h3, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([h3], c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_) end
+    assert_nil(c.call(**{}, &:m2))
+    assert_nil(c.call(**kw, &:m2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h2, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h3, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**{}, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**kw, &:m2) }
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(**h, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(a: 1, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.call(**h2, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(**h3, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2))
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, **args)
+      args
+    end
+    assert_equal(kw, c.call(**{}, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(kw, c.call(**kw, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(**h, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h, c.call(a: 1, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h2, c.call(**h2, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(**h3, &:m2))
+    assert_equal(h3, c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h2, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(h3, &:m2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**{}, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**kw, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h2, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(**h3, &:m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2) }
+
+    c.singleton_class.remove_method(:method_missing)
+    def c.method_missing(_, arg=1, **args)
+      [arg, args]
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.call(**{}, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([1, kw], c.call(**kw, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.call(**h, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([1, h], c.call(a: 1, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([1, h2], c.call(**h2, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.call(**h3, &:m2))
+    assert_equal([1, h3], c.call(a: 1, **h2, &:m2))
+  end
+
+  def test_protected_kwarg
+    mock = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        bar('x', y: 'z')
+      end
+      protected
+      def bar(x, y)
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      mock.new.foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_fixnum
+    bug16603 = '[ruby-core:97047] [Bug #16603]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug16603) { p(**42) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug16603) { p(k:1, **42) }
+  end
+
+  def test_value_omission
+    f = ->(**kwargs) { kwargs }
+    x = 1
+    y = 2
+    assert_equal({x: 1, y: 2}, f.call(x:, y:))
+    assert_equal({x: 1, y: 2, z: 3}, f.call(x:, y:, z: 3))
+    assert_equal({one: 1, two: 2}, f.call(one:, two:))
+  end
+
+  def m_bug20570(*a, **nil)
+    a
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_arg_with_prohibited_keyword
+    assert_equal([], m_bug20570(*[]))
+    assert_equal([1], m_bug20570(*[1]))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], m_bug20570(*[1, 2]))
+    h = nil
+    assert_equal([], m_bug20570(*[], **h))
+    assert_equal([1], m_bug20570(*[1], **h))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], m_bug20570(*[1, 2], **h))
+
+    assert_equal([], m_bug20570(*[], **nil))
+    assert_equal([1], m_bug20570(*[1], **nil))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], m_bug20570(*[1, 2], **nil))
+  end
+
+  private def one
+    1
+  end
+
+  private def two
+    2
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_lambda.rb b/test/ruby/test_lambda.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1858a36dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_lambda.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestLambdaParameters < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_exact_parameter
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){(1..3).each(&lambda{})}
+  end
+
+  def test_call_simple
+    assert_equal(1, lambda{|a| a}.call(1))
+    assert_equal([1,2], lambda{|a, b| [a,b]}.call(1,2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { lambda{|a|}.call(1,2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { lambda{|a|}.call() }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { lambda{}.call(1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { lambda{|a, b|}.call(1,2,3) }
+
+    assert_equal(1, ->(a){ a }.call(1))
+    assert_equal([1,2], ->(a,b){ [a,b] }.call(1,2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ->(a){ }.call(1,2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ->(a){ }.call() }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ->(){ }.call(1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ->(a,b){ }.call(1,2,3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_as_iterator
+    a = 0
+    2.times(&->(_){ a += 1 })
+    assert_equal(2, a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {1.times(&->(){ a += 1 })}
+    bug9605 = '[ruby-core:61468] [Bug #9605]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug9605) {1.times(&->(n){ a += 1 })}
+    assert_equal(3, a, bug9605)
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug9605) {
+      a = %w(Hi there how are you).each_with_index.detect(&->(w, i) {w.length == 3})
+    }
+    assert_equal(["how", 2], a, bug9605)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_rest_args
+    assert_equal([1,2], ->(*a){ a }.call(1,2))
+    assert_equal([1,2,[]], ->(a,b,*c){ [a,b,c] }.call(1,2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ ->(a,*b){ }.call() }
+  end
+
+  def test_call_opt_args
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], ->(a,b,c=3,d=4){ [a,b,c,d] }.call(1,2))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], ->(a,b,c=0,d=4){ [a,b,c,d] }.call(1,2,3))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ ->(a,b=1){ }.call() }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ ->(a,b=1){ }.call(1,2,3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_call_rest_and_opt
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,[]], ->(a,b=2,c=3,*d){ [a,b,c,d] }.call(1))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,[]], ->(a,b=0,c=3,*d){ [a,b,c,d] }.call(1,2))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,[4,5,6]], ->(a,b=0,c=0,*d){ [a,b,c,d] }.call(1,2,3,4,5,6))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ ->(a,b=1,*c){ }.call() }
+  end
+
+  def test_call_with_block
+    f = ->(a,b,c=3,*d,&e){ [a,b,c,d,e.call(d + [a,b,c])] }
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,[],6], f.call(1,2){|z| z.inject{|s,x| s+x} } )
+    assert_equal(nil, ->(&b){ b }.call)
+    foo { puts "bogus block " }
+    assert_equal(1, ->(&b){ b.call }.call { 1 })
+    _b = nil
+    assert_equal(1, ->(&_b){ _b.call }.call { 1 })
+    assert_nil(_b)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_block_from_lambda
+    bug9605 = '[ruby-core:61470] [Bug #9605]'
+    plus = ->(x,y) {x+y}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9605) {proc(&plus).call [1,2]}
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_inside_lambda_inside_method_return_inside_lambda_inside_method
+    def self.a
+      -> do
+        p = Proc.new{return :a}
+        p.call
+      end.call
+    end
+    assert_equal(:a, a)
+
+    def self.b
+      lambda do
+        p = Proc.new{return :b}
+        p.call
+      end.call
+    end
+    assert_equal(:b, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_inside_lambda_inside_method_return_inside_lambda_outside_method
+    def self.a
+      -> do
+        p = Proc.new{return :a}
+        p.call
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(:a, a.call)
+
+    def self.b
+      lambda do
+        p = Proc.new{return :b}
+        p.call
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(:b, b.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_inside_lambda_inside_method_return_outside_lambda_inside_method
+    def self.a
+      -> do
+        Proc.new{return :a}
+      end.call.call
+    end
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {a}
+
+    def self.b
+      lambda do
+        Proc.new{return :b}
+      end.call.call
+    end
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {b}
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_inside_lambda_inside_method_return_outside_lambda_outside_method
+    def self.a
+      -> do
+        Proc.new{return :a}
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {a.call.call}
+
+    def self.b
+      lambda do
+        Proc.new{return :b}
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {b.call.call}
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_inside_lambda2_inside_method_return_outside_lambda1_inside_method
+    def self.a
+      -> do
+        -> do
+          Proc.new{return :a}
+        end.call.call
+      end.call
+    end
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {a}
+
+    def self.b
+      lambda do
+        lambda do
+          Proc.new{return :a}
+        end.call.call
+      end.call
+    end
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) {b}
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_inside_lambda_toplevel
+    assert_ruby_status [], <<~RUBY
+      lambda{
+        $g = proc{ return :pr }
+      }.call
+      begin
+        $g.call
+      rescue LocalJumpError
+        # OK!
+      else
+        raise
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec
+    bug12568 = '[ruby-core:76300] [Bug #12568]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug12568) do
+      instance_exec([1,2,3], &->(a=[]){ a })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_return
+    bug13090 = '[ruby-core:78917] [Bug #13090] cannot return in lambdas'
+    x = :ng
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError) do
+      x = instance_eval(&->(_){return :ok})
+    end
+  ensure
+    assert_equal(:ok, x, bug13090)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_return
+    bug13090 = '[ruby-core:78917] [Bug #13090] cannot return in lambdas'
+    x = :ng
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError) do
+      x = instance_exec(&->(){return :ok})
+    end
+  ensure
+    assert_equal(:ok, x, bug13090)
+  end
+
+  def test_arity_error
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[Bug #12705]') do
+      [1, 2].tap(&lambda {|a, b|})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def foo
+    assert_equal(nil, ->(&b){ b }.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_basic_object
+    bug5966 = '[ruby-core:42349]'
+    called = false
+    BasicObject.new.instance_eval {->() {called = true}.()}
+    assert_equal(true, called, bug5966)
+  end
+
+  def test_location_on_error
+    bug6151 = '[ruby-core:43314]'
+    called = 0
+    line, f = __LINE__, lambda do
+      called += 1
+      true
+    end
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      f.call(42)
+    end
+    assert_send([e.backtrace.first, :start_with?, "#{__FILE__}:#{line}:"], bug6151)
+    assert_equal(0, called)
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      42.times(&f)
+    end
+    assert_send([e.backtrace.first, :start_with?, "#{__FILE__}:#{line}:"], bug6151)
+    assert_equal(0, called)
+  end
+
+  def return_in_current(val)
+    1.tap(&->(*) {return 0})
+    val
+  end
+
+  def yield_block
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def return_in_callee(val)
+    yield_block(&->(*) {return 0})
+    val
+  end
+
+  def test_return
+    feature8693 = '[ruby-core:56193] [Feature #8693]'
+    assert_equal(42, return_in_current(42), feature8693)
+    assert_equal(42, return_in_callee(42), feature8693)
+  end
+
+  def break_in_current(val)
+    1.tap(&->(*) {break 0})
+    val
+  end
+
+  def break_in_callee(val)
+    yield_block(&->(*) {break 0})
+    val
+  end
+
+  def test_break
+    assert_equal(42, break_in_current(42))
+    assert_equal(42, break_in_callee(42))
+  end
+
+  def test_do_lambda_source_location
+    exp = [__LINE__ + 1, 10, __LINE__ + 5, 7]
+    lmd = ->(x,
+             y,
+             z) do
+      #
+    end
+    file, *loc = lmd.source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(exp, loc)
+  end
+
+  def test_brace_lambda_source_location
+    exp = [__LINE__ + 1, 10, __LINE__ + 5, 5]
+    lmd = ->(x,
+             y,
+             z) {
+      #
+    }
+    file, *loc = lmd.source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(exp, loc)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_orphan_return
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1(&-> { return 42 }) end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1(&-> { return 42 }).call end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1(&-> { return 42 }) end }.m2.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_orphan_break
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1(&-> { break 42 }) end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1(&-> { break 42 }).call end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1(&-> { break 42 }) end }.m2.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_orphan_next
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1(&-> { next 42 }) end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1(&-> { next 42 }).call end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1(&-> { next 42 }) end }.m2.call)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_lazy_enumerator.rb b/test/ruby/test_lazy_enumerator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dddbab50c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_lazy_enumerator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestLazyEnumerator < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Step
+    include Enumerable
+    attr_reader :current, :args
+
+    def initialize(enum)
+      @enum = enum
+      @current = nil
+      @args = nil
+    end
+
+    def each(*args)
+      @args = args
+      @enum.each do |v|
+        @current = v
+        if v.is_a? Enumerable
+          yield(*v)
+        else
+          yield(v)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3].lazy.to_a)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], Enumerator::Lazy.new([1, 2, 3]){|y, v| y << v}.to_a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Enumerator::Lazy.new([1, 2, 3]) }
+
+    a = [1, 2, 3].lazy
+    a.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {
+      a.__send__ :initialize, [4, 5], &->(y, *v) { y << yield(*v) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_args
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal(1, a.lazy.each(4).first)
+    assert_equal([4], a.args)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line
+    name = lineno = nil
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      f.each("").map do |paragraph|
+        paragraph[/\A\s*(.*)/, 1]
+      end.find do |line|
+        if name = line[/^class\s+(\S+)/, 1]
+          lineno = f.lineno
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(self.class.name, name)
+    assert_operator(lineno, :>, 2)
+
+    name = lineno = nil
+    File.open(__FILE__) do |f|
+      f.lazy.each("").map do |paragraph|
+        paragraph[/\A\s*(.*)/, 1]
+      end.find do |line|
+        if name = line[/^class\s+(\S+)/, 1]
+          lineno = f.lineno
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(self.class.name, name)
+    assert_equal(2, lineno)
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    a = Step.new(1..6)
+    assert_equal(4, a.select {|x| x > 3}.first)
+    assert_equal(6, a.current)
+    assert_equal(4, a.lazy.select {|x| x > 3}.first)
+    assert_equal(4, a.current)
+
+    a = Step.new(['word', nil, 1])
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {a.select {|x| "x"+x}.first}
+    assert_equal(nil, a.current)
+    assert_equal("word", a.lazy.select {|x| "x"+x}.first)
+    assert_equal("word", a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_multiple_values
+    e = Enumerator.new { |yielder|
+      for i in 1..5
+        yielder.yield(i, i.to_s)
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal([[2, "2"], [4, "4"]],
+                 e.select {|x| x[0] % 2 == 0})
+    assert_equal([[2, "2"], [4, "4"]],
+                 e.lazy.select {|x| x[0] % 2 == 0}.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_map
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal(2, a.map {|x| x * 2}.first)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+    assert_equal(2, a.lazy.map {|x| x * 2}.first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_map_packed_nested
+    bug = '[ruby-core:81638] [Bug#13648]'
+
+    a = Step.new([[1, 2]])
+    expected = [[[1, 2]]]
+    assert_equal(expected, a.map {|*args| args}.map {|*args| args}.to_a)
+    assert_equal(expected, a.lazy.map {|*args| args}.map {|*args| args}.to_a, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal(2, a.flat_map {|x| [x * 2]}.first)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+    assert_equal(2, a.lazy.flat_map {|x| [x * 2]}.first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map_nested
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal([1, "a"],
+                 a.flat_map {|x| ("a".."c").map {|y| [x, y]}}.first)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+    assert_equal([1, "a"],
+                 a.lazy.flat_map {|x| ("a".."c").lazy.map {|y| [x, y]}}.first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map_to_ary
+    to_ary = Class.new {
+      def initialize(value)
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def to_ary
+        [:to_ary, @value]
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal([:to_ary, 1, :to_ary, 2, :to_ary, 3],
+                 [1, 2, 3].flat_map {|x| to_ary.new(x)})
+    assert_equal([:to_ary, 1, :to_ary, 2, :to_ary, 3],
+                 [1, 2, 3].lazy.flat_map {|x| to_ary.new(x)}.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map_non_array
+    assert_equal(["1", "2", "3"], [1, 2, 3].flat_map {|x| x.to_s})
+    assert_equal(["1", "2", "3"], [1, 2, 3].lazy.flat_map {|x| x.to_s}.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map_hash
+    assert_equal([{?a=>97}, {?b=>98}, {?c=>99}], [?a, ?b, ?c].flat_map {|x| {x=>x.ord}})
+    assert_equal([{?a=>97}, {?b=>98}, {?c=>99}], [?a, ?b, ?c].lazy.flat_map {|x| {x=>x.ord}}.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_flat_map_take
+    assert_equal([1,2]*3, [[1,2]].cycle.lazy.take(3).flat_map {|x| x}.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_reject
+    a = Step.new(1..6)
+    assert_equal(4, a.reject {|x| x < 4}.first)
+    assert_equal(6, a.current)
+    assert_equal(4, a.lazy.reject {|x| x < 4}.first)
+    assert_equal(4, a.current)
+
+    a = Step.new(['word', nil, 1])
+    assert_equal(nil, a.reject {|x| x}.first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+    assert_equal(nil, a.lazy.reject {|x| x}.first)
+    assert_equal(nil, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_reject_multiple_values
+    e = Enumerator.new { |yielder|
+      for i in 1..5
+        yielder.yield(i, i.to_s)
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal([[2, "2"], [4, "4"]],
+                 e.reject {|x| x[0] % 2 != 0})
+    assert_equal([[2, "2"], [4, "4"]],
+                 e.lazy.reject {|x| x[0] % 2 != 0}.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep
+    a = Step.new('a'..'f')
+    assert_equal('c', a.grep(/c/).first)
+    assert_equal('f', a.current)
+    assert_equal('c', a.lazy.grep(/c/).first)
+    assert_equal('c', a.current)
+    assert_equal(%w[a e], a.grep(proc {|x| /[aeiou]/ =~ x}))
+    assert_equal(%w[a e], a.lazy.grep(proc {|x| /[aeiou]/ =~ x}).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_with_block
+    a = Step.new('a'..'f')
+    assert_equal('C', a.grep(/c/) {|i| i.upcase}.first)
+    assert_equal('C', a.lazy.grep(/c/) {|i| i.upcase}.first)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_multiple_values
+    e = Enumerator.new { |yielder|
+      3.times { |i|
+        yielder.yield(i, i.to_s)
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal([[2, "2"]], e.grep(proc {|x| x == [2, "2"]}))
+    assert_equal([[2, "2"]], e.lazy.grep(proc {|x| x == [2, "2"]}).force)
+    assert_equal(["22"],
+                 e.lazy.grep(proc {|x| x == [2, "2"]}, &:join).force)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_v
+    a = Step.new('a'..'f')
+    assert_equal('b', a.grep_v(/a/).first)
+    assert_equal('f', a.current)
+    assert_equal('a', a.lazy.grep_v(/c/).first)
+    assert_equal('a', a.current)
+    assert_equal(%w[b c d f], a.grep_v(proc {|x| /[aeiou]/ =~ x}))
+    assert_equal(%w[b c d f], a.lazy.grep_v(proc {|x| /[aeiou]/ =~ x}).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_v_with_block
+    a = Step.new('a'..'f')
+    assert_equal('B', a.grep_v(/a/) {|i| i.upcase}.first)
+    assert_equal('B', a.lazy.grep_v(/a/) {|i| i.upcase}.first)
+  end
+
+  def test_grep_v_multiple_values
+    e = Enumerator.new { |yielder|
+      3.times { |i|
+        yielder.yield(i, i.to_s)
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal([[0, "0"], [1, "1"]], e.grep_v(proc {|x| x == [2, "2"]}))
+    assert_equal([[0, "0"], [1, "1"]], e.lazy.grep_v(proc {|x| x == [2, "2"]}).force)
+    assert_equal(["00", "11"],
+                 e.lazy.grep_v(proc {|x| x == [2, "2"]}, &:join).force)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal([1, "a"], a.zip("a".."c").first)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+    assert_equal([1, "a"], a.lazy.zip("a".."c").first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_short_arg
+    a = Step.new(1..5)
+    assert_equal([5, nil], a.zip("a".."c").last)
+    assert_equal([5, nil], a.lazy.zip("a".."c").force.last)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_without_arg
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal([1], a.zip.first)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+    assert_equal([1], a.lazy.zip.first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_bad_arg
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ a.lazy.zip(42) }
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_with_block
+    # zip should be eager when a block is given
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    ary = []
+    assert_equal(nil, a.lazy.zip("a".."c") {|x, y| ary << [x, y]})
+    assert_equal(a.zip("a".."c"), ary)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_map_lambda_bug_19569
+    ary = [1, 2, 3].to_enum.lazy.zip([:a, :b, :c]).map(&:last).to_a
+    assert_equal([:a, :b, :c], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_take
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    assert_equal(1, a.take(5).first)
+    assert_equal(5, a.current)
+    assert_equal(1, a.lazy.take(5).first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+    assert_equal((1..5).to_a, a.lazy.take(5).force)
+    assert_equal(5, a.current)
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    assert_equal([], a.lazy.take(0).force)
+    assert_equal(nil, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_take_0_bug_18971
+    def (bomb = Object.new.extend(Enumerable)).each
+      raise
+    end
+    [2..10, bomb].each do |e|
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).map(&:itself).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).select(&:even?).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).select(&:odd?).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).reject(&:even?).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).reject(&:odd?).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).take(1).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).take(0).take(1).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).drop(0).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).find_all {|_| true}.to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).zip((12..20)).to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).uniq.to_a)
+      assert_equal([], e.lazy.take(0).sort.to_a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_take_bad_arg
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.lazy.take(-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_take_recycle
+    bug6428 = '[ruby-dev:45634]'
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    take5 = a.lazy.take(5)
+    assert_equal((1..5).to_a, take5.force, bug6428)
+    assert_equal((1..5).to_a, take5.force, bug6428)
+  end
+
+  def test_take_nested
+    bug7696 = '[ruby-core:51470]'
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    take5 = a.lazy.take(5)
+    assert_equal([*(1..5)]*5, take5.flat_map{take5}.force, bug7696)
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_while_nested
+    bug7696 = '[ruby-core:51470]'
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    drop5 = a.lazy.drop_while{|x| x < 6}
+    assert_equal([*(6..10)]*5, drop5.flat_map{drop5}.force, bug7696)
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_nested
+    bug7696 = '[ruby-core:51470]'
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    drop5 = a.lazy.drop(5)
+    assert_equal([*(6..10)]*5, drop5.flat_map{drop5}.force, bug7696)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_nested
+    bug7696 = '[ruby-core:51470]'
+    enum = ('a'..'z').each
+    enum.next
+    zip = (1..3).lazy.zip(enum, enum)
+    assert_equal([[1, 'a', 'a'], [2, 'b', 'b'], [3, 'c', 'c']]*3, zip.flat_map{zip}.force, bug7696)
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_lazy_on_args
+    zip = Step.new(1..2).lazy.zip(42..Float::INFINITY)
+    assert_equal [[1, 42], [2, 43]], zip.force
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_efficient_on_array_args
+    ary = [42, :foo]
+    %i[to_enum enum_for lazy each].each do |forbid|
+      ary.define_singleton_method(forbid){ fail "#{forbid} was called"}
+    end
+    zip = Step.new(1..2).lazy.zip(ary)
+    assert_equal [[1, 42], [2, :foo]], zip.force
+  end
+
+  def test_zip_nonsingle
+    bug8735 = '[ruby-core:56383] [Bug #8735]'
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.each
+      yield
+      yield 1, 2
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(obj.to_enum.zip(obj.to_enum), obj.to_enum.lazy.zip(obj.to_enum).force, bug8735)
+  end
+
+  def test_take_rewound
+    bug7696 = '[ruby-core:51470]'
+    e=(1..42).lazy.take(2)
+    assert_equal 1, e.next, bug7696
+    assert_equal 2, e.next, bug7696
+    e.rewind
+    assert_equal 1, e.next, bug7696
+    assert_equal 2, e.next, bug7696
+  end
+
+  def test_take_while
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    assert_equal(1, a.take_while {|i| i < 5}.first)
+    assert_equal(5, a.current)
+    assert_equal(1, a.lazy.take_while {|i| i < 5}.first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+    assert_equal((1..4).to_a, a.lazy.take_while {|i| i < 5}.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_drop
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    assert_equal(6, a.drop(5).first)
+    assert_equal(10, a.current)
+    assert_equal(6, a.lazy.drop(5).first)
+    assert_equal(6, a.current)
+    assert_equal((6..10).to_a, a.lazy.drop(5).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_while
+    a = Step.new(1..10)
+    assert_equal(5, a.drop_while {|i| i % 5 > 0}.first)
+    assert_equal(10, a.current)
+    assert_equal(5, a.lazy.drop_while {|i| i % 5 > 0}.first)
+    assert_equal(5, a.current)
+    assert_equal((5..10).to_a, a.lazy.drop_while {|i| i % 5 > 0}.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_and_take
+    assert_equal([4, 5], (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.drop(3).take(2).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    assert_equal("1", a.cycle(2).map(&:to_s).first)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+    assert_equal("1", a.lazy.cycle(2).map(&:to_s).first)
+    assert_equal(1, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_with_block
+    # cycle should be eager when a block is given
+    a = Step.new(1..3)
+    ary = []
+    assert_equal(nil, a.lazy.cycle(2) {|i| ary << i})
+    assert_equal(a.cycle(2).to_a, ary)
+    assert_equal(3, a.current)
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_chain
+    a = 1..3
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1], a.lazy.cycle.take(10).force)
+    assert_equal([2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2], a.lazy.cycle.select {|x| x == 2}.take(10).force)
+    assert_equal([2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2], a.lazy.select {|x| x == 2}.cycle.take(10).force)
+  end
+
+  def test_force
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.take(3).force)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>", (1..10).lazy.inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator: "foo":each_char>>',
+                 "foo".each_char.lazy.inspect)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:map>",
+                 (1..10).lazy.map {}.inspect)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:take(0)>",
+                 (1..10).lazy.take(0).inspect)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:take(3)>",
+                 (1..10).lazy.take(3).inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: "a".."c">:grep(/b/)>',
+                 ("a".."c").lazy.grep(/b/).inspect)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:cycle(3)>",
+                 (1..10).lazy.cycle(3).inspect)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:cycle>",
+                 (1..10).lazy.cycle.inspect)
+    assert_equal("#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:cycle(3)>",
+                 (1..10).lazy.cycle(3).inspect)
+    l = (1..10).lazy.map {}.collect {}.flat_map {}.collect_concat {}.select {}.find_all {}.reject {}.grep(1).zip(?a..?c).take(10).take_while {}.drop(3).drop_while {}.cycle(3)
+    assert_equal(<<EOS.chomp, l.inspect)
+#<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..10>:map>:collect>:flat_map>:collect_concat>:select>:find_all>:reject>:grep(1)>:zip("a".."c")>:take(10)>:take_while>:drop(3)>:drop_while>:cycle(3)>
+EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_eager
+    lazy = [1, 2, 3].lazy.map { |x| x * 2 }
+    enum = lazy.eager
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enum.class
+    assert_equal 3, enum.size
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], enum.map { |x| x / 2 }
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_zip_map_yield_arity_bug_20623
+    assert_equal([[1, 2]], [1].lazy.zip([2].lazy).map { |x| x }.force)
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_to_enum
+    lazy = [1, 2, 3].lazy
+    def lazy.foo(*args)
+      yield args
+      yield args
+    end
+    enum = lazy.to_enum(:foo, :hello, :world)
+    assert_equal Enumerator::Lazy, enum.class
+    assert_equal nil, enum.size
+    assert_equal [[:hello, :world], [:hello, :world]], enum.to_a
+
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], lazy.to_enum.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_to_enum_lazy_methods
+    a = [1, 2, 3].to_enum
+    pr = proc{|x| [x, x * 2]}
+    selector = proc{|x| x*2 if x % 2 == 0}
+
+    [
+      [:with_index, nil],
+      [:with_index, 10, nil],
+      [:with_index, 10, pr],
+      [:map, nil],
+      [:map, pr],
+      [:collect, nil],
+      [:flat_map, nil],
+      [:flat_map, pr],
+      [:collect_concat, nil],
+      [:select, nil],
+      [:select, selector],
+      [:find_all, nil],
+      [:filter, nil],
+      [:filter_map, selector],
+      [:filter_map, nil],
+      [:reject, selector],
+      [:grep, selector, nil],
+      [:grep, selector, pr],
+      [:grep_v, selector, nil],
+      [:grep_v, selector, pr],
+      [:zip, a, nil],
+      [:take, 3, nil],
+      [:take_while, nil],
+      [:take_while, selector],
+      [:drop, 1, nil],
+      [:drop_while, nil],
+      [:drop_while, selector],
+      [:uniq, nil],
+      [:uniq, proc{|x| x.odd?}],
+    ].each do |args|
+      block = args.pop
+      assert_equal [1, 2, 3].to_enum.to_enum(*args).first(2).to_a, [1, 2, 3].to_enum.lazy.to_enum(*args).first(2).to_a
+      assert_equal (0..50).to_enum.to_enum(*args).first(2).to_a, (0..50000).to_enum.lazy.to_enum(*args).first(2).to_a
+      if block
+        assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4].to_enum.to_enum(*args).map(&block).first(2).to_a, [1, 2, 3, 4].to_enum.lazy.to_enum(*args).map(&block).first(2).to_a
+        unless args.first == :take_while || args.first == :drop_while
+          assert_equal (0..50).to_enum.to_enum(*args).map(&block).first(2).to_a, (0..50000).to_enum.lazy.to_enum(*args).map(&block).first(2).to_a
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    lazy = [1, 2, 3].lazy
+    assert_equal 3, lazy.size
+    assert_equal 42, Enumerator::Lazy.new([],->{42}){}.size
+    assert_equal 42, Enumerator::Lazy.new([],42){}.size
+    assert_equal 42, Enumerator::Lazy.new([],42){}.lazy.size
+    assert_equal 42, lazy.to_enum{ 42 }.size
+
+    %i[map collect].each do |m|
+      assert_equal 3, lazy.send(m){}.size
+    end
+    assert_equal 3, lazy.zip([4]).size
+    %i[flat_map collect_concat select find_all reject take_while drop_while].each do |m|
+      assert_equal nil, lazy.send(m){}.size
+    end
+    assert_equal nil, lazy.grep(//).size
+
+    assert_equal 2, lazy.take(2).size
+    assert_equal 3, lazy.take(4).size
+    assert_equal 4, loop.lazy.take(4).size
+    assert_equal nil, lazy.select{}.take(4).size
+
+    assert_equal 1, lazy.drop(2).size
+    assert_equal 0, lazy.drop(4).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, loop.lazy.drop(4).size
+    assert_equal nil, lazy.select{}.drop(4).size
+
+    assert_equal 0, lazy.cycle(0).size
+    assert_equal 6, lazy.cycle(2).size
+    assert_equal 3 << 80, 4.times.inject(lazy){|enum| enum.cycle(1 << 20)}.size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, lazy.cycle.size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, loop.lazy.cycle(4).size
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, loop.lazy.cycle.size
+    assert_equal nil, lazy.select{}.cycle(4).size
+    assert_equal nil, lazy.select{}.cycle.size
+
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      def each; end
+      def size; 0; end
+      include Enumerable
+    end
+    lazy = obj.lazy
+    assert_equal 0, lazy.cycle.size
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {lazy.cycle("").size}
+  end
+
+  def test_map_zip
+    bug7507 = '[ruby-core:50545]'
+    assert_ruby_status(["-e", "GC.stress = true", "-e", "(1..10).lazy.map{}.zip(){}"], "", bug7507)
+    assert_ruby_status(["-e", "GC.stress = true", "-e", "(1..10).lazy.map{}.zip().to_a"], "", bug7507)
+  end
+
+  def test_require_block
+    %i[select reject drop_while take_while map flat_map].each do |method|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError){ [].lazy.send(method) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_laziness_conservation
+    bug7507 = '[ruby-core:51510]'
+    {
+      slice_before: //,
+      slice_after: //,
+      with_index: nil,
+      cycle: nil,
+      each_with_object: 42,
+      each_slice: 42,
+      each_entry: nil,
+      each_cons: 42,
+    }.each do |method, arg|
+      assert_equal Enumerator::Lazy, [].lazy.send(method, *arg).class, bug7507
+    end
+    assert_equal Enumerator::Lazy, [].lazy.chunk{}.class, bug7507
+    assert_equal Enumerator::Lazy, [].lazy.slice_when{}.class, bug7507
+  end
+
+  def test_each_cons_limit
+    n = 1 << 120
+    assert_equal([1, 2], (1..n).lazy.each_cons(2).first)
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], [2, 3]], (1..n).lazy.each_cons(2).first(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_each_slice_limit
+    n = 1 << 120
+    assert_equal([1, 2], (1..n).lazy.each_slice(2).first)
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], [3, 4]], (1..n).lazy.each_slice(2).first(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_no_warnings
+    le = (1..3).lazy
+    assert_warning("") {le.zip([4,5,6]).force}
+    assert_warning("") {le.zip(4..6).force}
+    assert_warning("") {le.take(1).force}
+    assert_warning("") {le.drop(1).force}
+    assert_warning("") {le.drop_while{false}.force}
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_chain
+    assert_equal(["1", "3"], [1, 2, 3].lazy.reject(&:even?).map(&:to_s).force)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      [1, 2, 3].lazy.map(&:undefined).map(&:to_s).force
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uniq
+    u = (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.uniq do |x|
+      raise "too big" if x > 10000
+      (x**2) % 10
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10], u.first(6))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10], u.first(6))
+  end
+
+  def test_filter_map
+    e = (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.filter_map do |x|
+      raise "too big" if x > 10000
+      (x**2) % 10 if x.even?
+    end
+    assert_equal([4, 6, 6, 4, 0, 4], e.first(6))
+    assert_equal([4, 6, 6, 4, 0, 4], e.first(6))
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index
+    feature7877 = '[ruby-dev:47025] [Feature #7877]'
+    leibniz = ->(n) {
+      (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index.map {|i, j|
+        raise IndexError, "limit exceeded (#{n})" unless j < n
+        ((-1) ** j) / (2*i+1).to_f
+      }.take(n).reduce(:+)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(IndexError, feature7877) {
+      assert_in_epsilon(Math::PI/4, leibniz[1000])
+    }
+
+    a = []
+    ary = (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index(2) {|i, j| a << [i-1, j] }.take(2).to_a
+    assert_equal([[-1, 2], [0, 3]], a)
+    assert_equal([0, 1], ary)
+
+    a = []
+    ary = (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index(2, &->(i,j) { a << [i-1, j] }).take(2).to_a
+    assert_equal([[-1, 2], [0, 3]], a)
+    assert_equal([0, 1], ary)
+
+    ary = (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index(2).map {|i, j| [i-1, j] }.take(2).to_a
+    assert_equal([[-1, 2], [0, 3]], ary)
+
+    ary = (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index(2).map(&->(i, j) { [i-1, j] }).take(2).to_a
+    assert_equal([[-1, 2], [0, 3]], ary)
+
+    ary = (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index(2).take(2).to_a
+    assert_equal([[0, 2], [1, 3]], ary)
+
+    ary = (0..Float::INFINITY).lazy.with_index.take(2).to_a
+    assert_equal([[0, 0], [1, 1]], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_index_size
+    assert_equal(3, Enumerator::Lazy.new([1, 2, 3], 3){|y, v| y << v}.with_index.size)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_literal.rb b/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cff888d4b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRubyLiteral < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_special_const
+    assert_equal 'true', true.inspect
+    assert_instance_of TrueClass, true
+    assert_equal 'false', false.inspect
+    assert_instance_of FalseClass, false
+    assert_equal 'nil', nil.inspect
+    assert_instance_of NilClass, nil
+    assert_equal ':sym', :sym.inspect
+    assert_instance_of Symbol, :sym
+    assert_equal '1234', 1234.inspect
+    assert_instance_of Integer, 1234
+    assert_equal '1234', 1_2_3_4.inspect
+    assert_instance_of Integer, 1_2_3_4
+    assert_equal '18', 0x12.inspect
+    assert_instance_of Integer, 0x12
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("0x") }
+    assert_equal '15', 0o17.inspect
+    assert_instance_of Integer, 0o17
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("0o") }
+    assert_equal '5', 0b101.inspect
+    assert_instance_of Integer, 0b101
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("0b") }
+    assert_equal '123456789012345678901234567890', 123456789012345678901234567890.to_s
+    assert_instance_of Integer, 123456789012345678901234567890
+    assert_instance_of Float, 1.3
+    assert_equal '2', eval("0x00+2").inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_self
+    assert_equal self, self
+    assert_instance_of TestRubyLiteral, self
+    assert_respond_to self, :test_self
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil # prevent syntax warnings
+
+    assert_instance_of String, ?a
+    assert_equal "a", ?a
+    assert_instance_of String, ?A
+    assert_equal "A", ?A
+    assert_instance_of String, ?\n
+    assert_equal "\n", ?\n
+    assert_equal " ", ?\s
+    assert_equal " ", ?\   # space
+    assert_equal '', ''
+    assert_equal 'string', 'string'
+    assert_equal 'string string', 'string string'
+    assert_equal ' ', ' '
+    assert_equal ' ', " "
+    assert_equal "\0", "\0"
+    assert_equal "\1", "\1"
+    assert_equal "3", "\x33"
+    assert_equal "\n", "\n"
+    bug2500 = '[ruby-core:27228]'
+    bug5262 = '[ruby-core:39222]'
+    %w[c C- M-].each do |pre|
+      ["u", %w[u{ }]].each do |open, close|
+        ["?", ['"', '"']].each do |qopen, qclose|
+          str = "#{qopen}\\#{pre}\\#{open}5555#{close}#{qclose}"
+          assert_raise(SyntaxError, "#{bug2500} eval(#{str})") {eval(str)}
+
+          str = "#{qopen}\\#{pre}\\#{open}\u201c#{close}#{qclose}"
+          assert_raise(SyntaxError, "#{bug5262} eval(#{str})") {eval(str)}
+
+          str = "#{qopen}\\#{pre}\\#{open}\u201c#{close}#{qclose}".encode("euc-jp")
+          assert_raise(SyntaxError, "#{bug5262} eval(#{str})") {eval(str)}
+
+          str = "#{qopen}\\#{pre}\\#{open}\u201c#{close}#{qclose}".encode("iso-8859-13")
+          assert_raise(SyntaxError, "#{bug5262} eval(#{str})") {eval(str)}
+
+          str = "#{qopen}\\#{pre}\\#{open}\xe2\x7f#{close}#{qclose}".force_encoding("utf-8")
+          assert_raise(SyntaxError, "#{bug5262} eval(#{str})") {eval(str)}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    bug6069 = '[ruby-dev:45278]'
+    assert_equal "\x13", "\c\x33"
+    assert_equal "\x13", "\C-\x33"
+    assert_equal "\xB3", "\M-\x33"
+    assert_equal "\u201c", eval(%["\\\u{201c}"]), bug5262
+    assert_equal "\u201c".encode("euc-jp"), eval(%["\\\u{201c}"].encode("euc-jp")), bug5262
+    assert_equal "\u201c".encode("iso-8859-13"), eval(%["\\\u{201c}"].encode("iso-8859-13")), bug5262
+    assert_equal "\\\u201c", eval(%['\\\u{201c}']), bug6069
+    assert_equal "\\\u201c".encode("euc-jp"), eval(%['\\\u{201c}'].encode("euc-jp")), bug6069
+    assert_equal "\\\u201c".encode("iso-8859-13"), eval(%['\\\u{201c}'].encode("iso-8859-13")), bug6069
+    assert_equal "\u201c", eval(%[?\\\u{201c}]), bug6069
+    assert_equal "\u201c".encode("euc-jp"), eval(%[?\\\u{201c}].encode("euc-jp")), bug6069
+    assert_equal "\u201c".encode("iso-8859-13"), eval(%[?\\\u{201c}].encode("iso-8859-13")), bug6069
+
+    assert_equal "ab", eval("?a 'b'")
+    assert_equal "a\nb", eval("<<A 'b'\na\nA")
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval('"\C-' "\u3042" '"')}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval('"\C-\\' "\u3042" '"')}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval('"\M-' "\u3042" '"')}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval('"\M-\\' "\u3042" '"')}
+
+    assert_equal "\x09 \xC9 \x89", eval('"\C-\111 \M-\111 \M-\C-\111"')
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_dstring
+    assert_equal '2', "#{1+1}"
+    assert_equal '16', "#{2 ** 4}"
+    s = "string"
+    assert_equal s, "#{s}"
+    a = 'Foo'
+    b = "#{a}" << 'Bar'
+    assert_equal('Foo', a, 'r3842')
+    assert_equal('FooBar', b, 'r3842')
+  end
+
+  def test_dstring_encoding
+    bug11519 = '[ruby-core:70703] [Bug #11519]'
+    ['"foo#{}"', '"#{}foo"', '"#{}"'].each do |code|
+      a = eval("#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n#{code}")
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, a.encoding,
+                   proc{"#{bug11519}: #{code}.encoding"})
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dsymbol
+    assert_equal :a3c, :"a#{1+2}c"
+  end
+
+  def test_dsymbol_redefined_intern
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class String
+        alias _intern intern
+        def intern
+          "<#{upcase}>"
+        end
+      end
+      mesg = "literal symbol should not be affected by method redefinition"
+      str = "foo"
+      assert_equal(:foo, :"#{str}", mesg)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_xstring
+    assert_equal "foo\n", `echo foo`
+    s = 'foo'
+    assert_equal "foo\n", `echo #{s}`
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_string
+    default = eval("'test'").frozen?
+
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      a.for("false with indicator") do
+        str = eval("# -*- frozen-string-literal: false -*-\n""'foo'")
+        assert_not_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("true with indicator") do
+        str = eval("# -*- frozen-string-literal: true -*-\n""'foo'")
+        assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("false without indicator") do
+        str = eval("# frozen-string-literal: false\n""'foo'")
+        assert_not_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("true without indicator") do
+        str = eval("# frozen-string-literal: true\n""'foo'")
+        assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("false with preceding garbage") do
+        str = eval("# x frozen-string-literal: false\n""'foo'")
+        assert_equal(default, str.frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("true with preceding garbage") do
+        str = eval("# x frozen-string-literal: true\n""'foo'")
+        assert_equal(default, str.frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("false with succeeding garbage") do
+        str = eval("# frozen-string-literal: false x\n""'foo'")
+        assert_equal(default, str.frozen?)
+      end
+      a.for("true with succeeding garbage") do
+        str = eval("# frozen-string-literal: true x\n""'foo'")
+        assert_equal(default, str.frozen?)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_string_in_array_literal
+    list = eval("# frozen-string-literal: true\n""['foo', 'bar']")
+    assert_equal 2, list.length
+    list.each { |str| assert_predicate str, :frozen? }
+  end
+
+  def test_string_in_hash_literal
+    hash = eval("# frozen-string-literal: false\n""{foo: 'foo'}")
+    assert_not_predicate(hash[:foo], :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option) and
+    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option.key?(:debug_frozen_string_literal)
+    def test_debug_frozen_string
+      src = '_="foo-1"'; f = "test.rb"; n = 1
+      opt = {frozen_string_literal: true, debug_frozen_string_literal: true}
+      str = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(src, f, f, n, **opt).eval
+      assert_equal("foo-1", str)
+      assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+      assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /created at #{Regexp.quote(f)}:#{n}/) {
+        str << "x"
+      } unless ENV['RUBY_ISEQ_DUMP_DEBUG']
+    end
+
+    def test_debug_frozen_string_in_array_literal
+      src = '["foo"]'; f = "test.rb"; n = 1
+      opt = {frozen_string_literal: true, debug_frozen_string_literal: true}
+      ary = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(src, f, f, n, **opt).eval
+      assert_equal("foo", ary.first)
+      assert_predicate(ary.first, :frozen?)
+      assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /created at #{Regexp.quote(f)}:#{n}/) {
+        ary.first << "x"
+      } unless ENV['RUBY_ISEQ_DUMP_DEBUG']
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp
+    assert_instance_of Regexp, //
+    assert_match(//, 'a')
+    assert_match(//, '')
+    assert_instance_of Regexp, /a/
+    assert_match(/a/, 'a')
+    assert_no_match(/test/, 'tes')
+    re = /test/
+    assert_match re, 'test'
+    str = 'test'
+    assert_match re, str
+    assert_match(/test/, str)
+    assert_equal 0, (/test/ =~ 'test')
+    assert_equal 0, (re =~ 'test')
+    assert_equal 0, (/test/ =~ str)
+    assert_equal 0, (re =~ str)
+    assert_equal 0, ('test' =~ /test/)
+    assert_equal 0, ('test' =~ re)
+    assert_equal 0, (str =~ /test/)
+    assert_equal 0, (str =~ re)
+  end
+
+  def test_dregexp
+    assert_instance_of Regexp, /re#{'ge'}xp/
+    assert_equal(/regexp/, /re#{'ge'}xp/)
+
+    # [ruby-core:32682]
+    eval('/[#{"\x80"}]/')
+  end
+
+  def test_array
+    assert_instance_of Array, []
+    assert_equal [], []
+    assert_equal 0, [].size
+    assert_instance_of Array, [0]
+    assert_equal [3], [3]
+    assert_equal 1, [3].size
+    a = [3]
+    assert_equal 3, a[0]
+    assert_instance_of Array, [1,2]
+    assert_equal [1,2], [1,2]
+    assert_instance_of Array, [1,2,3,4,5]
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3,4,5]
+    assert_equal 5, [1,2,3,4,5].size
+    a = [1,2]
+    assert_equal 1, a[0]
+    assert_equal 2, a[1]
+    a = [1 + 2, 3 + 4, 5 + 6]
+    assert_instance_of Array, a
+    assert_equal [3, 7, 11], a
+    assert_equal 7, a[1]
+    assert_equal 1, ([0][0] += 1)
+    assert_equal 1, ([2][0] -= 1)
+    a = [obj = Object.new]
+    assert_instance_of Array, a
+    assert_equal 1, a.size
+    assert_equal obj, a[0]
+    a = [1,2,3]
+    a[1] = 5
+    assert_equal 5, a[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_instance_of Hash, {}
+    assert_equal({}, {})
+    assert_instance_of Hash, {1 => 2}
+    assert_equal({1 => 2}, {1 => 2})
+    h = {1 => 2}
+    assert_equal 2, h[1]
+    h = {"string" => "literal", "goto" => "hell"}
+    assert_equal h, h
+    assert_equal 2, h.size
+    assert_equal h, h
+    assert_equal "literal", h["string"]
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_literal_frozen
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      def frozen_hash_literal_arg
+        {0=>1,1=>4,2=>17}
+      end
+
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(Hash) do |a|
+        if a.class == Hash and !a.default_proc and a.size == 3 &&
+           a[0] == 1 && a[1] == 4 && a[2] == 17
+          # should not be found.
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+      assert_not_include frozen_hash_literal_arg, 3
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_big_array_and_hash_literal
+    assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("[#{(1..1_000_000).map{'x'}.join(", ")}]").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
+    assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("[#{(1..1_000_000).to_a.join(", ")}]").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
+    assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("{#{(1..1_000_000).map{|n| "#{n} => x"}.join(', ')}}").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
+    assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("{#{(1..1_000_000).map{|n| "#{n} => #{n}"}.join(', ')}}").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
+  end
+
+  def test_big_hash_literal
+    bug7466 = '[ruby-dev:46658]'
+    h = {
+      0xFE042 => 0xE5CD,
+      0xFE043 => 0xE5CD,
+      0xFE045 => 0xEA94,
+      0xFE046 => 0xE4E3,
+      0xFE047 => 0xE4E2,
+      0xFE048 => 0xEA96,
+      0xFE049 => 0x3013,
+      0xFE04A => 0xEB36,
+      0xFE04B => 0xEB37,
+      0xFE04C => 0xEB38,
+      0xFE04D => 0xEB49,
+      0xFE04E => 0xEB82,
+      0xFE04F => 0xE4D2,
+      0xFE050 => 0xEB35,
+      0xFE051 => 0xEAB9,
+      0xFE052 => 0xEABA,
+      0xFE053 => 0xE4D4,
+      0xFE054 => 0xE4CD,
+      0xFE055 => 0xEABB,
+      0xFE056 => 0xEABC,
+      0xFE057 => 0xEB32,
+      0xFE058 => 0xEB33,
+      0xFE059 => 0xEB34,
+      0xFE05A => 0xEB39,
+      0xFE05B => 0xEB5A,
+      0xFE190 => 0xE5A4,
+      0xFE191 => 0xE5A5,
+      0xFE192 => 0xEAD0,
+      0xFE193 => 0xEAD1,
+      0xFE194 => 0xEB47,
+      0xFE195 => 0xE509,
+      0xFE196 => 0xEAA0,
+      0xFE197 => 0xE50B,
+      0xFE198 => 0xEAA1,
+      0xFE199 => 0xEAA2,
+      0xFE19A => 0x3013,
+      0xFE19B => 0xE4FC,
+      0xFE19C => 0xE4FA,
+      0xFE19D => 0xE4FC,
+      0xFE19E => 0xE4FA,
+      0xFE19F => 0xE501,
+      0xFE1A0 => 0x3013,
+      0xFE1A1 => 0xE5DD,
+      0xFE1A2 => 0xEADB,
+      0xFE1A3 => 0xEAE9,
+      0xFE1A4 => 0xEB13,
+      0xFE1A5 => 0xEB14,
+      0xFE1A6 => 0xEB15,
+      0xFE1A7 => 0xEB16,
+      0xFE1A8 => 0xEB17,
+      0xFE1A9 => 0xEB18,
+      0xFE1AA => 0xEB19,
+      0xFE1AB => 0xEB1A,
+      0xFE1AC => 0xEB44,
+      0xFE1AD => 0xEB45,
+      0xFE1AE => 0xE4CB,
+      0xFE1AF => 0xE5BF,
+      0xFE1B0 => 0xE50E,
+      0xFE1B1 => 0xE4EC,
+      0xFE1B2 => 0xE4EF,
+      0xFE1B3 => 0xE4F8,
+      0xFE1B4 => 0x3013,
+      0xFE1B5 => 0x3013,
+      0xFE1B6 => 0xEB1C,
+      0xFE1B9 => 0xEB7E,
+      0xFE1D3 => 0xEB22,
+      0xFE7DC => 0xE4D8,
+      0xFE1D4 => 0xEB23,
+      0xFE1D5 => 0xEB24,
+      0xFE1D6 => 0xEB25,
+      0xFE1CC => 0xEB1F,
+      0xFE1CD => 0xEB20,
+      0xFE1CE => 0xE4D9,
+      0xFE1CF => 0xE48F,
+      0xFE1C5 => 0xE5C7,
+      0xFE1C6 => 0xEAEC,
+      0xFE1CB => 0xEB1E,
+      0xFE1DA => 0xE4DD,
+      0xFE1E1 => 0xEB57,
+      0xFE1E2 => 0xEB58,
+      0xFE1E3 => 0xE492,
+      0xFE1C9 => 0xEB1D,
+      0xFE1D9 => 0xE4D3,
+      0xFE1DC => 0xE5D4,
+      0xFE1BA => 0xE4E0,
+      0xFE1BB => 0xEB76,
+      0xFE1C8 => 0xE4E0,
+      0xFE1DD => 0xE5DB,
+      0xFE1BC => 0xE4DC,
+      0xFE1D8 => 0xE4DF,
+      0xFE1BD => 0xE49A,
+      0xFE1C7 => 0xEB1B,
+      0xFE1C2 => 0xE5C2,
+      0xFE1C0 => 0xE5C0,
+      0xFE1B8 => 0xE4DB,
+      0xFE1C3 => 0xE470,
+      0xFE1BE => 0xE4D8,
+      0xFE1C4 => 0xE4D9,
+      0xFE1B7 => 0xE4E1,
+      0xFE1BF => 0xE4DE,
+      0xFE1C1 => 0xE5C1,
+      0xFE1CA => 0x3013,
+      0xFE1D0 => 0xE4E1,
+      0xFE1D1 => 0xEB21,
+      0xFE1D2 => 0xE4D7,
+      0xFE1D7 => 0xE4DA,
+      0xFE1DB => 0xE4EE,
+      0xFE1DE => 0xEB3F,
+      0xFE1DF => 0xEB46,
+      0xFE1E0 => 0xEB48,
+      0xFE336 => 0xE4FB,
+      0xFE320 => 0xE472,
+      0xFE321 => 0xEB67,
+      0xFE322 => 0xEACA,
+      0xFE323 => 0xEAC0,
+      0xFE324 => 0xE5AE,
+      0xFE325 => 0xEACB,
+      0xFE326 => 0xEAC9,
+      0xFE327 => 0xE5C4,
+      0xFE328 => 0xEAC1,
+      0xFE329 => 0xE4E7,
+      0xFE32A => 0xE4E7,
+      0xFE32B => 0xEACD,
+      0xFE32C => 0xEACF,
+      0xFE32D => 0xEACE,
+      0xFE32E => 0xEAC7,
+      0xFE32F => 0xEAC8,
+      0xFE330 => 0xE471,
+      0xFE331 => "[Bug #7466]",
+    }
+    k = h.keys
+    assert_equal([129, 0xFE331], [k.size, k.last], bug7466)
+
+    code = [
+      "h = {",
+      (1..128).map {|i| "#{i} => 0,"},
+      (129..140).map {|i| "#{i} => [],"},
+      "}",
+    ].join
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      GC.stress = true
+      #{code}
+      GC.stress = false
+      assert_equal(140, h.size)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_duplicated_key
+    h = EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      eval "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}"
+      begin;
+        # This is a syntax that renders warning at very early stage.
+        # eval used to delay warning, to be suppressible by EnvUtil.
+        {"a" => 100, "b" => 200, "a" => 300, "a" => 400}
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, h.size)
+    assert_equal(400, h['a'])
+    assert_equal(200, h['b'])
+    assert_nil(h['c'])
+    assert_equal(nil, h.key('300'))
+
+    a = []
+    h = EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      eval <<~end
+        # This is a syntax that renders warning at very early stage.
+        # eval used to delay warning, to be suppressible by EnvUtil.
+        {"a" => a.push(100).last, "b" => a.push(200).last, "a" => a.push(300).last, "a" => a.push(400).last}
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal({'a' => 400, 'b' => 200}, h)
+    assert_equal([100, 200, 300, 400], a)
+
+    assert_all_assertions_foreach(
+      "duplicated literal key",
+      ':foo',
+      '"a"',
+      '1000',
+      '1.0',
+      '1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000',
+      '1.0r',
+      '1.0i',
+      '1.72723e-77',
+      '//',
+      '__LINE__',
+      '__FILE__',
+      '__ENCODING__',
+    ) do |key|
+      assert_warning(/key #{Regexp.quote(eval(key).inspect)} is duplicated/) { eval("{#{key} => :bar, #{key} => :foo}") }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_frozen_key_id
+    key = "a".freeze
+    h = {key => 100}
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+    assert_same(key, *h.keys)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_key_tampering
+    key = "a"
+    h = {key => 100}
+    key.upcase!
+    assert_equal(100, h['a'])
+  end
+
+  FOO = "foo"
+
+  def test_hash_value_omission
+    x = 1
+    y = 2
+    assert_equal({x: 1, y: 2}, {x:, y:})
+    assert_equal({x: 1, y: 2, z: 3}, {x:, y:, z: 3})
+    assert_equal({one: 1, two: 2}, {one:, two:})
+    b = binding
+    b.local_variable_set(:if, "if")
+    b.local_variable_set(:self, "self")
+    assert_equal({FOO: "foo", if: "if", self: "self"},
+                 eval('{FOO:, if:, self:}', b))
+    assert_syntax_error('{"#{x}":}', /'\}'/)
+  end
+
+  private def one
+    1
+  end
+
+  private def two
+    2
+  end
+
+  def test_range
+    assert_instance_of Range, (1..2)
+    assert_equal(1..2, 1..2)
+    r = 1..2
+    assert_equal 1, r.begin
+    assert_equal 2, r.end
+    assert_equal false, r.exclude_end?
+    assert_instance_of Range, (1...3)
+    assert_equal(1...3, 1...3)
+    r = 1...3
+    assert_equal 1, r.begin
+    assert_equal 3, r.end
+    assert_equal true, r.exclude_end?
+    r = 1+2 .. 3+4
+    assert_instance_of Range, r
+    assert_equal 3, r.begin
+    assert_equal 7, r.end
+    assert_equal false, r.exclude_end?
+    r = 1+2 ... 3+4
+    assert_instance_of Range, r
+    assert_equal 3, r.begin
+    assert_equal 7, r.end
+    assert_equal true, r.exclude_end?
+    assert_instance_of Range, 'a'..'c'
+    r = 'a'..'c'
+    assert_equal 'a', r.begin
+    assert_equal 'c', r.end
+  end
+
+  def test__FILE__
+    assert_instance_of String, __FILE__
+    assert_equal __FILE__, __FILE__
+    assert_equal 'test_literal.rb', File.basename(__FILE__)
+  end
+
+  def test__LINE__
+    assert_instance_of Integer, __LINE__
+    assert_equal __LINE__, __LINE__
+  end
+
+  def test_integer
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil # prevent syntax warnings
+
+    head = ['', '0x', '0o', '0b', '0d', '-', '+']
+    chars = ['0', '1', '_', '9', 'f']
+    head.each {|h|
+      4.times {|len|
+        a = [h]
+        len.times { a = a.product(chars).map {|x| x.join('') } }
+        a.each {|s|
+          next if s.empty?
+          begin
+            r1 = Integer(s)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            r1 = :err
+          end
+          begin
+            r2 = eval(s)
+          rescue NameError, SyntaxError
+            r2 = :err
+          end
+          assert_equal(r1, r2, "Integer(#{s.inspect}) != eval(#{s.inspect})")
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    bug2407 = '[ruby-dev:39798]'
+    head.grep_v(/^0/) do |s|
+      head.grep(/^0/) do |h|
+        h = "#{s}#{h}_"
+        assert_syntax_error(h, /numeric literal without digits\Z/, "#{bug2407}: #{h.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_float
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil # prevent syntax warnings
+
+    head = ['', '-', '+']
+    chars = ['0', '1', '_', '9', 'f', '.']
+    head.each {|h|
+      6.times {|len|
+        a = [h]
+        len.times { a = a.product(chars).map {|x| x.join('') } }
+        a.each {|s|
+          next if s.empty?
+          next if /\.\z/ =~ s
+          next if /\A[-+]?\./ =~ s
+          next if /\A[-+]?0/ =~ s
+          begin
+            r1 = Float(s)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            r1 = :err
+          end
+          begin
+            r2 = eval(s)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            # Debug log for a random failure: ArgumentError: SyntaxError#path changed
+            $stderr.puts "TestRubyLiteral#test_float failed: %p" % s
+            raise
+          rescue SyntaxError => e
+            r2 = :err
+          rescue NameError
+            r2 = :err
+          end
+          r2 = :err if Range === r2
+          s = s.inspect
+          mesg = "Float(#{s}) != eval(#{s})"
+          mesg << ":" << e.message if e
+          assert_equal(r1, r2, mesg)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal(100.0, 0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100e100)
+
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_rational_float
+    assert_equal(12, 0.12r * 100)
+    assert_equal(12, 0.1_2r * 100)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_list
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], %i[foo bar])
+    assert_equal([:"\"foo"], %i["foo])
+
+    x = 10
+    assert_equal([:foo, :b10], %I[foo b#{x}])
+    assert_equal([:"\"foo10"], %I["foo#{x}])
+
+    assert_ruby_status(["--disable-gems", "--dump=parsetree"], "%I[foo bar]")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb b/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f7a3c7f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1733 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestM17N < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_encoding(encname, actual, message=nil)
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find(encname), actual, message)
+  end
+
+  module AESU
+    def ua(str) str.dup.force_encoding("US-ASCII") end
+    def a(str) str.b end
+    def e(str) str.dup.force_encoding("EUC-JP") end
+    def s(str) str.dup.force_encoding("Windows-31J") end
+    def u(str) str.dup.force_encoding("UTF-8") end
+  end
+  include AESU
+  extend AESU
+
+  def assert_strenc(bytes, enc, actual, message=nil)
+    assert_instance_of(String, actual, message)
+    enc = Encoding.find(enc) if String === enc
+    assert_equal(enc, actual.encoding, message)
+    assert_equal(a(bytes), a(actual), message)
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_generic_encoding(r)
+    assert_not_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    %w[ASCII-8BIT EUC-JP Windows-31J UTF-8].each {|ename|
+      # "\xc2\xa1" is a valid sequence for ASCII-8BIT, EUC-JP, Windows-31J and UTF-8.
+      assert_nothing_raised { r =~ "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding(ename) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    %w[ASCII-8BIT EUC-JP Windows-31J UTF-8].each {|ename|
+      enc = Encoding.find(ename)
+      if enc == r.encoding
+        assert_nothing_raised { r =~ "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding(enc) }
+      else
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding(enc) }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_generic_ascii(r)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", r.encoding)
+    assert_regexp_generic_encoding(r)
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(r)
+    assert_encoding("ASCII-8BIT", r.encoding)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(r)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", r.encoding)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(r)
+    assert_encoding("Windows-31J", r.encoding)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp_fixed_utf8(r)
+    assert_encoding("UTF-8", r.encoding)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+  end
+
+  def encdump(str)
+    d = str.dump
+    if /\.force_encoding\("[A-Za-z0-9.:_+-]*"\)\z/ =~ d
+      d
+    else
+      "#{d}.force_encoding(#{str.encoding.name.dump})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def encdumpargs(args)
+    r = '('
+    args.each_with_index {|a, i|
+      r << ',' if 0 < i
+      if String === a
+        r << encdump(a)
+      else
+        r << a.inspect
+      end
+    }
+    r << ')'
+    r
+  end
+
+  def assert_str_enc_propagation(t, s1, s2)
+    if !s1.ascii_only?
+      assert_equal(s1.encoding, t.encoding)
+    elsif !s2.ascii_only?
+      assert_equal(s2.encoding, t.encoding)
+    else
+      assert_include([s1.encoding, s2.encoding], t.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_same_result(expected_proc, actual_proc)
+    e = nil
+    begin
+      t = expected_proc.call
+    rescue
+      e = $!
+    end
+    if e
+      assert_raise(e.class) { actual_proc.call }
+    else
+      assert_equal(t, actual_proc.call)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def str_enc_compatible?(*strs)
+    encs = []
+    strs.each {|s|
+      encs << s.encoding if !s.ascii_only?
+    }
+    encs.uniq!
+    encs.length <= 1
+  end
+
+  # tests start
+
+  def test_string_ascii_literal
+    assert_encoding("ASCII-8BIT", eval(a(%{""})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("ASCII-8BIT", eval(a(%{"a"})).encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_string_eucjp_literal
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{""})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{"a"})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{"\xa1\xa1"})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{"\\xa1\\xa1"})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{"\\x20"})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{"\\n"})).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", eval(e(%{"\\x80"})).encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_utf8_literal
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, "\u3042".encoding, "[ruby-dev:33406] \"\\u3042\".encoding")
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a('\u3052\x80')) }
+  end
+
+  def test_string_mixed_unicode
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{"\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}"})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{"\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}"})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{"\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}"})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{"\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}"})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{"\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1"})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{"\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1"})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{"\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1"})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{"\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1"})) }
+  end
+
+  def test_string_inspect_invalid
+    assert_equal('"\xFE"', e("\xfe").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\x8E"', e("\x8e").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\x8F"', e("\x8f").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\x8F\xA1"', e("\x8f\xa1").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xEF"', s("\xef").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xC2"', u("\xc2").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xE0\x80"', u("\xe0\x80").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xF0\x80\x80"', u("\xf0\x80\x80").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xF8\x80\x80\x80"', u("\xf8\x80\x80\x80").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xFC\x80\x80\x80\x80"', u("\xfc\x80\x80\x80\x80").inspect)
+
+    assert_equal('"\xFE "', e("\xfe ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\x8E "', e("\x8e ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\x8F "', e("\x8f ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\x8F\xA1 "', e("\x8f\xa1 ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xEF "', s("\xef ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xC2 "', u("\xc2 ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xE0\x80 "', u("\xe0\x80 ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xF0\x80\x80 "', u("\xf0\x80\x80 ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xF8\x80\x80\x80 "', u("\xf8\x80\x80\x80 ").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xFC\x80\x80\x80\x80 "', u("\xfc\x80\x80\x80\x80 ").inspect)
+
+    assert_equal('"\x81."', s("\x81.").inspect)
+    assert_equal('"\xFC"', u("\xfc").inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_string_inspect_encoding
+    [
+      Encoding::UTF_8,
+      Encoding::EUC_JP,
+      Encoding::Windows_31J,
+      Encoding::GB18030,
+    ].each do |e|
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(e) do
+        str = "\x81\x30\x81\x30".force_encoding('GB18030')
+        assert_equal(Encoding::GB18030 == e ? %{"#{str}"} : '"\x{81308130}"', str.inspect)
+        str = e("\xa1\x8f\xa1\xa1")
+        expected = "\"\\xA1\x8F\xA1\xA1\"".force_encoding("EUC-JP")
+        assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP == e ? expected : "\"\\xA1\\x{8FA1A1}\"", str.inspect)
+        str = s("\x81@")
+        assert_equal(Encoding::Windows_31J == e ? %{"#{str}"} : '"\x{8140}"', str.inspect)
+        str = "\u3042\u{10FFFD}"
+        assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8 == e ? %{"#{str}"} : '"\u3042\u{10FFFD}"', str.inspect)
+      end
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      [
+        Encoding::UTF_16BE,
+        Encoding::UTF_16LE,
+        Encoding::UTF_32BE,
+        Encoding::UTF_32LE,
+        Encoding::UTF8_SOFTBANK
+      ].each do |e|
+        str = "abc".encode(e)
+        assert_equal('"abc"', str.inspect)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_dummy_are_like_regular_dummy_encodings
+    [Encoding::UTF_16, Encoding::UTF_32].each do |enc|
+      s = "\u3042".encode("UTF-32BE")
+      assert_equal(s.dup.force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP").inspect, s.dup.force_encoding(enc).inspect)
+      s = "\x00\x00\xFE\xFF"
+      assert_equal(s.dup.force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP").inspect, s.dup.force_encoding(enc).inspect)
+
+      assert_equal [0, 0, 254, 255], "\x00\x00\xFE\xFF".force_encoding(enc).codepoints
+      assert_equal 0, "\x00\x00\xFE\xFF".force_encoding(enc).ord
+      assert_equal 255, "\xFF\xFE\x00\x00".force_encoding(enc).ord
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_without_bom_asciionly
+    bug10598 = '[ruby-core:66835] [Bug #10598]'
+    encs = [Encoding::UTF_16, Encoding::UTF_32].find_all {|enc|
+      "abcd".force_encoding(enc).ascii_only?
+    }
+    assert_empty(encs, bug10598)
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_without_bom_valid
+    encs = [Encoding::UTF_16, Encoding::UTF_32].find_all {|enc|
+      !(+"abcd").encode!(enc).force_encoding(enc).valid_encoding?
+    }
+    assert_empty(encs)
+  end
+
+  def test_object_utf16_32_inspect
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      o = Object.new
+      [Encoding::UTF_16BE, Encoding::UTF_16LE, Encoding::UTF_32BE, Encoding::UTF_32LE].each do |e|
+        o.instance_eval "undef inspect;def inspect;'abc'.encode('#{e}');end"
+        assert_equal '[abc]', [o].inspect
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_object_inspect_external
+    omit "https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18338"
+
+    o = Object.new
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_16BE) do
+      def o.inspect
+        "abc"
+      end
+      assert_nothing_raised(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { [o].inspect }
+
+      def o.inspect
+        "abc".encode(Encoding.default_external)
+      end
+      assert_equal '[abc]', [o].inspect
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::US_ASCII) do
+      def o.inspect
+        "\u3042"
+      end
+      assert_equal '[\u3042]', [o].inspect
+
+      def o.inspect
+        "\x82\xa0".force_encoding(Encoding::Windows_31J)
+      end
+      assert_equal '[\x{82A0}]', [o].inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_str_dump
+    [
+      e("\xfe"),
+      e("\x8e"),
+      e("\x8f"),
+      e("\x8f\xa1"),
+      s("\xef"),
+      u("\xc2"),
+      u("\xe0\x80"),
+      u("\xf0\x80\x80"),
+      u("\xf8\x80\x80\x80"),
+      u("\xfc\x80\x80\x80\x80"),
+
+      e("\xfe "),
+      e("\x8e "),
+      e("\x8f "),
+      e("\x8f\xa1 "),
+      s("\xef "),
+      u("\xc2 "),
+      u("\xe0\x80 "),
+      u("\xf0\x80\x80 "),
+      u("\xf8\x80\x80\x80 "),
+      u("\xfc\x80\x80\x80\x80 "),
+
+
+      e("\xa1\x8f\xa1\xa1"),
+
+      s("\x81."),
+      s("\x81@"),
+
+      u("\xfc"),
+      "\u3042",
+      "ascii",
+
+      "\u3042".encode("UTF-16LE"),
+      "\u3042".encode("UTF-16BE"),
+    ].each do |str|
+      dump = str.dump
+      assert_equal(str, eval(dump), "[ruby-dev:33142]")
+      assert_equal(str, dump.undump)
+      assert_equal(str, eval("# frozen-string-literal: true\n#{dump}"), '[Bug #14687]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_redundant_utf8
+    bits_0x10ffff = "11110100 10001111 10111111 10111111"
+    [
+      "0xxxxxxx",
+      "110XXXXx 10xxxxxx",
+      "1110XXXX 10Xxxxxx 10xxxxxx",
+      "11110XXX 10XXxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx",
+      "111110XX 10XXXxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx",
+      "1111110X 10XXXXxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx",
+      "11111110 10XXXXXx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx",
+      "11111111 10XXXXXX 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx",
+    ].each {|pat0|
+      [
+        pat0.gsub(/x/, '1'),
+        pat0.gsub(/x/, '0')
+      ].each {|pat1|
+        [
+          pat1.sub(/X([^X]*)\z/, '1\1').gsub(/X/, "0"),
+          pat1.gsub(/X/, "1"),
+        ].each {|pat2|
+          s = [pat2.gsub(/ /, "")].pack("B*").force_encoding("utf-8")
+          if pat2 <= bits_0x10ffff
+            assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{pat2}")
+          else
+            assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{pat2}")
+          end
+        }
+        if / / =~ pat0
+          pat3 = pat1.gsub(/X/, "0")
+          s = [pat3.gsub(/ /, "")].pack("B*").force_encoding("utf-8")
+          assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{pat3}")
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_surrogate
+    #  1110XXXX 10Xxxxxx 10xxxxxx : 3 bytes UTF-8
+    pats = [
+      "11101101 10011111 10111111", # just before surrogate high
+      "11101101 1010xxxx 10xxxxxx", # surrogate high
+      "11101101 1011xxxx 10xxxxxx", # surrogate low
+      "11101110 10000000 10000000", # just after surrogate low
+    ]
+    pats.values_at(1,2).each {|pat0|
+      [
+        pat0.gsub(/x/, '0'),
+        pat0.gsub(/x/, '1'),
+      ].each {|pat1|
+        s = [pat1.gsub(/ /, "")].pack("B*").force_encoding("utf-8")
+        assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{pat1}")
+      }
+    }
+    pats.values_at(0,3).each {|pat|
+      s = [pat.gsub(/ /, "")].pack("B*").force_encoding("utf-8")
+      assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "#{pat}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_too_short_multibyte_character
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xfe/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\x8e/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\x8f/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\x8f\xa1/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xef/s') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xe0\x80/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xf0\x80\x80/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xf8\x80\x80\x80/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xfc\x80\x80\x80\x80/u') }
+
+    # raw 8bit
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("/\xfe/e") }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("/\xc2/u") }
+
+    # invalid suffix
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2\xff/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2 /u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2\x20/u') }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_generic
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(/a/)
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.new(a("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.new(e("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.new(s("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.new(u("a")))
+
+    [/a/, Regexp.new(a("a"))].each {|r|
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ a("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ e("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ s("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ u("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ a("\xc2\xa1"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ e("\xc2\xa1"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ s("\xc2\xa1"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ u("\xc2\xa1"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_ascii_none
+    r = /a/n
+
+    assert_warning(%r{historical binary regexp match /\.\.\./n against}) {
+      assert_regexp_generic_ascii(r)
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(0, r =~ a("a"))
+    assert_equal(0, r =~ e("a"))
+    assert_equal(0, r =~ s("a"))
+    assert_equal(0, r =~ u("a"))
+    assert_equal(nil, r =~ a("\xc2\xa1"))
+    assert_warning(%r{historical binary regexp match /\.\.\./n against EUC-JP string}) {
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ e("\xc2\xa1"))
+    }
+    assert_warning(%r{historical binary regexp match /\.\.\./n against Windows-31J string}) {
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ s("\xc2\xa1"))
+    }
+    assert_warning(%r{historical binary regexp match /\.\.\./n against UTF-8 string}) {
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ u("\xc2\xa1"))
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(e("/\\x80/n")) }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_ascii
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(/\xc2\xa1/n)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(eval(a(%{/\xc2\xa1/})))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(eval(a(%{/\xc2\xa1/n})))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(eval(a(%q{/\xc2\xa1/})))
+
+    s = '\xc2\xa1'
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(/#{s}/)
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("/\xa1\xa1/n".force_encoding("euc-jp")) }
+
+    [/\xc2\xa1/n, eval(a(%{/\xc2\xa1/})), eval(a(%{/\xc2\xa1/n}))].each {|r|
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ a("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ e("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ s("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ u("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ a("\xc2\xa1"))
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ e("\xc2\xa1") }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ s("\xc2\xa1") }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ u("\xc2\xa1") }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_euc
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(/a/e)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(/\xc2\xa1/e)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(eval(e(%{/\xc2\xa1/})))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(eval(e(%q{/\xc2\xa1/})))
+
+    [/a/e].each {|r|
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ a("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ e("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ s("a"))
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ u("a"))
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ a("\xc2\xa1") }
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ e("\xc2\xa1"))
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ s("\xc2\xa1") }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ u("\xc2\xa1") }
+    }
+
+    [/\xc2\xa1/e, eval(e(%{/\xc2\xa1/})), eval(e(%q{/\xc2\xa1/}))].each {|r|
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ a("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ e("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ s("a"))
+      assert_equal(nil, r =~ u("a"))
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ a("\xc2\xa1") }
+      assert_equal(0, r =~ e("\xc2\xa1"))
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ s("\xc2\xa1") }
+      assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { r =~ u("\xc2\xa1") }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_sjis
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(/a/s)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(/\xc2\xa1/s)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(eval(s(%{/\xc2\xa1/})))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(eval(s(%q{/\xc2\xa1/})))
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_windows_31j
+    begin
+      Regexp.new("\xa1".force_encoding("windows-31j")) =~ "\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
+      err = $!
+    end
+    assert_match(/windows-31j/i, err.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_embed
+    r = eval(e("/\xc2\xa1/"))
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { eval(s("/\xc2\xa1\#{r}/s")) }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { eval(s("/\#{r}\xc2\xa1/s")) }
+
+    r = /\xc2\xa1/e
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { eval(s("/\xc2\xa1\#{r}/s")) }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { eval(s("/\#{r}\xc2\xa1/s")) }
+
+    r = eval(e("/\xc2\xa1/"))
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { /\xc2\xa1#{r}/s }
+
+    r = /\xc2\xa1/e
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { /\xc2\xa1#{r}/s }
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('foo'.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+    r2 = eval('/bar#{r1}/'.force_encoding('ascii-8bit'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('foo'.force_encoding("us-ascii"))
+    r2 = eval('/bar#{r1}/'.force_encoding('ascii-8bit'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('foo'.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+    r2 = eval('/bar#{r1}/'.force_encoding('us-ascii'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('foo'.force_encoding("us-ascii"))
+    r2 = eval('/bar#{r1}/'.force_encoding('us-ascii'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('\xa1'.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+    r2 = eval('/bar#{r1}/'.force_encoding('ascii-8bit'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('\xa1'.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+    r2 = eval('/bar#{r1}/'.force_encoding('us-ascii'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('foo'.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+    r2 = eval('/\xa1#{r1}/'.force_encoding('ascii-8bit'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('foo'.force_encoding("us-ascii"))
+    r2 = eval('/\xa1#{r1}/'.force_encoding('ascii-8bit'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, r2.encoding)
+
+    r1 = Regexp.new('\xa1'.force_encoding("ascii-8bit"))
+    r2 = eval('/\xa1#{r1}/'.force_encoding('ascii-8bit'))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, r2.encoding)
+
+    [r1, r2]
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_named_class
+    assert_match(/[[:space:]]/u, "\u{00a0}")
+    assert_match(/[[:space:]]/, "\u{00a0}")
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_property
+    s = '\p{Hiragana}'.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, s.encoding)
+    r = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      r = Regexp.new(s)
+    }
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_match(r, "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+
+    r = eval('/\p{Hiragana}/'.force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_match(r, "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+
+    r = /\p{Hiragana}/e
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_match(r, "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+
+    r = /\p{AsciI}/e
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_match(r, "a".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+
+    r = /\p{hiraganA}/e
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_match(r, "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+
+    r = eval('/\u{3042}\p{Hiragana}/'.force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, r.encoding)
+
+    r = eval('/\p{Hiragana}\u{3042}/'.force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+    assert_predicate(r, :fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, r.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_embed_preprocess
+    r1 = /\xa4\xa2/e
+    r2 = /#{r1}/
+    assert_include(r2.source, r1.source)
+  end
+
+  def test_begin_end_offset
+    str = e("\244\242\244\244\244\246\244\250\244\252a")
+    assert(/(a)/ =~ str)
+    assert_equal("a", $&)
+    assert_equal(5, $~.begin(0))
+    assert_equal(6, $~.end(0))
+    assert_equal([5,6], $~.offset(0))
+    assert_equal(5, $~.begin(1))
+    assert_equal(6, $~.end(1))
+    assert_equal([5,6], $~.offset(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_begin_end_offset_sjis
+    str = s("\x81@@")
+    assert(/@/ =~ str)
+    assert_equal(s("\x81@"), $`)
+    assert_equal("@", $&)
+    assert_equal("", $')
+    assert_equal([1,2], $~.offset(0))
+  end
+
+  def test_quote
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(/#{Regexp.quote(a("a"))}#{Regexp.quote(e("e"))}/)
+
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(a("")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(e("")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(s("")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(u("")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(a("a")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(e("a")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(s("a")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("US-ASCII", Regexp.quote(u("a")).encoding)
+
+    assert_encoding("ASCII-8BIT", Regexp.quote(a("\xc2\xa1")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP",     Regexp.quote(e("\xc2\xa1")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("Windows-31J",  Regexp.quote(s("\xc2\xa1")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("UTF-8",      Regexp.quote(u("\xc2\xa1")).encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_union_0
+    r = Regexp.union
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(r)
+    assert_not_match(r, a(""))
+    assert_not_match(r, e(""))
+    assert_not_match(r, s(""))
+    assert_not_match(r, u(""))
+  end
+
+  def test_union_1_asciionly_string
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(a("")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(e("")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(s("")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(u("")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(a("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(e("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(s("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(u("a")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(a("\t")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(e("\t")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(s("\t")))
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(u("\t")))
+  end
+
+  def test_union_1_nonascii_string
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(Regexp.union(a("\xc2\xa1")))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(Regexp.union(e("\xc2\xa1")))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(Regexp.union(s("\xc2\xa1")))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_utf8(Regexp.union(u("\xc2\xa1")))
+  end
+
+  def test_union_1_regexp
+    assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(//))
+    assert_warning(%r{historical binary regexp match /.../n against}) {
+      assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(//n))
+    }
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(Regexp.union(//e))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(Regexp.union(//s))
+    assert_regexp_fixed_utf8(Regexp.union(//u))
+  end
+
+  def test_union_2
+    ary = [
+      a(""), e(""), s(""), u(""),
+      a("\xc2\xa1"), e("\xc2\xa1"), s("\xc2\xa1"), u("\xc2\xa1")
+    ]
+    ary.each {|s1|
+      ary.each {|s2|
+        if s1.empty?
+          if s2.empty?
+            assert_regexp_generic_ascii(Regexp.union(s1, s2))
+          else
+            r = Regexp.union(s1, s2)
+            assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+            assert_equal(s2.encoding, r.encoding)
+          end
+        else
+          if s2.empty?
+            r = Regexp.union(s1, s2)
+            assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+            assert_equal(s1.encoding, r.encoding)
+          else
+            if s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+              r = Regexp.union(s1, s2)
+              assert_regexp_fixed_encoding(r)
+              assert_equal(s1.encoding, r.encoding)
+            else
+              assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.union(s1, s2) }
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_ascii_regexp
+    assert_warning(%r{historical binary regexp match /.../n against}) {
+      assert_regexp_generic_ascii(/#{ }/n)
+    }
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(/#{ }\xc2\xa1/n)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_ascii8bit(/\xc2\xa1#{ }/n)
+    assert_nothing_raised { s1, s2 = a('\xc2'), a('\xa1'); /#{s1}#{s2}/ }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_eucjp_regexp
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(/#{ }/e)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(/#{ }\xc2\xa1/e)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_eucjp(/\xc2\xa1#{ }/e)
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2#{ }/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/#{ }\xc2/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2#{ }\xa1/e') }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1, s2 = e('\xc2'), e('\xa1'); /#{s1}#{s2}/ }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_sjis_regexp
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(/#{ }/s)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(/#{ }\xc2\xa1/s)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_sjis(/\xc2\xa1#{ }/s)
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\x81#{ }/s') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/#{ }\x81/s') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\x81#{ }\xa1/s') }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1, s2 = s('\x81'), s('\xa1'); /#{s1}#{s2}/ }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_utf8_regexp
+    assert_regexp_fixed_utf8(/#{ }/u)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_utf8(/#{ }\xc2\xa1/u)
+    assert_regexp_fixed_utf8(/\xc2\xa1#{ }/u)
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2#{ }/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/#{ }\xc2/u') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\xc2#{ }\xa1/u') }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1, s2 = u('\xc2'), u('\xa1'); /#{s1}#{s2}/ }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_unicode
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval '/\u{0}/u' }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval '/\u{D7FF}/u' }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval '/\u{D800}/u' }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval '/\u{DFFF}/u' }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval '/\u{E000}/u' }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval '/\u{10FFFF}/u' }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval '/\u{110000}/u' }
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_mixed_unicode
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\xc2\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\\u{6666}\xc2\xa1/})) }
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\\xc2\\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\\xc2\\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\\xc2\\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\\xc2\\xa1\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\\u{6666}\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\\u{6666}\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\\u{6666}\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\\u{6666}\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\xc2\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\xc2\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\xc2\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\xc2\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\xc2\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\xc2\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\xc2\xa1/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\xc2\xa1/})) }
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\\xc2\\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\\xc2\\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\\xc2\\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\\xc2\\xa1#{ }\\u{6666}/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(a(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(e(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval(s(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(u(%{/\\u{6666}#{ }\\xc2\\xa1/})) }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_allocate
+    s = String.allocate
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_str_String
+    s = String(10)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_sprintf_c
+    assert_strenc("\x80", 'ASCII-8BIT', a("%c") % 128)
+    #assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a("%c") % 0xc2a1 }
+    assert_strenc("\xc2\xa1", 'EUC-JP', e("%c") % 0xc2a1)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { e("%c") % 0xc2 }
+    assert_strenc("\xc2", 'Windows-31J', s("%c") % 0xc2)
+    #assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s("%c") % 0xc2a1 }
+    assert_strenc("\u{c2a1}", 'UTF-8', u("%c") % 0xc2a1)
+    assert_strenc("\u{c2}", 'UTF-8', u("%c") % 0xc2)
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      "%s%s" % [s("\xc2\xa1"), e("\xc2\xa1")]
+    }
+
+    assert_equal("\u3042".encode('Windows-31J'), "%c" % "\u3042\u3044".encode('Windows-31J'))
+  end
+
+  def test_sprintf_p
+    Encoding.list.each do |e|
+      unless e.ascii_compatible?
+        format = e.dummy? ? "%p".force_encoding(e) : "%p".encode(e)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+          sprintf(format, nil)
+        end
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+          format % nil
+        end
+        next
+      end
+      format = "%p".force_encoding(e)
+      ['', 'a', "\xC2\xA1", "\x00"].each do |s|
+        s.force_encoding(e)
+        enc = (''.force_encoding(e) + s.inspect).encoding
+        assert_strenc(s.inspect, enc, format % s)
+      end
+      s = "\xC2\xA1".force_encoding(e)
+      enc = ('' + s.inspect).encoding
+      assert_strenc('%10s' % s.inspect, enc, "%10p" % s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sprintf_s
+    assert_strenc('', 'ASCII-8BIT', a("%s") % a(""))
+    assert_strenc('', 'EUC-JP', e("%s") % e(""))
+    assert_strenc('', 'Windows-31J', s("%s") % s(""))
+    assert_strenc('', 'UTF-8', u("%s") % u(""))
+
+    assert_strenc('a', 'ASCII-8BIT', a("%s") % a("a"))
+    assert_strenc('a', 'EUC-JP', e("%s") % e("a"))
+    assert_strenc('a', 'Windows-31J', s("%s") % s("a"))
+    assert_strenc('a', 'UTF-8', u("%s") % u("a"))
+
+    assert_strenc("\xC2\xA1", 'ASCII-8BIT', a("%s") % a("\xc2\xa1"))
+    assert_strenc("\xC2\xA1", 'EUC-JP', e("%s") % e("\xc2\xa1"))
+    #assert_strenc("\xC2\xA1", 'Windows-31J', s("%s") % s("\xc2\xa1"))
+    assert_strenc("\xC2\xA1", 'UTF-8', u("%s") % u("\xc2\xa1"))
+
+    assert_strenc("        \xC2\xA1", 'ASCII-8BIT', "%10s" % a("\xc2\xa1"))
+    assert_strenc("         \xA1\xA1", 'EUC-JP', "%10s" % e("\xa1\xa1"))
+    #assert_strenc("         \xC2\xA1", 'Windows-31J', "%10s" % s("\xc2\xa1"))
+    assert_strenc("         \xC2\xA1", 'UTF-8', "%10s" % u("\xc2\xa1"))
+
+    assert_strenc("\x00", 'ASCII-8BIT', a("%s") % a("\x00"))
+    assert_strenc("\x00", 'EUC-JP', e("%s") % e("\x00"))
+    assert_strenc("\x00", 'Windows-31J', s("%s") % s("\x00"))
+    assert_strenc("\x00", 'UTF-8', u("%s") % u("\x00"))
+    assert_equal("EUC-JP", (e("\xc2\xa1 %s") % "foo").encoding.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_str_lt
+    assert_operator(a("a"), :<, a("\xa1"))
+    assert_operator(a("a"), :<, s("\xa1"))
+    assert_operator(s("a"), :<, a("\xa1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_str_multiply
+    str = "\u3042"
+    assert_equal(true,  (str * 0).ascii_only?, "[ruby-dev:33895]")
+    assert_equal(false, (str * 1).ascii_only?)
+    assert_equal(false, (str * 2).ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref
+    assert_equal(a("\xc2"), a("\xc2\xa1")[0])
+    assert_equal(a("\xa1"), a("\xc2\xa1")[1])
+    assert_equal(nil,       a("\xc2\xa1")[2])
+    assert_equal(e("\xc2\xa1"), e("\xc2\xa1")[0])
+    assert_equal(nil,           e("\xc2\xa1")[1])
+    assert_equal(s("\xc2"), s("\xc2\xa1")[0])
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1"), s("\xc2\xa1")[1])
+    assert_equal(nil,       s("\xc2\xa1")[2])
+    assert_equal(u("\xc2\xa1"), u("\xc2\xa1")[0])
+    assert_equal(nil,           u("\xc2\xa1")[1])
+
+    str = "\u3042"
+    assert_equal(true,  str[0, 0].ascii_only?, "[ruby-dev:33895]")
+    assert_equal(false, str[0, 1].ascii_only?)
+    assert_equal(false, str[0..-1].ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_utf8str_aref
+    s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\u{3042 3044 3046 3048 304A}"
+    assert_equal("a", s[0])
+    assert_equal("h", s[7])
+    assert_equal("i", s[8])
+    assert_equal("j", s[9])
+    assert_equal("\u{3044}", s[27])
+    assert_equal("\u{3046}", s[28])
+    assert_equal("\u{3048}", s[29])
+    s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw\u{3042 3044 3046 3048 304A}"
+    assert_equal("\u{3044}", s[24])
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_len
+    assert_equal(a("\xa1"), a("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 1])
+    assert_equal(a("\xa1\xc2"), a("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 2])
+
+    assert_equal(e("\xc2\xa2"), e("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 1])
+    assert_equal(e("\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3"), e("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 2])
+
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1"), s("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 1])
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xc2"), s("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 2])
+
+    assert_equal(u("\xc2\xa2"), u("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 1])
+    assert_equal(u("\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3"), u("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[1, 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_substr
+    assert_equal(a("\xa1\xc2"), a("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[a("\xa1\xc2")])
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { a("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[e("\xa1\xc2")] }
+
+    assert_equal(nil, e("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[e("\xa1\xc2")])
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { e("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[s("\xa1\xc2")] }
+
+    assert_equal(s("\xa1\xc2"), s("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[s("\xa1\xc2")])
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[u("\xa1\xc2")] }
+
+    assert_equal(nil, u("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[u("\xa1\xc2")])
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { u("\xc2\xa1\xc2\xa2\xc2\xa3")[a("\xa1\xc2")] }
+    assert_nil(e("\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4")[e("\xa2\xa3")])
+
+    bug2379 = '[ruby-core:26787]'
+    assert_equal("\u{439}", "\u{439}"[0, 30], bug2379)
+    assert_equal("\u{439}", "a\u{439}"[1, 30], bug2379)
+    assert_equal("\u{439}", "a\u{439}bcdefghijklmnop"[1, 1][0, 1], bug2379)
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_force_encoding
+    bug5836 = '[ruby-core:41896]'
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next unless enc.ascii_compatible?
+      s = "abc".force_encoding(enc)
+      assert_equal("", s[3, 1], bug5836)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_aset
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s["\xb0\xa3"] = "foo"}
+
+    a = ua("a")
+    a[/a/] = u("")
+    assert_equal Encoding::US_ASCII, a.encoding
+  end
+
+  def test_str_center
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", "a".center(5, e("\xa1\xa2")).encoding)
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", e("\xa3\xb0").center(10).encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_squeeze
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_equal(e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4"), s.squeeze)
+  end
+
+  def test_tr
+    s = s("\x81\x41")
+    assert_equal(s.tr("A", "B"), s)
+    assert_equal(s.tr_s("A", "B"), s)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      "a".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").tr(a("a"), a("a"))
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(e("\xA1\xA1"), a("a").tr(a("a"), e("\xA1\xA1")))
+
+    assert_equal("X\u3042\u3044X", "A\u3042\u3044\u3046".tr("^\u3042\u3044", "X"))
+    assert_equal("\u3042\u3046" * 100, ("\u3042\u3044" * 100).tr("\u3044", "\u3046"))
+    assert_equal("Y", "\u3042".tr("^X", "Y"))
+  end
+
+  def test_tr_s
+    assert_equal("\xA1\xA1".force_encoding("EUC-JP"),
+      "a".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").tr("a".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT"), "\xA1\xA1".force_encoding("EUC-JP")))
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    assert_equal(0, e("\xa1\xa2").count("z"))
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s.count(a("\xa3\xb0"))}
+  end
+
+  def test_count_sjis_trailing_byte
+    bug10078 = '[ruby-dev:48442] [Bug #10078]'
+    assert_equal(0, s("\x98\x61").count("a"), bug10078)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    assert_equal(1, e("\xa1\xa2").delete("z").length)
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s.delete(a("\xa3\xb2"))}
+
+    a = "\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3042\u3044\u3046"
+    a.delete!("\u3042\u3044", "^\u3044")
+    assert_equal("\u3044\u3046\u3044\u3046", a)
+  end
+
+  def test_include?
+    assert_equal(false, e("\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4").include?(e("\xa3")))
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_equal(false, s.include?(e("\xb0\xa3")))
+    bug11488 = '[ruby-core:70592] [Bug #11488]'
+    each_encoding("abcdef", "def") do |str, substr|
+      assert_equal(true, str.include?(substr), bug11488)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_index
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_nil(s.index(e("\xb3\xa3")))
+    assert_nil(e("\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4").index(e("\xa3")))
+    assert_nil(e("\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4").rindex(e("\xa3")))
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+
+    a_with_e = /EUC-JP and BINARY \(ASCII-8BIT\)/
+    assert_raise_with_message(Encoding::CompatibilityError, a_with_e) do
+      s.index(a("\xb1\xa3"))
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(Encoding::CompatibilityError, a_with_e) do
+      s.rindex(a("\xb1\xa3"))
+    end
+
+    a_with_e = /BINARY \(ASCII-8BIT\) regexp with EUC-JP string/
+    assert_raise_with_message(Encoding::CompatibilityError, a_with_e) do
+      s.index(Regexp.new(a("\xb1\xa3")))
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(Encoding::CompatibilityError, a_with_e) do
+      s.rindex(Regexp.new(a("\xb1\xa3")))
+    end
+
+    bug11488 = '[ruby-core:70592] [Bug #11488]'
+    each_encoding("abcdef", "def") do |str, substr|
+      assert_equal(3, str.index(substr), bug11488)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_next
+    s1 = e("\xa1\xa1")
+    s2 = s1.dup
+    (94*94+94).times { s2.next! }
+    assert_not_equal(s1, s2)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    s = "abc".sub(/b/, "\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+    assert_encoding("EUC-JP", s.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp").sub(/./, '\&').encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp").gsub(/./, '\&').encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub2
+    s = "\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+    r = Regexp.new("\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT"))
+    s2 = s.sub(r, "")
+    assert_empty(s2)
+    assert_predicate(s2, :ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub3
+    repl = "\x81".force_encoding("sjis")
+    assert_equal(false, repl.valid_encoding?)
+    s = "a@".sub(/a/, repl)
+    assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_equal(e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4a"), s.insert(-1, "a"))
+  end
+
+  def test_scan
+    assert_equal(["a"], e("\xa1\xa2a\xa3\xa4").scan(/a/))
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_scan
+    s1 = e("\xa4\xa2")*100
+    s2 = s1.b
+    s2.scan(/\A./n) {|f|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.encoding)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_aref
+    s1 = e("\xa4\xa2")*100
+    s2 = s1.b
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s2[10..-1].encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_upto
+    s1 = e("\xa1\xa2")
+    s2 = s("\xa1\xa2")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s1.upto(s2) {|x| break }}
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp
+    s1 = s("\x81\x41")
+    s2 = s("\x81\x61")
+    assert_not_equal(0, s1.casecmp(s2))
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse
+    bug11387 = '[ruby-dev:49189] [Bug #11387]'
+    s1 = u("abcdefghij\xf0")
+    s2 = s1.reverse
+    assert_not_predicate(s1, :valid_encoding?, bug11387)
+    assert_equal(u("\xf0jihgfedcba"), s2)
+    assert_not_predicate(s2, :valid_encoding?, bug11387)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_bang
+    s = u("abcdefghij\xf0")
+    s.reverse!
+    assert_equal(u("\xf0jihgfedcba"), s)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){u("\xe3\x81\x82") + a("\xa1")}
+  end
+
+  def test_chomp
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s.chomp(s("\xa3\xb4"))}
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub
+    s = 'abc'
+    s.ascii_only?
+    s.gsub!(/b/, "\x80")
+    assert_equal(false, s.ascii_only?, "[ruby-core:14566] reported by Sam Ruby")
+
+    s = "abc".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {
+      "abc".gsub(/[ac]/) {
+         $& == "a" ? "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp") :
+                     "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("utf-8")
+      }
+    }
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_equal(e("\xa3\xb0z\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4"), s.gsub(/\xa3\xb1/e, "z"))
+
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, (a("").gsub(//) { e("") }.encoding))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, (a("a").gsub(/a/) { e("") }.encoding))
+  end
+
+  def test_end_with
+    s1 = s("\x81\x40")
+    s2 = "@"
+    assert_equal(false, s1.end_with?(s2), "#{encdump s1}.end_with?(#{encdump s2})")
+    each_encoding("\u3042\u3044", "\u3044") do |_s1, _s2|
+      assert_equal(true, _s1.end_with?(_s2), "#{encdump _s1}.end_with?(#{encdump _s2})")
+    end
+    each_encoding("\u3042a\u3044", "a\u3044") do |_s1, _s2|
+      assert_equal(true, _s1.end_with?(_s2), "#{encdump _s1}.end_with?(#{encdump _s2})")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line
+    s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s.each_line(a("\xa3\xb1")) {|l| }}
+    s = e("\xa4\xa2\nfoo")
+
+    actual = []
+    s.each_line {|line| actual << line }
+    expected = [e("\xa4\xa2\n"), e("foo")]
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_char
+    a = [e("\xa4\xa2"), "b", e("\xa4\xa4"), "c"]
+    s = "\xa4\xa2b\xa4\xa4c".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(a, s.each_char.to_a, "[ruby-dev:33211] #{encdump s}.each_char.to_a")
+  end
+
+  def test_str_concat
+    assert_equal(1, "".concat(0xA2).size)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, "".force_encoding("US-ASCII").concat(0xA2).encoding)
+    assert_equal("A\x84\x31\xA4\x39".force_encoding("GB18030"),
+                 "A".force_encoding("GB18030") << 0x8431A439)
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_match
+    assert_equal([0,0], //.match("\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"),-1).offset(0))
+    assert_equal(0, // =~ :a)
+  end
+
+  def test_split
+    assert_equal(e("\xa1\xa2\xa1\xa3").split(//),
+                 [e("\xa1\xa2"), e("\xa1\xa3")],
+                 '[ruby-dev:32452]')
+
+    each_encoding("abc,def", ",", "abc", "def") do |str, sep, *expected|
+      assert_equal(expected, str.split(sep, -1))
+    end
+    each_encoding("abc\0def", "\0", "abc", "def") do |str, sep, *expected|
+      assert_equal(expected, str.split(sep, -1))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_method_name
+     eval(e("def \xc2\xa1() @nonascii_method_name = :e end"))
+     eval(u("def \xc2\xa1() @nonascii_method_name = :u end"))
+     eval(e("\xc2\xa1()"))
+     assert_equal(:e, @nonascii_method_name)
+     eval(u("\xc2\xa1()"))
+     assert_equal(:u, @nonascii_method_name)
+     me = method(e("\xc2\xa1"))
+     mu = method(u("\xc2\xa1"))
+     assert_not_equal(me.name, mu.name)
+     assert_not_equal(me.inspect, mu.inspect)
+     assert_equal(e("\xc2\xa1"), me.name.to_s)
+     assert_equal(u("\xc2\xa1"), mu.name.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol
+    s1 = "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp").intern
+    s2 = "\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("utf-8").intern
+    assert_not_equal(s1, s2)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_op
+    ops = %w"
+      .. ... + - * / % ** +@ -@ | ^ & ! <=> > >= < <= ==
+      === != =~ !~ ~ ! [] []= << >> :: `
+    "
+    ops.each do |op|
+      assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, op.intern.encoding, "[ruby-dev:33449]")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_chr
+    0.upto(255) {|b|
+      assert_equal([b].pack("C"), b.chr)
+    }
+    assert_equal("\x84\x31\xA4\x39".force_encoding("GB18030"), 0x8431A439.chr("GB18030"))
+    e = assert_raise(RangeError) {
+      2206368128.chr(Encoding::UTF_8)
+    }
+    assert_not_match(/-\d+ out of char range/, e.message)
+
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0x80.chr("US-ASCII") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0x80.chr("SHIFT_JIS") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0xE0.chr("SHIFT_JIS") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0x100.chr("SHIFT_JIS") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0xA0.chr("EUC-JP") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0x100.chr("EUC-JP") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ 0xA1A0.chr("EUC-JP") }
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    s1 = "\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    s2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(s1))
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+  end
+
+  def test_env
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /bccwin|mswin|mingw/
+      env_encoding = Encoding::UTF_8
+    else
+      env_encoding = Encoding.find("locale")
+    end
+    ENV.each {|k, v|
+      assert_equal(env_encoding, k.encoding, proc {"key(#{k.encoding})=#{k.dump}"})
+      assert_equal(env_encoding, v.encoding, proc {"key(#{k.encoding})=#{k.dump}\n" "value(#{v.encoding})=#{v.dump}"})
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_string
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "".encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, nil.to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_inspect
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, nil.inspect.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_true_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, true.to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, false.to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, 1.to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_float_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, 1.0.to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_bignum_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, (1 << 129).to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, [].to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, [nil].to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, [1].to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal("".inspect.encoding, [""].to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal("a".inspect.encoding, ["a"].to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, [nil,1,"","a","\x20",[]].to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, {}.to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, {1=>nil,"foo"=>""}.to_s.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_find
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Encoding.find(nil)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Encoding.find(0)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Encoding.find([])}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Encoding.find({})}
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_to_s
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, Encoding::US_ASCII.to_s.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, Encoding::US_ASCII.inspect.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_source
+    s = "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    r = Regexp.new(s)
+    t = r.source
+    assert_equal(s, t, "[ruby-dev:33377] Regexp.new(#{encdump s}).source")
+  end
+
+  def test_magic_comment
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, eval("__ENCODING__".force_encoding("US-ASCII")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, eval("__ENCODING__".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, eval("# -*- encoding: US-ASCII -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, eval("# -*- encoding: ASCII-8BIT -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("US-ASCII")))
+  end
+
+  def test_magic_comment_vim
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, eval("# vim: filetype=ruby, fileencoding: US-ASCII, ts=3, sw=3\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, eval("# vim: filetype=ruby, fileencoding: ASCII-8BIT, ts=3, sw=3\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("US-ASCII")))
+  end
+
+  def test_magic_comment_at_various_positions
+    # after shebang
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, eval("#!/usr/bin/ruby\n# -*- encoding: US-ASCII -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, eval("#!/usr/bin/ruby\n# -*- encoding: ASCII-8BIT -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("US-ASCII")))
+    # wrong position
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, eval("\n# -*- encoding: US-ASCII -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, eval("\n# -*- encoding: ASCII-8BIT -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("US-ASCII")))
+
+    # leading expressions
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, eval("v=1 # -*- encoding: US-ASCII -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, eval("v=1 # -*- encoding: ASCII-8BIT -*-\n__ENCODING__".force_encoding("US-ASCII")))
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_usascii
+    tests = [
+      [__LINE__, '//', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/#{ }/', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/#{"a"}/', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/#{%q"\x80"}/', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/#{"\x80"}/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+
+      [__LINE__, '/a/', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/a#{ }/', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/a#{"a"}/', Encoding::US_ASCII],
+      [__LINE__, '/a#{%q"\x80"}/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+      [__LINE__, '/a#{"\x80"}/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+
+      [__LINE__, '/\x80/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+      [__LINE__, '/\x80#{ }/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+      [__LINE__, '/\x80#{"a"}/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+      [__LINE__, '/\x80#{%q"\x80"}/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+      [__LINE__, '/\x80#{"\x80"}/', Encoding::ASCII_8BIT],
+
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234/', Encoding::UTF_8],
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234#{ }/', Encoding::UTF_8],
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234#{"a"}/', Encoding::UTF_8],
+
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234#{%q"\x80"}/', nil, SyntaxError],
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234#{"\x80"}/', nil, SyntaxError],
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234\x80/', nil, SyntaxError],
+      [__LINE__, '/\u1234#{ }\x80/', nil, RegexpError],
+    ]
+    all_assertions_foreach(nil, *tests) do |line, r, enc, ex|
+      code = "# -*- encoding: US-ASCII -*-\n#{r}.encoding"
+      if ex
+        assert_raise(ex) {eval(code, nil, __FILE__, line-1)}
+      else
+        assert_equal(enc, eval(code, nil, __FILE__, line-1))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gbk
+    assert_equal("", "\x81\x40".force_encoding("GBK").chop)
+  end
+
+  def test_euc_tw
+    assert_equal("a", "a\x8e\xa2\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-tw").chop)
+  end
+
+  def test_valid_encoding
+    s = "\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?)
+    assert_equal(true, (s+s).valid_encoding?, "[ruby-dev:33826]")
+    assert_equal(true, (s*2).valid_encoding?, "[ruby-dev:33826]")
+    assert_equal(true, ("%s%s" % [s, s]).valid_encoding?)
+    assert_equal(true, (s.dup << s).valid_encoding?)
+    assert_equal(true, "".center(2, s).valid_encoding?)
+
+    s = "\xa1\xa1\x8f".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?)
+    assert_equal(true, s.reverse.valid_encoding?)
+
+    bug4018 = '[ruby-core:33027]'
+    s = "\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(true, s.valid_encoding?)
+    s << "\x8f".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?, bug4018)
+    s = "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(true, s.valid_encoding?)
+    s << "\xff".force_encoding("utf-16be")
+    assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?, bug4018)
+
+    bug6190 = '[ruby-core:43557]'
+    s = "\xe9"
+    s = s.encode("utf-8", "utf-8")
+    assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?, bug6190)
+    s = "\xe9"
+    s.encode!("utf-8", "utf-8")
+    assert_equal(false, s.valid_encoding?, bug6190)
+  end
+
+  def test_getbyte
+    assert_equal(0x82, u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84").getbyte(2))
+    assert_equal(0x82, u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84").getbyte(-4))
+    assert_nil(u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84").getbyte(100))
+  end
+
+  def test_setbyte
+    s = u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84")
+    s.setbyte(2, 0x84)
+    assert_equal(u("\xE3\x81\x84\xE3\x81\x84"), s)
+
+    s = u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84")
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s.setbyte(100, 0) }
+
+    s = u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84")
+    s.setbyte(-4, 0x84)
+    assert_equal(u("\xE3\x81\x84\xE3\x81\x84"), s)
+
+    x = "x" * 100
+    t = nil
+    failure = proc {"#{i}: #{encdump(t)}"}
+
+    s = "\u{3042 3044}"
+    s.bytesize.times {|i|
+      t = s + x
+      t.setbyte(i, t.getbyte(i)+1)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?, failure)
+      assert_not_predicate(t, :ascii_only?, failure)
+      t = s + x
+      t.setbyte(i, 0x20)
+      assert_not_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?, failure)
+    }
+
+    s = "\u{41 42 43}"
+    s.bytesize.times {|i|
+      t = s + x
+      t.setbyte(i, 0x20)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?, failure)
+      assert_predicate(t, :ascii_only?, failure)
+      t.setbyte(i, 0xe3)
+      assert_not_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?, failure)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_setbyte_range
+    s = u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84")
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, -1) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, 0x00) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, 0x7F) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, 0x80) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, 0xff) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, 0x100) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.setbyte(0, 0x4f7574206f6620636861722072616e6765) }
+  end
+
+  def test_compatible
+    assert_nil Encoding.compatible?("",0)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding.compatible?(u(""), ua("abc")))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding.compatible?(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_8))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding.compatible?(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::US_ASCII))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT,
+                 Encoding.compatible?(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, Encoding::US_ASCII))
+    assert_nil Encoding.compatible?(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+  end
+
+  def test_force_encoding
+    assert_equal(u("\x80"), "".center(1, u("\x80")),
+                 "moved from btest/knownbug, [ruby-dev:33807]")
+    a = "".force_encoding("ascii-8bit") << 0xC3 << 0xB6
+    assert_equal(1, a.force_encoding("utf-8").size, '[ruby-core:22437]')
+    b = "".force_encoding("ascii-8bit") << 0xC3.chr << 0xB6.chr
+    assert_equal(1, b.force_encoding("utf-8").size, '[ruby-core:22437]')
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ ''.force_encoding(nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_combchar_codepoint
+    assert_equal([0x30BB, 0x309A], "\u30BB\u309A".codepoints.to_a)
+    assert_equal([0x30BB, 0x309A], "\u30BB\u309A".codepoints.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def each_encoding(*strings)
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next if enc.dummy?
+      strs = strings.map {|s| s.encode(enc)} rescue next
+      yield(*strs)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_str_b
+    s = "\u3042"
+    assert_equal(a("\xE3\x81\x82"), s.b)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.b.encoding)
+    s = "abc".b
+    assert_predicate(s.b, :ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_valid_string
+    str = "foo"
+    assert_equal(str, str.scrub)
+    assert_not_same(str, str.scrub)
+    str = "\u3042\u3044"
+    assert_equal(str, str.scrub)
+    assert_not_same(str, str.scrub)
+    str.force_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP) # dummy encoding
+    assert_equal(str, str.scrub)
+    assert_not_same(str, str.scrub)
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {str.scrub(nil)}
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_modification_inside_block
+    str = ("abc\u3042".b << "\xE3\x80".b).force_encoding('UTF-8')
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) {str.scrub{|_| str << "1234567890"; "?" }}
+
+    str = "\x00\xD8\x42\x30".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      str.scrub do |_|
+        str << "1\x002\x00".force_encoding('UTF-16LE')
+        "?\x00".force_encoding('UTF-16LE')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_replace_default
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD", u("\x80\x80\x80").scrub)
+    assert_equal("\uFFFDA", u("\xF4\x80\x80A").scrub)
+
+    # examples in Unicode 6.1.0 D93b
+    assert_equal("\x41\uFFFD\uFFFD\x41\uFFFD\x41",
+                 u("\x41\xC0\xAF\x41\xF4\x80\x80\x41").scrub)
+    assert_equal("\x41\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\x41",
+                 u("\x41\xE0\x9F\x80\x41").scrub)
+    assert_equal("\u0061\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\u0062\uFFFD\u0063\uFFFD\uFFFD\u0064",
+                 u("\x61\xF1\x80\x80\xE1\x80\xC2\x62\x80\x63\x80\xBF\x64").scrub)
+    assert_equal("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\u0061\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\u0062\uFFFD\u0063\uFFFD\uFFFD\u0064",
+                 u("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\x61\xF1\x80\x80\xE1\x80\xC2\x62\x80\x63\x80\xBF\x64").scrub)
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_replace_argument
+    assert_equal("foo", u("foo").scrub("\u3013"))
+    assert_equal("\u3042\u3044", u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84").scrub("\u3013"))
+    assert_equal("\u3042\u3013", u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub("\u3013"))
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){ u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub(e("\xA4\xA2")) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub(1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub(u("\x81")) }
+    assert_equal(e("\xA4\xA2\xA2\xAE"), e("\xA4\xA2\xA4").scrub(e("\xA2\xAE")))
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_replace_block
+    assert_equal("\u3042<e381>", u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub{|x|'<'+x.unpack('H*')[0]+'>'})
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){ u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub{e("\xA4\xA2")} }
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub{1} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ u("\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81").scrub{u("\x81")} }
+    assert_equal(e("\xA4\xA2\xA2\xAE"), e("\xA4\xA2\xA4").scrub{e("\xA2\xAE")})
+
+    assert_equal(u("\x81"), u("a\x81c").scrub {|c| break c})
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {u("a\x81").scrub {|c| c}}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {u("a").scrub("?") {|c| c}}
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_widechar
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD\u3042".encode("UTF-16BE"),
+                 "\xD8\x00\x30\x42".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16BE).
+                 scrub)
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD\u3042".encode("UTF-16LE"),
+                 "\x00\xD8\x42\x30".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE).
+                 scrub)
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD".encode("UTF-32BE"),
+                 "\xff".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_32BE).
+                 scrub)
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD".encode("UTF-32LE"),
+                 "\xff".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_32LE).
+                 scrub)
+    c = nil
+    assert_equal("?\u3042".encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE),
+                 "\x00\xD8\x42\x30".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE).
+                   scrub {|e| c = e; "?".encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE)})
+    assert_equal("\x00\xD8".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE), c)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {"\uFFFD\u3042".encode("UTF-16BE").scrub("") {}}
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_dummy_encoding
+    s = "\u{3042}".encode("iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_equal(s, s.scrub)
+    assert_equal(s, s.force_encoding("iso-2022-jp").scrub("?"))
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_bang
+    str = "\u3042\u3044"
+    assert_same(str, str.scrub!)
+    str.force_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP) # dummy encoding
+    assert_same(str, str.scrub!)
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {str.scrub!(nil)}
+
+    str = u("\x80\x80\x80")
+    str.scrub!
+    assert_same(str, str.scrub!)
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD", str)
+  end
+
+  def test_escaped_metachar
+    bug10670 = '[ruby-core:67193] [Bug #10670]'
+
+    escape_plain = /\A[\x5B]*\z/.freeze
+
+    assert_match(escape_plain, 0x5b.chr(::Encoding::UTF_8), bug10670)
+    assert_match(escape_plain, 0x5b.chr, bug10670)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_with_default_internal
+    bug11787 = '[ruby-dev:49415] [Bug #11787]'
+
+    s = EnvUtil.with_default_internal(::Encoding::EUC_JP) do
+      [e("\xB4\xC1\xBB\xFA")].inspect
+    end
+    assert_equal(e("[\"\xB4\xC1\xBB\xFA\"]"), s, bug11787)
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_names_of_default_internal
+    # [Bug #20595] [Bug #20598]
+    [
+      "default_internal.names",
+      "name_list",
+      "aliases.keys"
+    ].each do |method|
+      assert_separately(%w(-W0), <<~RUBY)
+        exp_name = "int" + "ernal"
+        Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+        name = Encoding.#{method}.find { |x| x == exp_name }
+        Encoding.default_internal = nil
+        assert_equal exp_name, name, "Encoding.#{method} [Bug #20595] [Bug #20598]"
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_greek_capital_gap
+    bug12204 = '[ruby-core:74478] [Bug #12204] GREEK CAPITAL RHO and SIGMA'
+    assert_equal("\u03A3", "\u03A1".succ, bug12204)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb b/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e48a1948be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1674 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'etc'
+require_relative 'allpairs'
+
+class TestM17NComb < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_encoding(encname, actual, message=nil)
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find(encname), actual, message)
+  end
+
+  module AESU
+    def a(str) str.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII) end
+    def b(str) str.b end
+    def e(str) str.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP) end
+    def s(str) str.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS) end
+    def u(str) str.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) end
+  end
+  include AESU
+  extend AESU
+
+  def assert_strenc(bytes, enc, actual, message=nil)
+    assert_instance_of(String, actual, message)
+    enc = Encoding.find(enc) if String === enc
+    assert_equal(enc, actual.encoding, message)
+    assert_equal(b(bytes), b(actual), message)
+  end
+
+  STRINGS = [
+    b(""), e(""), s(""), u(""),
+    b("a"), e("a"), s("a"), u("a"),
+    b("."), e("."), s("."), u("."),
+
+    # single character
+    b("\x80"), b("\xff"),
+    e("\xa1\xa1"), e("\xfe\xfe"),
+    e("\x8e\xa1"), e("\x8e\xfe"),
+    e("\x8f\xa1\xa1"), e("\x8f\xfe\xfe"),
+    s("\x81\x40"), s("\xfc\xfc"),
+    s("\xa1"), s("\xdf"),
+    u("\xc2\x80"), u("\xf4\x8f\xbf\xbf"),
+
+    # same byte sequence
+    b("\xc2\xa1"), e("\xc2\xa1"), s("\xc2\xa1"), u("\xc2\xa1"),
+
+    s("\x81A"), # mutibyte character which contains "A"
+    s("\x81a"), # mutibyte character which contains "a"
+
+    # invalid
+    e("\xa1"), e("\x80"),
+    s("\x81"), s("\x80"),
+    u("\xc2"), u("\x80"),
+
+    # for transitivity test
+    u("\xe0\xa0\xa1"), e("\xe0\xa0\xa1"), s("\xe0\xa0\xa1"), # [ruby-dev:32693]
+    e("\xa1\xa1"), b("\xa1\xa1"), s("\xa1\xa1"), # [ruby-dev:36484]
+  ]
+
+  WSTRINGS = [
+    "aa".force_encoding("utf-16be"),
+    "aaaa".force_encoding("utf-32be"),
+    "aaa".force_encoding("utf-32be"),
+  ]
+
+  def combination(*args, &b)
+    AllPairs.each(*args, &b)
+    #AllPairs.exhaustive_each(*args, &b)
+  end
+
+  def encdump(str)
+    d = str.dump
+    if /\.force_encoding\("[A-Za-z0-9.:_+-]*"\)\z/ =~ d
+      d
+    else
+      "#{d}.force_encoding(#{str.encoding.name.dump})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def encdumpargs(args)
+    r = '('
+    args.each_with_index {|a, i|
+      r << ',' if 0 < i
+      if String === a
+        r << encdump(a)
+      else
+        r << a.inspect
+      end
+    }
+    r << ')'
+    r
+  end
+
+  def encdumpcall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
+    desc = ''
+    if String === recv
+      desc << encdump(recv)
+    else
+      desc << recv.inspect
+    end
+    desc << '.' << meth.to_s
+    if !args.empty?
+      desc << '('
+      args.each_with_index {|a, i|
+        desc << ',' if 0 < i
+        if String === a
+          desc << encdump(a)
+        else
+          desc << a.inspect
+        end
+      }
+      desc << ')'
+    end
+    if block
+      desc << ' {}'
+    end
+    desc
+  end
+
+  def assert_enccall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
+    desc = encdumpcall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
+    result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(desc) {
+      result = recv.send(meth, *args, &block)
+    }
+    result
+  end
+  alias enccall assert_enccall
+
+  def assert_str_enc_propagation(t, s1, s2)
+    if !s1.ascii_only?
+      assert_equal(s1.encoding, t.encoding)
+    elsif !s2.ascii_only?
+      assert_equal(s2.encoding, t.encoding)
+    else
+      assert_include([s1.encoding, s2.encoding], t.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_same_result(expected_proc, actual_proc)
+    e = nil
+    begin
+      t = expected_proc.call
+    rescue
+      e = $!
+    end
+    if e
+      assert_raise(e.class) { actual_proc.call }
+    else
+      assert_equal(t, actual_proc.call)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def each_slice_call
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2) {|s, nth|
+      yield s, nth
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, 0..2) {|s, nth, len|
+      yield s, nth, len
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s, substr|
+      yield s, substr
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, 0..2) {|s, first, last|
+      yield s, first..last
+      yield s, first...last
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if !s2.valid_encoding?
+        next
+      end
+      yield s1, Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s2))
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, 0..2) {|s1, s2, nth|
+      if !s2.valid_encoding?
+        next
+      end
+      yield s1, Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s2)), nth
+    }
+  end
+
+  ASCII_INCOMPATIBLE_ENCODINGS = %w[
+    UTF-16BE
+    UTF-16LE
+    UTF-32BE
+    UTF-32LE
+  ]
+  def str_enc_compatible?(*strs)
+    encs = []
+    ascii_incompatible_encodings = {}
+    has_ascii_compatible = false
+    strs.each {|s|
+      encs << s.encoding if !s.ascii_only?
+      if /\A#{Regexp.union ASCII_INCOMPATIBLE_ENCODINGS}\z/o =~ s.encoding.name
+        ascii_incompatible_encodings[s.encoding] = true
+      else
+        has_ascii_compatible = true
+      end
+    }
+    if ascii_incompatible_encodings.empty?
+      encs.uniq!
+      encs.length <= 1
+    else
+      !has_ascii_compatible && ascii_incompatible_encodings.size == 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  # tests start
+
+  def test_str_new
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = String.new(s)
+      assert_strenc(b(s), s.encoding, t)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_plus
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if s1.encoding != s2.encoding && !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only?
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1 + s2 }
+      else
+        t = enccall(s1, :+, s2)
+        assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_equal(b(s1) + b(s2), b(t))
+        assert_str_enc_propagation(t, s1, s2)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_times
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      [0,1,2].each {|n|
+        t = s * n
+        assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+        assert_strenc(b(s) * n, s.encoding, t)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sprintf_s
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_strenc(b(s), s.encoding, "%s".force_encoding(s.encoding) % s)
+      if !s.empty? # xxx
+        t = enccall(b("%s"), :%, s)
+        assert_strenc(b(s), (b('')+s).encoding, t)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_eq_reflexive
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_equal(s, s, "#{encdump s} == #{encdump s}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_eq_symmetric
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if s1 == s2
+        assert_equal(s2, s1, "#{encdump s2} == #{encdump s1}")
+      else
+        assert_not_equal(s2, s1, "!(#{encdump s2} == #{encdump s1})")
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_eq_transitive
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2, s3|
+      if s1 == s2 && s2 == s3
+        assert_equal(s1, s3, "transitive: #{encdump s1} == #{encdump s2} == #{encdump s3}")
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_eq
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc_eq = "#{encdump s1} == #{encdump s2}"
+      if b(s1) == b(s2) and
+          (s1.ascii_only? && s2.ascii_only? or
+           s1.encoding == s2.encoding) then
+        assert_operator(s1, :==, s2, desc_eq)
+        assert_not_operator(s1, :!=, s2)
+        assert_equal(0, s1 <=> s2)
+        assert_operator(s1, :eql?, s2, desc_eq)
+      else
+        assert_not_operator(s1, :==, s2, "!(#{desc_eq})")
+        assert_operator(s1, :!=, s2)
+        assert_not_equal(0, s1 <=> s2)
+        assert_not_operator(s1, :eql?, s2)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_concat
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      s = s1.dup
+      if s1.ascii_only? || s2.ascii_only? || s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+        s << s2
+        assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_equal(b(s), b(s1) + b(s2))
+        assert_str_enc_propagation(s, s1, s2)
+      else
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s << s2 }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = ''.force_encoding(s.encoding)
+      0.upto(s.length-1) {|i|
+        u = s[i]
+        assert_predicate(u, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+        t << u
+      }
+      assert_equal(t, s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_len
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = ''.force_encoding(s.encoding)
+      0.upto(s.length-1) {|i|
+        u = s[i,1]
+        assert_predicate(u, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+        t << u
+      }
+      assert_equal(t, s)
+    }
+
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = ''.force_encoding(s.encoding)
+      0.step(s.length-1, 2) {|i|
+        u = s[i,2]
+        assert_predicate(u, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+        t << u
+      }
+      assert_equal(t, s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_substr
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if s1.ascii_only? || s2.ascii_only? || s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+        t = enccall(s1, :[], s2)
+        if t != nil
+          assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+          assert_equal(s2, t)
+          assert_match(/#{Regexp.escape(b(s2))}/, b(s1))
+          if s1.valid_encoding?
+            assert_match(/#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/, s1)
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1[s2] }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_range2
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, -2..2) {|s, first, last|
+      desc = "#{encdump s}[#{first}..#{last}]"
+      t = s[first..last]
+      if first < 0
+        first += s.length
+        if first < 0
+          assert_nil(t, desc)
+          next
+        end
+      end
+      if s.length < first
+        assert_nil(t, desc)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+      if last < 0
+        last += s.length
+      end
+      t2 = ''
+      first.upto(last) {|i|
+        c = s[i]
+        t2 << c if c
+      }
+      assert_equal(t2, t, desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_aref_range3
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, -2..2) {|s, first, last|
+      desc = "#{encdump s}[#{first}..#{last}]"
+      t = s[first...last]
+      if first < 0
+        first += s.length
+        if first < 0
+          assert_nil(t, desc)
+          next
+        end
+      end
+      if s.length < first
+        assert_nil(t, desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if last < 0
+        last += s.length
+      end
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+      t2 = ''
+      first.upto(last-1) {|i|
+        c = s[i]
+        t2 << c if c
+      }
+      assert_equal(t2, t, desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_assign
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      (-2).upto(2) {|i|
+        t = s1.dup
+        if s1.ascii_only? || s2.ascii_only? || s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+          if i < -s1.length || s1.length < i
+            assert_raise(IndexError) { t[i] = s2 }
+          else
+            t[i] = s2
+            assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+            assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s2)])
+            if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+              if i == s1.length && s2.empty?
+                assert_nil(t[i])
+              elsif i < 0
+                assert_equal(s2, t[i-s2.length+1,s2.length],
+                  "t = #{encdump(s1)}; t[#{i}] = #{encdump(s2)}; t[#{i-s2.length+1},#{s2.length}]")
+              else
+                assert_equal(s2, t[i,s2.length],
+                  "t = #{encdump(s1)}; t[#{i}] = #{encdump(s2)}; t[#{i},#{s2.length}]")
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { t[i] = s2 }
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_assign_len
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, 0..2, STRINGS) {|s1, i, len, s2|
+      t = s1.dup
+      if s1.ascii_only? || s2.ascii_only? || s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+        if i < -s1.length || s1.length < i
+          assert_raise(IndexError) { t[i,len] = s2 }
+        else
+          assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+          t[i,len] = s2
+          assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s2)])
+          if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+            if i == s1.length && s2.empty?
+              assert_nil(t[i])
+            elsif i < 0
+              if -i < len
+                len = -i
+              end
+              assert_equal(s2, t[i-s2.length+len,s2.length],
+                "t = #{encdump(s1)}; t[#{i},#{len}] = #{encdump(s2)}; t[#{i-s2.length+len},#{s2.length}]")
+            else
+              assert_equal(s2, t[i,s2.length],
+                "t = #{encdump(s1)}; t[#{i},#{len}] = #{encdump(s2)}; t[#{i},#{s2.length}]")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { t[i,len] = s2 }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_assign_substr
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2, s3|
+      t = s1.dup
+      encs = [
+        !s1.ascii_only? ? s1.encoding : nil,
+        !s2.ascii_only? ? s2.encoding : nil,
+        !s3.ascii_only? ? s3.encoding : nil].uniq.compact
+      if 1 < encs.length
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, IndexError) { t[s2] = s3 }
+      else
+        if encs.empty?
+          encs = [
+            s1.encoding,
+            s2.encoding,
+            s3.encoding].uniq.reject {|e| e == Encoding.find("ASCII-8BIT") }
+          if encs.empty?
+            encs = [Encoding.find("ASCII-8BIT")]
+          end
+        end
+        if !t[s2]
+        else
+          enccall(t, :[]=, s2, s3)
+          assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding? && s3.valid_encoding?
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_assign_range2
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, -2..2, STRINGS) {|s1, first, last, s2|
+      t = s1.dup
+      if s1.ascii_only? || s2.ascii_only? || s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+        if first < -s1.length || s1.length < first
+          assert_raise(RangeError) { t[first..last] = s2 }
+        else
+          enccall(t, :[]=, first..last, s2)
+          assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+          assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s2)])
+          if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+            if first < 0
+              assert_equal(s2, t[s1.length+first, s2.length])
+            else
+              assert_equal(s2, t[first, s2.length])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, RangeError,
+                     "t=#{encdump(s1)};t[#{first}..#{last}]=#{encdump(s2)}") {
+          t[first..last] = s2
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_assign_range3
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..2, -2..2, STRINGS) {|s1, first, last, s2|
+      t = s1.dup
+      if s1.ascii_only? || s2.ascii_only? || s1.encoding == s2.encoding
+        if first < -s1.length || s1.length < first
+          assert_raise(RangeError) { t[first...last] = s2 }
+        else
+          enccall(t, :[]=, first...last, s2)
+          assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+          assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s2)])
+          if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+            if first < 0
+              assert_equal(s2, t[s1.length+first, s2.length])
+            else
+              assert_equal(s2, t[first, s2.length])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, RangeError,
+                     "t=#{encdump(s1)};t[#{first}...#{last}]=#{encdump(s2)}") {
+          t[first...last] = s2
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_cmp
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1} <=> #{encdump s2}"
+      r = s1 <=> s2
+      if s1 == s2
+        assert_equal(0, r, desc)
+      else
+        assert_not_equal(0, r, desc)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_capitalize
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      begin
+        t1 = s.capitalize
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        assert_not_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_predicate(t1, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+      assert_operator(t1, :casecmp, s)
+      t2 = s.dup
+      t2.capitalize!
+      assert_equal(t1, t2)
+      r = s.downcase
+      r = enccall(r, :sub, /\A[a-z]/) {|ch| b(ch).upcase }
+      assert_equal(r, t1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_casecmp
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      #puts "#{encdump(s1)}.casecmp(#{encdump(s2)})"
+      next unless s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding? && Encoding.compatible?(s1, s2)
+      r = s1.casecmp(s2)
+      assert_equal(s1.upcase <=> s2.upcase, r)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_casecmp?
+    strings = STRINGS.dup
+    strings.push(
+      # prevent wrong single byte optimization
+      "\xC0".force_encoding("ISO-8859-1"),
+      "\xE0".force_encoding("ISO-8859-1"),
+    )
+    combination(strings, strings) {|s1, s2|
+      #puts "#{encdump(s1)}.casecmp(#{encdump(s2)})"
+      next unless s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding? && Encoding.compatible?(s1, s2)
+      r = s1.casecmp?(s2)
+      assert_equal(s1.downcase(:fold) == s2.downcase(:fold), r)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_center
+    combination(STRINGS, [0,1,2,3,10]) {|s1, width|
+      t = s1.center(width)
+      assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s1)])
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, [0,1,2,3,10], STRINGS) {|s1, width, s2|
+      if s2.empty?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1.center(width, s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.center(width, s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :center, width, s2)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+      assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s1)])
+      assert_str_enc_propagation(t, s1, s2) if (t != s1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_ljust
+    combination(STRINGS, [0,1,2,3,10]) {|s1, width|
+      t = s1.ljust(width)
+      assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s1)])
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, [0,1,2,3,10], STRINGS) {|s1, width, s2|
+      if s2.empty?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1.ljust(width, s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.ljust(width, s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :ljust, width, s2)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+      assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s1)])
+      assert_str_enc_propagation(t, s1, s2) if (t != s1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_rjust
+    combination(STRINGS, [0,1,2,3,10]) {|s1, width|
+      t = s1.rjust(width)
+      assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s1)])
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, [0,1,2,3,10], STRINGS) {|s1, width, s2|
+      if s2.empty?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1.rjust(width, s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.rjust(width, s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :rjust, width, s2)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+      assert_send([b(t), :index, b(s1)])
+      assert_str_enc_propagation(t, s1, s2) if (t != s1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_chomp
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && !Encoding.compatible?(s1,s2)
+        if s1.bytesize > s2.bytesize
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{encdump(s1)}.chomp(#{encdump(s2)})") do
+            s1.chomp(s2)
+          end
+        end
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :chomp, s2)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump(s1)}.chomp(#{encdump(s2)})") if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+      assert_equal(s1.encoding, t.encoding)
+      t2 = s1.dup
+      t2.chomp!(s2)
+      assert_equal(t, t2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_smart_chomp
+    bug10893 = '[ruby-core:68258] [Bug #10893]'
+    encodings = Encoding.list.select {|enc| !enc.dummy?}
+    combination(encodings, encodings) do |e1, e2|
+      expected = "abc".encode(e1)
+      combination(["abc\n", "abc\r\n"], ["", "\n"]) do |str, rs|
+        assert_equal(expected, str.encode(e1).chomp(rs.encode(e2)), bug10893)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_str_chop
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      s = s.dup
+      desc = "#{encdump s}.chop"
+      t = nil
+      assert_nothing_raised(desc) { t = s.chop }
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+      assert_send([b(s), :index, b(t)])
+      t2 = s.dup
+      t2.chop!
+      assert_equal(t, t2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_clear
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.dup
+      t.clear
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?)
+      assert_empty(t)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_clone
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.clone
+      assert_equal(s, t)
+      assert_equal(s.encoding, t.encoding)
+      assert_equal(b(s), b(t))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_dup
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.dup
+      assert_equal(s, t)
+      assert_equal(s.encoding, t.encoding)
+      assert_equal(b(s), b(t))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_count
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = proc {encdumpcall(s1, :count, s2)}
+      if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.count(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.count(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      n = enccall(s1, :count, s2)
+      n0 = b(s1).count(b(s2))
+      assert_operator(n, :<=, n0)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def crypt_supports_des_crypt?
+    /openbsd/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  end
+
+  # glibc 2.16 or later denies salt contained other than [0-9A-Za-z./] #7312
+  # we use this check to test strict and non-strict behavior separately #11045
+  strict_crypt = if defined? Etc::CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION
+    begin
+      confstr = Etc.confstr(Etc::CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      false
+    else
+      glibcver = confstr.scan(/\d+/).map(&:to_i)
+      (glibcver <=> [2, 16]) >= 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_str_crypt
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|str, salt|
+      # skip input other than [0-9A-Za-z./] to confirm strict behavior
+      next unless salt.ascii_only? && /\A[0-9a-zA-Z.\/]+\z/ =~ salt
+
+      confirm_crypt_result(str, salt)
+    }
+  end
+
+  if !strict_crypt && /openbsd/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    def test_str_crypt_nonstrict
+      combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|str, salt|
+        # only test input other than [0-9A-Za-z./] to confirm non-strict behavior
+        next if salt.ascii_only? && /\A[0-9a-zA-Z.\/]+\z/ =~ salt
+
+        confirm_crypt_result(str, salt)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def confirm_crypt_result(str, salt)
+    if crypt_supports_des_crypt?
+      if b(salt).length < 2
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { str.crypt(salt) }
+        return
+      end
+    else
+      return if b(salt).length < 2
+      salt = "$2a$04$0WVaz0pV3jzfZ5G5tpmH#{salt}"
+    end
+    t = str.crypt(salt)
+    assert_equal(b(str).crypt(b(salt)), t, "#{encdump(str)}.crypt(#{encdump(salt)})")
+    assert_encoding('ASCII-8BIT', t.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_str_delete
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if s1.empty?
+        assert_equal(s1, s1.delete(s2))
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.delete(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.delete(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :delete, s2)
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?)
+      assert_equal(t.encoding, s1.encoding)
+      assert_operator(t.length, :<=, s1.length)
+      t2 = s1.dup
+      t2.delete!(s2)
+      assert_equal(t, t2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_downcase
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      if !s.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Offending string: #{s.inspect}, encoding: #{s.encoding}") { s.downcase }
+        next
+      end
+      t = s.downcase
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?)
+      assert_equal(t.encoding, s.encoding)
+      assert_operator(t, :casecmp, s)
+      t2 = s.dup
+      t2.downcase!
+      assert_equal(t, t2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_dump
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.dump
+      assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?)
+      assert_predicate(t, :ascii_only?)
+      u = eval(t)
+      assert_equal(b(s), b(u))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_each_line
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.each_line(s2) {} }
+        next
+      end
+      lines = []
+      enccall(s1, :each_line, s2) {|line|
+        assert_equal(s1.encoding, line.encoding)
+        lines << line
+      }
+      next if lines.size == 0
+      s2 = lines.join('')
+      assert_equal(s1.encoding, s2.encoding)
+      assert_equal(s1, s2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_each_byte
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      bytes = []
+      s.each_byte {|b|
+        bytes << b
+      }
+      b(s).split(//).each_with_index {|ch, i|
+        assert_equal(ch.ord, bytes[i])
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_empty?
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      if s.length == 0
+        assert_empty(s)
+      else
+        assert_not_empty(s)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_hex
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.hex
+      t2 = b(s)[/\A[0-9a-fA-Fx]*/].hex
+      assert_equal(t2, t)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_include?
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.include?(s2) }
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.index(s2) }
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.rindex(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :include?, s2)
+      if t
+        assert_include(b(s1), b(s2))
+        assert_send([s1, :index, s2])
+        assert_send([s1, :rindex, s2])
+      else
+        assert_not_send([s1, :index, s2])
+        assert_not_send([s1, :rindex, s2], "!#{encdump(s1)}.rindex(#{encdump(s2)})")
+      end
+      if s2.empty?
+        assert_equal(true, t)
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_equal(false, t, "#{encdump s1}.include?(#{encdump s2})")
+        next
+      end
+      if t && s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_match(/#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/, s1)
+      else
+        assert_no_match(/#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/, s1)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_index
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, -2..2) {|s1, s2, pos|
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.index(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :index, s2, pos)
+      if s2.empty?
+        if pos < 0 && pos+s1.length < 0
+          assert_equal(nil, t, "#{encdump s1}.index(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})");
+        elsif pos < 0
+          assert_equal(s1.length+pos, t, "#{encdump s1}.index(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})");
+        elsif s1.length < pos
+          assert_equal(nil, t, "#{encdump s1}.index(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})");
+        else
+          assert_equal(pos, t, "#{encdump s1}.index(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})");
+        end
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_equal(nil, t, "#{encdump s1}.index(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})");
+        next
+      end
+      if t
+        re = /#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/
+        assert(re.match(s1, pos))
+        assert_equal($`.length, t, "#{encdump s1}.index(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+      else
+        assert_no_match(/#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/, s1[pos..-1])
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_rindex
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, -2..2) {|s1, s2, pos|
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.rindex(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :rindex, s2, pos)
+      if s2.empty?
+        if pos < 0 && pos+s1.length < 0
+          assert_equal(nil, t, "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+        elsif pos < 0
+          assert_equal(s1.length+pos, t, "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+        elsif s1.length < pos
+          assert_equal(s1.length, t, "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+        else
+          assert_equal(pos, t, "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+        end
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_equal(nil, t, "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+        next
+      end
+      if t
+        #puts "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos}) => #{t}"
+        assert_send([b(s1), :index, b(s2)])
+        pos2 = pos
+        pos2 += s1.length if pos < 0
+        re = /\A(.{0,#{pos2}})#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/m
+        m = enccall(re, :match, s1)
+        assert(m, "#{re.inspect}.match(#{encdump(s1)})")
+        assert_equal(m[1].length, t, "#{encdump s1}.rindex(#{encdump s2}, #{pos})")
+      else
+        re = /#{Regexp.escape(s2)}/
+        n = re =~ s1
+        if n
+          if pos < 0
+            assert_operator(n, :>, s1.length+pos)
+          else
+            assert_operator(n, :>, pos)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_insert
+    combination(STRINGS, 0..2, STRINGS) {|s1, nth, s2|
+      t1 = s1.dup
+      t2 = s1.dup
+      begin
+        t1[nth, 0] = s2
+      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError, IndexError => e1
+      end
+      begin
+        t2.insert(nth, s2)
+      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError, IndexError => e2
+      end
+      assert_equal(t1, t2, "t=#{encdump s1}; t.insert(#{nth},#{encdump s2}); t")
+      assert_equal(e1.class, e2.class, "begin #{encdump s1}.insert(#{nth},#{encdump s2}); rescue ArgumentError, IndexError => e; e end")
+    }
+    combination(STRINGS, -2..-1, STRINGS) {|s1, nth, s2|
+      next if s1.length + nth < 0
+      next unless s1.valid_encoding?
+      next unless s2.valid_encoding?
+      t1 = s1.dup
+      begin
+        t1.insert(nth, s2)
+        slen = s2.length
+        assert_equal(t1[nth-slen+1,slen], s2, "t=#{encdump s1}; t.insert(#{nth},#{encdump s2}); t")
+      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError, IndexError
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_intern
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      if /\0/ =~ b(s)
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s.intern }
+      elsif s.valid_encoding?
+        sym = s.intern
+        assert_equal(s, sym.to_s, "#{encdump s}.intern.to_s")
+        assert_equal(sym, s.to_sym)
+      else
+        assert_raise(EncodingError) { s.intern }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_length
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_operator(s.length, :<=, s.bytesize)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_oct
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.oct
+      t2 = b(s)[/\A[0-9a-fA-FxX]*/].oct
+      assert_equal(t2, t)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_replace
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      t = s1.dup
+      t.replace s2
+      assert_equal(s2, t)
+      assert_equal(s2.encoding, t.encoding)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_reverse
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      t = s.reverse
+      assert_equal(s.bytesize, t.bytesize)
+      if !s.valid_encoding?
+        assert_operator(t.length, :<=, s.length)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal(s, t.reverse)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_scan
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = proc {"#{s1.dump}.scan(#{s2.dump})"}
+      if !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(RegexpError, desc) { s1.scan(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        if s1.valid_encoding?
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.scan(s2) }
+        else
+          assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /invalid byte sequence/, desc) { s1.scan(s2) }
+        end
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { s1.scan(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      r = enccall(s1, :scan, s2)
+      r.each {|t|
+        assert_equal(s2, t, desc)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_slice
+    each_slice_call {|obj, *args|
+      assert_same_result(lambda { obj[*args] }, lambda { obj.slice(*args) })
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_slice!
+    each_slice_call {|s, *args|
+      desc_slice = "#{encdump s}.slice#{encdumpargs args}"
+      desc_slice_bang = "#{encdump s}.slice!#{encdumpargs args}"
+      t = s.dup
+      begin
+        r = t.slice!(*args)
+      rescue
+        e = $!
+      end
+      if e
+        assert_raise(e.class, desc_slice) { s.slice(*args) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !r
+        assert_nil(s.slice(*args), desc_slice)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal(s.slice(*args), r, desc_slice_bang)
+      assert_equal(s.bytesize, r.bytesize + t.bytesize)
+      if args.length == 1 && String === args[0]
+        assert_equal(args[0].encoding, r.encoding,
+                    "#{encdump s}.slice!#{encdumpargs args}.encoding")
+      else
+        assert_equal(s.encoding, r.encoding,
+                    "#{encdump s}.slice!#{encdumpargs args}.encoding")
+      end
+      if [s, *args].all? {|o| !(String === o) || o.valid_encoding? }
+        assert_predicate(r, :valid_encoding?)
+        assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?)
+        assert_equal(s.length, r.length + t.length)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_split
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, RegexpError) { s1.split(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.split(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1.split(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :split, s2)
+      t.each {|r|
+        assert_include(b(s1), b(r))
+        assert_equal(s1.encoding, r.encoding)
+      }
+      assert_include(b(s1), t.map {|u| b(u) }.join(b(s2)))
+      if s1.valid_encoding? && s2.valid_encoding?
+        t.each {|r|
+          assert_predicate(r, :valid_encoding?)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_squeeze
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{encdump s1}.squeeze(#{encdump s2})") { s1.squeeze(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.squeeze(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :squeeze, s2)
+      assert_operator(t.length, :<=, s1.length)
+      t2 = s1.dup
+      t2.squeeze!(s2)
+      assert_equal(t, t2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_strip
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      if !s.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, "#{encdump s}.strip") { s.strip }
+        next
+      end
+      t = s.strip
+      l = s.lstrip
+      r = s.rstrip
+      assert_operator(l.length, :<=, s.length)
+      assert_operator(r.length, :<=, s.length)
+      assert_operator(t.length, :<=, l.length)
+      assert_operator(t.length, :<=, r.length)
+      t2 = s.dup
+      t2.strip!
+      assert_equal(t, t2)
+      l2 = s.dup
+      l2.lstrip!
+      assert_equal(l, l2)
+      r2 = s.dup
+      r2.rstrip!
+      assert_equal(r, r2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_sum
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_equal(b(s).sum, s.sum)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_swapcase
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      if !s.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, "#{encdump s}.swapcase") { s.swapcase }
+        next
+      end
+      t1 = s.swapcase
+      assert_predicate(t1, :valid_encoding?) if s.valid_encoding?
+      assert_operator(t1, :casecmp, s)
+      t2 = s.dup
+      t2.swapcase!
+      assert_equal(t1, t2)
+      t3 = t1.swapcase
+      assert_equal(s, t3);
+    }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_str_to_f
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_nothing_raised { s.to_f }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_to_i
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_nothing_raised { s.to_i }
+      2.upto(36) {|radix|
+        assert_nothing_raised { s.to_i(radix) }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_to_s
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      assert_same(s, s.to_s)
+      assert_same(s, s.to_str)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tr
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2, s3|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1}.tr(#{encdump s2}, #{encdump s3})"
+      if s1.empty?
+        assert_equal(s1, s1.tr(s2, s3), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2, s3)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.tr(s2, s3) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { s1.tr(s2, s3) }
+        next
+      end
+      if s2.empty?
+        t = enccall(s1, :tr, s2, s3)
+        assert_equal(s1, t, desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if !s2.valid_encoding? || !s3.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { s1.tr(s2, s3) }
+        next
+      end
+      t = enccall(s1, :tr, s2, s3)
+      assert_operator(s1.length, :>=, t.length, desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tr_sjis
+    expected = "\x83}\x83~\x83\x80\x83\x81\x83\x82".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    source = "\xCF\xD0\xD1\xD2\xD3".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    from = "\xCF-\xD3".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    to = "\x83}-\x83\x82".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    assert_equal(expected, source.tr(from, to))
+
+    expected = "\x84}\x84~\x84\x80\x84\x81\x84\x82".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    source = "\x84M\x84N\x84O\x84P\x84Q".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    from = "\x84@-\x84`".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    to = "\x84p-\x84\x91".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS)
+    assert_equal(expected, source.tr(from, to))
+  end
+
+  def test_tr_s
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2, s3|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1}.tr_s(#{encdump s2}, #{encdump s3})"
+      if s1.empty?
+        assert_equal(s1, s1.tr_s(s2, s3), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.tr_s(s2, s3) }
+        next
+      end
+      if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2, s3)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.tr(s2, s3) }
+        next
+      end
+      if s2.empty?
+        t = enccall(s1, :tr_s, s2, s3)
+        assert_equal(s1, t, desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if !s2.valid_encoding? || !s3.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { s1.tr_s(s2, s3) }
+        next
+      end
+
+      t = enccall(s1, :tr_s, s2, s3)
+      assert_operator(s1.length, :>=, t.length, desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_upcase
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      desc = "#{encdump s}.upcase"
+      if !s.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { s.upcase }
+        next
+      end
+      t1 = s.upcase
+      assert_predicate(t1, :valid_encoding?)
+      assert_operator(t1, :casecmp, s)
+      t2 = s.dup
+      t2.upcase!
+      assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_succ
+    STRINGS.each {|s0|
+      next if s0.empty?
+      s = s0.dup
+      n = 300
+      h = {}
+      n.times {|i|
+        if h[s]
+          assert(false, "#{encdump s} cycle with succ #{i-h[s]} times")
+        end
+        h[s] = i
+        assert_operator(s.length, :<=, s0.length + Math.log2(i+1) + 1, "#{encdump s0} succ #{i} times => #{encdump s}")
+        #puts encdump(s)
+        t = s.succ
+        if s.valid_encoding?
+          assert_predicate(t, :valid_encoding?, "#{encdump s}.succ.valid_encoding?")
+        end
+        s = t
+      }
+    }
+
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next if enc.dummy?
+      {"A"=>"B", "A1"=>"A2", "A9"=>"B0", "9"=>"10", "Z"=>"AA"}.each do |orig, expected|
+        s = orig.encode(enc)
+        assert_strenc(expected.encode(enc), enc, s.succ, proc {"#{orig.dump}.encode(#{enc}).succ"})
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_str_succ2
+    assert_equal(a("\x01\x00"), a("\x7f").succ)
+    assert_equal(b("\x01\x00"), b("\xff").succ)
+  end
+
+  def test_str_hash
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      if s1.eql?(s2)
+        assert_equal(s1.hash, s2.hash, "#{encdump s1}.hash == #{encdump s2}.dump")
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    STRINGS.each {|s|
+      m = Marshal.dump(s)
+      t = Marshal.load(m)
+      assert_equal(s, t)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_sub
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2, s3|
+      if !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s2)) }
+        next
+      end
+      r2 = Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s2))
+      [
+        [
+          "#{encdump s1}.sub(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { s1.sub(r2, s3) },
+          false
+        ],
+        [
+          "#{encdump s1}.sub(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { s1.sub(r2) { s3 } },
+          false
+        ],
+        [
+          "#{encdump s1}.gsub(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { s1.gsub(r2, s3) },
+          true
+        ],
+        [
+          "#{encdump s1}.gsub(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { s1.gsub(r2) { s3 } },
+          true
+        ]
+      ].each {|desc, doit, g|
+        if !s1.valid_encoding?
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { doit.call }
+          next
+        end
+        if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2)
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { doit.call }
+          next
+        end
+        if !enccall(s1, :include?, s2)
+          assert_equal(s1, doit.call)
+          next
+        end
+        if !str_enc_compatible?(g ? s1.gsub(r2, '') : s1.sub(r2, ''), s3)
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { doit.call }
+          next
+        end
+        t = nil
+        assert_nothing_raised(desc) {
+          t = doit.call
+        }
+        if s2 == s3
+          assert_equal(s1, t, desc)
+        else
+          assert_not_equal(s1, t, desc)
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_sub!
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2, s3|
+      if !s2.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s2)) }
+        next
+      end
+      r2 = Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(s2))
+      [
+        [
+          "t=#{encdump s1}.dup;t.sub!(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { t=s1.dup; [t, t.sub!(r2, s3)] },
+          false
+        ],
+        [
+          "t=#{encdump s1}.dup;t.sub!(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { t=s1.dup; [t, t.sub!(r2) { s3 }] },
+          false
+        ],
+        [
+          "t=#{encdump s1}.dup;t.gsub!(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { t=s1.dup; [t, t.gsub!(r2, s3)] },
+          true
+        ],
+        [
+          "t=#{encdump s1}.dup;t.gsub!(Regexp.new(#{encdump s2}), #{encdump s3})",
+          lambda { t=s1.dup; [t, t.gsub!(r2) { s3 }] },
+          true
+        ]
+      ].each {|desc, doit, g|
+        if !s1.valid_encoding?
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError, desc) { doit.call }
+          next
+        end
+        if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2)
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { doit.call }
+          next
+        end
+        if !enccall(s1, :include?, s2)
+          assert_equal([s1, nil], doit.call)
+          next
+        end
+        if !str_enc_compatible?(g ? s1.gsub(r2, '') : s1.sub(r2, ''), s3)
+          assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { doit.call }
+          next
+        end
+        t = ret = nil
+        assert_nothing_raised(desc) {
+          t, ret = doit.call
+        }
+        assert(ret)
+        if s2 == s3
+          assert_equal(s1, t, desc)
+        else
+          assert_not_equal(s1, t, desc)
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_bytes
+    STRINGS.each {|s1|
+      ary = []
+      s1.bytes.each {|b|
+        ary << b
+      }
+      assert_equal(s1.unpack("C*"), ary)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_bytesize
+    STRINGS.each {|s1|
+      assert_equal(s1.unpack("C*").length, s1.bytesize)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_chars
+    STRINGS.each {|s1|
+      ary = []
+      s1.chars.each {|c|
+        ary << c
+      }
+      expected = []
+      s1.length.times {|i|
+        expected << s1[i]
+      }
+      assert_equal(expected, ary)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_chr
+    STRINGS.each {|s1|
+      if s1.empty?
+        assert_equal("", s1.chr)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal(s1[0], s1.chr)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_end_with?
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1}.end_with?(#{encdump s2})"
+      if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.end_with?(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      if s1.length < s2.length
+        assert_equal(false, enccall(s1, :end_with?, s2), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if s1[s1.length-s2.length, s2.length] == s2
+        assert_equal(true, enccall(s1, :end_with?, s2), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal(false, enccall(s1, :end_with?, s2), desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_start_with?
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1}.start_with?(#{encdump s2})"
+      if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.start_with?(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      s1 = s1.b
+      s2 = s2.b
+      if s1.length < s2.length
+        assert_equal(false, enccall(s1, :start_with?, s2), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      if s1[0, s2.length] == s2
+        assert_equal(true, enccall(s1, :start_with?, s2), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal(false, enccall(s1, :start_with?, s2), desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_ord
+    STRINGS.each {|s1|
+      if s1.empty?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1.ord }
+        next
+      end
+      if !s1.valid_encoding?
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s1.ord }
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal(s1[0].ord, s1.ord)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_partition
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1}.partition(#{encdump s2})"
+      if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.partition(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      i = enccall(s1, :index, s2)
+      if !i
+        assert_equal([s1, "", ""], s1.partition(s2), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal([s1[0,i], s2, s1[(i+s2.length)..-1]], s1.partition(s2), desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_str_rpartition
+    combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = "#{encdump s1}.rpartition(#{encdump s2})"
+      if !str_enc_compatible?(s1, s2)
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.rpartition(s2) }
+        next
+      end
+      i = enccall(s1, :rindex, s2)
+      if !i
+        assert_equal(["", "", s1], s1.rpartition(s2), desc)
+        next
+      end
+      assert_equal([s1[0,i], s2, s1[(i+s2.length)..-1]], s1.rpartition(s2), desc)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_bug11486
+    bug11486 = '[Bug #11486]'
+    assert_nil ("\u3042"*19+"\r"*19+"\u3042"*20+"\r"*20).encode(Encoding::EUC_JP).gsub!(/xxx/i, ""), bug11486
+    assert_match Regexp.new("ABC\uff41".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP), Regexp::IGNORECASE), "abc\uFF21".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP), bug11486
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb b/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb66994801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1006 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require_relative 'marshaltestlib'
+
+class TestMarshal < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include MarshalTestLib
+
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def encode(o)
+    Marshal.dump(o)
+  end
+
+  def decode(s)
+    Marshal.load(s)
+  end
+
+  def fact(n)
+    return 1 if n == 0
+    f = 1
+    while n>0
+      f *= n
+      n -= 1
+    end
+    return f
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 2**32, 2**64, [4,5,"foo"], {1=>"bar"}, 2.5, fact(30)]
+    assert_equal a, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a))
+
+    [[1,2,3,4], [81, 2, 118, 3146]].each { |w,x,y,z|
+      obj = (x.to_f + y.to_f / z.to_f) * Math.exp(w.to_f / (x.to_f + y.to_f / z.to_f))
+      assert_equal obj, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(obj))
+    }
+
+    bug3659 = '[ruby-dev:41936]'
+    [1.0, 10.0, 100.0, 110.0].each {|x|
+      assert_equal(x, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(x)), bug3659)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_integers
+    a = []
+    [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2].each do |i|
+      0.upto(65).map do |exp|
+        a << 2**exp + i
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal a, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a))
+
+    a = [2**32, []]*2
+    assert_equal a, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a))
+
+    a = [2**32, 2**32, []]*2
+    assert_equal a, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_small_bignum_backref
+    assert_equal [2**32, 2**32], Marshal.load("\x04\b[\al+\b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00@\x06")
+  end
+
+  StrClone = String.clone
+  def test_marshal_cloned_class
+    assert_instance_of(StrClone, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(StrClone.new("abc"))))
+  end
+
+  def test_inconsistent_struct
+    TestMarshal.const_set :StructOrNot, Struct.new(:a)
+    s = Marshal.dump(StructOrNot.new(1))
+    TestMarshal.instance_eval { remove_const :StructOrNot }
+    TestMarshal.const_set :StructOrNot, Class.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "[ruby-dev:31709]") { Marshal.load(s) }
+  ensure
+    TestMarshal.instance_eval { remove_const :StructOrNot }
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_invalid_members
+    TestMarshal.const_set :StructInvalidMembers, Struct.new(:a)
+    assert_raise(TypeError, "[ruby-dev:31759]") {
+      Marshal.load("\004\bIc&TestMarshal::StructInvalidMembers\006:\020__members__\"\bfoo")
+      TestMarshal::StructInvalidMembers.members
+    }
+  ensure
+    TestMarshal.instance_eval { remove_const :StructInvalidMembers }
+  end
+
+  def test_load_range_as_struct
+    assert_raise(TypeError, 'GH-6832') do
+      # Can be obtained with:
+      #  $ ruby -e 'Range = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c); p Marshal.dump(Range.new(nil, nil, nil))'
+      Marshal.load("\x04\bS:\nRange\b:\x06a0:\x06b0:\x06c0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class C
+    def initialize(str)
+      @str = str
+    end
+    attr_reader :str
+    def _dump(limit)
+      @str
+    end
+    def self._load(s)
+      new(s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_too_long_string
+    data = Marshal.dump(C.new("a".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")))
+    data[-2, 1] = "\003\377\377\377"
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "marshal data too short", "[ruby-dev:32054]") {
+      Marshal.load(data)
+    }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_userdef_encoding
+    s1 = "\xa4\xa4".force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    o1 = C.new(s1)
+    m = Marshal.dump(o1)
+    o2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    s2 = o2.str
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+  end
+
+  def test_pipe
+    o1 = C.new("a" * 10000)
+
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      th = Thread.new {Marshal.dump(o1, w)}
+      o2 = Marshal.load(r)
+      th.join
+      assert_equal(o1.str, o2.str)
+    end
+
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      th = Thread.new {Marshal.dump(o1, w, 2)}
+      o2 = Marshal.load(r)
+      th.join
+      assert_equal(o1.str, o2.str)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.dump("foo", Object.new) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.load(Object.new) }
+  end
+
+  def test_limit
+    assert_equal([[[]]], Marshal.load(Marshal.dump([[[]]], 3)))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Marshal.dump([[[]]], 2) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, '[ruby-core:24100]') { Marshal.dump("\u3042", 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_userdef_invalid
+    o = C.new(nil)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.dump(o) }
+  end
+
+  def test_class
+    o = class << Object.new; self; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.dump(o) }
+    assert_equal(Object, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(Object)))
+    assert_equal(Enumerable, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(Enumerable)))
+  end
+
+  class C2
+    def initialize(ary)
+      @ary = ary
+    end
+    def _dump(s)
+      @ary.clear
+      "foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_modify_array_during_dump
+    a = []
+    o = C2.new(a)
+    a << o << nil
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Marshal.dump(a) }
+  end
+
+  def test_change_class_name
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3) if self.class.const_defined?(:C3)
+    eval("class C3; def _dump(s); 'foo'; end; end")
+    m = Marshal.dump(C3.new)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.load(m) }
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3)
+    eval("C3 = nil")
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.load(m) }
+  ensure
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3) if self.class.const_defined?(:C3)
+  end
+
+  def test_change_struct
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3) if self.class.const_defined?(:C3)
+    eval("C3 = Struct.new(:foo, :bar)")
+    m = Marshal.dump(C3.new("FOO", "BAR"))
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3)
+    eval("C3 = Struct.new(:foo)")
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.load(m) }
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3)
+    eval("C3 = Struct.new(:foo, :baz)")
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Marshal.load(m) }
+  ensure
+    self.class.__send__(:remove_const, :C3) if self.class.const_defined?(:C3)
+  end
+
+  class C4
+    def initialize(gc)
+      @gc = gc
+    end
+    def _dump(s)
+      GC.start if @gc
+      "foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gc
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Marshal.dump((0..1000).map {|x| C4.new(x % 50 == 25) })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol2
+    [:ruby, :"\u{7d05}\u{7389}"].each do |sym|
+      assert_equal(sym, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(sym)), '[ruby-core:24788]')
+    end
+    bug2548 = '[ruby-core:27375]'
+    ary = [:$1, nil]
+    assert_equal(ary, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(ary)), bug2548)
+  end
+
+  def test_symlink
+    assert_include(Marshal.dump([:a, :a]), ';')
+  end
+
+  def test_symlink_in_ivar
+    bug10991 = '[ruby-core:68587] [Bug #10991]'
+    sym = Marshal.load("\x04\x08" +
+                       "I" ":\x0bKernel" +
+                       ("\x06" +
+                        ("I" ":\x07@a" +
+                         ("\x06" ":\x07@b" "e;\x0""o:\x0bObject""\x0")) +
+                        "0"))
+    assert_equal(:Kernel, sym, bug10991)
+  end
+
+  ClassUTF8 = eval("class R\u{e9}sum\u{e9}; self; end")
+
+  iso_8859_1 = Encoding::ISO_8859_1
+
+  structISO8859_1 = Struct.new("r\xe9sum\xe9".force_encoding(iso_8859_1).intern)
+  const_set("R\xe9sum\xe9".force_encoding(iso_8859_1), structISO8859_1)
+  structISO8859_1.name
+  StructISO8859_1 = structISO8859_1
+  classISO8859_1 = Class.new do
+    attr_accessor "r\xe9sum\xe9".force_encoding(iso_8859_1)
+    eval("def initialize(x) @r\xe9sum\xe9 = x; end".force_encoding(iso_8859_1))
+  end
+  const_set("R\xe9sum\xe92".force_encoding(iso_8859_1), classISO8859_1)
+  classISO8859_1.name
+  ClassISO8859_1 = classISO8859_1
+
+  moduleUTF8 = const_set("C\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", Module.new)
+  moduleUTF8.name
+  ModuleUTF8 = moduleUTF8
+
+  def test_nonascii_class_instance
+    a = ClassUTF8.new
+    assert_instance_of(ClassUTF8, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a)), '[ruby-core:24790]')
+
+    bug1932 = '[ruby-core:24882]'
+
+    a = StructISO8859_1.new(10)
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug1932) do
+      assert_equal(a, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a)), bug1932)
+    end
+    a.__send__("#{StructISO8859_1.members[0]}=", a)
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug1932) do
+      assert_equal(a, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a)), bug1932)
+    end
+
+    a = ClassISO8859_1.new(10)
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug1932) do
+      b = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a))
+      assert_equal(ClassISO8859_1, b.class, bug1932)
+      assert_equal(a.instance_variables, b.instance_variables, bug1932)
+      a.instance_variables.each do |i|
+        assert_equal(a.instance_variable_get(i), b.instance_variable_get(i), bug1932)
+      end
+    end
+    a.__send__(a.methods(true).grep(/=\z/)[0], a)
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug1932) do
+      b = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(a))
+      assert_equal(ClassISO8859_1, b.class, bug1932)
+      assert_equal(a.instance_variables, b.instance_variables, bug1932)
+      assert_equal(b, b.instance_variable_get(a.instance_variables[0]), bug1932)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_class_module
+    assert_same(ClassUTF8, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(ClassUTF8)))
+    assert_same(ClassISO8859_1, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(ClassISO8859_1)))
+    assert_same(ModuleUTF8, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(ModuleUTF8)))
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp2
+    assert_equal(/\\u/, Marshal.load("\004\b/\b\\\\u\000"))
+    assert_equal(/u/, Marshal.load("\004\b/\a\\u\000"))
+    assert_equal(/u/, Marshal.load("\004\bI/\a\\u\000\006:\016@encoding\"\vEUC-JP"))
+
+    bug2109 = '[ruby-core:25625]'
+    a = "\x82\xa0".force_encoding(Encoding::Windows_31J)
+    b = "\x82\xa2".force_encoding(Encoding::Windows_31J)
+    c = [/#{a}/, /#{b}/]
+    assert_equal(c, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(c)), bug2109)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:40386]') do
+      re = IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        w.write("\x04\bI/\x00\x00\x06:\rencoding\"\rUS-ASCII")
+        # Marshal.load would not overread and block
+        Marshal.load(r)
+      end
+      assert_equal(//, re)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DumpTest
+    def marshal_dump
+      @@block.call(:marshal_dump)
+    end
+
+    def dump_each(&block)
+      @@block = block
+      Marshal.dump(self)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class LoadTest
+    def marshal_dump
+      nil
+    end
+    def marshal_load(obj)
+      @@block.call(:marshal_load)
+    end
+    def self.load_each(m, &block)
+      @@block = block
+      Marshal.load(m)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_context_switch
+    o = DumpTest.new
+    e = o.enum_for(:dump_each)
+    assert_equal(:marshal_dump, e.next)
+    GC.start
+    assert(true, '[ruby-dev:39425]')
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) {e.next}
+
+    o = LoadTest.new
+    m = Marshal.dump(o)
+    e = LoadTest.enum_for(:load_each, m)
+    assert_equal(:marshal_load, e.next)
+    GC.start
+    assert(true, '[ruby-dev:39425]')
+    assert_raise(StopIteration) {e.next}
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_buffer
+    bug2390 = '[ruby-dev:39744]'
+    w = ""
+    def w.write(str)
+      self << str.to_s
+    end
+    Marshal.dump(Object.new, w)
+    assert_not_empty(w, bug2390)
+  end
+
+  class C5
+    def marshal_dump
+      "foo"
+    end
+    def marshal_load(foo)
+      @foo = foo
+    end
+    def initialize(x)
+      @x = x
+    end
+  end
+  def test_marshal_dump
+    c = C5.new("bar")
+    s = Marshal.dump(c)
+    d = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_equal("foo", d.instance_variable_get(:@foo))
+    assert_equal(false, d.instance_variable_defined?(:@x))
+  end
+
+  class C6
+    def initialize
+      @stdin = STDIN
+    end
+    attr_reader :stdin
+    def marshal_dump
+      1
+    end
+    def marshal_load(x)
+      @stdin = STDIN
+    end
+  end
+  def test_marshal_dump_extra_iv
+    o = C6.new
+    m = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:21475] [ruby-dev:39845]") {
+      m = Marshal.dump(o)
+    }
+    o2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(STDIN, o2.stdin)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_string_encoding
+    o1 = ["foo".force_encoding("EUC-JP")] + [ "bar" ] * 2
+    m = Marshal.dump(o1)
+    o2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(o1, o2, "[ruby-dev:40388]")
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_regexp_encoding
+    o1 = [Regexp.new("r1".force_encoding("EUC-JP"))] + ["r2"] * 2
+    m = Marshal.dump(o1)
+    o2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(o1, o2, "[ruby-dev:40416]")
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_encoding_encoding
+    o1 = [Encoding.find("EUC-JP")] + ["r2"] * 2
+    m = Marshal.dump(o1)
+    o2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(o1, o2)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_symbol_ascii8bit
+    bug6209 = '[ruby-core:43762]'
+    o1 = "\xff".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").intern
+    m = Marshal.dump(o1)
+    o2 = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(EncodingError, bug6209) {o2 = Marshal.load(m)}
+    assert_equal(o1, o2, bug6209)
+  end
+
+  class PrivateClass
+    def initialize(foo)
+      @foo = foo
+    end
+    attr_reader :foo
+  end
+  private_constant :PrivateClass
+
+  def test_marshal_private_class
+    o1 = PrivateClass.new("test")
+    o2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(o1))
+    assert_equal(o1.class, o2.class)
+    assert_equal(o1.foo, o2.foo)
+  end
+
+  class TooComplex
+    def initialize
+      @marshal_too_complex = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_complex_shape_object_id_not_dumped
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS)
+      assert_equal 8, RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS
+    end
+    8.times do |i|
+      TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set("@TestObjectIdTooComplex#{i}", 1)
+    end
+    obj = TooComplex.new
+    ivar = "@a#{rand(10_000).to_s.rjust(5, '0')}"
+    obj.instance_variable_set(ivar, 1)
+
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
+      assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :too_complex?)
+    end
+    obj.object_id
+    assert_equal "\x04\bo:\x1CTestMarshal::TooComplex\a:\x19@marshal_too_complexi\x06:\f#{ivar}i\x06".b, Marshal.dump(obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_complex
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\fComplex[\x05")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\fComplex[\x06i\x00")}
+    assert_equal(Complex(1, 2), Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\fComplex[\ai\x06i\a"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\fComplex[\bi\x00i\x00i\x00")}
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_rational
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\rRational[\x05")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\rRational[\x06i\x00")}
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 2), Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\rRational[\ai\x06i\a"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\rRational[\bi\x00i\x00i\x00")}
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_flonum_reference
+    bug7348 = '[ruby-core:49323]'
+    e = []
+    ary = [ [2.0, e], [e] ]
+    assert_equal(ary, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(ary)), bug7348)
+  end
+
+  class TestClass
+  end
+
+  module TestModule
+  end
+
+  class Bug7627 < Struct.new(:bar)
+    attr_accessor :foo
+
+    def marshal_dump; 'dump'; end  # fake dump data
+    def marshal_load(*); end       # do nothing
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump_struct_ivar
+    bug7627 = '[ruby-core:51163]'
+    obj = Bug7627.new
+    obj.foo = '[Bug #7627]'
+
+    dump   = Marshal.dump(obj)
+    loaded = Marshal.load(dump)
+
+    assert_equal(obj, loaded, bug7627)
+    assert_nil(loaded.foo, bug7627)
+  end
+
+  class LoadData
+    attr_reader :data
+    def initialize(data)
+      @data = data
+    end
+    alias marshal_dump data
+    alias marshal_load initialize
+  end
+
+  class Bug8276 < LoadData
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      freeze
+    end
+    alias marshal_load initialize
+  end
+
+  class FrozenData < LoadData
+    def marshal_load(data)
+      super
+      data.instance_variables.each do |iv|
+        instance_variable_set(iv, data.instance_variable_get(iv))
+      end
+      freeze
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump_excess_encoding
+    bug8276 = '[ruby-core:54334] [Bug #8276]'
+    t = Bug8276.new(bug8276)
+    s = Marshal.dump(t)
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug8276) {s = Marshal.load(s)}
+    assert_equal(t.data, s.data, bug8276)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump_ivar
+    s = "data with ivar"
+    s.instance_variable_set(:@t, 42)
+    t = Bug8276.new(s)
+    s = Marshal.dump(t)
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {Marshal.load(s)}
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_load_ivar
+    s = "data with ivar"
+    s.instance_variable_set(:@t, 42)
+    hook = ->(v) {
+      if LoadData === v
+        assert_send([v, :instance_variable_defined?, :@t], v.class.name)
+        assert_equal(42, v.instance_variable_get(:@t), v.class.name)
+      end
+      v
+    }
+    [LoadData, FrozenData].each do |klass|
+      t = klass.new(s)
+      d = Marshal.dump(t)
+      v = assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) {break Marshal.load(d, hook)}
+      assert_send([v, :instance_variable_defined?, :@t], klass.name)
+      assert_equal(42, v.instance_variable_get(:@t), klass.name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_ivar
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.load("\x04\x08Ic\x1bTestMarshal::TestClass\x06:\x0e@ivar_bug\"\x08bug")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.load("\x04\x08IM\x1bTestMarshal::TestClass\x06:\x0e@ivar_bug\"\x08bug")}
+    assert_not_operator(TestClass, :instance_variable_defined?, :@ivar_bug)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.load("\x04\x08[\x07c\x1bTestMarshal::TestClassI@\x06\x06:\x0e@ivar_bug\"\x08bug")}
+    assert_not_operator(TestClass, :instance_variable_defined?, :@ivar_bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_module_ivar
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.load("\x04\x08Im\x1cTestMarshal::TestModule\x06:\x0e@ivar_bug\"\x08bug")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.load("\x04\x08IM\x1cTestMarshal::TestModule\x06:\x0e@ivar_bug\"\x08bug")}
+    assert_not_operator(TestModule, :instance_variable_defined?, :@ivar_bug)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Marshal.load("\x04\x08[\x07m\x1cTestMarshal::TestModuleI@\x06\x06:\x0e@ivar_bug\"\x08bug")}
+    assert_not_operator(TestModule, :instance_variable_defined?, :@ivar_bug)
+  end
+
+  class TestForRespondToFalse
+    def respond_to?(a, priv = false)
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_respond_to_arity
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, '[Bug #7722]') do
+      Marshal.dump(TestForRespondToFalse.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_packed_string
+    packed = ["foo"].pack("p")
+    bare = "".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) << packed
+    assert_equal(Marshal.dump(bare), Marshal.dump(packed))
+  end
+
+  class Bug9523
+    attr_reader :cc
+    def marshal_dump
+      callcc {|c| @cc = c }
+      nil
+    end
+    def marshal_load(v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_continuation
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require "continuation"}
+    omit 'requires callcc support' unless respond_to?(:callcc)
+
+    c = Bug9523.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /Marshal\.dump reentered at marshal_dump/) do
+      Marshal.dump(c)
+      GC.start
+      1000.times {"x"*1000}
+      GC.start
+      c.cc.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_undumpable_message
+    c = Module.new {break module_eval("class IO\u{26a1} < IO;self;end")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /IO\u{26a1}/) {
+      Marshal.dump(c.new(0, autoclose: false))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_undumpable_data
+    c = Module.new {break module_eval("class T\u{23F0 23F3}<Time;undef _dump;self;end")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /T\u{23F0 23F3}/) {
+      Marshal.dump(c.new)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_unloadable_data
+    name = "Unloadable\u{23F0 23F3}"
+    c = eval("class #{name} < Time;;self;end")
+    c.class_eval {
+      alias _dump_data _dump
+      undef _dump
+    }
+    d = Marshal.dump(c.new)
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Unloadable\u{23F0 23F3}/) {
+      Marshal.load(d)
+    }
+
+  ensure
+    self.class.class_eval do
+      remove_const name
+    end if c
+  end
+
+  def test_unloadable_userdef
+    name = "Userdef\u{23F0 23F3}"
+    c = eval("class #{name} < Time;self;end")
+    class << c
+      undef _load
+    end
+    d = Marshal.dump(c.new)
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Userdef\u{23F0 23F3}/) {
+      Marshal.load(d)
+    }
+
+  ensure
+    self.class.class_eval do
+      remove_const name
+    end if c
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_userdef
+    t = Time.utc(0)
+    t.instance_eval {@v = t}
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /recursive\b.*\b_dump/) do
+      Marshal.dump(t)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unloadable_usrmarshal
+    c = eval("class UsrMarshal\u{23F0 23F3}<Time;self;end")
+    c.class_eval {
+      alias marshal_dump _dump
+    }
+    d = Marshal.dump(c.new)
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /UsrMarshal\u{23F0 23F3}/) {
+      Marshal.load(d)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_no_internal_ids
+    opt = %w[--disable=gems]
+    args = [opt, 'Marshal.dump("",STDOUT)', true, true]
+    kw = {encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT}
+    out, err, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(*args, **kw)
+    assert_empty(err)
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+    expected = out
+
+    opt << "--enable=frozen-string-literal"
+    opt << "--debug=frozen-string-literal"
+    out, err, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(*args, **kw)
+    assert_empty(err)
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+    assert_equal(expected, out)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_honor_post_proc_value_for_link
+    str = 'x' # for link
+    obj = [str, str]
+    assert_equal(['X', 'X'], Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(obj), ->(v) { v == str ? v.upcase : v }))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_proc_string_encoding
+    string = "foo"
+    payload = Marshal.dump(string)
+    Marshal.load(payload, ->(v) {
+      if v.is_a?(String)
+        assert_equal(string, v)
+        assert_equal(string.encoding, v.encoding)
+      end
+      v
+    })
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_proc_freeze
+    object = { foo: [42, "bar"] }
+    assert_equal object, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(object), :freeze.to_proc)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_load_extended_class_crash
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /undefined/) do
+        Marshal.load("\x04\be:\x0F\x00omparableo:\vObject\x00")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_load_r_prepare_reference_crash
+    crash = "\x04\bI/\x05\x00\x06:\x06E{\x06@\x05T"
+
+    opt = %w[--disable=gems]
+    assert_separately(opt, <<-RUBY)
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /bad link/) do
+        Marshal.load(#{crash.dump})
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  MethodMissingWithoutRespondTo = Struct.new(:wrapped_object) do
+    undef respond_to?
+    def method_missing(*args, &block)
+      wrapped_object.public_send(*args, &block)
+    end
+    def respond_to_missing?(name, private = false)
+      wrapped_object.respond_to?(name, false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing_without_respond_to
+    bug12353 = "[ruby-core:75377] [Bug #12353]: try method_missing if" \
+               " respond_to? is undefined"
+    obj = MethodMissingWithoutRespondTo.new("foo")
+    dump = assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug12353) do
+      Marshal.dump(obj)
+    end
+    assert_equal(obj, Marshal.load(dump))
+  end
+
+  class Bug12974
+    def marshal_dump
+      dup
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump_recursion
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /same class instance/) do
+      Marshal.dump(Bug12974.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  Bug14314 = Struct.new(:foo, keyword_init: true)
+
+  def test_marshal_keyword_init_struct
+    obj = Bug14314.new(foo: 42)
+    assert_equal obj, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(obj))
+  end
+
+  class Bug15968
+    attr_accessor :bar, :baz
+
+    def initialize
+      self.bar = Bar.new(self)
+    end
+
+    class Bar
+      attr_accessor :foo
+
+      def initialize(foo)
+        self.foo = foo
+      end
+
+      def marshal_dump
+        if self.foo.baz
+          self.foo.remove_instance_variable(:@baz)
+        else
+          self.foo.baz = :problem
+        end
+        {foo: self.foo}
+      end
+
+      def marshal_load(data)
+        self.foo = data[:foo]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump_adding_instance_variable
+    obj = Bug15968.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /instance variable added/) do
+      Marshal.dump(obj)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_dump_removing_instance_variable
+    obj = Bug15968.new
+    obj.baz = :Bug15968
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /instance variable removed/) do
+      Marshal.dump(obj)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ruby2_keywords def ruby2_keywords_hash(*a)
+    a.last
+  end
+
+  def ruby2_keywords_test(key: 1)
+    key
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_with_ruby2_keywords_hash
+    flagged_hash = ruby2_keywords_hash(key: 42)
+    data = Marshal.dump(flagged_hash)
+    hash = Marshal.load(data)
+    assert_equal(42, ruby2_keywords_test(*[hash]))
+
+    hash2 = Marshal.load(data.sub(/\x06K(?=T\z)/, "\x08KEY"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /\(given 1, expected 0\)/) {
+      ruby2_keywords_test(*[hash2])
+    }
+    hash2 = Marshal.load(data.sub(/:\x06K(?=T\z)/, "I\\&\x06:\x0dencoding\"\x0aUTF-7"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /\(given 1, expected 0\)/) {
+      ruby2_keywords_test(*[hash2])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_byte_sequence_symbol
+    data = Marshal.dump(:K)
+    data = data.sub(/:\x06K/, "I\\&\x06:\x0dencoding\"\x0dUTF-16LE")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /UTF-16LE: "\\x4B"/) {
+      Marshal.load(data)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def exception_test
+    raise
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_exception
+    begin
+      exception_test
+    rescue => e
+      e2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(e))
+      assert_equal(e.message, e2.message)
+      assert_equal(e.backtrace, e2.backtrace)
+      assert_nil(e2.backtrace_locations) # temporal
+    end
+  end
+
+  def nameerror_test
+    unknown_method
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_nameerror
+    begin
+      nameerror_test
+    rescue NameError => e
+      e2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(e))
+      assert_equal(e.message.lines.first.chomp, e2.message.lines.first)
+      assert_equal(e.name, e2.name)
+      assert_equal(e.backtrace, e2.backtrace)
+      assert_nil(e2.backtrace_locations) # temporal
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestMarshalFreezeProc < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include MarshalTestLib
+
+    def encode(o)
+      Marshal.dump(o)
+    end
+
+    def decode(s)
+      Marshal.load(s, :freeze.to_proc)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _test_hash_compared_by_identity(h)
+    h.compare_by_identity
+    h["a" + "0"] = 1
+    h["a" + "0"] = 2
+    h = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(h))
+    assert_predicate(h, :compare_by_identity?)
+    a = h.to_a
+    assert_equal([["a0", 1], ["a0", 2]], a.sort)
+    assert_not_same(a[1][0], a[0][0])
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_compared_by_identity
+    _test_hash_compared_by_identity(Hash.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_default_compared_by_identity
+    _test_hash_compared_by_identity(Hash.new(true))
+  end
+
+  class TestMarshalFreeze < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include MarshalTestLib
+
+    def encode(o)
+      Marshal.dump(o)
+    end
+
+    def decode(s)
+      Marshal.load(s, freeze: true)
+    end
+
+    def test_return_objects_are_frozen
+      source = ["foo", {}, /foo/, 1..2]
+      objects = decode(encode(source))
+      assert_equal source, objects
+      assert_predicate objects, :frozen?
+      objects.each do |obj|
+        assert_predicate obj, :frozen?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_returned_object_are_not_frozen
+      source = ["foo", {}, /foo/, 1..2]
+      objects = Marshal.load(encode(source), ->(o) { o.dup }, freeze: true)
+      assert_equal source, objects
+      refute_predicate objects, :frozen?
+      objects.each do |obj|
+        refute_predicate obj, :frozen?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_modules_and_classes_are_not_frozen
+      _objects = Marshal.load(encode([Object, Kernel]), freeze: true)
+      refute_predicate Object, :frozen?
+      refute_predicate Kernel, :frozen?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_math.rb b/test/ruby/test_math.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e134600cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_math.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestMath < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_infinity(a, *rest)
+    rest = ["not infinity: #{a.inspect}"] if rest.empty?
+    assert_predicate(a, :infinite?, *rest)
+    assert_predicate(a, :positive?, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def assert_nan(a, *rest)
+    rest = ["not nan: #{a.inspect}"] if rest.empty?
+    assert_predicate(a, :nan?, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def assert_float(a, b)
+    err = [Float::EPSILON * 4, [a.abs, b.abs].max * Float::EPSILON * 256].max
+    assert_in_delta(a, b, err)
+  end
+  alias check assert_float
+
+  def assert_float_and_int(exp_ary, act_ary)
+    flo_exp, int_exp, flo_act, int_act = *exp_ary, *act_ary
+    assert_float(flo_exp, flo_act)
+    assert_equal(int_exp, int_act)
+  end
+
+  def test_atan2
+    check(+0.0, Math.atan2(+0.0, +0.0))
+    check(-0.0, Math.atan2(-0.0, +0.0))
+    check(+Math::PI, Math.atan2(+0.0, -0.0))
+    check(-Math::PI, Math.atan2(-0.0, -0.0))
+
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    expected = 3.0 * Math::PI / 4.0
+    assert_nothing_raised { check(+expected, Math.atan2(+inf, -inf)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { check(-expected, Math.atan2(-inf, -inf)) }
+    expected = Math::PI / 4.0
+    assert_nothing_raised { check(+expected, Math.atan2(+inf, +inf)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { check(-expected, Math.atan2(-inf, +inf)) }
+
+    check(0, Math.atan2(0, 1))
+    check(Math::PI / 4, Math.atan2(1, 1))
+    check(Math::PI / 2, Math.atan2(1, 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_cos
+    check(1.0,  Math.cos(0 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(1.0 / Math.sqrt(2), Math.cos(1 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(0.0,  Math.cos(2 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(-1.0, Math.cos(4 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(0.0,  Math.cos(6 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(0.5403023058681398,  Math.cos(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_sin
+    check(0.0,  Math.sin(0 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(1.0 / Math.sqrt(2), Math.sin(1 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(1.0,  Math.sin(2 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(0.0,  Math.sin(4 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(-1.0, Math.sin(6 * Math::PI / 4))
+  end
+
+  def test_tan
+    check(0.0, Math.tan(0 * Math::PI / 4))
+    check(1.0, Math.tan(1 * Math::PI / 4))
+    assert_operator(Math.tan(2 * Math::PI / 4).abs, :>, 1024)
+    check(0.0, Math.tan(4 * Math::PI / 4))
+    assert_operator(Math.tan(6 * Math::PI / 4).abs, :>, 1024)
+  end
+
+  def test_acos
+    check(0 * Math::PI / 4, Math.acos( 1.0))
+    check(1 * Math::PI / 4, Math.acos( 1.0 / Math.sqrt(2)))
+    check(2 * Math::PI / 4, Math.acos( 0.0))
+    check(4 * Math::PI / 4, Math.acos(-1.0))
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bacos\b/) { Math.acos(+1.0 + Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bacos\b/) { Math.acos(-1.0 - Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bacos\b/) { Math.acos(2.0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_asin
+    check( 0 * Math::PI / 4, Math.asin( 0.0))
+    check( 1 * Math::PI / 4, Math.asin( 1.0 / Math.sqrt(2)))
+    check( 2 * Math::PI / 4, Math.asin( 1.0))
+    check(-2 * Math::PI / 4, Math.asin(-1.0))
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\basin\b/) { Math.asin(+1.0 + Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\basin\b/) { Math.asin(-1.0 - Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\basin\b/) { Math.asin(2.0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_atan
+    check( 0 * Math::PI / 4, Math.atan( 0.0))
+    check( 1 * Math::PI / 4, Math.atan( 1.0))
+    check( 2 * Math::PI / 4, Math.atan(1.0 / 0.0))
+    check(-1 * Math::PI / 4, Math.atan(-1.0))
+  end
+
+  def test_cosh
+    check(1, Math.cosh(0))
+    check((Math::E ** 1 + Math::E ** -1) / 2, Math.cosh(1))
+    check((Math::E ** 2 + Math::E ** -2) / 2, Math.cosh(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_sinh
+    check(0, Math.sinh(0))
+    check((Math::E ** 1 - Math::E ** -1) / 2, Math.sinh(1))
+    check((Math::E ** 2 - Math::E ** -2) / 2, Math.sinh(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_tanh
+    check(Math.sinh(0) / Math.cosh(0), Math.tanh(0))
+    check(Math.sinh(1) / Math.cosh(1), Math.tanh(1))
+    check(Math.sinh(2) / Math.cosh(2), Math.tanh(2))
+    check(+1.0, Math.tanh(+1000.0))
+    check(-1.0, Math.tanh(-1000.0))
+  end
+
+  def test_acosh
+    check(0, Math.acosh(1))
+    check(1, Math.acosh((Math::E ** 1 + Math::E ** -1) / 2))
+    check(2, Math.acosh((Math::E ** 2 + Math::E ** -2) / 2))
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bacosh\b/) { Math.acosh(1.0 - Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bacosh\b/) { Math.acosh(0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_asinh
+    check(0, Math.asinh(0))
+    check(1, Math.asinh((Math::E ** 1 - Math::E ** -1) / 2))
+    check(2, Math.asinh((Math::E ** 2 - Math::E ** -2) / 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_atanh
+    check(0, Math.atanh(Math.sinh(0) / Math.cosh(0)))
+    check(1, Math.atanh(Math.sinh(1) / Math.cosh(1)))
+    check(2, Math.atanh(Math.sinh(2) / Math.cosh(2)))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.atanh(1)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.atanh(-1)) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\batanh\b/) { Math.atanh(+1.0 + Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\batanh\b/) { Math.atanh(-1.0 - Float::EPSILON) }
+  end
+
+  def test_exp
+    check(1, Math.exp(0))
+    check(Math.sqrt(Math::E), Math.exp(0.5))
+    check(Math::E, Math.exp(1))
+    check(Math::E ** 2, Math.exp(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_expm1
+    check(0, Math.expm1(0))
+    check(Math.sqrt(Math::E) - 1, Math.expm1(0.5))
+    check(Math::E - 1, Math.expm1(1))
+    check(Math::E ** 2 - 1, Math.expm1(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_log
+    check(0, Math.log(1))
+    check(1, Math.log(Math::E))
+    check(0, Math.log(1, 10))
+    check(1, Math.log(10, 10))
+    check(2, Math.log(100, 10))
+    check(Math.log(2.0 ** 64), Math.log(1 << 64))
+    check(Math.log(2) * 1024.0, Math.log(2 ** 1024))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.log(1.0/0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log(+0.0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log(-0.0)) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog\b/) { Math.log(-1.0) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog\b/) { Math.log(-Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Math.log(1,nil) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog\b/, '[ruby-core:62309] [ruby-Bug #9797]') { Math.log(1.0, -1.0) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog\b/) { Math.log(1.0, -Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.log(0.0, 0.0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.log(Float::NAN)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.log(1.0, Float::NAN)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log(0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log(0, 2)) }
+    check(307.95368556425274, Math.log(2**1023, 10))
+  end
+
+  def test_log2
+    check(0, Math.log2(1))
+    check(1, Math.log2(2))
+    check(2, Math.log2(4))
+    check(Math.log2(2.0 ** 64), Math.log2(1 << 64))
+    check(1024.0, Math.log2(2 ** 1024))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.log2(1.0/0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log2(+0.0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log2(-0.0)) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog2\b/) { Math.log2(-1.0) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog2\b/) { Math.log2(-Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.log2(Float::NAN)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log2(0)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_log10
+    check(0, Math.log10(1))
+    check(1, Math.log10(10))
+    check(2, Math.log10(100))
+    check(Math.log10(2.0 ** 64), Math.log10(1 << 64))
+    check(Math.log10(2) * 1024, Math.log10(2 ** 1024))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.log10(1.0/0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log10(+0.0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log10(-0.0)) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog10\b/) { Math.log10(-1.0) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog10\b/) { Math.log10(-Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.log10(Float::NAN)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log10(0)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_log1p
+    check(0, Math.log1p(0))
+    check(1, Math.log1p(Math::E - 1))
+    check(Math.log(2.0 ** 64 + 1), Math.log1p(1 << 64))
+    check(Math.log(2) * 1024.0, Math.log1p(2 ** 1024))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.log1p(1.0/0)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log1p(-1.0)) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog1p\b/) { Math.log1p(-1.1) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blog1p\b/) { Math.log1p(-Float::EPSILON-1) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.log1p(Float::NAN)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(-Math.log1p(-1)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_sqrt
+    check(0, Math.sqrt(0))
+    check(1, Math.sqrt(1))
+    check(2, Math.sqrt(4))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.sqrt(1.0/0)) }
+    assert_equal("0.0", Math.sqrt(-0.0).to_s) # insure it is +0.0, not -0.0
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bsqrt\b/) { Math.sqrt(-1.0) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bsqrt\b/) { Math.sqrt(-Float::EPSILON) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.sqrt(Float::NAN)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_cbrt
+    check(1, Math.cbrt(1))
+    check(-2, Math.cbrt(-8))
+    check(3, Math.cbrt(27))
+    check(-0.1, Math.cbrt(-0.001))
+    check(0.0, Math.cbrt(0.0))
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_infinity(Math.cbrt(1.0/0)) }
+    assert_operator(Math.cbrt(1.0 - Float::EPSILON), :<=, 1.0)
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.sqrt(Float::NAN)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_nan(Math.cbrt(Float::NAN)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_frexp
+    assert_float_and_int([0.0,  0], Math.frexp(0.0))
+    assert_float_and_int([0.5,  0], Math.frexp(0.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([0.5,  1], Math.frexp(1.0))
+    assert_float_and_int([0.5,  2], Math.frexp(2.0))
+    assert_float_and_int([0.75, 2], Math.frexp(3.0))
+    assert_nan(Math.frexp(Float::NAN)[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_ldexp
+    check(0.0, Math.ldexp(0.0, 0.0))
+    check(0.5, Math.ldexp(0.5, 0.0))
+    check(1.0, Math.ldexp(0.5, 1.0))
+    check(2.0, Math.ldexp(0.5, 2.0))
+    check(3.0, Math.ldexp(0.75, 2.0))
+  end
+
+  def test_hypot
+    check(5, Math.hypot(3, 4))
+  end
+
+  def test_erf
+    check(0, Math.erf(0))
+    check(1, Math.erf(1.0 / 0.0))
+    assert_nan(Math.erf(Float::NAN))
+  end
+
+  def test_erfc
+    check(1, Math.erfc(0))
+    check(0, Math.erfc(1.0 / 0.0))
+    assert_nan(Math.erfc(Float::NAN))
+  end
+
+  def test_gamma
+    sqrt_pi = Math.sqrt(Math::PI)
+    check(4 * sqrt_pi / 3, Math.gamma(-1.5))
+    check(-2 * sqrt_pi, Math.gamma(-0.5))
+    check(sqrt_pi, Math.gamma(0.5))
+    check(1, Math.gamma(1))
+    check(sqrt_pi / 2, Math.gamma(1.5))
+    check(1, Math.gamma(2))
+    check(3 * sqrt_pi / 4, Math.gamma(2.5))
+    check(2, Math.gamma(3))
+    check(15 * sqrt_pi / 8, Math.gamma(3.5))
+    check(6, Math.gamma(4))
+    check(1.1240007277776077e+21, Math.gamma(23))
+    check(2.5852016738885062e+22, Math.gamma(24))
+
+    # no SEGV [ruby-core:25257]
+    31.upto(65) do |i|
+      i = 1 << i
+      assert_infinity(Math.gamma(i), "Math.gamma(#{i}) should be INF")
+      assert_infinity(Math.gamma(i-1), "Math.gamma(#{i-1}) should be INF")
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bgamma\b/) { Math.gamma(-Float::INFINITY) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\bgamma\b/) { Math.gamma(-1.0) }
+    x = Math.gamma(-0.0)
+    mesg = "Math.gamma(-0.0) should be -INF"
+    assert_infinity(-x, mesg)
+    assert_nan(Math.gamma(Float::NAN))
+  end
+
+  def test_lgamma
+    sqrt_pi = Math.sqrt(Math::PI)
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(4 * sqrt_pi / 3),  1], Math.lgamma(-1.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(2 * sqrt_pi),     -1], Math.lgamma(-0.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(sqrt_pi),          1], Math.lgamma(0.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([0,                          1], Math.lgamma(1))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(sqrt_pi / 2),      1], Math.lgamma(1.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([0,                          1], Math.lgamma(2))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(3 * sqrt_pi / 4),  1], Math.lgamma(2.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(2),                1], Math.lgamma(3))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(15 * sqrt_pi / 8), 1], Math.lgamma(3.5))
+    assert_float_and_int([Math.log(6),                1], Math.lgamma(4))
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(Math::DomainError, /\blgamma\b/) { Math.lgamma(-Float::INFINITY) }
+
+    x, sign = Math.lgamma(+0.0)
+    mesg = "Math.lgamma(+0.0) should be [INF, +1]"
+    assert_infinity(x, mesg)
+    assert_equal(+1, sign, mesg)
+
+    x, sign = Math.lgamma(-0.0)
+    mesg = "Math.lgamma(-0.0) should be [INF, -1]"
+    assert_infinity(x, mesg)
+    assert_equal(-1, sign, mesg)
+
+    x, = Math.lgamma(-1)
+    assert_infinity(x, "Math.lgamma(-1) should be +INF")
+
+    x, = Math.lgamma(Float::NAN)
+    assert_nan(x)
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_to_f
+    check(12.0, Math.sqrt(144))
+  end
+
+  def test_override_integer_to_f
+    Integer.class_eval do
+      alias _to_f to_f
+      def to_f
+        (self + 1)._to_f
+      end
+    end
+
+    check(Math.cos((0 + 1)._to_f), Math.cos(0))
+    check(Math.exp((0 + 1)._to_f), Math.exp(0))
+    check(Math.log((0 + 1)._to_f), Math.log(0))
+  ensure
+    Integer.class_eval { undef to_f; alias to_f _to_f; undef _to_f }
+  end
+
+  def test_bignum_to_f
+    check((1 << 65).to_f, Math.sqrt(1 << 130))
+  end
+
+  def test_override_bignum_to_f
+    Integer.class_eval do
+      alias _to_f to_f
+      def to_f
+        (self << 1)._to_f
+      end
+    end
+
+    check(Math.cos((1 << 64 << 1)._to_f),  Math.cos(1 << 64))
+    check(Math.log((1 << 64 << 1)._to_f),  Math.log(1 << 64))
+  ensure
+    Integer.class_eval { undef to_f; alias to_f _to_f; undef _to_f }
+  end
+
+  def test_rational_to_f
+    check((2 ** 31).fdiv(3 ** 20), Math.sqrt((2 ** 62)/(3 ** 40).to_r))
+  end
+
+  def test_override_rational_to_f
+    Rational.class_eval do
+      alias _to_f to_f
+      def to_f
+        (self + 1)._to_f
+      end
+    end
+
+    check(Math.cos((0r + 1)._to_f), Math.cos(0r))
+    check(Math.exp((0r + 1)._to_f), Math.exp(0r))
+    check(Math.log((0r + 1)._to_f), Math.log(0r))
+  ensure
+    Rational.class_eval { undef to_f; alias to_f _to_f; undef _to_f }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_memory_view.rb b/test/ruby/test_memory_view.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0122ddd59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_memory_view.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+require "-test-/memory_view"
+require "rbconfig/sizeof"
+
+class TestMemoryView < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  NATIVE_ENDIAN = MemoryViewTestUtils::NATIVE_ENDIAN
+  LITTLE_ENDIAN = :little_endian
+  BIG_ENDIAN    = :big_endian
+
+  %I(SHORT INT INT16 INT32 INT64 INTPTR LONG LONG_LONG FLOAT DOUBLE).each do |type|
+    name = :"#{type}_ALIGNMENT"
+    const_set(name, MemoryViewTestUtils.const_get(name))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_register_duplicated
+    assert_warning(/Duplicated registration of memory view to/) do
+      MemoryViewTestUtils.register(MemoryViewTestUtils::ExportableString)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_register_nonclass
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      MemoryViewTestUtils.register(Object.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def sizeof(type)
+    RbConfig::SIZEOF[type.to_s]
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format
+    [
+      [nil, 1], ['c', 1], ['C', 1],
+      ['n', 2], ['v', 2],
+      ['l', 4], ['L', 4], ['N', 4], ['V', 4], ['f', 4], ['e', 4], ['g', 4],
+      ['q', 8], ['Q', 8], ['d', 8], ['E', 8], ['G', 8],
+      ['s', sizeof(:short)], ['S', sizeof(:short)], ['s!', sizeof(:short)], ['S!', sizeof(:short)],
+      ['i', sizeof(:int)], ['I', sizeof(:int)], ['i!', sizeof(:int)], ['I!', sizeof(:int)],
+      ['l!', sizeof(:long)], ['L!', sizeof(:long)],
+      ['q!', sizeof('long long')], ['Q!', sizeof('long long')],
+      ['j', sizeof(:intptr_t)], ['J', sizeof(:intptr_t)],
+    ].each do |format, expected|
+      actual, err = MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format(format)
+      assert_nil(err)
+      assert_equal(expected, actual, "rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(#{format || 'NULL'}) == #{expected}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format_composed
+    actual, = MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("ccc")
+    assert_equal(3, actual)
+
+    actual, = MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("c3")
+    assert_equal(3, actual)
+
+    actual, = MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("fd")
+    assert_equal(12, actual)
+
+    actual, = MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("fx2d")
+    assert_equal(14, actual)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format_with_spaces
+    # spaces should be ignored
+    actual, = MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("f x2 d")
+    assert_equal(14, actual)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format_error
+    assert_equal([-1, "a"], MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("ccca"))
+    assert_equal([-1, "a"], MemoryViewTestUtils.item_size_from_format("ccc4a"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_parse_item_format
+    total_size, members, err = MemoryViewTestUtils.parse_item_format("ccc2f3x2d4q!<")
+    assert_equal(58, total_size)
+    assert_nil(err)
+    assert_equal([
+                   {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset:  0, size: 1, repeat: 1},
+                   {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset:  1, size: 1, repeat: 1},
+                   {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset:  2, size: 1, repeat: 2},
+                   {format: 'f', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset:  4, size: 4, repeat: 3},
+                   {format: 'd', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset: 18, size: 8, repeat: 4},
+                   {format: 'q', native_size_p: true,  endianness: :little_endian, offset: 50, size: sizeof('long long'), repeat: 1}
+                 ],
+                 members)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_parse_item_format_with_alignment_signle
+    [
+      ["c",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  1,               1,              1],
+      ["C",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  1,               1,              1],
+      ["s",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  SHORT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:short), 1],
+      ["S",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  SHORT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:short), 1],
+      ["s!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  SHORT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:short), 1],
+      ["S!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  SHORT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:short), 1],
+      ["n",  false, :big_endian,    INT16_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int16_t), 1],
+      ["v",  false, :little_endian, INT16_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int16_t), 1],
+      ["i",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int), 1],
+      ["I",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int), 1],
+      ["i!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int), 1],
+      ["I!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int), 1],
+      ["l",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT32_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int32_t), 1],
+      ["L",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT32_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int32_t), 1],
+      ["l!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  LONG_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:long), 1],
+      ["L!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  LONG_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:long), 1],
+      ["N",  false, :big_endian,    INT32_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int32_t), 1],
+      ["V",  false, :little_endian, INT32_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int32_t), 1],
+      ["f",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  FLOAT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:float), 1],
+      ["e",  false, :little_endian, FLOAT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:float), 1],
+      ["g",  false, :big_endian,    FLOAT_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:float), 1],
+      ["q",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT64_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int64_t), 1],
+      ["Q",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INT64_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:int64_t), 1],
+      ["q!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  LONG_LONG_ALIGNMENT, sizeof("long long"), 1],
+      ["Q!", true,  NATIVE_ENDIAN,  LONG_LONG_ALIGNMENT, sizeof("long long"), 1],
+      ["d",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  DOUBLE_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:double), 1],
+      ["E",  false, :little_endian, DOUBLE_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:double), 1],
+      ["G",  false, :big_endian,    DOUBLE_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:double), 1],
+      ["j",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INTPTR_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:intptr_t), 1],
+      ["J",  false, NATIVE_ENDIAN,  INTPTR_ALIGNMENT, sizeof(:intptr_t), 1],
+    ].each do |type, native_size_p, endianness, alignment, size, repeat, total_size|
+      total_size, members, err = MemoryViewTestUtils.parse_item_format("|c#{type}")
+      assert_nil(err)
+
+      padding_size = alignment - 1
+      expected_total_size = 1 + padding_size + size
+      assert_equal(expected_total_size, total_size)
+
+      expected_result = [
+        {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN,  offset: 0, size: 1, repeat: 1},
+        {format: type[0], native_size_p: native_size_p, endianness: endianness,  offset: alignment, size: size, repeat: repeat},
+      ]
+      assert_equal(expected_result, members)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def alignment_padding(total_size, alignment)
+    res = total_size % alignment
+    if res > 0
+      alignment - res
+    else
+      0
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_parse_item_format_with_alignment_total_size_with_tail_padding
+    total_size, _members, err = MemoryViewTestUtils.parse_item_format("|lqc")
+    assert_nil(err)
+
+    expected_total_size = sizeof(:int32_t)
+    expected_total_size += alignment_padding(expected_total_size, INT32_ALIGNMENT)
+    expected_total_size += sizeof(:int64_t)
+    expected_total_size += alignment_padding(expected_total_size, INT64_ALIGNMENT)
+    expected_total_size += 1
+    expected_total_size += alignment_padding(expected_total_size, INT64_ALIGNMENT)
+    assert_equal(expected_total_size, total_size)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_parse_item_format_with_alignment_compound
+    total_size, members, err = MemoryViewTestUtils.parse_item_format("|ccc2f3x2d4cq!<")
+    assert_nil(err)
+
+    expected_total_size = 1 + 1 + 1*2
+    expected_total_size += alignment_padding(expected_total_size, FLOAT_ALIGNMENT)
+    expected_total_size += sizeof(:float)*3 + 1*2
+    expected_total_size += alignment_padding(expected_total_size, DOUBLE_ALIGNMENT)
+    expected_total_size += sizeof(:double)*4 + 1
+    expected_total_size += alignment_padding(expected_total_size, LONG_LONG_ALIGNMENT)
+    expected_total_size += sizeof("long long")
+    assert_equal(expected_total_size, total_size)
+
+    expected_result = [
+      {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN,  offset:  0, size: 1, repeat: 1},
+      {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN,  offset:  1, size: 1, repeat: 1},
+      {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN,  offset:  2, size: 1, repeat: 2},
+    ]
+    offset = 4
+
+    res = offset % FLOAT_ALIGNMENT
+    offset += FLOAT_ALIGNMENT - res if res > 0
+    expected_result << {format: 'f', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset: offset, size: 4, repeat: 3}
+    offset += 12
+
+    offset += 2 # 2x
+
+    res = offset % DOUBLE_ALIGNMENT
+    offset += DOUBLE_ALIGNMENT - res if res > 0
+    expected_result << {format: 'd', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN, offset: offset, size: 8, repeat: 4}
+    offset += 32
+
+    expected_result << {format: 'c', native_size_p: false, endianness: NATIVE_ENDIAN,  offset: offset, size: 1, repeat: 1}
+    offset += 1
+
+    res = offset % LONG_LONG_ALIGNMENT
+    offset += LONG_LONG_ALIGNMENT - res if res > 0
+    expected_result << {format: 'q', native_size_p: true, endianness: :little_endian, offset: offset, size: 8, repeat: 1}
+
+    assert_equal(expected_result, members)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_extract_item_members
+    m = MemoryViewTestUtils
+    assert_equal(1, m.extract_item_members([1].pack("c"), "c"))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], m.extract_item_members([1, 2].pack("ii"), "ii"))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3].pack("cls"), "cls"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_extract_item_members_endianness
+    m = MemoryViewTestUtils
+    assert_equal([0x0102, 0x0304], m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "S>2"))
+    assert_equal([0x0102, 0x0304], m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "n2"))
+    assert_equal([0x0201, 0x0403], m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "S<2"))
+    assert_equal([0x0201, 0x0403], m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "v2"))
+    assert_equal(0x01020304, m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "L>"))
+    assert_equal(0x01020304, m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "N"))
+    assert_equal(0x04030201, m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "L<"))
+    assert_equal(0x04030201, m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4].pack("c*"), "V"))
+    assert_equal(0x0102030405060708, m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].pack("c*"), "Q>"))
+    assert_equal(0x0807060504030201, m.extract_item_members([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].pack("c*"), "Q<"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_extract_item_members_float
+    m = MemoryViewTestUtils
+    packed = [1.23].pack("f")
+    assert_equal(packed.unpack("f")[0], m.extract_item_members(packed, "f"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_extract_item_members_float_endianness
+    m = MemoryViewTestUtils
+    hi, lo = [1.23].pack("f").unpack("L")[0].divmod(0x10000)
+    packed = [lo, hi].pack("S*")
+    assert_equal(packed.unpack("e")[0], m.extract_item_members(packed, "e"))
+    packed = [hi, lo].pack("S*")
+    assert_equal(packed.unpack("g")[0], m.extract_item_members(packed, "g"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_extract_item_members_doble
+    m = MemoryViewTestUtils
+    packed = [1.23].pack("d")
+    assert_equal(1.23, m.extract_item_members(packed, "d"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_extract_item_members_doble_endianness
+    m = MemoryViewTestUtils
+    hi, lo = [1.23].pack("d").unpack("Q")[0].divmod(0x10000)
+    packed = [lo, hi].pack("L*")
+    assert_equal(packed.unpack("E")[0], m.extract_item_members(packed, "E"))
+    packed = [hi, lo].pack("L*")
+    assert_equal(packed.unpack("G")[0], m.extract_item_members(packed, "G"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_available_p
+    es = MemoryViewTestUtils::ExportableString.new("ruby")
+    assert_equal(true, MemoryViewTestUtils.available?(es))
+    es = MemoryViewTestUtils::ExportableString.new(nil)
+    assert_equal(false, MemoryViewTestUtils.available?(es))
+  end
+
+  def test_ref_count_with_exported_object
+    es = MemoryViewTestUtils::ExportableString.new("ruby")
+    assert_equal(1, MemoryViewTestUtils.ref_count_while_exporting(es, 1))
+    assert_equal(2, MemoryViewTestUtils.ref_count_while_exporting(es, 2))
+    assert_equal(10, MemoryViewTestUtils.ref_count_while_exporting(es, 10))
+    assert_nil(MemoryViewTestUtils.ref_count_while_exporting(es, 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array
+    # ExportableString's memory view is initialized by rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array
+    es = MemoryViewTestUtils::ExportableString.new("ruby")
+    memory_view_info = MemoryViewTestUtils.get_memory_view_info(es)
+    assert_equal({
+                   obj: es,
+                   byte_size: 4,
+                   readonly: true,
+                   format: nil,
+                   item_size: 1,
+                   ndim: 1,
+                   shape: nil,
+                   strides: nil,
+                   sub_offsets: nil
+                 },
+                 memory_view_info)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_get_with_memory_view_unavailable_object
+    es = MemoryViewTestUtils::ExportableString.new(nil)
+    memory_view_info = MemoryViewTestUtils.get_memory_view_info(es)
+    assert_nil(memory_view_info)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides
+    row_major_strides = MemoryViewTestUtils.fill_contiguous_strides(3, 8, [2, 3, 4], true)
+    assert_equal([96, 32, 8],
+                 row_major_strides)
+
+    column_major_strides = MemoryViewTestUtils.fill_contiguous_strides(3, 8, [2, 3, 4], false)
+    assert_equal([8, 16, 48],
+                 column_major_strides)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer_single_member
+    buf = [ 1, 2, 3, 4,
+            5, 6, 7, 8,
+            9, 10, 11, 12 ].pack("l!*")
+    shape = [3, 4]
+    mv = MemoryViewTestUtils::MultiDimensionalView.new(buf, "l!", shape, nil)
+    assert_equal(1, mv[[0, 0]])
+    assert_equal(4, mv[[0, 3]])
+    assert_equal(6, mv[[1, 1]])
+    assert_equal(10, mv[[2, 1]])
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer_multiple_members
+    buf = [ 1, 2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,
+            -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8].pack("s*")
+    shape = [2, 4]
+    strides = [4*sizeof(:short)*2, sizeof(:short)*2]
+    mv = MemoryViewTestUtils::MultiDimensionalView.new(buf, "ss", shape, strides)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], mv[[0, 0]])
+    assert_equal([5, 6], mv[[0, 2]])
+    assert_equal([-1, -2], mv[[1, 0]])
+    assert_equal([-7, -8], mv[[1, 3]])
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", ["[5, 6]", "[-7, -8]"], [])
+      require "-test-/memory_view"
+      require "rbconfig/sizeof"
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      r = Ractor.new RbConfig::SIZEOF["short"] do |sizeof_short|
+        buf = [ 1, 2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,
+                -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8].pack("s*")
+        shape = [2, 4]
+        strides = [4*sizeof_short*2, sizeof_short*2]
+        mv = MemoryViewTestUtils::MultiDimensionalView.new(buf, "ss", shape, strides)
+        p mv[[0, 2]]
+        mv[[1, 3]]
+      end
+      p r.value
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_metaclass.rb b/test/ruby/test_metaclass.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c1990a78c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_metaclass.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestMetaclass < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Foo; end
+  class Bar < Foo; end
+  class Baz; end
+
+  def setup
+    Object.class_eval do
+      def method_o; end
+    end
+    Module.class_eval do
+      def method_m; end
+    end
+    Class.class_eval do
+      def method_c; end
+    end
+  end
+  def teardown
+    Object.class_eval do
+      remove_method :method_o rescue nil
+    end
+    Module.class_eval do
+      remove_method :method_m rescue nil
+    end
+    Class.class_eval do
+      remove_method :method_c rescue nil
+    end
+    Object.class_eval do
+      class << self
+        remove_method :class_method_o rescue nil
+      end
+    end
+    Module.class_eval do
+      class << self
+        remove_method :class_method_m rescue nil
+      end
+    end
+    Class.class_eval do
+      class << self
+        remove_method :class_method_c rescue nil
+      end
+    end
+    Object.class_eval do
+      class << self
+        class << self
+          remove_method :metaclass_method_o rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    Module.class_eval do
+      class << self
+        class << self
+          remove_method :metaclass_method_m rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    Class.class_eval do
+      class << self
+        class << self
+          remove_method :metaclass_method_c rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_metaclass
+    class << Object
+      def class_method_o; end
+    end
+    class << Foo
+      def class_method_f; end
+    end
+    class << Baz
+      def class_method_b; end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised{ Bar.method_o }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ Bar.method_m }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ Bar.method_c }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ Bar.class_method_o }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ Bar.class_method_f }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ Bar.class_method_b }
+
+    class << Module
+      def class_method_m; end
+    end
+    class << Class
+      def class_method_c; end
+    end
+    class << Object
+      class << self
+        def metaclass_method_o; end
+      end
+    end
+    class << Foo
+      class << self
+        def metaclass_method_f; end
+      end
+    end
+    class << Baz
+      class << self
+        def metaclass_method_b; end
+      end
+    end
+    metaclass_of_bar = class << Bar; self end
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.method_o }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.method_m }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.method_c }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.class_method_o }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metaclass_of_bar.class_method_f }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metaclass_of_bar.class_method_b }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.class_method_m }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.class_method_c }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_o }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_f }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_b }
+
+    class << Module
+      class << self
+        def metaclass_method_m; end
+      end
+    end
+    class << Class
+      class << self
+        def metaclass_method_c; end
+      end
+    end
+    class << Object
+      class << self
+        class << self
+          def metametaclass_method_o; end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    class << Foo
+      class << self
+        class << self
+          def metametaclass_method_f; end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    class << Baz
+      class << self
+        class << self
+          def metametaclass_method_b; end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    metametaclass_of_bar = class << metaclass_of_bar; self end
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.method_o }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.method_m }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.method_c }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.class_method_o }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metametaclass_of_bar.class_method_f }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metametaclass_of_bar.class_method_b }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.class_method_m }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.class_method_c }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_o }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metametaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_f }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metametaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_b }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_m }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_c }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.metametaclass_method_o }
+    assert_nothing_raised{ metametaclass_of_bar.metametaclass_method_f }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ metametaclass_of_bar.metaclass_method_b }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_method.rb b/test/ruby/test_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8561f841a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1893 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestMethod < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def m0() end
+  def m1(a) end
+  def m2(a, b) end
+  def mo1(a = nil, &b) end
+  def mo2(a, b = nil) end
+  def mo3(*a) end
+  def mo4(a, *b, &c) end
+  def mo5(a, *b, c) end
+  def mo6(a, *b, c, &d) end
+  def mo7(a, b = nil, *c, d, &e) end
+  def mo8(a, b = nil, *, d, &e) end
+  def ma1((a), &b) nil && a end
+  def mk1(**) end
+  def mk2(**o) nil && o end
+  def mk3(a, **o) nil && o end
+  def mk4(a = nil, **o) nil && o end
+  def mk5(a, b = nil, **o) nil && o end
+  def mk6(a, b = nil, c, **o) nil && o end
+  def mk7(a, b = nil, *c, d, **o) nil && o end
+  def mk8(a, b = nil, *c, d, e:, f: nil, **o) nil && o end
+  def mnk(**nil) end
+  def mf(...) end
+
+  class Base
+    def foo() :base end
+  end
+  class Derived < Base
+    def foo() :derived end
+  end
+  class T
+    def initialize; end
+    def initialize_copy(*) super end
+    def initialize_clone(*) super end
+    def initialize_dup(*) super end
+    def respond_to_missing?(*) super end
+    def normal_method; end
+  end
+  module M
+    def func; end
+    module_function :func
+    def meth; :meth end
+  end
+
+  def mv1() end
+  def mv2() end
+  private :mv2
+  def mv3() end
+  protected :mv3
+
+  class Visibility
+    def mv1() end
+    def mv2() end
+    private :mv2
+    def mv3() end
+    protected :mv3
+  end
+
+  def test_arity
+    assert_equal(0, method(:m0).arity)
+    assert_equal(1, method(:m1).arity)
+    assert_equal(2, method(:m2).arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, method(:mo1).arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, method(:mo2).arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, method(:mo3).arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, method(:mo4).arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, method(:mo5).arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, method(:mo6).arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, method(:mk1).arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, method(:mk2).arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, method(:mk3).arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, method(:mk4).arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, method(:mk5).arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, method(:mk6).arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, method(:mk7).arity)
+  end
+
+  def test_arity_special
+    assert_equal(-1, method(:__send__).arity)
+  end
+
+  def test_unbind
+    assert_equal(:derived, Derived.new.foo)
+    um = Derived.new.method(:foo).unbind
+    assert_instance_of(UnboundMethod, um)
+    Derived.class_eval do
+      def foo() :changed end
+    end
+    assert_equal(:changed, Derived.new.foo)
+    assert_equal(:derived, um.bind(Derived.new).call)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      um.bind(Base.new)
+    end
+
+    # cleanup
+    Derived.class_eval do
+      remove_method :foo
+      def foo() :derived; end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_callee
+    assert_equal(:test_callee, __method__)
+    assert_equal(:m, Class.new {def m; __method__; end}.new.m)
+    assert_equal(:m, Class.new {def m; tap{return __method__}; end}.new.m)
+    assert_equal(:m, Class.new {define_method(:m) {__method__}}.new.m)
+    assert_equal(:m, Class.new {define_method(:m) {tap{return __method__}}}.new.m)
+    assert_nil(eval("class TestCallee; __method__; end"))
+
+    assert_equal(:test_callee, __callee__)
+    [
+      ["method",              Class.new {def m; __callee__; end},],
+      ["block",               Class.new {def m; tap{return __callee__}; end},],
+      ["define_method",       Class.new {define_method(:m) {__callee__}}],
+      ["define_method block", Class.new {define_method(:m) {tap{return __callee__}}}],
+    ].each do |mesg, c|
+      c.class_eval {alias m2 m}
+      o = c.new
+      assert_equal(:m, o.m, mesg)
+      assert_equal(:m2, o.m2, mesg)
+    end
+    assert_nil(eval("class TestCallee; __callee__; end"))
+  end
+
+  def test_orphan_callee
+    c = Class.new{def foo; proc{__callee__}; end; alias alias_foo foo}
+    assert_equal(:alias_foo, c.new.alias_foo.call, '[Bug #11046]')
+  end
+
+  def test_method_in_define_method_block
+    bug4606 = '[ruby-core:35386]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      [:m1, :m2].each do |m|
+        define_method(m) do
+          __method__
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(:m1, c.new.m1, bug4606)
+    assert_equal(:m2, c.new.m2, bug4606)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_in_block_in_define_method_block
+    bug4606 = '[ruby-core:35386]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      [:m1, :m2].each do |m|
+        define_method(m) do
+          tap { return __method__ }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(:m1, c.new.m1, bug4606)
+    assert_equal(:m2, c.new.m2, bug4606)
+  end
+
+  def test_body
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo; end
+    assert_nothing_raised { RubyVM::InstructionSequence.disasm(o.method(:foo)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { RubyVM::InstructionSequence.disasm("x".method(:upcase)) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { RubyVM::InstructionSequence.disasm(method(:to_s).to_proc) }
+  end
+
+  def test_new
+    c1 = Class.new
+    c1.class_eval { def foo; :foo; end }
+    c2 = Class.new(c1)
+    c2.class_eval { private :foo }
+    o = c2.new
+    o.extend(Module.new)
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.method(:bar) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.public_method(:foo) }
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.method(:foo).call)
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      def foo; end
+      alias bar foo
+      def baz; end
+    end
+    assert_not_equal(o.method(:foo), nil)
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    def m.foo; end
+    assert_not_equal(o.method(:foo), m)
+    assert_equal(o.method(:foo), o.method(:foo))
+    assert_equal(o.method(:foo), o.method(:bar))
+    assert_not_equal(o.method(:foo), o.method(:baz))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo; end
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, o.method(:foo).hash)
+    assert_equal(Array.instance_method(:map).hash, Array.instance_method(:collect).hash)
+    assert_kind_of(String, o.method(:foo).hash.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_does_not_change_after_compaction
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    # iseq backed method
+    assert_separately([], <<~RUBY)
+      def a; end
+
+      # Need this method here because otherwise the iseq may be on the C stack
+      # which would get pinned and not move during compaction
+      def get_hash
+        method(:a).hash
+      end
+
+      hash = get_hash
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_equal(hash, get_hash)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_owner
+    c = Class.new do
+      def foo; end
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, c.instance_method(:foo).owner)
+    c2 = Class.new(c)
+    assert_equal(c, c2.instance_method(:foo).owner)
+  end
+
+  def test_owner_missing
+    c = Class.new do
+      def respond_to_missing?(name, bool)
+        name == :foo
+      end
+    end
+    c2 = Class.new(c)
+    assert_equal(c, c.new.method(:foo).owner)
+    assert_equal(c2, c2.new.method(:foo).owner)
+  end
+
+  def test_receiver_name_owner
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo; end
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    assert_equal(o, m.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:foo, m.name)
+    assert_equal(class << o; self; end, m.owner)
+    assert_equal(:foo, m.unbind.name)
+    assert_equal(class << o; self; end, m.unbind.owner)
+    class << o
+      alias bar foo
+    end
+    m = o.method(:bar)
+    assert_equal(:bar, m.name)
+    assert_equal(:foo, m.original_name)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_method
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval do
+      def foo; :foo; end
+      private :foo
+    end
+    o = c.new
+    o.method(:foo).unbind
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o.foo }
+    c.instance_method(:foo).bind(o)
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.instance_eval { foo })
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.public_instance_method(:foo) }
+    def o.bar; end
+    m = o.method(:bar).unbind
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { m.bind(Object.new) }
+
+    cx = EnvUtil.labeled_class("X\u{1f431}")
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /X\u{1f431}/) do
+        o.method(cx)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_module_instance_method
+    feature4254 = '[ruby-core:34267]'
+    m = M.instance_method(:meth)
+    assert_equal(:meth, m.bind(Object.new).call, feature4254)
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval { def foo; :foo; end }
+    o = c.new
+    def o.bar; :bar; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      c.class_eval { define_method(:foo, :foo) }
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      c.class_eval { define_method }
+    end
+    c2 = Class.new(c)
+    c2.class_eval { define_method(:baz, o.method(:foo)) }
+    assert_equal(:foo, c2.new.baz)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Class.new.class_eval { define_method(:foo, o.method(:foo)) }
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Class.new.class_eval { define_method(:bar, o.method(:bar)) }
+    end
+
+    cx = EnvUtil.labeled_class("X\u{1f431}")
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /X\u{1F431}/) do
+        Class.new {define_method(cx) {}}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_no_proc
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo(c)
+      c.class_eval { define_method(:foo) }
+    end
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {o.foo(c)}
+
+    bug11283 = '[ruby-core:69655] [Bug #11283]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug11283) {o.foo(c) {:foo}}
+  end
+
+  def test_define_singleton_method
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_eval { define_singleton_method(:foo) { :foo } }
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.foo)
+  end
+
+  PUBLIC_SINGLETON_TEST = Object.new
+  class << PUBLIC_SINGLETON_TEST
+    private
+    PUBLIC_SINGLETON_TEST.define_singleton_method(:dsm){}
+    def PUBLIC_SINGLETON_TEST.def; end
+  end
+  def test_define_singleton_method_public
+    assert_nil(PUBLIC_SINGLETON_TEST.dsm)
+    assert_nil(PUBLIC_SINGLETON_TEST.def)
+  end
+
+  def test_define_singleton_method_no_proc
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      o.instance_eval { define_singleton_method(:bar) }
+    }
+
+    bug11283 = '[ruby-core:69655] [Bug #11283]'
+    def o.define(n)
+      define_singleton_method(n)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug11283) {o.define(:bar) {:bar}}
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_invalid_arg
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Class.new.class_eval { define_method(:foo, Object.new) }
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.new.module_eval {define_method(:foo, Base.instance_method(:foo))}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_define_singleton_method_with_extended_method
+    bug8686 = "[ruby-core:56174]"
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      extend self
+
+      def a
+        "a"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug8686) do
+      m.define_singleton_method(:a, m.method(:a))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_transplating
+    feature4254 = '[ruby-core:34267]'
+    m = Module.new {define_method(:meth, M.instance_method(:meth))}
+    assert_equal(:meth, Object.new.extend(m).meth, feature4254)
+    c = Class.new {define_method(:meth, M.instance_method(:meth))}
+    assert_equal(:meth, c.new.meth, feature4254)
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_visibility
+    c = Class.new do
+      public
+      define_method(:foo) {:foo}
+      protected
+      define_method(:bar) {:bar}
+      private
+      define_method(:baz) {:baz}
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(true, c.public_method_defined?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:bar))
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:baz))
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(true, c.protected_method_defined?(:bar))
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:baz))
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:bar))
+    assert_equal(true, c.private_method_defined?(:baz))
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      module_function
+      define_method(:foo) {:foo}
+    end
+    assert_equal(true, m.respond_to?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(false, m.public_method_defined?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(false, m.protected_method_defined?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(true, m.private_method_defined?(:foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_in_private_scope
+    bug9005 = '[ruby-core:57747] [Bug #9005]'
+    c = Class.new
+    class << c
+      public :define_method
+    end
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval("proc{|c|c.define_method(:x) {|x|throw x}}").call(c)
+    o = c.new
+    assert_throw(bug9005) {o.x(bug9005)}
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_define_method_in_private_scope
+    bug9141 = '[ruby-core:58497] [Bug #9141]'
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      public :define_singleton_method
+    end
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval("proc{|o|o.define_singleton_method(:x) {|x|throw x}}").call(o)
+    assert_throw(bug9141) do
+      o.x(bug9141)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_proc_from_define_method
+    c1 = Class.new {
+      def m
+        :m1
+      end
+    }
+    c2 = Class.new(c1) { define_method(:m) { Proc.new { super() } } }
+    assert_equal(:m1, c2.new.m.call, 'see [Bug #4881] and [Bug #3136]')
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo; :foo; end
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    def m.bar; :bar; end
+    assert_equal(:foo, m.clone.call)
+    assert_equal(:bar, m.clone.bar)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.foo; :foo; end
+      m = o.method(:foo)
+      def m.bar; :bar; end
+      assert_equal(:foo, m.clone.call)
+      assert_equal(:bar, m.clone.bar)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo; end; line_no = __LINE__
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #{ o.inspect }.foo() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", m.inspect)
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    assert_match("#<UnboundMethod: #{ class << o; self; end.inspect }#foo() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}", m.unbind.inspect)
+
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval { def foo; end; }; line_no = __LINE__
+    m = c.new.method(:foo)
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #{ c.inspect }#foo() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", m.inspect)
+    m = c.instance_method(:foo)
+    assert_equal("#<UnboundMethod: #{ c.inspect }#foo() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", m.inspect)
+
+    c2 = Class.new(c)
+    c2.class_eval { private :foo }
+    m2 = c2.new.method(:foo)
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #{ c2.inspect }(#{ c.inspect })#foo() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", m2.inspect)
+
+    bug7806 = '[ruby-core:52048] [Bug #7806]'
+    c3 = Class.new(c)
+    c3.class_eval { alias bar foo }
+    m3 = c3.new.method(:bar)
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #{c3.inspect}(#{c.inspect})#bar(foo)() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", m3.inspect, bug7806)
+
+    bug15608 = '[ruby-core:91570] [Bug #15608]'
+    c4 = Class.new(c)
+    c4.class_eval { alias bar foo }
+    o = c4.new
+    o.singleton_class
+    m4 = o.method(:bar)
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #{c4.inspect}(#{c.inspect})#bar(foo)() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", m4.inspect, bug15608)
+
+    bug17428 = '[ruby-core:101635] [Bug #17428]'
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #<Class:String>(Module)#prepend(*)>", String.method(:prepend).inspect, bug17428)
+
+    c5 = Class.new(String)
+    m = Module.new{def prepend; end; alias prep prepend}; line_no = __LINE__
+    c5.extend(m)
+    c6 = Class.new(c5)
+    assert_equal("#<Method: #<Class:#{c6.inspect}>(#{m.inspect})#prep(prepend)() #{__FILE__}:#{line_no}>", c6.method(:prep).inspect, bug17428)
+  end
+
+  def test_callee_top_level
+    assert_in_out_err([], "p __callee__", %w(nil), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_top_level
+    assert_in_out_err([], "p caller", %w([]), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_caller_negative_level
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { caller(-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_attrset_ivar
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval { attr_accessor :foo }
+    o = c.new
+    o.method(:foo=).call(42)
+    assert_equal(42, o.foo)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.method(:foo=).call(1, 2, 3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.method(:foo).call(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_default_accessibility
+    tmethods = T.public_instance_methods
+    assert_include tmethods, :normal_method, 'normal methods are public by default'
+    assert_not_include tmethods, :initialize, '#initialize is private'
+    assert_not_include tmethods, :initialize_copy, '#initialize_copy is private'
+    assert_not_include tmethods, :initialize_clone, '#initialize_clone is private'
+    assert_not_include tmethods, :initialize_dup, '#initialize_dup is private'
+    assert_not_include tmethods, :respond_to_missing?, '#respond_to_missing? is private'
+    mmethods = M.public_instance_methods
+    assert_not_include mmethods, :func, 'module methods are private by default'
+    assert_include mmethods, :meth, 'normal methods are public by default'
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_missing_argument
+    obj = Struct.new(:mid).new
+    def obj.respond_to_missing?(id, *)
+      self.mid = id
+      true
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Method, obj.method("bug15640"))
+    assert_kind_of(Symbol, obj.mid)
+    assert_equal("bug15640", obj.mid.to_s)
+
+    arg = Struct.new(:to_str).new("bug15640_2")
+    assert_kind_of(Method, obj.method(arg))
+    assert_kind_of(Symbol, obj.mid)
+    assert_equal("bug15640_2", obj.mid.to_s)
+  end
+
+  define_method(:pm0) {||}
+  define_method(:pm1) {|a|}
+  define_method(:pm2) {|a, b|}
+  define_method(:pmo1) {|a = nil, &b|}
+  define_method(:pmo2) {|a, b = nil|}
+  define_method(:pmo3) {|*a|}
+  define_method(:pmo4) {|a, *b, &c|}
+  define_method(:pmo5) {|a, *b, c|}
+  define_method(:pmo6) {|a, *b, c, &d|}
+  define_method(:pmo7) {|a, b = nil, *c, d, &e|}
+  define_method(:pma1) {|(a), &b| nil && a}
+  define_method(:pmk1) {|**|}
+  define_method(:pmk2) {|**o|}
+  define_method(:pmk3) {|a, **o|}
+  define_method(:pmk4) {|a = nil, **o|}
+  define_method(:pmk5) {|a, b = nil, **o|}
+  define_method(:pmk6) {|a, b = nil, c, **o|}
+  define_method(:pmk7) {|a, b = nil, *c, d, **o|}
+  define_method(:pmk8) {|a, b = nil, *c, d, e:, f: nil, **o|}
+  define_method(:pmnk) {|**nil|}
+
+  def test_bound_parameters
+    assert_equal([], method(:m0).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a]], method(:m1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b]], method(:m2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], method(:mo1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b]], method(:mo2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], method(:mo3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], method(:mo4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c]], method(:mo5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c], [:block, :d]], method(:mo6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], method(:mo7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :*], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], method(:mo8).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], method(:ma1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :**]], method(:mk1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:req, :c], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyreq, :e], [:key, :f], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:mk8).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:nokey]], method(:mnk).parameters)
+    # pending
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :*], [:keyrest, :**], [:block, :&]], method(:mf).parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_unbound_parameters
+    assert_equal([], self.class.instance_method(:m0).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a]], self.class.instance_method(:m1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:m2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:mo1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:mo2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], self.class.instance_method(:mo3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], self.class.instance_method(:mo4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c]], self.class.instance_method(:mo5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c], [:block, :d]], self.class.instance_method(:mo6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], self.class.instance_method(:mo7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :*], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], self.class.instance_method(:mo8).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:ma1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :**]], self.class.instance_method(:mk1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:req, :c], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyreq, :e], [:key, :f], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:mk8).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:nokey]], self.class.instance_method(:mnk).parameters)
+    # pending
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :*], [:keyrest, :**], [:block, :&]], self.class.instance_method(:mf).parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_bmethod_bound_parameters
+    assert_equal([], method(:pm0).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a]], method(:pm1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b]], method(:pm2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], method(:pmo1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b]], method(:pmo2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], method(:pmo3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], method(:pmo4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c]], method(:pmo5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c], [:block, :d]], method(:pmo6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], method(:pmo7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], method(:pma1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :**]], method(:pmk1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:req, :c], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyreq, :e], [:key, :f], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk8).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:nokey]], method(:pmnk).parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_bmethod_unbound_parameters
+    assert_equal([], self.class.instance_method(:pm0).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a]], self.class.instance_method(:pm1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:pm2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c], [:block, :d]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], self.class.instance_method(:pmo7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:pma1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], self.class.instance_method(:pma1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :**]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk1).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk2).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk3).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk4).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk5).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:req, :c], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk6).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk7).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyreq, :e], [:key, :f], [:keyrest, :o]], self.class.instance_method(:pmk8).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:nokey]], self.class.instance_method(:pmnk).parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_parameters
+    instance_eval("def m((_)"+",(_)"*256+");end")
+    assert_empty(method(:m).parameters.map{|_,n|n}.compact)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_parameters_inspect
+    assert_include(method(:m0).inspect, "()")
+    assert_include(method(:m1).inspect, "(a)")
+    assert_include(method(:m2).inspect, "(a, b)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo1).inspect, "(a=..., &b)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo2).inspect, "(a, b=...)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo3).inspect, "(*a)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo4).inspect, "(a, *b, &c)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo5).inspect, "(a, *b, c)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo6).inspect, "(a, *b, c, &d)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo7).inspect, "(a, b=..., *c, d, &e)")
+    assert_include(method(:mo8).inspect, "(a, b=..., *, d, &e)")
+    assert_include(method(:ma1).inspect, "(_, &b)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk1).inspect, "(**)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk2).inspect, "(**o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk3).inspect, "(a, **o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk4).inspect, "(a=..., **o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk5).inspect, "(a, b=..., **o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk6).inspect, "(a, b=..., c, **o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk7).inspect, "(a, b=..., *c, d, **o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mk8).inspect, "(a, b=..., *c, d, e:, f: ..., **o)")
+    assert_include(method(:mnk).inspect, "(**nil)")
+    assert_include(method(:mf).inspect, "(...)")
+  end
+
+  def test_unbound_method_parameters_inspect
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:m0).inspect, "()")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:m1).inspect, "(a)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:m2).inspect, "(a, b)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo1).inspect, "(a=..., &b)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo2).inspect, "(a, b=...)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo3).inspect, "(*a)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo4).inspect, "(a, *b, &c)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo5).inspect, "(a, *b, c)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo6).inspect, "(a, *b, c, &d)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo7).inspect, "(a, b=..., *c, d, &e)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mo8).inspect, "(a, b=..., *, d, &e)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:ma1).inspect, "(_, &b)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk1).inspect, "(**)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk2).inspect, "(**o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk3).inspect, "(a, **o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk4).inspect, "(a=..., **o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk5).inspect, "(a, b=..., **o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk6).inspect, "(a, b=..., c, **o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk7).inspect, "(a, b=..., *c, d, **o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mk8).inspect, "(a, b=..., *c, d, e:, f: ..., **o)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mnk).inspect, "(**nil)")
+    assert_include(self.class.instance_method(:mf).inspect, "(...)")
+  end
+
+  def test_public_method_with_zsuper_method
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval do
+      def foo
+        :ok
+      end
+      private :foo
+    end
+    d = Class.new(c)
+    d.class_eval do
+      public :foo
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, d.new.public_method(:foo).call)
+  end
+
+  def test_public_methods_with_extended
+    m = Module.new do def m1; end end
+    a = Class.new do def a; end end
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:41553]'
+    obj = a.new
+    assert_equal([:a], obj.public_methods(false), bug)
+    obj.extend(m)
+    assert_equal([:m1, :a], obj.public_methods(false), bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility
+    assert_equal('method', defined?(mv1))
+    assert_equal('method', defined?(mv2))
+    assert_equal('method', defined?(mv3))
+
+    assert_equal('method', defined?(self.mv1))
+    assert_equal(nil,      defined?(self.mv2))
+    assert_equal('method', defined?(self.mv3))
+
+    assert_equal(true,  respond_to?(:mv1))
+    assert_equal(false, respond_to?(:mv2))
+    assert_equal(false, respond_to?(:mv3))
+
+    assert_equal(true,  respond_to?(:mv1, true))
+    assert_equal(true,  respond_to?(:mv2, true))
+    assert_equal(true,  respond_to?(:mv3, true))
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { mv1 }
+    assert_nothing_raised { mv2 }
+    assert_nothing_raised { mv3 }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { self.mv1 }
+    assert_nothing_raised { self.mv2 }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { (self).mv2 }
+    assert_nothing_raised { self.mv3 }
+
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      private def [](x) x end
+      def mv1(x) self[x] end
+      def mv2(x) (self)[x] end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised { obj.mv1(0) }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { obj.mv2(0) }
+
+    v = Visibility.new
+
+    assert_equal('method', defined?(v.mv1))
+    assert_equal(nil,      defined?(v.mv2))
+    assert_equal(nil,      defined?(v.mv3))
+
+    assert_equal(true,  v.respond_to?(:mv1))
+    assert_equal(false, v.respond_to?(:mv2))
+    assert_equal(false, v.respond_to?(:mv3))
+
+    assert_equal(true,  v.respond_to?(:mv1, true))
+    assert_equal(true,  v.respond_to?(:mv2, true))
+    assert_equal(true,  v.respond_to?(:mv3, true))
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.mv1 }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { v.mv2 }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { v.mv3 }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.__send__(:mv1) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.__send__(:mv2) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.__send__(:mv3) }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.instance_eval { mv1 } }
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.instance_eval { mv2 } }
+    assert_nothing_raised { v.instance_eval { mv3 } }
+  end
+
+  def test_bound_method_entry
+    bug6171 = '[ruby-core:43383]'
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-EOC, bug6171)
+      class Bug6171
+        def initialize(target)
+          define_singleton_method(:reverse, target.method(:reverse).to_proc)
+        end
+      end
+      100.times {p = Bug6171.new('test'); 1000.times {p.reverse}}
+      EOC
+  end
+
+  def test_unbound_method_proc_coerce
+    # '&' coercion of an UnboundMethod raises TypeError
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Class.new do
+        define_method('foo', &Object.instance_method(:to_s))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test___dir__
+    assert_instance_of String, __dir__
+    assert_equal(File.dirname(File.realpath(__FILE__)), __dir__)
+    bug8436 = '[ruby-core:55123] [Bug #8436]'
+    file, line = *binding.source_location
+    file = File.realpath(file)
+    assert_equal(__dir__, eval("__dir__", binding, file, line), bug8436)
+    bug8662 = '[ruby-core:56099] [Bug #8662]'
+    assert_equal("arbitrary", eval("__dir__", binding, "arbitrary/file.rb"), bug8662)
+    assert_equal("arbitrary", Object.new.instance_eval("__dir__", "arbitrary/file.rb"), bug8662)
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_owner
+    bug7613 = '[ruby-core:51105]'
+    bug7993 = '[Bug #7993]'
+    c = Class.new {
+      def foo
+      end
+      prepend Module.new
+      attr_reader :zot
+    }
+    x = c.new
+    class << x
+      alias bar foo
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, c.instance_method(:foo).owner)
+    assert_equal(c, x.method(:foo).owner)
+    assert_equal(x.singleton_class, x.method(:bar).owner)
+    assert_equal(x.method(:foo), x.method(:bar), bug7613)
+    assert_equal(c, x.method(:zot).owner, bug7993)
+    assert_equal(c, c.instance_method(:zot).owner, bug7993)
+  end
+
+  def test_included
+    m = Module.new {
+      def foo
+      end
+    }
+    c = Class.new {
+      def foo
+      end
+      include m
+    }
+    assert_equal(c, c.instance_method(:foo).owner)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepended
+    bug7836 = '[ruby-core:52160] [Bug #7836]'
+    bug7988 = '[ruby-core:53038] [Bug #7988]'
+    m = Module.new {
+      def foo
+      end
+    }
+    c = Class.new {
+      def foo
+      end
+      prepend m
+    }
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug7988) {Module.new{prepend m}.instance_method(:bar)}
+    true || c || bug7836
+  end
+
+  def test_gced_bmethod
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      require 'irb'
+      IRB::Irb.module_eval do
+        define_method(:eval_input) do
+          IRB::Irb.module_eval { alias_method :eval_input, :to_s }
+          GC.start
+          Kernel
+        end
+      end
+      IRB.start
+    }, '[Bug #7825]'
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    feature8391 = '[ruby-core:54914] [Feature #8391]'
+    c1 = Class.new
+    c1.class_eval { def foo; :foo; end }
+    o = c1.new
+    def o.bar; :bar; end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) {o.method(:foo)}
+    assert_raise(NameError, feature8391) {o.singleton_method(:foo)}
+    m = assert_nothing_raised(NameError, feature8391) {break o.singleton_method(:bar)}
+    assert_equal(:bar, m.call, feature8391)
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method_prepend
+    bug14658 = '[Bug #14658]'
+    c1 = Class.new
+    o = c1.new
+    def o.bar; :bar; end
+    class << o; prepend Module.new; end
+    m = assert_nothing_raised(NameError, bug14658) {o.singleton_method(:bar)}
+    assert_equal(:bar, m.call, bug14658)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug14658) {o.singleton_method(:bar)}
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method_included_or_prepended_bug_20620
+    m = Module.new do
+      extend self
+      def foo = :foo
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, m.singleton_method(:foo).call)
+    assert_raise(NameError) {m.singleton_method(:puts)}
+
+    sc = Class.new do
+      def t = :t
+    end
+    c = Class.new(sc) do
+      singleton_class.prepend(Module.new do
+        def bar = :bar
+      end)
+      extend(Module.new do
+        def quux = :quux
+      end)
+      def self.baz = :baz
+    end
+    assert_equal(:bar, c.singleton_method(:bar).call)
+    assert_equal(:baz, c.singleton_method(:baz).call)
+    assert_equal(:quux, c.singleton_method(:quux).call)
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) {c.singleton_method(:t)}
+
+    c2 = Class.new(c)
+    assert_raise(NameError) {c2.singleton_method(:bar)}
+    assert_raise(NameError) {c2.singleton_method(:baz)}
+    assert_raise(NameError) {c2.singleton_method(:quux)}
+  end
+
+  Feature9783 = '[ruby-core:62212] [Feature #9783]'
+
+  def assert_curry_three_args(m)
+    curried = m.curry
+    assert_equal(6, curried.(1).(2).(3), Feature9783)
+
+    curried = m.curry(3)
+    assert_equal(6, curried.(1).(2).(3), Feature9783)
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /wrong number/) {m.curry(2)}
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_method
+    c = Class.new {
+      def three_args(a,b,c) a + b + c end
+    }
+    assert_curry_three_args(c.new.method(:three_args))
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_from_proc
+    c = Class.new {
+      define_method(:three_args) {|x,y,z| x + y + z}
+    }
+    assert_curry_three_args(c.new.method(:three_args))
+  end
+
+  def assert_curry_var_args(m)
+    curried = m.curry(3)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], curried.(1).(2).(3), Feature9783)
+
+    curried = m.curry(2)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], curried.(1).(2), Feature9783)
+
+    curried = m.curry(0)
+    assert_equal([1], curried.(1), Feature9783)
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_var_args
+    c = Class.new {
+      def var_args(*args) args end
+    }
+    assert_curry_var_args(c.new.method(:var_args))
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_from_proc_var_args
+    c = Class.new {
+      define_method(:var_args) {|*args| args}
+    }
+    assert_curry_var_args(c.new.method(:var_args))
+  end
+
+  Feature9781 = '[ruby-core:62202] [Feature #9781]'
+
+  def test_super_method
+    o = Derived.new
+    m = o.method(:foo).super_method
+    assert_equal(Base, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    assert_same(o, m.receiver, Feature9781)
+    assert_equal(:foo, m.name, Feature9781)
+    m = assert_nothing_raised(NameError, Feature9781) {break m.super_method}
+    assert_nil(m, Feature9781)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_unbound
+    m = Derived.instance_method(:foo)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(Base.instance_method(:foo), m, Feature9781)
+    m = assert_nothing_raised(NameError, Feature9781) {break m.super_method}
+    assert_nil(m, Feature9781)
+
+    bug11419 = '[ruby-core:70254]'
+    m = Object.instance_method(:tap)
+    m = assert_nothing_raised(NameError, bug11419) {break m.super_method}
+    assert_nil(m, bug11419)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_module
+    m1 = Module.new {def foo; end}
+    c1 = Class.new(Derived) {include m1; def foo; end}
+    m = c1.instance_method(:foo)
+    assert_equal(c1, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(m1, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(Derived, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(Base, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    m2 = Module.new {def foo; end}
+    o = c1.new.extend(m2)
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    assert_equal(m2, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(c1, m.owner, Feature9781)
+    assert_same(o, m.receiver, Feature9781)
+
+    c1 = Class.new {def foo; end}
+    c2 = Class.new(c1) {include m1; include m2}
+    m = c2.instance_method(:foo)
+    assert_equal(m2, m.owner)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(m1, m.owner)
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal(c1, m.owner)
+    assert_nil(m.super_method)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_bind_unbind_clone
+    bug15629_m1 = Module.new do
+      def foo; end
+    end
+
+    bug15629_m2 = Module.new do
+      def foo; end
+    end
+
+    bug15629_c = Class.new do
+      include bug15629_m1
+      include bug15629_m2
+    end
+
+    o  = bug15629_c.new
+    m = o.method(:foo)
+    sm = m.super_method
+    im = bug15629_c.instance_method(:foo)
+    sim = im.super_method
+
+    assert_equal(sm, m.clone.super_method)
+    assert_equal(sim, m.unbind.super_method)
+    assert_equal(sim, m.unbind.clone.super_method)
+    assert_equal(sim, im.clone.super_method)
+    assert_equal(sm, m.unbind.bind(o).super_method)
+    assert_equal(sm, m.unbind.clone.bind(o).super_method)
+    assert_equal(sm, im.bind(o).super_method)
+    assert_equal(sm, im.clone.bind(o).super_method)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_removed_public
+    c1 = Class.new {private def foo; end}
+    c2 = Class.new(c1) {public :foo}
+    c3 = Class.new(c2) {def foo; end}
+    c1.class_eval {undef foo}
+    m = c3.instance_method(:foo)
+    m = assert_nothing_raised(NameError, Feature9781) {break m.super_method}
+    assert_nil(m, Feature9781)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_removed_regular
+    c1 = Class.new { def foo; end }
+    c2 = Class.new(c1) { def foo; end }
+    assert_equal c1.instance_method(:foo), c2.instance_method(:foo).super_method
+    c1.remove_method :foo
+    assert_equal nil, c2.instance_method(:foo).super_method
+  end
+
+  def test_prepended_public_zsuper
+    mod = EnvUtil.labeled_module("Mod") {private def foo; [:ok] end}
+    obj = Object.new.extend(mod)
+
+    class << obj
+      public :foo
+    end
+
+    mod1 = EnvUtil.labeled_module("Mod1") {def foo; [:mod1] + super end}
+    obj.singleton_class.prepend(mod1)
+
+    mod2 = EnvUtil.labeled_module("Mod2") {def foo; [:mod2] + super end}
+    obj.singleton_class.prepend(mod2)
+
+    m = obj.method(:foo)
+    assert_equal mod2, m.owner
+    assert_equal mod1, m.super_method.owner
+    assert_equal obj.singleton_class, m.super_method.super_method.owner
+    assert_equal nil, m.super_method.super_method.super_method
+
+    assert_equal [:mod2, :mod1, :ok], obj.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_with_prepended_module
+    bug = '[ruby-core:81666] [Bug #13656] should be the method of the parent'
+    c1 = EnvUtil.labeled_class("C1") {def m; end}
+    c2 = EnvUtil.labeled_class("C2", c1) {def m; end}
+    c2.prepend(EnvUtil.labeled_module("M"))
+    m1 = c1.instance_method(:m)
+    m2 = c2.instance_method(:m).super_method
+    assert_equal(m1, m2, bug)
+    assert_equal(c1, m2.owner, bug)
+    assert_equal(m1.source_location, m2.source_location, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_after_bind
+    assert_nil String.instance_method(:length).bind(String.new).super_method,
+      '[ruby-core:85231] [Bug #14421]'
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_alias
+    c0 = Class.new do
+      def m1
+        [:C0_m1]
+      end
+      def m2
+        [:C0_m2]
+      end
+    end
+
+    c1 = Class.new(c0) do
+      def m1
+        [:C1_m1] + super
+      end
+      alias m2 m1
+    end
+
+    c2 = Class.new(c1) do
+      def m2
+        [:C2_m2] + super
+      end
+    end
+    o1 = c2.new
+    assert_equal([:C2_m2, :C1_m1, :C0_m1], o1.m2)
+
+    m = o1.method(:m2)
+    assert_equal([:C2_m2, :C1_m1, :C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal([:C1_m1, :C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal([:C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    assert_nil(m.super_method)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_method_alias_to_prepended_module
+    m = Module.new do
+      def m1
+        [:P_m1] + super
+      end
+
+      def m2
+        [:P_m2] + super
+      end
+    end
+
+    c0 = Class.new do
+      def m1
+        [:C0_m1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    c1 = Class.new(c0) do
+      def m1
+        [:C1_m1] + super
+      end
+      prepend m
+      alias m2 m1
+    end
+
+    o1 = c1.new
+    assert_equal([:P_m2, :P_m1, :C1_m1, :C0_m1], o1.m2)
+
+    m = o1.method(:m2)
+    assert_equal([:P_m2, :P_m1, :C1_m1, :C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal([:P_m1, :C1_m1, :C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal([:C1_m1, :C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    m = m.super_method
+    assert_equal([:C0_m1], m.call)
+
+    assert_nil(m.super_method)
+  end
+
+  # Bug 17780
+  def test_super_method_module_alias
+    m = Module.new do
+      def foo
+      end
+      alias :f :foo
+    end
+
+    method = m.instance_method(:f)
+    super_method = method.super_method
+    assert_nil(super_method)
+  end
+
+  # Bug 18435
+  def test_instance_methods_owner_consistency
+    a = Module.new { def method1; end }
+
+    b = Class.new do
+      include a
+      protected :method1
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:method1], b.instance_methods(false)
+    assert_equal b, b.instance_method(:method1).owner
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_method_removed
+    a = EnvUtil.labeled_class('A') do
+      private
+      def foo(arg = nil)
+        1
+      end
+    end
+    line = __LINE__ - 4
+
+    b = EnvUtil.labeled_class('B', a) do
+      public :foo
+    end
+
+    unbound = b.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    assert_equal unbound, b.public_instance_method(:foo)
+    assert_equal "#<UnboundMethod: A#foo(arg=...) #{__FILE__}:#{line}>", unbound.inspect
+    assert_equal [[:opt, :arg]], unbound.parameters
+
+    a.remove_method(:foo)
+
+    assert_equal "#<UnboundMethod: A#foo(arg=...) #{__FILE__}:#{line}>", unbound.inspect
+    assert_equal [[:opt, :arg]], unbound.parameters
+
+    obj = b.new
+    assert_equal 1, unbound.bind_call(obj)
+
+    assert_include b.instance_methods(false), :foo
+    link = 'https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/6467#issuecomment-1262159088'
+    assert_raise(NameError, link) { b.instance_method(:foo) }
+    # For #test_method_list below, otherwise we get the same error as just above
+    b.remove_method(:foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_method_removed_higher_method
+    a0 = EnvUtil.labeled_class('A0') do
+      def foo(arg1 = nil, arg2 = nil)
+        0
+      end
+    end
+    line0 = __LINE__ - 4
+    a0_foo = a0.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    a = EnvUtil.labeled_class('A', a0) do
+      private
+      def foo(arg = nil)
+        1
+      end
+    end
+    line = __LINE__ - 4
+
+    b = EnvUtil.labeled_class('B', a) do
+      public :foo
+    end
+
+    unbound = b.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    assert_equal a0_foo, unbound.super_method
+
+    a.remove_method(:foo)
+
+    assert_equal "#<UnboundMethod: A#foo(arg=...) #{__FILE__}:#{line}>", unbound.inspect
+    assert_equal [[:opt, :arg]], unbound.parameters
+    assert_equal a0_foo, unbound.super_method
+
+    obj = b.new
+    assert_equal 1, unbound.bind_call(obj)
+
+    assert_include b.instance_methods(false), :foo
+    assert_equal "#<UnboundMethod: A0#foo(arg1=..., arg2=...) #{__FILE__}:#{line0}>", b.instance_method(:foo).inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_method_redefined_bind_call
+    c0 = EnvUtil.labeled_class('C0') do
+      def foo
+        [:foo]
+      end
+    end
+
+    c1 = EnvUtil.labeled_class('C1', c0) do
+      def foo
+        super + [:bar]
+      end
+    end
+    m1 = c1.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    c2 = EnvUtil.labeled_class('C2', c1) do
+      private :foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:foo], c2.private_instance_methods(false)
+    m2 = c2.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    c1.class_exec do
+      remove_method :foo
+      def foo
+        [:bar2]
+      end
+    end
+
+    m3 = c2.instance_method(:foo)
+    c = c2.new
+    assert_equal [:foo, :bar], m1.bind_call(c)
+    assert_equal c1, m1.owner
+    assert_equal [:foo, :bar], m2.bind_call(c)
+    assert_equal c2, m2.owner
+    assert_equal [:bar2], m3.bind_call(c)
+    assert_equal c2, m3.owner
+  end
+
+  # Bug #18751
+  def method_equality_visbility_alias
+    c = Class.new do
+      class << self
+        alias_method :n, :new
+        private :new
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal c.method(:n), c.method(:new)
+
+    assert_not_equal c.method(:n), Class.method(:new)
+    assert_equal c.method(:n) == Class.instance_method(:new).bind(c)
+
+    assert_not_equal c.method(:new), Class.method(:new)
+    assert_equal c.method(:new), Class.instance_method(:new).bind(c)
+  end
+
+  def rest_parameter(*rest)
+    rest
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_long_array
+    if File.exist?('/etc/os-release') && File.read('/etc/os-release').include?('openSUSE Leap')
+      # For RubyCI's openSUSE machine http://rubyci.s3.amazonaws.com/opensuseleap/ruby-trunk/recent.html, which tends to die with NoMemoryError here.
+      omit 'do not exhaust memory on RubyCI openSUSE Leap machine'
+    end
+    n = 10_000_000
+    assert_equal n  , rest_parameter(*(1..n)).size, '[Feature #10440]'
+  end
+
+  class C
+    D = "Const_D"
+    def foo
+      a = b = c = a = b = c = 12345
+    end
+
+    def binding_noarg
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_one_arg(x)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_optargs(x, y=42)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_anyargs(*x)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_keywords(x: 42)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_anykeywords(**x)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_forwarding(...)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+
+    def binding_forwarding1(x, ...)
+      a = a = 12345
+      binding
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_binding
+    bug11012 = '[ruby-core:68673] [Bug #11012]'
+
+    b = C.new.method(:foo).to_proc.binding
+    assert_equal([], b.local_variables, bug11012)
+    assert_equal("Const_D", b.eval("D"), bug11012) # Check CREF
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug11012){ b.local_variable_get(:foo) }
+    assert_equal(123, b.local_variable_set(:foo, 123), bug11012)
+    assert_equal(123, b.local_variable_get(:foo), bug11012)
+    assert_equal(456, b.local_variable_set(:bar, 456), bug11012)
+    assert_equal(123, b.local_variable_get(:foo), bug11012)
+    assert_equal(456, b.local_variable_get(:bar), bug11012)
+    assert_equal([:bar, :foo], b.local_variables.sort, bug11012)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_binding
+    c = C.new
+
+    b = c.binding_noarg
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+
+    b = c.binding_one_arg(0)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(0, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+
+    b = c.binding_anyargs()
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal([], b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    b = c.binding_anyargs(0)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal([0], b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    b = c.binding_anyargs(0, 1)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal([0, 1], b.local_variable_get(:x))
+
+    b = c.binding_optargs(0)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(0, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    assert_equal(42, b.local_variable_get(:y))
+    b = c.binding_optargs(0, 1)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(0, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    assert_equal(1, b.local_variable_get(:y))
+
+    b = c.binding_keywords()
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(42, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    b = c.binding_keywords(x: 102)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(102, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+
+    b = c.binding_anykeywords()
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal({}, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    b = c.binding_anykeywords(foo: 999)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal({foo: 999}, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+
+    b = c.binding_forwarding()
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    b = c.binding_forwarding(0)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    b = c.binding_forwarding(0, 1)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    b = c.binding_forwarding(foo: 42)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+
+    b = c.binding_forwarding1(987)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(987, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+    b = c.binding_forwarding1(987, 654)
+    assert_equal(12345, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(987, b.local_variable_get(:x))
+  end
+
+  MethodInMethodClass_Setup = -> do
+    remove_const :MethodInMethodClass if defined? MethodInMethodClass
+
+    class MethodInMethodClass
+      def m1
+        def m2
+        end
+        self.class.send(:define_method, :m3){} # [Bug #11754]
+      end
+      private
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_in_method_visibility_should_be_public
+    MethodInMethodClass_Setup.call
+
+    assert_equal([:m1].sort, MethodInMethodClass.public_instance_methods(false).sort)
+    assert_equal([].sort, MethodInMethodClass.private_instance_methods(false).sort)
+
+    MethodInMethodClass.new.m1
+    assert_equal([:m1, :m2, :m3].sort, MethodInMethodClass.public_instance_methods(false).sort)
+    assert_equal([].sort, MethodInMethodClass.private_instance_methods(false).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_with_symbol
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      define_method(:foo, &:to_s)
+      define_method(:bar, :to_s.to_proc)
+    }, '[Bug #11850]'
+    c = Class.new{
+      define_method(:foo, &:to_s)
+      define_method(:bar, :to_s.to_proc)
+    }
+    obj = c.new
+    assert_equal('1', obj.foo(1))
+    assert_equal('1', obj.bar(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_error_location
+    body = <<~'END_OF_BODY'
+      eval <<~'EOS', nil, "main.rb"
+        $line_lambda = __LINE__; $f = lambda do
+          _x = 1
+        end
+        $line_method = __LINE__; def foo
+          _x = 1
+        end
+        begin
+          $f.call(1)
+        rescue ArgumentError => e
+          assert_equal "main.rb:#{$line_lambda}:in 'block in <main>'", e.backtrace.first
+        end
+        begin
+          foo(1)
+        rescue ArgumentError => e
+          assert_equal "main.rb:#{$line_method}:in 'Object#foo'", e.backtrace.first
+        end
+      EOS
+    END_OF_BODY
+
+    assert_separately [], body
+    # without trace insn
+    assert_separately [], "RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {trace_instruction: false}\n" + body
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_private_override_instance_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;', timeout: 30)
+      # Bug #16942 [ruby-core:98691]
+      module M
+        def x
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M2
+        prepend Module.new
+        include M
+        private :x
+      end
+
+      ::Object.prepend(M2)
+
+      m = Object.instance_method(:x)
+      assert_equal M2, m.owner
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_override_optimized_method_on_class_using_prepend
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;', timeout: 30)
+      # Bug #17725 [ruby-core:102884]
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      String.prepend(Module.new)
+      class String
+        def + other
+          'blah blah'
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal('blah blah', 'a' + 'b')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq
+    assert_operator(0.method(:<), :===, 5)
+    assert_not_operator(0.method(:<), :===, -5)
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_method
+    c = Class.new {
+      def f(x) x * 2 end
+      def g(x) x + 1 end
+    }
+    f = c.new.method(:f)
+    g = c.new.method(:g)
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(2))
+    assert_equal(6, (g >> f).call(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_proc
+    c = Class.new {
+      def f(x) x * 2 end
+    }
+    f = c.new.method(:f)
+    g = proc {|x| x + 1}
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(2))
+    assert_equal(6, (g >> f).call(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_callable
+    c = Class.new {
+      def f(x) x * 2 end
+    }
+    c2 = Class.new {
+      def call(x) x + 1 end
+    }
+    f = c.new.method(:f)
+    g = c2.new
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(2))
+    assert_equal(5, (f >> g).call(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_noncallable
+    c = Class.new {
+      def f(x) x * 2 end
+    }
+    f = c.new.method(:f)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      f << 5
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      f >> 5
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_umethod_bind_call
+    foo = Base.instance_method(:foo)
+    assert_equal(:base, foo.bind_call(Base.new))
+    assert_equal(:base, foo.bind_call(Derived.new))
+
+    plus = Integer.instance_method(:+)
+    assert_equal(3, plus.bind_call(1, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_method_list
+    # chkbuild lists all methods.
+    # The following code emulate this listing.
+
+    # use_symbol = Object.instance_methods[0].is_a?(Symbol)
+    nummodule = nummethod = 0
+    mods = []
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(Module) {|m| mods << m if String === m.name }
+    mods = mods.sort_by {|m| m.name }
+    mods.each {|mod|
+      nummodule += 1
+      mc = mod.kind_of?(Class) ? "class" : "module"
+      puts_line = "#{mc} #{mod.name} #{(mod.ancestors - [mod]).inspect}"
+      puts_line = puts_line # prevent unused var warning
+      mod.singleton_methods(false).sort.each {|methname|
+        nummethod += 1
+        meth = mod.method(methname)
+        line = "#{mod.name}.#{methname} #{meth.arity}"
+        line << " not-implemented" if !mod.respond_to?(methname)
+        # puts line
+      }
+      ms = mod.instance_methods(false)
+      if true or use_symbol
+        ms << :initialize if mod.private_instance_methods(false).include? :initialize
+      else
+        ms << "initialize" if mod.private_instance_methods(false).include? "initialize"
+      end
+
+      ms.sort.each {|methname|
+        nummethod += 1
+        meth = mod.instance_method(methname)
+        line = "#{mod.name}\##{methname} #{meth.arity}"
+        line << " not-implemented" if /\(not-implemented\)/ =~ meth.inspect
+        # puts line
+      }
+    }
+    # puts "#{nummodule} modules, #{nummethod} methods"
+
+    assert_operator nummodule, :>, 0
+    assert_operator nummethod, :>, 0
+  end
+
+  def test_invalidating_CC_ASAN
+    assert_ruby_status(['-e', 'using Module.new'])
+  end
+
+  def test_kwarg_eval_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "", <<~RUBY, rss: true, limit: 1.2)
+      obj = Object.new
+      def obj.test(**kwargs) = nil
+
+      100_000.times do
+        eval("obj.test(foo: 123)")
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_splat
+    c = Class.new {
+      attr_reader :x
+
+      def initialize(*args)
+        @x, _ = args
+      end
+    }
+    b = Class.new(c) { def initialize(...) = super }
+    a = Class.new(b) { def initialize(*args) = super }
+    obj = a.new(1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal 1, obj.x
+  end
+
+  def test_warn_unused_block
+    assert_in_out_err '-w', <<-'RUBY' do |_out, err, _status|
+      def foo = nil
+      foo{}          # warn
+      send(:foo){}   # don't warn because it uses send
+      b = Proc.new{}
+      foo(&b)        # warn
+    RUBY
+      errstr = err.join("\n")
+      assert_equal 2, err.size, errstr
+
+      assert_match(/-:2: warning/, errstr)
+      assert_match(/-:5: warning/, errstr)
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err '-w', <<-'RUBY' do |_out, err, _status|
+      def foo = nil
+      10.times{foo{}} # warn once
+    RUBY
+      assert_equal 1, err.size
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err '-w', <<-'RUBY' do |_out, err, _status|
+      def foo = nil; b = nil
+      foo(&b)       # no warning
+      1.object_id{} # no warning because it is written in C
+
+      class C
+        def initialize
+        end
+      end
+      C.new{} # no warning
+
+    RUBY
+      assert_equal 0, err.size
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err '-w', <<-'RUBY' do |_out, err, _status|
+      class C0
+        def f1 = nil
+        def f2 = nil
+        def f3 = nil
+        def f4 = nil
+        def f5 = nil
+        def f6 = nil
+      end
+
+      class C1 < C0
+        def f1 = super         # zsuper / use
+        def f2 = super()       # super  / use
+        def f3(&_) = super(&_) # super  / use
+        def f4 = super(&nil)   # super  / unuse
+        def f5 = super(){}     # super  / unuse
+        def f6 = super{}       # zsuper / unuse
+      end
+
+      C1.new.f1{} # no warning
+      C1.new.f2{} # no warning
+      C1.new.f3{} # no warning
+      C1.new.f4{} # warning
+      C1.new.f5{} # warning
+      C1.new.f6{} # warning
+    RUBY
+      assert_equal 3, err.size, err.join("\n")
+      assert_match(/-:22: warning.+f4/, err.join)
+      assert_match(/-:23: warning.+f5/, err.join)
+      assert_match(/-:24: warning.+f6/, err.join)
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err '-w', <<-'RUBY' do |_out, err, _status|
+      class C0
+        def f = yield
+      end
+
+      class C1 < C0
+        def f = nil
+      end
+
+      C1.new.f{} # do not warn on duck typing
+    RUBY
+      assert_equal 0, err.size, err.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err '-w', <<-'RUBY' do |_out, err, _status|
+      def foo(*, &block) = block
+      def bar(buz, ...) = foo(buz, ...)
+      bar(:test) {} # do not warn because of forwarding
+    RUBY
+      assert_equal 0, err.size, err.join("\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_method_cache.rb b/test/ruby/test_method_cache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ed89e47bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_method_cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestMethodCache < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_undef
+    # clear same
+    c0 = Class.new do
+      def foo; end
+      undef foo
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      c0.new.foo
+    end
+
+    c0.class_eval do
+      def foo; :ok; end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :ok, c0.new.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_with_subclasses
+    # with subclasses
+    c0 = Class.new do
+      def foo; end
+      undef foo
+    end
+
+    _c1 = Class.new(c0)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      c0.new.foo
+    end
+
+    c0.class_eval do
+      def foo; :ok; end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :ok, c0.new.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_with_subclasses_complicated
+    c0 = Class.new{ def foo; end }
+    c1 = Class.new(c0){ undef foo }
+    c2 = Class.new(c1)
+    c3 = Class.new(c2)
+    _c4 = Class.new(c3)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      c3.new.foo
+    end
+
+    c2.class_eval do
+      def foo; :c2; end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      c1.new.foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :c2, c3.new.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_cache_with_and_without_subclasses
+    c0 = Class.new{}
+    c1 = Class.new(c0){}
+    c0.new.foo rescue nil
+    c1.new.foo rescue nil
+    c1.module_eval{ def foo = :c1 }
+    c0.module_eval{ def foo = :c0 }
+
+    assert_equal :c0, c0.new.foo
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_mixed_unicode_escapes.rb b/test/ruby/test_mixed_unicode_escapes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a30b5c19f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_mixed_unicode_escapes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# -*- coding: cp932 -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# This test is in a different file than TestUnicodeEscapes
+# So that we can have a different coding comment above
+
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestMixedUnicodeEscape < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_basic
+    # Unicode escapes do work in an sjis encoded file, but only
+    # if they don't contain other multi-byte chars
+    assert_equal("A", "\u0041")
+    # 8-bit character escapes are okay.
+    assert_equal("B\xFF", "\u0042\xFF")
+
+    # sjis mb chars mixed with Unicode should not work
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("é�\u1234")}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{1234}é�")}
+
+    # also should not work for Regexp
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { eval %q(/\u{1234}#{nil}é�/)}
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { eval %q(/é�#{nil}\u1234/)}
+
+    # String interpolation turns into an expression and we get
+    # a different kind of error, but we still can't mix these
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { eval %q(/#{"\u1234"}#{"é�"}/)}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { eval %q("\u{1234}#{nil}é�")}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { eval %q("é�#{nil}\u1234")}
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_module.rb b/test/ruby/test_module.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ed6c1e321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_module.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3423 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'pp'
+
+$m0 = Module.nesting
+
+class TestModule < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def _wrap_assertion
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def assert_method_defined?(klass, (mid, *args), message="")
+    message = build_message(message, "#{klass}\##{mid} expected to be defined.")
+    _wrap_assertion do
+      klass.method_defined?(mid, *args) or
+        raise Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError, message, caller(3)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_method_not_defined?(klass, (mid, *args), message="")
+    message = build_message(message, "#{klass}\##{mid} expected to not be defined.")
+    _wrap_assertion do
+      klass.method_defined?(mid, *args) and
+        raise Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError, message, caller(3)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    @deprecated = Warning[:deprecated]
+    Warning[:deprecated] = true
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+    Warning[:deprecated] = @deprecated
+  end
+
+  def test_LT_0
+    assert_equal true, String < Object
+    assert_equal false, Object < String
+    assert_nil String < Array
+    assert_equal true, Array < Enumerable
+    assert_equal false, Enumerable < Array
+    assert_nil Proc < Comparable
+    assert_nil Comparable < Proc
+  end
+
+  def test_GT_0
+    assert_equal false, String > Object
+    assert_equal true, Object > String
+    assert_nil String > Array
+    assert_equal false, Array > Enumerable
+    assert_equal true, Enumerable > Array
+    assert_nil Comparable > Proc
+    assert_nil Proc > Comparable
+  end
+
+  def test_CMP_0
+    assert_equal(-1, (String <=> Object))
+    assert_equal 1, (Object <=> String)
+    assert_nil(Array <=> String)
+  end
+
+  ExpectedException = NoMethodError
+
+  # Support stuff
+
+  module Mixin
+    MIXIN = 1
+    def mixin
+    end
+  end
+
+  module User
+    USER = 2
+    include Mixin
+    def user
+    end
+
+    def user2
+    end
+    protected :user2
+
+    def user3
+    end
+    private :user3
+  end
+
+  OtherSetup = -> do
+    remove_const :Other if defined? ::TestModule::Other
+    module Other
+      def other
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AClass
+    def AClass.cm1
+      "cm1"
+    end
+    def AClass.cm2
+      cm1 + "cm2" + cm3
+    end
+    def AClass.cm3
+      "cm3"
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :cm1, "cm3"
+
+    def aClass
+      :aClass
+    end
+
+    def aClass1
+      :aClass1
+    end
+
+    def aClass2
+      :aClass2
+    end
+
+    private :aClass1
+    protected :aClass2
+  end
+
+  class BClass < AClass
+    def bClass1
+      :bClass1
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def bClass2
+      :bClass2
+    end
+
+    protected
+    def bClass3
+      :bClass3
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CClass < BClass
+    def self.cClass
+    end
+  end
+
+  MyClass = AClass.clone
+  class MyClass
+    public_class_method :cm1
+  end
+
+  # -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+  def test_CMP # '<=>'
+    assert_equal( 0, Mixin <=> Mixin)
+    assert_equal(-1, User <=> Mixin)
+    assert_equal( 1, Mixin <=> User)
+
+    assert_equal( 0, Object <=> Object)
+    assert_equal(-1, String <=> Object)
+    assert_equal( 1, Object <=> String)
+  end
+
+  def test_GE # '>='
+    assert_operator(Mixin,    :>=, User)
+    assert_operator(Mixin,    :>=, Mixin)
+    assert_not_operator(User, :>=, Mixin)
+
+    assert_operator(Object,     :>=, String)
+    assert_operator(String,     :>=, String)
+    assert_not_operator(String, :>=, Object)
+  end
+
+  def test_GT # '>'
+    assert_operator(Mixin,     :>, User)
+    assert_not_operator(Mixin, :>, Mixin)
+    assert_not_operator(User,  :>, Mixin)
+
+    assert_operator(Object,     :>, String)
+    assert_not_operator(String, :>, String)
+    assert_not_operator(String, :>, Object)
+  end
+
+  def test_LE # '<='
+    assert_operator(User,      :<=, Mixin)
+    assert_operator(Mixin,     :<=, Mixin)
+    assert_not_operator(Mixin, :<=, User)
+
+    assert_operator(String,     :<=, Object)
+    assert_operator(String,     :<=, String)
+    assert_not_operator(Object, :<=, String)
+  end
+
+  def test_LT # '<'
+    assert_operator(User,      :<, Mixin)
+    assert_not_operator(Mixin, :<, Mixin)
+    assert_not_operator(Mixin, :<, User)
+
+    assert_operator(String,     :<, Object)
+    assert_not_operator(String, :<, String)
+    assert_not_operator(Object, :<, String)
+  end
+
+  def test_VERY_EQUAL # '==='
+    assert_operator(Object, :===, self)
+    assert_operator(Test::Unit::TestCase, :===, self)
+    assert_operator(TestModule, :===, self)
+    assert_not_operator(String, :===, self)
+  end
+
+  def test_ancestors
+    assert_equal([User, Mixin],      User.ancestors)
+    assert_equal([Mixin],            Mixin.ancestors)
+
+    ancestors = Object.ancestors
+    mixins = ancestors - [Object, Kernel, BasicObject]
+    mixins << JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::String if defined?(JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::String)
+    assert_equal([Object, Kernel, BasicObject], ancestors - mixins)
+    assert_equal([String, Comparable, Object, Kernel, BasicObject], String.ancestors - mixins)
+  end
+
+  CLASS_EVAL = 2
+  @@class_eval = 'b'
+
+  def test_class_eval
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    Other.class_eval("CLASS_EVAL = 1")
+    assert_equal(1, Other::CLASS_EVAL)
+    assert_include(Other.constants, :CLASS_EVAL)
+    assert_equal(2, Other.class_eval { CLASS_EVAL })
+
+    Other.class_eval("@@class_eval = 'a'")
+    assert_equal('a', Other.class_variable_get(:@@class_eval))
+    assert_equal('b', Other.class_eval { @@class_eval })
+
+    Other.class_eval do
+      module_function
+
+      def class_eval_test
+        "foo"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal("foo", Other.class_eval_test)
+
+    assert_equal([Other], Other.class_eval { |*args| args })
+  end
+
+  def test_const_defined?
+    assert_operator(Math, :const_defined?, :PI)
+    assert_operator(Math, :const_defined?, "PI")
+    assert_not_operator(Math, :const_defined?, :IP)
+    assert_not_operator(Math, :const_defined?, "IP")
+
+    # Test invalid symbol name
+    # [Bug #20245]
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_stress do
+      assert_raise(EncodingError) do
+        Math.const_defined?("\xC3")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def each_bad_constants(m, &b)
+    [
+      "#<Class:0x7b8b718b>",
+      ":Object",
+      "",
+      ":",
+      ["String::", "[Bug #7573]"],
+      "\u3042",
+      "Name?",
+    ].each do |name, msg|
+      expected = "wrong constant name %s" % name
+      msg = "#{msg}#{': ' if msg}wrong constant name #{name.dump}"
+      assert_raise_with_message(NameError, Regexp.compile(Regexp.quote(expected)), "#{msg} to #{m}") do
+        yield name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_constants_get
+    each_bad_constants("get") {|name|
+      Object.const_get name
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_constants_defined
+    each_bad_constants("defined?") {|name|
+      Object.const_defined? name
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_leading_colons
+    assert_equal Object, AClass.const_get('::Object')
+  end
+
+  def test_const_get
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, Math.const_get("PI"))
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, Math.const_get(:PI))
+
+    n = Object.new
+    def n.to_str; @count = defined?(@count) ? @count + 1 : 1; "PI"; end
+    def n.count; @count; end
+    assert_equal(Math::PI, Math.const_get(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_get
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    assert_equal Other, Object.const_get([self.class, 'Other'].join('::'))
+    assert_equal User::USER, self.class.const_get([User, 'USER'].join('::'))
+    assert_raise(NameError) {
+      Object.const_get([self.class.name, 'String'].join('::'))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_get_symbol
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    const = [self.class, Other].join('::').to_sym
+    assert_raise(NameError) {Object.const_get(const)}
+
+    const = [User, 'USER'].join('::').to_sym
+    assert_raise(NameError) {self.class.const_get(const)}
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_get_const_missing
+    classes = []
+    klass = Class.new {
+      define_singleton_method(:const_missing) { |name|
+        classes << name
+        klass
+      }
+    }
+    klass.const_get("Foo::Bar::Baz")
+    assert_equal [:Foo, :Bar, :Baz], classes
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_get_bad_class
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      self.class.const_get([User, 'USER', 'Foo'].join('::'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_defined
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    assert_send([Object, :const_defined?, [self.class.name, 'Other'].join('::')])
+    assert_send([self.class, :const_defined?, 'User::USER'])
+    assert_not_send([self.class, :const_defined?, 'User::Foo'])
+    assert_not_send([Object, :const_defined?, [self.class.name, 'String'].join('::')])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_defined_symbol
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    const = [self.class, Other].join('::').to_sym
+    assert_raise(NameError) {Object.const_defined?(const)}
+
+    const = [User, 'USER'].join('::').to_sym
+    assert_raise(NameError) {self.class.const_defined?(const)}
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_defined_inheritance
+    assert_send([Object, :const_defined?, [self.class.name, 'User', 'MIXIN'].join('::')])
+    assert_send([self.class, :const_defined?, 'User::MIXIN'])
+    assert_send([Object, :const_defined?, 'File::SEEK_SET'])
+
+    # const_defined? with `false`
+    assert_not_send([Object, :const_defined?, [self.class.name, 'User', 'MIXIN'].join('::'), false])
+    assert_not_send([self.class, :const_defined?, 'User::MIXIN', false])
+    assert_not_send([Object, :const_defined?, 'File::SEEK_SET', false])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_defined_bad_class
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      self.class.const_defined?('User::USER::Foo')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_const_set
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    assert_not_operator(Other, :const_defined?, :KOALA)
+    Other.const_set(:KOALA, 99)
+    assert_operator(Other, :const_defined?, :KOALA)
+    assert_equal(99, Other::KOALA)
+    Other.const_set("WOMBAT", "Hi")
+    assert_equal("Hi", Other::WOMBAT)
+
+    n = Object.new
+    def n.to_str; @count = defined?(@count) ? @count + 1 : 1; "HOGE"; end
+    def n.count; @count; end
+    def n.count=(v); @count=v; end
+    assert_not_operator(Other, :const_defined?, :HOGE)
+    Other.const_set(n, 999)
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+    n.count = 0
+    assert_equal(999, Other.const_get(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+    n.count = 0
+    assert_equal(true, Other.const_defined?(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_constants
+    assert_equal([:MIXIN], Mixin.constants)
+    assert_equal([:MIXIN, :USER], User.constants.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_copy_empty
+    m = Module.new do
+      def x
+      end
+      const_set(:X, 1)
+      @x = 2
+    end
+    assert_equal([:x], m.instance_methods)
+    assert_equal([:@x], m.instance_variables)
+    assert_equal([:X], m.constants)
+
+    m = Class.new(Module) do
+      def initialize_copy(other)
+        # leave uninitialized
+      end
+    end.new.dup
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_operator(c.include(m), :<, m)
+    cp = Module.instance_method(:initialize_copy)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      cp.bind_call(m, Module.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Bug18185 < Module
+    module InstanceMethods
+    end
+    attr_reader :ancestor_list
+    def initialize
+      @ancestor_list = ancestors
+      include InstanceMethods
+    end
+    class Foo
+      attr_reader :key
+      def initialize(key:)
+        @key = key
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_subclass_initialize
+    mod = Bug18185.new
+    c = Class.new(Bug18185::Foo) do
+      include mod
+    end
+    anc = c.ancestors
+    assert_include(anc, mod)
+    assert_equal(1, anc.count(BasicObject), ->{anc.inspect})
+    b = c.new(key: 1)
+    assert_equal(1, b.key)
+    assert_not_include(mod.ancestor_list, BasicObject)
+  end
+
+  def test_module_collected_extended_object
+    m1 = labeled_module("m1")
+    m2 = labeled_module("m2")
+    Object.new.extend(m1)
+    GC.start
+    m1.include(m2)
+    assert_equal([m1, m2], m1.ancestors)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    OtherSetup.call
+
+    bug6454 = '[ruby-core:45132]'
+
+    a = Module.new
+    Other.const_set :BUG6454, a
+    b = a.dup
+    Other.const_set :BUG6454_dup, b
+
+    assert_equal "TestModule::Other::BUG6454_dup", b.inspect, bug6454
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_anonymous
+    bug6454 = '[ruby-core:45132]'
+
+    a = Module.new
+    original = a.inspect
+
+    b = a.dup
+
+    assert_not_equal original, b.inspect, bug6454
+  end
+
+  def test_public_include
+    assert_nothing_raised('#8846') do
+      Module.new.include(Module.new { def foo; end }).instance_methods == [:foo]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include_toplevel
+    assert_separately([], <<-EOS)
+      Mod = Module.new {def foo; :include_foo end}
+      TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval('include Mod')
+
+      assert_equal(:include_foo, TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval('foo'))
+      assert_equal([Object, Mod], Object.ancestors.slice(0, 2))
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_include_with_no_args
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Module.new { include } }
+  end
+
+  def test_include_before_initialize
+    m = Class.new(Module) do
+      def initialize(...)
+        include Enumerable
+        super
+      end
+    end.new
+    assert_operator(m, :<, Enumerable)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_self
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_equal([m], m.ancestors)
+    m.prepend(m) rescue nil
+    assert_equal([m], m.ancestors)
+  end
+
+  def test_bug17590
+    m = Module.new
+    c = Class.new
+    c.prepend(m)
+    c.include(m)
+    m.prepend(m) rescue nil
+    m2 = Module.new
+    m2.prepend(m)
+    c.include(m2)
+
+    assert_equal([m, c, m2] + Object.ancestors, c.ancestors)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_works_with_duped_classes
+    m = Module.new
+    a = Class.new do
+      def b; 2 end
+      prepend m
+    end
+    a2 = a.dup.new
+    a.class_eval do
+      alias _b b
+      def b; 1 end
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, a2.b)
+  end
+
+  def test_ancestry_of_duped_classes
+    m = Module.new
+    sc = Class.new
+    a = Class.new(sc) do
+      def b; 2 end
+      prepend m
+    end
+
+    a2 = a.dup.new
+
+    assert_kind_of Object, a2
+    assert_kind_of sc, a2
+    refute_kind_of a, a2
+    assert_kind_of m, a2
+
+    assert_kind_of Class, a2.class
+    assert_kind_of sc.singleton_class, a2.class
+    assert_same sc, a2.class.superclass
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_prepend_chain
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-EOS)
+      10000.times { |i|
+        m1 = Module.new do
+          def foo; end
+        end
+        m2 = Module.new do
+          prepend m1
+          def bar; end
+        end
+        m3 = Module.new do
+          def baz; end
+          prepend m2
+        end
+        Class.new do
+          prepend m3
+        end
+      }
+      GC.start
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_module_then_include
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"end;"}\n")
+      module M
+      end
+      class C
+        include M
+      end
+      module RefinementBug
+        refine M do
+          def refined_method
+            :rm
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      using RefinementBug
+
+      class A
+        include M
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(:rm, C.new.refined_method)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_include_into_module_already_included
+    c = Class.new{def foo; [:c] end}
+    modules = lambda do ||
+      sub = Class.new(c){def foo; [:sc] + super end}
+      [
+        Module.new{def foo; [:m1] + super end},
+        Module.new{def foo; [:m2] + super end},
+        Module.new{def foo; [:m3] + super end},
+        sub,
+        sub.new
+      ]
+    end
+
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    assert_equal([:sc, :c], o.foo)
+    sc.include m1
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m1, :c], o.foo)
+    m1.include m2
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m1, :m2, :c], o.foo)
+    m2.include m3
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m1, :m2, :m3, :c], o.foo)
+
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m1, :sc, :c], o.foo)
+    m1.include m2
+    assert_equal([:m1, :m2, :sc, :c], o.foo)
+    m2.include m3
+    assert_equal([:m1, :m2, :m3, :sc, :c], o.foo)
+
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    sc.include m2
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m2, :c], o.foo)
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m1, :sc, :m2, :c], o.foo)
+    m1.include m2
+    assert_equal([:m1, :sc, :m2, :c], o.foo)
+    m1.include m3
+    assert_equal([:m1, :m3, :sc, :m2, :c], o.foo)
+
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    sc.include m3
+    sc.include m2
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m2, :m3, :c], o.foo)
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m1, :sc, :m2, :m3, :c], o.foo)
+    m1.include m2
+    m1.include m3
+    assert_equal([:m1, :sc, :m2, :m3, :c], o.foo)
+
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    assert_equal([:sc, :c], o.foo)
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m1, :sc, :c], o.foo)
+    m1.prepend m2
+    assert_equal([:m2, :m1, :sc, :c], o.foo)
+    m2.prepend m3
+    assert_equal([:m3, :m2, :m1, :sc, :c], o.foo)
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    sc.include m1
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m1, :c], o.foo)
+    sc.prepend m2
+    assert_equal([:m2, :sc, :m1, :c], o.foo)
+    sc.prepend m3
+    assert_equal([:m3, :m2, :sc, :m1, :c], o.foo)
+    m1, m2, m3, sc, o = modules.call
+    sc.include m1
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m1, :c], o.foo)
+    m2.prepend m3
+    m1.include m2
+    assert_equal([:sc, :m1, :m3, :m2, :c], o.foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_included_modules
+    assert_equal([], Mixin.included_modules)
+    assert_equal([Mixin], User.included_modules)
+
+    mixins = Object.included_modules - [Kernel]
+    mixins << JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::String if defined?(JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::String)
+    assert_equal([Kernel], Object.included_modules - mixins)
+    assert_equal([Comparable, Kernel], String.included_modules - mixins)
+  end
+
+  def test_included_modules_with_prepend
+    m1 = Module.new
+    m2 = Module.new
+    m3 = Module.new
+
+    m2.prepend m1
+    m3.include m2
+    assert_equal([m1, m2], m3.included_modules)
+  end
+
+  def test_include_with_prepend
+    c = Class.new{def m; [:c] end}
+    p = Module.new{def m; [:p] + super end}
+    q = Module.new{def m; [:q] + super end; include p}
+    r = Module.new{def m; [:r] + super end; prepend q}
+    s = Module.new{def m; [:s] + super end; include r}
+    a = Class.new(c){def m; [:a] + super end; prepend p; include s}
+    assert_equal([:p, :a, :s, :q, :r, :c], a.new.m)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_after_include
+    c = Class.new{def m; [:c] end}
+    sc = Class.new(c){def m; [:sc] + super end}
+    m = Module.new{def m; [:m] + super end}
+    sc.include m
+    sc.prepend m
+    sc.prepend m
+    assert_equal([:m, :sc, :m, :c], sc.new.m)
+
+    c = Class.new{def m; [:c] end}
+    sc = Class.new(c){def m; [:sc] + super end}
+    m0 = Module.new{def m; [:m0] + super end}
+    m1 = Module.new{def m; [:m1] + super end}
+    m1.prepend m0
+    sc.include m1
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m0, :m1, :sc, :m0, :m1, :c], sc.new.m)
+    sc.prepend m
+    assert_equal([:m, :m0, :m1, :sc, :m0, :m1, :c], sc.new.m)
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m, :m0, :m1, :sc, :m0, :m1, :c], sc.new.m)
+
+
+    c = Class.new{def m; [:c] end}
+    sc = Class.new(c){def m; [:sc] + super end}
+    m0 = Module.new{def m; [:m0] + super end}
+    m1 = Module.new{def m; [:m1] + super end}
+    m1.include m0
+    sc.include m1
+    sc.prepend m
+    sc.prepend m1
+    sc.prepend m1
+    assert_equal([:m1, :m0, :m, :sc, :m1, :m0, :c], sc.new.m)
+  end
+
+  def test_include_into_module_after_prepend_bug_20871
+    bar = Module.new{def bar; 'bar'; end}
+    foo = Module.new{def foo; 'foo'; end}
+    m = Module.new
+    c = Class.new{include m}
+    m.prepend bar
+    Class.new{include m}
+    m.include foo
+    assert_include c.ancestors, foo
+    assert_equal "foo", c.new.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_protected_include_into_included_module
+    m1 = Module.new do
+      def other_foo(other)
+        other.foo
+      end
+
+      protected
+      def foo
+        :ok
+      end
+    end
+    m2 = Module.new
+    c1 = Class.new { include m2 }
+    c2 = Class.new { include m2 }
+    m2.include(m1)
+
+    assert_equal :ok, c1.new.other_foo(c2.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_methods
+    assert_equal([:user, :user2], User.instance_methods(false).sort)
+    assert_equal([:user, :user2, :mixin].sort, User.instance_methods(true).sort)
+    assert_equal([:mixin], Mixin.instance_methods)
+    assert_equal([:mixin], Mixin.instance_methods(true))
+    assert_equal([:cClass], (class << CClass; self; end).instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([], (class << BClass; self; end).instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:cm2], (class << AClass; self; end).instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:aClass, :aClass2], AClass.instance_methods(false).sort)
+    assert_equal([:aClass, :aClass2],
+        (AClass.instance_methods(true) - Object.instance_methods(true)).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_defined?
+    [User, Class.new{include User}, Class.new{prepend User}].each do |klass|
+      [[], [true]].each do |args|
+        assert_method_not_defined?(klass, [:wombat, *args])
+        assert_method_defined?(klass, [:mixin, *args])
+        assert_method_defined?(klass, [:user, *args])
+        assert_method_defined?(klass, [:user2, *args])
+        assert_method_not_defined?(klass, [:user3, *args])
+
+        assert_method_not_defined?(klass, ["wombat", *args])
+        assert_method_defined?(klass, ["mixin", *args])
+        assert_method_defined?(klass, ["user", *args])
+        assert_method_defined?(klass, ["user2", *args])
+        assert_method_not_defined?(klass, ["user3", *args])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_defined_without_include_super
+    assert_method_defined?(User, [:user, false])
+    assert_method_not_defined?(User, [:mixin, false])
+    assert_method_defined?(Mixin, [:mixin, false])
+
+    User.const_set(:FOO, c = Class.new)
+
+    c.prepend(User)
+    assert_method_not_defined?(c, [:user, false])
+    c.define_method(:user){}
+    assert_method_defined?(c, [:user, false])
+
+    assert_method_not_defined?(c, [:mixin, false])
+    c.define_method(:mixin){}
+    assert_method_defined?(c, [:mixin, false])
+
+    assert_method_not_defined?(c, [:userx, false])
+    c.define_method(:userx){}
+    assert_method_defined?(c, [:userx, false])
+
+    # cleanup
+    User.class_eval do
+      remove_const :FOO
+    end
+  end
+
+  def module_exec_aux
+    Proc.new do
+      def dynamically_added_method_3; end
+    end
+  end
+  def module_exec_aux_2(&block)
+    User.module_exec(&block)
+  end
+
+  def test_module_exec
+    User.module_exec do
+      def dynamically_added_method_1; end
+    end
+    assert_method_defined?(User, :dynamically_added_method_1)
+
+    block = Proc.new do
+      def dynamically_added_method_2; end
+    end
+    User.module_exec(&block)
+    assert_method_defined?(User, :dynamically_added_method_2)
+
+    User.module_exec(&module_exec_aux)
+    assert_method_defined?(User, :dynamically_added_method_3)
+
+    module_exec_aux_2 do
+      def dynamically_added_method_4; end
+    end
+    assert_method_defined?(User, :dynamically_added_method_4)
+
+    # cleanup
+    User.class_eval do
+      remove_method :dynamically_added_method_1
+      remove_method :dynamically_added_method_2
+      remove_method :dynamically_added_method_3
+      remove_method :dynamically_added_method_4
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_eval
+    User.module_eval("MODULE_EVAL = 1")
+    assert_equal(1, User::MODULE_EVAL)
+    assert_include(User.constants, :MODULE_EVAL)
+    User.instance_eval("remove_const(:MODULE_EVAL)")
+    assert_not_include(User.constants, :MODULE_EVAL)
+  end
+
+  def test_name
+    assert_equal("Integer", Integer.name)
+    assert_equal("TestModule::Mixin",  Mixin.name)
+    assert_equal("TestModule::User",   User.name)
+
+    assert_predicate Integer.name, :frozen?
+    assert_predicate Mixin.name, :frozen?
+    assert_predicate User.name, :frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_accidental_singleton_naming_with_module
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nil(o.singleton_class.name)
+    class << o
+      module Hi; end
+    end
+    assert_nil(o.singleton_class.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_accidental_singleton_naming_with_class
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nil(o.singleton_class.name)
+    class << o
+      class Hi; end
+    end
+    assert_nil(o.singleton_class.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_classpath
+    m = Module.new
+    n = Module.new
+    m.const_set(:N, n)
+    assert_nil(m.name)
+    assert_match(/::N$/, n.name)
+    assert_equal([:N], m.constants)
+    m.module_eval("module O end")
+    assert_equal([:N, :O], m.constants.sort)
+    m.module_eval("class C; end")
+    assert_equal([:C, :N, :O], m.constants.sort)
+    assert_match(/::N$/, m::N.name)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Module:.*>::O\z/, m::O.name)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Module:.*>::C\z/, m::C.name)
+    self.class.const_set(:M, m)
+    prefix = self.class.name + "::M::"
+    assert_equal(prefix+"N", m.const_get(:N).name)
+    assert_equal(prefix+"O", m.const_get(:O).name)
+    assert_equal(prefix+"C", m.const_get(:C).name)
+    c = m.class_eval("Bug15891 = Class.new.freeze")
+    assert_equal(prefix+"Bug15891", c.name)
+  ensure
+    self.class.class_eval {remove_const(:M)}
+  end
+
+  def test_private_class_method
+    assert_raise(ExpectedException) { AClass.cm1 }
+    assert_raise(ExpectedException) { AClass.cm3 }
+    assert_equal("cm1cm2cm3", AClass.cm2)
+
+    c = Class.new(AClass)
+    c.class_eval {private_class_method [:cm1, :cm2]}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {c.cm1}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {c.cm2}
+  end
+
+  def test_private_instance_methods
+    assert_equal([:aClass1], AClass.private_instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:bClass2], BClass.private_instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:aClass1, :bClass2],
+        (BClass.private_instance_methods(true) -
+         Object.private_instance_methods(true)).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_protected_instance_methods
+    assert_equal([:aClass2], AClass.protected_instance_methods)
+    assert_equal([:bClass3], BClass.protected_instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:bClass3, :aClass2].sort,
+                 (BClass.protected_instance_methods(true) -
+                  Object.protected_instance_methods(true)).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_public_class_method
+    assert_equal("cm1",       MyClass.cm1)
+    assert_equal("cm1cm2cm3", MyClass.cm2)
+    assert_raise(ExpectedException) { eval "MyClass.cm3" }
+
+    c = Class.new(AClass)
+    c.class_eval {public_class_method [:cm1, :cm2]}
+    assert_equal("cm1",       c.cm1)
+    assert_equal("cm1cm2cm3", c.cm2)
+  end
+
+  def test_public_instance_methods
+    assert_equal([:aClass],  AClass.public_instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:bClass1], BClass.public_instance_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_undefined_instance_methods
+    assert_equal([],  AClass.undefined_instance_methods)
+    assert_equal([], BClass.undefined_instance_methods)
+    c = Class.new(AClass) {undef aClass}
+    assert_equal([:aClass], c.undefined_instance_methods)
+    c = Class.new(c)
+    assert_equal([], c.undefined_instance_methods)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_public
+    o = (c = Class.new(AClass)).new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass1}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass2}
+    c.class_eval {public :aClass1}
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, o.aClass1)
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(AClass)).new
+    c.class_eval {public :aClass1, :aClass2}
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, o.aClass1)
+    assert_equal(:aClass2, o.aClass2)
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(AClass)).new
+    c.class_eval {public [:aClass1, :aClass2]}
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, o.aClass1)
+    assert_equal(:aClass2, o.aClass2)
+
+    o = AClass.new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, o.aClass)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass1}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass2}
+  end
+
+  def test_s_private
+    o = (c = Class.new(AClass)).new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, o.aClass)
+    c.class_eval {private :aClass}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass}
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(AClass)).new
+    c.class_eval {private :aClass, :aClass2}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass2}
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(AClass)).new
+    c.class_eval {private [:aClass, :aClass2]}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass2}
+
+    o = AClass.new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, o.aClass)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass1}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass2}
+  end
+
+  def test_s_protected
+    aclass = Class.new(AClass) do
+      def _aClass(o) o.aClass; end
+      def _aClass1(o) o.aClass1; end
+      def _aClass2(o) o.aClass2; end
+    end
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(aclass)).new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, o.aClass)
+    c.class_eval {protected :aClass}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass}
+    assert_equal(:aClass, c.new._aClass(o))
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(aclass)).new
+    c.class_eval {protected :aClass, :aClass1}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass1}
+    assert_equal(:aClass, c.new._aClass(o))
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, c.new._aClass1(o))
+
+    o = (c = Class.new(aclass)).new
+    c.class_eval {protected [:aClass, :aClass1]}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass1}
+    assert_equal(:aClass, c.new._aClass(o))
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, c.new._aClass1(o))
+
+    o = AClass.new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, o.aClass)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /private method/) {o.aClass1}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, /protected method/) {o.aClass2}
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_method_return_value
+    no_arg_results = nil
+    c = Module.new do
+      singleton_class.send(:public, :public, :private, :protected, :module_function)
+      def foo; end
+      def bar; end
+      no_arg_results = [public, private, protected, module_function]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([nil]*4, no_arg_results)
+
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.private(:foo))
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.public(:foo))
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.protected(:foo))
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.module_function(:foo))
+
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], c.private(:foo, :bar))
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], c.public(:foo, :bar))
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], c.protected(:foo, :bar))
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], c.module_function(:foo, :bar))
+  end
+
+  def test_s_constants
+    c1 = Module.constants
+    Object.module_eval "WALTER = 99"
+    c2 = Module.constants
+    assert_equal([:WALTER], c2 - c1)
+
+    Object.class_eval do
+      remove_const :WALTER
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([], Module.constants(true))
+    assert_equal([], Module.constants(false))
+
+    src = <<-INPUT
+      ary = Module.constants
+      module M
+        WALTER = 99
+      end
+      class Module
+        include M
+      end
+      p Module.constants - ary, Module.constants(true), Module.constants(false)
+    INPUT
+    assert_in_out_err([], src, %w([:M] [:WALTER] []), [])
+
+    klass = Class.new do
+      const_set(:X, 123)
+    end
+    assert_equal(false, klass.class_eval { Module.constants }.include?(:X))
+
+    assert_equal(false, Complex.constants(false).include?(:compatible))
+  end
+
+  module M1
+    $m1 = Module.nesting
+    module M2
+      $m2 = Module.nesting
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_s_nesting
+    assert_equal([],                               $m0)
+    assert_equal([TestModule::M1, TestModule],     $m1)
+    assert_equal([TestModule::M1::M2,
+                  TestModule::M1, TestModule],     $m2)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_instance_of(Module, m)
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze
+    m = Module.new do
+      def self.baz; end
+      def bar; end
+    end
+    m.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      m.module_eval do
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      m.__send__ :private, :bar
+    end
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      m.private_class_method :baz
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_obsoleted_flag
+    c = Class.new do
+      extend Test::Unit::Assertions
+      extend Test::Unit::CoreAssertions
+      def initialize
+        @foo = :foo
+        @bar = :bar
+      end
+      assert_deprecated_warning(/optional boolean argument/) do
+        attr :foo, true
+      end
+      assert_deprecated_warning(/optional boolean argument/) do
+        attr :bar, false
+      end
+    end
+    o = c.new
+    assert_equal(true, o.respond_to?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(true, o.respond_to?(:foo=))
+    assert_equal(true, o.respond_to?(:bar))
+    assert_equal(false, o.respond_to?(:bar=))
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_public_at_toplevel
+    s = Object.new
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval(<<-END).call(s.singleton_class)
+      proc do |c|
+        c.send(:attr_accessor, :x)
+        c.send(:attr, :y)
+        c.send(:attr_reader, :z)
+        c.send(:attr_writer, :w)
+      end
+    END
+    assert_nil s.x
+    s.x = 1
+    assert_equal 1, s.x
+
+    assert_nil s.y
+    s.instance_variable_set(:@y, 2)
+    assert_equal 2, s.y
+
+    assert_nil s.z
+    s.instance_variable_set(:@z, 3)
+    assert_equal 3, s.z
+
+    s.w = 4
+    assert_equal 4, s.instance_variable_get(:@w)
+  end
+
+  def test_const_get_evaled
+    c1 = Class.new
+    c2 = Class.new(c1)
+
+    eval("c1::Foo = :foo")
+    assert_equal(:foo, c1::Foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, c2::Foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, c2.const_get(:Foo))
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c2.const_get(:Foo, false) }
+
+    c1.__send__(:remove_const, :Foo)
+    eval("c1::Foo = :foo")
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1::Bar }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c2::Bar }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c2.const_get(:Bar) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c2.const_get(:Bar, false) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c2.const_get("Bar", false) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c2.const_get("BaR11", false) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Object.const_get("BaR11", false) }
+
+    c1.instance_eval do
+      def const_missing(x)
+        x
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(:Bar, c1::Bar)
+    assert_equal(:Bar, c2::Bar)
+    assert_equal(:Bar, c2.const_get(:Bar))
+    assert_equal(:Bar, c2.const_get(:Bar, false))
+    assert_equal(:Bar, c2.const_get("Bar"))
+    assert_equal(:Bar, c2.const_get("Bar", false))
+
+    v = c2.const_get("Bar11", false)
+    assert_equal("Bar11".to_sym, v)
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_get(:foo) }
+  end
+
+  def test_const_set_invalid_name
+    c1 = Class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /foo/) { c1.const_set(:foo, :foo) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /bar/) { c1.const_set("bar", :foo) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /1/) { c1.const_set(1, :foo) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { c1.const_set("X\u{3042}", :foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_set("X\u{3042}".encode("utf-16be"), :foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_set("X\u{3042}".encode("utf-16le"), :foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_set("X\u{3042}".encode("utf-32be"), :foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_set("X\u{3042}".encode("utf-32le"), :foo) }
+
+    cx = EnvUtil.labeled_class("X\u{3042}")
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /X\u{3042}/) { c1.const_set(cx, :foo) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_const_get_invalid_name
+    c1 = Class.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_get(:foo) }
+    bug5084 = '[ruby-dev:44200]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5084) { c1.const_get(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_const_defined_invalid_name
+    c1 = Class.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c1.const_defined?(:foo) }
+    bug5084 = '[ruby-dev:44200]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5084) { c1.const_defined?(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_const_get_no_inherited
+    bug3422 = '[ruby-core:30719]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w[1 NameError A], [], bug3422)
+    BasicObject::A = 1
+    puts [true, false].map {|inh|
+      begin
+        Object.const_get(:A, inh)
+      rescue NameError => e
+        [e.class, e.name]
+      end
+    }
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_const_get_inherited
+    bug3423 = '[ruby-core:30720]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w[NameError A NameError A], [], bug3423)
+    module Foo; A = 1; end
+    class Object; include Foo; end
+    class Bar; include Foo; end
+
+    puts [Object, Bar].map {|klass|
+      begin
+        klass.const_get(:A, false)
+      rescue NameError => e
+        [e.class, e.name]
+      end
+    }
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_const_in_module
+    bug3423 = '[ruby-core:37698]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w[ok], [], bug3423)
+    module LangModuleSpecInObject
+      module LangModuleTop
+      end
+    end
+    include LangModuleSpecInObject
+    puts "ok" if LangModuleSpecInObject::LangModuleTop == LangModuleTop
+    INPUT
+
+    bug5264 = '[ruby-core:39227]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'INPUT', [], [], bug5264)
+    class A
+      class X; end
+    end
+    class B < A
+      module X; end
+    end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_class_variable_get
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval('@@foo = :foo')
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.class_variable_get(:@@foo))
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_get(:@@bar) } # c.f. instance_variable_get
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_get(:'@@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_get('@@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_get(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_get("bar") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { c.class_variable_get(1) }
+
+    n = Object.new
+    def n.to_str; @count = defined?(@count) ? @count + 1 : 1; "@@foo"; end
+    def n.count; @count; end
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.class_variable_get(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_class_variable_set
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_variable_set(:@@foo, :foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.class_eval('@@foo'))
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_set(:'@@', 1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_set('@@', 1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_set(:foo, 1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_set("bar", 1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { c.class_variable_set(1, 1) }
+
+    n = Object.new
+    def n.to_str; @count = defined?(@count) ? @count + 1 : 1; "@@foo"; end
+    def n.count; @count; end
+    c.class_variable_set(n, :bar)
+    assert_equal(:bar, c.class_eval('@@foo'))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_class_variable_defined
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval('@@foo = :foo')
+    assert_equal(true, c.class_variable_defined?(:@@foo))
+    assert_equal(false, c.class_variable_defined?(:@@bar))
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_defined?(:'@@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_defined?('@@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_defined?(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c.class_variable_defined?("bar") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { c.class_variable_defined?(1) }
+    n = Object.new
+    def n.to_str; @count = defined?(@count) ? @count + 1 : 1; "@@foo"; end
+    def n.count; @count; end
+    assert_equal(true, c.class_variable_defined?(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_class_variable
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval('@@foo = :foo')
+    c.class_eval { remove_class_variable(:@@foo) }
+    assert_equal(false, c.class_variable_defined?(:@@foo))
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      c.class_eval { remove_class_variable(:@var) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_export_method
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      m.instance_eval { public(:foo) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attr
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(nil))
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      c = Class.new
+      c.instance_eval do
+        private
+        attr_reader :foo
+      end
+      o = c.new
+      p(o.instance_eval { foo })
+    INPUT
+
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      c.instance_eval { attr_reader :"." }
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_equal([:a], c.class_eval { attr :a })
+    assert_equal([:b, :c], c.class_eval { attr :b, :c })
+    assert_equal([:d], c.class_eval { attr_reader :d })
+    assert_equal([:e, :f], c.class_eval { attr_reader :e, :f })
+    assert_equal([:g=], c.class_eval { attr_writer :g })
+    assert_equal([:h=, :i=], c.class_eval { attr_writer :h, :i })
+    assert_equal([:j, :j=], c.class_eval { attr_accessor :j })
+    assert_equal([:k, :k=, :l, :l=], c.class_eval { attr_accessor :k, :l })
+
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_equal([:a], c.class_eval { attr "a" })
+    assert_equal([:b, :c], c.class_eval { attr "b", "c" })
+    assert_equal([:d], c.class_eval { attr_reader "d" })
+    assert_equal([:e, :f], c.class_eval { attr_reader "e", "f" })
+    assert_equal([:g=], c.class_eval { attr_writer "g" })
+    assert_equal([:h=, :i=], c.class_eval { attr_writer "h", "i" })
+    assert_equal([:j, :j=], c.class_eval { attr_accessor "j" })
+    assert_equal([:k, :k=, :l, :l=], c.class_eval { attr_accessor "k", "l" })
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_method
+    c = Class.new do
+      def foo; :foo end
+    end
+    o = c.new
+    assert_respond_to(o, :foo)
+    assert_not_respond_to(o, :bar)
+    r = c.class_eval {alias_method :bar, :foo}
+    assert_respond_to(o, :bar)
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.bar)
+    assert_equal(:bar, r)
+  end
+
+  def test_undef
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      c.instance_eval { undef_method(:foo) }
+    end
+
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      m.instance_eval { undef_method(:foo) }
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      class << o; self; end.instance_eval { undef_method(:foo) }
+    end
+
+    %w(object_id __id__ __send__ initialize).each do |n|
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], %r"warning: undefining '#{n}' may cause serious problems$")
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        Class.new.instance_eval { undef_method(:#{n}) }
+      INPUT
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_alias
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      m.class_eval { alias foo bar }
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(2), /discarding old foo$/)
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      c = Class.new
+      c.class_eval do
+        def foo; 1; end
+        def bar; 2; end
+      end
+      c.class_eval { alias foo bar }
+      p c.new.foo
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_mod_constants
+    m = Module.new
+    m.const_set(:Foo, :foo)
+    assert_equal([:Foo], m.constants(true))
+    assert_equal([:Foo], m.constants(false))
+    m.instance_eval { remove_const(:Foo) }
+  end
+
+  class Bug9413
+    class << self
+      Foo = :foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_constants
+    bug9413 = '[ruby-core:59763] [Bug #9413]'
+    c = Bug9413.singleton_class
+    assert_include(c.constants(true), :Foo, bug9413)
+    assert_include(c.constants(false), :Foo, bug9413)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_module
+    m = Module.new
+    m.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      m.instance_eval { undef_method(:foo) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_class
+    c = Class.new
+    c.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      c.instance_eval { undef_method(:foo) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_singleton_class
+    klass = Class.new
+    o = klass.new
+    c = class << o; self; end
+    c.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) do
+      c.instance_eval { undef_method(:foo) }
+    end
+    klass.class_eval do
+      def self.foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_defined
+    cl = Class.new
+    def_methods = proc do
+      def foo; end
+      def bar; end
+      def baz; end
+      public :foo
+      protected :bar
+      private :baz
+    end
+    cl.class_eval(&def_methods)
+    sc = Class.new(cl)
+    mod = Module.new(&def_methods)
+    only_prepend = Class.new{prepend(mod)}
+    empty_prepend = cl.clone
+    empty_prepend.prepend(Module.new)
+    overlap_prepend = cl.clone
+    overlap_prepend.prepend(mod)
+
+    [[], [true], [false]].each do |args|
+      [cl, sc, only_prepend, empty_prepend, overlap_prepend].each do |c|
+        always_false = [sc, only_prepend].include?(c) && args == [false]
+
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : true, c.public_method_defined?(:foo, *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.public_method_defined?(:bar, *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.public_method_defined?(:baz, *args))
+
+        # Test if string arguments are converted to symbols
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : true, c.public_method_defined?("foo", *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.public_method_defined?("bar", *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.public_method_defined?("baz", *args))
+
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.protected_method_defined?(:foo, *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : true, c.protected_method_defined?(:bar, *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.protected_method_defined?(:baz, *args))
+
+        # Test if string arguments are converted to symbols
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.protected_method_defined?("foo", *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : true, c.protected_method_defined?("bar", *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.protected_method_defined?("baz", *args))
+
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.private_method_defined?(:foo, *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.private_method_defined?(:bar, *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : true, c.private_method_defined?(:baz, *args))
+
+        # Test if string arguments are converted to symbols
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.private_method_defined?("foo", *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : false, c.private_method_defined?("bar", *args))
+        assert_equal(always_false ? false : true, c.private_method_defined?("baz", *args))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_top_public_private
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w([:foo] [:bar] [:bar,\ :foo] [] [:bar,\ :foo] []), [])
+      private
+      def foo; :foo; end
+      public
+      def bar; :bar; end
+      p self.private_methods.grep(/^foo$|^bar$/)
+      p self.methods.grep(/^foo$|^bar$/)
+
+      private :foo, :bar
+      p self.private_methods.grep(/^foo$|^bar$/).sort
+
+      public :foo, :bar
+      p self.private_methods.grep(/^foo$|^bar$/).sort
+
+      private [:foo, :bar]
+      p self.private_methods.grep(/^foo$|^bar$/).sort
+
+      public [:foo, :bar]
+      p self.private_methods.grep(/^foo$|^bar$/).sort
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_append_features
+    t = nil
+    m = Module.new
+    m.module_eval do
+      def foo; :foo; end
+    end
+    class << m; self; end.class_eval do
+      define_method(:append_features) do |mod|
+        t = mod
+        super(mod)
+      end
+    end
+
+    m2 = Module.new
+    m2.module_eval { include(m) }
+    assert_equal(m2, t)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    o.extend(m2)
+    assert_equal(true, o.respond_to?(:foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_append_features_raise
+    m = Module.new
+    m.module_eval do
+      def foo; :foo; end
+    end
+    class << m; self; end.class_eval do
+      define_method(:append_features) {|mod| raise }
+    end
+
+    m2 = Module.new
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      m2.module_eval { include(m) }
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    o.extend(m2)
+    assert_equal(false, o.respond_to?(:foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_append_features_type_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.new.instance_eval { append_features(1) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_included
+    m = Module.new
+    m.module_eval do
+      def foo; :foo; end
+    end
+    class << m; self; end.class_eval do
+      define_method(:included) {|mod| raise }
+    end
+
+    m2 = Module.new
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      m2.module_eval { include(m) }
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    o.extend(m2)
+    assert_equal(true, o.respond_to?(:foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_cyclic_include
+    m1 = Module.new
+    m2 = Module.new
+    m1.instance_eval { include(m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      m2.instance_eval { include(m1) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include_p
+    m = Module.new
+    c1 = Class.new
+    c1.instance_eval { include(m) }
+    c2 = Class.new(c1)
+    assert_equal(true, c1.include?(m))
+    assert_equal(true, c2.include?(m))
+    assert_equal(false, m.include?(m))
+  end
+
+  def test_send
+    a = AClass.new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, a.__send__(:aClass))
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, a.__send__(:aClass1))
+    assert_equal(:aClass2, a.__send__(:aClass2))
+    b = BClass.new
+    assert_equal(:aClass, b.__send__(:aClass))
+    assert_equal(:aClass1, b.__send__(:aClass1))
+    assert_equal(:aClass2, b.__send__(:aClass2))
+    assert_equal(:bClass1, b.__send__(:bClass1))
+    assert_equal(:bClass2, b.__send__(:bClass2))
+    assert_equal(:bClass3, b.__send__(:bClass3))
+  end
+
+
+  def test_nonascii_name
+    c = eval("class ::C\u{df}; self; end")
+    assert_equal("C\u{df}", c.name, '[ruby-core:24600]')
+    c = eval("class C\u{df}; self; end")
+    assert_equal("TestModule::C\u{df}", c.name, '[ruby-core:24600]')
+    c = Module.new.module_eval("class X\u{df} < Module; self; end")
+    assert_match(/::X\u{df}:/, c.new.to_s)
+  ensure
+    Object.send(:remove_const, "C\u{df}")
+  end
+
+
+  def test_const_added
+    eval(<<~RUBY)
+      module TestConstAdded
+        @memo = []
+        class << self
+          attr_accessor :memo
+
+          def const_added(sym)
+            memo << sym
+          end
+        end
+        CONST = 1
+        module SubModule
+        end
+
+        class SubClass
+        end
+      end
+      TestConstAdded::OUTSIDE_CONST = 2
+      module TestConstAdded::OutsideSubModule; end
+      class TestConstAdded::OutsideSubClass; end
+    RUBY
+    TestConstAdded.const_set(:CONST_SET, 3)
+    assert_equal [
+      :CONST,
+      :SubModule,
+      :SubClass,
+      :OUTSIDE_CONST,
+      :OutsideSubModule,
+      :OutsideSubClass,
+      :CONST_SET,
+    ], TestConstAdded.memo
+  ensure
+    if self.class.const_defined? :TestConstAdded
+      self.class.send(:remove_const, :TestConstAdded)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_added
+    memo = []
+    mod = Module.new do
+      mod = self
+      (class << self ; self ; end).class_eval do
+        define_method :method_added do |sym|
+          memo << sym
+          memo << mod.instance_methods(false)
+          memo << (mod.instance_method(sym) rescue nil)
+        end
+      end
+      def f
+      end
+      alias g f
+      attr_reader :a
+      attr_writer :a
+    end
+    assert_equal :f, memo.shift
+    assert_equal [:f], memo.shift, '[ruby-core:25536]'
+    assert_equal mod.instance_method(:f), memo.shift
+    assert_equal :g, memo.shift
+    assert_equal [:f, :g].sort, memo.shift.sort
+    assert_equal mod.instance_method(:f), memo.shift
+    assert_equal :a, memo.shift
+    assert_equal [:f, :g, :a].sort, memo.shift.sort
+    assert_equal mod.instance_method(:a), memo.shift
+    assert_equal :a=, memo.shift
+    assert_equal [:f, :g, :a, :a=].sort, memo.shift.sort
+    assert_equal mod.instance_method(:a=), memo.shift
+  end
+
+  def test_method_undefined
+    added = []
+    undefed = []
+    removed = []
+    mod = Module.new do
+      mod = self
+      def f
+      end
+      (class << self ; self ; end).class_eval do
+        define_method :method_added do |sym|
+          added << sym
+        end
+        define_method :method_undefined do |sym|
+          undefed << sym
+        end
+        define_method :method_removed do |sym|
+          removed << sym
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_method_defined?(mod, :f)
+    mod.module_eval do
+      undef :f
+    end
+    assert_equal [], added
+    assert_equal [:f], undefed
+    assert_equal [], removed
+  end
+
+  def test_method_removed
+    added = []
+    undefed = []
+    removed = []
+    mod = Module.new do
+      mod = self
+      def f
+      end
+      (class << self ; self ; end).class_eval do
+        define_method :method_added do |sym|
+          added << sym
+        end
+        define_method :method_undefined do |sym|
+          undefed << sym
+        end
+        define_method :method_removed do |sym|
+          removed << sym
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_method_defined?(mod, :f)
+    mod.module_eval do
+      remove_method :f
+    end
+    assert_equal [], added
+    assert_equal [], undefed
+    assert_equal [:f], removed
+  end
+
+  def test_method_redefinition
+    feature2155 = '[ruby-dev:39400]'
+
+    line = __LINE__+4
+    stderr = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      Module.new do
+        def foo; end
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match(/:#{line}: warning: method redefined; discarding old foo/, stderr)
+    assert_match(/:#{line-1}: warning: previous definition of foo/, stderr, feature2155)
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Module.new do
+        def foo; end
+        alias bar foo
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Module.new do
+        def foo; end
+        alias bar foo
+        alias bar foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    line = __LINE__+4
+    stderr = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      Module.new do
+        define_method(:foo) do end
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match(/:#{line}: warning: method redefined; discarding old foo/, stderr)
+    assert_match(/:#{line-1}: warning: previous definition of foo/, stderr, feature2155)
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Module.new do
+        define_method(:foo) do end
+        alias bar foo
+        alias bar foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warning('', '[ruby-dev:39397]') do
+      Module.new do
+        module_function
+        def foo; end
+        module_function :foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_warning '' do
+      Module.new do
+        def foo; end
+        undef foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    stderr = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      Module.new do
+        def foo; end
+        mod = self
+        c = Class.new do
+          include mod
+        end
+        c.new.foo
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match(/: warning: method redefined; discarding old foo/, stderr)
+    assert_match(/: warning: previous definition of foo/, stderr)
+  end
+
+  def test_module_function_inside_method
+    assert_warn(/calling module_function without arguments inside a method may not have the intended effect/, '[ruby-core:79751]') do
+      Module.new do
+        def self.foo
+          module_function
+        end
+        foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_protected_singleton_method
+    klass = Class.new
+    x = klass.new
+    class << x
+      protected
+
+      def foo
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      x.foo
+    end
+    klass.send(:define_method, :bar) do
+      x.foo
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      x.bar
+    end
+    y = klass.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      y.bar
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized_toplevel_constant
+    bug3123 = '[ruby-dev:40951]'
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {eval("Bug3123", TOPLEVEL_BINDING)}
+    assert_not_match(/Object::/, e.message, bug3123)
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_inherited_visibility
+    bug3406 = '[ruby-core:30638]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      class << self
+        private
+        def attr_accessor(*); super; end
+      end
+      attr_accessor :x
+    end.new
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug3406) {c.x = 1}
+    assert_equal(1, c.x, bug3406)
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_writer_with_no_arguments
+    bug8540 = "[ruby-core:55543]"
+    c = Class.new do
+      attr_writer :foo
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug8540) { c.new.send :foo= }
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constant_in_class
+    c = Class.new
+    c.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    assert_equal("foo", c::FOO)
+    c.private_constant(:FOO)
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {c::FOO}
+    assert_equal(c, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+    assert_equal("foo", c.class_eval("FOO"))
+    assert_equal("foo", c.const_get("FOO"))
+    $VERBOSE, verbose = nil, $VERBOSE
+    c.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {c::FOO}
+    assert_equal(c, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /#{c}::FOO/) do
+      Class.new(c)::FOO
+    end
+    assert_equal(c, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constant_in_module
+    m = Module.new
+    m.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    assert_equal("foo", m::FOO)
+    m.private_constant(:FOO)
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {m::FOO}
+    assert_equal(m, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+    assert_equal("foo", m.class_eval("FOO"))
+    assert_equal("foo", m.const_get("FOO"))
+    $VERBOSE, verbose = nil, $VERBOSE
+    m.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {m::FOO}
+    assert_equal(m, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+    e = assert_raise(NameError, /#{m}::FOO/) do
+      Module.new {include m}::FOO
+    end
+    assert_equal(m, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+    e = assert_raise(NameError, /#{m}::FOO/) do
+      Class.new {include m}::FOO
+    end
+    assert_equal(m, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, e.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constant2
+    c = Class.new
+    c.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    c.const_set(:BAR, "bar")
+    assert_equal("foo", c::FOO)
+    assert_equal("bar", c::BAR)
+    c.private_constant(:FOO, :BAR)
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c::FOO }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c::BAR }
+    assert_equal("foo", c.class_eval("FOO"))
+    assert_equal("bar", c.class_eval("BAR"))
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constant_with_no_args
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-RUBY, [], ["-:3: warning: private_constant with no argument is just ignored"])
+      $-w = true
+      class X
+        private_constant
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constant_const_missing
+    c = Class.new
+    c.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    c.private_constant(:FOO)
+    class << c
+      attr_reader :const_missing_arg
+      def const_missing(name)
+        @const_missing_arg = name
+	name == :FOO ? const_get(:FOO) : super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal("foo", c::FOO)
+    assert_equal(:FOO, c.const_missing_arg)
+  end
+
+  class PrivateClass
+  end
+  private_constant :PrivateClass
+
+  def test_define_module_under_private_constant
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      eval %q{class TestModule::PrivateClass; end}
+    end
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      eval %q{module TestModule::PrivateClass::TestModule; end}
+    end
+    eval %q{class PrivateClass; end}
+    eval %q{module PrivateClass::TestModule; end}
+    assert_instance_of(Module, PrivateClass::TestModule)
+    PrivateClass.class_eval { remove_const(:TestModule) }
+  end
+
+  def test_public_constant
+    c = Class.new
+    c.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    assert_equal("foo", c::FOO)
+    c.private_constant(:FOO)
+    assert_raise(NameError) { c::FOO }
+    assert_equal("foo", c.class_eval("FOO"))
+    c.public_constant(:FOO)
+    assert_equal("foo", c::FOO)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecate_constant
+    c = Class.new
+    c.const_set(:FOO, "foo")
+    c.deprecate_constant(:FOO)
+    assert_warn(/deprecated/) do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = true
+      c::FOO
+    end
+    assert_warn(/#{c}::FOO is deprecated/) do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = true
+      Class.new(c)::FOO
+    end
+    bug12382 = '[ruby-core:75505] [Bug #12382]'
+    assert_warn(/deprecated/, bug12382) do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = true
+      c.class_eval "FOO"
+    end
+    assert_warn('') do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = false
+      c::FOO
+    end
+    assert_warn('') do
+      Warning[:deprecated] = false
+      Class.new(c)::FOO
+    end
+    assert_warn(/deprecated/) do
+      c.class_eval {remove_const "FOO"}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_constants_with_private_constant
+    assert_not_include(::TestModule.constants, :PrivateClass)
+    assert_not_include(::TestModule.constants(true), :PrivateClass)
+    assert_not_include(::TestModule.constants(false), :PrivateClass)
+  end
+
+  def test_toplevel_private_constant
+    src = <<-INPUT
+      class Object
+        private_constant :Object
+      end
+      p Object
+      begin
+        p ::Object
+      rescue
+        p :ok
+      end
+    INPUT
+    assert_in_out_err([], src, %w(Object :ok), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constants_clear_inlinecache
+    bug5702 = '[ruby-dev:44929]'
+    src = <<-INPUT
+    class A
+      C = :Const
+      def self.get_C
+        A::C
+      end
+      # fill cache
+      A.get_C
+      private_constant :C, :D rescue nil
+      begin
+        A.get_C
+      rescue NameError
+        puts "A.get_C"
+      end
+    end
+    INPUT
+    assert_in_out_err([], src, %w(A.get_C), [], bug5702)
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_lookup_in_method_defined_by_class_eval
+    src = <<-INPUT
+      class A
+        B = 42
+      end
+
+      A.class_eval do
+        def self.f
+          B
+        end
+
+        def f
+          B
+        end
+      end
+
+      begin
+        A.f
+      rescue NameError
+        puts "A.f"
+      end
+      begin
+        A.new.f
+      rescue NameError
+        puts "A.new.f"
+      end
+    INPUT
+    assert_in_out_err([], src, %w(A.f A.new.f), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_lookup_in_toplevel_class_eval
+    src = <<-INPUT
+      module X
+        A = 123
+      end
+      begin
+        X.class_eval { A }
+      rescue NameError => e
+        puts e
+      end
+    INPUT
+    assert_in_out_err([], src, ["uninitialized constant A"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_lookup_in_module_in_class_eval
+    src = <<-INPUT
+      class A
+        B = 42
+      end
+
+      A.class_eval do
+        module C
+          begin
+            B
+          rescue NameError
+            puts "NameError"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    INPUT
+    assert_in_out_err([], src, ["NameError"], [])
+  end
+
+  module M0
+    def m1; [:M0] end
+  end
+  module M1
+    def m1; [:M1, *super] end
+  end
+  module M2
+    def m1; [:M2, *super] end
+  end
+  M3 = Module.new do
+    def m1; [:M3, *super] end
+  end
+  module M4
+    def m1; [:M4, *super] end
+  end
+  class C
+    def m1; end
+  end
+  class C0 < C
+    include M0
+    prepend M1
+    def m1; [:C0, *super] end
+  end
+  class C1 < C0
+    prepend M2, M3
+    include M4
+    def m1; [:C1, *super] end
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend
+    obj = C0.new
+    expected = [:M1,:C0,:M0]
+    assert_equal(expected, obj.m1)
+    obj = C1.new
+    expected = [:M2,:M3,:C1,:M4,:M1,:C0,:M0]
+    assert_equal(expected, obj.m1)
+  end
+
+  def test_public_prepend
+    assert_nothing_raised('#8846') do
+      Class.new.prepend(Module.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_CMP
+    bug11878 = '[ruby-core:72493] [Bug #11878]'
+    assert_equal(-1, C1 <=> M2)
+    assert_equal(+1, M2 <=> C1, bug11878)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_inheritance
+    bug6654 = '[ruby-core:45914]'
+    a = labeled_module("a")
+    b = labeled_module("b") {include a}
+    c = labeled_class("c") {prepend b}
+    assert_operator(c, :<, b, bug6654)
+    assert_operator(c, :<, a, bug6654)
+    bug8357 = '[ruby-core:54736] [Bug #8357]'
+    b = labeled_module("b") {prepend a}
+    c = labeled_class("c") {include b}
+    assert_operator(c, :<, b, bug8357)
+    assert_operator(c, :<, a, bug8357)
+    bug8357 = '[ruby-core:54742] [Bug #8357]'
+    assert_kind_of(b, c.new, bug8357)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_instance_methods
+    bug6655 = '[ruby-core:45915]'
+    assert_equal(Object.instance_methods, Class.new {prepend Module.new}.instance_methods, bug6655)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_singleton_methods
+    o = Object.new
+    o.singleton_class.class_eval {prepend Module.new}
+    assert_equal([], o.singleton_methods)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_remove_method
+    c = Class.new do
+      prepend Module.new {def foo; end}
+    end
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      c.class_eval do
+        remove_method(:foo)
+      end
+    end
+    c.class_eval do
+      def foo; end
+    end
+    removed = nil
+    c.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:method_removed) {|id| removed = id}
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, NameError, '[Bug #7843]') do
+      c.class_eval do
+        remove_method(:foo)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, removed)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_prepend_remove_method
+    [Module, Class].each do |klass|
+      mod = klass.new do
+        prepend(Module.new)
+        def foo; end
+      end
+      mod.freeze
+      assert_raise(FrozenError, '[Bug #19166]') { mod.send(:remove_method, :foo) }
+      assert_equal([:foo], mod.instance_methods(false))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_class_ancestors
+    bug6658 = '[ruby-core:45919]'
+    m = labeled_module("m")
+    c = labeled_class("c") {prepend m}
+    assert_equal([m, c], c.ancestors[0, 2], bug6658)
+
+    bug6662 = '[ruby-dev:45868]'
+    c2 = labeled_class("c2", c)
+    anc = c2.ancestors
+    assert_equal([c2, m, c, Object], anc[0..anc.index(Object)], bug6662)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_module_ancestors
+    bug6659 = '[ruby-dev:45861]'
+    m0 = labeled_module("m0") {def x; [:m0, *super] end}
+    m1 = labeled_module("m1") {def x; [:m1, *super] end; prepend m0}
+    m2 = labeled_module("m2") {def x; [:m2, *super] end; prepend m1}
+    c0 = labeled_class("c0") {def x; [:c0] end}
+    c1 = labeled_class("c1") {def x; [:c1] end; prepend m2}
+    c2 = labeled_class("c2", c0) {def x; [:c2, *super] end; include m2}
+
+    assert_equal([m0, m1], m1.ancestors, bug6659)
+
+    bug6662 = '[ruby-dev:45868]'
+    assert_equal([m0, m1, m2], m2.ancestors, bug6662)
+    assert_equal([m0, m1, m2, c1], c1.ancestors[0, 4], bug6662)
+    assert_equal([:m0, :m1, :m2, :c1], c1.new.x)
+    assert_equal([c2, m0, m1, m2, c0], c2.ancestors[0, 5], bug6662)
+    assert_equal([:c2, :m0, :m1, :m2, :c0], c2.new.x)
+
+    m3 = labeled_module("m3") {include m1; prepend m1}
+    assert_equal([m0, m1, m3, m0, m1], m3.ancestors)
+    m3 = labeled_module("m3") {prepend m1; include m1}
+    assert_equal([m0, m1, m3], m3.ancestors)
+    m3 = labeled_module("m3") {prepend m1; prepend m1}
+    assert_equal([m0, m1, m3], m3.ancestors)
+    m3 = labeled_module("m3") {include m1; include m1}
+    assert_equal([m3, m0, m1], m3.ancestors)
+  end
+
+  def labeled_module(name, &block)
+    EnvUtil.labeled_module(name, &block)
+  end
+
+  def labeled_class(name, superclass = Object, &block)
+    EnvUtil.labeled_class(name, superclass, &block)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_instance_methods_false
+    bug6660 = '[ruby-dev:45863]'
+    assert_equal([:m1], Class.new{ prepend Module.new; def m1; end }.instance_methods(false), bug6660)
+    assert_equal([:m1], Class.new(Class.new{def m2;end}){ prepend Module.new; def m1; end }.instance_methods(false), bug6660)
+  end
+
+  def test_cyclic_prepend
+    bug7841 = '[ruby-core:52205] [Bug #7841]'
+    m1 = Module.new
+    m2 = Module.new
+    m1.instance_eval { prepend(m2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug7841) do
+      m2.instance_eval { prepend(m1) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_optmethod
+    bug7983 = '[ruby-dev:47124] [Bug #7983]'
+    assert_separately [], %{
+      module M
+        def /(other)
+          to_f / other
+        end
+      end
+      Integer.send(:prepend, M)
+      assert_equal(0.5, 1 / 2, "#{bug7983}")
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, 1 / 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_optmethod_after_prepend
+    bug11826 = '[ruby-core:72188] [Bug #11826]'
+    assert_separately [], %{
+      module M
+      end
+      class Integer
+        prepend M
+        def /(other)
+          quo(other)
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(1 / 2r, 1 / 2, "#{bug11826}")
+    }, ignore_stderr: true
+    assert_equal(0, 1 / 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_override_optmethod_after_prepend
+    bug11836 = '[ruby-core:72226] [Bug #11836]'
+    assert_separately [], %{
+      module M
+      end
+      class Integer
+        prepend M
+      end
+      module M
+        def /(other)
+          quo(other)
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(1 / 2r, 1 / 2, "#{bug11836}")
+    }, ignore_stderr: true
+    assert_equal(0, 1 / 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_after_refine_and_visibility_change_with_origin_class
+    m = Module.new
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; :x end
+    end
+    c.prepend(m)
+    Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def x; :y end
+      end
+    end
+
+    o1 = c.new
+    o2 = c.new
+    assert_equal(:x, o1.public_send(:x))
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+    o1.singleton_class.send(:private, :x)
+    o2.singleton_class.send(:public, :x)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o1.public_send(:x) }
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_after_multiple_refine_and_visibility_change_with_origin_class
+    m = Module.new
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; :x end
+    end
+    c.prepend(m)
+    Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def x; :y end
+      end
+    end
+    Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def x; :z end
+      end
+    end
+
+    o1 = c.new
+    o2 = c.new
+    assert_equal(:x, o1.public_send(:x))
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+    o1.singleton_class.send(:private, :x)
+    o2.singleton_class.send(:public, :x)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o1.public_send(:x) }
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_after_refine_and_visibility_change_without_origin_class
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; :x end
+    end
+    Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def x; :y end
+      end
+    end
+    o1 = c.new
+    o2 = c.new
+    o1.singleton_class.send(:private, :x)
+    o2.singleton_class.send(:public, :x)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o1.public_send(:x) }
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_after_multiple_refine_and_visibility_change_without_origin_class
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; :x end
+    end
+    Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def x; :y end
+      end
+    end
+    Module.new do
+      refine c do
+        def x; :z end
+      end
+    end
+    o1 = c.new
+    o2 = c.new
+    o1.singleton_class.send(:private, :x)
+    o2.singleton_class.send(:public, :x)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o1.public_send(:x) }
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_after_refine_and_visibility_change_with_superclass
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; :x end
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c)
+    Module.new do
+      refine sc do
+        def x; :y end
+      end
+    end
+    o1 = sc.new
+    o2 = sc.new
+    o1.singleton_class.send(:private, :x)
+    o2.singleton_class.send(:public, :x)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o1.public_send(:x) }
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_after_multiple_refine_and_visibility_change_with_superclass
+    c = Class.new do
+      def x; :x end
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c)
+    Module.new do
+      refine sc do
+        def x; :y end
+      end
+    end
+    Module.new do
+      refine sc do
+        def x; :z end
+      end
+    end
+    o1 = sc.new
+    o2 = sc.new
+    o1.singleton_class.send(:private, :x)
+    o2.singleton_class.send(:public, :x)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { o1.public_send(:x) }
+    assert_equal(:x, o2.public_send(:x))
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_visibility
+    bug8005 = '[ruby-core:53106] [Bug #8005]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      prepend Module.new {}
+      def foo() end
+      protected :foo
+    end
+    a = c.new
+    assert_respond_to a, [:foo, true], bug8005
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug8005) {a.send :foo}
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_visibility_inherited
+    bug8238 = '[ruby-core:54105] [Bug #8238]'
+    assert_separately [], <<-"end;", timeout: 20
+      class A
+        def foo() A; end
+        private :foo
+      end
+      class B < A
+        public :foo
+        prepend Module.new
+      end
+      assert_equal(A, B.new.foo, "#{bug8238}")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_included_modules
+    bug8025 = '[ruby-core:53158] [Bug #8025]'
+    mixin = labeled_module("mixin")
+    c = labeled_module("c") {prepend mixin}
+    im = c.included_modules
+    assert_not_include(im, c, bug8025)
+    assert_include(im, mixin, bug8025)
+    c1 = labeled_class("c1") {prepend mixin}
+    c2 = labeled_class("c2", c1)
+    im = c2.included_modules
+    assert_not_include(im, c1, bug8025)
+    assert_not_include(im, c2, bug8025)
+    assert_include(im, mixin, bug8025)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepended_module_with_super_and_alias
+    bug16736 = '[Bug #16736]'
+
+    a = labeled_class("A") do
+      def m; "A"; end
+    end
+    m = labeled_module("M") do
+      prepend Module.new
+
+      def self.included(base)
+        base.alias_method :base_m, :m
+      end
+
+      def m
+        super + "M"
+      end
+
+      def m2
+        base_m
+      end
+    end
+    b = labeled_class("B", a) do
+      include m
+    end
+    assert_equal("AM", b.new.m2, bug16736)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_super_in_alias
+    bug7842 = '[Bug #7842]'
+
+    p = labeled_module("P") do
+      def m; "P"+super; end
+    end
+    a = labeled_class("A") do
+      def m; "A"; end
+    end
+    b = labeled_class("B", a) do
+      def m; "B"+super; end
+      alias m2 m
+      prepend p
+      alias m3 m
+    end
+    assert_equal("BA", b.new.m2, bug7842)
+    assert_equal("PBA", b.new.m3, bug7842)
+  end
+
+  def test_include_super_in_alias
+    bug9236 = '[Bug #9236]'
+
+    fun = labeled_module("Fun") do
+      def hello
+        orig_hello
+      end
+    end
+
+    m1 = labeled_module("M1") do
+      def hello
+        'hello!'
+      end
+    end
+
+    m2 = labeled_module("M2") do
+      def hello
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    foo = labeled_class("Foo") do
+      include m1
+      include m2
+
+      alias orig_hello hello
+      include fun
+    end
+
+    assert_equal('hello!', foo.new.hello, bug9236)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_each_classes
+    m = labeled_module("M")
+    c1 = labeled_class("C1") {prepend m}
+    c2 = labeled_class("C2", c1) {prepend m}
+    assert_equal([m, c2, m, c1], c2.ancestors[0, 4], "should be able to prepend each classes")
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_no_duplication
+    m = labeled_module("M")
+    c = labeled_class("C") {prepend m; prepend m}
+    assert_equal([m, c], c.ancestors[0, 2], "should never duplicate")
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_in_superclass
+    m = labeled_module("M")
+    c1 = labeled_class("C1")
+    c2 = labeled_class("C2", c1) {prepend m}
+    c1.class_eval {prepend m}
+    assert_equal([m, c2, m, c1], c2.ancestors[0, 4], "should accesisble prepended module in superclass")
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_call_super
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #do
+      bug10847 = '[ruby-core:68093] [Bug #10847]'
+      module M; end
+      Float.prepend M
+      assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug10847) do
+        0.3.numerator
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_module_with_no_args
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Module.new { prepend } }
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_private_super
+    wrapper = Module.new do
+      def wrapped
+        super + 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    klass = Class.new do
+      prepend wrapper
+
+      def wrapped
+        1
+      end
+      private :wrapped
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(2, klass.new.wrapped)
+  end
+
+  def test_class_variables
+    m = Module.new
+    m.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 1)
+    m2 = Module.new
+    m2.send(:include, m)
+    m2.class_variable_set(:@@bar, 2)
+    assert_equal([:@@foo], m.class_variables)
+    assert_equal([:@@bar, :@@foo], m2.class_variables.sort)
+    assert_equal([:@@bar, :@@foo], m2.class_variables(true).sort)
+    assert_equal([:@@bar], m2.class_variables(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_class_variable_in_dup_class
+    a = Class.new do
+      @@a = 'A'
+      def a=(x)
+        @@a = x
+      end
+      def a
+        @@a
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = a.dup
+    b.new.a = 'B'
+    assert_equal 'A', a.new.a, '[ruby-core:17019]'
+  end
+
+  Bug6891 = '[ruby-core:47241]'
+
+  def test_extend_module_with_protected_method
+    list = []
+
+    x = Class.new {
+      @list = list
+
+      extend Module.new {
+        protected
+
+        def inherited(klass)
+          @list << "protected"
+          super(klass)
+        end
+      }
+
+      extend Module.new {
+        def inherited(klass)
+          @list << "public"
+          super(klass)
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, Bug6891) {Class.new(x)}
+    assert_equal(['public', 'protected'], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_extend_module_with_protected_bmethod
+    list = []
+
+    x = Class.new {
+      extend Module.new {
+        protected
+
+        define_method(:inherited) do |klass|
+          list << "protected"
+          super(klass)
+        end
+      }
+
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method(:inherited) do |klass|
+          list << "public"
+          super(klass)
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, Bug6891) {Class.new(x)}
+    assert_equal(['public', 'protected'], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_extend_module_with_no_args
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Module.new { extend } }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_attr
+    %W[
+      foo=
+      foo?
+      @foo
+      @@foo
+      $foo
+      \u3042$
+    ].each do |name|
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) do
+        Module.new { attr_accessor name.to_sym }
+      end
+      assert_equal(name, e.name.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AttrTest
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :cattr
+      def reset
+        self.cattr = nil
+      end
+    end
+    attr_accessor :iattr
+    def ivar
+      @ivar
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized_instance_variable
+    a = AttrTest.new
+    assert_warning('') do
+      assert_nil(a.ivar)
+    end
+    a.instance_variable_set(:@ivar, 42)
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_equal(42, a.ivar)
+    end
+
+    name = "@\u{5909 6570}"
+    assert_warning('') do
+      assert_nil(a.instance_eval(name))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized_attr
+    a = AttrTest.new
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_nil(a.iattr)
+    end
+    a.iattr = 42
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_equal(42, a.iattr)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized_attr_class
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_nil(AttrTest.cattr)
+    end
+    AttrTest.cattr = 42
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_equal(42, AttrTest.cattr)
+    end
+
+    AttrTest.reset
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized_attr_non_object
+    a = Class.new(Array) do
+      attr_accessor :iattr
+    end.new
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_nil(a.iattr)
+    end
+    a.iattr = 42
+    assert_warning '' do
+      assert_equal(42, a.iattr)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_const
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_raise(NameError){ m.instance_eval { remove_const(:__FOO__) } }
+  end
+
+  def test_public_methods
+    public_methods = %i[
+      include
+      prepend
+      attr
+      attr_accessor
+      attr_reader
+      attr_writer
+      define_method
+      alias_method
+      undef_method
+      remove_method
+    ]
+    assert_equal public_methods.sort, (Module.public_methods & public_methods).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_private_top_methods
+    assert_top_method_is_private(:include)
+    assert_top_method_is_private(:public)
+    assert_top_method_is_private(:private)
+    assert_top_method_is_private(:define_method)
+  end
+
+  module PrivateConstantReopen
+    PRIVATE_CONSTANT = true
+    private_constant :PRIVATE_CONSTANT
+  end
+
+  def test_private_constant_reopen
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      eval <<-EOS, TOPLEVEL_BINDING
+        module TestModule::PrivateConstantReopen::PRIVATE_CONSTANT
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      eval <<-EOS, TOPLEVEL_BINDING
+        class TestModule::PrivateConstantReopen::PRIVATE_CONSTANT
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_visibility
+    bug11532 = '[ruby-core:70828] [Bug #11532]'
+
+    c = Class.new {const_set(:A, 1)}.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen Class/, bug11532) {
+      c.class_eval {private_constant :A}
+    }
+
+    c = Class.new {const_set(:A, 1); private_constant :A}.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen Class/, bug11532) {
+      c.class_eval {public_constant :A}
+    }
+
+    c = Class.new {const_set(:A, 1)}.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen Class/, bug11532) {
+      c.class_eval {deprecate_constant :A}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_ancestors
+    feature8035 = '[ruby-core:53171]'
+    obj = Object.new
+    assert_equal [obj.singleton_class, Object], obj.singleton_class.ancestors.first(2), feature8035
+
+    mod = Module.new
+    obj.extend mod
+    assert_equal [obj.singleton_class, mod, Object], obj.singleton_class.ancestors.first(3)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.singleton_class.send :prepend, mod
+    assert_equal [mod, obj.singleton_class, Object], obj.singleton_class.ancestors.first(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_visibility_by_public_class_method
+    bug8284 = '[ruby-core:54404] [Bug #8284]'
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {Object.remove_const}
+    Module.new.public_class_method(:remove_const)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug8284) {Object.remove_const}
+  end
+
+  def test_return_value_of_define_method
+    retvals = []
+    Class.new.class_eval do
+      retvals << define_method(:foo){}
+      retvals << define_method(:bar, instance_method(:foo))
+    end
+    assert_equal :foo, retvals[0]
+    assert_equal :bar, retvals[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_return_value_of_define_singleton_method
+    retvals = []
+    Class.new do
+      retvals << define_singleton_method(:foo){}
+      retvals << define_singleton_method(:bar, method(:foo))
+    end
+    assert_equal :foo, retvals[0]
+    assert_equal :bar, retvals[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_gc
+    assert_ruby_status [], %{
+      module Foo
+      end
+      class Object
+        prepend Foo
+      end
+      GC.start     # make created T_ICLASS old (or remembered shady)
+      class Object # add methods into T_ICLASS (need WB if it is old)
+        def foo; end
+        attr_reader :bar
+      end
+      1_000_000.times{''} # cause GC
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_constant_lookup
+    m = Module.new do
+      const_set(:C, :m)
+    end
+    c = Class.new do
+      const_set(:C, :c)
+      prepend m
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c)
+    # Situation from [Bug #17887]
+    assert_equal(sc.ancestors.take(3), [sc, m, c])
+    assert_equal(:m, sc.const_get(:C))
+    assert_equal(:m, sc::C)
+
+    assert_equal(:c, c::C)
+
+    m.send(:remove_const, :C)
+    assert_equal(:c, sc.const_get(:C))
+    assert_equal(:c, sc::C)
+
+    # Same ancestors, built with include instead of prepend
+    m = Module.new do
+      const_set(:C, :m)
+    end
+    c = Class.new do
+      const_set(:C, :c)
+    end
+    sc = Class.new(c) do
+      include m
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(sc.ancestors.take(3), [sc, m, c])
+    assert_equal(:m, sc.const_get(:C))
+    assert_equal(:m, sc::C)
+
+    m.send(:remove_const, :C)
+    assert_equal(:c, sc.const_get(:C))
+    assert_equal(:c, sc::C)
+
+    # Situation from [Bug #17887], but with modules
+    m = Module.new do
+      const_set(:C, :m)
+    end
+    m2 = Module.new do
+      const_set(:C, :m2)
+      prepend m
+    end
+    c = Class.new do
+      include m2
+    end
+    assert_equal(c.ancestors.take(3), [c, m, m2])
+    assert_equal(:m, c.const_get(:C))
+    assert_equal(:m, c::C)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_segfault
+    bug_10282 = '[ruby-core:65214] [Bug #10282]'
+    assert_separately [], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    bug_10282 = "#{bug_10282}"
+    begin;
+      line = __LINE__ + 2
+      module ShallowInspect
+        def shallow_inspect
+          "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      module InspectIsShallow
+        include ShallowInspect
+        alias_method :inspect, :shallow_inspect
+      end
+
+      class A
+      end
+
+      A.prepend InspectIsShallow
+
+      expect = "#<Method: A(ShallowInspect)#inspect(shallow_inspect)() -:#{line}>"
+      assert_equal expect, A.new.method(:inspect).inspect, bug_10282
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_changes_visibility_with_existing_method_bug_19749
+    c = Class.new do
+      def a; end
+      private def b; end
+
+      define_method(:b, instance_method(:b))
+      private
+      define_method(:a, instance_method(:a))
+    end
+    assert_equal([:b], c.public_instance_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([:a], c.private_instance_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_with_unbound_method
+    # Passing an UnboundMethod to define_method succeeds if it is from an ancestor
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      cls = Class.new(String) do
+        define_method('foo', String.instance_method(:to_s))
+      end
+
+      obj = cls.new('bar')
+      assert_equal('bar', obj.foo)
+    end
+
+    # Passing an UnboundMethod to define_method fails if it is not from an ancestor
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Class.new do
+        define_method('foo', String.instance_method(:to_s))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_redefinition_mismatch
+    m = Module.new
+    m.module_eval "A = 1", __FILE__, line = __LINE__
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /is not a module/) {
+      m.module_eval "module A; end"
+    }
+    assert_include(e.message, "#{__FILE__}:#{line}: previous definition")
+    n = "M\u{1f5ff}"
+    m.module_eval "#{n} = 42", __FILE__, line = __LINE__
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{n} is not a module/) {
+      m.module_eval "module #{n}; end"
+    }
+    assert_include(e.message, "#{__FILE__}:#{line}: previous definition")
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      Etc = (class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end).new
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {
+        require 'etc'
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_private_extended_module
+    assert_separately [], %q{
+      class Object
+        def bar; "Object#bar"; end
+      end
+      module M1
+        def bar; super; end
+      end
+      module M2
+        include M1
+        private(:bar)
+        def foo; bar; end
+      end
+      extend M2
+      assert_equal 'Object#bar', foo
+    }
+  end
+
+  ConstLocation = [__FILE__, __LINE__]
+
+  def test_const_source_location
+    assert_equal(ConstLocation, self.class.const_source_location(:ConstLocation))
+    assert_equal(ConstLocation, self.class.const_source_location("ConstLocation"))
+    assert_equal(ConstLocation, Object.const_source_location("#{self.class.name}::ConstLocation"))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      self.class.const_source_location(nil)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /wrong constant name/) {
+      self.class.const_source_location("xxx")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, %r'does not refer to class/module') {
+      self.class.const_source_location("ConstLocation::FILE")
+    }
+  end
+
+  module CloneTestM_simple
+    C = 1
+    def self.m; C; end
+  end
+
+  module CloneTestM0
+    def foo; TEST; end
+  end
+
+  CloneTestM1 = CloneTestM0.clone
+  CloneTestM2 = CloneTestM0.clone
+  module CloneTestM1
+    TEST = :M1
+  end
+  module CloneTestM2
+    TEST = :M2
+  end
+  class CloneTestC1
+    include CloneTestM1
+  end
+  class CloneTestC2
+    include CloneTestM2
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_access_from_method_in_cloned_module
+    m = CloneTestM_simple.dup
+    assert_equal 1, m::C, '[ruby-core:47834]'
+    assert_equal 1, m.m, '[ruby-core:47834]'
+
+    assert_equal :M1, CloneTestC1.new.foo, '[Bug #15877]'
+    assert_equal :M2, CloneTestC2.new.foo, '[Bug #15877]'
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_freeze
+    m = Module.new.freeze
+    assert_predicate m.clone, :frozen?
+    assert_not_predicate m.clone(freeze: false), :frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_module_name_in_singleton_method
+    s = Object.new.singleton_class
+    mod = s.const_set(:Foo, Module.new)
+    assert_match(/::Foo$/, mod.name, '[Bug #14895]')
+  end
+
+  def test_iclass_memory_leak
+    # [Bug #19550]
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<~PREP, <<~CODE, rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        mod = Module.new
+        Class.new do
+          include mod
+        end
+      end
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    PREP
+      3_000_000.times(&code)
+    CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_complemented_method_entry_memory_leak
+    # [Bug #19894] [Bug #19896]
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<~PREP, <<~CODE, rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        $c = Class.new do
+          def foo; end
+        end
+
+        $m = Module.new do
+          refine $c do
+            def foo; end
+          end
+        end
+
+        Class.new do
+          using $m
+
+          def initialize
+            o = $c.new
+            o.method(:foo).unbind
+          end
+        end.new
+      end
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    PREP
+      300_000.times(&code)
+    CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_module_clone_memory_leak
+    # [Bug #19901]
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<~PREP, <<~CODE, rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        Module.new.clone
+      end
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    PREP
+      1_000_000.times(&code)
+    CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_set_temporary_name
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_nil m.name
+
+    m.const_set(:N, Module.new)
+
+    assert_match(/\A#<Module:0x\h+>::N\z/, m::N.name)
+    assert_same m::N, m::N.set_temporary_name(name = "fake_name_under_M")
+    name.upcase!
+    assert_equal("fake_name_under_M", m::N.name)
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {m::N.name.upcase!}
+    assert_same m::N, m::N.set_temporary_name(nil)
+    assert_nil(m::N.name)
+
+    m::N.const_set(:O, Module.new)
+    m.const_set(:Recursive, m)
+    m::N.const_set(:Recursive, m)
+    m.const_set(:A, 42)
+
+    assert_same m, m.set_temporary_name(name = "fake_name")
+    name.upcase!
+    assert_equal("fake_name", m.name)
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {m.name.upcase!}
+    assert_equal("fake_name::N", m::N.name)
+    assert_equal("fake_name::N::O", m::N::O.name)
+
+    assert_same m, m.set_temporary_name(nil)
+    assert_nil m.name
+    assert_nil m::N.name
+    assert_nil m::N::O.name
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "empty class/module name") do
+      m.set_temporary_name("")
+    end
+    %w[A A::B ::A ::A::B].each do |name|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /must not be a constant path/) do
+        m.set_temporary_name(name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    [Object, User, AClass].each do |mod|
+      assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /permanent name/) do
+        mod.set_temporary_name("fake_name")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_top_method_is_private(method)
+    assert_separately [], %{
+      methods = singleton_class.private_instance_methods(false)
+      assert_include(methods, :#{method}, ":#{method} should be private")
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /^private method '#{method}' called for /) {
+        recv = self
+        recv.#{method}
+      }
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_name_error.rb b/test/ruby/test_name_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0402de4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_name_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestNameError < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_new_default
+    error = NameError.new
+    assert_equal("NameError", error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_message
+    error = NameError.new("Message")
+    assert_equal("Message", error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_name
+    error = NameError.new("Message")
+    assert_nil(error.name)
+
+    error = NameError.new("Message", :foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, error.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_receiver
+    receiver = Object.new
+
+    error = NameError.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+    assert_equal("NameError", error.message)
+
+    error = NameError.new(receiver: receiver)
+    assert_equal(["NameError", receiver],
+                 [error.message, error.receiver])
+
+    error = NameError.new("Message", :foo, receiver: receiver)
+    assert_equal(["Message", receiver, :foo],
+                 [error.message, error.receiver, error.name])
+  end
+
+  PrettyObject =
+    Class.new(BasicObject) do
+      alias object_id __id__
+      def pretty_inspect; "`obj'"; end
+      alias inspect pretty_inspect
+    end
+
+  def test_info_const
+    obj = PrettyObject.new
+
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {
+      obj.instance_eval("Object")
+    }
+    assert_equal(:Object, e.name)
+
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {
+      BasicObject::X
+    }
+    assert_same(BasicObject, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:X, e.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_info_const_name
+    mod = Module.new do
+      def self.name
+        "ModuleName"
+      end
+
+      def self.inspect
+        raise "<unusable info>"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /ModuleName/) {mod::DOES_NOT_EXIST}
+  end
+
+  def test_info_method
+    obj = PrettyObject.new
+
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {
+      obj.instance_eval {foo}
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      obj.foo(1, 2)
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], e.args)
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+    assert_not_predicate(e, :private_call?)
+
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      obj.instance_eval {foo(1, 2)}
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], e.args)
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+    assert_predicate(e, :private_call?)
+  end
+
+  def test_info_local_variables
+    obj = PrettyObject.new
+    def obj.test(a, b=nil, *c, &d)
+      e = a
+      1.times {|f| g = foo; g}
+      e
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) {
+      obj.test(3)
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c d e f g], e.local_variables.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_info_method_missing
+    obj = PrettyObject.new
+    def obj.method_missing(*)
+      super
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      obj.foo(1, 2)
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], e.args)
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+    assert_not_predicate(e, :private_call?)
+
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      obj.instance_eval {foo(1, 2)}
+    }
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], e.args)
+    assert_same(obj, e.receiver)
+    assert_predicate(e, :private_call?)
+  end
+
+  def test_info_parent_iseq_mark
+    assert_separately(['-', File.join(__dir__, 'bug-11928.rb')], <<-'end;')
+      -> {require ARGV[0]}.call
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_large_receiver_inspect
+    receiver = Class.new do
+      def self.inspect
+        'A' * 120
+      end
+    end
+
+    error = assert_raise(NameError) do
+      receiver::FOO
+    end
+    assert_match(/\Auninitialized constant #{'A' * 120}::FOO$/, error.message)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_nomethod_error.rb b/test/ruby/test_nomethod_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6abd20cc81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_nomethod_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestNoMethodError < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_new_default
+    error = NoMethodError.new
+    assert_equal("NoMethodError", error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_message
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message")
+    assert_equal("Message", error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_name
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message")
+    assert_nil(error.name)
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, error.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_name_args
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo)
+    assert_nil(error.args)
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2])
+    assert_equal([:foo, [1, 2]], [error.name, error.args])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_name_args_priv
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2])
+    assert_not_predicate(error, :private_call?)
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2], true)
+    assert_equal([:foo, [1, 2], true],
+                 [error.name, error.args, error.private_call?])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_receiver
+    receiver = Object.new
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new(receiver: receiver)
+    assert_equal(receiver, error.receiver)
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", receiver: receiver)
+    assert_equal(["Message", receiver],
+                 [error.message, error.receiver])
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+
+    msg = "Message"
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, receiver: receiver)
+    assert_match msg, error.message
+    assert_equal :foo, error.name
+    assert_equal receiver, error.receiver
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2], receiver: receiver)
+    assert_match msg, error.message
+    assert_equal :foo, error.name
+    assert_equal [1, 2], error.args
+    assert_equal receiver, error.receiver
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2], true)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {error.receiver}
+
+    error = NoMethodError.new("Message", :foo, [1, 2], true, receiver: receiver)
+    assert_equal :foo, error.name
+    assert_equal [1, 2], error.args
+    assert_equal receiver, error.receiver
+    assert_predicate error, :private_call?
+  end
+
+  def test_message_encoding
+    bug3237 = '[ruby-core:29948]'
+    str = "\u2600"
+    id = :"\u2604"
+    msg = "undefined method '#{id}' for an instance of String"
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, Regexp.compile(Regexp.quote(msg)), bug3237) do
+      str.__send__(id)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    pre = Module.new do
+      def name
+        BasicObject.new
+      end
+    end
+    mod = Module.new
+    mod.singleton_class.prepend(pre)
+
+    err = assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      mod.this_method_does_not_exist
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/undefined method.+this_method_does_not_exist.+for.+Module/, err.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_send_forward_raises
+    t = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Test") do
+      def foo(...)
+        forward(...)
+      end
+    end
+    obj = t.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      obj.foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #21535]
+  def test_send_forward_raises_when_called_through_vcall
+    t = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Test") do
+      def foo(...)
+        forward(...)
+      end
+      def foo_indirect
+        foo # vcall
+      end
+    end
+    obj = t.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      obj.foo_indirect
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_not.rb b/test/ruby/test_not.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12e4c4b696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_not.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestNot < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_not_with_grouped_expression
+    assert_equal(false, (not (true)))
+    assert_equal(true, (not (false)))
+  end
+
+  def test_not_with_empty_grouped_expression
+    assert_equal(true, (not ()))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb b/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35496ac875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,498 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestNumeric < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_coerce
+    a, b = 1.coerce(2)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, a)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, b)
+
+    a, b = 1.coerce(2.0)
+    assert_equal(Float, a.class)
+    assert_equal(Float, b.class)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { -Numeric.new }
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /can't be coerced into /) {1+:foo}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /can't be coerced into /) {1&:foo}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /can't be coerced into /) {1|:foo}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /can't be coerced into /) {1^:foo}
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1+:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1&:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1|:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1^:"\u{3042}"}
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3044}/) {1+"\u{3044}".to_sym}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3044}/) {1&"\u{3044}".to_sym}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3044}/) {1|"\u{3044}".to_sym}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3044}/) {1^"\u{3044}".to_sym}
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::US_ASCII) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1+:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1&:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1|:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1^:"\u{3042}"}
+    end
+
+    bug10711 = '[ruby-core:67405] [Bug #10711]'
+    exp = "1.2 can't be coerced into Integer"
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, exp, bug10711) { 1 & 1.2 }
+  end
+
+  def test_dummynumeric
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def coerce(x); nil; end
+    end.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { -a }
+    assert_nil(1 <=> a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1 <= a }
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def coerce(x); 1.coerce(x); end
+    end.new
+    assert_equal(2, 1 + a)
+    assert_equal(0, 1 <=> a)
+    assert_operator(1, :<=, a)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def coerce(x); [x, 1]; end
+    end.new
+    assert_equal(-1, -a)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def coerce(x); raise StandardError, "my error"; end
+    end.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(StandardError, "my error") { 1 + a }
+    assert_raise_with_message(StandardError, "my error") { 1 < a }
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def coerce(x); :bad_return_value; end
+    end.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "coerce must return [x, y]") { 1 + a }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "coerce must return [x, y]") { 1 < a }
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    a = Numeric.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /foo/) { def a.foo; end }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\u3042/) { eval("def a.\u3042; end") }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    a = Numeric.new
+    assert_same a, a.dup
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    a = Numeric.new
+    assert_same a, a.clone
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {a.clone(freeze: false)}
+
+    c = EnvUtil.labeled_class("\u{1f4a9}", Numeric)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{1f4a9}/) do
+      c.new.clone(freeze: false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_quo
+    a = Numeric.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {a.quo(1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_quo_ruby_core_41575
+    rat = 84.quo(1)
+    x = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      define_method(:to_r) { rat }
+    end.new
+    assert_equal(2.quo(1), x.quo(42), '[ruby-core:41575]')
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod
+=begin
+    x = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def /(x); 42.0; end
+      def %(x); :mod; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(42, x.div(1))
+    assert_equal(:mod, x.modulo(1))
+    assert_equal([42, :mod], x.divmod(1))
+=end
+
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, 11.divmod(3.5).first, '[ruby-dev:34006]')
+  end
+
+  def test_real_p
+    assert_predicate(Numeric.new, :real?)
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_p
+    assert_not_predicate(Numeric.new, :integer?)
+  end
+
+  def test_abs
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def -@; :ok; end
+      def <(x); true; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, a.abs)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def <(x); false; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(a, a.abs)
+  end
+
+  def test_zero_p
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def ==(x); true; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_predicate(a, :zero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_nonzero_p
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def zero?; true; end
+    end.new
+    assert_nil(a.nonzero?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def zero?; false; end
+    end.new
+    assert_equal(a, a.nonzero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_positive_p
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def >(x); true; end
+    end.new
+    assert_predicate(a, :positive?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def >(x); false; end
+    end.new
+    assert_not_predicate(a, :positive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_p
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def <(x); true; end
+    end.new
+    assert_predicate(a, :negative?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def <(x); false; end
+    end.new
+    assert_not_predicate(a, :negative?)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_int
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def to_i; :ok; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, a.to_int)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    a = Numeric.new
+    assert_equal(0, a <=> a)
+    assert_nil(a <=> :foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_float_round_ndigits
+    bug14635 = "[ruby-core:86323]"
+    f = 0.5
+    31.times do |i|
+      assert_equal(0.5, f.round(i+1), bug14635 + " (argument: #{i+1})")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_floor_ceil_round_truncate
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def to_f; 1.5; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(1, a.floor)
+    assert_equal(2, a.ceil)
+    assert_equal(2, a.round)
+    assert_equal(1, a.truncate)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def to_f; 1.4; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(1, a.floor)
+    assert_equal(2, a.ceil)
+    assert_equal(1, a.round)
+    assert_equal(1, a.truncate)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def to_f; -1.5; end
+    end.new
+
+    assert_equal(-2, a.floor)
+    assert_equal(-1, a.ceil)
+    assert_equal(-2, a.round)
+    assert_equal(-1, a.truncate)
+  end
+
+  def test_floor_ceil_ndigits
+    bug17183 = "[ruby-core:100090]"
+    f = 291.4
+    31.times do |i|
+      assert_equal(291.4, f.floor(i+1), bug17183)
+      assert_equal(291.4, f.ceil(i+1), bug17183)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_step(expected, (from, *args), inf: false)
+    kw = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+    enum = from.step(*args, **kw)
+    size = enum.size
+    xsize = expected.size
+
+    if inf
+      assert_send [size, :infinite?], "step size: +infinity"
+      assert_send [size, :>, 0], "step size: +infinity"
+
+      a = []
+      from.step(*args, **kw) { |x| a << x; break if a.size == xsize }
+      assert_equal expected, a, "step"
+
+      a = []
+      enum.each { |x| a << x; break if a.size == xsize }
+      assert_equal expected, a, "step enumerator"
+    else
+      assert_equal expected.size, size, "step size"
+
+      a = []
+      from.step(*args, **kw) { |x| a << x }
+      assert_equal expected, a, "step"
+
+      a = []
+      enum.each { |x| a << x }
+      assert_equal expected, a, "step enumerator"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_step
+    bignum = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX'] + 1
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, 1, 0) { } }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, 1, 0).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, 0) { } }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, "1") { } }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, "1").size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1.step(10, nil) { } }
+    assert_nothing_raised { 1.step(10, nil).size }
+    assert_nothing_raised { 1.step(by: nil) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { 1.step(by: nil).size }
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(10))
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(10, 2))
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(10, by: 2))
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(by: 2))
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(by: 2, to: nil))
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(by: 2, to: 10))
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, 1.step(by: -1))
+
+    bug9811 = '[ruby-dev:48177] [Bug #9811]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, foo: nil) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, foo: nil).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, to: 11) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, to: 11).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, 1, by: 11) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, 1, by: 11).size }
+
+    feature15573 = "[ruby-core:91324] [Feature #15573]"
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 1.step(10, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 1.step(10, by: 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 1.step(10, 0) { break } }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 1.step(10, by: 0) { break } }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 42.step(by: 0, to: -Float::INFINITY) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 42.step(by: 0, to: 42.5) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 4.2.step(by: 0.0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 4.2.step(by: -0.0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 42.step(by: 0.0, to: 44) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 42.step(by: 0.0, to: 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { 42.step(by: -0.0, to: 44) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { bignum.step(by: 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { bignum.step(by: 0.0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { bignum.step(by: 0, to: bignum+1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, feature15573) { bignum.step(by: 0, to: 0) }
+
+    e = 1.step(10, {by: "1"})
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {e.next}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {e.size}
+    e = 1.step(to: "10")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {e.next}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {e.size}
+
+    assert_equal(bignum*2+1, (-bignum).step(bignum, 1).size)
+    assert_equal(bignum*2, (-bignum).step(bignum-1, 1).size)
+
+    assert_equal(10+1, (0.0).step(10.0, 1.0).size)
+
+    i, bigflo = 1, bignum.to_f
+    i <<= 1 until (bigflo - i).to_i < bignum
+    bigflo -= i >> 1
+    assert_equal(bigflo.to_i, (0.0).step(bigflo-1.0, 1.0).size)
+
+    assert_step [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [1, 10]
+    assert_step [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [1, to: 10]
+    assert_step [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [1, to: 10, by: nil]
+    assert_step [1, 3, 5, 7, 9], [1, 10, 2]
+    assert_step [1, 3, 5, 7, 9], [1, to: 10, by: 2]
+
+    assert_step [10, 8, 6, 4, 2], [10, 1, -2]
+    assert_step [10, 8, 6, 4, 2], [10, to: 1, by: -2]
+    assert_step [1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0], [1.0, 10.0, 2.0]
+    assert_step [1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0], [1.0, to: 10.0, by: 2.0]
+    assert_step [1], [1, 10, bignum]
+    assert_step [1], [1, to: 10, by: bignum]
+
+    assert_step [], [2, 1, 3]
+    assert_step [], [-2, -1, -3]
+    assert_step [10], [10, 1, -bignum]
+
+    assert_step [], [1, 0, Float::INFINITY]
+    assert_step [], [0, 1, -Float::INFINITY]
+    assert_step [10], [10, to: 1, by: -bignum]
+
+    assert_step [10, 11, 12, 13], [10], inf: true
+    assert_step [10, 9, 8, 7], [10, by: -1], inf: true
+    assert_step [10, 9, 8, 7], [10, by: -1, to: nil], inf: true
+  end
+
+  def test_step_bug15537
+    assert_step [10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 4.0, 2.0], [10.0, 1, -2]
+    assert_step [10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 4.0, 2.0], [10.0, to: 1, by: -2]
+    assert_step [10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 4.0, 2.0], [10.0, 1, -2]
+    assert_step [10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 4.0, 2.0], [10, to: 1.0, by: -2]
+    assert_step [10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 4.0, 2.0], [10, 1.0, -2]
+
+    assert_step [10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], [10, by: -1.0], inf: true
+    assert_step [10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], [10, by: -1.0, to: nil], inf: true
+    assert_step [10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], [10, nil, -1.0], inf: true
+    assert_step [10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], [10.0, by: -1], inf: true
+    assert_step [10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], [10.0, nil, -1], inf: true
+  end
+
+  def test_num2long
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 & nil }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 & 1.0 }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 & 2147483648.0 }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1 & 9223372036854777856.0 }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 1; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { assert_equal(1, 1 & o) }
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    assert_equal(1, 1.0)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :eql?, 1.0)
+    assert_not_operator(1, :eql?, 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_coerced_remainder
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+      x = Class.new do
+        def coerce(a) [self, a]; end
+        def %(a) self; end
+      end.new
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {1.remainder(x)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_remainder_infinity
+    assert_equal(4, 4.remainder(Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal(4, 4.remainder(-Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal(-4, -4.remainder(Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal(-4, -4.remainder(-Float::INFINITY))
+
+    assert_equal(4.2, 4.2.remainder(Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal(4.2, 4.2.remainder(-Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal(-4.2, -4.2.remainder(Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal(-4.2, -4.2.remainder(-Float::INFINITY))
+  end
+
+  def test_comparison_comparable
+    bug12864 = '[ruby-core:77713] [Bug #12864]'
+
+    myinteger = Class.new do
+      include Comparable
+
+      def initialize(i)
+        @i = i.to_i
+      end
+      attr_reader :i
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        @i <=> (other.is_a?(self.class) ? other.i : other)
+      end
+    end
+
+    all_assertions(bug12864) do |a|
+      [5, 2**62, 2**61].each do |i|
+        a.for("%#x"%i) do
+          m = myinteger.new(i)
+          assert_equal(i, m)
+          assert_equal(m, i)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pow
+    assert_equal(2**3, 2.pow(3))
+    assert_equal(2**-1, 2.pow(-1))
+    assert_equal(2**0.5, 2.pow(0.5))
+    assert_equal((-1)**0.5, -1.pow(0.5))
+    assert_equal(3**3 % 8, 3.pow(3, 8))
+    assert_equal(3**3 % -8, 3.pow(3,-8))
+    assert_equal(3**2 % -2, 3.pow(2,-2))
+    assert_equal((-3)**3 % 8, -3.pow(3,8))
+    assert_equal((-3)**3 % -8, -3.pow(3,-8))
+    assert_equal(5**2 % -8, 5.pow(2,-8))
+    assert_equal(4481650795473624846969600733813414725093,
+                 2120078484650058507891187874713297895455.
+                    pow(5478118174010360425845660566650432540723,
+                        5263488859030795548286226023720904036518))
+
+    assert_equal(12, 12.pow(1, 10000000000), '[Bug #14259]')
+    assert_equal(12, 12.pow(1, 10000000001), '[Bug #14259]')
+    assert_equal(12, 12.pow(1, 10000000002), '[Bug #14259]')
+    assert_equal(17298641040, 12.pow(72387894339363242, 243682743764), '[Bug #14259]')
+
+    integers = [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 1234567890123456789]
+    integers.each do |i|
+      assert_equal(0, i.pow(0, 1), '[Bug #17257]')
+      assert_equal(1, i.pow(0, 2))
+      assert_equal(1, i.pow(0, 3))
+      assert_equal(1, i.pow(0, 6))
+      assert_equal(1, i.pow(0, 1234567890123456789))
+
+      assert_equal(0,  i.pow(0, -1))
+      assert_equal(-1, i.pow(0, -2))
+      assert_equal(-2, i.pow(0, -3))
+      assert_equal(-5, i.pow(0, -6))
+      assert_equal(-1234567890123456788, i.pow(0, -1234567890123456789))
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(0,  0.pow(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(0,  0.pow(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(0,  2.pow(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(0, -2.pow(3, 1))
+
+    min, max = RbConfig::LIMITS.values_at("FIXNUM_MIN", "FIXNUM_MAX")
+    assert_equal(0, 0.pow(2, min))
+    assert_equal(0, Integer.sqrt(max+1).pow(2, min))
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_object.rb b/test/ruby/test_object.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4dfe2251b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_object.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1105 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestObject < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_itself
+    feature6373 = '[ruby-core:44704] [Feature #6373]'
+    object = Object.new
+    assert_same(object, object.itself, feature6373)
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_self
+    feature = '[ruby-core:46320] [Feature #6721]'
+    object = Object.new
+    assert_same(self, object.yield_self {self}, feature)
+    assert_same(object, object.yield_self {|x| break x}, feature)
+    enum = object.yield_self
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, enum)
+    assert_equal(1, enum.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    assert_equal 1, 1.dup
+    assert_equal true, true.dup
+    assert_equal nil, nil.dup
+    assert_equal false, false.dup
+    x = :x; assert_equal x, x.dup
+    x = "bug13145".intern; assert_equal x, x.dup
+    x = 1 << 64; assert_equal x, x.dup
+    x = 1.72723e-77; assert_equal x, x.dup
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Object.new.instance_eval { initialize_copy(1) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    a = Object.new
+    def a.b; 2 end
+
+    c = a.clone
+    assert_equal(false, c.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(false, a.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(2, c.b)
+
+    c = a.clone(freeze: true)
+    assert_equal(true, c.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(false, a.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(2, c.b)
+
+    a.freeze
+    c = a.clone
+    assert_equal(true, c.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, a.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(2, c.b)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {a.clone(freeze: [])}
+    d = a.clone(freeze: false)
+    def d.e; 3; end
+    assert_equal(false, d.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, a.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(2, d.b)
+    assert_equal(3, d.e)
+
+    assert_equal 1, 1.clone
+    assert_equal true, true.clone
+    assert_equal nil, nil.clone
+    assert_equal false, false.clone
+    x = :x; assert_equal x, x.dup
+    x = "bug13145".intern; assert_equal x, x.dup
+    x = 1 << 64; assert_equal x, x.clone
+    x = 1.72723e-77; assert_equal x, x.clone
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {1.clone(freeze: false)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {true.clone(freeze: false)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {nil.clone(freeze: false)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {false.clone(freeze: false)}
+    x = EnvUtil.labeled_class("\u{1f4a9}").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{1f4a9}/) do
+      Object.new.clone(freeze: x)
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :f
+    end
+    o = c.new
+    def o.initialize_clone(_, freeze: true)
+      @f = freeze
+      super
+    end
+    clone = o.clone
+    assert_kind_of c, clone
+    assert_equal true, clone.f
+    clone = o.clone(freeze: false)
+    assert_kind_of c, clone
+    assert_equal false, clone.f
+
+    class << o
+      remove_method(:initialize_clone)
+    end
+    def o.initialize_clone(_)
+      super
+    end
+    assert_kind_of c, o.clone
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.clone(freeze: false) }
+  end
+
+  def test_init_dupclone
+    cls = Class.new do
+      def initialize_clone(orig); throw :initialize_clone; end
+      def initialize_dup(orig); throw :initialize_dup; end
+    end
+
+    obj = cls.new
+    assert_throw(:initialize_clone) {obj.clone}
+    assert_throw(:initialize_dup) {obj.dup}
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_of
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1.instance_of?(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_kind_of
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { 1.kind_of?(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_immediate
+    assert_equal(true, 1.frozen?)
+    1.freeze
+    assert_equal(true, 1.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, 2.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, true.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, false.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, nil.frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_error_message
+    name = "C\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}"
+    klass = EnvUtil.labeled_class(name) {
+      attr_accessor :foo
+    }
+    obj = klass.new.freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /#{name}/) {
+      obj.foo = 1
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_to_f
+    assert_equal(0.0, nil.to_f)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_to_s
+    str = nil.to_s
+    assert_equal("", str)
+    assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+    assert_same(str, nil.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_true_to_s
+    str = true.to_s
+    assert_equal("true", str)
+    assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+    assert_same(str, true.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_to_s
+    str = false.to_s
+    assert_equal("false", str)
+    assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+    assert_same(str, false.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_not
+    assert_equal(false, Object.new.send(:!))
+    assert_equal(true, nil.send(:!))
+  end
+
+  def test_true_and
+    assert_equal(true, true & true)
+    assert_equal(true, true & 1)
+    assert_equal(false, true & false)
+    assert_equal(false, true & nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_true_or
+    assert_equal(true, true | true)
+    assert_equal(true, true | 1)
+    assert_equal(true, true | false)
+    assert_equal(true, true | nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_true_xor
+    assert_equal(false, true ^ true)
+    assert_equal(false, true ^ 1)
+    assert_equal(true, true ^ false)
+    assert_equal(true, true ^ nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_and
+    assert_equal(false, false & true)
+    assert_equal(false, false & 1)
+    assert_equal(false, false & false)
+    assert_equal(false, false & nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_or
+    assert_equal(true, false | true)
+    assert_equal(true, false | 1)
+    assert_equal(false, false | false)
+    assert_equal(false, false | nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_xor
+    assert_equal(true, false ^ true)
+    assert_equal(true, false ^ 1)
+    assert_equal(false, false ^ false)
+    assert_equal(false, false ^ nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_methods
+    o = Object.new
+    a1 = o.methods
+    a2 = o.methods(false)
+
+    def o.foo; end
+
+    assert_equal([:foo], o.methods(true) - a1)
+    assert_equal([:foo], o.methods(false) - a2)
+  end
+
+  def test_methods2
+    c0 = Class.new
+    c1 = Class.new(c0)
+    c1.module_eval do
+      public   ; def foo; end
+      protected; def bar; end
+      private  ; def baz; end
+    end
+    c2 = Class.new(c1)
+    c2.module_eval do
+      public   ; def foo2; end
+      protected; def bar2; end
+      private  ; def baz2; end
+    end
+
+    o0 = c0.new
+    o2 = c2.new
+
+    assert_equal([:baz, :baz2], (o2.private_methods - o0.private_methods).sort)
+    assert_equal([:baz2], (o2.private_methods(false) - o0.private_methods(false)).sort)
+
+    assert_equal([:bar, :bar2], (o2.protected_methods - o0.protected_methods).sort)
+    assert_equal([:bar2], (o2.protected_methods(false) - o0.protected_methods(false)).sort)
+
+    assert_equal([:foo, :foo2], (o2.public_methods - o0.public_methods).sort)
+    assert_equal([:foo2], (o2.public_methods(false) - o0.public_methods(false)).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_prepend
+    bug8044 = '[ruby-core:53207] [Bug #8044]'
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo; end
+    assert_equal([:foo], o.methods(false))
+    class << o; prepend Module.new; end
+    assert_equal([:foo], o.methods(false), bug8044)
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_prepend_singleton
+    c = Class.new(Module) {private def foo; end}
+    k = c.new
+    k.singleton_class
+    c.module_eval {prepend(Module.new)}
+    assert_equal([:foo], k.private_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  class ToStrCounter
+    def initialize(str = "@foo") @str = str; @count = 0; end
+    def to_str; @count += 1; @str; end
+    def count; @count; end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable_get
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_eval { @foo = :foo }
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.instance_variable_get(:@foo))
+    assert_equal(nil, o.instance_variable_get(:@bar))
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_get('@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_get(:'@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_get(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_get("bar") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { o.instance_variable_get(1) }
+
+    n = ToStrCounter.new
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.instance_variable_get(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable_set
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_variable_set(:@foo, :foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.instance_eval { @foo })
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_set(:'@', 1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_set('@', 1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_set(:foo, 1) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_set("bar", 1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { o.instance_variable_set(1, 1) }
+
+    n = ToStrCounter.new
+    o.instance_variable_set(n, :bar)
+    assert_equal(:bar, o.instance_eval { @foo })
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable_defined
+    o = Object.new
+    o.instance_eval { @foo = :foo }
+    assert_equal(true, o.instance_variable_defined?(:@foo))
+    assert_equal(false, o.instance_variable_defined?(:@bar))
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_defined?(:'@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_defined?('@') }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_defined?(:foo) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o.instance_variable_defined?("bar") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { o.instance_variable_defined?(1) }
+
+    n = ToStrCounter.new
+    assert_equal(true, o.instance_variable_defined?(n))
+    assert_equal(1, n.count)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variable
+    { 'T_OBJECT' => Object.new,
+      'T_CLASS,T_MODULE' => Class.new(Object),
+      'generic ivar' => '',
+    }.each do |desc, o|
+      e = assert_raise(NameError, "#{desc} iv removal raises before set") do
+        o.remove_instance_variable(:@foo)
+      end
+      assert_equal([o, :@foo], [e.receiver, e.name])
+      o.instance_eval { @foo = :foo }
+      assert_equal(:foo, o.remove_instance_variable(:@foo),
+                   "#{desc} iv removal returns original value")
+      assert_not_send([o, :instance_variable_defined?, :@foo],
+                      "#{desc} iv removed successfully")
+      e = assert_raise(NameError, "#{desc} iv removal raises after removal") do
+        o.remove_instance_variable(:@foo)
+      end
+      assert_equal([o, :@foo], [e.receiver, e.name])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variable_re_embed
+    assert_separately(%w[-robjspace], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      c = Class.new do
+        attr_reader :a, :b, :c
+
+        def initialize
+          @a = nil
+          @b = nil
+          @c = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      o1 = c.new
+      o2 = c.new
+
+      o1.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 5)
+      o1.instance_variable_set(:@a, 0)
+      o1.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1)
+      o1.instance_variable_set(:@c, 2)
+      refute_includes ObjectSpace.dump(o1), '"embedded":true'
+      o1.remove_instance_variable(:@foo)
+      assert_includes ObjectSpace.dump(o1), '"embedded":true'
+
+      o2.instance_variable_set(:@a, 0)
+      o2.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1)
+      o2.instance_variable_set(:@c, 2)
+      assert_includes ObjectSpace.dump(o2), '"embedded":true'
+
+      assert_equal(0, o1.a)
+      assert_equal(1, o1.b)
+      assert_equal(2, o1.c)
+      assert_equal(0, o2.a)
+      assert_equal(1, o2.b)
+      assert_equal(2, o2.c)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_convert_string
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_s; 1; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { String(o) }
+    o.singleton_class.remove_method(:to_s)
+    def o.to_s; "o"; end
+    assert_equal("o", String(o))
+    def o.to_str; "O"; end
+    assert_equal("O", String(o))
+    def o.respond_to?(*) false; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { String(o) }
+  end
+
+  def test_convert_array
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_a; 1; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Array(o) }
+    o.singleton_class.remove_method(:to_a)
+    def o.to_a; [1]; end
+    assert_equal([1], Array(o))
+    def o.to_ary; [2]; end
+    assert_equal([2], Array(o))
+    def o.respond_to?(*) false; end
+    assert_equal([o], Array(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_convert_hash
+    assert_equal({}, Hash(nil))
+    assert_equal({}, Hash([]))
+    assert_equal({key: :value}, Hash(key: :value))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Hash([1,2]) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Hash(Object.new) }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash; {a: 1, b: 2}; end
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, Hash(o))
+    o.singleton_class.remove_method(:to_hash)
+    def o.to_hash; 9; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Hash(o) }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_integer
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_i; nil; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Integer(o) }
+    o.singleton_class.remove_method(:to_i)
+    def o.to_i; 42; end
+    assert_equal(42, Integer(o))
+    def o.respond_to?(*) false; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Integer(o) }
+  end
+
+  class MyInteger
+    def initialize(n); @num = n; end
+    def to_int; @num; end
+    def <=>(n); @num <=> n.to_int; end
+    def <=(n); @num <= n.to_int; end
+    def +(n); MyInteger.new(@num + n.to_int); end
+  end
+
+  def test_check_to_integer
+    o1 = MyInteger.new(1)
+    o9 = MyInteger.new(9)
+    n = 0
+    Range.new(o1, o9).step(2) {|x| n += x.to_int }
+    assert_equal(1+3+5+7+9, n)
+  end
+
+  def test_max_shape_variation_with_performance_warnings
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(), /The class Foo reached 8 shape variations, instance variables accesses will be slower and memory usage increased/)
+      $VERBOSE = false
+      Warning[:performance] = true
+
+      class Foo; end
+      10.times do |i|
+        Foo.new.instance_variable_set(:"@a\#{i}", nil)
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_method_under_verbose
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(2), /warning: method redefined; discarding old foo$/)
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.foo; 1; end
+      def o.foo; 2; end
+      p o.foo
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_method_which_may_case_serious_problem
+    %w(object_id __id__ __send__).each do |m|
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], %r"warning: redefining '#{m}' may cause serious problems$")
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        def (Object.new).#{m}; end
+      INPUT
+
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], %r"warning: redefining '#{m}' may cause serious problems$")
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        Class.new.define_method(:#{m}) {}
+      INPUT
+
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], %r"warning: redefining '#{m}' may cause serious problems$")
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        Class.new.attr_reader(:#{m})
+      INPUT
+
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], %r"warning: redefining '#{m}' may cause serious problems$")
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        Class.new do
+          def foo; end
+          alias #{m} foo
+        end
+      INPUT
+    end
+
+    bug10421 = '[ruby-dev:48691] [Bug #10421]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["1"], [], bug10421)
+      $VERBOSE = false
+      class C < BasicObject
+        def object_id; 1; end
+      end
+      puts C.new.object_id
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_method
+    c = Class.new
+    c.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      c.instance_eval { remove_method(:foo) }
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def meth1; "meth" end
+    end
+    d = Class.new(c) do
+      alias meth2 meth1
+    end
+    o1 = c.new
+    assert_respond_to(o1, :meth1)
+    assert_equal("meth", o1.meth1)
+    o2 = d.new
+    assert_respond_to(o2, :meth1)
+    assert_equal("meth", o2.meth1)
+    assert_respond_to(o2, :meth2)
+    assert_equal("meth", o2.meth2)
+    d.class_eval do
+      remove_method :meth2
+    end
+    bug2202 = '[ruby-core:26074]'
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug2202) {o2.meth2}
+
+    %w(object_id __id__ __send__ initialize).each do |m|
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:ok), %r"warning: removing '#{m}' may cause serious problems$")
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        begin
+          Class.new.instance_eval { remove_method(:#{m}) }
+        rescue NameError
+          p :ok
+        end
+      INPUT
+    end
+
+    m = "\u{30e1 30bd 30c3 30c9}"
+    c = Class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /#{m}/) do
+      c.class_eval {remove_method m}
+    end
+    c = Class.new {
+      define_method(m) {}
+      remove_method(m)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /#{m}/) do
+      c.class_eval {remove_method m}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      1.instance_eval { method_missing }
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval do
+      protected
+      def foo; end
+    end
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      c.new.foo
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      1.instance_eval { method_missing(:method_missing) }
+    end
+
+    c.class_eval do
+      undef_method(:method_missing)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      c.new.method_missing
+    end
+
+    bug2494 = '[ruby-core:27219]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      def method_missing(meth, *args)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    b = c.new
+    foo rescue nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug2494) {[b].flatten}
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_missing_string
+    c = Class.new do
+      def respond_to_missing?(id, priv)
+        !(id !~ /\Agadzoks\d+\z/) ^ priv
+      end
+    end
+    foo = c.new
+    assert_equal(false, foo.respond_to?("gadzooks16"))
+    assert_equal(true, foo.respond_to?("gadzooks17", true))
+    assert_equal(true, foo.respond_to?("gadzoks16"))
+    assert_equal(false, foo.respond_to?("gadzoks17", true))
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_missing
+    c = Class.new do
+      def respond_to_missing?(id, priv)
+        if id == :foobar
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+      def method_missing(id, *args)
+        if id == :foobar
+          return [:foo, *args]
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    foo = c.new
+    assert_equal([:foo], foo.foobar);
+    assert_equal([:foo, 1], foo.foobar(1));
+    assert_equal([:foo, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], foo.foobar(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
+    assert_respond_to(foo, :foobar)
+    assert_not_respond_to(foo, :foobarbaz)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      foo.foobarbaz
+    end
+
+    foobar = foo.method(:foobar)
+    assert_equal(-1, foobar.arity);
+    assert_equal([:foo], foobar.call);
+    assert_equal([:foo, 1], foobar.call(1));
+    assert_equal([:foo, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], foobar.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
+    assert_equal(foobar, foo.method(:foobar))
+    assert_not_equal(foobar, c.new.method(:foobar))
+
+    c = Class.new(c)
+    assert_equal(false, c.method_defined?(:foobar))
+    assert_raise(NameError, '[ruby-core:25748]') do
+      c.instance_method(:foobar)
+    end
+
+    m = Module.new
+    assert_equal(false, m.method_defined?(:foobar))
+    assert_raise(NameError, '[ruby-core:25748]') do
+      m.instance_method(:foobar)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_respond_to
+    bug5158 = '[ruby-core:38799]'
+
+    p = Object.new
+
+    called = []
+    p.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:to_ary) do
+        called << [:to_ary, bug5158]
+      end
+    end
+    [[p]].flatten
+    assert_equal([[:to_ary, bug5158]], called, bug5158)
+
+    called = []
+    p.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:respond_to?) do |*a|
+        called << [:respond_to?, *a]
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    [[p]].flatten
+    assert_equal([[:respond_to?, :to_ary, true]], called, bug5158)
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_respond_to_arity_1
+    p = Object.new
+
+    called = []
+    p.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:respond_to?) do |a, priv = false|
+        called << [:respond_to?, a]
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    [[p]].flatten
+    assert_equal([[:respond_to?, :to_ary]], called, '[bug:6000]')
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_respond_to_arity_3
+    p = Object.new
+
+    called = []
+    p.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      define_method(:respond_to?) do |a, b, c|
+        called << [:respond_to?, a, b, c]
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    msg = 'respond_to? must accept 1 or 2 arguments (requires 3)'
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, msg, '[bug:6000]') do
+      [[p]].flatten
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing_passed_block
+    bug5731 = '[ruby-dev:44961]'
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def method_missing(meth, *args) yield(meth, *args) end
+    end
+    a = c.new
+    result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError, bug5731) do
+      a.foo {|x| result = x}
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, result, bug5731)
+    result = nil
+    e = a.enum_for(:foo)
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError, bug5731) do
+      e.each {|x| result = x}
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, result, bug5731)
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def respond_to_missing?(id, priv)
+        true
+      end
+      def method_missing(id, *args, &block)
+        return block.call(:foo, *args)
+      end
+    end
+    foo = c.new
+
+    result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError, bug5731) do
+      foo.foobar {|x| result = x}
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, result, bug5731)
+    result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError, bug5731) do
+      foo.enum_for(:foobar).each {|x| result = x}
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, result, bug5731)
+
+    result = nil
+    foobar = foo.method(:foobar)
+    foobar.call {|x| result = x}
+    assert_equal(:foo, result, bug5731)
+
+    result = nil
+    foobar = foo.method(:foobar)
+    foobar.enum_for(:call).each {|x| result = x}
+    assert_equal(:foo, result, bug5731)
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_no_arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.send }
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_block
+    x = :ng
+    1.send(:times) { x = :ok }
+    assert_equal(:ok, x)
+
+    x = :ok
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.inspect
+      yield if block_given?
+      super
+    end
+    begin
+      nil.public_send(o) { x = :ng }
+    rescue TypeError
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, x)
+  end
+
+  def test_public_send
+    c = Class.new do
+      def pub
+        :ok
+      end
+
+      def invoke(m)
+        public_send(m)
+      end
+
+      protected
+      def prot
+        :ng
+      end
+
+      private
+      def priv
+        :ng
+      end
+    end.new
+    assert_equal(:ok, c.public_send(:pub))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {c.public_send(:priv)}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {c.public_send(:prot)}
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {c.invoke(:priv)}
+    bug7499 = '[ruby-core:50489]'
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug7499) {c.invoke(:prot)}
+  end
+
+  def test_no_superclass_method
+    bug2312 = '[ruby-dev:39581]'
+
+    o = Object.new
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      o.method(:__send__).call(:never_defined_test_no_superclass_method)
+    }
+    m1 = e.message
+    assert_no_match(/no superclass method/, m1, bug2312)
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      o.method(:__send__).call(:never_defined_test_no_superclass_method)
+    }
+    assert_equal(m1, e.message, bug2312)
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {
+      o.never_defined_test_no_superclass_method
+    }
+    assert_equal(m1.lines.first, e.message.lines.first, bug2312)
+  end
+
+  def test_superclass_method
+    bug2312 = '[ruby-dev:39581]'
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", "module Enumerable;undef min;end; (1..2).min{}"],
+                      "", [], /no superclass method/, bug2312)
+  end
+
+  def test_specific_eval_with_wrong_arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      1.instance_eval("foo") { foo }
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      1.instance_eval
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      1.instance_eval("", 1, 1, 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class InstanceExec
+    INSTANCE_EXEC = 123
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec
+    x = 1.instance_exec(42) {|a| self + a }
+    assert_equal(43, x)
+
+    x = "foo".instance_exec("bar") {|a| self + a }
+    assert_equal("foobar", x)
+
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      InstanceExec.new.instance_exec { INSTANCE_EXEC }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extend
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      1.extend
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    x = eval(<<-EOS)
+      class ToS\u{3042}
+        new.to_s
+      end
+    EOS
+    assert_match(/\bToS\u{3042}:/, x)
+
+    name = "X".freeze
+    x = Object.new
+    class<<x;self;end.class_eval {define_method(:to_s) {name}}
+    assert_same(name, x.to_s)
+    assert_equal("X", [x].join(""))
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    x = Object.new
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+>\z/, x.inspect)
+
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@ivar, :value)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+ @ivar=:value>\z/, x.inspect)
+
+    x = Object.new
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@recur, x)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+ @recur=#<Object:0x\h+ \.\.\.>>\z/, x.inspect)
+
+    x = Object.new
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@foo, "value")
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 42)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+ (?:@foo="value", @bar=42|@bar=42, @foo="value")>\z/, x.inspect)
+
+    # Bug: [ruby-core:19167]
+    x = Object.new
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@foo, NilClass)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+ @foo=NilClass>\z/, x.inspect)
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@foo, TrueClass)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+ @foo=TrueClass>\z/, x.inspect)
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@foo, FalseClass)
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+ @foo=FalseClass>\z/, x.inspect)
+
+    # #inspect does not call #to_s anymore
+    feature6130 = '[ruby-core:43238]'
+    x = Object.new
+    def x.to_s
+      "to_s"
+    end
+    assert_match(/\A#<Object:0x\h+>\z/, x.inspect, feature6130)
+
+    x = eval(<<-EOS)
+      class Inspect\u{3042}
+        new.inspect
+      end
+    EOS
+    assert_match(/\bInspect\u{3042}:/, x)
+
+    x = eval(<<-EOS)
+      class Inspect\u{3042}
+        def initialize
+          @\u{3044} = 42
+        end
+        new
+      end
+    EOS
+    assert_match(/\bInspect\u{3042}:.* @\u{3044}=42\b/, x.inspect)
+    x.instance_variable_set("@\u{3046}".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP), 6)
+    assert_match(/@\u{3046}=6\b/, x.inspect)
+
+    x = Object.new
+    x.singleton_class.class_eval do
+      private def instance_variables_to_inspect = [:@host, :@user]
+    end
+
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@host, "localhost")
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@user, "root")
+    x.instance_variable_set(:@password, "hunter2")
+    s = x.inspect
+    assert_include(s, "@host=\"localhost\"")
+    assert_include(s, "@user=\"root\"")
+    assert_not_include(s, "@password=")
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_methods
+    assert_equal([], Object.new.singleton_methods)
+    assert_equal([], Object.new.singleton_methods(false))
+    c = Class.new
+    def c.foo; end
+    assert_equal([:foo], c.singleton_methods - [:yaml_tag])
+    assert_equal([:foo], c.singleton_methods(false))
+    assert_equal([], c.singleton_class.singleton_methods(false))
+    c.singleton_class.singleton_class
+    assert_equal([], c.singleton_class.singleton_methods(false))
+
+    o = c.new.singleton_class
+    assert_equal([:foo], o.singleton_methods - [:yaml_tag])
+    assert_equal([], o.singleton_methods(false))
+    o.singleton_class
+    assert_equal([:foo], o.singleton_methods - [:yaml_tag])
+    assert_equal([], o.singleton_methods(false))
+
+    c.extend(Module.new{def bar; end})
+    assert_equal([:bar, :foo], c.singleton_methods.sort - [:yaml_tag])
+    assert_equal([:foo], c.singleton_methods(false))
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class
+    x = Object.new
+    xs = class << x; self; end
+    assert_equal(xs, x.singleton_class)
+
+    y = Object.new
+    ys = y.singleton_class
+    assert_equal(class << y; self; end, ys)
+
+    assert_equal(NilClass, nil.singleton_class)
+    assert_equal(TrueClass, true.singleton_class)
+    assert_equal(FalseClass, false.singleton_class)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      123.singleton_class
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      :foo.singleton_class
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_freeze
+    x = Object.new
+    xs = x.singleton_class
+    x.freeze
+    assert_predicate(xs, :frozen?)
+
+    y = Object.new
+    ys = y.singleton_class
+    ys.prepend(Module.new)
+    y.freeze
+    assert_predicate(ys, :frozen?, '[Bug #19169]')
+  end
+
+  def test_redef_method_missing
+    bug5473 = '[ruby-core:40287]'
+    ['ArgumentError.new("bug5473")', 'ArgumentError, "bug5473"', '"bug5473"'].each do |code|
+      exc = code[/\A[A-Z]\w+/] || 'RuntimeError'
+      assert_separately([], <<-SRC)
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      class ::Object
+        def method_missing(m, *a, &b)
+          raise #{code}
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(#{exc}, "bug5473", #{bug5473.dump}) {1.foo}
+      SRC
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_not_initialize_copy
+    a = yield
+    b = yield
+    assert_nothing_raised("copy") {a.instance_eval {initialize_copy(b)}}
+    c = a.dup.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, "frozen") {c.instance_eval {initialize_copy(b)}}
+    d = a.dup
+    [a, b, c, d]
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_initialize_copy
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {Object.new}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {[].to_enum}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {Enumerator::Generator.new {}}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {Enumerator::Yielder.new {}}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {File.stat(__FILE__)}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {open(__FILE__)}.each(&:close)
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {ARGF.class.new}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {Random.new}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {//}
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {/.*/.match("foo")}
+    st = Struct.new(:foo)
+    assert_not_initialize_copy {st.new}
+  end
+
+  def test_type_error_message
+    _issue = "Bug #7539"
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "can't convert Array into Integer") {Integer([42])}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, 'no implicit conversion of Array into Integer') {[].first([42])}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "can't convert Array into Rational") {Rational([42])}
+  end
+
+  def test_copied_ivar_memory_leak
+    bug10191 = '[ruby-core:64700] [Bug #10191]'
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-"end;", <<-"end;", bug10191, timeout: 60, limit: 1.8)
+      def (a = Object.new).set; @v = nil; end
+      num = 500_000
+    end;
+      num.times {a.clone.set}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_object_should_not_be_old
+    assert_normal_exit <<-EOS, '[Bug #13775]'
+      b = proc { }
+      10.times do |i|
+        b.clone
+        GC.start
+      end
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_inspect
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, "a")
+    ins = obj.inspect
+    obj.freeze
+
+    assert_equal(ins, obj.inspect)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_object_id.rb b/test/ruby/test_object_id.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..adb819febc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_object_id.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require "securerandom"
+
+class TestObjectId < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @obj = Object.new
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_new_id
+    id = @obj.object_id
+    refute_equal id, @obj.dup.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_with_ivar_and_id
+    id = @obj.object_id
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+
+    copy = @obj.dup
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_with_id_and_ivar
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+    id = @obj.object_id
+
+    copy = @obj.dup
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_with_id_and_ivar_and_frozen
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+    @obj.freeze
+    id = @obj.object_id
+
+    copy = @obj.dup
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+    refute_predicate copy, :frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_new_id
+    id = @obj.object_id
+    refute_equal id, @obj.clone.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_with_ivar_and_id
+    id = @obj.object_id
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+
+    copy = @obj.clone
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_with_id_and_ivar
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+    id = @obj.object_id
+
+    copy = @obj.clone
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_with_id_and_ivar_and_frozen
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+    @obj.freeze
+    id = @obj.object_id
+
+    copy = @obj.clone
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+    assert_predicate copy, :frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_new_id
+    return pass if @obj.is_a?(Module)
+
+    id = @obj.object_id
+    refute_equal id, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@obj)).object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_with_ivar_and_id
+    return pass if @obj.is_a?(Module)
+
+    id = @obj.object_id
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+
+    copy = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@obj))
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_with_id_and_ivar
+    return pass if @obj.is_a?(Module)
+
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+    id = @obj.object_id
+
+    copy = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@obj))
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_with_id_and_ivar_and_frozen
+    return pass if @obj.is_a?(Module)
+
+    @obj.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 42)
+    @obj.freeze
+    id = @obj.object_id
+
+    copy = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@obj))
+    refute_equal id, copy.object_id
+    assert_equal 42, copy.instance_variable_get(:@foo)
+    refute_predicate copy, :frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_object_id_need_resize
+    (3 - @obj.instance_variables.size).times do |i|
+      @obj.instance_variable_set("@a_#{i}", "[Bug #21445]")
+    end
+    @obj.object_id
+    GC.start
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdClass < TestObjectId
+  def setup
+    @obj = Class.new
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdGeneric < TestObjectId
+  def setup
+    @obj = Array.new
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdTooComplex < TestObjectId
+  class TooComplex
+    def initialize
+      @too_complex_obj_id_test = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS)
+      assert_equal 8, RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS
+    end
+    8.times do |i|
+      TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set("@TestObjectIdTooComplex#{i}", 1)
+    end
+    @obj = TooComplex.new
+    @obj.instance_variable_set("@a#{rand(10_000)}", 1)
+
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
+      assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(@obj), :too_complex?)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdTooComplexClass < TestObjectId
+  class TooComplex < Module
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS)
+      assert_equal 8, RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS
+    end
+
+    @obj = TooComplex.new
+
+    @obj.instance_variable_set("@___#{SecureRandom.hex}", 1)
+
+    8.times do |i|
+      @obj.instance_variable_set("@TestObjectIdTooComplexClass#{i}", 1)
+      @obj.remove_instance_variable("@TestObjectIdTooComplexClass#{i}")
+    end
+
+    @obj.instance_variable_set("@test", 1)
+
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
+      assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(@obj), :too_complex?)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdTooComplexGeneric < TestObjectId
+  class TooComplex < Array
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS)
+      assert_equal 8, RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS
+    end
+    8.times do |i|
+      TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set("@TestObjectIdTooComplexGeneric#{i}", 1)
+    end
+    @obj = TooComplex.new
+    @obj.instance_variable_set("@a#{rand(10_000)}", 1)
+    @obj.instance_variable_set("@a#{rand(10_000)}", 1)
+
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
+      assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(@obj), :too_complex?)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdRactor < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_object_id_race_free
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      Warning[:experimental] = false
+      class MyClass
+        attr_reader :a, :b, :c
+        def initialize
+          @a = @b = @c = nil
+        end
+      end
+      N = 10_000
+      objs = Ractor.make_shareable(N.times.map { MyClass.new })
+      results = 4.times.map{
+        Ractor.new(objs) { |objs|
+          vars = []
+          ids = []
+          objs.each do |obj|
+            vars << obj.a << obj.b << obj.c
+            ids << obj.object_id
+          end
+          [vars, ids]
+        }
+      }.map(&:value)
+      assert_equal 1, results.uniq.size
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_external_object_id_ractor_move
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      Warning[:experimental] = false
+      class MyClass
+        attr_reader :a, :b, :c
+        def initialize
+          @a = @b = @c = nil
+        end
+      end
+      obj = Ractor.make_shareable(MyClass.new)
+      object_id = obj.object_id
+      obj = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }.send(obj, move: true).value
+      assert_equal object_id, obj.object_id
+    end;
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdStruct < TestObjectId
+  EmbeddedStruct = Struct.new(:embedded_field)
+
+  def setup
+    @obj = EmbeddedStruct.new
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdStructGenIvar < TestObjectId
+  GenIvarStruct = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+
+  def setup
+    @obj = GenIvarStruct.new
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdStructNotEmbed < TestObjectId
+  MANY_IVS = 80
+
+  StructNotEmbed = Struct.new(*MANY_IVS.times.map { |i| :"field_#{i}" })
+
+  def setup
+    @obj = StructNotEmbed.new
+  end
+end
+
+class TestObjectIdStructTooComplex < TestObjectId
+  StructTooComplex = Struct.new(:a) do
+    def initialize
+      @too_complex_obj_id_test = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS)
+      assert_equal 8, RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS
+    end
+    8.times do |i|
+      StructTooComplex.new.instance_variable_set("@TestObjectIdStructTooComplex#{i}", 1)
+    end
+    @obj = StructTooComplex.new
+    @obj.instance_variable_set("@a#{rand(10_000)}", 1)
+
+    if defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
+      assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(@obj), :too_complex?)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb b/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a479547599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestObjectSpace < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def self.deftest_id2ref(obj)
+    /:(\d+)/ =~ caller[0]
+    file = $`
+    line = $1.to_i
+    code = <<"End"
+    define_method("test_id2ref_#{line}") {\
+      o = EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(obj.object_id) }
+      assert_same(obj, o, "didn't round trip: \#{obj.inspect}");\
+    }
+End
+    eval code, binding, file, line
+  end
+
+  deftest_id2ref(-0x4000000000000001)
+  deftest_id2ref(-0x4000000000000000)
+  deftest_id2ref(-0x40000001)
+  deftest_id2ref(-0x40000000)
+  deftest_id2ref(-1)
+  deftest_id2ref(0)
+  deftest_id2ref(1)
+  deftest_id2ref(0x3fffffff)
+  deftest_id2ref(0x40000000)
+  deftest_id2ref(0x3fffffffffffffff)
+  deftest_id2ref(0x4000000000000000)
+  deftest_id2ref(:a)
+  deftest_id2ref(:abcdefghijilkjl)
+  deftest_id2ref(:==)
+  deftest_id2ref(Object.new)
+  deftest_id2ref(self)
+  deftest_id2ref(true)
+  deftest_id2ref(false)
+  deftest_id2ref(nil)
+
+  def test_id2ref_liveness
+    assert_normal_exit <<-EOS
+      ids = []
+      10.times{
+        1_000.times{
+          ids << 'hello'.object_id
+        }
+        objs = ids.map{|id|
+          begin
+            ObjectSpace._id2ref(id)
+          rescue RangeError
+            nil
+          end
+        }
+        GC.start
+        objs.each{|e| e.inspect}
+      }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_id2ref_invalid_argument
+    msg = /no implicit conversion/
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(nil) } }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(false) } }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(true) } }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(:a) } }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref("0") } }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(Object.new) } }
+  end
+
+  def test_id2ref_invalid_symbol_id
+    # RB_STATIC_SYM_P checks for static symbols by checking that the bottom
+    # 8 bits of the object is equal to RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG, so we need to make
+    # sure that the bottom 8 bits remain unchanged.
+    msg = /is not a symbol id value/
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, msg) { EnvUtil.suppress_warning { ObjectSpace._id2ref(:a.object_id + 256) } }
+  end
+
+  def test_count_objects
+    h = {}
+    ObjectSpace.count_objects(h)
+    assert_kind_of(Hash, h)
+    assert_empty(h.keys.delete_if {|x| x.is_a?(Symbol) || x.is_a?(Integer) })
+    assert_empty(h.values.delete_if {|x| x.is_a?(Integer) })
+
+    h = ObjectSpace.count_objects
+    assert_kind_of(Hash, h)
+    assert_empty(h.keys.delete_if {|x| x.is_a?(Symbol) || x.is_a?(Integer) })
+    assert_empty(h.values.delete_if {|x| x.is_a?(Integer) })
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { ObjectSpace.count_objects(1) }
+
+    h0 = {:T_FOO=>1000}
+    h = ObjectSpace.count_objects(h0)
+    assert_same(h0, h)
+    assert_equal(0, h0[:T_FOO])
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizer
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", <<-END], "", %w(:ok :ok :ok), [])
+      a = []
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(a) { p :ok }
+      b = a.dup
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(a) { p :ok }
+      !b
+    END
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", <<~RUBY], "", %w(:ok :ok), [], timeout: 60)
+      a = Object.new
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(a) { p :ok }
+
+      1_000_000.times do
+        o = Object.new
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(o) { }
+      end
+
+      b = Object.new
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(b) { p :ok }
+    RUBY
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ObjectSpace.define_finalizer([], Object.new) }
+
+    code = proc do |priv|
+      <<-"CODE"
+      fin = Object.new
+      class << fin
+        #{priv}def call(id)
+          puts "finalized"
+        end
+      end
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer([], fin)
+      CODE
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err([], code[""], ["finalized"])
+    assert_in_out_err([], code["private "], ["finalized"])
+    c = EnvUtil.labeled_class("C\u{3042}").new
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /C\u{3042}/) {
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(o, c)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizer_copy
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", <<~'RUBY'], "", %w(:ok), [])
+      def fin
+        ids = Set.new
+        ->(id) { puts "object_id (#{id}) reused" unless ids.add?(id) }
+      end
+
+      OBJ = Object.new
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(OBJ, fin)
+      OBJ.freeze
+
+      10.times do
+        OBJ.clone
+      end
+
+      p :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizer_with_super
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", <<-END], "", %w(:ok), [])
+      class A
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          1.times { super }
+        end
+      end
+
+      class C
+        module M
+        end
+
+        FINALIZER = proc do
+          M.module_eval(__FILE__, "", __LINE__) do
+          end
+        end
+
+        def define_finalizer
+          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, FINALIZER)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class D
+        def foo
+          B.new.foo
+        end
+      end
+
+      C::M.singleton_class.send :define_method, :module_eval do |src, id, line|
+      end
+
+      GC.stress = true
+      10.times do
+        C.new.define_finalizer
+        D.new.foo
+      end
+
+      p :ok
+    END
+  end
+
+  def test_exception_in_finalizer
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", [], /finalizing \(RuntimeError\)/)
+    begin;
+      ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(Object.new) {raise "finalizing"}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_finalizer_thread_raise
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      fzer = proc do |id|
+        sleep 0.2
+      end
+      2.times do
+        o = Object.new
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(o, fzer)
+      end
+
+      my_error = Class.new(RuntimeError)
+      begin
+        main_th = Thread.current
+        Thread.new do
+          sleep 0.1
+          main_th.raise(my_error)
+        end
+        GC.start
+        sleep(10)
+        assert(false)
+      rescue my_error
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_object
+    klass = Class.new
+    new_obj = klass.new
+
+    found = []
+    count = ObjectSpace.each_object(klass) do |obj|
+      found << obj
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, count)
+    assert_equal(1, found.size)
+    assert_same(new_obj, found[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_each_object_enumerator
+    klass = Class.new
+    new_obj = klass.new
+
+    found = []
+    counter = ObjectSpace.each_object(klass)
+    assert_equal(1, counter.each {|obj| found << obj})
+    assert_equal(1, found.size)
+    assert_same(new_obj, found[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_each_object_no_garbage
+    assert_separately([], <<-End)
+    GC.disable
+    eval('begin; 1.times{}; rescue; ensure; end')
+    arys = []
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(Array){|ary|
+      arys << ary
+    }
+    GC.enable
+    arys.each{|ary|
+      begin
+        assert_equal(String, ary.inspect.class) # should not cause SEGV
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        # rescue "can't modify frozen File" error.
+      end
+    }
+    End
+  end
+
+  def test_each_object_recursive_key
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-'end;', '[ruby-core:66742] [Bug #10579]')
+      h = {["foo"]=>nil}
+      p Thread.current[:__recursive_key__]
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_id2ref_table_build
+    assert_separately([], <<-End)
+      10.times do
+        Object.new.object_id
+      end
+
+      GC.start(immediate_mark: false)
+
+      obj = Object.new
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+        assert_equal obj, ObjectSpace._id2ref(obj.object_id)
+      end
+    End
+  end
+
+  def test_each_object_singleton_class
+    assert_separately([], <<-End)
+      class C
+        class << self
+          $c = self
+        end
+      end
+
+      exist = false
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(Class){|o|
+        exist = true if $c == o
+      }
+      assert(exist, 'Bug #11360')
+    End
+
+    klass = Class.new
+    instance = klass.new
+    sclass = instance.singleton_class
+    meta = klass.singleton_class
+    assert_kind_of(meta, sclass)
+    assert_include(ObjectSpace.each_object(meta).to_a, sclass)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_object_with_allocation
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-End)
+      list = []
+      ObjectSpace.each_object { |o| list << Object.new }
+    End
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_optimization.rb b/test/ruby/test_optimization.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d16984eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_optimization.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1278 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'objspace'
+
+class TestRubyOptimization < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_redefine_method(klass, method, code, msg = nil)
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class #{klass}
+        undef #{method}
+        def #{method}(*args)
+          args[0]
+        end
+      end
+      #{code}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def assert_performance_warning(klass, method)
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", [], ["-:4: warning: Redefining '#{klass}##{method}' disables interpreter and JIT optimizations"])
+    begin;
+      Warning[:performance] = true
+      class #{klass}
+        undef #{method}
+        def #{method}
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def disasm(name)
+    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(name)).disasm
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_plus
+    assert_equal 21, 10 + 11
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '+', 'assert_equal 11, 10 + 11')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '+')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_minus
+    assert_equal 5, 8 - 3
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '-', 'assert_equal 3, 8 - 3')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '-')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_mul
+    assert_equal 15, 3 * 5
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '*', 'assert_equal 5, 3 * 5')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '*')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_div
+    assert_equal 3, 15 / 5
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '/', 'assert_equal 5, 15 / 5')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '/')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_mod
+    assert_equal 1, 8 % 7
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '%', 'assert_equal 7, 8 % 7')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '%')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_lt
+    assert_equal true, 1 < 2
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '<', 'assert_equal 2, 1 < 2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '<')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_le
+    assert_equal true, 1 <= 2
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '<=', 'assert_equal 2, 1 <= 2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '<=')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_gt
+    assert_equal false, 1 > 2
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '>', 'assert_equal 2, 1 > 2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '>')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_ge
+    assert_equal false, 1 >= 2
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '>=', 'assert_equal 2, 1 >= 2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '>=')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_plus
+    assert_equal 4.0, 2.0 + 2.0
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '+', 'assert_equal 2.0, 2.0 + 2.0')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '+')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_minus
+    assert_equal 4.0, 2.0 + 2.0
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '-', 'assert_equal 2.0, 4.0 - 2.0')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '-')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_mul
+    assert_equal 29.25, 4.5 * 6.5
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '*', 'assert_equal 6.5, 4.5 * 6.5')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '*')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_div
+    assert_in_delta 0.63063063063063063, 4.2 / 6.66
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '/', 'assert_equal 6.66, 4.2 / 6.66', "[Bug #9238]")
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '/')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_lt
+    assert_equal true, 1.1 < 2.2
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '<', 'assert_equal 2.2, 1.1 < 2.2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '<')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_le
+    assert_equal true, 1.1 <= 2.2
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '<=', 'assert_equal 2.2, 1.1 <= 2.2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '<=')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_gt
+    assert_equal false, 1.1 > 2.2
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '>', 'assert_equal 2.2, 1.1 > 2.2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '>')
+  end
+
+  def test_float_ge
+    assert_equal false, 1.1 >= 2.2
+    assert_redefine_method('Float', '>=', 'assert_equal 2.2, 1.1 >= 2.2')
+    assert_performance_warning('Float', '>=')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_length
+    assert_equal 6, "string".length
+    assert_redefine_method('String', 'length', 'assert_nil "string".length')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', 'length')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_size
+    assert_equal 6, "string".size
+    assert_redefine_method('String', 'size', 'assert_nil "string".size')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', 'size')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_empty?
+    assert_equal true, "".empty?
+    assert_equal false, "string".empty?
+    assert_redefine_method('String', 'empty?', 'assert_nil "string".empty?')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', 'empty?')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_plus
+    assert_equal "", "" + ""
+    assert_equal "x", "x" + ""
+    assert_equal "x", "" + "x"
+    assert_equal "ab", "a" + "b"
+    assert_redefine_method('String', '+', 'assert_equal "b", "a" + "b"')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', '+')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_succ
+    assert_equal 'b', 'a'.succ
+    assert_equal 'B', 'A'.succ
+    assert_performance_warning('String', 'succ')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_format
+    assert_equal '2', '%d' % 2
+    assert_redefine_method('String', '%', 'assert_equal 2, "%d" % 2')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', '%')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_freeze
+    assert_equal "foo", "foo".freeze
+    assert_equal "foo".freeze.object_id, "foo".freeze.object_id
+    assert_redefine_method('String', 'freeze', 'assert_nil "foo".freeze')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', 'freeze')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_uminus
+    assert_same "foo".freeze, -"foo"
+    assert_redefine_method('String', '-@', 'assert_nil(-"foo")')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', '-@')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_min
+    assert_equal 1, [1, 2, 4].min
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', 'min', 'assert_nil([1, 2, 4].min)')
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', 'min', 'assert_nil([1 + 0, 2, 4].min)')
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', 'min')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_max
+    assert_equal 4, [1, 2, 4].max
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', 'max', 'assert_nil([1, 2, 4].max)')
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', 'max', 'assert_nil([1 + 0, 2, 4].max)')
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', 'max')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_hash
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', 'hash')
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_optimized_methods
+    bug14870 = "[ruby-core:87638]"
+    expected = [:-@, :max, :min, :+, :-, :*, :/, :%, :==, :<, :<=, :>, :>=, :<<,
+                :&, :|, :[], :[]=, :length, :empty?, :nil?, :succ, :!, :=~]
+    [:c_call, :c_return].each do |type|
+      methods = []
+      tp = TracePoint.new(type) { |tp| methods << tp.method_id }
+      tp.enable do
+        x = "a"; x = -x
+        [1].max
+        [1].min
+        x = 42 + 2
+        x = 42 - 2
+        x = 42 * 2
+        x = 42 / 2
+        x = 42 % 2
+        y = x == 42
+        y = x < 42
+        y = x <= 42
+        y = x > 42
+        y = x >= 42
+        x = x << 1
+        x = x & 1
+        x = x | 1
+        x = []; x[1]
+        x[1] = 2
+        x.length
+        x.empty?
+        x.nil?
+        x = 1; x.succ
+        !x
+        x = 'a'; x =~ /a/
+        x = y
+      end
+      assert_equal(expected, methods, bug14870)
+    end
+
+    methods = []
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return) { |tp| methods << tp.method_id }
+    tp.enable do
+      x = 1
+      x != 42
+    end
+    assert_equal([:!=, :==, :==, :!=], methods, bug14870)
+  end
+
+  def test_string_freeze_saves_memory
+    n = 16384
+    data = '.'.freeze
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    w.write data
+
+    s = r.readpartial(n, '')
+    assert_operator ObjectSpace.memsize_of(s), :>=, n,
+      'IO buffer NOT resized prematurely because will likely be reused'
+
+    s.freeze
+    assert_equal ObjectSpace.memsize_of(data), ObjectSpace.memsize_of(s),
+      'buffer resized on freeze since it cannot be written to again'
+  ensure
+    r.close if r
+    w.close if w
+  end
+
+  def test_string_eq_neq
+    %w(== !=).each do |m|
+      assert_redefine_method('String', m, <<-end)
+        assert_equal :b, ("a" #{m} "b").to_sym
+        b = 'b'
+        assert_equal :b, ("a" #{m} b).to_sym
+        assert_equal :b, (b #{m} "b").to_sym
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_performance_warning('String', '==')
+  end
+
+  def test_string_ltlt
+    assert_equal "", "" << ""
+    assert_equal "x", "x" << ""
+    assert_equal "x", "" << "x"
+    assert_equal "ab", "a" << "b"
+    assert_redefine_method('String', '<<', 'assert_equal "b", "a" << "b"')
+    assert_performance_warning('String', '<<')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_and
+    assert_equal 1, 1&3
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '&', 'assert_equal 3, 1&3')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '&')
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_or
+    assert_equal 3, 1|3
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', '|', 'assert_equal 1, 3|1')
+    assert_performance_warning('Integer', '|')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_plus
+    assert_equal [1,2], [1]+[2]
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', '+', 'assert_equal [2], [1]+[2]')
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', '+')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_minus
+    assert_equal [2], [1,2] - [1]
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', '-', 'assert_equal [1], [1,2]-[1]')
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', '-')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_length
+    assert_equal 0, [].length
+    assert_equal 3, [1,2,3].length
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', 'length', 'assert_nil([].length); assert_nil([1,2,3].length)')
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', 'length')
+  end
+
+  def test_array_empty?
+    assert_equal true, [].empty?
+    assert_equal false, [1,2,3].empty?
+    assert_redefine_method('Array', 'empty?', 'assert_nil([].empty?); assert_nil([1,2,3].empty?)')
+    assert_performance_warning('Array', 'empty?')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_length
+    assert_equal 0, {}.length
+    assert_equal 1, {1=>1}.length
+    assert_redefine_method('Hash', 'length', 'assert_nil({}.length); assert_nil({1=>1}.length)')
+    assert_performance_warning('Hash', 'length')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_empty?
+    assert_equal true, {}.empty?
+    assert_equal false, {1=>1}.empty?
+    assert_redefine_method('Hash', 'empty?', 'assert_nil({}.empty?); assert_nil({1=>1}.empty?)')
+    assert_performance_warning('Hash', 'empty?')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_aref_with
+    h = { "foo" => 1 }
+    assert_equal 1, h["foo"]
+    assert_redefine_method('Hash', '[]', "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      h = { "foo" => 1 }
+      assert_equal "foo", h["foo"]
+    end;
+    assert_performance_warning('Hash', '[]')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_aset_with
+    h = {}
+    assert_equal 1, h["foo"] = 1
+    assert_redefine_method('Hash', '[]=', "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      h = {}
+      assert_equal 1, h["foo"] = 1, "assignment always returns value set"
+      assert_nil h["foo"]
+    end;
+    assert_performance_warning('Hash', '[]=')
+  end
+
+  class MyObj
+    def ==(other)
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    assert_equal true, nil == nil
+    assert_equal true, 1 == 1
+    assert_equal true, 'string' == 'string'
+    assert_equal true, 1 == MyObj.new
+    assert_equal false, nil == MyObj.new
+    assert_equal true, MyObj.new == 1
+    assert_equal true, MyObj.new == nil
+  end
+
+  def self.tailcall(klass, src, file = nil, path = nil, line = nil, tailcall: true)
+    unless file
+      loc, = caller_locations(1, 1)
+      file = loc.path
+      line ||= loc.lineno + 1
+    end
+    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new("proc {|_|_.class_eval {#{src}}}",
+                                    file, (path || file), line,
+                                    tailcall_optimization: tailcall,
+                                    trace_instruction: false)
+      .eval[klass]
+  end
+
+  def tailcall(*args)
+    self.class.tailcall(singleton_class, *args)
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall
+    bug4082 = '[ruby-core:33289]'
+
+    tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      def fact_helper(n, res)
+        if n == 1
+          res
+        else
+          fact_helper(n - 1, n * res)
+        end
+      end
+      def fact(n)
+        fact_helper(n, 1)
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_equal(9131, fact(3000).to_s.size, message(bug4082) {disasm(:fact_helper)})
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_with_block
+    bug6901 = '[ruby-dev:46065]'
+
+    tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      def identity(val)
+        val
+      end
+
+      def delay
+        -> {
+          identity(yield)
+        }
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_equal(123, delay { 123 }.call, message(bug6901) {disasm(:delay)})
+  end
+
+  def just_yield
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_inhibited_by_block
+    tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      def yield_result
+        just_yield {:ok}
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_equal(:ok, yield_result, message {disasm(:yield_result)})
+  end
+
+  def do_raise
+    raise "should be rescued"
+  end
+
+  def errinfo
+    $!
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_inhibited_by_rescue
+    bug12082 = '[ruby-core:73871] [Bug #12082]'
+
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning {tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")}
+    begin;
+      def to_be_rescued
+        return do_raise
+        1 + 2
+      rescue
+        errinfo
+      end
+    end;
+    result = assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, message(bug12082) {disasm(:to_be_rescued)}) {
+      to_be_rescued
+    }
+    assert_instance_of(RuntimeError, result, bug12082)
+    assert_equal("should be rescued", result.message, bug12082)
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_symbol_block_arg
+    bug12565 = '[ruby-core:46065]'
+    tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      def apply_one_and_two(&block)
+        yield(1, 2)
+      end
+
+      def add_one_and_two
+        apply_one_and_two(&:+)
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_equal(3, add_one_and_two,
+                 message(bug12565) {disasm(:add_one_and_two)})
+  end
+
+  def test_c_func_with_sp_offset_under_tailcall
+    tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      def calc_one_plus_two
+        1 + 2.abs
+      end
+
+      def one_plus_two
+        calc_one_plus_two
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_equal(3, one_plus_two)
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_and_post_arg
+    tailcall(<<~RUBY)
+      def ret_const = :ok
+
+      def post_arg(_a = 1, _b) = ret_const
+    RUBY
+
+    # YJIT probably uses a fallback on the call to post_arg
+    assert_equal(:ok, post_arg(0))
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_interrupted_by_sigint
+    bug12576 = 'ruby-core:76327'
+    script = "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {
+        :tailcall_optimization => true,
+        :trace_instruction => false
+      }
+
+      eval "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;1'}"
+      begin;
+        def foo
+          foo
+        end
+        puts("start")
+        STDOUT.flush
+        foo
+      end;1
+    end;
+    status, _err = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby([], "", true, true, **{}) {
+      |in_p, out_p, err_p, pid|
+      in_p.write(script)
+      in_p.close
+      out_p.gets
+      sig = :INT
+      begin
+        Process.kill(sig, pid)
+        Timeout.timeout(1) do
+          *, stat = Process.wait2(pid)
+          [stat, err_p.read]
+        end
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+        if sig == :INT
+          sig = :KILL
+          retry
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_not_equal("SEGV", Signal.signame(status.termsig || 0), bug12576)
+  end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_tailcall_condition_block
+    bug = '[ruby-core:78015] [Bug #12905]'
+
+    src = "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", __FILE__, nil, __LINE__+1
+    begin;
+      def run(current, final)
+        if current < final
+          run(current+1, final)
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    self.class.tailcall(obj.singleton_class, *src, tailcall: false)
+    e = assert_raise(SystemStackError) {
+      obj.run(1, Float::INFINITY)
+    }
+    level = e.backtrace_locations.size
+    obj = Object.new
+    self.class.tailcall(obj.singleton_class, *src, tailcall: true)
+    level *= 2
+    mesg = message {"#{bug}: #{$!.backtrace_locations.size} / #{level} stack levels"}
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, mesg) {
+      obj.run(1, level)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tailcall_not_to_grow_stack
+    bug16161 = '[ruby-core:94881]'
+
+    tailcall("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      def foo(n)
+        return :ok if n < 1
+        foo(n - 1)
+      end
+    end;
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug16161) do
+      assert_equal(:ok, foo(1_000_000), bug16161)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Bug10557
+    def [](_, &)
+      block_given?
+    end
+
+    def []=(_, _, &)
+      block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given_aset_aref
+    bug10557 = '[ruby-core:66595]'
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[](nil){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[](0){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[](false){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[](''){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[]=(nil, 1){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[]=(0, 1){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[]=(false, 1){}, bug10557)
+    assert_equal(true, Bug10557.new.[]=('', 1){}, bug10557)
+  end
+
+  def test_string_freeze_block
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class String
+        undef freeze
+        def freeze(&)
+          block_given?
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(true, "block".freeze {})
+      assert_equal(false, "block".freeze)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_case_dispatch
+    code = "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}"
+    begin;
+      case foo
+      when "foo" then :foo
+      when true then true
+      when false then false
+      when :sym then :sym
+      when 6 then :fix
+      when nil then nil
+      when 0.1 then :float
+      when 0xffffffffffffffff then :big
+      else
+        :nomatch
+      end
+    end;
+    check = {
+      'foo' => :foo,
+      true => true,
+      false => false,
+      :sym => :sym,
+      6 => :fix,
+      nil => nil,
+      0.1 => :float,
+      0xffffffffffffffff => :big,
+    }
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+    assert_match %r{\bopt_case_dispatch\b}, iseq.disasm
+    check.each do |foo, expect|
+      assert_equal expect, eval("foo = #{foo.inspect}\n#{code}")
+    end
+    assert_equal :nomatch, eval("foo = :blah\n#{code}")
+    check.each do |foo, _|
+      klass = foo.class.to_s
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        class #{klass}
+          undef ===
+          def ===(*args)
+            false
+          end
+        end
+        foo = #{foo.inspect}
+        ret = #{code}
+        assert_equal :nomatch, ret, foo.inspect
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq
+    [ nil, true, false, 0.1, :sym, 'str', 0xffffffffffffffff ].each do |v|
+      k = v.class.to_s
+      assert_redefine_method(k, '===', "assert_equal(#{v.inspect} === 0, 0)")
+      assert_performance_warning(k, '===')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_case_dispatch_inf
+    inf = 1.0/0.0
+    result = case inf
+             when 1 then 1
+             when 0 then 0
+             else
+               inf.to_i rescue nil
+             end
+    assert_nil result, '[ruby-dev:49423] [Bug #11804]'
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_safe_conditional_assign
+    bug11816 = '[ruby-core:74993] [Bug #11816]'
+    assert_ruby_status([], 'nil&.foo &&= false', bug11816)
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_string_literal_range
+    code = "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}"
+    begin;
+      case ver
+      when "2.0.0".."2.3.2" then :foo
+      when "1.8.0"..."1.8.8" then :bar
+      end
+    end;
+    [ true, false ].each do |opt|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code,
+                                                 frozen_string_literal: opt)
+      insn = iseq.disasm
+      assert_match %r{putobject\s+#{Regexp.quote('"1.8.0"..."1.8.8"')}}, insn
+      assert_match %r{putobject\s+#{Regexp.quote('"2.0.0".."2.3.2"')}}, insn
+      assert_no_match(/putstring/, insn)
+      assert_no_match(/newrange/, insn)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_dstr
+    code = "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      exp = -'a'
+      z = 'a'
+      [exp, -"#{z}"]
+    end;
+    [ false, true ].each do |fsl|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code,
+                                                 frozen_string_literal: fsl)
+      assert_same(*iseq.eval,
+                  "[ruby-core:85542] [Bug #14475] fsl: #{fsl}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_array_freeze
+    code = "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      [1].freeze
+    end;
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+    insn = iseq.disasm
+    assert_match(/opt_ary_freeze/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/duparray/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/send/, insn)
+    assert_predicate([1].freeze, :frozen?)
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, [":ok"])
+      class Array
+        prepend Module.new {
+          def freeze
+            :ok
+          end
+        }
+      end
+      p [1].freeze
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_array_freeze_empty
+    code = "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      [].freeze
+    end;
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+    insn = iseq.disasm
+    assert_match(/opt_ary_freeze/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/duparray/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/send/, insn)
+    assert_predicate([].freeze, :frozen?)
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, [":ok"])
+      class Array
+        prepend Module.new {
+          def freeze
+            :ok
+          end
+        }
+      end
+      p [].freeze
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_hash_freeze
+    code = "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      {a:1}.freeze
+    end;
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+    insn = iseq.disasm
+    assert_match(/opt_hash_freeze/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/duphash/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/send/, insn)
+    assert_predicate([1].freeze, :frozen?)
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, [":ok"])
+      class Hash
+        prepend Module.new {
+          def freeze
+            :ok
+          end
+        }
+      end
+      p({a:1}.freeze)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_hash_freeze_empty
+    code = "#{<<~'begin;'}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      {}.freeze
+    end;
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+    insn = iseq.disasm
+    assert_match(/opt_hash_freeze/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/duphash/, insn)
+    assert_no_match(/send/, insn)
+    assert_predicate([].freeze, :frozen?)
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, [":ok"])
+      class Hash
+        prepend Module.new {
+          def freeze
+            :ok
+          end
+        }
+      end
+      p({}.freeze)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_branch_condition_backquote
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80740] [Bug #13444] redefined backquote should be called'
+    class << self
+      def `(s)
+        @q = s
+        @r
+      end
+    end
+
+    @q = nil
+    @r = nil
+    assert_equal("bar", ("bar" unless `foo`), bug)
+    assert_equal("foo", @q, bug)
+
+    @q = nil
+    @r = true
+    assert_equal("bar", ("bar" if `foo`), bug)
+    assert_equal("foo", @q, bug)
+
+    @q = nil
+    @r = "z"
+    assert_equal("bar", ("bar" if `foo#{@r}`))
+    assert_equal("fooz", @q, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_branch_condition_def
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80740] [Bug #13444] method should be defined'
+    c = Class.new do
+      raise "bug" unless def t;:ok;end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug) do
+      assert_equal(:ok, c.new.t)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_branch_condition_defs
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80740] [Bug #13444] singleton method should be defined'
+    raise "bug" unless def self.t;:ok;end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError, bug) do
+      assert_equal(:ok, t)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_retry_label_in_unreachable_chunk
+    bug = '[ruby-core:81272] [Bug #13578]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", bug)
+    begin;
+      def t; if false; case 42; when s {}; end; end; end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def bptest_yield &b
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def bptest_yield_pass &b
+    bptest_yield(&b)
+  end
+
+  def bptest_bp_value &b
+    b
+  end
+
+  def bptest_bp_pass_bp_value &b
+    bptest_bp_value(&b)
+  end
+
+  def bptest_binding &b
+    binding
+  end
+
+  def bptest_set &b
+    b = Proc.new{2}
+  end
+
+  def test_block_parameter
+    assert_equal(1, bptest_yield{1})
+    assert_equal(1, bptest_yield_pass{1})
+    assert_equal(1, send(:bptest_yield){1})
+
+    assert_equal(Proc, bptest_bp_value{}.class)
+    assert_equal nil, bptest_bp_value
+    assert_equal(Proc, bptest_bp_pass_bp_value{}.class)
+    assert_equal nil, bptest_bp_pass_bp_value
+
+    assert_equal Proc, bptest_binding{}.local_variable_get(:b).class
+
+    assert_equal 2, bptest_set{1}.call
+  end
+
+  def test_block_parameter_should_not_create_objects
+    assert_separately [], <<-END
+      def foo &b
+      end
+      h1 = {}; h2 = {}
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(h1) # rehearsal
+      GC.start; GC.disable          # to disable GC while foo{}
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(h1)
+      foo{}
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(h2)
+
+      assert_equal 0, h2[:T_DATA] - h1[:T_DATA] # Proc is T_DATA
+    END
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_optimization_without_trace
+    assert_ruby_status [], <<-END
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {trace_instruction: false}
+      eval "def foo; 1.times{|(a), &b| nil && a}; end"
+    END
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_unreachable_keyword_args
+    assert_ruby_status [], <<-END, timeout: 60
+      script =  <<-EOS
+        if true
+        else
+          foo(k1:1)
+        end
+      EOS
+      GC.stress = true
+      30.times{
+        RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(script)
+      }
+    END
+  end
+
+  def test_callinfo_unreachable_path
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("if false; foo(bar: :baz); else :ok end")
+      bin = iseq.to_binary
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(bin)
+      assert_instance_of(RubyVM::InstructionSequence, iseq)
+      assert_equal(:ok, iseq.eval)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_side_effect_in_popped_splat
+    bug = '[ruby-core:84340] [Bug #14201]'
+    eval("{**(bug = nil; {})};42")
+    assert_nil(bug)
+
+    bug = '[ruby-core:85486] [Bug #14459]'
+    h = {}
+    assert_equal(bug, eval('{ok: 42, **h}; bug'))
+    assert_equal(:ok, eval('{ok: bug = :ok, **h}; bug'))
+    assert_empty(h)
+  end
+
+  def test_overwritten_blockparam
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.a(&block)
+      block = 1
+      return :ok if block
+      :ng
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, obj.a())
+  end
+
+  def test_blockparam_in_rescue
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.foo(&b)
+      raise
+    rescue
+      b.call
+    end
+    result = nil
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo {result = 42})
+    assert_equal(42, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_unconditional_branch_to_leave_block
+    assert_valid_syntax("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      tap {true || tap {}}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_jump_elimination_with_optimized_out_block
+    x = Object.new
+    def x.bug(obj)
+      if obj || obj
+        obj = obj
+      else
+        raise "[ruby-core:87830] [Bug #14897]"
+      end
+      obj
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, x.bug(:ok))
+  end
+
+  def test_jump_elimination_with_optimized_out_block_2
+    x = Object.new
+    def x.bug
+      a = "aaa"
+      ok = :NG
+      if a == "bbb" || a == "ccc" then
+        a = a
+      else
+        ok = :ok
+      end
+      ok
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, x.bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_peephole_jump_after_newarray
+    i = 0
+    %w(1) || 2 while (i += 1) < 100
+    assert_equal(100, i)
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_empty_ensure
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 10)
+    begin;
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+        begin raise ensure nil if nil end
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_rescue
+    assert_in_out_err("", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", [], /END \(RuntimeError\)/)
+    begin;
+      if false
+        begin
+          require "some_mad_stuff"
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts "no mad stuff loaded"
+        end
+      end
+
+      raise  "END"
+    end;
+  end
+
+  class Objtostring
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_immediate
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){"#{BasicObject.new}"}
+    assert_redefine_method('Symbol', 'to_s', <<-'end')
+      assert_match %r{\A#<Symbol:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{:foo}"
+    end
+    assert_redefine_method('NilClass', 'to_s', <<-'end')
+      assert_match %r{\A#<NilClass:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{nil}"
+    end
+    assert_redefine_method('TrueClass', 'to_s', <<-'end')
+      assert_match %r{\A#<TrueClass:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{true}"
+    end
+    assert_redefine_method('FalseClass', 'to_s', <<-'end')
+      assert_match %r{\A#<FalseClass:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{false}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_fixnum
+    assert_redefine_method('Integer', 'to_s', <<-'end')
+      (-1..10).each { |i|
+        assert_match %r{\A#<Integer:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{i}"
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring
+    assert_equal "TestRubyOptimization::Objtostring", "#{Objtostring}"
+    assert_match %r{\A#<Class:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{Class.new}"
+    assert_match %r{\A#<Module:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{Module.new}"
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_s; 1; end
+    assert_match %r{\A#<Object:0x[0-9a-f]+>\z}, "#{o}"
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_duparray_send_include_p
+    [
+      'x = :b; [:a, :b].include?(x)',
+      '@c = :b; [:a, :b].include?(@c)',
+      '@c = "b"; %i[a b].include?(@c.to_sym)',
+      '[:a, :b].include?(self) == false',
+    ].each do |code|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+      insn = iseq.disasm
+      assert_match(/opt_duparray_send/, insn)
+      assert_no_match(/\bduparray\b/, insn)
+      assert_equal(true, eval(code))
+    end
+
+    x, y = :b, :c
+    assert_equal(true,  [:a, :b].include?(x))
+    assert_equal(false, [:a, :b].include?(y))
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, ["1,2", "3,3", "1,2", "4,4"])
+      class Array
+        prepend(Module.new do
+          def include?(i)
+            puts self.join(",")
+            # Modify self to prove that we are operating on a copy.
+            map! { i }
+            puts self.join(",")
+          end
+        end)
+      end
+      def x(i)
+        [1, 2].include?(i)
+      end
+      x(3)
+      x(4)
+    RUBY
+
+    # Ensure raises happen correctly.
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, ["will raise", "int 1 not 3"])
+      class Integer
+        undef_method :==
+        def == x
+          raise "int \#{self} not \#{x}"
+        end
+      end
+      x = 3
+      puts "will raise"
+      begin
+        p [1, 2].include?(x)
+      rescue
+        puts $!
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_include_p
+    [
+      'b = :b; [:a, b].include?(:b)',
+      # Use Object.new to ensure that we get newarray rather than duparray.
+      'value = 1; [Object.new, true, "true", 1].include?(value)',
+      'value = 1; [Object.new, "1"].include?(value.to_s)',
+      '[Object.new, "1"].include?(self) == false',
+    ].each do |code|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+      insn = iseq.disasm
+      assert_match(/opt_newarray_send/, insn)
+      assert_no_match(/\bnewarray\b/, insn)
+      assert_equal(true, eval(code))
+    end
+
+    x, y = :b, :c
+    assert_equal(true,  [:a, x].include?(x))
+    assert_equal(false, [:a, x].include?(y))
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, ["1,3", "3,3", "1,4", "4,4"])
+      class Array
+        prepend(Module.new do
+          def include?(i)
+            puts self.join(",")
+            # Modify self to prove that we are operating on a copy.
+            map! { i }
+            puts self.join(",")
+          end
+        end)
+      end
+      def x(i)
+        [1, i].include?(i)
+      end
+      x(3)
+      x(4)
+    RUBY
+
+    # Ensure raises happen correctly.
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~RUBY, ["will raise", "int 1 not 3"])
+      class Integer
+        undef_method :==
+        def == x
+          raise "int \#{self} not \#{x}"
+        end
+      end
+      x = 3
+      puts "will raise"
+      begin
+        p [1, x].include?(x)
+      rescue
+        puts $!
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new_with_safe_navigation
+    payload = nil
+    assert_nil payload&.new
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new
+    pos_initialize = "
+      def initialize a, b
+        @a = a
+        @b = b
+      end
+    "
+    kw_initialize = "
+      def initialize a:, b:
+        @a = a
+        @b = b
+      end
+    "
+    kw_hash_initialize = "
+      def initialize a, **kw
+        @a = a
+        @b = kw[:b]
+      end
+    "
+    pos_prelude = "class OptNewFoo; #{pos_initialize}; end;"
+    kw_prelude = "class OptNewFoo; #{kw_initialize}; end;"
+    kw_hash_prelude = "class OptNewFoo; #{kw_hash_initialize}; end;"
+    [
+      "#{pos_prelude} OptNewFoo.new 1, 2",
+      "#{pos_prelude} a = 1; b = 2; OptNewFoo.new a, b",
+      "#{pos_prelude} def optnew_foo(a, b) = OptNewFoo.new(a, b); optnew_foo 1, 2",
+      "#{pos_prelude} def optnew_foo(*a) = OptNewFoo.new(*a); optnew_foo 1, 2",
+      "#{pos_prelude} def optnew_foo(...) = OptNewFoo.new(...); optnew_foo 1, 2",
+      "#{kw_prelude} def optnew_foo(**a) = OptNewFoo.new(**a); optnew_foo a: 1, b: 2",
+      "#{kw_hash_prelude} def optnew_foo(*a, **b) = OptNewFoo.new(*a, **b); optnew_foo 1, b: 2",
+    ].each do |code|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+      insn = iseq.disasm
+      assert_match(/opt_new/, insn)
+      assert_match(/OptNewFoo:.+@a=1, @b=2/, iseq.eval.inspect)
+      # clean up to avoid warnings
+      Object.send :remove_const, :OptNewFoo
+      Object.remove_method :optnew_foo if defined?(optnew_foo)
+    end
+    [
+      'def optnew_foo(&) = OptNewFoo.new(&)',
+      'def optnew_foo(a, ...) = OptNewFoo.new(a, ...)',
+    ].each do |code|
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(code)
+      insn = iseq.disasm
+      assert_no_match(/opt_new/, insn)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_pack.rb b/test/ruby/test_pack.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca089f09c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_pack.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'rbconfig'
+require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+
+class TestPack < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  # Note: the size of intptr_t and uintptr_t should be equal.
+  J_SIZE = RbConfig::SIZEOF['uintptr_t']
+
+  def test_pack
+    format = "c2x5CCxsdils_l_a6";
+    # Need the expression in here to force ary[5] to be numeric.  This avoids
+    # test2 failing because ary2 goes str->numeric->str and ary does not.
+    ary = [1,-100,127,128,32767,987.654321098 / 100.0,12345,123456,-32767,-123456,"abcdef"]
+    x = ary.pack(format)
+    ary2 = x.unpack(format)
+
+    assert_equal(ary.length, ary2.length)
+    assert_equal(ary.join(':'), ary2.join(':'))
+    assert_match(/def/, x)
+
+    x = [-1073741825]
+    assert_equal(x, x.pack("q").unpack("q"))
+
+    x = [-1]
+    assert_equal(x, x.pack("l").unpack("l"))
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_incompatible
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+      ["foo"].pack("u".encode("UTF-32BE"))
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+      "foo".unpack("C".encode("UTF-32BE"))
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+      "foo".unpack1("C".encode("UTF-32BE"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_n
+    assert_equal "\000\000", [0].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\000\001", [1].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\000\002", [2].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\000\003", [3].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\377\376", [65534].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\377\377", [65535].pack('n')
+
+    assert_equal "\200\000", [2**15].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\177\377", [-2**15-1].pack('n')
+    assert_equal "\377\377", [-1].pack('n')
+
+    assert_equal "\000\001\000\001", [1,1].pack('n*')
+    assert_equal "\000\001\000\001\000\001", [1,1,1].pack('n*')
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack_n
+    assert_equal 1, "\000\001".unpack('n')[0]
+    assert_equal 2, "\000\002".unpack('n')[0]
+    assert_equal 3, "\000\003".unpack('n')[0]
+    assert_equal 65535, "\377\377".unpack('n')[0]
+    assert_equal [1,1], "\000\001\000\001".unpack('n*')
+    assert_equal [1,1,1], "\000\001\000\001\000\001".unpack('n*')
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_N
+    assert_equal "\000\000\000\000", [0].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\000\000\000\001", [1].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\000\000\000\002", [2].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\000\000\000\003", [3].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\377\377\377\376", [4294967294].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\377\377\377\377", [4294967295].pack('N')
+
+    assert_equal "\200\000\000\000", [2**31].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\177\377\377\377", [-2**31-1].pack('N')
+    assert_equal "\377\377\377\377", [-1].pack('N')
+
+    assert_equal "\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\001", [1,1].pack('N*')
+    assert_equal "\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\001", [1,1,1].pack('N*')
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack_N
+    assert_equal 1, "\000\000\000\001".unpack('N')[0]
+    assert_equal 2, "\000\000\000\002".unpack('N')[0]
+    assert_equal 3, "\000\000\000\003".unpack('N')[0]
+    assert_equal 4294967295, "\377\377\377\377".unpack('N')[0]
+    assert_equal [1,1], "\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\001".unpack('N*')
+    assert_equal [1,1,1], "\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\001".unpack('N*')
+  end
+
+  def _integer_big_endian(mod='')
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02", [0x0102].pack("s"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02", [0x0102].pack("S"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04", [0x01020304].pack("l"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04", [0x01020304].pack("L"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08", [0x0102030405060708].pack("q"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08", [0x0102030405060708].pack("Q"+mod))
+    case J_SIZE
+    when 4
+      assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04", [0x01020304].pack("j"+mod))
+      assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04", [0x01020304].pack("J"+mod))
+    when 8
+      assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08", [0x0102030405060708].pack("j"+mod))
+      assert_equal("\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08", [0x0102030405060708].pack("J"+mod))
+    end
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\z/, [0x0102].pack("s!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\z/, [0x0102].pack("S!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("i"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("I"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("i!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("I!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("l!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("L!"+mod))
+    case J_SIZE
+    when 4
+      assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("j!"+mod))
+      assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\z/, [0x01020304].pack("J!"+mod))
+    when 8
+      assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\z/, [0x0102030405060708].pack("j!"+mod))
+      assert_match(/\A\x00*\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\z/, [0x0102030405060708].pack("J!"+mod))
+    end
+    %w[s S l L q Q j J s! S! i I i! I! l! L! j! J!].each {|fmt|
+      fmt += mod
+      nuls = [0].pack(fmt)
+      v = 0
+      s = "".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+      nuls.bytesize.times {|i|
+        j = i + 40
+        v = v * 256 + j
+        s << [j].pack("C")
+      }
+      assert_equal(s, [v].pack(fmt), "[#{v}].pack(#{fmt.dump})")
+      assert_equal([v], s.unpack(fmt), "#{s.dump}.unpack(#{fmt.dump})")
+      s2 = s+s
+      fmt2 = fmt+"*"
+      assert_equal([v,v], s2.unpack(fmt2), "#{s2.dump}.unpack(#{fmt2.dump})")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def _integer_little_endian(mod='')
+    assert_equal("\x02\x01", [0x0102].pack("s"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x02\x01", [0x0102].pack("S"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x01020304].pack("l"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x01020304].pack("L"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x08\x07\x06\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x0102030405060708].pack("q"+mod))
+    assert_equal("\x08\x07\x06\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x0102030405060708].pack("Q"+mod))
+    case J_SIZE
+    when 4
+      assert_equal("\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x01020304].pack("j"+mod))
+      assert_equal("\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x01020304].pack("J"+mod))
+    when 8
+      assert_equal("\x08\x07\x06\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x0102030405060708].pack("j"+mod))
+      assert_equal("\x08\x07\x06\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01", [0x0102030405060708].pack("J"+mod))
+    end
+    assert_match(/\A\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x0102].pack("s!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x0102].pack("S!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("i"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("I"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("i!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("I!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("l!"+mod))
+    assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("L!"+mod))
+    case J_SIZE
+    when 4
+      assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("j!"+mod))
+      assert_match(/\A\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x01020304].pack("J!"+mod))
+    when 8
+      assert_match(/\A\x08\x07\x06\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x0102030405060708].pack("j!"+mod))
+      assert_match(/\A\x08\x07\x06\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01\x00*\z/, [0x0102030405060708].pack("J!"+mod))
+    end
+    %w[s S l L q Q j J s! S! i I i! I! l! L! j! J!].each {|fmt|
+      fmt += mod
+      nuls = [0].pack(fmt)
+      v = 0
+      s = "".force_encoding("ascii-8bit")
+      nuls.bytesize.times {|i|
+        j = i+40
+        v = v * 256 + j
+        s << [j].pack("C")
+      }
+      s.reverse!
+      assert_equal(s, [v].pack(fmt), "[#{v}].pack(#{fmt.dump})")
+      assert_equal([v], s.unpack(fmt), "#{s.dump}.unpack(#{fmt.dump})")
+      s2 = s+s
+      fmt2 = fmt+"*"
+      assert_equal([v,v], s2.unpack(fmt2), "#{s2.dump}.unpack(#{fmt2.dump})")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_endian
+    s = [1].pack("s")
+    assert_include(["\0\1", "\1\0"], s)
+    if s == "\0\1"
+      _integer_big_endian()
+    else
+      _integer_little_endian()
+    end
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02\x02\x01", [0x0102,0x0102].pack("s>s<"))
+    assert_equal([0x0102,0x0102], "\x01\x02\x02\x01".unpack("s>s<"))
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_endian_explicit
+    _integer_big_endian('>')
+    _integer_little_endian('<')
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_U
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [-0x40000001].pack("U") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [-0x40000000].pack("U") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [-1].pack("U") }
+    assert_equal "\000", [0].pack("U")
+    assert_equal "\374\277\277\277\277\277".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), [0x3fffffff].pack("U")
+    assert_equal "\375\200\200\200\200\200".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), [0x40000000].pack("U")
+    assert_equal "\375\277\277\277\277\277".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), [0x7fffffff].pack("U")
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [0x80000000].pack("U") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [0x100000000].pack("U") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_P
+    a = ["abc"]
+    assert_equal a, a.pack("P").unpack("P*")
+    assert_equal "a", a.pack("P").unpack("P")[0]
+    assert_equal a, a.pack("P").freeze.unpack("P*")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (a.pack("P") + "").unpack("P*") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_p
+    a = ["abc"]
+    assert_equal a, a.pack("p").unpack("p*")
+    assert_equal a[0], a.pack("p").unpack("p")[0]
+    assert_equal a, a.pack("p").freeze.unpack("p*")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (a.pack("p") + "").unpack("p*") }
+    assert_equal a, (a.pack("p") << "d").unpack("p*")
+  end
+
+  def test_format_string_modified
+    fmt = "CC"
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o; self; end.class_eval do
+      define_method(:to_int) { fmt.clear; 0 }
+    end
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      [o, o].pack(fmt)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_comment
+    assert_equal("\0\1", [0,1].pack("  C  #foo \n  C  "))
+    assert_equal([0,1], "\0\1".unpack("  C  #foo \n  C  "))
+  end
+
+  def test_illegal_bang
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].pack("a!") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".unpack("a!") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_aA
+    assert_equal("f", ["foo"].pack("A"))
+    assert_equal("f", ["foo"].pack("a"))
+    assert_equal("foo", ["foo"].pack("A*"))
+    assert_equal("foo", ["foo"].pack("a*"))
+    assert_equal("fo", ["foo"].pack("A2"))
+    assert_equal("fo", ["foo"].pack("a2"))
+    assert_equal("foo ", ["foo"].pack("A4"))
+    assert_equal("foo\0", ["foo"].pack("a4"))
+    assert_equal(" ", [nil].pack("A"))
+    assert_equal("\0", [nil].pack("a"))
+    assert_equal("", [nil].pack("A*"))
+    assert_equal("", [nil].pack("a*"))
+    assert_equal("  ", [nil].pack("A2"))
+    assert_equal("\0\0", [nil].pack("a2"))
+
+    assert_equal("foo" + "\0" * 27, ["foo"].pack("a30"))
+
+    assert_equal(["f"], "foo\0".unpack("A"))
+    assert_equal(["f"], "foo\0".unpack("a"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo\0".unpack("A4"))
+    assert_equal(["foo\0"], "foo\0".unpack("a4"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo ".unpack("A4"))
+    assert_equal(["foo "], "foo ".unpack("a4"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo".unpack("A4"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo".unpack("a4"))
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_Z
+    assert_equal("f", ["foo"].pack("Z"))
+    assert_equal("foo\0", ["foo"].pack("Z*"))
+    assert_equal("fo", ["foo"].pack("Z2"))
+    assert_equal("foo\0\0", ["foo"].pack("Z5"))
+    assert_equal("\0", [nil].pack("Z"))
+    assert_equal("\0", [nil].pack("Z*"))
+    assert_equal("\0\0", [nil].pack("Z2"))
+
+    assert_equal(["f"], "foo\0".unpack("Z"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo".unpack("Z*"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo\0".unpack("Z*"))
+    assert_equal(["foo"], "foo".unpack("Z5"))
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_bB
+    assert_equal("\xff\x00", ["1111111100000000"].pack("b*"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02", ["1000000001000000"].pack("b*"))
+    assert_equal("", ["1"].pack("b0"))
+    assert_equal("\x01", ["1"].pack("b1"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x00", ["1"].pack("b2"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x00", ["1"].pack("b3"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x00\x00", ["1"].pack("b4"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x00\x00", ["1"].pack("b5"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x00\x00\x00", ["1"].pack("b6"))
+
+    assert_equal("\xff\x00", ["1111111100000000"].pack("B*"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02", ["0000000100000010"].pack("B*"))
+    assert_equal("", ["1"].pack("B0"))
+    assert_equal("\x80", ["1"].pack("B1"))
+    assert_equal("\x80\x00", ["1"].pack("B2"))
+    assert_equal("\x80\x00", ["1"].pack("B3"))
+    assert_equal("\x80\x00\x00", ["1"].pack("B4"))
+    assert_equal("\x80\x00\x00", ["1"].pack("B5"))
+    assert_equal("\x80\x00\x00\x00", ["1"].pack("B6"))
+
+    assert_equal(["1111111100000000"], "\xff\x00".unpack("b*"))
+    assert_equal(["1000000001000000"], "\x01\x02".unpack("b*"))
+    assert_equal([""], "".unpack("b0"))
+    assert_equal(["1"], "\x01".unpack("b1"))
+    assert_equal(["10"], "\x01".unpack("b2"))
+    assert_equal(["100"], "\x01".unpack("b3"))
+
+    assert_equal(["1111111100000000"], "\xff\x00".unpack("B*"))
+    assert_equal(["0000000100000010"], "\x01\x02".unpack("B*"))
+    assert_equal([""], "".unpack("B0"))
+    assert_equal(["1"], "\x80".unpack("B1"))
+    assert_equal(["10"], "\x80".unpack("B2"))
+    assert_equal(["100"], "\x80".unpack("B3"))
+
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "\xff\x00".unpack("b*")[0].encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "\xff\x00".unpack("B*")[0].encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_hH
+    assert_equal("\x01\xfe", ["10ef"].pack("h*"))
+    assert_equal("", ["10ef"].pack("h0"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x0e", ["10ef"].pack("h3"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\xfe\x0", ["10ef"].pack("h5"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\x0f", ["fff"].pack("h3"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\x0f", ["fff"].pack("h4"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\x0f\0", ["fff"].pack("h5"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\x0f\0", ["fff"].pack("h6"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\x0f\0\0", ["fff"].pack("h7"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\x0f\0\0", ["fff"].pack("h8"))
+
+    assert_equal("\x10\xef", ["10ef"].pack("H*"))
+    assert_equal("", ["10ef"].pack("H0"))
+    assert_equal("\x10\xe0", ["10ef"].pack("H3"))
+    assert_equal("\x10\xef\x0", ["10ef"].pack("H5"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\xf0", ["fff"].pack("H3"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\xf0", ["fff"].pack("H4"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\xf0\0", ["fff"].pack("H5"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\xf0\0", ["fff"].pack("H6"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\xf0\0\0", ["fff"].pack("H7"))
+    assert_equal("\xff\xf0\0\0", ["fff"].pack("H8"))
+
+    assert_equal(["10ef"], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h*"))
+    assert_equal([""], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h0"))
+    assert_equal(["1"], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h1"))
+    assert_equal(["10"], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h2"))
+    assert_equal(["10e"], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h3"))
+    assert_equal(["10ef"], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h4"))
+    assert_equal(["10ef"], "\x01\xfe".unpack("h5"))
+
+    assert_equal(["10ef"], "\x10\xef".unpack("H*"))
+    assert_equal([""], "\x10\xef".unpack("H0"))
+    assert_equal(["1"], "\x10\xef".unpack("H1"))
+    assert_equal(["10"], "\x10\xef".unpack("H2"))
+    assert_equal(["10e"], "\x10\xef".unpack("H3"))
+    assert_equal(["10ef"], "\x10\xef".unpack("H4"))
+    assert_equal(["10ef"], "\x10\xef".unpack("H5"))
+
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "\x10\xef".unpack("h*")[0].encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "\x10\xef".unpack("H*")[0].encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_cC
+    assert_equal("\0\1\xff", [0, 1, 255].pack("c*"))
+    assert_equal("\0\1\xff", [0, 1, -1].pack("c*"))
+
+    assert_equal("\0\1\xff", [0, 1, 255].pack("C*"))
+    assert_equal("\0\1\xff", [0, 1, -1].pack("C*"))
+
+    assert_equal([0, 1, -1], "\0\1\xff".unpack("c*"))
+
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 255], "\0\1\xff".unpack("C*"))
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_sS
+    s1 = [513, -514].pack("s*")
+    s2 = [513, 65022].pack("S*")
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+    assert_equal([513, -514], s2.unpack("s*"))
+    assert_equal([513, 65022], s1.unpack("S*"))
+
+    s1 = [513, -514].pack("s!*")
+    s2 = [513, 65022].pack("S!*")
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+    assert_equal([513, -514], s2.unpack("s!*"))
+    assert_equal([513, 65022], s1.unpack("S!*"))
+
+    assert_equal(2, [1].pack("s").bytesize)
+    assert_equal(2, [1].pack("S").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(2, :<=, [1].pack("s!").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(2, :<=, [1].pack("S!").bytesize)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_iI
+    s1 = [67305985, -50462977].pack("i*")
+    s2 = [67305985, 4244504319].pack("I*")
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+    assert_equal([67305985, -50462977], s2.unpack("i*"))
+    assert_equal([67305985, 4244504319], s1.unpack("I*"))
+
+    s1 = [67305985, -50462977].pack("i!*")
+    s2 = [67305985, 4244504319].pack("I!*")
+    assert_equal([67305985, -50462977], s1.unpack("i!*"))
+    assert_equal([67305985, 4244504319], s2.unpack("I!*"))
+
+    assert_operator(4, :<=, [1].pack("i").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(4, :<=, [1].pack("I").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(4, :<=, [1].pack("i!").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(4, :<=, [1].pack("I!").bytesize)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_lL
+    s1 = [67305985, -50462977].pack("l*")
+    s2 = [67305985, 4244504319].pack("L*")
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+    assert_equal([67305985, -50462977], s2.unpack("l*"))
+    assert_equal([67305985, 4244504319], s1.unpack("L*"))
+
+    s1 = [67305985, -50462977].pack("l!*")
+    s2 = [67305985, 4244504319].pack("L!*")
+    assert_equal([67305985, -50462977], s1.unpack("l!*"))
+    assert_equal([67305985, 4244504319], s2.unpack("L!*"))
+
+    assert_equal(4, [1].pack("l").bytesize)
+    assert_equal(4, [1].pack("L").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(4, :<=, [1].pack("l!").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(4, :<=, [1].pack("L!").bytesize)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_qQ
+    s1 = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack("q*")
+    s2 = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack("Q*")
+    assert_equal(s1, s2)
+    assert_equal([578437695752307201, -506097522914230529], s2.unpack("q*"))
+    assert_equal([578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087], s1.unpack("Q*"))
+
+    # Note: q! and Q! should not work on platform which has no long long type.
+    # Is there a such platform now?
+    # @shyouhei: Yes. gcc -ansi is one of such platform.
+    s1 = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack("q!*")
+    s2 = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack("Q!*")
+    assert_equal([578437695752307201, -506097522914230529], s2.unpack("q!*"))
+    assert_equal([578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087], s1.unpack("Q!*"))
+
+    assert_equal(8, [1].pack("q").bytesize)
+    assert_equal(8, [1].pack("Q").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(8, :<=, [1].pack("q!").bytesize)
+    assert_operator(8, :<=, [1].pack("Q!").bytesize)
+  end if RbConfig::CONFIG['HAVE_LONG_LONG']
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_jJ
+    case J_SIZE
+    when 4
+      s1 = [67305985, -50462977].pack("j*")
+      s2 = [67305985, 4244504319].pack("J*")
+      assert_equal(s1, s2)
+      assert_equal([67305985, -50462977], s2.unpack("j*"))
+      assert_equal([67305985, 4244504319], s1.unpack("J*"))
+
+      s1 = [67305985, -50462977].pack("j!*")
+      s2 = [67305985, 4244504319].pack("J!*")
+      assert_equal([67305985, -50462977], s1.unpack("j!*"))
+      assert_equal([67305985, 4244504319], s2.unpack("J!*"))
+
+      assert_equal(4, [1].pack("j").bytesize)
+      assert_equal(4, [1].pack("J").bytesize)
+    when 8
+      s1 = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack("j*")
+      s2 = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack("J*")
+      assert_equal(s1, s2)
+      assert_equal([578437695752307201, -506097522914230529], s2.unpack("j*"))
+      assert_equal([578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087], s1.unpack("J*"))
+
+      s1 = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack("j!*")
+      s2 = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack("J!*")
+      assert_equal([578437695752307201, -506097522914230529], s2.unpack("j!*"))
+      assert_equal([578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087], s1.unpack("J!*"))
+
+      assert_equal(8, [1].pack("j").bytesize)
+      assert_equal(8, [1].pack("J").bytesize)
+    else
+      assert false, "we don't know such platform now."
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_nN
+    assert_equal("\000\000\000\001\377\377\177\377\200\000\377\377", [0,1,-1,32767,-32768,65535].pack("n*"))
+    assert_equal("\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\001\377\377\377\377", [0,1,-1].pack("N*"))
+
+    assert_equal([0,1,65535,32767,32768,65535], "\000\000\000\001\377\377\177\377\200\000\377\377".unpack("n*"))
+    assert_equal([0,1,4294967295], "\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\001\377\377\377\377".unpack("N*"))
+
+    assert_equal(2, [1].pack("n").bytesize)
+    assert_equal(4, [1].pack("N").bytesize)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_vV
+    assert_equal("\000\000\001\000\377\377\377\177\000\200\377\377", [0,1,-1,32767,-32768,65535].pack("v*"))
+    assert_equal("\000\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\377\377\377\377", [0,1,-1].pack("V*"))
+
+    assert_equal([0,1,65535,32767,32768,65535], "\000\000\001\000\377\377\377\177\000\200\377\377".unpack("v*"))
+    assert_equal([0,1,4294967295], "\000\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\377\377\377\377".unpack("V*"))
+
+    assert_equal(2, [1].pack("v").bytesize)
+    assert_equal(4, [1].pack("V").bytesize)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_fdeEgG
+    inf = 1.0/0.0
+    nan = inf/inf
+    [0.0, 1.0, 3.0, inf, -inf, nan].each do |x|
+      %w(f d e E g G).each do |f|
+        v = [x].pack(f).unpack(f)
+        if x.nan?
+          assert_predicate(v.first, :nan?)
+        else
+          assert_equal([x], v)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_x
+    assert_equal("", [].pack("x0"))
+    assert_equal("\0", [].pack("x"))
+    assert_equal("\0" * 30, [].pack("x30"))
+
+    assert_equal([0, 2], "\x00\x00\x02".unpack("CxC"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".unpack("x") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_X
+    assert_equal("\x00\x02", [0, 1, 2].pack("CCXC"))
+    assert_equal("\x02", [0, 1, 2].pack("CCX2C"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].pack("X") }
+
+    assert_equal([0, 2, 2], "\x00\x02".unpack("CCXC"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".unpack("X") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_atmark
+    assert_equal("\x01\x00\x00\x02", [1, 2].pack("C@3C"))
+    assert_equal("\x02", [1, 2].pack("C@0C"))
+    assert_equal("\x01\x02", [1, 2].pack("C@1C"))
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], "\x01\x00\x00\x02".unpack("C@3C"))
+    assert_equal([nil], "\x00".unpack("@1C")) # is it OK?
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "\x00".unpack("@2C") }
+
+    pos = RbConfig::LIMITS["UINTPTR_MAX"] - 99 # -100
+    assert_raise(RangeError) {"0123456789".unpack("@#{pos}C10")}
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_percent
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [].pack("%") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "".unpack("%") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_U
+    assert_equal([0], [0].pack("U").unpack("U"))
+    assert_equal([0x80], [0x80].pack("U").unpack("U"))
+    assert_equal([0x800], [0x800].pack("U").unpack("U"))
+    assert_equal([0x10000], [0x10000].pack("U").unpack("U"))
+    assert_equal([0x400000], [0x400000].pack("U").unpack("U"))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "\x80".unpack("U") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "\xff".unpack("U") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "\xfc\x00".unpack("U") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "\xc0\xc0".unpack("U") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "\xe0\x80\x80".unpack("U") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_u
+    assert_equal("", [""].pack("u"))
+    assert_equal("!80``\n", ["a"].pack("u"))
+    assert_equal("#86)C\n", ["abc"].pack("u"))
+    assert_equal("$86)C9```\n", ["abcd"].pack("u"))
+    assert_equal("M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n", ["a"*45].pack("u"))
+    assert_equal("M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n!80``\n", ["a"*46].pack("u"))
+    assert_equal("&86)C9&5F\n#9VAI\n", ["abcdefghi"].pack("u6"))
+
+    assert_equal("M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n!80``\n", ["a"*46].pack("u0"))
+    assert_equal("M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n!80``\n", ["a"*46].pack("u1"))
+    assert_equal("M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n!80``\n", ["a"*46].pack("u2"))
+    assert_equal(<<EXPECTED, ["a"*80].pack("u68"))
+_86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A
+186%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86$`
+EXPECTED
+
+    assert_equal([""], "".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["a"], "!80``\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["abc"], "#86)C\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["abcd"], "$86)C9```\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["a"*45], "M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["a"*46], "M86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A86%A\n!80``\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["abcdefghi"], "&86)C9&5F\n#9VAI\n".unpack("u"))
+
+    assert_equal(["abcdef"], "#86)C\n#9&5F\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["abcdef"], "#86)CX\n#9&5FX\n".unpack("u")) # X is a (dummy) checksum.
+    assert_equal(["abcdef"], "#86)C\r\n#9&5F\r\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["abcdef"], "#86)CX\r\n#9&5FX\r\n".unpack("u")) # X is a (dummy) checksum.
+
+    assert_equal(["\x00"], "\"\n".unpack("u"))
+    assert_equal(["\x00"], "! \r \n".unpack("u"))
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_m
+    assert_equal("", [""].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal("AA==\n", ["\0"].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal("AAA=\n", ["\0\0"].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal("AAAA\n", ["\0\0\0"].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal("/w==\n", ["\377"].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal("//8=\n", ["\377\377"].pack("m"))
+    assert_equal("////\n", ["\377\377\377"].pack("m"))
+
+    assert_equal([""], "".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\0"], "AA==\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\0\0"], "AAA=\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\0\0\0"], "AAAA\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\377"], "/w==\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\377\377"], "//8=\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\377\377\377"], "////\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal([""], "A\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\0"], "AA\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\0"], "AA=\n".unpack("m"))
+    assert_equal(["\0\0"], "AAA\n".unpack("m"))
+
+    bug10019 = '[ruby-core:63604] [Bug #10019]'
+    size = ((4096-4)/4*3+1)
+    assert_separately(%W[- #{size} #{bug10019}], <<-'end;')
+      size = ARGV.shift.to_i
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      assert_equal(size, ["a"*size].pack("m#{size+2}").unpack("m")[0].size, bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_18343
+    bug18343 = '[ruby-core:106096] [Bug #18343]'
+    assert_separately(%W[- #{bug18343}], <<-'end;')
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug){[0].pack('c', {})}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_m0
+    assert_equal("", [""].pack("m0"))
+    assert_equal("AA==", ["\0"].pack("m0"))
+    assert_equal("AAA=", ["\0\0"].pack("m0"))
+    assert_equal("AAAA", ["\0\0\0"].pack("m0"))
+    assert_equal("/w==", ["\377"].pack("m0"))
+    assert_equal("//8=", ["\377\377"].pack("m0"))
+    assert_equal("////", ["\377\377\377"].pack("m0"))
+
+    assert_equal([""], "".unpack("m0"))
+    assert_equal(["\0"], "AA==".unpack("m0"))
+    assert_equal(["\0\0"], "AAA=".unpack("m0"))
+    assert_equal(["\0\0\0"], "AAAA".unpack("m0"))
+    assert_equal(["\377"], "/w==".unpack("m0"))
+    assert_equal(["\377\377"], "//8=".unpack("m0"))
+    assert_equal(["\377\377\377"], "////".unpack("m0"))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "^".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "A".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "A^".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AA".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AA=".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AA===".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AA=x".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AAA".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AAA^".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AB==".unpack("m0") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "AAB=".unpack("m0") }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_M
+    assert_equal("a b c\td =\n\ne=\n", ["a b c\td \ne"].pack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["a b c\td \ne"], "a b c\td =\n\ne=\n".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal("=00=\n", ["\0"].pack("M"))
+    assert_equal("a"*73+"=\na=\n", ["a"*74].pack("M"))
+    assert_equal(("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n", ["a"*1023].pack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["\0"], "=00=\n".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["a"*74], ("a"*73+"=\na=\n").unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["a"*1023], (("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n").unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["\x0a"], "=0a=\n".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["\x0a"], "=0A=\n".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["=0Z=\n"], "=0Z=\n".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal([""], "=\r\n".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["\xC6\xF7"], "=C6=F7".unpack('M*'))
+
+    assert_equal(["pre123after"], "pre=31=32=33after".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["preafter"], "pre=\nafter".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["preafter"], "pre=\r\nafter".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["pre="], "pre=".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["pre=\r"], "pre=\r".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["pre=hoge"], "pre=hoge".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["pre==31after"], "pre==31after".unpack("M"))
+    assert_equal(["pre===31after"], "pre===31after".unpack("M"))
+
+    bug = '[ruby-core:83055] [Bug #13949]'
+    s = "abcdef".unpack1("M")
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, s.encoding)
+    assert_predicate(s, :ascii_only?, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_P2
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ["abc"].pack("P4") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [""].pack("P") }
+
+    assert_equal([], ".".unpack("P"))
+    assert_equal([], ".".unpack("p"))
+    assert_equal([nil], ("\0" * 1024).unpack("P"))
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_p2
+    assert_match(/\A\0*\Z/, [nil].pack("p"))
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_unpack_w
+    assert_equal("\000", [0].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\001", [1].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\177", [127].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\201\000", [128].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\377\177", [0x3fff].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\201\200\000", [0x4000].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\203\377\377\377\177", [0x3fffffff].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\204\200\200\200\000", [0x40000000].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\217\377\377\377\177", [0xffffffff].pack("w"))
+    assert_equal("\220\200\200\200\000", [0x100000000].pack("w"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { [-1].pack("w") }
+
+    assert_equal([0], "\000".unpack("w"))
+    assert_equal([1], "\001".unpack("w"), [1])
+    assert_equal([127], "\177".unpack("w"), [127])
+    assert_equal([128], "\201\000".unpack("w"), [128])
+    assert_equal([0x3fff], "\377\177".unpack("w"), [0x3fff])
+    assert_equal([0x4000], "\201\200\000".unpack("w"), [0x4000])
+    assert_equal([0x3fffffff], "\203\377\377\377\177".unpack("w"), [0x3fffffff])
+    assert_equal([0x40000000], "\204\200\200\200\000".unpack("w"), [0x40000000])
+    assert_equal([0xffffffff], "\217\377\377\377\177".unpack("w"), [0xffffffff])
+    assert_equal([0x100000000], "\220\200\200\200\000".unpack("w"), [0x100000000])
+  end
+
+  def test_length_too_big
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [].pack("C100000000000000000000") }
+  end
+
+  def test_short_string
+    %w[n N v V s S i I l L q Q s! S! i! I! l! l!].each {|fmt|
+      str = [1].pack(fmt)
+      assert_equal([1,nil], str.unpack("#{fmt}2"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_short_with_block
+    bug4059 = '[ruby-core:33193]'
+    result = :ok
+    assert_nil("".unpack("i") {|x| result = x}, bug4059)
+    assert_equal(:ok, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_garbage
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, %r%unknown pack directive '\*' in '\*U'$%) do
+      assert_equal "\000", [0].pack("*U")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack_garbage
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, %r%unknown unpack directive '\*' in '\*U'$%) do
+      assert_equal [0], "\000".unpack("*U")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_warning
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /unknown pack directive ',' in ','/) {
+      [].pack(",")
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /\A[ -~]+\Z/) {
+      [].pack("\x7f")
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /\A(.* in '\u{3042}'\n)+\z/) {
+      [].pack("\u{3042}")
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /\A.* in '.*U'\Z/) {
+      assert_equal "\000", [0].pack("\0U")
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, /\A.* in '.*U'\Z/) {
+      "\000".unpack("\0U")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_resize
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+      ary = []
+      obj = Class.new {
+        define_method(:to_str) {
+          ary.clear()
+          ary = nil
+          GC.start
+          "TALOS"
+        }
+      }.new
+
+      ary.push(obj)
+      ary.push(".")
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /too few/) {ary.pack("AA")}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_pack_with_buffer
+    buf = String.new(capacity: 100)
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {
+      [0xDEAD_BEEF].pack('N', buffer: 'foo'.freeze)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /must be String/) {
+      [0xDEAD_BEEF].pack('N', buffer: Object.new)
+    }
+
+    addr = [buf].pack('p')
+
+    [0xDEAD_BEEF].pack('N', buffer: buf)
+    assert_equal "\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF", buf
+
+    [0xBABE_F00D].pack('@4N', buffer: buf)
+    assert_equal "\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF\xBA\xBE\xF0\x0D", buf
+    assert_equal addr, [buf].pack('p')
+
+    [0xBAAD_FACE].pack('@10N', buffer: buf)
+    assert_equal "\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF\xBA\xBE\xF0\x0D\0\0\xBA\xAD\xFA\xCE", buf
+
+    assert_equal addr, [buf].pack('p')
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack_with_block
+    ret = []; "ABCD".unpack("CCCC") {|v| ret << v }
+    assert_equal [65, 66, 67, 68], ret
+    ret = []; "A".unpack("B*") {|v| ret << v.dup }
+    assert_equal ["01000001"], ret
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack1
+    assert_equal 65, "A".unpack1("C")
+    assert_equal 68, "ABCD".unpack1("x3C")
+    assert_equal 0x3042, "\u{3042 3044 3046}".unpack1("U*")
+    assert_equal "hogefuga", "aG9nZWZ1Z2E=".unpack1("m")
+    assert_equal "01000001", "A".unpack1("B*")
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack1_offset
+    assert_equal 65, "ZA".unpack1("C", offset: 1)
+    assert_equal "01000001", "YZA".unpack1("B*", offset: 2)
+    assert_nil "abc".unpack1("C", offset: 3)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /offset can't be negative/) {
+      "a".unpack1("C", offset: -1)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /offset outside of string/) {
+      "a".unpack1("C", offset: 2)
+    }
+    assert_nil "a".unpack1("C", offset: 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack_offset
+    assert_equal [65], "ZA".unpack("C", offset: 1)
+    assert_equal ["01000001"], "YZA".unpack("B*", offset: 2)
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, nil], "abc".unpack("CCC", offset: 3)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /offset can't be negative/) {
+      "a".unpack("C", offset: -1)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /offset outside of string/) {
+      "a".unpack("C", offset: 2)
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil], "a".unpack("C", offset: 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_monkey_pack
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+      $-w = false
+      class Array
+        alias :old_pack :pack
+        def pack _; "oh no"; end
+      end
+
+      v = [2 ** 15].pack('n')
+
+      class Array
+        alias :pack :old_pack
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "oh no", v
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_monkey_pack_buffer
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+      $-w = false
+      class Array
+        alias :old_pack :pack
+        def pack _, buffer:; buffer << " no"; end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        b = +"oh"
+        [2 ** 15].pack('n', buffer: b)
+      end
+
+      v = test
+
+      class Array
+        alias :pack :old_pack
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "oh no", v
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_parse.rb b/test/ruby/test_parse.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..def41d6017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_parse.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1836 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'stringio'
+require_relative '../lib/parser_support'
+
+class TestParse < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_error_line
+    assert_syntax_error('------,,', /\n\z/, 'Message to pipe should end with a newline')
+    assert_syntax_error("{hello\n  world}", /hello/)
+  end
+
+  def test_else_without_rescue
+    assert_syntax_error(<<-END, %r"(:#{__LINE__+2}:|#{__LINE__+2} \|.+?\n.+?\^~.+?;) else without rescue"o, [__FILE__, __LINE__+1])
+      begin
+      else
+        42
+      end
+    END
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_backref
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /can't make alias/) do
+      begin;
+        alias $foo $1
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_command_call
+    t = Object.new
+    def t.foo(x); x; end
+
+    a = false
+    b = c = d = true
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a &&= t.foo 42
+        b &&= t.foo 42
+        c &&= t.foo nil
+        d &&= t.foo false
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal([false, 42, nil, false], [a, b, c, d])
+
+    a = 3
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval("a &= t.foo 5") }
+    assert_equal(1, a)
+
+    a = [nil, nil, true, true]
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a[0] ||= t.foo 42
+        a[1] &&= t.foo 42
+        a[2] ||= t.foo 42
+        a[3] &&= t.foo 42
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal([42, nil, true, 42], a)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      attr_accessor :foo, :bar, :Foo, :Bar, :baz, :qux
+    end
+    o.foo = o.Foo = o::baz = nil
+    o.bar = o.Bar = o::qux = 1
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        o.foo ||= t.foo 42
+        o.bar &&= t.foo 42
+        o.Foo ||= t.foo 42
+        o.Bar &&= t.foo 42
+        o::baz ||= t.foo 42
+        o::qux &&= t.foo 42
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal([42, 42], [o.foo, o.bar])
+    assert_equal([42, 42], [o.Foo, o.Bar])
+    assert_equal([42, 42], [o::baz, o::qux])
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /Can't set variable/) do
+      begin;
+        $1 ||= t.foo 42
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def t.bar(x); x + yield; end
+
+    a = b = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = t.bar "foo" do
+          "bar"
+        end.gsub "ob", "OB"
+        b = t.bar "foo" do
+          "bar"
+        end::gsub "ob", "OB"
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("foOBar", a)
+    assert_equal("foOBar", b)
+
+    a = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      t.instance_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = bar "foo" do "bar" end
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("foobar", a)
+
+    a = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = t::bar "foo" do "bar" end
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("foobar", a)
+
+    def t.baz(*r)
+      @baz = r + (block_given? ? [yield] : [])
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      t.instance_eval "baz (1), 2"
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, 2], t.instance_eval { @baz })
+  end
+
+  def test_mlhs_node
+    c = Class.new
+    class << c
+      attr_accessor :foo, :bar, :Foo, :Bar
+      FOO = BAR = nil
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        c::foo, c::bar = 1, 2
+        c.Foo, c.Bar = 1, 2
+        c::FOO, c::BAR = 1, 2
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, 2], [c::foo, c::bar])
+    assert_equal([1, 2], [c.Foo, c.Bar])
+    assert_equal([1, 2], [c::FOO, c::BAR])
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_constant_assignment
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /dynamic constant/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo
+          self::FOO, self::BAR = 1, 2
+          ::FOO, ::BAR = 1, 2
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /Can't set variable/) do
+      begin;
+        $1, $2 = 1, 2
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /dynamic constant/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo
+          ::FOO = 1
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new
+    c.freeze
+    assert_valid_syntax("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}") do
+      begin;
+        c::FOO &= 1
+        ::FOO &= 1
+      end;
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new
+    c.freeze
+    assert_valid_syntax("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}") do
+      begin;
+        c::FOO &= p 1
+        ::FOO &= p 1
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /Can't set variable/) do
+      begin;
+        $1 &= 1
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_module
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /must be CONSTANT/) do
+      begin;
+        class foo; end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /in method body/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo
+          class Foo; end
+          module Bar; end
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_valid_syntax("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}") do
+      begin;
+        class Foo 1; end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_op_name
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.>(x); x; end
+    def o./(x); x; end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      o.instance_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        undef >, /
+      END
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_arg
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      attr_accessor :foo, :bar, :Foo, :Bar, :baz, :qux
+    end
+    o.foo = o.Foo = o::baz = nil
+    o.bar = o.Bar = o::qux = 1
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        o.foo ||= 42
+        o.bar &&= 42
+        o.Foo ||= 42
+        o.Bar &&= 42
+        o::baz ||= 42
+        o::qux &&= 42
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal([42, 42], [o.foo, o.bar])
+    assert_equal([42, 42], [o.Foo, o.Bar])
+    assert_equal([42, 42], [o::baz, o::qux])
+
+    a = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = -2.0 ** 2
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(-4.0, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_variable
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo(*r); yield(*r); end
+
+    a = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        o.foo 1 do|; a| a = 42 end
+      END
+    end
+    assert_nil(a)
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_arg
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /cannot be a constant/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo(FOO); end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /cannot be an instance variable/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo(@foo); end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /cannot be a global variable/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo($foo); end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /cannot be a class variable/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo(@@foo); end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /cannot be an instance variable/) do
+      begin;
+        o.foo {|; @a| @a = 42 }
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_do_lambda
+    a = b = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = -> do
+          b = 42
+        end
+      END
+    end
+    a.call
+    assert_equal(42, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_call_colon2
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo(x); x + yield; end
+
+    a = b = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      o.instance_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = foo 1 do 42 end.to_s
+        b = foo 1 do 42 end::to_s
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("43", a)
+    assert_equal("43", b)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_method
+    a = b = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = proc {|x| x + "bar" }.("foo")
+        b = proc {|x| x + "bar" }::("foo")
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("foobar", a)
+    assert_equal("foobar", b)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_command
+    a = b = nil
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.m(*arg); proc {|a| arg.join + a }; end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      o.instance_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = o.m "foo", "bar" do end.("buz")
+        b = o.m "foo", "bar" do end::("buz")
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("foobarbuz", a)
+    assert_equal("foobarbuz", b)
+  end
+
+  def test_xstring
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) do
+      eval("``")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_words
+    assert_equal([], %W( ))
+    assert_syntax_error('%w[abc', /unterminated list/)
+  end
+
+  def test_dstr
+    @@foo = 1
+    assert_equal("foo 1 bar", "foo #@@foo bar")
+    "1" =~ /(.)/
+    assert_equal("foo 1 bar", "foo #$1 bar")
+    assert_equal('foo #@1 bar', eval('"foo #@1 bar"'))
+  end
+
+  def test_dstr_disallowed_variable
+    bug8375 = '[ruby-core:54885] [Bug #8375]'
+    %w[@ @. @@ @@1 @@. $ $%].each do |src|
+      src = '#'+src+' '
+      str = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, "#{bug8375} #{src.dump}") do
+        break eval('"'+src+'"')
+      end
+      assert_equal(src, str, bug8375)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dsym
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval(':""') }
+  end
+
+  def assert_disallowed_variable(type, noname, invalid)
+    noname.each do |name|
+      assert_syntax_error("proc{a = #{name} }", "'#{noname[0]}' without identifiers is not allowed as #{type} variable name")
+    end
+    invalid.each do |name|
+      assert_syntax_error("proc {a = #{name} }", "'#{name}' is not allowed as #{type} variable name")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_disallowed_instance_variable
+    assert_disallowed_variable("an instance", %w[@ @.], %w[])
+  end
+
+  def test_disallowed_class_variable
+    assert_disallowed_variable("a class", %w[@@ @@.], %w[@@1])
+  end
+
+  def test_disallowed_gloal_variable
+    assert_disallowed_variable("a global", %w[$], %w[$%])
+  end
+
+  def test_arg2
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        def o.foo(a=42,*r,z,&b); b.call(r.inject(a*1000+z*100, :+)); end
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(-1405, o.foo(1,2,3,4) {|x| -x })
+    assert_equal(-1302, o.foo(1,2,3) {|x| -x })
+    assert_equal(-1200, o.foo(1,2) {|x| -x })
+    assert_equal(-42100, o.foo(1) {|x| -x })
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.foo() }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        def o.foo(a=42,z,&b); b.call(a*1000+z*100); end
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(-1200, o.foo(1,2) {|x| -x } )
+    assert_equal(-42100, o.foo(1) {|x| -x } )
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.foo() }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        def o.foo(*r,z,&b); b.call(r.inject(z*100, :+)); end
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(-303, o.foo(1,2,3) {|x| -x } )
+    assert_equal(-201, o.foo(1,2) {|x| -x } )
+    assert_equal(-100, o.foo(1) {|x| -x } )
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.foo() }
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicate_argument
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", '') do
+      begin;
+        1.times {|&b?| }
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /duplicated argument/) do
+      begin;
+        1.times {|a, a|}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /duplicated argument/) do
+      begin;
+        def foo(a, a); end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_define_singleton_error
+    msg = /singleton method for literals/
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ("foo").foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def (1).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ((1;1)).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ((;1)).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ((1+1;1)).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ((%s();1)).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ((%w();1)).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ("#{42}").foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def (:"#{42}").foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ([]).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def ([1]).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def (__FILE__).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def (__LINE__).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def (__ENCODING__).foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def __FILE__.foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def __LINE__.foo; end], msg)
+    assert_parse_error(%q[def __ENCODING__.foo; end], msg)
+  end
+
+  def test_flip_flop
+    all_assertions_foreach(nil,
+      ['(cond1..cond2)', true],
+      ['((cond1..cond2))', true],
+
+      # '(;;;cond1..cond2)', # don't care
+
+      '(1; cond1..cond2)',
+      '(%s(); cond1..cond2)',
+      '(%w(); cond1..cond2)',
+      '(1; (2; (3; 4; cond1..cond2)))',
+      '(1+1; cond1..cond2)',
+    ) do |code, pass|
+      code = code.sub("cond1", "n==4").sub("cond2", "n==5")
+      if pass
+        assert_equal([4,5], eval("(1..9).select {|n| true if #{code}}"))
+      else
+        assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /bad value for range/, code) {
+          verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil # disable "warning: possibly useless use of a literal in void context"
+          begin
+            eval("[4].each {|n| true if #{code}}")
+          ensure
+            $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_op_asgn1_with_block
+    t = Object.new
+    a = []
+    blk = proc {|x| a << x }
+
+    # Prevent an "assigned but unused variable" warning
+    _ = blk
+
+    def t.[](_)
+      yield(:aref)
+      nil
+    end
+    def t.[]=(_, _)
+      yield(:aset)
+    end
+    def t.dummy(_)
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /block arg given in index assignment/)
+    begin;
+      t[42, &blk] ||= 42
+    end;
+
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /block arg given in index assignment/)
+    begin;
+      t[42, &blk] ||= t.dummy 42 # command_asgn test
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_backquote
+    t = Object.new
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        def t.`(x); "foo" + x + "bar"; end
+      END
+    end
+    a = b = c = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        a = t.` "zzz"
+        1.times {|;z| t.` ("zzz") }
+      END
+      t.instance_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        b = `zzz`
+        c = %x(ccc)
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("foozzzbar", a)
+    assert_equal("foozzzbar", b)
+    assert_equal("foocccbar", c)
+  end
+
+  def test_carrige_return
+    assert_equal(2, eval("1 +\r\n1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    mesg = 'from the backslash through the invalid char'
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\xg1"', /hex escape/)
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last, mesg)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\u{1234"', 'unterminated Unicode escape')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| )        \^(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last, mesg)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\u{xxxx}"', 'invalid Unicode escape')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| )    \^(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last, mesg)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\u{xxxx', 'Unicode escape')
+    if e.message.lines.first == "#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__ - 1}: syntax errors found\n"
+      assert_pattern_list([
+                            /\s+\| \^ unterminated string;.+\n/,
+                            /\s+\|     \^ unterminated Unicode escape\n/,
+                            /\s+\|     \^ invalid Unicode escape sequence\n/,
+                          ], e.message.lines[2..-1].join)
+    else
+      assert_pattern_list([
+                            /.*: invalid Unicode escape\n.*\n/,
+                            /    \^/,
+                            /\n/,
+                            /.*: unterminated Unicode escape\n.*\n/,
+                            /    \^/,
+                            /\n/,
+                            /.*: unterminated string.*\n.*\n/,
+                            /        \^\n/,
+                          ], e.message)
+    end
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\M1"', /escape character syntax/)
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last, mesg)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\C1"', /escape character syntax/)
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last, mesg)
+
+    src = '"\xD0\u{90'"\n""000000000000000000000000"
+    assert_syntax_error(src, /(:#{__LINE__}:|> #{__LINE__} \|.+) unterminated/om)
+
+    assert_syntax_error('"\u{100000000}"', /invalid Unicode escape/)
+    assert_equal("", eval('"\u{}"'))
+    assert_equal("", eval('"\u{ }"'))
+
+    assert_equal("\x81", eval('"\C-\M-a"'))
+    assert_equal("\177", eval('"\c?"'))
+
+    assert_warning(/use \\C-\\s/) {assert_equal("\x00", eval('"\C- "'))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\M-\\s/) {assert_equal("\xa0", eval('"\M- "'))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\M-\\C-\\s/) {assert_equal("\x80", eval('"\M-\C- "'))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\C-\\M-\\s/) {assert_equal("\x80", eval('"\C-\M- "'))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\t/) {assert_equal("\x09", eval("\"\\C-\t\""))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\M-\\t/) {assert_equal("\x89", eval("\"\\M-\t\""))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\M-\\t/) {assert_equal("\x89", eval("\"\\M-\\C-\t\""))}
+    assert_warning(/use \\M-\\t/) {assert_equal("\x89", eval("\"\\C-\\M-\t\""))}
+    assert_syntax_error("\"\\C-\x01\"", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_syntax_error("\"\\M-\x01\"", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_syntax_error("\"\\M-\\C-\x01\"", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_syntax_error("\"\\C-\\M-\x01\"", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\c\u0000"', 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last)
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\c\U0000"', 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\C-\u0000"', 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last)
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\C-\U0000"', 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\M-\u0000"', 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last)
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"\M-\U0000"', 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\| ) \^~~~~(?!~)/, e.message.lines.last)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error(%["\\C-\u3042"], 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_match(/(^|\|\s)\s \^(?# \\ ) ~(?# C ) ~(?# - ) ~+(?# U+3042 )($|\s)/x, e.message.lines.last)
+    assert_not_include(e.message, "invalid multibyte char")
+  end
+
+  def test_question
+    assert_syntax_error('?', /incomplete/)
+    assert_syntax_error('? ', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("?\n", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("?\t", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("?\v", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("?\r", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("?\f", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error(" ?a\x8a".force_encoding("utf-8"), /invalid multibyte/)
+    assert_equal("\u{1234}", eval("?\u{1234}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{1234}", eval('?\u{1234}'))
+    assert_equal("\u{1234}", eval('?\u1234'))
+    assert_syntax_error('?\u{41 42}', 'Multiple codepoints at single character literal')
+    assert_syntax_error("?and", /unexpected '\?'/)
+    assert_syntax_error("?\u1234and", /unexpected '\?'/)
+    e = assert_syntax_error('"#{?\u123}"', 'invalid Unicode escape')
+    assert_not_match(/end-of-input/, e.message)
+
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\C-\\s/) {assert_equal("\x00", eval('?\C- '))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\M-\\s/) {assert_equal("\xa0", eval('?\M- '))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\M-\\C-\\s/) {assert_equal("\x80", eval('?\M-\C- '))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\C-\\M-\\s/) {assert_equal("\x80", eval('?\C-\M- '))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\t/) {assert_equal("\x09", eval("?\\C-\t"))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\M-\\t/) {assert_equal("\x89", eval("?\\M-\t"))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\M-\\t/) {assert_equal("\x89", eval("?\\M-\\C-\t"))}
+    assert_warning(/use ?\\M-\\t/) {assert_equal("\x89", eval("?\\C-\\M-\t"))}
+    assert_syntax_error("?\\C-\x01", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_syntax_error("?\\M-\x01", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_syntax_error("?\\M-\\C-\x01", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+    assert_syntax_error("?\\C-\\M-\x01", 'Invalid escape character syntax')
+
+    assert_equal("\xff", eval("# encoding: ascii-8bit\n""?\\\xFF"))
+  end
+
+  def test_percent
+    assert_equal(:foo, eval('%s(foo)'))
+    assert_syntax_error('%s', /unterminated quoted string/)
+    assert_syntax_error('%ss', /unknown type/)
+    assert_syntax_error('%z()', /unknown type/)
+    assert_syntax_error("%\u3042", /unknown type/)
+    assert_syntax_error("%q\u3042", /unknown type/)
+    assert_syntax_error("%", /unterminated quoted string/)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:41447]'
+    sym = "foo\0bar".to_sym
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) do
+      assert_equal(sym, eval(":'foo\0bar'"))
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) do
+      assert_equal(sym, eval(':"foo\u0000bar"'))
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) do
+      assert_equal(sym, eval(':"foo\u{0}bar"'))
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) do
+      assert_equal(:foobar, eval(':"foo\u{}bar"'))
+      assert_equal(:foobar, eval(':"foo\u{ }bar"'))
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(':@@', /is not allowed/)
+    assert_syntax_error(':@@1', /is not allowed/)
+    assert_syntax_error(':@', /is not allowed/)
+    assert_syntax_error(':@1', /is not allowed/)
+    assert_syntax_error(':$01234', /is not allowed/)
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_string
+    assert_syntax_error("/\n", /unterminated/)
+  end
+
+  def test_here_document
+    x = nil
+
+    assert_syntax_error("<\<FOO\n", /can't find string "FOO"/)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) do
+      x = eval %q(
+<<FOO
+#$
+FOO
+      )
+    end
+    assert_equal "\#$\n", x
+
+    assert_syntax_error("<\<\"\n", /unterminated here document identifier/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error("<<``\n", /can't find string ""/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error("<<--\n", /unexpected <</)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) do
+      x = eval %q(
+<<FOO
+#$
+foo
+FOO
+      )
+    end
+    assert_equal "\#$\nfoo\n", x
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval "x = <<""FOO\r\n1\r\nFOO"
+    end
+    assert_equal("1\n", x)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      x = eval "<<' FOO'\n""[Bug #19539]\n"" FOO\n"
+    end
+    assert_equal("[Bug #19539]\n", x)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      x = eval "<<-' FOO'\n""[Bug #19539]\n"" FOO\n"
+    end
+    assert_equal("[Bug #19539]\n", x)
+  end
+
+  def test_magic_comment
+    x = nil
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding: utf-8
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("UTF-8"), x)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding = utf-8
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("UTF-8"), x)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding = foobarbazquxquux_dummy_enconding
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# xxxx : coding sjis
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal(__ENCODING__, x)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::US_ASCII) {eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1}
+# coding = external
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::US_ASCII) {eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1}
+# coding = internal
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding = filesystem
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding = locale
+x = __ENCODING__
+      END
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding: foo
+      END
+    end
+
+    message = e.message.gsub(/\033\[.*?m/, "")
+    assert_include(message, "# coding: foo\n")
+    assert_include(message, "          ^")
+
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+# coding = foo
+      END
+    end
+
+    message = e.message.gsub(/\033\[.*?m/, "")
+    assert_include(message, "# coding = foo\n")
+    assert_include(message, "           ^")
+  end
+
+  def test_utf8_bom
+    x = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval "\xef\xbb\xbf x = __ENCODING__"
+    end
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("UTF-8"), x)
+    assert_raise(NameError) { eval "\xef" }
+  end
+
+  def test_dot_in_next_line
+    x = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        x = 1
+        .to_s
+      END
+    end
+    assert_equal("1", x)
+  end
+
+  def test_pow_asgn
+    x = 3
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval("x **= 2") }
+    assert_equal(9, x)
+  end
+
+  def test_embedded_rd
+    assert_valid_syntax("=begin\n""=end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("=begin\n""=end\0")
+    assert_valid_syntax("=begin\n""=end\C-d")
+    assert_valid_syntax("=begin\n""=end\C-z")
+  end
+
+  def test_embedded_rd_error
+    error = 'embedded document meets end of file'
+    assert_syntax_error("=begin\n", error)
+    assert_syntax_error("=begin", error)
+  end
+
+  def test_float
+    assert_predicate(assert_warning(/out of range/) {eval("1e10000")}, :infinite?)
+    assert_syntax_error('1_E', /trailing '_'/)
+    assert_syntax_error('1E1E1', /unexpected constant/)
+  end
+
+  def test_global_variable
+    assert_equal(nil, assert_warning(/not initialized/) {eval('$-x')})
+    assert_equal(nil, eval('alias $preserve_last_match $&'))
+    assert_equal(nil, eval('alias $& $test_parse_foobarbazqux'))
+    $test_parse_foobarbazqux = nil
+    assert_equal(nil, $&)
+    assert_equal(nil, eval('alias $& $preserve_last_match'))
+    assert_syntax_error('a = $#', /as a global variable name/)
+    assert_syntax_error('a = $#', /a = \$\#\n(^|.+?\| )    \^~(?!~)/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_instance_variable
+    pattern = /without identifiers is not allowed as an instance variable name/
+    assert_syntax_error('@%', pattern)
+    assert_syntax_error('@', pattern)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_class_variable
+    pattern = /without identifiers is not allowed as a class variable name/
+    assert_syntax_error('@@%', pattern)
+    assert_syntax_error('@@', pattern)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_char
+    bug10117 = '[ruby-core:64243] [Bug #10117]'
+    invalid_char = /Invalid char '\\x01'/
+    x = 1
+    assert_in_out_err(%W"-e \x01x", "", [], invalid_char, bug10117)
+    assert_syntax_error("\x01x", invalid_char, bug10117)
+    assert_equal(nil, eval("\x04x"))
+    assert_equal 1, x
+  end
+
+  def test_literal_concat
+    x = "baz"
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", eval('"foo" "bar#{x}"'))
+    assert_equal("baz", x)
+  end
+
+  def test_unassignable
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(self = 1), /Can't change the value of self/)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(nil = 1), /Can't assign to nil/)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(true = 1), /Can't assign to true/)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(false = 1), /Can't assign to false/)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(__FILE__ = 1), /Can't assign to __FILE__/)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(__LINE__ = 1), /Can't assign to __LINE__/)
+    assert_syntax_error(%q(__ENCODING__ = 1), /Can't assign to __ENCODING__/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo; FOO = 1; end", /dynamic constant assignment/)
+    assert_syntax_error("x, true", /Can't assign to true/)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_dup
+    assert_syntax_error("foo(&proc{}) {}", /both block arg and actual block/)
+  end
+
+  def test_set_backref
+    assert_syntax_error("$& = 1", /Can't set variable/)
+  end
+
+  def test_void_expr_stmts_value
+    x = 1
+    useless_use = /useless use/
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("x; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("1+1; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning('') {eval("1.+(1); nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("TestParse; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("::TestParse; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("x..x; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("x...x; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("self; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("nil; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("true; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("false; nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("defined?(1); nil")}
+    assert_nil assert_warning(useless_use) {eval("begin; ensure; x; end")}
+    assert_equal 1, x
+
+    assert_syntax_error("1; next; 2", /Invalid next/)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_in_conditional
+    # multiple assignment
+    assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        (x, y = 1, 2) ? 1 : 2
+      END
+    end
+
+    # instance variable assignment
+    assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        if @x = true
+          1
+        else
+          2
+        end
+      END
+    end
+
+    # local variable assignment
+    assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        def m
+          if x = true
+            1
+          else
+            2
+          end
+        end
+      END
+    end
+
+    # global variable assignment
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+        eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+          if $x = true
+            1
+          else
+            2
+          end
+        END
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    # dynamic variable assignment
+    assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        y = 1
+
+        1.times do
+          if y = true
+            1
+          else
+            2
+          end
+        end
+      END
+    end
+
+    # class variable assignment
+    assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        c = Class.new
+        class << c
+          if @@a = 1
+          end
+        end
+      END
+    end
+
+    # constant declaration
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      assert_warning(/'= literal' in conditional/) do
+        eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+          if Const = true
+            1
+          else
+            2
+          end
+        END
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_literal_in_conditional
+    assert_warning(/string literal in condition/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        "foo" ? 1 : 2
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_warning(/regex literal in condition/) do
+      x = "bar"
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        /foo#{x}baz/ ? 1 : 2
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        (true..false) ? 1 : 2
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_warning(/string literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        ("foo".."bar") ? 1 : 2
+      END
+    end
+
+    assert_warning(/literal in condition/) do
+      x = "bar"
+      eval <<-END, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+        :"foo#{"x"}baz" ? 1 : 2
+      END
+      assert_equal "bar", x
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_blockarg
+    assert_syntax_error("yield(&:+)", /block argument should not be given/)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_block_location
+    bug5614 = '[ruby-core:40936]'
+    expected = nil
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      1.times do
+        expected = __LINE__+1
+      end.print do
+        #
+      end
+    end
+    actual = e.backtrace.first[/\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:(\d+):/o, 1].to_i
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, bug5614)
+  end
+
+  def test_no_shadowing_variable_warning
+    assert_no_warning(/shadowing outer local variable/) {eval("a=1; tap {|a|}")}
+  end
+
+  def test_shadowing_private_local_variable
+    assert_equal 1, eval("_ = 1; [[2]].each{ |(_)| }; _")
+  end
+
+  def test_unused_variable
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warning(/assigned but unused variable/) {o.instance_eval("def foo; a=1; nil; end")}
+    assert_warning(/assigned but unused variable/) {o.instance_eval("def bar; a=1; a(); end")}
+    a = "\u{3042}"
+    assert_warning(/#{a}/) {o.instance_eval("def foo0; #{a}=1; nil; end")}
+    assert_warning(/assigned but unused variable/) {o.instance_eval("def foo1; tap {a=1; a()}; end")}
+    assert_warning('') {o.instance_eval("def bar1; a=a=1; nil; end")}
+    assert_warning(/assigned but unused variable/) {o.instance_eval("def bar2; a, = 1, 2; end")}
+    assert_warning('') {o.instance_eval("def marg1(a); nil; end")}
+    assert_warning('') {o.instance_eval("def marg2((a)); nil; end")}
+  end
+
+  def test_parsing_begin_statement_inside_method_definition
+    assert_equal :bug_20234, eval("def (begin;end).bug_20234; end")
+    NilClass.remove_method(:bug_20234)
+    assert_equal :bug_20234, eval("def (begin;rescue;end).bug_20234; end")
+    NilClass.remove_method(:bug_20234)
+    assert_equal :bug_20234, eval("def (begin;ensure;end).bug_20234; end")
+    NilClass.remove_method(:bug_20234)
+    assert_equal :bug_20234, eval("def (begin;rescue;else;end).bug_20234; end")
+    NilClass.remove_method(:bug_20234)
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("def (begin;else;end).bug_20234; end") }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("def (begin;ensure;else;end).bug_20234; end") }
+  end
+
+  def test_named_capture_conflict
+    a = 1
+    assert_warning('') {eval("a = 1; /(?<a>)/ =~ ''")}
+    a = "\u{3042}"
+    assert_warning('') {eval("#{a} = 1; /(?<#{a}>)/ =~ ''")}
+  end
+
+  def test_named_capture_in_block
+    all_assertions_foreach(nil,
+      '(/(?<a>.*)/)',
+      '(;/(?<a>.*)/)',
+      '(%s();/(?<a>.*)/)',
+      '(%w();/(?<a>.*)/)',
+      '(1; (2; 3; (4; /(?<a>.*)/)))',
+      '(1+1; /(?<a>.*)/)',
+      '/#{""}(?<a>.*)/',
+    ) do |code, pass|
+      token = Random.bytes(4).unpack1("H*")
+      if pass
+        assert_equal(token, eval("#{code} =~ #{token.dump}; a"))
+      else
+        verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil # disable "warning: possibly useless use of a literal in void context"
+        begin
+          assert_nil(eval("#{code} =~ #{token.dump}; defined?(a)"), code)
+        ensure
+          $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_in_command_assignment
+    bug = '[ruby-core:75621] [Bug #12402]'
+    all_assertions(bug) do |a|
+      a.for("lhs = arg") do
+        v = bug
+        v = raise(bug) rescue "ok"
+        assert_equal("ok", v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs op_asgn arg") do
+        v = 0
+        v += raise(bug) rescue 1
+        assert_equal(1, v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs[] op_asgn arg") do
+        v = [0]
+        v[0] += raise(bug) rescue 1
+        assert_equal([1], v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs.m op_asgn arg") do
+        k = Struct.new(:m)
+        v = k.new(0)
+        v.m += raise(bug) rescue 1
+        assert_equal(k.new(1), v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs::m op_asgn arg") do
+        k = Struct.new(:m)
+        v = k.new(0)
+        v::m += raise(bug) rescue 1
+        assert_equal(k.new(1), v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs.C op_asgn arg") do
+        k = Struct.new(:C)
+        v = k.new(0)
+        v.C += raise(bug) rescue 1
+        assert_equal(k.new(1), v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs::C op_asgn arg") do
+        v = Class.new
+        v::C ||= raise(bug) rescue 1
+        assert_equal(1, v::C)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs = command") do
+        v = bug
+        v = raise bug rescue "ok"
+        assert_equal("ok", v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs op_asgn command") do
+        v = 0
+        v += raise bug rescue 1
+        assert_equal(1, v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs[] op_asgn command") do
+        v = [0]
+        v[0] += raise bug rescue 1
+        assert_equal([1], v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs.m op_asgn command") do
+        k = Struct.new(:m)
+        v = k.new(0)
+        v.m += raise bug rescue 1
+        assert_equal(k.new(1), v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs::m op_asgn command") do
+        k = Struct.new(:m)
+        v = k.new(0)
+        v::m += raise bug rescue 1
+        assert_equal(k.new(1), v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs.C op_asgn command") do
+        k = Struct.new(:C)
+        v = k.new(0)
+        v.C += raise bug rescue 1
+        assert_equal(k.new(1), v)
+      end
+      a.for("lhs::C op_asgn command") do
+        v = Class.new
+        v::C ||= raise bug rescue 1
+        assert_equal(1, v::C)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yyerror_at_eol
+    assert_syntax_error("    0b", /\^/)
+    assert_syntax_error("    0b\n", /\^/)
+  end
+
+  def test_unclosed_unicode_escape_at_eol_bug_19750
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_syntax_error("/\\u", /too short escape sequence/)
+      assert_syntax_error("/\\u{", /unterminated regexp meets end of file/)
+      assert_syntax_error("/\\u{\\n", /invalid Unicode list/)
+      assert_syntax_error("/a#\\u{\\n/", /invalid Unicode list/)
+      re = eval("/a#\\u{\n$/x")
+      assert_match(re, 'a')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'a#')
+      re = eval("/a#\\u\n$/x")
+      assert_match(re, 'a')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'a#')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_error_def_in_argument
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      assert_syntax_error("def f r:def d; def f 0end", /unexpected/)
+    end;
+
+    assert_syntax_error("def\nf(000)end", /(^|\| )  \^~~/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def\nf(&0)end",  /(^|\| )   \^/)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_location_in_rescue
+    bug = '[ruby-core:79388] [Bug #13181]'
+    obj, line = Object.new, __LINE__+1
+    def obj.location
+      #
+      raise
+    rescue
+      caller_locations(1, 1)[0]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(line, obj.location.lineno, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_line_number
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80920] [Bug #13523]'
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_eval("def t(e = false);raise if e; __LINE__;end", "test", -100)
+    assert_equal(-100, obj.t, bug)
+    assert_equal(-100, obj.method(:t).source_location[1], bug)
+    e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {obj.t(true)}
+    assert_equal(-100, e.backtrace_locations.first.lineno, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_in_indented_heredoc
+    name = '[ruby-core:80987] [Bug #13540]' # long enough to be shared
+    assert_equal(name+"\n", eval("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", nil, name))
+    begin;
+      <<~HEREDOC
+        #{__FILE__}
+      HEREDOC
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_heredoc_interpolation
+    var = 1
+
+    v1 = <<~HEREDOC
+      something
+      #{"/#{var}"}
+    HEREDOC
+
+    v2 = <<~HEREDOC
+      something
+      #{_other = "/#{var}"}
+    HEREDOC
+
+    v3 = <<~HEREDOC
+      something
+      #{("/#{var}")}
+    HEREDOC
+
+    assert_equal "something\n/1\n", v1
+    assert_equal "something\n/1\n", v2
+    assert_equal "something\n/1\n", v3
+    assert_equal v1, v2
+    assert_equal v2, v3
+    assert_equal v1, v3
+  end
+
+  def test_heredoc_unterminated_interpolation
+    code = <<~'HEREDOC'
+    <<A+1
+    #{
+    HEREDOC
+
+    assert_syntax_error(code, /can't find string "A"/)
+  end
+
+  def test_unexpected_token_error
+    assert_syntax_error('"x"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx', /unexpected/)
+  end
+
+  def test_unexpected_token_after_numeric
+    assert_syntax_error('0000xyz', /(^|\| )    \^~~(?!~)/)
+    assert_syntax_error('1.2i1.1', /(^|\| )    \^~~(?!~)/)
+    assert_syntax_error('1.2.3', /(^|\| )   \^~(?!~)/)
+    assert_syntax_error('1.', /unexpected end-of-input/)
+    assert_syntax_error('1e', /expecting end-of-input/)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncated_source_line
+    lineno = __LINE__ + 1
+    e = assert_syntax_error("'0123456789012345678901234567890123456789' abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 123456789012345678901234567890123456789",
+                            /unexpected local variable or method/)
+
+    line = e.message.lines[1]
+    line.delete_prefix!("> #{lineno} | ") if line.start_with?(">")
+
+    assert_operator(line, :start_with?, "...")
+    assert_operator(line, :end_with?, "...\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_unterminated_regexp_error
+    e = assert_syntax_error("/x", /unterminated regexp meets end of file/)
+    assert_not_match(/unexpected tSTRING_END/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_lparenarg
+    o = Struct.new(:x).new
+    def o.i(x)
+      self.x = x
+    end
+    o.instance_eval {i (-1.3).abs}
+    assert_equal(1.3, o.x)
+    o.i(nil)
+    o.instance_eval {i = 0; i (-1.3).abs; i}
+    assert_equal(1.3, o.x)
+  end
+
+  def test_serial_comparison
+    assert_warning(/comparison '<' after/) do
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      x = 1
+      eval("if false; 0 < x < 2; end")
+      x
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eof
+    assert_equal(42, eval("42\0""end"))
+    assert_equal(42, eval("42\C-d""end"))
+    assert_equal(42, eval("42\C-z""end"))
+  end
+
+  def test_eof_in_def
+    assert_syntax_error("def m\n\0""end", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def m\n\C-d""end", /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def m\n\C-z""end", /unexpected/)
+  end
+
+  def test_unexpected_eof
+    assert_syntax_error('unless', /(^|\| )      \^(?!~)/)
+  end
+
+  def test_location_of_invalid_token
+    assert_syntax_error('class xxx end', /(^|\| )      \^~~(?!~)/)
+  end
+
+  def test_whitespace_warning
+    assert_syntax_error("\\foo", /backslash/)
+    assert_syntax_error("\\ ", /escaped space/)
+    assert_syntax_error("\\\t", /escaped horizontal tab/)
+    assert_syntax_error("\\\f", /escaped form feed/)
+    assert_syntax_error("\\\r", /escaped carriage return/)
+    assert_warn(/middle of line/) {eval(" \r ")}
+    assert_syntax_error("\\\v", /escaped vertical tab/)
+  end
+
+  def test_command_def_cmdarg
+    assert_valid_syntax("\n#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      m def x(); end
+      1.tap do end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  NONASCII_CONSTANTS = [
+    *%W"\u{00de} \u{00C0}".flat_map {|c| [c, c.encode("iso-8859-15")]},
+    "\u{1c4}", "\u{1f2}", "\u{1f88}", "\u{370}",
+    *%W"\u{391} \u{ff21}".flat_map {|c| [c, c.encode("cp932"), c.encode("euc-jp")]},
+  ]
+
+  def assert_nonascii_const
+    assert_all_assertions_foreach("NONASCII_CONSTANTS", *NONASCII_CONSTANTS) do |n|
+      m = Module.new
+      assert_not_operator(m, :const_defined?, n)
+      assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /uninitialized/) do
+        m.const_get(n)
+      end
+      assert_nil(eval("defined?(m::#{n})"))
+
+      v = yield m, n
+
+      assert_operator(m, :const_defined?, n)
+      assert_equal("constant", eval("defined?(m::#{n})"))
+      assert_same(v, m.const_get(n))
+
+      m.__send__(:remove_const, n)
+      assert_not_operator(m, :const_defined?, n)
+      assert_nil(eval("defined?(m::#{n})"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_const_set
+    assert_nonascii_const do |m, n|
+      m.const_set(n, 42)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii_constant
+    assert_nonascii_const do |m, n|
+      m.module_eval("class #{n}; self; end")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cdmarg_after_command_args_and_tlbrace_arg
+    assert_valid_syntax('let () { m(a) do; end }')
+  end
+
+  def test_void_value_in_rhs
+    w = "void value expression"
+    [
+      "x = return 1", "x = return, 1", "x = 1, return", "x, y = return",
+      "x = begin return ensure end",
+      "x = begin ensure return end",
+      "x = begin return ensure return end",
+      "x = begin return; rescue; return end",
+      "x = begin return; rescue; return; else return end",
+    ].each do |code|
+      ex = assert_syntax_error(code, w)
+      assert_equal(1, ex.message.scan(w).size, ->{"same #{w.inspect} warning should be just once\n#{w.message}"})
+    end
+    [
+      "x = begin return; rescue; end",
+      "x = begin return; rescue; return; else end",
+    ].each do |code|
+      assert_valid_syntax(code)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def eval_separately(code)
+    Class.new.class_eval(code)
+  end
+
+  def assert_raise_separately(error, message, code)
+    assert_raise_with_message(error, message) do
+      eval_separately(code)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_ractor_shareable(obj)
+    assert Ractor.shareable?(obj), ->{"Expected #{mu_pp(obj)} to be ractor shareable"}
+  end
+
+  def assert_not_ractor_shareable(obj)
+    assert !Ractor.shareable?(obj), ->{"Expected #{mu_pp(obj)} not to be ractor shareable"}
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_invalid
+    assert_warning(/invalid value/) do
+      assert_valid_syntax("# shareable_constant_value: invalid-option", verbose: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_ignored
+    assert_warning(/ignored/) do
+      assert_valid_syntax("nil # shareable_constant_value: true", verbose: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_simple
+    obj = [['unshareable_value']]
+    a, b, c = eval_separately("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+      A = [[1]]
+      # shareable_constant_value: none
+      B = [[2]]
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      C = [["shareable", "constant#{nil}"]]
+      D = A
+
+      [A, B, C]
+    end;
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a)
+    assert_not_ractor_shareable(b)
+    assert_ractor_shareable(c)
+    assert_equal([1], a[0])
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a[0])
+
+    a, obj = eval_separately(<<~'end;')
+      # shareable_constant_value: experimental_copy
+      obj = [["unshareable"]]
+      A = obj
+      [A, obj]
+    end;
+
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a)
+    assert_not_ractor_shareable(obj)
+    assert_equal obj, a
+    assert_not_same obj, a
+
+    bug_20339 = '[ruby-core:117186] [Bug #20339]'
+    bug_20341 = '[ruby-core:117197] [Bug #20341]'
+    a, b = eval_separately(<<~'end;')
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      foo = 1
+      bar = 2
+      A = { foo => bar }
+      B = [foo, bar]
+      [A, B]
+    end;
+
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a)
+    assert_ractor_shareable(b)
+    assert_equal([1], a.keys, bug_20339)
+    assert_equal([2], a.values, bug_20339)
+    assert_equal(1, b[0], bug_20341)
+    assert_equal(2, b[1], bug_20341)
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_literal_const_refs
+    a = eval_separately("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      # [Bug #20668]
+      SOME_CONST = {
+        'Object' => Object,
+        'String' => String,
+        'Array' => Array,
+      }
+      SOME_CONST
+    end;
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a)
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_nested
+    a, b = eval_separately("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: none
+      class X
+        # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+        var = [[1]]
+        A = var
+      end
+      B = []
+      [X::A, B]
+    end;
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a)
+    assert_not_ractor_shareable(b)
+    assert_equal([1], a[0])
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_hash_with_keyword_splat
+    a, b = eval_separately("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+      # [Bug #20927]
+      x = { x: {} }
+      y = { y: {} }
+      A = { **x }
+      B = { x: {}, **y }
+      [A, B]
+    end;
+    assert_ractor_shareable(a)
+    assert_ractor_shareable(b)
+    assert_equal({ x: {}}, a)
+    assert_equal({ x: {}, y: {}}, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_unshareable_literal
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to C/,
+                            "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      C = ["Not " + "shareable"]
+    end;
+
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to B::C/,
+                            "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      B = Class.new
+      B::C = ["Not " + "shareable"]
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to ::C/) do
+        # shareable_constant_value: literal
+        ::C = ["Not " + "shareable"]
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to ::B::C/) do
+        # shareable_constant_value: literal
+        ::B = Class.new
+        ::B::C = ["Not " + "shareable"]
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to ::C/) do
+        # shareable_constant_value: literal
+        ::C ||= ["Not " + "shareable"]
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to B::C/,
+                            "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      B = Class.new
+      B::C ||= ["Not " + "shareable"]
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to ::B::C/) do
+        # shareable_constant_value: literal
+        ::B = Class.new
+        ::B::C ||= ["Not " + "shareable"]
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable object to ...::C/,
+                            "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      B = Class.new
+      def self.expr; B; end
+      expr::C ||= ["Not " + "shareable"]
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_nonliteral
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable/, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      var = [:not_frozen]
+      C = var
+    end;
+
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::IsolationError, /unshareable/, "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: literal
+      D = begin [] end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_unfrozen
+    assert_raise_separately(Ractor::Error, /does not freeze object correctly/,
+                            "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.freeze; self; end
+      C = [o]
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_shareable_constant_value_massign
+    a = eval_separately("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+      A, = 1
+    end;
+    assert_equal(1, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_if_after_class
+    assert_valid_syntax('module if true; Object end::Kernel; end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('module while true; break Object end::Kernel; end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('class if true; Object end::Kernel; end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('class while true; break Object end::Kernel; end')
+  end
+
+  def test_escaped_space
+    assert_syntax_error('x = \ 42', /escaped space/)
+  end
+
+  def test_label
+    expected = {:foo => 1}
+
+    code = '{"foo": 1}'
+    assert_valid_syntax(code)
+    assert_equal(expected, eval(code))
+
+    code = '{foo: 1}'
+    assert_valid_syntax(code)
+    assert_equal(expected, eval(code))
+
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      attr_reader :arg
+      def set(arg)
+        @arg = arg
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_valid_syntax(code = "#{<<~"do;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    do;
+      obj.set foo:
+                1
+    end;
+    assert_equal(expected, eval(code))
+    assert_equal(expected, obj.arg)
+
+    assert_valid_syntax(code = "#{<<~"do;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    do;
+      obj.set "foo":
+                  1
+    end;
+    assert_equal(expected, eval(code))
+    assert_equal(expected, obj.arg)
+  end
+
+  def test_ungettable_gvar
+    assert_syntax_error('$01234', /not allowed/)
+    assert_syntax_error('"#$01234"', /not allowed/)
+  end
+
+=begin
+  def test_past_scope_variable
+    assert_warning(/past scope/) {catch {|tag| eval("BEGIN{throw tag}; tap {a = 1}; a")}}
+  end
+=end
+
+  def assert_parse(code)
+    assert_kind_of(RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(code))
+  end
+
+  def assert_parse_error(code, message)
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, message) do
+      $VERBOSE, verbose_bak = nil, $VERBOSE
+      begin
+        RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(code)
+      ensure
+        $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_path.rb b/test/ruby/test_path.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b35e942a2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_path.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestPath < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_path
+    assert_equal("a", File.basename("a"))
+    assert_equal("b", File.basename("a/b"))
+    assert_equal("b", File.basename("a/b/"))
+    assert_equal("/", File.basename("/"))
+    assert_equal("/", File.basename("//"))
+    assert_equal("/", File.basename("///"))
+    assert_equal("b", File.basename("a/b////"))
+    assert_equal("a", File.basename("a.rb", ".rb"))
+    assert_equal("a", File.basename("a.rb///", ".rb"))
+    assert_equal("a", File.basename("a.rb///", ".*"))
+    assert_equal("a.rb", File.basename("a.rb///", ".c"))
+    assert_equal(".", File.dirname("a"))
+    assert_equal("/", File.dirname("/"))
+    assert_equal("/", File.dirname("/a"))
+    assert_equal("a", File.dirname("a/b"))
+    assert_equal("a/b", File.dirname("a/b/c"))
+    assert_equal("/a/b", File.dirname("/a/b/c"))
+    assert_equal("/a", File.dirname("/a/b/"))
+    assert_equal("/a", File.dirname("/a/b///"))
+    case Dir.pwd
+    when %r'\A\w:'
+      assert_match(/\A\w:\/\z/, File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+      assert_match(/\A\w:\/a\z/, File.expand_path("a", "/"))
+      dosish = true
+    when %r'\A//'
+      assert_match(%r'\A//[^/]+/[^/]+\z', File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+      assert_match(%r'\A//[^/]+/[^/]+/a\z', File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+      dosish = true
+    else
+      assert_equal("/", File.expand_path(".", "/"))
+      assert_equal("/sub", File.expand_path("sub", "/"))
+    end
+    if dosish
+      assert_equal("//127.0.0.1/share", File.expand_path("/", "//127.0.0.1/share/sub"))
+      assert_equal("//127.0.0.1/share/dir", File.expand_path("/dir", "//127.0.0.1/share/sub"))
+      assert_equal("z:/", File.expand_path("/", "z:/sub"))
+      assert_equal("z:/dir", File.expand_path("/dir", "z:/sub"))
+    end
+    assert_equal("//", File.expand_path(".", "//"))
+    assert_equal("//sub", File.expand_path("sub", "//"))
+
+    assert_equal("//127.0.0.1/\u3042", File.expand_path("\u3042", "//127.0.0.1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_dirname
+    if /(bcc|ms)win\d|mingw|cygwin|emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
+      assert_equal('C:.', File.dirname('C:'))
+      assert_equal('C:.', File.dirname('C:a'))
+      assert_equal('C:.', File.dirname('C:a/'))
+      assert_equal('C:a', File.dirname('C:a/b'), "[ruby-dev:27738]")
+
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C:/'))
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C:/a'))
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C:/a/'))
+      assert_equal('C:/a', File.dirname('C:/a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C://'))
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C://a'))
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C://a/'))
+      assert_equal('C:/a', File.dirname('C://a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C:///'), "[ruby-dev:27738]")
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C:///a'))
+      assert_equal('C:/', File.dirname('C:///a/'))
+      assert_equal('C:/a', File.dirname('C:///a/b'))
+    else
+      # others
+      assert_equal('.', File.dirname('C:'))
+      assert_equal('.', File.dirname('C:a'))
+      assert_equal('.', File.dirname('C:a/'))
+      assert_equal('C:a', File.dirname('C:a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('.', File.dirname('C:/'))
+      assert_equal('C:', File.dirname('C:/a'))
+      assert_equal('C:', File.dirname('C:/a/'))
+      assert_equal('C:/a', File.dirname('C:/a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('.', File.dirname('C://'))
+      assert_equal('C:', File.dirname('C://a'))
+      assert_equal('C:', File.dirname('C://a/'))
+      # not spec.
+      #assert_equal('C://a', File.dirname('C://a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('.', File.dirname('C:///'))
+      assert_equal('C:', File.dirname('C:///a'))
+      assert_equal('C:', File.dirname('C:///a/'))
+      # not spec.
+      #assert_equal('C:///a', File.dirname('C:///a/b'))
+    end
+
+    assert_equal('.', File.dirname(''))
+    assert_equal('.', File.dirname('a'))
+    assert_equal('.', File.dirname('a/'))
+    assert_equal('a', File.dirname('a/b'))
+
+    assert_equal('/', File.dirname('/'))
+    assert_equal('/', File.dirname('/a'))
+    assert_equal('/', File.dirname('/a/'))
+    assert_equal('/a', File.dirname('/a/b'))
+
+    if /(bcc|ms|cyg)win|mingw|emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # DOSISH_UNC
+      assert_equal('//', File.dirname('//'))
+      assert_equal('//a', File.dirname('//a'))
+      assert_equal('//a', File.dirname('//a/'))
+      assert_equal('//a/b', File.dirname('//a/b'))
+      assert_equal('//a/b', File.dirname('//a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('//a/b', File.dirname('//a/b/c'))
+
+      assert_equal('//', File.dirname('///'))
+      assert_equal('//a', File.dirname('///a'))
+      assert_equal('//a', File.dirname('///a/'))
+      assert_equal('//a/b', File.dirname('///a/b'))
+      assert_equal('//a/b', File.dirname('///a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('//a/b', File.dirname('///a/b/c'))
+    else
+      # others
+      assert_equal('/', File.dirname('//'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.dirname('//a'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.dirname('//a/'))
+      assert_equal('/a', File.dirname('//a/b'))
+      assert_equal('/a', File.dirname('//a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('/a/b', File.dirname('//a/b/c'))
+
+      assert_equal('/', File.dirname('///'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.dirname('///a'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.dirname('///a/'))
+      assert_equal('/a', File.dirname('///a/b'))
+      assert_equal('/a', File.dirname('///a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('/a/b', File.dirname('///a/b/c'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_basename
+    if /(bcc|ms)win\d|mingw|cygwin|emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
+      assert_equal('', File.basename('C:'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C:a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('C:/'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:/a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:/a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C:/a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('C://'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C://a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C://a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C://a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('C:///'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:///a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:///a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C:///a/b'))
+    else
+      # others
+      assert_equal('C:', File.basename('C:'))
+      assert_equal('C:a', File.basename('C:a'))
+      assert_equal('C:a', File.basename('C:a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C:a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('C:', File.basename('C:/'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:/a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:/a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C:/a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('C:', File.basename('C://'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C://a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C://a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C://a/b'))
+
+      assert_equal('C:', File.basename('C:///'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:///a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('C:///a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('C:///a/b'))
+    end
+
+    assert_equal('', File.basename(''))
+    assert_equal('a', File.basename('a'))
+    assert_equal('a', File.basename('a/'))
+    assert_equal('b', File.basename('a/b'))
+
+    assert_equal('/', File.basename('/'))
+    assert_equal('a', File.basename('/a'))
+    assert_equal('a', File.basename('/a/'))
+    assert_equal('b', File.basename('/a/b'))
+
+    assert_equal("..", File.basename("..", ".*"))
+
+    if /(bcc|ms|cyg)win|mingw|emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # DOSISH_UNC
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('//'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('//a'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('//a/'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('//a/b'), "[ruby-dev:27776]")
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('//a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('c', File.basename('//a/b/c'))
+
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('///'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('///a'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('///a/'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('///a/b'))
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('///a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('c', File.basename('///a/b/c'))
+    else
+      # others
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('//'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('//a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('//a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('//a/b'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('//a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('c', File.basename('//a/b/c'))
+
+      assert_equal('/', File.basename('///'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('///a'))
+      assert_equal('a', File.basename('///a/'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('///a/b'))
+      assert_equal('b', File.basename('///a/b/'))
+      assert_equal('c', File.basename('///a/b/c'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extname
+    assert_equal('', File.extname('a'))
+    ext = '.rb'
+    assert_equal(ext, File.extname('a.rb'))
+    assert_equal(ext, File.extname('.a.rb'))
+    assert_equal(ext, File.extname('a/b/d/test.rb'))
+    assert_equal(ext, File.extname('.a/b/d/test.rb'))
+    unless /mswin|bccwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # trailing spaces and dots are ignored on NTFS.
+      ext = '.'
+    end
+    assert_equal(ext, File.extname('a.rb.'))
+    if /mswin|bccwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      # trailing spaces and dots are ignored on NTFS.
+      ext = ''
+    end
+    assert_equal(ext, File.extname('a.'))
+    assert_equal('', File.extname('.x'))
+    assert_equal('', File.extname('..x'))
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_incompatible_path
+    s = "\u{221e}\u{2603}"
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {open(s.encode("utf-16be"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {open(s.encode("utf-16le"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {open(s.encode("utf-32be"))}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) {open(s.encode("utf-32le"))}
+  end
+
+  def test_join
+    bug5483 = '[ruby-core:40338]'
+    path = %w[a b]
+    Encoding.list.each do |e|
+      next unless e.ascii_compatible?
+      assert_equal(e, File.join(*path.map {|s| s.force_encoding(e)}).encoding, bug5483)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_pattern_matching.rb b/test/ruby/test_pattern_matching.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96aa2a7fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_pattern_matching.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1763 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestPatternMatching < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class NullFormatter
+    def message_for(corrections)
+      ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    if defined?(DidYouMean.formatter=nil)
+      @original_formatter = DidYouMean.formatter
+      DidYouMean.formatter = NullFormatter.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    if defined?(DidYouMean.formatter=nil)
+      DidYouMean.formatter = @original_formatter
+    end
+  end
+
+  class C
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :keys
+    end
+
+    def initialize(obj)
+      @obj = obj
+    end
+
+    def deconstruct
+      @obj
+    end
+
+    def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+      C.keys = keys
+      @obj
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_basic
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in 0
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in 1
+        false
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMatchingPatternError) do
+      case 0
+      in 1
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    begin
+      o = [0]
+      case o
+      in 1
+        false
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      assert_match o.inspect, e.message
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      begin
+        true
+      ensure
+        case 0
+        in 0
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      begin
+        true
+      ensure
+        case 0
+        in 1
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMatchingPatternError) do
+      begin
+      ensure
+        case 0
+        in 1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      eval(%q{
+        case true
+        in a
+          a
+        end
+      })
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      tap do |a|
+        tap do
+          case true
+          in a
+            a
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMatchingPatternError) do
+      o = BasicObject.new
+      def o.match
+        case 0
+        in 1
+        end
+      end
+      o.match
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_modifier
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in a if a == 0
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in a if a != 0
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in a unless a != 0
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in a unless a == 0
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_as_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in 0 => a
+        a == 0
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_alternative_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      [0, 1].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in 0 | 1
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in _ | _a
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_valid_syntax(%{
+      case 0
+      in [ :a | :b, x]
+        true
+      end
+    })
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-c'], %q{
+      case 0
+      in a | 0
+      end
+    }, [], /alternative pattern/,
+    success: false)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-c'], %q{
+      case 0
+      in 0 | a
+      end
+    }, [], /alternative pattern/,
+    success: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_alternative_pattern_nested
+    assert_in_out_err(['-c'], %q{
+      case 0
+      in [a] | 1
+      end
+    }, [], /alternative pattern/,
+    success: false)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-c'], %q{
+      case 0
+      in { a: b } | 1
+      end
+    }, [], /alternative pattern/,
+    success: false)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-c'], %q{
+      case 0
+      in [{ a: [{ b: [{ c: }] }] }] | 1
+      end
+    }, [], /alternative pattern/,
+    success: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_var_pattern
+    # NODE_DASGN_CURR
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in a
+        a == 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    # NODE_DASGN
+    b = 0
+    assert_block do
+      case 1
+      in b
+        b == 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    # NODE_LASGN
+    case 0
+    in c
+      assert_equal(0, c)
+    else
+      flunk
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in ^a
+      end
+    }, /no such local variable/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in a, a
+      end
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2, 3]
+      in _, _, _a, _a
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in a, {a:}
+      end
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in a, {"a":}
+      end
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, "1"]
+      in a, "#{case 1; in a; a; end}"
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case [0, "1"]
+      in a, "#{case 1; in a; a; end}", a
+      end
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in a
+        assert_equal(0, a)
+        true
+      in a
+        flunk
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      0 => [a, a]
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+  end
+
+  def test_literal_value_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      case [nil, self, true, false]
+      in [nil, self, true, false]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0d170, 0D170, 0xaa, 0xAa, 0xAA, 0Xaa, 0XAa, 0XaA, 0252, 0o252, 0O252]
+      in [0d170, 0D170, 0xaa, 0xAa, 0xAA, 0Xaa, 0XAa, 0XaA, 0252, 0o252, 0O252]
+        true
+      end
+
+      case [0b10101010, 0B10101010, 12r, 12.3r, 1i, 12.3ri]
+      in [0b10101010, 0B10101010, 12r, 12.3r, 1i, 12.3ri]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      x = 'x'
+      case ['a', 'a', x]
+      in ['a', "a", "#{x}"]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case ["a\n"]
+      in [<<END]
+a
+END
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [:a, :"a"]
+      in [:a, :"a"]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      in [0..1, 0...2, 0.., 0..., (...5), (..5)]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in a..b
+      end
+    }, /unexpected/)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 'abc'
+      in /a/
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      a = "abc"
+      case 'abc'
+      in /#{a}/o
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in ->(i) { i == 0 }
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [%(a), %q(a), %Q(a), %w(a), %W(a), %i(a), %I(a), %s(a), %x(echo a), %(), %q(), %Q(), %w(), %W(), %i(), %I(), %s(), 'a']
+      in [%(a), %q(a), %Q(a), %w(a), %W(a), %i(a), %I(a), %s(a), %x(echo a), %(), %q(), %Q(), %w(), %W(), %i(), %I(), %s(), %r(a)]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [__FILE__, __LINE__ + 1, __ENCODING__]
+      in [__FILE__, __LINE__, __ENCODING__]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_value_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in Integer
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in Object::Integer
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in ::Object::Integer
+        true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pin_operator_value_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      a = /a/
+      case 'abc'
+      in ^a
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 0]
+      in a, ^a
+        a == 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      @a = /a/
+      case 'abc'
+      in ^@a
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      @@TestPatternMatching = /a/
+      case 'abc'
+      in ^@@TestPatternMatching
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      $TestPatternMatching = /a/
+      case 'abc'
+      in ^$TestPatternMatching
+        true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pin_operator_expr_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      case 'abc'
+        in ^(/a/)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {name: '2.6', released_at: Time.new(2018, 12, 25)}
+        in {released_at: ^(Time.new(2010)..Time.new(2020))}
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in ^(0+0)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_valid_syntax("1 in ^(1\n)")
+  end
+
+  def test_array_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      [[0], C.new([0])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in 0,;
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0, 1], C.new([0, 1])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in 0,;
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[], C.new([])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in 0,;
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0, 1], C.new([0, 1])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in 0, 1
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0], C.new([0])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in 0, 1
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[], C.new([])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *a
+          a == []
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0], C.new([0])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *a
+          a == [0]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0], C.new([0])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *a, 0, 1
+          raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0, 1], C.new([0, 1])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *a, 0, 1
+          a == []
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0, 1, 2], C.new([0, 1, 2])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *a, 1, 2
+          a == [0]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[], C.new([])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *;
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0], C.new([0])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *, 0, 1
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0, 1], C.new([0, 1])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *, 0, 1
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [[0, 1, 2], C.new([0, 1, 2])].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in *, 1, 2
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([0])
+      in C(0)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([0])
+      in Array(0)
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([])
+      in C()
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([])
+      in Array()
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([0])
+      in C[0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([0])
+      in Array[0]
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([])
+      in C[]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([])
+      in Array[]
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case []
+      in []
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([])
+      in []
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new([0])
+      in [0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0,]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1]
+      in [0,]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case []
+      in [0, *a]
+        raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0, *a]
+        a == []
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0, *a, 1]
+        raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1]
+      in [0, *a, 1]
+        a == []
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2]
+      in [0, *a, 2]
+        a == [1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case []
+      in [0, *]
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0, *]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1]
+      in [0, *]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case []
+      in [0, *a]
+        raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0, *a]
+        a == []
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1]
+      in [0, *a]
+        a == [1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0]
+      in [0, *, 1]
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1]
+      in [0, *, 1]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      0 => [a, *a]
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_pattern
+    [0, 1, 2] => [*, 1 => a, *]
+    assert_equal(1, a)
+
+    [0, 1, 2] => [*a, 1 => b, *c]
+    assert_equal([0], a)
+    assert_equal(1, b)
+    assert_equal([2], c)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2]
+      in [*, 9, *]
+        false
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2]
+      in [*, Integer, String, *]
+        false
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    [0, 1, 2] => [*a, 1 => b, 2 => c, *d]
+    assert_equal([0], a)
+    assert_equal(1, b)
+    assert_equal(2, c)
+    assert_equal([], d)
+
+    case [0, 1, 2]
+    in *, 1 => a, *;
+        assert_equal(1, a)
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2]
+      in String(*, 1, *)
+        false
+      in Array(*, 1, *)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2]
+      in String[*, 1, *]
+        false
+      in Array[*, 1, *]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17534
+    assert_block do
+      case [0, 1, 2]
+      in x
+        x = x # avoid a warning "assigned but unused variable - x"
+        true
+      in [*, 2, *]
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      0 => [*a, a, b, *b]
+    }, /duplicated variable name/)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_pattern
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a: 0
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a: 0
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a: 0
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a: 0, b: 1
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a: 0, b: 1
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1, c: 2}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1, c: 2})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a: 0, b: 1
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:
+          raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:
+          a == 0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:
+          a == 0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in "a": 0
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in "a":;
+          a == 0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in **a
+          a == {}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in **a
+          a == {a: 0}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in **;
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in **;
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:, **b
+          raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+          raise b # suppress "unused variable: b" warning
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:, **b
+          a == 0 && b == {}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:, **b
+          a == 0 && b == {b: 1}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in **nil
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in **nil
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:, **nil
+          assert_equal(0, a)
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:, **nil
+          assert_equal(0, a)
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0})
+      in C(a: 0)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {a: 0}
+      in C(a: 0)
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0})
+      in C[a: 0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {a: 0}
+      in C[a: 0]
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in {a: 0}
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in {a: 0}
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0, b: 1}, C.new({a: 0, b: 1})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in {a: 0}
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{}, C.new({})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in {}
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      [{a: 0}, C.new({a: 0})].all? do |i|
+        case i
+        in {}
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    bug18890 = assert_warning(/(?:.*:[47]: warning: possibly useless use of a literal in void context\n){2}/) do
+      eval("#{<<~';;;'}")
+      proc do |i|
+        case i
+        in a:
+          0 # line 4
+          a
+        in "b":
+          0 # line 7
+          b
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+      ;;;
+    end
+    [{a: 42}, {b: 42}].each do |i|
+      assert_block('newline should be significant after pattern label') do
+        bug18890.call(i)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case _
+      in a:, a:
+      end
+    }, /duplicated key name/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case _
+      in a?:
+      end
+    }, /key must be valid as local variables/)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {a?: true}
+      in a?: true
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {a: 0, b: 1}
+      in {a: 1,}
+        false
+      in {a:,}
+        _a = a
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {a: 0}
+      in {a: 1
+      }
+        false
+      in {a:
+            2}
+        false
+      in a: {b:}, c:
+        _b = b
+        p c
+      in {a:
+      }
+        _a = a
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case _
+      in "a-b":
+      end
+    }, /key must be valid as local variables/)
+
+    assert_block do
+      case {"a-b": true}
+      in "a-b": true
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case _
+      in "#{a}": a
+      end
+    }, /symbol literal with interpolation is not allowed/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case _
+      in "#{a}":
+      end
+    }, /symbol literal with interpolation is not allowed/)
+  end
+
+  def test_paren
+    assert_block do
+      case 0
+      in (0)
+        true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nomatchingpatternerror
+    assert_equal(StandardError, NoMatchingPatternError.superclass)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_syntax
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in a, b:
+      end
+    }, /unexpected/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in [a:]
+      end
+    }, /unexpected/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in {a}
+      end
+    }, /unexpected/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error(%q{
+      case 0
+      in {0 => a}
+      end
+    }, /unexpected/)
+  end
+
+  ################################################################
+
+  class CTypeError
+    def deconstruct
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deconstruct
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      case CTypeError.new
+      in []
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deconstruct_keys
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      case CTypeError.new
+      in {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({})
+      in {}
+        C.keys == nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0, b: 0, c: 0})
+      in {a: 0, b:}
+        assert_equal(0, b)
+        C.keys == [:a, :b]
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0, b: 0, c: 0})
+      in {a: 0, b:, **}
+        assert_equal(0, b)
+        C.keys == [:a, :b]
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0, b: 0, c: 0})
+      in {a: 0, b:, **r}
+        assert_equal(0, b)
+        assert_equal({c: 0}, r)
+        C.keys == nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0, b: 0, c: 0})
+      in {**}
+        C.keys == []
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case C.new({a: 0, b: 0, c: 0})
+      in {**r}
+        assert_equal({a: 0, b: 0, c: 0}, r)
+        C.keys == nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ################################################################
+
+  class CDeconstructCache
+    def initialize(v)
+      @v = v
+    end
+
+    def deconstruct
+      @v.shift
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deconstruct_cache
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0]])
+      in [1]
+      in [0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0, 1]])
+      in [1,]
+      in [0,]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[[0]]])
+      in [[1]]
+      in [[*a]]
+        a == [0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0]])
+      in [x] if x > 0
+      in [0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0]])
+      in []
+      in [1] | [0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0]])
+      in [1] => _
+      in [0] => _
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0]])
+      in C[0]
+      in CDeconstructCache[0]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case [CDeconstructCache.new([[0], [1]])]
+      in [[1]]
+        false
+      in [[1]]
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_block do
+      case CDeconstructCache.new([[0, :a, 1]])
+      in [*, String => x, *]
+        false
+      in [*, Symbol => x, *]
+        x == :a
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ################################################################
+
+  class TestPatternMatchingRefinements < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    class C1
+      def deconstruct
+        [:C1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class C2
+    end
+
+    module M
+      refine Array do
+        def deconstruct
+          [0]
+        end
+      end
+
+      refine Hash do
+        def deconstruct_keys(_)
+          {a: 0}
+        end
+      end
+
+      refine C2.singleton_class do
+        def ===(obj)
+          obj.kind_of?(C1)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using M
+
+    def test_refinements
+      assert_block do
+        case []
+        in [0]
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_block do
+        case {}
+        in {a: 0}
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_block do
+        case C1.new
+        in C2(:C1)
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ################################################################
+
+  def test_struct
+    assert_block do
+      s = Struct.new(:a, :b)
+      case s[0, 1]
+      in 0, 1
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    s = Struct.new(:a, :b, keyword_init: true)
+    assert_block do
+      case s[a: 0, b: 1]
+      in **r
+        r == {a: 0, b: 1}
+      end
+    end
+    assert_block do
+      s = Struct.new(:a, :b, keyword_init: true)
+      case s[a: 0, b: 1]
+      in a:, b:
+        a == 0 && b == 1
+      end
+    end
+    assert_block do
+      s = Struct.new(:a, :b, keyword_init: true)
+      case s[a: 0, b: 1]
+      in a:, c:
+        raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+        raise c # suppress "unused variable: c" warning
+        flunk
+      in a:, b:, c:
+        flunk
+      in b:
+        b == 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ################################################################
+
+  def test_one_line
+    1 => a
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_raise(NoMatchingPatternError) do
+      {a: 1} => {a: 0}
+    end
+
+    [1, 2] => a, b
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    assert_equal 2, b
+
+    {a: 1} => a:
+    assert_equal 1, a
+
+    assert_equal true, (1 in 1)
+    assert_equal false, (1 in 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_bug18990
+    {a: 0} => a:
+    assert_equal 0, a
+    {a: 0} => a:
+    assert_equal 0, a
+
+    {a: 0} in a:
+    assert_equal 0, a
+    {a: 0} in a:
+    assert_equal 0, a
+  end
+
+  ################################################################
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_value_pattern
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: 1 === 0 does not return true") do
+      0 => 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_array_pattern
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[]: Hash === [] does not return true") do
+      [] => Hash[]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: 0 does not respond to #deconstruct") do
+      0 => []
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[0]: [0] length mismatch (given 1, expected 0)") do
+      [0] => []
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[]: [] length mismatch (given 0, expected 1+)") do
+      [] => [_, *]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[0, 0]: 1 === 0 does not return true") do
+      [0, 0] => [0, 1]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[0, 0]: 1 === 0 does not return true") do
+      [0, 0] => [*, 0, 1]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_find_pattern
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[]: Hash === [] does not return true") do
+      [] => Hash[*, _, *]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: 0 does not respond to #deconstruct") do
+      0 => [*, _, *]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[]: [] length mismatch (given 0, expected 1+)") do
+      [] => [*, _, *]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[0]: [0] does not match to find pattern") do
+      [0] => [*, 1, *]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[0]: [0] does not match to find pattern") do
+      [0] => [*, {a:}, *]
+      raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_hash_pattern
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "{}: Array === {} does not return true") do
+      {} => Array[a:]
+      raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: 0 does not respond to #deconstruct_keys") do
+      0 => {a:}
+      raise a # suppress "unused variable: a" warning
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternKeyError, "{a: 0}: key not found: :aa") do
+      {a: 0} => {aa:}
+      raise aa # suppress "unused variable: aa" warning
+    rescue NoMatchingPatternKeyError => e
+      assert_equal({a: 0}, e.matchee)
+      assert_equal(:aa, e.key)
+      raise e
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternKeyError, "{a: {b: 0}}: key not found: :bb") do
+      {a: {b: 0}} => {a: {bb:}}
+      raise bb # suppress "unused variable: bb" warning
+    rescue NoMatchingPatternKeyError => e
+      assert_equal({b: 0}, e.matchee)
+      assert_equal(:bb, e.key)
+      raise e
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "{a: 0}: 1 === 0 does not return true") do
+      {a: 0} => {a: 1}
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "{a: 0}: {a: 0} is not empty") do
+      {a: 0} => {}
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[{a: 0}]: rest of {a: 0} is not empty") do
+      [{a: 0}] => [{**nil}]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_as_pattern
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "[0]: 1 === 0 does not return true") do
+      case [0]
+      in [1] => _
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_alternative_pattern
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: 2 === 0 does not return true") do
+      0 => 1 | 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single_pattern_error_guard_clause
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: guard clause does not return true") do
+      case 0
+      in _ if false
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMatchingPatternError, "0: guard clause does not return true") do
+      case 0
+      in _ unless true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb b/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fa42fd375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require_relative 'ut_eof'
+
+class TestPipe < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include TestEOF
+  def open_file(content)
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    w << content
+    w.close
+    begin
+      yield r
+    ensure
+      r.close
+    end
+  end
+  class WithConversion < self
+    def open_file(content)
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      w << content
+      w.close
+      r.set_encoding("us-ascii:utf-8")
+      begin
+        yield r
+      ensure
+        r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_stdout_epipe
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      io = STDOUT
+      begin
+        save = io.dup
+        IO.popen("echo", "w", out: IO::NULL) do |f|
+          io.reopen(f)
+          Process.wait(f.pid)
+          assert_raise(Errno::EPIPE) do
+            io.print "foo\n"
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        io.reopen(save)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_primitive.rb b/test/ruby/test_primitive.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1db934000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_primitive.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRubyPrimitive < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_not
+    assert_equal false, !true
+    assert_equal true, !false
+    assert_equal true, !nil
+    assert_equal false, !(1+1)
+    assert_equal false, !!nil
+    assert_equal true, !!1
+  end
+
+  def test_lvar
+    a = 1
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    b = 2
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    a = b = 3
+    assert_equal 3, a
+    assert_equal 3, b
+    a = b = c = 4
+    assert_equal 4, a
+    assert_equal 4, b
+    assert_equal 4, c
+  end
+
+  C_Setup = -> do
+    remove_const :C if defined? ::TestRubyPrimitive::C
+    remove_const :A if defined? ::TestRubyPrimitive::A
+
+    C = 1
+    class A
+      Const = 1
+      class B
+        Const = 2
+        class C
+          Const = 3
+          def const
+            Const
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    (1..2).map {
+      A::B::C::Const
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_constant
+    C_Setup.call
+
+    assert_equal 1, C
+    assert_equal 1, C
+    assert_equal 1, A::Const
+    assert_equal 2, A::B::Const
+    assert_equal 3, A::B::C::Const
+    assert_equal 3, A::B::C.new.const
+    assert_equal 1, ::TestRubyPrimitive::A::Const
+    A::B::C.send(:remove_const, :Const)
+    assert_equal 2, A::B::C.new.const
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      C::CONST
+    }
+  end
+
+  class A2
+    class B2
+      class C2
+        C = 7
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_cache
+    i = 0
+    while i < 3
+      r = A2::B2::C2::C
+      i += 1
+    end
+    assert_equal 7, r
+  end
+
+  class A3
+    class B3
+      C = 99
+    end
+  end
+  i = 0
+  while i < 3
+    r = r = A3::B3::C   # cache
+    class A3::B3
+      remove_const :C
+    end
+    A3::B3::C = i ** i
+    i += 1
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_cache2
+    assert_equal 4, A3::B3::C
+  end
+
+  class A4
+    Const = 7
+    (1..3).map {
+      $test_ruby_primitive_constant_cache3 = self::Const
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_cache3
+    assert_equal 7, $test_ruby_primitive_constant_cache3
+  end
+
+  class A5
+    Const = 8
+    (1..3).map {
+      $test_ruby_primitive_constant_cache4 = eval('self')::Const
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_constatant_cache4
+    assert_equal 8, $test_ruby_primitive_constant_cache4
+  end
+
+  class A6
+    Const = 0
+    def self.foo
+      self::Const
+    end
+  end
+  class B6 < A6
+    Const = 1
+  end
+  class C6 < B6
+    Const = 2
+  end
+  $test_ruby_primitive_constant_cache5 = [A6.foo, B6.foo, C6.foo]
+
+  def test_constant_cache5
+    assert_equal [0, 1, 2], $test_ruby_primitive_constant_cache5
+  end
+
+  def test_gvar
+    $test_ruby_primitive_gvar = 7
+    assert_equal 7, $test_ruby_primitive_gvar
+    assert_equal 7, $test_ruby_primitive_gvar
+    $test_ruby_primitive_gvar = 88
+    assert_equal 88, $test_ruby_primitive_gvar
+    assert_equal 88, $test_ruby_primitive_gvar
+    assert_equal 7, ($test_ruby_primitive_gvar = 7)
+    assert_equal 7, ($test_ruby_primitive_gvar = 7)
+  end
+
+  A7_Setup = -> do
+    remove_const :A7 if defined? TestRubyPrimitive::A7
+
+    class A7
+      @@c = 1
+      def m
+        @@c += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cvar_from_instance_method
+    A7_Setup.call
+
+    assert_equal 2, A7.new.m
+    assert_equal 3, A7.new.m
+    assert_equal 4, A7.new.m
+  end
+
+  A8_Setup = -> do
+    remove_const :A8 if defined? TestRubyPrimitive::A8
+
+    class A8
+      @@c = 1
+      class << self
+        def m
+          @@c += 1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cvar_from_singleton_method
+    A8_Setup.call
+
+    assert_equal 2, A8.m
+    assert_equal 3, A8.m
+    assert_equal 4, A8.m
+  end
+
+  A9_Setup = -> do
+    remove_const :A8 if defined? TestRubyPrimitive::A8
+
+    class A9
+      @@c = 1
+      def self.m
+        @@c += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cvar_from_singleton_method2
+    A9_Setup.call
+
+    assert_equal 2, A9.m
+    assert_equal 3, A9.m
+    assert_equal 4, A9.m
+  end
+
+  class A10
+    attr_accessor :a
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign
+    i = 0
+    i += 1
+    assert_equal 1, i
+
+    @iv = 2
+    @iv += 2
+    assert_equal 4, @iv
+
+    # init @@cv
+    @@cv = nil
+
+    @@cv ||= 1
+    assert_equal 1, @@cv
+    @@cv &&= 2
+    assert_equal 2, @@cv
+    @@cv ||= 99
+    assert_equal 2, @@cv
+
+    $gv = 3
+    $gv += 4
+    assert_equal 7, $gv
+
+    obj = A10.new
+    obj.a = 9
+    obj.a &&= 7
+    assert_equal 7, obj.a
+
+    obj.a = nil
+    obj.a ||= 2
+    assert_equal 2, obj.a
+
+    obj.a &&= 3
+    assert_equal 3, obj.a
+
+    a = []
+    a[0] ||= 3
+    assert_equal 3, a[0]
+    a[0] &&= 7
+    assert_equal 7, a[0]
+    a[0] ||= 3
+    assert_equal 7, a[0]
+
+    a = [0, 1, nil, 3, 4]
+    a[*[2]] ||= :foo
+    assert_equal [0, 1, :foo, 3, 4], a
+    a[*[1,3]] &&= [:bar]
+    assert_equal [0, :bar, 4], a
+  end
+
+  def test_opassign_and_or
+    a = 1
+    a ||= 2
+    assert_equal 1, a
+    a = nil
+    a ||= 2
+    assert_equal 2, a
+    a = 1
+    a &&= 3
+    assert_equal 3, a
+    a = nil
+    a &&= 4
+    assert_nil a
+
+    h = {}
+    h[0] ||= 1
+    assert_equal 1, h[0]
+    h = {}
+    h[0] &&= 1
+    assert_nil h[0]
+    h = {0 => 7}
+    h[0] ||= 1
+    assert_equal 7, h[0]
+    h = {0 => 7}
+    h[0] &&= 1
+    assert_equal 1, h[0]
+  end
+
+  def test_backref
+    /a(b)(c)d/ =~ 'xyzabcdefgabcdefg'
+    assert_equal 'b', $1
+    assert_equal 'c', $2
+    assert_nil $3
+    assert_instance_of MatchData, $~
+    assert_equal 'abcd', $&
+    assert_equal 'xyz', $`
+    assert_equal 'efgabcdefg', $'
+    assert_equal 'c', $+
+
+    /(?!)/ =~ 'xyzabcdefgabcdefg'
+    assert_nil $1
+    assert_nil $2
+    assert_nil $3
+    assert_nil $~
+    assert_nil $&
+    assert_nil $`
+    assert_nil $'
+    assert_nil $+
+  end
+
+  def test_fact
+    assert_equal 306057512216440636035370461297268629388588804173576999416776741259476533176716867465515291422477573349939147888701726368864263907759003154226842927906974559841225476930271954604008012215776252176854255965356903506788725264321896264299365204576448830388909753943489625436053225980776521270822437639449120128678675368305712293681943649956460498166450227716500185176546469340112226034729724066333258583506870150169794168850353752137554910289126407157154830282284937952636580145235233156936482233436799254594095276820608062232812387383880817049600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, fact(300)
+  end
+
+  def fact(n)
+    if n > 1
+      n * fact(n - 1)
+    else
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    assert_equal 0, 2 * 0
+    assert_equal 0, 0 * 2
+    assert_equal 4, 2 * 2
+  end
+
+  class MyNum
+    def /(a)
+      a * 100
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    assert_equal 1, 3 / 2
+    assert_equal 1.5, 3.0 / 2.0
+    assert_equal 300, MyNum.new / 3
+  end
+
+  class MyArr
+    def length
+      'string'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_length
+    assert_equal 0, [].length
+    assert_equal 1, [1].length
+    assert_equal 2, [1,2].length
+    assert_equal 0, {}.length
+    assert_equal 1, {1=>1}.length
+    assert_equal 2, {1=>1, 2=>2}.length
+    assert_equal 'string', MyArr.new.length
+  end
+
+  class MyNum2
+    def %(a)
+      a * 100
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mod
+    assert_equal 2, 5 % 3
+    assert_equal 1.0, 3.0 % 2.0
+    assert_equal 300, MyNum2.new % 3
+  end
+
+  class MyObj
+    def [](*args)
+      args
+    end
+
+    def []=(*args)
+      args
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_aref
+    a = [0,1]
+    assert_equal 0, a[0]
+    assert_equal 1, a[1]
+    assert_nil a[2]
+    h = {0=>0, 1=>1}
+    obj = MyObj.new
+    assert_equal 0, h[0]
+    assert_equal 1, h[1]
+    assert_nil h[2]
+    assert_equal [0], obj[0]
+    assert_equal [0,1], obj[0,1]
+    assert_equal [0,1,2], obj[0,1,2]
+  end
+
+  def test_aset
+    obj = MyObj.new
+    assert_equal 7, (obj[0] = 7)
+    assert_equal 7, (obj[0,1] = 7)
+    assert_equal 7, (obj[0,1,2] = 7)
+  end
+
+  class MyObj2
+    def attr=(*args)
+      args
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_setter
+    obj = MyObj2.new
+    assert_equal 1, (obj.attr = 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_list_expand
+    a = []
+    assert_equal [0], [0, *a]
+    a = [1]
+    assert_equal [0,1], [0, *a]
+    a = [1,2]
+    assert_equal [0,1,2], [0, *a]
+    a = [1,2,3]
+    assert_equal [0,1,2,3], [0, *a]
+    #a = [1,2,3]
+    #assert_equal [0,1,2,3,4], [0, *a, 4]
+  end
+
+  def test_concatarray_ruby_dev_41933
+    bug3658 = '[ruby-dev:41933]'
+    [0, *x=1]
+    assert_equal(1, x, bug3658)
+    [0, *x=1, 2]
+    assert_equal(1, x, bug3658)
+    class << (x = Object.new)
+      attr_accessor :to_a_called
+      def to_a
+        @to_a_called = true
+        [self]
+      end
+    end
+    x.to_a_called = false
+    [0, *x]
+    assert_predicate(x, :to_a_called, bug3658)
+    x.to_a_called = false
+    [0, *x, 2]
+    assert_predicate(x, :to_a_called, bug3658)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_proc.rb b/test/ruby/test_proc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..959ea87f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_proc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2219 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestProc < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_proc
+    p1 = proc{|i| i}
+    assert_equal(2, p1.call(2))
+    assert_equal(3, p1.call(3))
+
+    p1 = proc{|i| i*2}
+    assert_equal(4, p1.call(2))
+    assert_equal(6, p1.call(3))
+
+    p2 = nil
+    x=0
+
+    proc{
+      iii=5				# nested local variable
+      p1 = proc{|i|
+        iii = i
+      }
+      p2 = proc {
+        x = iii                 	# nested variables shared by procs
+      }
+      # scope of nested variables
+      assert(defined?(iii))
+    }.call
+    assert(!defined?(iii))		# out of scope
+
+    loop{iii=iii=5; assert(eval("defined? iii")); break}
+    loop {
+      iii=iii = 10
+      def self.dyna_var_check
+        loop {
+          assert(!defined?(iii))
+          break
+        }
+      end
+      dyna_var_check
+      break
+    }
+    p1.call(5)
+    p2.call
+    assert_equal(5, x)
+  end
+
+  def assert_arity(n, &block)
+    meta = class << self; self; end
+    b = Proc.new(&block)
+    meta.class_eval {
+      remove_method(:foo_arity) if method_defined?(:foo_arity)
+      define_method(:foo_arity, b)
+    }
+    assert_equal(n, method(:foo_arity).arity)
+  end
+
+  def test_arity
+    assert_equal(0, proc{}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, proc{||}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, proc{|x|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, proc{|x=1|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(2, proc{|x, y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, proc{|x=0, y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, proc{|x=0, y=0|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, proc{|x, y=0|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, proc{|x, *y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, proc{|x=0, *y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, proc{|*x|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, proc{|*|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, proc{|x, *y, z|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, proc{|x=0, *y, z|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(2, proc{|(x, y), z|[x,y]}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, proc{|(x, y), z=0|[x,y]}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-4, proc{|x, *y, z, a|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, proc{|**|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, proc{|**o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, proc{|x, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, proc{|x=0, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, proc{|x, y=0, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(2, proc{|x, y=0, z, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, proc{|x, y=0, *z, w, **o|}.arity)
+
+    assert_equal(2, proc{|x, y=0, z, a:1|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(3, proc{|x, y=0, z, a:|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-4, proc{|x, y, *rest, a:, b:, c:|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(3, proc{|x, y=0, z, a:, **o|}.arity)
+
+    assert_equal(0, lambda{}.arity)
+    assert_equal(0, lambda{||}.arity)
+    assert_equal(1, lambda{|x|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|x=1|}.arity) # different from proc
+    assert_equal(2, lambda{|x, y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|x=0, y|}.arity) # different from proc
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|x=0, y=0|}.arity) # different from proc
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|x, y=0|}.arity) # different from proc
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|x, *y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|x=0, *y|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|*x|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|*|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, lambda{|x, *y, z|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|x=0, *y, z|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(2, lambda{|(x, y), z|[x,y]}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|(x, y), z=0|[x,y]}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-4, lambda{|x, *y, z, a|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|**|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|**o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|x, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, lambda{|x=0, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-2, lambda{|x, y=0, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, lambda{|x, y=0, z, **o|}.arity)
+    assert_equal(-3, lambda{|x, y=0, *z, w, **o|}.arity)
+
+    assert_arity(0) {}
+    assert_arity(0) {||}
+    assert_arity(1) {|x|}
+    assert_arity(2) {|x, y|}
+    assert_arity(-2) {|x, *y|}
+    assert_arity(-3) {|x, *y, z|}
+    assert_arity(-1) {|*x|}
+    assert_arity(-1) {|*|}
+    assert_arity(-1) {|**o|}
+    assert_arity(-1) {|**|}
+    assert_arity(-2) {|x, *y, **|}
+    assert_arity(-3) {|x, *y, z, **|}
+  end
+
+  def m(x)
+    lambda { x }
+  end
+
+  def m_nest0(&block)
+    block
+  end
+
+  def m_nest(&block)
+    [m_nest0(&block), m_nest0(&block)]
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    a = m(1)
+    b = m(2)
+    assert_not_equal(a, b, "[ruby-dev:22592]")
+    assert_not_equal(a.call, b.call, "[ruby-dev:22592]")
+
+    assert_not_equal(proc {||}, proc {|x,y|}, "[ruby-dev:22599]")
+
+    a = lambda {|x| lambda {} }.call(1)
+    b = lambda {}
+    assert_not_equal(a, b, "[ruby-dev:22601]")
+
+    assert_equal(*m_nest{}, "[ruby-core:84583] Feature #14627")
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_equal
+    # iseq backed proc
+    p1 = proc {}
+    p2 = p1.dup
+
+    assert_equal p1.hash, p2.hash
+
+    # ifunc backed proc
+    p1 = {}.to_proc
+    p2 = p1.dup
+
+    assert_equal p1.hash, p2.hash
+
+    # symbol backed proc
+    p1 = :hello.to_proc
+    p2 = :hello.to_proc
+
+    assert_equal p1.hash, p2.hash
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_uniqueness
+    def self.capture(&block)
+      block
+    end
+
+    procs = Array.new(1000){capture{:foo }}
+    assert_operator(procs.map(&:hash).uniq.size, :>=, 500)
+
+    # iseq backed proc
+    unique_hashes = 1000.times.map { proc {}.hash }.uniq
+    assert_operator(unique_hashes.size, :>=, 500)
+
+    # ifunc backed proc
+    unique_hashes = 1000.times.map { {}.to_proc.hash }.uniq
+    assert_operator(unique_hashes.size, :>=, 500)
+
+    # symbol backed proc
+    unique_hashes = 1000.times.map { |i| :"test#{i}".to_proc.hash }.uniq
+    assert_operator(unique_hashes.size, :>=, 500)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_does_not_change_after_compaction
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    # [Bug #20853]
+    [
+      "proc {}", # iseq backed proc
+      "{}.to_proc", # ifunc backed proc
+      ":hello.to_proc", # symbol backed proc
+    ].each do |proc|
+      assert_separately([], <<~RUBY)
+        p1 = #{proc}
+        hash = p1.hash
+
+        GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+        assert_equal(hash, p1.hash, "proc is `#{proc}`")
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_block_par
+    assert_equal(10, Proc.new{|&b| b.call(10)}.call {|x| x})
+    assert_equal(12, Proc.new{|a,&b| b.call(a)}.call(12) {|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def m2
+    "OK"
+  end
+
+  def block
+    method(:m2).to_proc
+  end
+
+  def m1(var)
+    var
+  end
+
+  def m_block_given?
+    m1(block_given?)
+  end
+
+  # [yarv-dev:777] block made by Method#to_proc
+  def test_method_to_proc
+    b = block()
+    assert_equal "OK", b.call
+    b = b.binding
+    assert_instance_of(Binding, b, '[ruby-core:25589]')
+    bug10432 = '[ruby-core:65919] [Bug #10432]'
+    assert_same(self, b.receiver, bug10432)
+    assert_not_send [b, :local_variable_defined?, :value]
+    assert_raise(NameError) {
+      b.local_variable_get(:value)
+    }
+    assert_equal 42, b.local_variable_set(:value, 42)
+    assert_send [b, :local_variable_defined?, :value]
+    assert_equal 42, b.local_variable_get(:value)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given_method
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    m = method(:m_block_given?)
+    assert(!m.call, "without block")
+    assert(m.call {}, "with block")
+    assert(!m.call, "without block second")
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given_method_to_proc
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    bug8341 = '[Bug #8341]'
+    m = method(:m_block_given?).to_proc
+    assert(!m.call, "#{bug8341} without block")
+    assert(m.call {}, "#{bug8341} with block")
+    assert(!m.call, "#{bug8341} without block second")
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_block_persist_between_calls
+    bug8341 = '[Bug #8341]'
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.m1(top=true)
+      if top
+        [block_given?, @m.call(false)]
+      else
+        block_given?
+      end
+    end
+    m = o.method(:m1).to_proc
+    o.instance_variable_set(:@m, m)
+    assert_equal([true, false], m.call {}, "#{bug8341} nested with block")
+    assert_equal([false, false], m.call, "#{bug8341} nested without block")
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_proc
+    b = proc {|x, y, z| (x||0) + (y||0) + (z||0) }
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry[1][2][3])
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry[1, 2][3, 4])
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry(5)[1][2][3][4][5])
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry(5)[1, 2][3, 4][5])
+    assert_equal(1, b.curry(1)[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_proc_splat
+    b = proc {|x, y, z, *w| (x||0) + (y||0) + (z||0) + w.inject(0, &:+) }
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry[1][2][3])
+    assert_equal(10, b.curry[1, 2][3, 4])
+    assert_equal(15, b.curry(5)[1][2][3][4][5])
+    assert_equal(15, b.curry(5)[1, 2][3, 4][5])
+    assert_equal(1, b.curry(1)[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_lambda
+    b = lambda {|x, y, z| (x||0) + (y||0) + (z||0) }
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry[1][2][3])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { b.curry[1, 2][3, 4] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { b.curry(5) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { b.curry(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_lambda_splat
+    b = lambda {|x, y, z, *w| (x||0) + (y||0) + (z||0) + w.inject(0, &:+) }
+    assert_equal(6, b.curry[1][2][3])
+    assert_equal(10, b.curry[1, 2][3, 4])
+    assert_equal(15, b.curry(5)[1][2][3][4][5])
+    assert_equal(15, b.curry(5)[1, 2][3, 4][5])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { b.curry(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_no_arguments
+    b = proc { :foo }
+    assert_equal(:foo, b.curry[])
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_given_blocks
+    b = lambda {|x, y, &blk| blk.call(x + y) }.curry
+    b = assert_warning(/given block not used/) {b.call(2) { raise }}
+    b = b.call(3) {|x| x + 4 }
+    assert_equal(9, b)
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda?
+    l = proc {}
+    assert_equal(false, l.lambda?)
+    assert_equal(false, l.curry.lambda?, '[ruby-core:24127]')
+    assert_equal(false, proc(&l).lambda?)
+    assert_equal(false, Proc.new(&l).lambda?)
+    l = lambda {}
+    assert_equal(true, l.lambda?)
+    assert_equal(true, l.curry.lambda?, '[ruby-core:24127]')
+    assert_equal(true, proc(&l).lambda?)
+    assert_equal(true, lambda(&l).lambda?)
+    assert_equal(true, Proc.new(&l).lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def helper_test_warn_lambda_with_passed_block &b
+    lambda(&b)
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_warning_pass_proc
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      b = proc{}
+      lambda(&b)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_warning_pass_block
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      helper_test_warn_lambda_with_passed_block{}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_ski_fib
+    s = proc {|f, g, x| f[x][g[x]] }.curry
+    k = proc {|x, y| x }.curry
+    i = proc {|x| x }.curry
+
+    fib = []
+    inc = proc {|x| fib[-1] += 1; x }.curry
+    ret = proc {|x| throw :end if fib.size > 10; fib << 0; x }.curry
+
+    catch(:end) do
+      s[
+        s[s[i][i]][k[i]]
+      ][
+        k[inc]
+      ][
+        s[
+          s[
+            k[s]
+          ][
+            s[k[s[k[s]]]
+          ][
+            s[s[k[s]][s[k[s[k[ret]]]][s[k[s[i]]][k]]]][k]]
+          ]
+        ][
+          k[s[k[s]][k]]
+        ]
+      ]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(fib, [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89])
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_passed_block
+    a = lambda {|x, y, &b| b }
+    b = a.curry[1]
+
+    assert_not_nil(b.call(2){}, '[ruby-core:15551]: passed block to curried block')
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_instance_exec
+    a = lambda { |x, y| [x + y, self] }
+    b = a.curry.call(1)
+    result = instance_exec 2, &b
+
+    assert_equal(3, result[0])
+    assert_equal(self, result[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_optional_params
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.foo(a, b=42); end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { obj.method(:foo).to_proc.curry(3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ->(a, b=42){}.curry(3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_clone
+    # iseq backed proc
+    b = proc {|x| x + "bar" }
+    class << b; attr_accessor :foo; end
+
+    bd = b.dup
+    assert_equal("foobar", bd.call("foo"))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { bd.foo = :foo }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { bd.foo }
+
+    bc = b.clone
+    assert_equal("foobar", bc.call("foo"))
+    bc.foo = :foo
+    assert_equal(:foo, bc.foo)
+
+    # ifunc backed proc
+    b = {foo: "bar"}.to_proc
+
+    bd = b.dup
+    assert_equal("bar", bd.call(:foo))
+
+    bc = b.clone
+    assert_equal("bar", bc.call(:foo))
+
+    # symbol backed proc
+    b = :to_s.to_proc
+
+    bd = b.dup
+    assert_equal("testing", bd.call(:testing))
+
+    bc = b.clone
+    assert_equal("testing", bc.call(:testing))
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_subclass
+    c1 = Class.new(Proc)
+    assert_equal c1, c1.new{}.dup.class, '[Bug #17545]'
+    c1 = Class.new(Proc) {def initialize_dup(*) throw :initialize_dup; end}
+    assert_throw(:initialize_dup) {c1.new{}.dup}
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_ifunc_proc_bug_20950
+    assert_normal_exit(<<~RUBY, "[Bug #20950]")
+      p = { a: 1 }.to_proc
+      100.times do
+        p = p.dup
+        GC.start
+        p.call
+      rescue ArgumentError
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_clone_subclass
+    c1 = Class.new(Proc)
+    assert_equal c1, c1.new{}.clone.class, '[Bug #17545]'
+    c1 = Class.new(Proc) {def initialize_clone(*) throw :initialize_clone; end}
+    assert_throw(:initialize_clone) {c1.new{}.clone}
+  end
+
+  def test_binding
+    b = proc {|x, y, z| proc {}.binding }.call(1, 2, 3)
+    class << b; attr_accessor :foo; end
+
+    bd = b.dup
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], bd.eval("[x, y, z]"))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { bd.foo = :foo }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { bd.foo }
+
+    bc = b.clone
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], bc.eval("[x, y, z]"))
+    bc.foo = :foo
+    assert_equal(:foo, bc.foo)
+
+    b = nil
+    1.times { x, y, z = 1, 2, 3; [x,y,z]; b = binding }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], b.eval("[x, y, z]"))
+  end
+
+  def test_binding_source_location
+    b, expected_location = binding, [__FILE__, __LINE__]
+    assert_equal(expected_location, b.source_location)
+
+    file, lineno = method(:source_location_test).to_proc.binding.source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_source_location_test[0], lineno, 'Bug #2427')
+  end
+
+  def test_binding_error_unless_ruby_frame
+    define_singleton_method :binding_from_c!, method(:binding).to_proc >> ->(bndg) {bndg}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { binding_from_c! }
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_lambda
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { proc }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { assert_warn(/deprecated/) {lambda} }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo
+      b = nil
+      1.times { b = lambda }
+      b
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      assert_deprecated_warning {o.foo { :foo }}.call
+    end
+
+    def o.bar(&b)
+      b = nil
+      1.times { b = lambda }
+      b
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      assert_deprecated_warning {o.bar { :foo }}.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_arity2
+    assert_equal(0, method(:proc).to_proc.arity)
+    assert_equal(-1, proc {}.curry.arity)
+
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval { attr_accessor :foo }
+    assert_equal(1, c.new.method(:foo=).to_proc.arity)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_location
+    t = Thread.new { sleep }
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) { t.instance_eval { initialize { } } }
+    t.kill
+    t.join
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc
+    b = proc { :foo }
+    assert_equal(:foo, b.to_proc.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_localjump_error
+    o = o = Object.new
+    def foo; yield; end
+    exc = foo rescue $!
+    assert_nil(exc.exit_value)
+    assert_equal(:noreason, exc.reason)
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_binding
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { proc {}.curry.binding }
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_plain
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c,d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil,nil,nil,nil,nil],  pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1,nil,nil,nil,nil],  pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1,2,nil,nil,nil],  pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,nil,nil],  pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,nil],  pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5],  pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5],  pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil,nil,nil,nil,nil],  pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1,nil,nil,nil,nil],  pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1,2,nil,nil,nil],  pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,nil,nil],  pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,nil],  pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5],  pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5],  pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+
+    r = proc{|a| a}.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], r
+
+    r = proc{|a,| a}.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal 1, r
+
+    r = proc{|a,| a}.call([])
+    assert_equal nil, r
+  end
+
+
+  def test_proc_args_rest
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c,*d|
+      [a,b,c,d]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil,nil,nil,[]],  pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1,nil,nil,[]],  pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1,2,nil,[]],  pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[]],  pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[4]], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[4,5]], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[4,5,6]], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil,nil,nil,[]],  pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1,nil,nil,[]],  pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1,2,nil,[]],  pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[]],  pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[4]], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[4,5]], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,[4,5,6]], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+
+    r = proc{|*a| a}.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [[1,2,3]], r
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_rest_post
+    pr = proc {|a,b,*c,d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], nil, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], nil, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], nil, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, 4], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], 4, 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3, 4], 5, 6], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3, 4, 5], 6,7], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], nil, nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], nil, nil], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], nil, nil], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, nil], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], 4, 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3, 4], 5, 6], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3, 4, 5], 6,7], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_rest_post
+    pr = proc {|*a,b,c|
+      [a,b,c]
+    }
+    assert_equal [[], nil, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [[], 1, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[], 1, 2], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 3, 4], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], 4, 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], 5, 6], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 6,7], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
+
+    assert_equal [[], nil, nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [[], 1, nil], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [[], 1, 2], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 3, 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], 4, 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], 5, 6], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 6,7], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c|
+      [a,b,c]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c|
+      [a,b,c]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_single
+    bug7621 = '[ruby-dev:46801]'
+    pr = proc {|a=:a|
+      a
+    }
+    assert_equal :a, pr.call()
+    assert_equal 1, pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal 1, pr.call(1,2)
+
+    assert_equal [], pr.call([]), bug7621
+    assert_equal [1], pr.call([1]), bug7621
+    assert_equal [1, 2], pr.call([1,2]), bug7621
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3]), bug7621
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4]), bug7621
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_post
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, nil, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, nil, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, nil, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, 3, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, 3, 4], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, nil, nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, nil, nil], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, nil, nil], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, 3, nil], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, 3, 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_post
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, nil, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, 1, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, 1, 2], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, 2, 3], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, 3, 4], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, nil, nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, 1, nil], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, 1, 2], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, 2, 3], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, 3, 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_rest
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,*d|
+      [a,b,c,d]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, []], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, []], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, []], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, []], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4]], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, []], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, []], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, []], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, []], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4]], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_rest
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,*d|
+      [a,b,c,d]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, []], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, []], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, []], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, []], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4]], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, []], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, []], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, []], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, []], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4]], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_rest_post
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,*d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, [], nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, [], nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, [], nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, [], 3], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [], 4], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4], 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4,5], 6], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, [], nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, [], nil], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, [], nil], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, [], 3], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [], 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4], 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4,5], 6], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_rest_post
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,*d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, [], nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, [], 1], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, [], 2], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, [], 3], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [], 4], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4], 5], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4,5], 6], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, [], nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, [], 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, [], 2], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, [], 3], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [], 4], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4], 5], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, [4,5], 6], pr.call([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,&c|
+      [a, b, c.class, c&&c.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call([1,2])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call([1,2,3])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call([1,2,3,4])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_rest_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,*c,&d|
+      [a, b, c, d.class, d&&d.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3,4], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3,4], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3,4], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_rest_block
+    pr = proc {|*c,&d|
+      [c, d.class, d&&d.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [[], NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [[1], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+
+    assert_equal [[], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [[1], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [[], Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [[1], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_single_kw_no_autosplat
+    pr = proc {|c, a: 1| [c, a] }
+    assert_equal [nil, 1], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, 1], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[1], 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 1], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 1], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, 3], pr.call(a: 3)
+    assert_equal [1, 3], pr.call(1, a: 3)
+    assert_equal [[1], 3], pr.call([1], a: 3)
+    assert_equal [1, 3], pr.call(1,2, a: 3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 3], pr.call([1,2], a: 3)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_single_kwsplat_no_autosplat
+    pr = proc {|c, **kw| [c, kw] }
+    assert_equal [nil, {}], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, {}], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[1], {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, {}], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {}], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, {a: 3}], pr.call(a: 3)
+    assert_equal [1, {a: 3}], pr.call(1, a: 3)
+    assert_equal [[1], {a: 3}], pr.call([1], a: 3)
+    assert_equal [1, {a: 3}], pr.call(1,2, a: 3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {a: 3}], pr.call([1,2], a: 3)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_multiple_kw_autosplat
+    pr = proc {|c, b, a: 1| [c, b, a] }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 1], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c=nil, b=nil, a: 1| [c, b, a] }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, 1], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 1], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c, b=nil, a: 1| [c, b, a] }
+    assert_equal [1, nil, 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 1], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c=nil, b, a: 1| [c, b, a] }
+    assert_equal [nil, 1, 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 1], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c, *b, a: 1| [c, b, a] }
+    assert_equal [1, [], 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, [2], 1], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|*c, b, a: 1| [c, b, a] }
+    assert_equal [[], 1, 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, 1], pr.call([1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_multiple_kwsplat_autosplat
+    pr = proc {|c, b, **kw| [c, b, kw] }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, {}], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c=nil, b=nil, **kw| [c, b, kw] }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, {}], pr.call([])
+    assert_equal [1, nil, {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, {}], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c, b=nil, **kw| [c, b, kw] }
+    assert_equal [1, nil, {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, {}], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c=nil, b, **kw| [c, b, kw] }
+    assert_equal [nil, 1, {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, {}], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|c, *b, **kw| [c, b, kw] }
+    assert_equal [1, [], {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, [2], {}], pr.call([1,2])
+
+    pr = proc {|*c, b, **kw| [c, b, kw] }
+    assert_equal [[], 1, {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, {}], pr.call([1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_only_rest
+    pr = proc {|*c| c }
+    assert_equal [], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[1]], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [1, 2], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2]], pr.call([1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_rest_kw
+    pr = proc {|*c, a: 1| [c, a] }
+    assert_equal [[], 1], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [[1], 1], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[[1]], 1], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 1], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[[1, 2]], 1], pr.call([1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_rest_kwsplat
+    pr = proc {|*c, **kw| [c, kw] }
+    assert_equal [[], {}], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [[1], {}], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[[1]], {}], pr.call([1])
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {}], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[[1, 2]], {}], pr.call([1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_rest_post_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,*c,d,e,&f|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f.class, f&&f.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], 4, 5, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3,4], 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], 4, 5, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3,4], 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [], 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3], 4, 5, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, [3,4], 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_rest_post_block
+    pr = proc {|*c,d,e,&f|
+      [c, d, e, f.class, f&&f.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [[], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [[], 1, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [[], 1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, 3, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+
+    assert_equal [[], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [[], 1, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [[], 1, 2, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, 3, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [[], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [[], 1, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [[], 1, 2, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [[1], 2, 3, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,&e|
+      [a, b, c, d, e.class, e&&e.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_block
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,d=:d,&e|
+      [a, b, c, d, e.class, e&&e.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_post_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,e,f,&g|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f, g.class, g&&g.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, 4, 5, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, 4, 5, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, 4, 5, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_post_block
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,d=:d,e,f,&g|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f, g.class, g&&g.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, 1, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, 1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, 2, 3, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, 4, 5, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, 1, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, 1, 2, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, 2, 3, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, 4, 5, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, 1, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, 1, 2, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, 2, 3, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, 4, 5, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_rest_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,&f|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f.class, f&&f.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_rest_block
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,&f|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f.class, f&&f.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_opt_rest_post_block
+    pr = proc {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,f,g,&h|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h.class, h&&h.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], 4, 5, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 6, 7, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], 7, 8, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], 4, 5, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 6, 7, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], 7, 8, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [nil, nil, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, nil, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], 4, 5, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 6, 7, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], 7, 8, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_opt_rest_post_block
+    pr = proc {|a=:a,b=:b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,f,g,&h|
+      [a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h.class, h&&h.call(:x)]
+    }
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call()
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], 1, nil, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1)
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], 1, 2, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2)
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, [], 2, 3, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, 4, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], 4, 5, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], 5, 6, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 6, 7, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], 7, 8, NilClass, nil], pr.call(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], 1, nil, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], 1, 2, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, [], 2, 3, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, 4, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], 4, 5, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], 5, 6, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 6, 7, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){ :proc })
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], 7, 8, Proc, :proc], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8){ :proc })
+
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], nil, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], 1, nil, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [:a, :b, :c, :d, [], 1, 2, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, :b, :c, :d, [], 2, 3, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, :c, :d, [], 3, 4, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, :d, [], 4, 5, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [], 5, 6, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 6, 7, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7){|x| x})
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, [5,6], 7, 8, Proc, :x], (pr.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8){|x| x})
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_args_pos_unleashed
+    r = proc {|a,b=1,*c,d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }.call(1,2,3,4,5)
+    assert_equal([1,2,[3],4,5], r, "[ruby-core:19485]")
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_autosplat
+    def self.a(arg, kw)
+      yield arg
+      yield arg, **kw
+      yield arg, kw
+    end
+
+    arr = []
+    a([1,2,3], {}) do |arg1, arg2=0|
+      arr << [arg1, arg2]
+    end
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], [[1, 2, 3], 0], [[1, 2, 3], {}]], arr)
+
+    arr = []
+    a([1,2,3], a: 1) do |arg1, arg2=0|
+      arr << [arg1, arg2]
+    end
+    assert_equal([[1, 2], [[1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], [[1, 2, 3], {a: 1}]], arr)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_single_arg_with_keywords_accepted_and_yielded
+    def self.a
+      yield [], **{a: 1}
+    end
+    res = a do |arg, **opts|
+      [arg, opts]
+    end
+    assert_equal([[], {a: 1}], res)
+  end
+
+  def test_parameters
+    assert_equal([], proc {}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([], proc {||}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a]], proc {|a|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:opt, :b]], proc {|a, b|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], proc {|a=:a, &b|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:opt, :b]], proc {|a, b=:b|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], proc {|*a|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], proc {|a, *b, &c|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:rest, :b], [:opt, :c]], proc {|a, *b, c|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:rest, :b], [:opt, :c], [:block, :d]], proc {|a, *b, c, &d|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:opt, :d], [:block, :e]], proc {|a, b=:b, *c, d, &e|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt], [:block, :b]], proc {|(a), &b|a}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt], [:rest, :_], [:opt]], proc {|(a_), *_, (b_)|}.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:opt, :b], [:opt, :c], [:opt, :d], [:rest, :e], [:opt, :f], [:opt, :g], [:block, :h]], proc {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,f,g,&h|}.parameters)
+
+    assert_equal([[:req]], method(:putc).parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest]], method(:p).parameters)
+
+    pr = eval("proc{|"+"(_),"*30+"|}")
+    assert_empty(pr.parameters.map{|_,n|n}.compact)
+
+    assert_equal([[:opt]], proc { it }.parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_autosplat_with_multiple_args_with_ruby2_keywords_splat_bug_19759
+    def self.yielder_ab(splat)
+      yield([:a, :b], *splat)
+    end
+
+    res = yielder_ab([[:aa, :bb], Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({k: :k})]) do |a, b, k:|
+      [a, b, k]
+    end
+    assert_equal([[:a, :b], [:aa, :bb], :k], res)
+
+    def self.yielder(splat)
+      yield(*splat)
+    end
+    res = yielder([ [:a, :b] ]){|a, b, **| [a, b]}
+    assert_equal([:a, :b], res)
+
+    res = yielder([ [:a, :b], Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({}) ]){|a, b, **| [a, b]}
+    assert_equal([[:a, :b], nil], res)
+
+    res = yielder([ [:a, :b], Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({c: 1}) ]){|a, b, **| [a, b]}
+    assert_equal([[:a, :b], nil], res)
+
+    res = yielder([ [:a, :b], Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash({}) ]){|a, b, **nil| [a, b]}
+    assert_equal([[:a, :b], nil], res)
+  end
+
+  def test_parameters_lambda
+    assert_equal([], proc {}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([], proc {||}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a]], proc {|a|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b]], proc {|a, b|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], proc {|a=:a, &b|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b]], proc {|a, b=:b|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], proc {|*a|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], proc {|a, *b, &c|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c]], proc {|a, *b, c|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c], [:block, :d]], proc {|a, *b, c, &d|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], proc {|a, b=:b, *c, d, &e|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], proc {|(a), &b|a}.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b], [:opt, :c], [:opt, :d], [:rest, :e], [:req, :f], [:req, :g], [:block, :h]], proc {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,f,g,&h|}.parameters(lambda: true))
+
+    pr = eval("proc{|"+"(_),"*30+"|}")
+    assert_empty(pr.parameters(lambda: true).map{|_,n|n}.compact)
+
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a]], lambda {|a|}.parameters(lambda: false))
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:opt, :b], [:opt, :c], [:opt, :d], [:rest, :e], [:opt, :f], [:opt, :g], [:block, :h]], lambda {|a,b,c=:c,d=:d,*e,f,g,&h|}.parameters(lambda: false))
+
+    assert_equal([[:req]], proc { it }.parameters(lambda: true))
+    assert_equal([[:opt]], lambda { it }.parameters(lambda: false))
+  end
+
+  def pm0() end
+  def pm1(a) end
+  def pm2(a, b) end
+  def pmo1(a = :a, &b) end
+  def pmo2(a, b = :b) end
+  def pmo3(*a) end
+  def pmo4(a, *b, &c) end
+  def pmo5(a, *b, c) end
+  def pmo6(a, *b, c, &d) end
+  def pmo7(a, b = :b, *c, d, &e) end
+  def pma1((a), &b) a; end
+  def pmk1(**) end
+  def pmk2(**o) nil && o end
+  def pmk3(a, **o) nil && o end
+  def pmk4(a = nil, **o) nil && o end
+  def pmk5(a, b = nil, **o) nil && o end
+  def pmk6(a, b = nil, c, **o) nil && o end
+  def pmk7(a, b = nil, *c, d, **o) nil && o end
+
+
+  def test_bound_parameters
+    assert_equal([], method(:pm0).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a]], method(:pm1).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b]], method(:pm2).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:block, :b]], method(:pmo1).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b]], method(:pmo2).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest, :a]], method(:pmo3).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:block, :c]], method(:pmo4).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c]], method(:pmo5).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:rest, :b], [:req, :c], [:block, :d]], method(:pmo6).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:block, :e]], method(:pmo7).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req], [:block, :b]], method(:pma1).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :**]], method(:pmk1).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk2).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk3).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:opt, :a], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk4).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk5).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:req, :c], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk6).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:opt, :b], [:rest, :c], [:req, :d], [:keyrest, :o]], method(:pmk7).to_proc.parameters)
+
+    assert_equal([], "".method(:empty?).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest]], "".method(:gsub).to_proc.parameters)
+    assert_equal([[:rest]], proc {}.curry.parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_match(/^#<Proc:0x\h+ #{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }:\d+>$/, proc {}.to_s)
+    assert_match(/^#<Proc:0x\h+ #{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }:\d+ \(lambda\)>$/, lambda {}.to_s)
+    assert_match(/^#<Proc:0x\h+ \(lambda\)>$/, method(:p).to_proc.to_s)
+    name = "Proc\u{1f37b}"
+    assert_include(EnvUtil.labeled_class(name, Proc).new {}.to_s, name)
+  end
+
+  @@line_of_source_location_test = [__LINE__ + 1, 2, __LINE__ + 3, 5]
+  def source_location_test a=1,
+    b=2
+  end
+
+  def test_source_location
+    file, *loc = method(:source_location_test).source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_source_location_test, loc, 'Bug #2427')
+
+    file, *loc = self.class.instance_method(:source_location_test).source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_source_location_test, loc, 'Bug #2427')
+  end
+
+  @@line_of_attr_reader_source_location_test   = __LINE__ + 3
+  @@line_of_attr_writer_source_location_test   = __LINE__ + 3
+  @@line_of_attr_accessor_source_location_test = __LINE__ + 3
+  attr_reader   :attr_reader_source_location_test
+  attr_writer   :attr_writer_source_location_test
+  attr_accessor :attr_accessor_source_location_test
+
+  def test_attr_source_location
+    file, lineno = method(:attr_reader_source_location_test).source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_attr_reader_source_location_test, lineno)
+
+    file, lineno = method(:attr_writer_source_location_test=).source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_attr_writer_source_location_test, lineno)
+
+    file, lineno = method(:attr_accessor_source_location_test).source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_attr_accessor_source_location_test, lineno)
+
+    file, lineno = method(:attr_accessor_source_location_test=).source_location
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(@@line_of_attr_accessor_source_location_test, lineno)
+  end
+
+  def block_source_location_test(*args, &block)
+    block.source_location
+  end
+
+  def test_block_source_location
+    exp_loc = [__LINE__ + 3, 49, __LINE__ + 4, 49]
+    file, *loc = block_source_location_test(1,
+                                              2,
+                                              3) do
+                                              end
+    assert_match(/^#{ Regexp.quote(__FILE__) }$/, file)
+    assert_equal(exp_loc, loc)
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_without_respond_to
+    def (obj = Object.new).respond_to?(m,*); false end
+    [obj].each do |a, b|
+      assert_equal([obj, nil], [a, b], '[ruby-core:24139]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_curry_with_trace
+    # bug3751 = '[ruby-core:31871]'
+    set_trace_func(proc {})
+    methods.grep(/\Atest_curry/) do |test|
+      next if test == __method__
+      __send__(test)
+    end
+  ensure
+    set_trace_func(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_propagation
+    bug3792 = '[ruby-core:32075]'
+    c = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    o = c.new
+    f = :foo.to_proc
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError, bug3792) {
+      assert_equal('bar', f.(o) {'bar'}, bug3792)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError, bug3792) {
+      assert_equal('zot', o.method(:foo).to_proc.() {'zot'}, bug3792)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_overridden_lambda
+    bug8345 = '[ruby-core:54687] [Bug #8345]'
+    assert_normal_exit('def lambda; end; method(:puts).to_proc', bug8345)
+  end
+
+  def test_overridden_proc
+    bug8345 = '[ruby-core:54688] [Bug #8345]'
+    assert_normal_exit('def proc; end; ->{}.curry', bug8345)
+  end
+
+  def get_binding if: 1, case: 2, when: 3, begin: 4, end: 5
+    a ||= 0
+    binding
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables
+    b = get_binding
+    assert_equal(%i'if case when begin end a', b.local_variables)
+    a = tap {|;x, y| x = y = x; break binding.local_variables}
+    assert_equal(%i[a b x y], a.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables_nested
+    b = tap {break binding}
+    assert_equal(%i[b], b.local_variables, '[ruby-dev:48351] [Bug #10001]')
+  end
+
+  def local_variables_of(bind)
+    this_should_not_be_in_bind = this_should_not_be_in_bind = 2
+    bind.local_variables
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables_in_other_context
+    feature8773 = '[Feature #8773]'
+    assert_equal([:feature8773], local_variables_of(binding), feature8773)
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variable_get
+    b = get_binding
+    assert_equal(0, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_raise(NameError){ b.local_variable_get(:b) }
+
+    # access keyword named local variables
+    assert_equal(1, b.local_variable_get(:if))
+    assert_equal(2, b.local_variable_get(:case))
+    assert_equal(3, b.local_variable_get(:when))
+    assert_equal(4, b.local_variable_get(:begin))
+    assert_equal(5, b.local_variable_get(:end))
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /local variable \Wdefault\W/) {
+      binding.local_variable_get(:default)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variable_set
+    b = get_binding
+    b.local_variable_set(:a, 10)
+    b.local_variable_set(:b, 20)
+    assert_equal(10, b.local_variable_get(:a))
+    assert_equal(20, b.local_variable_get(:b))
+    assert_equal(10, b.eval("a"))
+    assert_equal(20, b.eval("b"))
+  end
+
+  def test_numparam_is_not_local_variables
+    "foo".tap do
+      _9 and flunk
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:_9) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_set(:_9, 1) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_defined?(:_9) }
+      "bar".tap do
+        assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:_9) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_set(:_9, 1) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_defined?(:_9) }
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:_9) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_set(:_9, 1) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_defined?(:_9) }
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:_9) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_set(:_9, 1) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_defined?(:_9) }
+      "bar".tap do
+        _9 and flunk
+        assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:_9) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_set(:_9, 1) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_defined?(:_9) }
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:_9) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_set(:_9, 1) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_defined?(:_9) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_parameters_for_numparams
+    x = x = 1
+    assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:x) }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:x) }
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      _5 and flunk
+      assert_equal([:_1, :_2, :_3, :_4, :_5], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_equal("foo", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1))
+      assert_equal(nil, binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_5))
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_5))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      "bar".tap do
+        assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      end
+      assert_equal([:_1, :_2, :_3, :_4, :_5], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_equal("foo", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1))
+      assert_equal(nil, binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_5))
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_5))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      "bar".tap do
+        _5 and flunk
+        assert_equal([:_1, :_2, :_3, :_4, :_5], binding.implicit_parameters)
+        assert_equal("bar", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1))
+        assert_equal(nil, binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_5))
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+        assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+        assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_5))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_it_is_not_local_variable
+    "foo".tap do
+      it
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+      "bar".tap do
+        assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+        assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+      "bar".tap do
+        it
+        assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+        assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+      "bar".tap do
+        it
+        assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+        assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_parameters_for_it
+    "foo".tap do
+      it or flunk
+      assert_equal([:it], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_equal("foo", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it))
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      "bar".tap do
+        assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      end
+      assert_equal([:it], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_equal("foo", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it))
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      "bar".tap do
+        it or flunk
+        assert_equal([:it], binding.implicit_parameters)
+        assert_equal("bar", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it))
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+        assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+      end
+      assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_parameters_for_it_complex
+    "foo".tap do
+      it = it = "bar"
+
+      assert_equal([], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+
+      assert_equal([:it], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_equal("bar", binding.local_variable_get(:it))
+      assert_equal(true, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      it or flunk
+
+      assert_equal([:it], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_equal("foo", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it))
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+
+      assert_equal([], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { binding.local_variable_get(:it) }
+      assert_equal(false, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      it or flunk
+      it = it = "bar"
+
+      assert_equal([:it], binding.implicit_parameters)
+      assert_equal("foo", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it))
+      assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+
+      assert_equal([:it], binding.local_variables)
+      assert_equal("bar", binding.local_variable_get(:it))
+      assert_equal(true, binding.local_variable_defined?(:it))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_parameters_for_it_and_numparams
+    "foo".tap do
+      it or flunk
+      "bar".tap do
+        _5 and flunk
+        assert_equal([:_1, :_2, :_3, :_4, :_5], binding.implicit_parameters)
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) }
+        assert_equal("bar", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1))
+        assert_equal(nil, binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_5))
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+        assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+        assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_5))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+      end
+    end
+
+    "foo".tap do
+      _5 and flunk
+      "bar".tap do
+        it or flunk
+        assert_equal([:it], binding.implicit_parameters)
+        assert_equal("bar", binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it))
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_5) }
+        assert_raise(NameError) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_6) }
+        assert_equal(true, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_5))
+        assert_equal(false, binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_6))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_parameter_invalid_name
+    message_pattern = /is not an implicit parameter/
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, message_pattern) { binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:foo) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, message_pattern) { binding.implicit_parameter_get(:foo) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, message_pattern) { binding.implicit_parameter_defined?("wrong_implicit_parameter_name_#{rand(10000)}") }
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, message_pattern) { binding.implicit_parameter_get("wrong_implicit_parameter_name_#{rand(10000)}") }
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variable_set_wb
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-'end;', '[Bug #13605]', timeout: 30)
+      b = binding
+      n = 20_000
+
+      n.times do |i|
+        v = rand(2_000)
+        name = "n#{v}"
+        value = Object.new
+        b.local_variable_set name, value
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variable_defined?
+    b = get_binding
+    assert_equal(true, b.local_variable_defined?(:a))
+    assert_equal(false, b.local_variable_defined?(:b))
+  end
+
+  def test_binding_receiver
+    feature8779 = '[ruby-dev:47613] [Feature #8779]'
+
+    assert_same(self, binding.receiver, feature8779)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.b; binding; end
+    assert_same(obj, obj.b.receiver, feature8779)
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_mark
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-'EOS')
+      def f
+        Enumerator.new{
+          100000.times {|i|
+            yield
+            s = "#{i}"
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      def g
+        x = proc{}
+        f(&x)
+      end
+      e = g
+      e.each {}
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_prepended_call
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ["call"])
+    begin;
+      Proc.prepend Module.new {def call() puts "call"; super; end}
+      def m(&blk) blk.call; end
+      m {}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_refined_call
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ["call"])
+    begin;
+      using Module.new {refine(Proc) {def call() puts "call"; super; end}}
+      def m(&blk) blk.call; end
+      m {}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_compose
+    f = proc {|x| x * 2}
+    g = proc {|x| x + 1}
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(2))
+    assert_equal(6, (g >> f).call(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_multiple_args
+    f = proc {|x| x * 2}
+    g = proc {|x, y| x + y}
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(1, 2))
+    assert_equal(6, (g >> f).call(1, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_block
+    f = proc {|x| x * 2}
+    g = proc {|&blk| blk.call(1) }
+
+    assert_equal(8, (f << g).call { |x| x + 3 })
+    assert_equal(8, (g >> f).call { |x| x + 3 })
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_lambda
+    f = lambda {|x| x * 2}
+    g = lambda {|x| x}
+    not_lambda = proc {|x| x}
+
+    assert_predicate((f << g), :lambda?)
+    assert_predicate((g >> f), :lambda?)
+    assert_predicate((not_lambda << f), :lambda?)
+    assert_not_predicate((f << not_lambda), :lambda?)
+    assert_not_predicate((not_lambda >> f), :lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_method
+    f = proc {|x| x * 2}
+    c = Class.new {
+      def g(x) x + 1 end
+    }
+    g = c.new.method(:g)
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(2))
+    assert_equal(5, (f >> g).call(2))
+    assert_predicate((f << g), :lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_callable
+    f = proc {|x| x * 2}
+    c = Class.new {
+      def call(x) x + 1 end
+    }
+    g = c.new
+
+    assert_equal(6, (f << g).call(2))
+    assert_equal(5, (f >> g).call(2))
+    assert_predicate((f << g), :lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_with_noncallable
+    f = proc {|x| x * 2}
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      (f << 5).call(2)
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      (f >> 5).call(2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_orphan_return
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1 { return 42 } end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { return 42 }.call end }.m2)
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) { Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { return 42 } end }.m2.call }
+  end
+
+  def test_orphan_break
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1 { break 42 } end }.m2 )
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) { Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { break 42 }.call end }.m2 }
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError) { Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { break 42 } end }.m2.call }
+  end
+
+  def test_not_orphan_next
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1 { next 42 } end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { next 42 }.call end }.m2)
+    assert_equal(42, Module.new { extend self
+      def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { next 42 } end }.m2.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_isolate
+    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, /\(a\)/ do
+      a = :a
+      Proc.new{p a}.isolate
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, /\(a\)/ do
+      a = :a
+      1.times{
+        Proc.new{p a}.isolate
+      }
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, /yield/ do
+      Proc.new{yield}.isolate
+    end
+
+
+    name = "\u{2603 26a1}"
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\(#{name}\)/) do
+      eval("#{name} = :#{name}; Proc.new {p #{name}}").isolate
+    end
+
+    # binding
+
+    :a.tap{|a|
+      :b.tap{|b|
+        Proc.new{
+          :c.tap{|c|
+            assert_equal :c, eval('c')
+
+            assert_raise_with_message SyntaxError, /\`a\'/ do
+              eval('p a')
+            end
+
+            assert_raise_with_message SyntaxError, /\`b\'/ do
+              eval('p b')
+            end
+
+            assert_raise_with_message SyntaxError, /can not yield from isolated Proc/ do
+              eval('p yield')
+            end
+
+            assert_equal :c, binding.local_variable_get(:c)
+
+            assert_raise_with_message NameError, /local variable \`a\' is not defined/ do
+              binding.local_variable_get(:a)
+            end
+
+            assert_equal [:c], local_variables
+            assert_equal [:c], binding.local_variables
+          }
+        }.isolate.call
+      }
+    }
+  end if proc{}.respond_to? :isolate
+end
+
+class TestProcKeywords < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_compose_keywords
+    f = ->(**kw) { kw.merge(:a=>1) }
+    g = ->(kw) { kw.merge(:a=>2) }
+
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f >> g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (g << f).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g << f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call(**{})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(**{})[:a])
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_keywords_method
+    f = ->(**kw) { kw.merge(:a=>1) }.method(:call)
+    g = ->(kw) { kw.merge(:a=>2) }.method(:call)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f >> g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (g << f).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g << f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call(**{})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(**{})[:a])
+  end
+
+  def test_compose_keywords_non_proc
+    f = ->(**kw) { kw.merge(:a=>1) }
+    g = Object.new
+    def g.call(kw) kw.merge(:a=>2) end
+    def g.to_proc; method(:call).to_proc; end
+    def g.<<(f) to_proc << f end
+    def g.>>(f) to_proc >> f end
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f >> g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (g << f).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g << f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call(**{})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(2, (f >> g).call(**{})[:a])
+
+    f = ->(kw) { kw.merge(:a=>1) }
+    g = Object.new
+    def g.call(**kw) kw.merge(:a=>2) end
+    def g.to_proc; method(:call).to_proc; end
+    def g.<<(f) to_proc << f end
+    def g.>>(f) to_proc >> f end
+
+    assert_equal(1, (f << g).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f >> g).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f << g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f >> g).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g << f).call(a: 3)[:a] }
+    assert_equal(1, (g >> f).call(a: 3)[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g << f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (g >> f).call({a: 3})[:a] }
+    assert_equal(1, (f << g).call(**{})[:a])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (f >> g).call(**{})[:a] }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_process.rb b/test/ruby/test_process.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3a88b664c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_process.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2864 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+class TestProcess < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  RUBY = EnvUtil.rubybin
+
+  def setup
+    Process.waitall
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Process.waitall
+  end
+
+  def windows?
+    self.class.windows?
+  end
+  def self.windows?
+    return /mswin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  end
+
+  def with_tmpchdir
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
+      d = File.realpath(d)
+      Dir.chdir(d) {
+        yield d
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def run_in_child(str) # should be called in a temporary directory
+    File.write("test-script", str)
+    Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "test-script")
+    $?
+  end
+
+  def test_rlimit_availability
+    begin
+      Process.getrlimit(nil)
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { Process.setrlimit }
+    rescue TypeError
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.setrlimit }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def rlimit_exist?
+    Process.getrlimit(nil)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    return false
+  rescue TypeError
+    return true
+  end
+
+  def test_rlimit_nofile
+    return unless rlimit_exist?
+    omit "LSAN needs to open proc file" if Test::Sanitizers.lsan_enabled?
+
+    with_tmpchdir {
+      File.write 's', <<-"End"
+        # Too small RLIMIT_NOFILE, such as zero, causes problems.
+        # [OpenBSD] Setting to zero freezes this test.
+        # [GNU/Linux] EINVAL on poll().  EINVAL on ruby's internal poll() ruby with "[ASYNC BUG] thread_timer: select".
+        pipes = IO.pipe
+	limit = pipes.map {|io| io.fileno }.min
+	result = 1
+	begin
+	  Process.setrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE, limit)
+	rescue Errno::EINVAL
+	  result = 0
+	end
+	if result == 1
+	  begin
+	    IO.pipe
+	  rescue Errno::EMFILE
+	   result = 0
+	  end
+	end
+	exit result
+      End
+      pid = spawn RUBY, "s"
+      Process.wait pid
+      assert_equal(0, $?.to_i, "#{$?}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_rlimit_name
+    return unless rlimit_exist?
+    [
+      :AS, "AS",
+      :CORE, "CORE",
+      :CPU, "CPU",
+      :DATA, "DATA",
+      :FSIZE, "FSIZE",
+      :MEMLOCK, "MEMLOCK",
+      :MSGQUEUE, "MSGQUEUE",
+      :NICE, "NICE",
+      :NOFILE, "NOFILE",
+      :NPROC, "NPROC",
+      :RSS, "RSS",
+      :RTPRIO, "RTPRIO",
+      :RTTIME, "RTTIME",
+      :SBSIZE, "SBSIZE",
+      :SIGPENDING, "SIGPENDING",
+      :STACK, "STACK",
+    ].each {|name|
+      if Process.const_defined? "RLIMIT_#{name}"
+        assert_nothing_raised { Process.getrlimit(name) }
+      else
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.getrlimit(name) }
+      end
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.getrlimit(:FOO) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.getrlimit("FOO") }
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) { Process.getrlimit("\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}") }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rlimit_value
+    return unless rlimit_exist?
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.setrlimit(:FOO, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.setrlimit(:CORE, :FOO) }
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) { Process.setrlimit("\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}", 0) }
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) { Process.setrlimit(:CORE, "\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}") }
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      s = run_in_child(<<-'End')
+        cur, max = Process.getrlimit(:NOFILE)
+        Process.setrlimit(:NOFILE, [max-10, cur].min)
+        begin
+          Process.setrlimit(:NOFILE, :INFINITY)
+        rescue Errno::EPERM
+          exit false
+        end
+      End
+      assert_not_predicate(s, :success?)
+      s = run_in_child(<<-'End')
+        cur, max = Process.getrlimit(:NOFILE)
+        Process.setrlimit(:NOFILE, [max-10, cur].min)
+        begin
+          Process.setrlimit(:NOFILE, "INFINITY")
+        rescue Errno::EPERM
+          exit false
+        end
+      End
+      assert_not_predicate(s, :success?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  TRUECOMMAND = [RUBY, '-e', '']
+
+  def test_execopts_opts
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, {})
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, :foo => 100)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, Process => 100)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_pgroup
+    omit "system(:pgroup) is not supported" if windows?
+    assert_nothing_raised { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :pgroup=>false) }
+
+    io = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print Process.getpgrp"])
+    assert_equal(Process.getpgrp.to_s, io.read)
+    io.close
+
+    io = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print Process.getpgrp", :pgroup=>true])
+    assert_equal(io.pid.to_s, io.read)
+    io.close
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :pgroup=>-1) }
+    IO.popen([RUBY, '-egets'], 'w') do |f|
+      assert_raise(Errno::EPERM) {
+        Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, :pgroup=>f.pid)
+      }
+    end
+
+    io1 = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print Process.getpgrp", :pgroup=>true])
+    io2 = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print Process.getpgrp", :pgroup=>io1.pid])
+    assert_equal(io1.pid.to_s, io1.read)
+    assert_equal(io1.pid.to_s, io2.read)
+    Process.wait io1.pid
+    Process.wait io2.pid
+    io1.close
+    io2.close
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_rlimit
+    return unless rlimit_exist?
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :rlimit_foo=>0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :rlimit_NOFILE=>0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :rlimit_nofile=>[]) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :rlimit_nofile=>[1,2,3]) }
+
+    max = Process.getrlimit(:CORE).last
+
+    # When running under ASAN, we need to set disable_coredump=0 for this test; by default
+    # the ASAN runtime library sets RLIMIT_CORE to 0, "to avoid dumping a 16T+ core file", and
+    # that inteferes with this test.
+    asan_options = ENV['ASAN_OPTIONS'] || ''
+    asan_options  << ':' unless asan_options.empty?
+    env = {
+      'ASAN_OPTIONS' => "#{asan_options}disable_coredump=0"
+    }
+
+    n = max
+    IO.popen([env, RUBY, "-e",
+             "puts Process.getrlimit(:CORE)", :rlimit_core=>n]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("#{n}\n#{n}\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    n = 0
+    IO.popen([env, RUBY, "-e",
+             "puts Process.getrlimit(:CORE)", :rlimit_core=>n]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("#{n}\n#{n}\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    n = max
+    IO.popen([env, RUBY, "-e",
+             "puts Process.getrlimit(:CORE)", :rlimit_core=>[n]]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("#{n}\n#{n}\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    m, n = 0, max
+    IO.popen([env, RUBY, "-e",
+             "puts Process.getrlimit(:CORE)", :rlimit_core=>[m,n]]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("#{m}\n#{n}\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    m, n = 0, 0
+    IO.popen([env, RUBY, "-e",
+             "puts Process.getrlimit(:CORE)", :rlimit_core=>[m,n]]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("#{m}\n#{n}\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    n = max
+    IO.popen([env, RUBY, "-e",
+      "puts Process.getrlimit(:CORE), Process.getrlimit(:CPU)",
+      :rlimit_core=>n, :rlimit_cpu=>3600]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("#{n}\n#{n}\n""3600\n3600\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      system(env, RUBY, '-e', 'exit',  'rlimit_bogus'.to_sym => 123)
+    end
+    assert_separately([env],"#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", 'rlimit_cpu'.to_sym => 3600)
+    BUG = "[ruby-core:82033] [Bug #13744]"
+    begin;
+      assert_equal([3600,3600], Process.getrlimit(:CPU), BUG)
+    end;
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /bogus/) do
+      system(env, RUBY, '-e', 'exit', :rlimit_bogus => 123)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /rlimit_cpu/) {
+      system(env, RUBY, '-e', 'exit', "rlimit_cpu\0".to_sym => 3600)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_overwrite_ENV
+    assert_separately([],"#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    BUG = "[ruby-core:105223] [Bug #18164]"
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      ENV = {}
+      pid = spawn({}, *#{TRUECOMMAND.inspect})
+      ENV.replace({})
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, pid, BUG)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  MANDATORY_ENVS = %w[RUBYLIB GEM_HOME GEM_PATH RUBY_FREE_AT_EXIT]
+  if e = RbConfig::CONFIG['LIBPATHENV']
+    MANDATORY_ENVS << e
+  end
+  if e = RbConfig::CONFIG['PRELOADENV'] and !e.empty?
+    MANDATORY_ENVS << e
+  end
+  case RbConfig::CONFIG['target_os']
+  when /mswin|mingw/
+    MANDATORY_ENVS.concat(%w[HOME USER TMPDIR PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE])
+  when /darwin/
+    MANDATORY_ENVS.concat(%w[TMPDIR], ENV.keys.grep(/\A__CF_/))
+    # IO.popen([ENV.keys.to_h {|e| [e, nil]},
+    #           RUBY, "-e", %q[print ENV.keys.join(?\0)]],
+    #          &:read).split(?\0)
+  end
+  PREENVARG = ['-e', "%w[#{MANDATORY_ENVS.join(' ')}].each{|e|ENV.delete(e)}"]
+  ENVARG = ['-e', 'ENV.each {|k,v| puts "#{k}=#{v}" }']
+  ENVCOMMAND = [RUBY].concat(PREENVARG).concat(ENVARG)
+
+  def test_execopts_env
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      system({"F=O"=>"BAR"}, *TRUECOMMAND)
+    }
+
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      prog = "#{d}/notexist"
+      e = assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn({"FOO"=>"BAR"}, prog)
+      }
+      assert_equal(prog, e.message.sub(/.* - /, ''))
+      e = assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn({"FOO"=>"BAR"}, [prog, "blar"])
+      }
+      assert_equal(prog, e.message.sub(/.* - /, ''))
+    }
+    h = {}
+    cmd = [h, RUBY]
+    (ENV.keys + MANDATORY_ENVS).each do |k|
+      case k
+      when /\APATH\z/i
+      when *MANDATORY_ENVS
+        cmd << '-e' << "ENV.delete('#{k}')"
+      else
+        h[k] = nil
+      end
+    end
+    cmd << '-e' << 'puts ENV.keys.map{|e|e.upcase}'
+    IO.popen(cmd) {|io|
+      assert_equal("PATH\n", io.read)
+    }
+
+    IO.popen([{"FOO"=>"BAR"}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io|
+      assert_match(/^FOO=BAR$/, io.read)
+    }
+
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      system({"fofo"=>"haha"}, *ENVCOMMAND, STDOUT=>"out")
+      assert_match(/^fofo=haha$/, File.read("out").chomp)
+    }
+
+    old = ENV["hmm"]
+    begin
+      ENV["hmm"] = "fufu"
+      IO.popen(ENVCOMMAND) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=fufu$/, io.read) }
+      IO.popen([{"hmm"=>""}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read) }
+      IO.popen([{"hmm"=>nil}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read) }
+      ENV["hmm"] = ""
+      IO.popen(ENVCOMMAND) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read) }
+      IO.popen([{"hmm"=>""}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read) }
+      IO.popen([{"hmm"=>nil}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read) }
+      ENV["hmm"] = nil
+      IO.popen(ENVCOMMAND) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read) }
+      IO.popen([{"hmm"=>""}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read) }
+      IO.popen([{"hmm"=>nil}, *ENVCOMMAND]) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read) }
+    ensure
+      ENV["hmm"] = old
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /fo=fo/) {
+      system({"fo=fo"=>"ha"}, *ENVCOMMAND)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30c0}=\u{30e1}/) {
+      system({"\u{30c0}=\u{30e1}"=>"ha"}, *ENVCOMMAND)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopt_env_path
+    bug8004 = '[ruby-core:53103] [Bug #8004]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |d|
+      File.write("#{d}/tmp_script.cmd", ": ;\n", perm: 0o755)
+      assert_not_nil(pid = Process.spawn({"PATH" => d}, "tmp_script.cmd"), bug8004)
+      wpid, st = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+      assert_equal([pid, true], [wpid, st.success?], bug8004)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _test_execopts_env_popen(cmd)
+    message = cmd.inspect
+    IO.popen({"FOO"=>"BAR"}, cmd) {|io|
+      assert_equal('FOO=BAR', io.read[/^FOO=.*/], message)
+    }
+
+    old = ENV["hmm"]
+    begin
+      ENV["hmm"] = "fufu"
+      IO.popen(cmd) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=fufu$/, io.read, message)}
+      IO.popen({"hmm"=>""}, cmd) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read, message)}
+      IO.popen({"hmm"=>nil}, cmd) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read, message)}
+      ENV["hmm"] = ""
+      IO.popen(cmd) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read, message)}
+      IO.popen({"hmm"=>""}, cmd) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read, message)}
+      IO.popen({"hmm"=>nil}, cmd) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read, message)}
+      ENV["hmm"] = nil
+      IO.popen(cmd) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read, message)}
+      IO.popen({"hmm"=>""}, cmd) {|io| assert_match(/^hmm=$/, io.read, message)}
+      IO.popen({"hmm"=>nil}, cmd) {|io| assert_not_match(/^hmm=/, io.read, message)}
+    ensure
+      ENV["hmm"] = old
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_env_popen_vector
+    _test_execopts_env_popen(ENVCOMMAND)
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_env_popen_string
+    with_tmpchdir do |d|
+      File.open('test-script', 'w') do |f|
+        ENVCOMMAND.each_with_index do |cmd, i|
+          next if i.zero? or cmd == "-e"
+          f.puts cmd
+        end
+      end
+      _test_execopts_env_popen("#{RUBY} test-script")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_preserve_env_on_exec_failure
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write 's', <<-"End"
+        ENV["mgg"] = nil
+        prog = "./nonexistent"
+        begin
+          Process.exec({"mgg" => "mggoo"}, [prog, prog])
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        end
+        File.write('out', ENV["mgg"].inspect)
+      End
+      system(RUBY, 's')
+      assert_equal(nil.inspect, File.read('out'),
+        "[ruby-core:44093] [ruby-trunk - Bug #6249]")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_env_single_word
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("test_execopts_env_single_word.rb", "print ENV['hgga']\n")
+      system({"hgga"=>"ugu"}, RUBY,
+             :in => 'test_execopts_env_single_word.rb',
+             :out => 'test_execopts_env_single_word.out')
+      assert_equal('ugu', File.read('test_execopts_env_single_word.out'))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_unsetenv_others
+    h = {}
+    MANDATORY_ENVS.each {|k| e = ENV[k] and h[k] = e}
+    IO.popen([h, *ENVCOMMAND, :unsetenv_others=>true]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("", io.read)
+    }
+    IO.popen([h.merge("A"=>"B"), *ENVCOMMAND, :unsetenv_others=>true]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("A=B\n", io.read)
+    }
+  end
+
+  PWD = [RUBY, '-e', 'puts Dir.pwd']
+
+  def test_execopts_chdir
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      IO.popen([*PWD, :chdir => d]) {|io|
+        assert_equal(d, io.read.chomp)
+      }
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, %r"d/notexist") {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*PWD, :chdir => "d/notexist")
+      }
+      n = "d/\u{1F37A}"
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, /#{n}/) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*PWD, :chdir => n)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_open_chdir
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      Dir.mkdir "foo"
+      system(*PWD, :chdir => "foo", :out => "open_chdir_test")
+      assert_file.exist?("open_chdir_test")
+      assert_file.not_exist?("foo/open_chdir_test")
+      assert_equal("#{d}/foo", File.read("open_chdir_test").chomp)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_open_chdir_m17n_path
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      Dir.mkdir "テスト"
+      (pwd = PWD.dup).insert(1, '-EUTF-8:UTF-8')
+      system(*pwd, :chdir => "テスト", :out => "open_chdir_テスト")
+      assert_file.exist?("open_chdir_テスト")
+      assert_file.not_exist?("テスト/open_chdir_テスト")
+      assert_equal("#{d}/テスト", File.read("open_chdir_テスト", encoding: "UTF-8").chomp)
+    }
+  end if windows? || Encoding.find('locale') == Encoding::UTF_8
+
+  def test_execopts_open_failure
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, %r"d/notexist") {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*PWD, :in => "d/notexist")
+      }
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, %r"d/notexist") {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*PWD, :out => "d/notexist")
+      }
+      n = "d/\u{1F37A}"
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, /#{n}/) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*PWD, :in => n)
+      }
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, /#{n}/) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*PWD, :out => n)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  UMASK = [RUBY, '-e', 'printf "%04o\n", File.umask']
+
+  def test_execopts_umask
+    omit "umask is not supported" if windows?
+    IO.popen([*UMASK, :umask => 0]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("0000", io.read.chomp)
+    }
+    IO.popen([*UMASK, :umask => 0777]) {|io|
+      assert_equal("0777", io.read.chomp)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_pipe
+    begin
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      yield r, w
+    ensure
+      r.close unless r.closed?
+      w.close unless w.closed?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_pipes(n)
+    ary = []
+    begin
+      n.times {
+        ary << IO.pipe
+      }
+      yield ary
+    ensure
+      ary.each {|r, w|
+        r.close unless r.closed?
+        w.close unless w.closed?
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  ECHO = lambda {|arg| [RUBY, '-e', "puts #{arg.dump}; STDOUT.flush"] }
+  SORT = [RUBY, '-e', "puts ARGF.readlines.sort"]
+  CAT = [RUBY, '-e', "IO.copy_stream STDIN, STDOUT"]
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_fd
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["a"], STDOUT=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644])
+      assert_equal("a", File.read("out").chomp)
+      if windows?
+        # currently telling to child the file modes is not supported.
+        File.write("out", "0\n", mode: "a")
+      else
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["0"], STDOUT=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::APPEND, 0644])
+        assert_equal("a\n0\n", File.read("out"))
+      end
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*SORT, STDIN=>["out", File::RDONLY, 0644],
+                                         STDOUT=>["out2", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644])
+      assert_equal("0\na\n", File.read("out2"))
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["b"], [STDOUT, STDERR]=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644])
+      assert_equal("b", File.read("out").chomp)
+      # problem occur with valgrind
+      #Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["a"], STDOUT=>:close, STDERR=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644])
+      #p File.read("out")
+      #assert_not_empty(File.read("out")) # error message such as "-e:1:in `flush': Bad file descriptor (Errno::EBADF)"
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["c"], STDERR=>STDOUT, STDOUT=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644])
+      assert_equal("c", File.read("out").chomp)
+      File.open("out", "w") {|f|
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["d"], STDOUT=>f)
+        assert_equal("d", File.read("out").chomp)
+      }
+      opts = {STDOUT=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644]}
+      opts.merge(3=>STDOUT, 4=>STDOUT, 5=>STDOUT, 6=>STDOUT, 7=>STDOUT) unless windows?
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["e"], opts)
+      assert_equal("e", File.read("out").chomp)
+      opts = {STDOUT=>["out", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC, 0644]}
+      opts.merge(3=>0, 4=>:in, 5=>STDIN, 6=>1, 7=>:out, 8=>STDOUT, 9=>2, 10=>:err, 11=>STDERR) unless windows?
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["ee"], opts)
+      assert_equal("ee", File.read("out").chomp)
+      unless windows?
+        # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+        File.open("out", "w") {|f|
+          h = {STDOUT=>f, f=>STDOUT}
+          3.upto(30) {|i| h[i] = STDOUT if f.fileno != i }
+          Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["f"], h)
+          assert_equal("f", File.read("out").chomp)
+        }
+      end
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["f"], 1=>Process)
+      }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["f"], [Process]=>1)
+      }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["f"], [1, STDOUT]=>2)
+      }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["f"], -1=>2)
+      }
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*ECHO["hhh\nggg\n"], STDOUT=>"out")
+      assert_equal("hhh\nggg\n", File.read("out"))
+      Process.wait Process.spawn(*SORT, STDIN=>"out", STDOUT=>"out2")
+      assert_equal("ggg\nhhh\n", File.read("out2"))
+
+      unless windows?
+        # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+        assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) {
+          Process.wait Process.spawn("non-existing-command", (3..60).to_a=>["err", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT])
+        }
+        assert_equal("", File.read("err"))
+      end
+
+      system(*ECHO["bb\naa\n"], STDOUT=>["out", "w"])
+      assert_equal("bb\naa\n", File.read("out"))
+      system(*SORT, STDIN=>["out"], STDOUT=>"out2")
+      assert_equal("aa\nbb\n", File.read("out2"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_open_order_normal
+    minfd = 3
+    maxfd = 20
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      opts = {}
+      minfd.upto(maxfd) {|fd| opts[fd] = ["out#{fd}", "w"] }
+      system RUBY, "-e", "#{minfd}.upto(#{maxfd}) {|fd| IO.new(fd).print fd.to_s }", opts
+      minfd.upto(maxfd) {|fd| assert_equal(fd.to_s, File.read("out#{fd}")) }
+    }
+  end unless windows? # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_open_order_reverse
+    minfd = 3
+    maxfd = 20
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      opts = {}
+      maxfd.downto(minfd) {|fd| opts[fd] = ["out#{fd}", "w"] }
+      system RUBY, "-e", "#{minfd}.upto(#{maxfd}) {|fd| IO.new(fd).print fd.to_s }", opts
+      minfd.upto(maxfd) {|fd| assert_equal(fd.to_s, File.read("out#{fd}")) }
+    }
+  end unless windows? # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_open_fifo
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      begin
+        File.mkfifo("fifo")
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        return
+      end
+      assert_file.pipe?("fifo")
+      t1 = Thread.new {
+        system(*ECHO["output to fifo"], :out=>"fifo")
+      }
+      t2 = Thread.new {
+        IO.popen([*CAT, :in=>"fifo"]) {|f| f.read }
+      }
+      _, v2 = assert_join_threads([t1, t2])
+      assert_equal("output to fifo\n", v2)
+    }
+  end unless windows? # does not support fifo
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_open_fifo_interrupt_raise
+    pid = nil
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      begin
+        File.mkfifo("fifo")
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        return
+      end
+      IO.popen([RUBY, '-e', <<-'EOS']) {|io|
+        class E < StandardError; end
+        trap(:USR1) { raise E }
+        begin
+          puts "start"
+          STDOUT.flush
+          system("cat", :in => "fifo")
+        rescue E
+          puts "ok"
+        end
+      EOS
+        pid = io.pid
+        assert_equal("start\n", io.gets)
+        sleep 0.5
+        Process.kill(:USR1, io.pid)
+        assert_equal("ok\n", io.read)
+      }
+      assert_equal(pid, $?.pid)
+      assert_predicate($?, :success?)
+    }
+  ensure
+    assert_raise(Errno::ESRCH) {Process.kill(:KILL, pid)} if pid
+  end unless windows? # does not support fifo
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_open_fifo_interrupt_print
+    pid = nil
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      begin
+        File.mkfifo("fifo")
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        return
+      end
+      IO.popen([RUBY, '-e', <<-'EOS']) {|io|
+        STDOUT.sync = true
+        trap(:USR1) { print "trap\n" }
+        puts "start"
+        system("cat", :in => "fifo")
+      EOS
+        pid = io.pid
+        assert_equal("start\n", io.gets)
+        sleep 0.2 # wait for the child to stop at opening "fifo"
+        Process.kill(:USR1, io.pid)
+        assert_equal("trap\n", io.readpartial(8))
+        sleep 0.2 # wait for the child to return to opening "fifo".
+        # On arm64-darwin22, often deadlocks while the child is
+        # opening "fifo".  Not sure to where "ok" line being written
+        # at the next has gone.
+        File.write("fifo", "ok\n")
+        assert_equal("ok\n", io.read)
+      }
+      assert_equal(pid, $?.pid)
+      assert_predicate($?, :success?)
+    }
+  ensure
+    if pid
+      assert_raise(Errno::ESRCH) {Process.kill(:KILL, pid)}
+    end
+  end unless windows? # does not support fifo
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_pipe
+    with_pipe {|r1, w1|
+      with_pipe {|r2, w2|
+        opts = {STDIN=>r1, STDOUT=>w2}
+        opts.merge(w1=>:close, r2=>:close) unless windows?
+        pid = spawn(*SORT, opts)
+        r1.close
+        w2.close
+        w1.puts "c"
+        w1.puts "a"
+        w1.puts "b"
+        w1.close
+        assert_equal("a\nb\nc\n", r2.read)
+        r2.close
+        Process.wait(pid)
+      }
+    }
+
+    unless windows?
+      # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+      with_pipes(5) {|pipes|
+        ios = pipes.flatten
+        h = {}
+        ios.length.times {|i| h[ios[i]] = ios[(i-1)%ios.length] }
+        h2 = h.invert
+        _rios = pipes.map {|r, w| r }
+        wios  = pipes.map {|r, w| w }
+        child_wfds = wios.map {|w| h2[w].fileno }
+        pid = spawn(RUBY, "-e",
+                    "[#{child_wfds.join(',')}].each {|fd| IO.new(fd, 'w').puts fd }", h)
+        pipes.each {|r, w|
+          assert_equal("#{h2[w].fileno}\n", r.gets)
+        }
+        Process.wait pid;
+      }
+
+      with_pipes(5) {|pipes|
+        ios = pipes.flatten
+        h = {}
+        ios.length.times {|i| h[ios[i]] = ios[(i+1)%ios.length] }
+        h2 = h.invert
+        _rios = pipes.map {|r, w| r }
+        wios  = pipes.map {|r, w| w }
+        child_wfds = wios.map {|w| h2[w].fileno }
+        pid = spawn(RUBY, "-e",
+                    "[#{child_wfds.join(',')}].each {|fd| IO.new(fd, 'w').puts fd }", h)
+        pipes.each {|r, w|
+          assert_equal("#{h2[w].fileno}\n", r.gets)
+        }
+        Process.wait pid
+      }
+
+      closed_fd = nil
+      with_pipes(5) {|pipes|
+        io = pipes.last.last
+        closed_fd = io.fileno
+      }
+      assert_raise(Errno::EBADF) { Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, closed_fd=>closed_fd) }
+
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        if w.respond_to?(:"close_on_exec=")
+          w.close_on_exec = true
+          pid = spawn(RUBY, "-e", "IO.new(#{w.fileno}, 'w').print 'a'", w=>w)
+          w.close
+          assert_equal("a", r.read)
+          Process.wait pid
+        end
+      }
+
+      # ensure standard FDs we redirect to are blocking for compatibility
+      with_pipes(3) do |pipes|
+        src = 'p [STDIN,STDOUT,STDERR].map(&:nonblock?)'
+        rdr = { 0 => pipes[0][0], 1 => pipes[1][1], 2 => pipes[2][1] }
+        pid = spawn(RUBY, '-rio/nonblock', '-e', src, rdr)
+        assert_equal("[false, false, false]\n", pipes[1][0].gets)
+        Process.wait pid
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_symbol
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      system(*ECHO["funya"], :out=>"out")
+      assert_equal("funya\n", File.read("out"))
+      system(RUBY, '-e', 'STDOUT.reopen(STDERR); puts "henya"', :err=>"out")
+      assert_equal("henya\n", File.read("out"))
+      IO.popen([*CAT, :in=>"out"]) {|io|
+        assert_equal("henya\n", io.read)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_nonascii_path
+    bug9946 = '[ruby-core:63185] [Bug #9946]'
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      path = "t-\u{30c6 30b9 30c8 f6}.txt"
+      system(*ECHO["a"], out: path)
+      assert_file.for(bug9946).exist?(path)
+      assert_equal("a\n", File.read(path), bug9946)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_to_out_and_err
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      ret = system(RUBY, "-e", 'STDERR.print "e"; STDOUT.print "o"', [:out, :err] => "foo")
+      assert_equal(true, ret)
+      assert_equal("eo", File.read("foo"))
+      ret = system(RUBY, "-e", 'STDERR.print "E"; STDOUT.print "O"', [:err, :out] => "bar")
+      assert_equal(true, ret)
+      assert_equal("EO", File.read("bar"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_dup2_child
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.print 'err'; STDOUT.print 'out'",
+                         STDOUT=>"out", STDERR=>[:child, STDOUT])
+      assert_equal("errout", File.read("out"))
+
+      Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.print 'err'; STDOUT.print 'out'",
+                         STDERR=>"out", STDOUT=>[:child, STDERR])
+      assert_equal("errout", File.read("out"))
+
+      omit "inheritance of fd other than stdin,stdout and stderr is not supported" if windows?
+      Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.print 'err'; STDOUT.print 'out'",
+                         STDOUT=>"out",
+                         STDERR=>[:child, 3],
+                         3=>[:child, 4],
+                         4=>[:child, STDOUT]
+                        )
+      assert_equal("errout", File.read("out"))
+
+      IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.print 'err'; STDOUT.print 'out'", STDERR=>[:child, STDOUT]]) {|io|
+        assert_equal("errout", io.read)
+      }
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, STDOUT=>[:child, STDOUT]) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, 3=>[:child, 4], 4=>[:child, 3]) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, 3=>[:child, 4], 4=>[:child, 5], 5=>[:child, 3]) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, STDOUT=>[:child, 3]) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_exec
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("s", 'exec "echo aaa", STDOUT=>"foo"')
+      pid = spawn RUBY, 's'
+      Process.wait pid
+      assert_equal("aaa\n", File.read("foo"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_popen
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      IO.popen("#{RUBY} -e 'puts :foo'") {|io| assert_equal("foo\n", io.read) }
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { IO.popen(["echo bar"]) {} } # assuming "echo bar" command not exist.
+      IO.popen(ECHO["baz"]) {|io| assert_equal("baz\n", io.read) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_popen_stdio
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        IO.popen([*ECHO["qux"], STDOUT=>STDOUT]) {|io| }
+      }
+      IO.popen([*ECHO["hoge"], STDERR=>STDOUT]) {|io|
+        assert_equal("hoge\n", io.read)
+      }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+        IO.popen([*ECHO["fuga"], STDOUT=>"out"]) {|io| }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_popen_extra_fd
+    omit "inheritance of fd other than stdin,stdout and stderr is not supported" if windows?
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        IO.popen([RUBY, '-e', 'IO.new(3, "w").puts("a"); puts "b"', 3=>w]) {|io|
+          assert_equal("b\n", io.read)
+        }
+        w.close
+        assert_equal("a\n", r.read)
+      }
+      IO.popen([RUBY, '-e', "IO.new(9, 'w').puts(:b)",
+               9=>["out2", File::WRONLY|File::CREAT|File::TRUNC]]) {|io|
+        assert_equal("", io.read)
+      }
+      assert_equal("b\n", File.read("out2"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    def test_popen_fork
+      IO.popen("-") do |io|
+        if !io
+          puts "fooo"
+        else
+          assert_equal("fooo\n", io.read)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_popen_fork_ensure
+      IO.popen("-") do |io|
+        if !io
+          STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+          raise "fooo"
+        else
+          assert_empty io.read
+        end
+      end
+    rescue RuntimeError
+      abort "[Bug #20995] should not reach here"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fd_inheritance
+    omit "inheritance of fd other than stdin,stdout and stderr is not supported" if windows?
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      system(RUBY, '-e', 'IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts(:ba)', w.fileno.to_s, w=>w)
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("ba\n", r.read)
+    }
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      Process.wait spawn(RUBY, '-e',
+                         'IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts("bi") rescue nil',
+                         w.fileno.to_s)
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("", r.read)
+    }
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      with_tmpchdir {|d|
+	File.write("s", <<-"End")
+	  exec(#{RUBY.dump}, '-e',
+	       'IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts("bu") rescue nil',
+	       #{w.fileno.to_s.dump}, :close_others=>false)
+	End
+        w.close_on_exec = false
+	Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "s", :close_others=>false)
+	w.close
+	assert_equal("bu\n", r.read)
+      }
+    }
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      io = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.reopen(STDOUT); IO.new(#{w.fileno}, 'w').puts('me')"])
+      begin
+        w.close
+        errmsg = io.read
+        assert_equal("", r.read)
+        assert_not_equal("", errmsg)
+      ensure
+        io.close
+      end
+    }
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      errmsg = `#{RUBY} -e "STDERR.reopen(STDOUT); IO.new(#{w.fileno}, 'w').puts(123)"`
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("", r.read)
+      assert_not_equal("", errmsg)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_close_others
+    omit "inheritance of fd other than stdin,stdout and stderr is not supported" if windows?
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        system(RUBY, '-e', 'STDERR.reopen("err", "w"); IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts("ma")', w.fileno.to_s, :close_others=>true)
+        w.close
+        assert_equal("", r.read)
+        assert_not_equal("", File.read("err"))
+        File.unlink("err")
+      }
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        Process.wait spawn(RUBY, '-e', 'STDERR.reopen("err", "w"); IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts("mi")', w.fileno.to_s, :close_others=>true)
+        w.close
+        assert_equal("", r.read)
+        assert_not_equal("", File.read("err"))
+        File.unlink("err")
+      }
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        w.close_on_exec = false
+        Process.wait spawn(RUBY, '-e', 'IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts("bi")', w.fileno.to_s, :close_others=>false)
+        w.close
+        assert_equal("bi\n", r.read)
+      }
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+	File.write("s", <<-"End")
+	  exec(#{RUBY.dump}, '-e',
+	       'STDERR.reopen("err", "w"); IO.new(ARGV[0].to_i, "w").puts("mu")',
+	       #{w.fileno.to_s.dump},
+	       :close_others=>true)
+	End
+        Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "s", :close_others=>false)
+        w.close
+        assert_equal("", r.read)
+        assert_not_equal("", File.read("err"))
+        File.unlink("err")
+      }
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        io = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.reopen(STDOUT); IO.new(#{w.fileno}, 'w').puts('me')", :close_others=>true])
+        begin
+          w.close
+          errmsg = io.read
+          assert_equal("", r.read)
+          assert_not_equal("", errmsg)
+        ensure
+          io.close
+        end
+      }
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        w.close_on_exec = false
+        io = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.reopen(STDOUT); IO.new(#{w.fileno}, 'w').puts('mo')", :close_others=>false])
+        begin
+          w.close
+          errmsg = io.read
+          assert_equal("mo\n", r.read)
+          assert_equal("", errmsg)
+        ensure
+          io.close
+        end
+      }
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        w.close_on_exec = false
+        io = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.reopen(STDOUT); IO.new(#{w.fileno}, 'w').puts('mo')", :close_others=>nil])
+        begin
+          w.close
+          errmsg = io.read
+          assert_equal("mo\n", r.read)
+          assert_equal("", errmsg)
+        ensure
+          io.close
+        end
+      }
+
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_close_others_default_false
+    IO.pipe do |r,w|
+      w.close_on_exec = false
+      src = "IO.new(#{w.fileno}).puts(:hi)"
+      assert_equal true, system(*%W(#{RUBY} --disable=gems -e #{src}))
+      assert_equal "hi\n", r.gets
+    end
+  end unless windows? # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_self
+    begin
+      with_pipe {|r, w|
+        w << "haha\n"
+        w.close
+        r.close_on_exec = true
+        IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print IO.new(#{r.fileno}, 'r').read", r.fileno=>r.fileno, :close_others=>false]) {|io|
+          assert_equal("haha\n", io.read)
+        }
+      }
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      omit "IO#close_on_exec= is not supported"
+    end
+  end unless windows? # passing non-stdio fds is not supported on Windows
+
+  def test_execopts_redirect_tempfile
+    bug6269 = '[ruby-core:44181]'
+    Tempfile.create("execopts") do |tmp|
+      pid = assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug6269) do
+        break spawn(RUBY, "-e", "print $$", out: tmp)
+      end
+      Process.wait(pid)
+      tmp.rewind
+      assert_equal(pid.to_s, tmp.read)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_duplex_io
+    IO.popen("#{RUBY} -e ''", "r+") {|duplex|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system("#{RUBY} -e ''", duplex=>STDOUT) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { system("#{RUBY} -e ''", STDOUT=>duplex) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_modification
+    h = {}
+    Process.wait spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, h)
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+
+    h = {}
+    system(*TRUECOMMAND, h)
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+
+    h = {}
+    io = IO.popen([*TRUECOMMAND, h])
+    io.close
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_system_noshell
+    str = "echo non existing command name which contains spaces"
+    assert_nil(system([str, str]))
+  end
+
+  def test_spawn_noshell
+    str = "echo non existing command name which contains spaces"
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { spawn([str, str]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_noshell
+    str = "echo non existing command name which contains spaces"
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) { IO.popen([str, str]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_noshell
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("s", <<-"End")
+	  str = "echo non existing command name which contains spaces"
+	  STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+	  begin
+	    exec [str, str]
+	  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+	    print "Errno::ENOENT success"
+	  end
+	End
+      r = IO.popen([RUBY, "s", :close_others=>false], "r") {|f| f.read}
+      assert_equal("Errno::ENOENT success", r)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_system_wordsplit
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result", "w") {|t| t << "haha pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 5
+      End
+      str = "#{RUBY} script"
+      ret = system(str)
+      status = $?
+      assert_equal(false, ret)
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_equal(5, status.exitstatus)
+      assert_equal("haha pid=#{status.pid} ppid=#{$$}", File.read("result"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_spawn_wordsplit
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result", "w") {|t| t << "hihi pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 6
+      End
+      str = "#{RUBY} script"
+      pid = spawn(str)
+      Process.wait pid
+      status = $?
+      assert_equal(pid, status.pid)
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_equal(6, status.exitstatus)
+      assert_equal("hihi pid=#{status.pid} ppid=#{$$}", File.read("result"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_wordsplit
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script", <<-'End')
+        print "fufu pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}"
+        exit 7
+      End
+      str = "#{RUBY} script"
+      io = IO.popen(str)
+      pid = io.pid
+      result = io.read
+      io.close
+      status = $?
+      assert_equal(pid, status.pid)
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_equal(7, status.exitstatus)
+      assert_equal("fufu pid=#{status.pid} ppid=#{$$}", result)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_wordsplit_beginning_and_trailing_spaces
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script", <<-'End')
+        print "fufumm pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}"
+        exit 7
+      End
+      str = " #{RUBY} script "
+      io = IO.popen(str)
+      pid = io.pid
+      result = io.read
+      io.close
+      status = $?
+      assert_equal(pid, status.pid)
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_equal(7, status.exitstatus)
+      assert_equal("fufumm pid=#{status.pid} ppid=#{$$}", result)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_wordsplit
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result", "w") {|t|
+          if /mswin|bccwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+            t << "hehe ppid=#{Process.ppid}"
+          else
+            t << "hehe pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}"
+          end
+        }
+        exit 6
+      End
+      File.write("s", <<-"End")
+	ruby = #{RUBY.dump}
+	exec "\#{ruby} script"
+      End
+      pid = spawn(RUBY, "s")
+      Process.wait pid
+      status = $?
+      assert_equal(pid, status.pid)
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_equal(6, status.exitstatus)
+      if windows?
+        expected = "hehe ppid=#{status.pid}"
+      else
+        expected = "hehe pid=#{status.pid} ppid=#{$$}"
+      end
+      assert_equal(expected, File.read("result"))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_system_shell
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script1", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result1", "w") {|t| t << "taka pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 7
+      End
+      File.write("script2", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result2", "w") {|t| t << "taki pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 8
+      End
+      ret = system("#{RUBY} script1 || #{RUBY} script2")
+      status = $?
+      assert_equal(false, ret)
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      result1 = File.read("result1")
+      result2 = File.read("result2")
+      assert_match(/\Ataka pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\z/, result1)
+      assert_match(/\Ataki pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\z/, result2)
+      assert_not_equal(result1[/\d+/].to_i, status.pid)
+
+      if windows?
+        Dir.mkdir(path = "path with space")
+        File.write(bat = path + "/bat test.bat", "@echo %1>out")
+        system(bat, "foo 'bar'")
+        assert_equal(%["foo 'bar'"\n], File.read("out"), '[ruby-core:22960]')
+        system(%[#{bat.dump} "foo 'bar'"])
+        assert_equal(%["foo 'bar'"\n], File.read("out"), '[ruby-core:22960]')
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_spawn_shell
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script1", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result1", "w") {|t| t << "taku pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 7
+      End
+      File.write("script2", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result2", "w") {|t| t << "take pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 8
+      End
+      pid = spawn("#{RUBY} script1 || #{RUBY} script2")
+      Process.wait pid
+      status = $?
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+      result1 = File.read("result1")
+      result2 = File.read("result2")
+      assert_match(/\Ataku pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\z/, result1)
+      assert_match(/\Atake pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\z/, result2)
+      assert_not_equal(result1[/\d+/].to_i, status.pid)
+
+      if windows?
+        Dir.mkdir(path = "path with space")
+        File.write(bat = path + "/bat test.bat", "@echo %1>out")
+        pid = spawn(bat, "foo 'bar'")
+        Process.wait pid
+        status = $?
+        assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+        assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+        assert_equal(%["foo 'bar'"\n], File.read("out"), '[ruby-core:22960]')
+        pid = spawn(%[#{bat.dump} "foo 'bar'"])
+        Process.wait pid
+        status = $?
+        assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+        assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+        assert_equal(%["foo 'bar'"\n], File.read("out"), '[ruby-core:22960]')
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_shell
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script1", <<-'End')
+        puts "tako pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}"
+        exit 7
+      End
+      File.write("script2", <<-'End')
+        puts "tika pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}"
+        exit 8
+      End
+      io = IO.popen("#{RUBY} script1 || #{RUBY} script2")
+      result = io.read
+      io.close
+      status = $?
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+      assert_match(/\Atako pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\ntika pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\n\z/, result)
+      assert_not_equal(result[/\d+/].to_i, status.pid)
+
+      if windows?
+        Dir.mkdir(path = "path with space")
+        File.write(bat = path + "/bat test.bat", "@echo %1")
+        r = IO.popen([bat, "foo 'bar'"]) {|f| f.read}
+        assert_equal(%["foo 'bar'"\n], r, '[ruby-core:22960]')
+        r = IO.popen(%[#{bat.dump} "foo 'bar'"]) {|f| f.read}
+        assert_equal(%["foo 'bar'"\n], r, '[ruby-core:22960]')
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_shell
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("script1", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result1", "w") {|t| t << "tiki pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 7
+      End
+      File.write("script2", <<-'End')
+        File.open("result2", "w") {|t| t << "tiku pid=#{$$} ppid=#{Process.ppid}" }
+        exit 8
+      End
+      File.write("s", <<-"End")
+	ruby = #{RUBY.dump}
+	exec("\#{ruby} script1 || \#{ruby} script2")
+      End
+      pid = spawn RUBY, "s"
+      Process.wait pid
+      status = $?
+      assert_predicate(status, :exited?)
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+      result1 = File.read("result1")
+      result2 = File.read("result2")
+      assert_match(/\Atiki pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\z/, result1)
+      assert_match(/\Atiku pid=\d+ ppid=\d+\z/, result2)
+      assert_not_equal(result1[/\d+/].to_i, status.pid)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_argv0
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      assert_equal(false, system([RUBY, "asdfg"], "-e", "exit false"))
+      assert_equal(true, system([RUBY, "zxcvb"], "-e", "exit true"))
+
+      Process.wait spawn([RUBY, "poiu"], "-e", "exit 4")
+      assert_equal(4, $?.exitstatus)
+
+      assert_equal("1", IO.popen([[RUBY, "qwerty"], "-e", "print 1"]) {|f| f.read })
+
+      File.write("s", <<-"End")
+        exec([#{RUBY.dump}, "lkjh"], "-e", "exit 5")
+      End
+      pid = spawn RUBY, "s"
+      Process.wait pid
+      assert_equal(5, $?.exitstatus)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_stdin(filename)
+    File.open(filename) {|f|
+      begin
+        old = STDIN.dup
+        begin
+          STDIN.reopen(filename)
+          yield
+        ensure
+          STDIN.reopen(old)
+        end
+      ensure
+        old.close
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_argv0_noarg
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      File.write("t", "exit true")
+      File.write("f",  "exit false")
+
+      with_stdin("t") { assert_equal(true, system([RUBY, "qaz"])) }
+      with_stdin("f") { assert_equal(false, system([RUBY, "wsx"])) }
+
+      with_stdin("t") { Process.wait spawn([RUBY, "edc"]) }
+      assert_predicate($?, :success?)
+      with_stdin("f") { Process.wait spawn([RUBY, "rfv"]) }
+      assert_not_predicate($?, :success?)
+
+      with_stdin("t") { IO.popen([[RUBY, "tgb"]]) {|io| assert_equal("", io.read) } }
+      assert_predicate($?, :success?)
+      with_stdin("f") { IO.popen([[RUBY, "yhn"]]) {|io| assert_equal("", io.read) } }
+      assert_not_predicate($?, :success?)
+
+      status = run_in_child "STDIN.reopen('t'); exec([#{RUBY.dump}, 'ujm'])"
+      assert_predicate(status, :success?)
+      status = run_in_child "STDIN.reopen('f'); exec([#{RUBY.dump}, 'ik,'])"
+      assert_not_predicate(status, :success?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_argv0_keep_alive
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<~REPRO, ['-'], [], "[Bug #15887]")
+      $0 = "diverge"
+      4.times { GC.start }
+      puts Process.argv0
+    REPRO
+  end
+
+  def test_argv0_frozen
+    assert_predicate Process.argv0, :frozen?
+    assert_predicate $0, :frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_status
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      s = run_in_child("exit 1")
+      assert_equal("#<Process::Status: pid #{ s.pid } exit #{ s.exitstatus }>", s.inspect)
+
+      assert_equal(s, s)
+      assert_equal(s, s.to_i)
+
+      assert_equal(false, s.stopped?)
+      assert_equal(nil, s.stopsig)
+
+      assert_equal(s, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(s)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_status_kill
+    return unless Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+    return unless Signal.list.include?("KILL")
+
+    # assume the system supports signal if SIGQUIT is available
+    expected = Signal.list.include?("QUIT") ? [false, true, false, nil] : [true, false, false, true]
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      File.write("foo", "Process.kill(:KILL, $$); exit(42)")
+      system(RUBY, "foo")
+      s = $?
+      assert_equal(expected,
+                   [s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?],
+                   "[s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?]")
+
+      assert_equal(s, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(s)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_status_quit
+    return unless Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+    return unless Signal.list.include?("QUIT")
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      s = assert_in_out_err([], "Signal.trap(:QUIT,'DEFAULT'); Process.kill(:SIGQUIT, $$);sleep 30", //, //, rlimit_core: 0)
+      assert_equal([false, true, false, nil],
+                   [s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?],
+                   "[s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?]")
+      assert_equal("#<Process::Status: pid #{ s.pid } SIGQUIT (signal #{ s.termsig })>",
+                   s.inspect.sub(/ \(core dumped\)(?=>\z)/, ''))
+
+      assert_equal(s, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(s)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_status_fail
+    ret = Process::Status.wait($$)
+    assert_instance_of(Process::Status, ret)
+    assert_equal(-1, ret.pid)
+  end
+
+
+  def test_status_wait
+    IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "gets"], "w") do |io|
+      pid = io.pid
+      assert_nil(Process::Status.wait(pid, Process::WNOHANG))
+      io.puts
+      ret = Process::Status.wait(pid)
+      assert_instance_of(Process::Status, ret)
+      assert_equal(pid, ret.pid)
+      assert_predicate(ret, :exited?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_wait_without_arg
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      File.write("foo", "sleep 0.1")
+      pid = spawn(RUBY, "foo")
+      assert_equal(pid, Process.wait)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_wait2
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      File.write("foo", "sleep 0.1")
+      pid = spawn(RUBY, "foo")
+      assert_equal([pid, 0], Process.wait2)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_waitall
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      File.write("foo", "sleep 0.1")
+      ps = (0...3).map { spawn(RUBY, "foo") }.sort
+      ss = Process.waitall.sort
+      ps.zip(ss) do |p1, (p2, s)|
+        assert_equal(p1, p2)
+        assert_equal(p1, s.pid)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_wait_exception
+    bug11340 = '[ruby-dev:49176] [Bug #11340]'
+    t0 = t1 = nil
+    sec = 3
+    code = "puts;STDOUT.flush;Thread.start{gets;exit};sleep(#{sec})"
+    IO.popen([RUBY, '-e', code], 'r+') do |f|
+      pid = f.pid
+      f.gets
+      t0 = Time.now
+      th = Thread.start(Thread.current) do |main|
+        Thread.pass until main.stop?
+        main.raise Interrupt
+      end
+      begin
+        assert_raise(Interrupt) {Process.wait(pid)}
+      ensure
+        th.kill.join
+      end
+      t1 = Time.now
+      diff = t1 - t0
+      assert_operator(diff, :<, sec,
+                  ->{"#{bug11340}: #{diff} seconds to interrupt Process.wait"})
+      f.puts
+    rescue Errno::EPIPE
+      omit "child process exited already in #{diff} seconds"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_abort
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      s = run_in_child("abort")
+      assert_not_predicate(s, :success?)
+      File.write("test-script", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+        begin
+          raise "[Bug #16424]"
+        rescue
+          abort
+        end
+      end;
+      assert_include(IO.popen([RUBY, "test-script"], &:read), "[Bug #16424]")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sleep
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sleep(1, 1) }
+    [-1, -1.0, -1r].each do |sec|
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /not.*negative/) { sleep(sec) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_getpgid
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Process.getpgid(Process.ppid))
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_getpriority
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Process.getpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, $$))
+  rescue NameError, NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_setpriority
+    if defined? Process::PRIO_USER
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        pr = Process.getpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, $$)
+        Process.setpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, $$, pr)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_getuid
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Process.uid)
+  end
+
+  def test_groups
+    gs = Process.groups
+    assert_instance_of(Array, gs)
+    gs.each {|g| assert_kind_of(Integer, g) }
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_maxgroups
+    max = Process.maxgroups
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  else
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, max)
+    assert_predicate(max, :positive?)
+    omit "not limited to NGROUPS_MAX" if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    gs = Process.groups
+    assert_operator(gs.size, :<=, max)
+    gs[0] ||= 0
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {Process.groups = gs * (max / gs.size + 1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_geteuid
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Process.euid)
+  end
+
+  def test_seteuid
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {Process.euid += 0}
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_seteuid_name
+    user = (Etc.getpwuid(Process.euid).name rescue ENV["USER"]) or return
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {Process.euid = user}
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_getegid
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Process.egid)
+  end
+
+  def test_setegid
+    omit "root can use Process.egid on Android platform" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /android/
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {Process.egid += 0}
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  if Process::UID.respond_to?(:from_name)
+    def test_uid_from_name
+      if u = Etc.getpwuid(Process.uid)
+        assert_equal(Process.uid, Process::UID.from_name(u.name), u.name)
+      end
+      exc = assert_raise_kind_of(ArgumentError, SystemCallError) {
+        Process::UID.from_name("\u{4e0d 5b58 5728}")
+      }
+      assert_match(/\u{4e0d 5b58 5728}/, exc.message) if exc.is_a?(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  if Process::GID.respond_to?(:from_name) && !RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("android")
+    def test_gid_from_name
+      if g = Etc.getgrgid(Process.gid)
+        assert_equal(Process.gid, Process::GID.from_name(g.name), g.name)
+      end
+      exc = assert_raise_kind_of(ArgumentError, SystemCallError) do
+        Process::GID.from_name("\u{4e0d 5b58 5728}") # fu son zai ("absent" in Kanji)
+      end
+      assert_match(/\u{4e0d 5b58 5728}/, exc.message) if exc.is_a?(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uid_re_exchangeable_p
+    r = Process::UID.re_exchangeable?
+    assert_include([true, false], r)
+  end
+
+  def test_gid_re_exchangeable_p
+    r = Process::GID.re_exchangeable?
+    assert_include([true, false], r)
+  end
+
+  def test_uid_sid_available?
+    r = Process::UID.sid_available?
+    assert_include([true, false], r)
+  end
+
+  def test_gid_sid_available?
+    r = Process::GID.sid_available?
+    assert_include([true, false], r)
+  end
+
+  def test_pst_inspect
+    assert_nothing_raised { Process::Status.allocate.inspect }
+  end
+
+  def test_wait_and_sigchild
+    signal_received = []
+    IO.pipe do |sig_r, sig_w|
+      Signal.trap(:CHLD) do
+        signal_received << true
+        sig_w.write('?')
+      end
+      pid = nil
+      th = nil
+      IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        pid = fork { r.read(1); exit }
+        th = Thread.start {
+          Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+          raise
+        }
+        w.puts
+      end
+      Process.wait pid
+      begin
+        th.join
+      rescue Exception
+      end
+      assert_send [sig_r, :wait_readable, 5], 'self-pipe not readable'
+    end
+    assert_equal [true], signal_received, "[ruby-core:19744]"
+  rescue NotImplementedError, ArgumentError
+  ensure
+    begin
+      Signal.trap(:CHLD, 'DEFAULT')
+    rescue ArgumentError
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_curdir
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      Dir.mkdir("vd")
+      status = nil
+      Dir.chdir("vd") {
+        dir = "#{d}/vd"
+        # Windows cannot remove the current directory with permission issues.
+        system(RUBY, "--disable-gems", "-e", "Dir.chdir '..'; Dir.rmdir #{dir.dump}", err: File::NULL)
+        system({"RUBYLIB"=>nil}, RUBY, "--disable-gems", "-e", "exit true")
+        status = $?
+      }
+      assert_predicate(status, :success?, "[ruby-dev:38105]")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback_to_sh
+    feature = '[ruby-core:32745]'
+    with_tmpchdir do |d|
+      File.write("tmp_script.#{$$}", ": ;\n", perm: 0o755)
+      assert_not_nil(pid = Process.spawn("./tmp_script.#{$$}"), feature)
+      wpid, st = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+      assert_equal([pid, true], [wpid, st.success?], feature)
+
+      File.write("tmp_script.#{$$}", "echo $#: $@", perm: 0o755)
+      result = IO.popen(["./tmp_script.#{$$}", "a b", "c"]) {|f| f.read}
+      assert_equal("2: a b c\n", result, feature)
+
+      File.write("tmp_script.#{$$}", "echo $hghg", perm: 0o755)
+      result = IO.popen([{"hghg" => "mogomogo"}, "./tmp_script.#{$$}", "a b", "c"]) {|f| f.read}
+      assert_equal("mogomogo\n", result, feature)
+
+    end
+  end if File.executable?("/bin/sh")
+
+  def test_spawn_too_long_path
+    bug4314 = '[ruby-core:34842]'
+    assert_fail_too_long_path(%w"echo", bug4314)
+  end
+
+  def test_aspawn_too_long_path
+    bug4315 = '[ruby-core:34833] #7904 [ruby-core:52628] #11613'
+    assert_fail_too_long_path(%w"echo |", bug4315)
+  end
+
+  def assert_fail_too_long_path((cmd, sep), mesg)
+    sep ||= ""
+    min = 1_000 / (cmd.size + sep.size)
+    cmds = Array.new(min, cmd)
+    exs = [Errno::ENOENT]
+    exs << Errno::EINVAL if windows?
+    exs << Errno::E2BIG if defined?(Errno::E2BIG)
+    opts = {[STDOUT, STDERR]=>File::NULL}
+    if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NPROC)
+      opts[:rlimit_nproc] = /openbsd/i =~ RUBY_PLATFORM ? 64 : 128
+    end
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      assert_raise(*exs, mesg) do
+        begin
+          loop do
+            Process.spawn(cmds.join(sep), opts)
+            min = [cmds.size, min].max
+            begin
+              cmds *= 100
+            rescue ArgumentError
+              raise NoMemoryError
+            end
+          end
+        rescue NoMemoryError
+          size = cmds.size
+          raise if min >= size - 1
+          min = [min, size /= 2].max
+          cmds[size..-1] = []
+          raise if size < 250
+          retry
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_system_sigpipe
+    return if windows?
+
+    pid = 0
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      assert_nothing_raised('[ruby-dev:12261]') do
+        EnvUtil.timeout(10) do
+          pid = spawn('yes | ls')
+          Process.waitpid pid
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  ensure
+    Process.kill(:KILL, pid) if (pid != 0) rescue false
+  end
+
+  if Process.respond_to?(:daemon)
+    def test_daemon_default
+      data = IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+        break f.read if f
+        Process.daemon
+        puts "ng"
+      end
+      assert_equal("", data)
+    end
+
+    def test_daemon_noclose
+      data = IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+        break f.read if f
+        Process.daemon(false, true)
+        puts "ok", Dir.pwd
+      end
+      assert_equal("ok\n/\n", data)
+    end
+
+    def test_daemon_nochdir_noclose
+      data = IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+        break f.read if f
+        Process.daemon(true, true)
+        puts "ok", Dir.pwd
+      end
+      assert_equal("ok\n#{Dir.pwd}\n", data)
+    end
+
+    def test_daemon_readwrite
+      data = IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+        if f
+          f.puts "ok?"
+          break f.read
+        end
+        Process.daemon(true, true)
+        puts STDIN.gets
+      end
+      assert_equal("ok?\n", data)
+    end
+
+    def test_daemon_pid
+      cpid, dpid = IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+        break f.pid, Integer(f.read) if f
+        Process.daemon(false, true)
+        puts $$
+      end
+      assert_not_equal(cpid, dpid)
+    end
+
+    def test_daemon_detached
+      IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+        if f
+          assert_equal(f.pid, Process.wait(f.pid))
+
+          dpid, ppid, dsid = 3.times.map {Integer(f.gets)}
+
+          message = "daemon #{dpid} should be detached"
+          assert_not_equal($$, ppid, message) # would be 1 almost always
+          assert_raise(Errno::ECHILD, message) {Process.wait(dpid)}
+          assert_kind_of(Integer, Process.kill(0, dpid), message)
+          assert_equal(dpid, dsid)
+
+          break # close f, and let the daemon resume and exit
+        end
+        Process.setsid rescue nil
+        Process.daemon(false, true)
+        puts $$, Process.ppid, Process.getsid
+        $stdin.gets # wait for the above assertions using signals
+      end
+    end
+
+    if File.directory?("/proc/self/task") && /netbsd[a-z]*[1-6]/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      def test_daemon_no_threads
+        pid, data = IO.popen("-", "r+") do |f|
+          break f.pid, f.readlines if f
+          Process.daemon(true, true)
+          puts Dir.entries("/proc/self/task") - %W[. ..]
+        end
+        bug4920 = '[ruby-dev:43873]'
+        assert_include(1..2, data.size, bug4920)
+        assert_not_include(data.map(&:to_i), pid)
+      end
+    else # darwin
+      def test_daemon_no_threads
+        data = EnvUtil.timeout(3) do
+          IO.popen("-") do |f|
+            break f.readlines.map(&:chomp) if f
+            th = Thread.start {sleep 3}
+            Process.daemon(true, true)
+            puts Thread.list.size, th.status.inspect
+          end
+        end
+        assert_equal(["1", "false"], data)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_cloexec
+    return unless defined? Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC
+    IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", ""]) {|io|
+      assert_predicate(io, :close_on_exec?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_exit
+    bug11510 = '[ruby-core:70671] [Bug #11510]'
+    pid = nil
+    opt = {timeout: 10, stdout_filter: ->(s) {pid = s}}
+    if windows?
+      opt[:new_pgroup] = true
+    else
+      opt[:pgroup] = true
+    end
+    assert_ruby_status(["-", RUBY], <<-'end;', bug11510, **opt)
+      RUBY = ARGV[0]
+      th = Thread.start {
+        Thread.current.abort_on_exception = true
+        IO.popen([RUBY, "-esleep 15", err: [:child, :out]]) {|f|
+          STDOUT.puts f.pid
+          STDOUT.flush
+          sleep(2)
+        }
+      }
+      sleep(0.001) until th.stop?
+    end;
+    assert_match(/\A\d+\Z/, pid)
+  ensure
+    if pid
+      pid = pid.to_i
+      [:TERM, :KILL].each {|sig| Process.kill(sig, pid) rescue break}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_popen_reopen
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      io = File.open(IO::NULL)
+      io2 = io.dup
+      IO.popen("echo") {|f| io.reopen(f)}
+      io.reopen(io2)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_new_pgroup
+    return unless windows?
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :new_pgroup=>true) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { system(*TRUECOMMAND, :new_pgroup=>false) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { spawn(*TRUECOMMAND, :new_pgroup=>true) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { IO.popen([*TRUECOMMAND, :new_pgroup=>true]) {} }
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_uid
+    omit "root can use uid option of Kernel#system on Android platform" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /android/
+    feature6975 = '[ruby-core:47414]'
+
+    [30000, [Process.uid, ENV["USER"]]].each do |uid, user|
+      if user
+        assert_nothing_raised(feature6975) do
+          begin
+            system(*TRUECOMMAND, uid: user, exception: true)
+          rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES, NotImplementedError
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_nothing_raised(feature6975) do
+        begin
+          system(*TRUECOMMAND, uid: uid, exception: true)
+        rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES, NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_nothing_raised(feature6975) do
+        begin
+          u = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print Process.uid", uid: user||uid], &:read)
+          assert_equal(uid.to_s, u, feature6975)
+        rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES, NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_execopts_gid
+    omit "Process.groups not implemented on Windows platform" if windows?
+    omit "root can use Process.groups on Android platform" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /android/
+    feature6975 = '[ruby-core:47414]'
+
+    groups = Process.groups.map do |g|
+      g = Etc.getgrgid(g) rescue next
+      [g.name, g.gid]
+    end
+    groups.compact!
+    [30000, *groups].each do |group, gid|
+      assert_nothing_raised(feature6975) do
+        begin
+          system(*TRUECOMMAND, gid: group)
+        rescue Errno::EPERM, NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      gid = "#{gid || group}"
+      assert_nothing_raised(feature6975) do
+        begin
+          g = IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", "print Process.gid", gid: group], &:read)
+          # AIX allows a non-root process to setgid to its supplementary group,
+          # while other UNIXes do not. (This might be AIX's violation of the POSIX standard.)
+          # However, Ruby does not allow a setgid'ed Ruby process to use the -e option.
+          # As a result, the Ruby process invoked by "IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", ..." above fails
+          # with a message like "no -e allowed while running setgid (SecurityError)" to stderr,
+          # the exis status is set to 1, and the variable "g" is set to an empty string.
+          # To conclude, on AIX, if the "gid" variable is a supplementary group,
+          # the assert_equal next can fail, so skip it.
+          assert_equal(gid, g, feature6975) unless $?.exitstatus == 1 && /aix/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM && gid != Process.gid
+        rescue Errno::EPERM, NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sigpipe
+    system(RUBY, "-e", "")
+    with_pipe {|r, w|
+      r.close
+      assert_raise(Errno::EPIPE) { w.print "a" }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sh_comment
+    IO.popen("echo a # fofoof") {|f|
+      assert_equal("a\n", f.read)
+    }
+  end if File.executable?("/bin/sh")
+
+  def test_sh_env
+    IO.popen("foofoo=barbar env") {|f|
+      lines = f.readlines
+      assert_operator(lines, :include?, "foofoo=barbar\n")
+    }
+  end if File.executable?("/bin/sh")
+
+  def test_sh_exec
+    IO.popen("exec echo exexexec") {|f|
+      assert_equal("exexexec\n", f.read)
+    }
+  end if File.executable?("/bin/sh")
+
+  def test_setsid
+    return unless Process.respond_to?(:setsid)
+    return unless Process.respond_to?(:getsid)
+    # OpenBSD and AIX don't allow Process::getsid(pid) when pid is in
+    # different session.
+    return if /openbsd|aix/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    IO.popen([RUBY, "-e", <<EOS]) do|io|
+	Marshal.dump(Process.getsid, STDOUT)
+	newsid = Process.setsid
+	Marshal.dump(newsid, STDOUT)
+	STDOUT.flush
+	# getsid() on MacOS X return ESRCH when target process is zombie
+	# even if it is valid process id.
+	sleep
+EOS
+      begin
+        # test Process.getsid() w/o arg
+        assert_equal(Marshal.load(io), Process.getsid)
+
+        # test Process.setsid return value and Process::getsid(pid)
+        assert_equal(Marshal.load(io), Process.getsid(io.pid))
+      ensure
+        Process.kill(:KILL, io.pid) rescue nil
+        Process.wait(io.pid)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_spawn_nonascii
+    bug1771 = '[ruby-core:24309] [Bug #1771]'
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      [
+       "\u{7d05 7389}",
+       "zuf\u{00E4}llige_\u{017E}lu\u{0165}ou\u{010D}k\u{00FD}_\u{10D2 10D0 10DB 10D4 10DD 10E0 10D4 10D1}_\u{0440 0430 0437 043B 043E 0433 0430}_\u{548C 65B0 52A0 5761 4EE5 53CA 4E1C}",
+       "c\u{1EE7}a",
+      ].each do |name|
+        msg = "#{bug1771} #{name}"
+        exename = "./#{name}.exe"
+        FileUtils.cp(ENV["COMSPEC"], exename)
+        assert_equal(true, system("#{exename} /c exit"), msg)
+        system("#{exename} /c exit 12")
+        assert_equal(12, $?.exitstatus, msg)
+        _, status = Process.wait2(Process.spawn("#{exename} /c exit 42"))
+        assert_equal(42, status.exitstatus, msg)
+        assert_equal("ok\n", `#{exename} /c echo ok`, msg)
+        assert_equal("ok\n", IO.popen("#{exename} /c echo ok", &:read), msg)
+        assert_equal("ok\n", IO.popen(%W"#{exename} /c echo ok", &:read), msg)
+        File.binwrite("#{name}.txt", "ok")
+        assert_equal("ok", `type #{name}.txt`)
+      end
+    end
+  end if windows?
+
+  def test_exec_nonascii
+    bug12841 = '[ruby-dev:49838] [Bug #12841]'
+
+    [
+      "\u{7d05 7389}",
+      "zuf\u{00E4}llige_\u{017E}lu\u{0165}ou\u{010D}k\u{00FD}_\u{10D2 10D0 10DB 10D4 10DD 10E0 10D4 10D1}_\u{0440 0430 0437 043B 043E 0433 0430}_\u{548C 65B0 52A0 5761 4EE5 53CA 4E1C}",
+      "c\u{1EE7}a",
+    ].each do |arg|
+      begin
+        arg = arg.encode(Encoding.local_charmap)
+      rescue
+      else
+        assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", [arg], [], bug12841)
+        begin;
+          arg = "#{arg.b}".force_encoding("#{arg.encoding.name}")
+          exec(ENV["COMSPEC"]||"cmd.exe", "/c", "echo", arg)
+        end;
+      end
+    end
+  end if windows?
+
+  def test_clock_gettime
+    t1 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
+    t2 = Time.now; t2 = t2.tv_sec * 1000000000 + t2.tv_nsec
+    t3 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
+    assert_operator(t1, :<=, t2)
+    assert_operator(t2, :<=, t3)
+    assert_raise_with_message(Errno::EINVAL, /:foo/) do
+      Process.clock_gettime(:foo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_unit
+    t0 = Time.now.to_f
+    [
+      [:nanosecond,  1_000_000_000],
+      [:microsecond, 1_000_000],
+      [:millisecond, 1_000],
+      [:second, 1],
+      [:float_microsecond, 1_000_000.0],
+      [:float_millisecond, 1_000.0],
+      [:float_second, 1.0],
+      [nil, 1.0],
+      [:foo],
+    ].each do |unit, num|
+      unless num
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, unit) }
+        next
+      end
+      t1 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, unit)
+      assert_kind_of num.integer? ? Integer : num.class, t1, [unit, num].inspect
+      assert_in_delta t0, t1/num, 1, [unit, num].inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_constants
+    Process.constants.grep(/\ACLOCK_/).each {|n|
+      c = Process.const_get(n)
+      begin
+        t = Process.clock_gettime(c)
+      rescue Errno::EINVAL
+        next
+      end
+      assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(Process::#{n})")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    n = :GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    n = :TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    n = :TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    n = :GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    n = :TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    n = :CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_gettime_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    n = :MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_gettime(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_gettime(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres
+    r = Process.clock_getres(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
+  rescue Errno::EINVAL
+  else
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, r)
+    assert_raise_with_message(Errno::EINVAL, /:foo/) do
+      Process.clock_getres(:foo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_constants
+    Process.constants.grep(/\ACLOCK_/).each {|n|
+      c = Process.const_get(n)
+      begin
+        t = Process.clock_getres(c)
+      rescue Errno::EINVAL
+        next
+      end
+      assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(Process::#{n})")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    n = :GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+    assert_equal(1000, Process.clock_getres(n, :nanosecond))
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    n = :TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
+    t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+    assert_equal(1000000000, Process.clock_getres(n, :nanosecond))
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    n = :TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+    f = Process.clock_getres(n, :hertz)
+    assert_equal(0, f - f.floor)
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    n = :GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+    assert_equal(1000, Process.clock_getres(n, :nanosecond))
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    n = :TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+    f = Process.clock_getres(n, :hertz)
+    assert_equal(0, f - f.floor)
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    n = :CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+    f = Process.clock_getres(n, :hertz)
+    assert_equal(0, f - f.floor)
+  end
+
+  def test_clock_getres_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    n = :MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    begin
+      t = Process.clock_getres(n)
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      return
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Float, t, "Process.clock_getres(:#{n})")
+  end
+
+  def test_deadlock_by_signal_at_forking
+    assert_ruby_status(%W(- #{RUBY}), <<-INPUT, timeout: 100)
+      ruby = ARGV.shift
+      GC.start # reduce garbage
+      GC.disable # avoid triggering CoW after forks
+      trap(:QUIT) {}
+      parent = $$
+      100.times do |i|
+        pid = fork {Process.kill(:QUIT, parent)}
+        IO.popen([ruby, -'--disable=gems'], -'r+'){}
+        Process.wait(pid)
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_process_detach
+    pid = fork {}
+    th = Process.detach(pid)
+    assert_equal pid, th.pid
+    status = th.value
+    assert_predicate status, :success?
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_kill_at_spawn_failure
+    bug11166 = '[ruby-core:69304] [Bug #11166]'
+    th = nil
+    x = with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      prog = "#{d}/notexist"
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      th = Thread.start {system(prog);q.push(nil);sleep}
+      q.pop
+      th.kill
+      th.join(0.1)
+    }
+    assert_equal(th, x, bug11166)
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_exec_fd_3_redirect
+    # ensure we can redirect anything to fd=3 in a child process.
+    # fd=3 is a commonly reserved FD for the timer thread pipe in the
+    # parent, but fd=3 is the first FD used by the sd_listen_fds function
+    # for systemd
+    assert_separately(['-', RUBY], <<-INPUT, timeout: 60)
+      ruby = ARGV.shift
+      begin
+        a = IO.pipe
+        b = IO.pipe
+        pid = fork do
+          exec ruby, '-e', 'print IO.for_fd(3).read(1)', 3 => a[0], 1 => b[1]
+        end
+        b[1].close
+        a[0].close
+        a[1].write('.')
+        assert_equal ".", b[0].read(1)
+      ensure
+        Process.wait(pid) if pid
+        a.each(&:close) if a
+        b.each(&:close) if b
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_exec_close_reserved_fd
+    cmd = ".#{File::ALT_SEPARATOR || File::SEPARATOR}bug11353"
+    with_tmpchdir {
+      (3..6).each do |i|
+        ret = run_in_child(<<-INPUT)
+          begin
+            $VERBOSE = nil
+            Process.exec('#{cmd}', 'dummy', #{i} => :close)
+          rescue SystemCallError
+          end
+        INPUT
+        assert_equal(0, ret)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_signals_work_after_exec_fail
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    pid = status = nil
+    EnvUtil.timeout(30) do
+      pid = fork do
+        r.close
+        begin
+          trap(:USR1) { w.syswrite("USR1\n"); exit 0 }
+          exec "/path/to/non/existent/#$$/#{rand}.ex"
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          w.syswrite("exec failed\n")
+        end
+        sleep
+        exit 1
+      end
+      w.close
+      assert_equal "exec failed\n", r.gets
+      Process.kill(:USR1, pid)
+      assert_equal "USR1\n", r.gets
+      assert_nil r.gets
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    end
+    assert_predicate status, :success?
+  rescue Timeout::Error
+    begin
+      Process.kill(:KILL, pid)
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH
+    end
+    raise
+  ensure
+    w.close if w
+    r.close if r
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_threading_works_after_exec_fail
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    pid = status = nil
+    EnvUtil.timeout(90) do
+      pid = fork do
+        r.close
+        begin
+          exec "/path/to/non/existent/#$$/#{rand}.ex"
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          w.syswrite("exec failed\n")
+        end
+        q = Thread::Queue.new
+        th1 = Thread.new { i = 0; i += 1 while q.empty?; i }
+        th2 = Thread.new { j = 0; j += 1 while q.empty? && Thread.pass.nil?; j }
+        sleep 0.5
+        q << true
+        w.syswrite "#{th1.value} #{th2.value}\n"
+      end
+      w.close
+      assert_equal "exec failed\n", r.gets
+      vals = r.gets.split.map!(&:to_i)
+      assert_operator vals[0], :>, vals[1], vals.inspect
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    end
+    assert_predicate status, :success?
+  rescue Timeout::Error
+    begin
+      Process.kill(:KILL, pid)
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH
+    end
+    raise
+  ensure
+    w.close if w
+    r.close if r
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_rescue_exec_fail
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) do
+        exec("", in: "")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_many_args
+    bug11418 = '[ruby-core:70251] [Bug #11418]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", ["x"]*256, [], bug11418, timeout: 60)
+      bin = "#{EnvUtil.rubybin}"
+      args = Array.new(256) {"x"}
+      GC.stress = true
+      system(bin, "--disable=gems", "-w", "-e", "puts ARGV", *args)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_hash_on_arguments
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      %w[Array String].each do |type|
+        a.for(type) do
+          assert_separately(['-', EnvUtil.rubybin], <<~"END;")
+          class #{type}
+            def to_hash
+              raise "[Bug-12355]: #{type}#to_hash is called"
+            end
+          end
+          ex = ARGV[0]
+          assert_equal(true, system([ex, ex], "-e", ""))
+          END;
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_forked_child_handles_signal
+    omit "fork not supported" unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-"end;", '[ruby-core:82883] [Bug #13916]')
+      require 'timeout'
+      pid = fork { sleep }
+      Process.kill(:TERM, pid)
+      assert_equal pid, Timeout.timeout(30) { Process.wait(pid) }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  if Process.respond_to?(:initgroups)
+    def test_initgroups
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        Process.initgroups("\0", 0)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_last_status
+    Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "-e", "exit 13")
+    assert_same(Process.last_status, $?)
+  end
+
+  def test_last_status_failure
+    assert_nil system("sad")
+    assert_not_predicate $?, :success?
+    assert_equal $?.exitstatus, 127
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_failure_leaves_no_child
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) do
+      spawn('inexistent_command')
+    end
+    assert_empty(Process.waitall)
+  end
+
+  def test__fork
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    pid = Process._fork
+    if pid == 0
+      begin
+        r.close
+        w << "ok: #$$"
+        w.close
+      ensure
+        exit!
+      end
+    else
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("ok: #{pid}", r.read)
+      r.close
+      Process.waitpid(pid)
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:_fork)
+
+  def test__fork_pid_cache
+    _parent_pid = Process.pid
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    pid = Process._fork
+    if pid == 0
+      begin
+        r.close
+        w << "ok: #{Process.pid}"
+        w.close
+      ensure
+        exit!
+      end
+    else
+      w.close
+      assert_equal("ok: #{pid}", r.read)
+      r.close
+      Process.waitpid(pid)
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:_fork)
+
+  def test__fork_hook
+    %w(fork Process.fork).each do |method|
+      feature17795 = '[ruby-core:103400] [Feature #17795]'
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], [], feature17795, timeout: 60) do |r, e|
+        module ForkHook
+          def _fork
+            p :before
+            ret = super
+            p :after
+            ret
+          end
+        end
+
+        Process.singleton_class.prepend(ForkHook)
+
+        pid = #{ method }
+        p pid
+        Process.waitpid(pid) if pid
+      end;
+        assert_equal([], e)
+        assert_equal(":before", r.shift)
+        assert_equal(":after", r.shift)
+        s = r.map {|s| s.chomp }.sort #=> [pid, ":after", "nil"]
+        assert_match(/^\d+$/, s[0]) # pid
+        assert_equal(":after", s[1])
+        assert_equal("nil", s[2])
+      end
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:_fork)
+
+  def test__fork_hook_popen
+    feature17795 = '[ruby-core:103400] [Feature #17795]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", %w(:before :after :after foo bar), [], feature17795, timeout: 60)
+      module ForkHook
+        def _fork
+          p :before
+          ret = super
+          p :after
+          ret
+        end
+      end
+
+      Process.singleton_class.prepend(ForkHook)
+
+      IO.popen("-") {|io|
+        if !io
+          puts "foo"
+        else
+          puts io.read + "bar"
+        end
+      }
+    end;
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:_fork)
+
+  def test__fork_wrong_type_hook
+    feature17795 = '[ruby-core:103400] [Feature #17795]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", ["OK"], [], feature17795, timeout: 60)
+      module ForkHook
+        def _fork
+          "BOO"
+        end
+      end
+
+      Process.singleton_class.prepend(ForkHook)
+
+      begin
+        fork
+      rescue TypeError
+        puts "OK"
+      end
+    end;
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:_fork)
+
+  def test_warmup_promote_all_objects_to_oldgen
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    require 'objspace'
+    begin;
+      obj = Object.new
+
+      assert_not_include(ObjectSpace.dump(obj), '"old":true')
+      Process.warmup
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(obj), '"old":true')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_warmup_run_major_gc_and_compact
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      # Run a GC to ensure that we are not in the middle of a GC run
+      GC.start
+
+      major_gc_count = GC.stat(:major_gc_count)
+      compact_count = GC.stat(:compact_count)
+      Process.warmup
+      assert_equal major_gc_count + 1, GC.stat(:major_gc_count)
+      assert_equal compact_count + 1, GC.stat(:compact_count)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_warmup_precompute_string_coderange
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    require 'objspace'
+    begin;
+      obj = "a" * 12
+      obj.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+      obj.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(obj), '"coderange":"unknown"')
+      Process.warmup
+      assert_include(ObjectSpace.dump(obj), '"coderange":"7bit"')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_warmup_frees_pages
+    assert_separately([{"RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS_MAX_RATIO" => "1.0"}, "-W0"], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      GC.start
+
+      TIMES = 100_000
+      ary = Array.new(TIMES)
+      TIMES.times do |i|
+        ary[i] = Object.new
+      end
+      ary.clear
+      ary = nil
+
+      # Disable GC so we can make sure GC only runs in Process.warmup
+      GC.disable
+
+      total_slots_before = GC.stat(:heap_available_slots) + GC.stat(:heap_allocatable_slots)
+
+      Process.warmup
+
+      # TODO: flaky
+      # assert_equal(total_slots_before, GC.stat(:heap_available_slots) + GC.stat(:heap_allocatable_slots))
+
+      assert_equal(0, GC.stat(:heap_empty_pages))
+      assert_operator(GC.stat(:total_freed_pages), :>, 0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_concurrent_group_and_pid_wait
+    # Use a pair of pipes that will make long_pid exit when this test exits, to avoid
+    # leaking temp processes.
+    long_rpipe, long_wpipe = IO.pipe
+    short_rpipe, short_wpipe = IO.pipe
+    # This process should run forever
+    long_pid = fork do
+      [short_rpipe, short_wpipe, long_wpipe].each(&:close)
+      long_rpipe.read
+    end
+    # This process will exit
+    short_pid = fork do
+      [long_rpipe, long_wpipe, short_wpipe].each(&:close)
+      short_rpipe.read
+    end
+    t1, t2, t3 = nil
+    EnvUtil.timeout(5) do
+      t1 = Thread.new do
+        Process.waitpid long_pid
+      end
+      # Wait for us to be blocking in a call to waitpid2
+      Thread.pass until t1.stop?
+      short_wpipe.close # Make short_pid exit
+
+      # The short pid has exited, so -1 should pick that up.
+      assert_equal short_pid, Process.waitpid(-1)
+
+      # Terminate t1 for the next phase of the test.
+      t1.kill
+      t1.join
+
+      t2 = Thread.new do
+        Process.waitpid(-1)
+      rescue Errno::ECHILD
+        nil
+      end
+      Thread.pass until t2.stop?
+      t3 = Thread.new do
+        Process.waitpid long_pid
+      rescue Errno::ECHILD
+        nil
+      end
+      Thread.pass until t3.stop?
+
+      # it's actually nondeterministic which of t2 or t3 will receive the wait (this
+      # nondeterminism comes from the behaviour of the underlying system calls)
+      long_wpipe.close
+      assert_equal [long_pid], [t2, t3].map(&:value).compact
+    end
+  ensure
+    [t1, t2, t3].each { _1&.kill rescue nil }
+    [t1, t2, t3].each { _1&.join rescue nil }
+    [long_rpipe, long_wpipe, short_rpipe, short_wpipe].each { _1&.close rescue nil }
+  end if defined?(fork)
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_with_fork
+    Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :never) do
+      Thread.current.raise(RuntimeError, "Queued error")
+
+      assert_predicate Thread, :pending_interrupt?
+
+      pid = Process.fork do
+        if Thread.pending_interrupt?
+          exit 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+      assert_predicate status, :success?
+
+      assert_predicate Thread, :pending_interrupt?
+    end
+  rescue RuntimeError
+    # Ignore.
+  end if defined?(fork)
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_ractor.rb b/test/ruby/test_ractor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ae511217a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_ractor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRactor < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_shareability_of_iseq_proc
+    assert_raise Ractor::IsolationError do
+      foo = []
+      Ractor.shareable_proc{ foo }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shareability_of_method_proc
+    # TODO: fix with Ractor.shareable_proc/lambda
+=begin
+    str = +""
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { proc { to_s } }
+    assert_unshareable(x, /Proc\'s self is not shareable/)
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { method(:to_s) }
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String#to_s()>", exception: Ractor::Error)
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { method(:to_s).to_proc }
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String#to_s()>", exception: Ractor::Error)
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { method(:itself).to_proc }
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String(Kernel)#itself()>", exception: Ractor::Error)
+
+    str.freeze
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { proc { to_s } }
+    assert_make_shareable(x)
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { method(:to_s) }
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String#to_s()>", exception: Ractor::Error)
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { method(:to_s).to_proc }
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String#to_s()>", exception: Ractor::Error)
+
+    x = str.instance_exec { method(:itself).to_proc }
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String(Kernel)#itself()>", exception: Ractor::Error)
+=end
+  end
+
+  def test_shareability_error_uses_inspect
+    x = (+"").instance_exec { method(:to_s) }
+    def x.to_s
+      raise "this should not be called"
+    end
+    assert_unshareable(x, "can not make shareable object for #<Method: String#to_s()> because it refers unshareable objects", exception: Ractor::Error)
+  end
+
+  def test_default_thread_group
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      Warning[:experimental] = false
+
+      main_ractor_id = Thread.current.group.object_id
+      ractor_id = Ractor.new { Thread.current.group.object_id }.value
+      refute_equal main_ractor_id, ractor_id
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_class_instance_variables
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY')
+      # Once we're in multi-ractor mode, the codepaths
+      # for class instance variables are a bit different.
+      Ractor.new {}.value
+
+      class TestClass
+        @a = 1
+        @b = 2
+        @c = 3
+        @d = 4
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 4, TestClass.remove_instance_variable(:@d)
+      assert_nil TestClass.instance_variable_get(:@d)
+      assert_equal 4, TestClass.instance_variable_set(:@d, 4)
+      assert_equal 4, TestClass.instance_variable_get(:@d)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_instance_variables
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY')
+      StructIvar = Struct.new(:member) do
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+          @ivar = "ivar"
+        end
+        attr_reader :ivar
+      end
+      obj = StructIvar.new("member")
+      obj_copy = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }.send(obj).value
+      assert_equal obj.ivar, obj_copy.ivar
+      refute_same obj.ivar, obj_copy.ivar
+      assert_equal obj.member, obj_copy.member
+      refute_same obj.member, obj_copy.member
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_move_nested_hash_during_gc_with_yjit
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY', args: [{ "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE" => "1" }])
+      GC.stress = true
+      hash = { foo: { bar: "hello" }, baz: { qux: "there" } }
+      result = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }.send(hash, move: true).value
+      assert_equal "hello", result[:foo][:bar]
+      assert_equal "there", result[:baz][:qux]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_fork_raise_isolation_error
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY')
+      ractor = Ractor.new do
+        Process.fork
+      rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+        e
+      end
+      assert_equal Ractor::IsolationError, ractor.value.class
+    RUBY
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_require_raises_and_no_ractor_belonging_issue
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY')
+      require "tempfile"
+      f = Tempfile.new(["file_to_require_from_ractor", ".rb"])
+      f.write("raise 'uh oh'")
+      f.flush
+      err_msg = Ractor.new(f.path) do |path|
+        begin
+          require path
+        rescue RuntimeError => e
+          e.message # had confirm belonging issue here
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end.value
+      assert_equal "uh oh", err_msg
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_require_non_string
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY')
+      require "tempfile"
+      require "pathname"
+      f = Tempfile.new(["file_to_require_from_ractor", ".rb"])
+      f.write("")
+      f.flush
+      result = Ractor.new(f.path) do |path|
+        require Pathname.new(path)
+        "success"
+      end.value
+      assert_equal "success", result
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #21398]
+  def test_port_receive_dnt_with_port_send
+    omit 'unstable on windows and macos-14' if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin|mingw|darwin/
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY', timeout: 90)
+      THREADS = 10
+      JOBS_PER_THREAD = 50
+      ARRAY_SIZE = 20_000
+      def ractor_job(job_count, array_size)
+        port = Ractor::Port.new
+        workers = (1..4).map do |i|
+          Ractor.new(port) do |job_port|
+            while job = Ractor.receive
+              result = job.map { |x| x * 2 }.sum
+              job_port.send result
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        jobs = Array.new(job_count) { Array.new(array_size) { rand(1000) } }
+        jobs.each_with_index do |job, i|
+          w_idx = i % 4
+          workers[w_idx].send(job)
+        end
+        results = []
+        jobs.size.times do
+          result = port.receive # dnt receive
+          results << result
+        end
+        results
+      end
+      threads = []
+      # creates 40 ractors (THREADSx4)
+      THREADS.times do
+        threads << Thread.new do
+          ractor_job(JOBS_PER_THREAD, ARRAY_SIZE)
+        end
+      end
+      threads.each(&:join)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #20146]
+  def test_max_cpu_1
+    assert_ractor(<<~'RUBY', args: [{ "RUBY_MAX_CPU" => "1" }])
+      assert_equal :ok, Ractor.new { :ok }.value
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_proc_is_shareable
+    pr = :symbol.to_proc
+    assert_make_shareable(pr)
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #21775]
+  def test_ifunc_proc_not_shareable
+    h = Hash.new { self }
+    pr = h.to_proc
+    assert_unshareable(pr, /not supported yet/, exception: RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  def assert_make_shareable(obj)
+    refute Ractor.shareable?(obj), "object was already shareable"
+    Ractor.make_shareable(obj)
+    assert Ractor.shareable?(obj), "object didn't become shareable"
+  end
+
+  def assert_unshareable(obj, msg=nil, exception: Ractor::IsolationError)
+    refute Ractor.shareable?(obj), "object is already shareable"
+    assert_raise_with_message(exception, msg) do
+      Ractor.make_shareable(obj)
+    end
+    refute Ractor.shareable?(obj), "despite raising, object became shareable"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_rand.rb b/test/ruby/test_rand.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f177664943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_rand.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRand < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_random_int(m, init = 0, iterate: 5)
+    srand(init)
+    rnds = [Random.new(init)]
+    rnds2 = [rnds[0].dup]
+    rnds3 = [rnds[0].dup]
+    iterate.times do |i|
+      w = rand(m)
+      rnds.each do |rnd|
+        assert_equal(w, rnd.rand(m))
+      end
+      rnds2.each do |rnd|
+        r=rnd.rand(i...(m+i))
+        assert_equal(w+i, r)
+      end
+      rnds3.each do |rnd|
+        r=rnd.rand(i..(m+i-1))
+        assert_equal(w+i, r)
+      end
+      rnds << Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(rnds[-1]))
+      rnds2 << Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(rnds2[-1]))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mt
+    assert_random_int(0x100000000, 0x00000456_00000345_00000234_00000123)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x3fffffff
+    assert_random_int(0x3fffffff)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x40000000
+    assert_random_int(0x40000000)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x40000001
+    assert_random_int(0x40000001)
+  end
+
+  def test_0xffffffff
+    assert_random_int(0xffffffff)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x100000000
+    assert_random_int(0x100000000)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x100000001
+    assert_random_int(0x100000001)
+  end
+
+  def test_rand_0x100000000
+    assert_random_int(0x100000001, 311702798)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x1000000000000
+    assert_random_int(0x1000000000000)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x1000000000001
+    assert_random_int(0x1000000000001)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x3fffffffffffffff
+    assert_random_int(0x3fffffffffffffff)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x4000000000000000
+    assert_random_int(0x4000000000000000)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x4000000000000001
+    assert_random_int(0x4000000000000001)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x10000000000
+    assert_random_int(0x10000000000, 3)
+  end
+
+  def test_0x10000
+    assert_random_int(0x10000)
+  end
+
+  def assert_same_numbers(type, *nums)
+    nums.each do |n|
+      assert_instance_of(type, n)
+    end
+    x = nums.shift
+    nums.each do |n|
+      assert_equal(x, n)
+    end
+    x
+  end
+
+  def test_types
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      def to_int; 100; end
+      def class; Integer; end
+    end
+
+    srand(0)
+    nums = [100.0, (2**100).to_f, (2**100), o, o, o].map do |m|
+      k = Integer
+      assert_kind_of(k, x = rand(m), m.inspect)
+      [m, k, x]
+    end
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, rand(-(2**100).to_f))
+
+    srand(0)
+    rnd = Random.new(0)
+    rnd2 = Random.new(0)
+    nums.each do |m, k, x|
+      assert_same_numbers(m.class, Random.rand(m), rnd.rand(m), rnd2.rand(m))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_srand
+    srand
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, rand(2))
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Random.new.rand(2))
+
+    srand(2**100)
+    rnd = Random.new(2**100)
+    r = 3.times.map do
+      assert_same_numbers(Integer, rand(0x100000000), rnd.rand(0x100000000))
+    end
+    srand(2**100)
+    r.each do |n|
+      assert_same_numbers(Integer, n, rand(0x100000000))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shuffle
+    srand(0)
+    result = [*1..5].shuffle
+    assert_equal([*1..5], result.sort)
+    assert_equal(result, [*1..5].shuffle(random: Random.new(0)))
+  end
+
+  def test_big_seed
+    assert_random_int(0x100000000, 2**1000000-1)
+  end
+
+  def test_random_gc
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    3.times do
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, r.rand(0x100000000))
+    end
+    GC.start
+    3.times do
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, r.rand(0x100000000))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_random_type_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Random.new(Object.new) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Random.new(0).rand(Object.new) }
+  end
+
+  def test_random_argument_error
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { r.rand(0, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-core:24677]') { r.rand(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-core:24677]') { r.rand(-1.0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-core:24677]') { r.rand(0) }
+    assert_equal(0, r.rand(1), '[ruby-dev:39166]')
+    assert_equal(0, r.rand(0...1), '[ruby-dev:39166]')
+    assert_equal(0, r.rand(0..0), '[ruby-dev:39166]')
+    assert_equal(0.0, r.rand(0.0..0.0), '[ruby-dev:39166]')
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:39166]') { r.rand(0...0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:39166]') { r.rand(0..-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:39166]') { r.rand(0.0...0.0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, '[ruby-dev:39166]') { r.rand(0.0...-0.1) }
+    bug3027 = '[ruby-core:29075]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug3027) { r.rand(nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_random_seed
+    assert_equal(0, Random.new(0).seed)
+    assert_equal(0x100000000, Random.new(0x100000000).seed)
+    assert_equal(2**100, Random.new(2**100).seed)
+  end
+
+  def test_random_dup
+    r1 = Random.new(0)
+    r2 = r1.dup
+    3.times do
+      assert_same_numbers(Integer, r1.rand(0x100000000), r2.rand(0x100000000))
+    end
+    r2 = r1.dup
+    3.times do
+      assert_same_numbers(Integer, r1.rand(0x100000000), r2.rand(0x100000000))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_random_bytes
+    srand(0)
+    r = Random.new(0)
+
+    assert_equal("", r.bytes(0))
+    assert_equal("", Random.bytes(0))
+
+    x = r.bytes(1)
+    assert_equal(1, x.bytesize)
+    assert_equal(x, Random.bytes(1))
+
+    x = r.bytes(10)
+    assert_equal(10, x.bytesize)
+    assert_equal(x, Random.bytes(10))
+  end
+
+  def test_random_range
+    srand(0)
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    now = Time.now
+    [5..9, -1000..1000, 2**100+5..2**100+9, 3.1..4, now..(now+2)].each do |range|
+      3.times do
+        x = rand(range)
+        assert_instance_of(range.first.class, x)
+        assert_equal(x, r.rand(range))
+        assert_include(range, x)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_random_float
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    3.times do
+      assert_include(0...1.0, r.rand)
+    end
+    [2.0, (2**100).to_f].each do |x|
+      range = 0...x
+      3.times do
+        assert_include(range, r.rand(x), "rand(#{x})")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(Errno::EDOM, Errno::ERANGE) { r.rand(1.0 / 0.0) }
+    assert_raise(Errno::EDOM, Errno::ERANGE) { r.rand(0.0 / 0.0) }
+    assert_raise(Errno::EDOM) {r.rand(1..)}
+    assert_raise(Errno::EDOM) {r.rand(..1)}
+
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    [1.0...2.0, 1.0...11.0, 2.0...4.0].each do |range|
+      3.times do
+        assert_include(range, r.rand(range), "[ruby-core:24655] rand(#{range})")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {r.rand(-Float::MAX..Float::MAX)}
+  end
+
+  def test_random_equal
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    assert_equal(r, r)
+    assert_equal(r, r.dup)
+    r1 = r.dup
+    r2 = r.dup
+    r1.rand(0x100)
+    assert_not_equal(r1, r2)
+    r2.rand(0x100)
+    assert_equal(r1, r2)
+  end
+
+  def test_fork_shuffle
+    pid = fork do
+      (1..10).to_a.shuffle
+      raise 'default seed is not set' if srand == 0
+    end
+    _, st = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_predicate(st, :success?, "#{st.inspect}")
+  rescue NotImplementedError, ArgumentError
+  end
+
+  def assert_fork_status(n, mesg, &block)
+    IO.pipe do |r, w|
+      (1..n).map do
+        st = desc = nil
+        IO.pipe do |re, we|
+          p1 = fork {
+            re.close
+            STDERR.reopen(we)
+            w.puts(block.call.to_s)
+          }
+          we.close
+          err = Thread.start {re.read}
+          _, st = Process.waitpid2(p1)
+          desc = FailDesc[st, mesg, err.value]
+        end
+        assert(!st.signaled?, desc)
+        assert(st.success?, mesg)
+        r.gets.strip
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rand_reseed_on_fork
+    GC.start
+    bug5661 = '[ruby-core:41209]'
+
+    assert_fork_status(1, bug5661) {Random.rand(4)}
+    r1, r2 = *assert_fork_status(2, bug5661) {Random.rand}
+    assert_not_equal(r1, r2, bug5661)
+
+    assert_fork_status(1, bug5661) {rand(4)}
+    r1, r2 = *assert_fork_status(2, bug5661) {rand}
+    assert_not_equal(r1, r2, bug5661)
+
+    stable = Random.new
+    assert_fork_status(1, bug5661) {stable.rand(4)}
+    r1, r2 = *assert_fork_status(2, bug5661) {stable.rand}
+    assert_equal(r1, r2, bug5661)
+
+    assert_fork_status(1, '[ruby-core:82100] [Bug #13753]') do
+      Random.rand(4)
+    end
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def test_seed
+    bug3104 = '[ruby-core:29292]'
+    rand_1 = Random.new(-1).rand
+    assert_not_equal(rand_1, Random.new((1 << 31) -1).rand, "#{bug3104} (2)")
+    assert_not_equal(rand_1, Random.new((1 << 63) -1).rand, "#{bug3104} (2)")
+
+    [-1, -2**10, -2**40].each {|n|
+      b = (2**64).coerce(n)[0]
+      r1 = Random.new(n).rand
+      r2 = Random.new(b).rand
+      assert_equal(r1, r2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_seed_leading_zero_guard
+    guard = 1<<32
+    range = 0...(1<<32)
+    all_assertions_foreach(nil, 0, 1, 2) do |i|
+      assert_not_equal(Random.new(i).rand(range), Random.new(i+guard).rand(range))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    bug3656 = '[ruby-core:31622]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug3656) {
+      Random.new.__send__(:marshal_load, 0)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_frozen
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    r.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, '[Bug #6540]') do
+      r.__send__(:initialize, r)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_load_frozen
+    r = Random.new(0)
+    d = r.__send__(:marshal_dump)
+    r.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, '[Bug #6540]') do
+      r.__send__(:marshal_load, d)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_random_ulong_limited
+    def (gen = Object.new).rand(*) 1 end
+    assert_equal([2], (1..100).map {[1,2,3].sample(random: gen)}.uniq)
+
+    def (gen = Object.new).rand(*) 100 end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, /big 100\z/) {[1,2,3].sample(random: gen)}
+
+    bug7903 = '[ruby-dev:47061] [Bug #7903]'
+    def (gen = Object.new).rand(*) -1 end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RangeError, /small -1\z/, bug7903) {[1,2,3].sample(random: gen)}
+
+    bug7935 = '[ruby-core:52779] [Bug #7935]'
+    class << (gen = Object.new)
+      def rand(limit) @limit = limit; 0 end
+      attr_reader :limit
+    end
+    [1, 2].sample(1, random: gen)
+    assert_equal(2, gen.limit, bug7935)
+  end
+
+  def test_random_ulong_limited_no_rand
+    c = Class.new do
+      undef rand
+      def bytes(n)
+        "\0"*n
+      end
+    end
+    gen = c.new.extend(Random::Formatter)
+    assert_equal(1, [1, 2].sample(random: gen))
+  end
+
+  def test_default_seed
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      seed = Random.seed
+      rand1 = Random.rand
+      $VERBOSE = verbose
+      rand2 = Random.new(seed).rand
+      assert_equal(rand1, rand2)
+
+      srand seed
+      rand3 = rand
+      assert_equal(rand1, rand3)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_urandom
+    [0, 1, 100].each do |size|
+      v = Random.urandom(size)
+      assert_kind_of(String, v)
+      assert_equal(size, v.bytesize)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_new_seed
+    size = 0
+    n = 8
+    n.times do
+      v = Random.new_seed
+      assert_kind_of(Integer, v)
+      size += v.size
+    end
+    # probability of failure <= 1/256**8
+    assert_operator(size.fdiv(n), :>, 15)
+  end
+
+  def test_broken_marshal
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\vRandom" + Marshal.dump([1,0,1])[2..]) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\vRandom" + Marshal.dump([1,-1,1])[2..]) }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_random_formatter.rb b/test/ruby/test_random_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..784fbfc2b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_random_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'random/formatter'
+
+module Random::Formatter
+  module FormatterTest
+    def test_random_bytes
+      assert_equal(16, @it.random_bytes.size)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, @it.random_bytes.encoding)
+      65.times do |idx|
+        assert_equal(idx, @it.random_bytes(idx).size)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_hex
+      s = @it.hex
+      assert_equal(16 * 2, s.size)
+      assert_match(/\A\h+\z/, s)
+      33.times do |idx|
+        s = @it.hex(idx)
+        assert_equal(idx * 2, s.size)
+        assert_match(/\A\h*\z/, s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_hex_encoding
+      assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, @it.hex.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def test_base64
+      assert_equal(16, @it.base64.unpack1('m*').size)
+      17.times do |idx|
+        assert_equal(idx, @it.base64(idx).unpack1('m*').size)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_urlsafe_base64
+      safe = /[\n+\/]/
+      65.times do |idx|
+        assert_not_match(safe, @it.urlsafe_base64(idx))
+      end
+      # base64 can include unsafe byte
+      assert((0..10000).any? {|idx| safe =~ @it.base64(idx)}, "None of base64(0..10000) is url-safe")
+    end
+
+    def test_random_number_float
+      101.times do
+        v = @it.random_number
+        assert_in_range(0.0...1.0, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_random_number_float_by_zero
+      101.times do
+        v = @it.random_number(0)
+        assert_in_range(0.0...1.0, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_random_number_int
+      101.times do |idx|
+        next if idx.zero?
+        v = @it.random_number(idx)
+        assert_in_range(0...idx, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_uuid
+      uuid = @it.uuid
+      assert_equal(36, uuid.size)
+
+      # Check time_hi_and_version and clock_seq_hi_res bits (RFC 4122 4.4)
+      assert_equal('4', uuid[14])
+      assert_include(%w'8 9 a b', uuid[19])
+
+      assert_match(/\A\h{8}-\h{4}-\h{4}-\h{4}-\h{12}\z/, uuid)
+    end
+
+    def assert_uuid_v7(**opts)
+      t1 = current_uuid7_time(**opts)
+      uuid = @it.uuid_v7(**opts)
+      t3 = current_uuid7_time(**opts)
+
+      assert_match(/\A\h{8}-\h{4}-7\h{3}-[89ab]\h{3}-\h{12}\z/, uuid)
+
+      t2 = get_uuid7_time(uuid, **opts)
+      assert_operator(t1, :<=, t2)
+      assert_operator(t2, :<=, t3)
+    end
+
+    def test_uuid_v7
+      assert_uuid_v7
+      0.upto(12) do |extra_timestamp_bits|
+        assert_uuid_v7 extra_timestamp_bits: extra_timestamp_bits
+      end
+    end
+
+    # It would be nice to simply use Time#floor here.  But that is problematic
+    # due to the difference between decimal vs binary fractions.
+    def current_uuid7_time(extra_timestamp_bits: 0)
+      denominator = (1 << extra_timestamp_bits).to_r
+      Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
+        .then {|ns| ((ns / 1_000_000r) * denominator).floor / denominator }
+        .then {|ms| Time.at(ms / 1000r, in: "+00:00") }
+    end
+
+    def get_uuid7_time(uuid, extra_timestamp_bits: 0)
+      denominator     = (1 << extra_timestamp_bits) * 1000r
+      extra_chars     = extra_timestamp_bits / 4
+      last_char_bits  = extra_timestamp_bits % 4
+      extra_chars    += 1 if last_char_bits != 0
+      timestamp_re    = /\A(\h{8})-(\h{4})-7(\h{#{extra_chars}})/
+      timestamp_chars = uuid.match(timestamp_re).captures.join
+      timestamp       = timestamp_chars.to_i(16)
+      timestamp     >>= 4 - last_char_bits unless last_char_bits == 0
+      timestamp      /= denominator
+      Time.at timestamp, in: "+00:00"
+    end
+
+    def test_alphanumeric
+      65.times do |n|
+        an = @it.alphanumeric(n)
+        assert_match(/\A[0-9a-zA-Z]*\z/, an)
+        assert_equal(n, an.length)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_alphanumeric_chars
+      [
+        [[*"0".."9"], /\A\d*\z/],
+        [[*"a".."t"], /\A[a-t]*\z/],
+        ["一二三四五六七八��".chars, /\A[一二三四五六七八��]*\z/],
+      ].each do |chars, pattern|
+        10.times do |n|
+          an = @it.alphanumeric(n, chars: chars)
+          assert_match(pattern, an)
+          assert_equal(n, an.length)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_in_range(range, result, mesg = nil)
+      assert(range.cover?(result), build_message(mesg, "Expected #{result} to be in #{range}"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  module NotDefaultTest
+    def test_random_number_not_default
+      msg = "random_number should not be affected by srand"
+      seed = srand(0)
+      x = @it.random_number(1000)
+      10.times do|i|
+        srand(0)
+        return unless @it.random_number(1000) == x
+      end
+      srand(0)
+      assert_not_equal(x, @it.random_number(1000), msg)
+    ensure
+      srand(seed) if seed
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestClassMethods < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include FormatterTest
+
+    def setup
+      @it = Random
+    end
+
+    def test_alphanumeric_frozen
+      assert_predicate @it::Formatter::ALPHANUMERIC, :frozen?
+      assert @it::Formatter::ALPHANUMERIC.all?(&:frozen?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestInstanceMethods < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include FormatterTest
+    include NotDefaultTest
+
+    def setup
+      @it = Random.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_range.rb b/test/ruby/test_range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff17dca69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1551 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'delegate'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'date'
+require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+
+class TestRange < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_new
+    assert_equal((0..2), Range.new(0, 2))
+    assert_equal((0..2), Range.new(0, 2, false))
+    assert_equal((0...2), Range.new(0, 2, true))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (1.."3") }
+
+    assert_equal((0..nil), Range.new(0, nil, false))
+    assert_equal((0...nil), Range.new(0, nil, true))
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.<=>(other)
+      raise RuntimeError, "cmp"
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, "cmp") { (obj..3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_initialize
+    r = Range.allocate
+    r.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){r.__send__(:initialize, 1, 2)}
+  end
+
+  def test_range_string
+    # XXX: Is this really the test of Range?
+    assert_equal([], ("a" ... "a").to_a)
+    assert_equal(["a"], ("a" .. "a").to_a)
+    assert_equal(["a"], ("a" ... "b").to_a)
+    assert_equal(["a", "b"], ("a" .. "b").to_a)
+    assert_equal([*"a".."z", "aa"], ("a"..).take(27))
+    assert_equal([*"a".."z"], eval("('a' || 'b')..'z'").to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_range_numeric_string
+    assert_equal(["6", "7", "8"], ("6".."8").to_a, "[ruby-talk:343187]")
+    assert_equal(["6", "7"], ("6"..."8").to_a)
+    assert_equal(["9", "10"], ("9".."10").to_a)
+    assert_equal(["9", "10"], ("9"..).take(2))
+    assert_equal(["09", "10"], ("09".."10").to_a, "[ruby-dev:39361]")
+    assert_equal(["9", "10"], (SimpleDelegator.new("9").."10").to_a)
+    assert_equal(["9", "10"], (SimpleDelegator.new("9")..).take(2))
+    assert_equal(["9", "10"], ("9"..SimpleDelegator.new("10")).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_range_symbol
+    assert_equal([:a, :b], (:a .. :b).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_evaluation_order
+    arr = [1,2]
+    r = (arr.shift)..(arr.shift)
+    assert_equal(1..2, r, "[ruby-dev:26383]")
+  end
+
+  class DuckRange
+    def initialize(b,e,excl=false)
+      @begin = b
+      @end = e
+      @excl = excl
+    end
+    attr_reader :begin, :end
+
+    def exclude_end?
+      @excl
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_duckrange
+    assert_equal("bc", "abcd"[DuckRange.new(1,2)])
+  end
+
+  def test_min
+    assert_equal(1, (1..2).min)
+    assert_equal(nil, (2..1).min)
+    assert_equal(1, (1...2).min)
+    assert_equal(1, (1..).min)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (..1).min }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (...1).min }
+
+    assert_equal(1.0, (1.0..2.0).min)
+    assert_equal(nil, (2.0..1.0).min)
+    assert_equal(1, (1.0...2.0).min)
+    assert_equal(1, (1.0..).min)
+
+    assert_equal(0, (0..0).min)
+    assert_equal(nil, (0...0).min)
+
+    assert_equal([0,1,2], (0..10).min(3))
+    assert_equal([0,1], (0..1).min(3))
+    assert_equal([0,1,2], (0..).min(3))
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (..1).min(3) }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (...1).min(3) }
+
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (0..).min {|a, b| a <=> b } }
+  end
+
+  def test_max
+    assert_equal(2, (1..2).max)
+    assert_equal(nil, (2..1).max)
+    assert_equal(1, (1...2).max)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1..).max }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1...).max }
+
+    assert_equal(2.0, (1.0..2.0).max)
+    assert_equal(nil, (2.0..1.0).max)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.0...2.0).max }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1...1.5).max }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.5...2).max }
+
+    assert_equal(-0x80000002, ((-0x80000002)...(-0x80000001)).max)
+
+    assert_equal(0, (0..0).max)
+    assert_equal(nil, (0...0).max)
+
+    assert_equal([10,9,8], (0..10).max(3))
+    assert_equal([9,8,7], (0...10).max(3))
+    assert_equal([10,9,8], (..10).max(3))
+    assert_equal([9,8,7], (...10).max(3))
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1..).max(3) }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1...).max(3) }
+
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (..0).min {|a, b| a <=> b } }
+
+    assert_equal(2, (..2).max)
+    assert_equal(1, (...2).max)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (...2.0).max }
+
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (1..Float::INFINITY).max)
+    assert_nil((1..-Float::INFINITY).max)
+  end
+
+  def test_minmax
+    assert_equal([1, 2], (1..2).minmax)
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], (2..1).minmax)
+    assert_equal([1, 1], (1...2).minmax)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1..).minmax }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1...).minmax }
+
+    assert_equal([1.0, 2.0], (1.0..2.0).minmax)
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], (2.0..1.0).minmax)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.0...2.0).minmax }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1...1.5).minmax }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.5...2).minmax }
+
+    assert_equal([-0x80000002, -0x80000002], ((-0x80000002)...(-0x80000001)).minmax)
+
+    assert_equal([0, 0], (0..0).minmax)
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], (0...0).minmax)
+
+    assert_equal([2, 1], (1..2).minmax{|a, b| b <=> a})
+
+    assert_equal(['a', 'c'], ('a'..'c').minmax)
+    assert_equal(['a', 'b'], ('a'...'c').minmax)
+
+    assert_equal([1, Float::INFINITY], (1..Float::INFINITY).minmax)
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], (1..-Float::INFINITY).minmax)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_twice
+    r = eval("1..2")
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { r.instance_eval { initialize 3, 4 } }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { r.instance_eval { initialize_copy 3..4 } }
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized_range
+    r = Range.allocate
+    s = Marshal.dump(r)
+    r = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_nothing_raised { r.instance_eval { initialize 5, 6} }
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    r = 1..2
+    assert_equal(r, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(r)))
+    r = 1...2
+    assert_equal(r, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(r)))
+    r = (1..)
+    assert_equal(r, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(r)))
+    r = (1...)
+    assert_equal(r, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(r)))
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_value
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (1 .. :a) }
+  end
+
+  def test_exclude_end
+    assert_not_predicate(0..1, :exclude_end?)
+    assert_predicate(0...1, :exclude_end?)
+    assert_not_predicate(0.., :exclude_end?)
+    assert_predicate(0..., :exclude_end?)
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    r = (0..1)
+    assert_equal(r, r)
+    assert_equal(r, (0..1))
+    assert_not_equal(r, 0)
+    assert_not_equal(r, (1..2))
+    assert_not_equal(r, (0..2))
+    assert_not_equal(r, (0...1))
+    assert_not_equal(r, (0..nil))
+    subclass = Class.new(Range)
+    assert_equal(r, subclass.new(0,1))
+
+    r = (0..nil)
+    assert_equal(r, r)
+    assert_equal(r, (0..nil))
+    assert_not_equal(r, 0)
+    assert_not_equal(r, (0...nil))
+    subclass = Class.new(Range)
+    assert_equal(r, subclass.new(0,nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    r = (0..1)
+    assert_operator(r, :eql?, r)
+    assert_operator(r, :eql?, 0..1)
+    assert_not_operator(r, :eql?, 0)
+    assert_not_operator(r, :eql?, 1..2)
+    assert_not_operator(r, :eql?, 0..2)
+    assert_not_operator(r, :eql?, 0...1)
+    subclass = Class.new(Range)
+    assert_operator(r, :eql?, subclass.new(0,1))
+
+    r = (0..nil)
+    assert_operator(r, :eql?, r)
+    assert_operator(r, :eql?, 0..nil)
+    assert_not_operator(r, :eql?, 0)
+    assert_not_operator(r, :eql?, 0...nil)
+    subclass = Class.new(Range)
+    assert_operator(r, :eql?, subclass.new(0,nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, (0..1).hash)
+    assert_equal((0..1).hash, (0..1).hash)
+    assert_not_equal((0..1).hash, (0...1).hash)
+    assert_equal((0..nil).hash, (0..nil).hash)
+    assert_not_equal((0..nil).hash, (0...nil).hash)
+    assert_kind_of(String, (0..1).hash.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_numeric_range
+    # Fixnums, floats and all other numbers (like rationals) should behave exactly the same,
+    # but the behavior is implemented independently in 3 different branches of code,
+    # so we need to test each of them.
+    %i[to_i to_r to_f].each do |type|
+      conv = type.to_proc
+
+      from = conv.(0)
+      to = conv.(10)
+      step = conv.(2)
+
+      # finite
+      a = []
+      (from..to).step(step) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10].map(&conv), a)
+
+      a = []
+      (from...to).step(step) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([0, 2, 4, 6, 8].map(&conv), a)
+
+      # Note: ArithmeticSequence behavior tested in its own test, but we also put it here
+      # to demonstrate the result is the same
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from..to).step(step))
+      assert_equal([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10].map(&conv), (from..to).step(step).to_a)
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from...to).step(step))
+      assert_equal([0, 2, 4, 6, 8].map(&conv), (from...to).step(step).to_a)
+
+      # endless
+      a = []
+      (from..).step(step) {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 5 }
+      assert_equal([0, 2, 4, 6, 8].map(&conv), a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from..).step(step))
+      assert_equal([0, 2, 4, 6, 8].map(&conv), (from..).step(step).take(5))
+
+      # beginless
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (..to).step(step) {} }
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (..to).step(step))
+      # This is inconsistent, but so it is implemented by ArithmeticSequence
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { (..to).step(step).to_a }
+
+      # negative step
+
+      a = []
+      (from..to).step(-step) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([], a)
+
+      a = []
+      (from..-to).step(-step) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10].map(&conv), a)
+
+      a = []
+      (from...-to).step(-step) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([0, -2, -4, -6, -8].map(&conv), a)
+
+      a = []
+      (from...).step(-step) {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 5 }
+      assert_equal([0, -2, -4, -6, -8].map(&conv), a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from..to).step(-step))
+      assert_equal([], (from..to).step(-step).to_a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from..-to).step(-step))
+      assert_equal([0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10].map(&conv), (from..-to).step(-step).to_a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from...-to).step(-step))
+      assert_equal([0, -2, -4, -6, -8].map(&conv), (from...-to).step(-step).to_a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from...).step(-step))
+      assert_equal([0, -2, -4, -6, -8].map(&conv), (from...).step(-step).take(5))
+
+      # zero step
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (from..to).step(0) {} }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (from..to).step(0) }
+
+      # default step
+
+      a = []
+      (from..to).step {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].map(&conv), a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from..to).step)
+      assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].map(&conv), (from..to).step.to_a)
+
+      # default + endless range
+      a = []
+      (from..).step {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 5 }
+      assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map(&conv), a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (from..).step)
+      assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map(&conv), (from..).step.take(5))
+
+      # default + beginless range
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, (..to).step)
+
+      # step is not numeric
+
+      to = conv.(5)
+
+      val = Struct.new(:val)
+
+      a = []
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { (from..to).step(val.new(step)) {|x| a << x } }
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (from..to).step(val.new(step)))
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { (from..to).step(val.new(step)).to_a }
+
+      # step is not numeric, but coercible
+      val = Struct.new(:val) do
+        def coerce(num) = [self.class.new(num), self]
+        def +(other) = self.class.new(val + other.val)
+        def <=>(other) = other.is_a?(self.class) ? val <=> other.val : val <=> other
+      end
+
+      a = []
+      (from..to).step(val.new(step)) {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([from, val.new(conv.(2)), val.new(conv.(4))], a)
+
+      assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (from..to).step(val.new(step)))
+      assert_equal([from, val.new(conv.(2)), val.new(conv.(4))], (from..to).step(val.new(step)).to_a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_step_numeric_fixnum_boundary
+    a = []
+    (2**32-1 .. 2**32+1).step(2) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([4294967295, 4294967297], a)
+
+    zero = (2**32).coerce(0).first
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (2**32-1 .. 2**32+1).step(zero) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (2**32-1 .. 2**32+1).step(zero) { } }
+
+    a = []
+    (2**32-1 .. ).step(2) {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 2 }
+    assert_equal([4294967295, 4294967297], a)
+
+    max = RbConfig::LIMITS["FIXNUM_MAX"]
+    a = []
+    (max..).step {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 2 }
+    assert_equal([max, max+1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (max..).step(max) {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 4 }
+    assert_equal([max, 2*max, 3*max, 4*max], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_big_float
+    a = []
+    (0x40000000..0x40000002).step(0.5) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([1073741824, 1073741824.5, 1073741825.0, 1073741825.5, 1073741826], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_non_numeric_range
+    # finite
+    a = []
+    ('a'..'aaaa').step('a') { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a aa aaa aaaa], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'..'aaaa').step('a'))
+    assert_equal(%w[a aa aaa aaaa], ('a'..'aaaa').step('a').to_a)
+
+    a = []
+    ('a'...'aaaa').step('a') { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a aa aaa], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'...'aaaa').step('a'))
+    assert_equal(%w[a aa aaa], ('a'...'aaaa').step('a').to_a)
+
+    # endless
+    a = []
+    ('a'...).step('a') { a << _1; break if a.size == 3 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a aa aaa], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'...).step('a'))
+    assert_equal(%w[a aa aaa], ('a'...).step('a').take(3))
+
+    # beginless
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (...'aaa').step('a') {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (...'aaa').step('a') }
+
+    # step is not provided
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (Time.new(2022)...Time.new(2023)).step }
+
+    # step is incompatible
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (Time.new(2022)...Time.new(2023)).step('a') {} }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (Time.new(2022)...Time.new(2023)).step('a').to_a }
+
+    # step is compatible, but shouldn't convert into numeric domain:
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)...).step(1) { a << _1; break if a.size == 2 }
+    assert_equal([Time.utc(2022, 2, 24), Time.utc(2022, 2, 24, 0, 0, 1)], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)...).step(1.0) { a << _1; break if a.size == 2 }
+    assert_equal([Time.utc(2022, 2, 24), Time.utc(2022, 2, 24, 0, 0, 1)], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)...).step(1r) { a << _1; break if a.size == 2 }
+    assert_equal([Time.utc(2022, 2, 24), Time.utc(2022, 2, 24, 0, 0, 1)], a)
+
+    # step decreases the value
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)...).step(-1) { a << _1; break if a.size == 2 }
+    assert_equal([Time.utc(2022, 2, 24), Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 59)], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)...Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 57)).step(-1) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal([Time.utc(2022, 2, 24), Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 59),
+                  Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 58)], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)..Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 57)).step(-1) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal([Time.utc(2022, 2, 24), Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 59),
+                  Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 58), Time.utc(2022, 2, 23, 23, 59, 57)], a)
+
+    # step decreases, but the range is forward-directed:
+    a = []
+    (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)...Time.utc(2022, 2, 24, 01, 01, 03)).step(-1) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal([], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_string_legacy
+    # finite
+    a = []
+    ('a'..'g').step(2) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a c e g], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'..'g').step(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[a c e g], ('a'..'g').step(2).to_a)
+
+    a = []
+    ('a'...'g').step(2) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a c e], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'...'g').step(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[a c e], ('a'...'g').step(2).to_a)
+
+    # endless
+    a = []
+    ('a'...).step(2) { a << _1; break if a.size == 3 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a c e], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'...).step(2))
+    assert_equal(%w[a c e], ('a'...).step(2).take(3))
+
+    # beginless
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (...'g').step(2) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (...'g').step(2) }
+
+    # step is not provided
+    a = []
+    ('a'..'d').step { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a b c d], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'..'d').step)
+    assert_equal(%w[a b c d], ('a'..'d').step.to_a)
+
+    a = []
+    ('a'...'d').step { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a b c], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'...'d').step)
+    assert_equal(%w[a b c], ('a'...'d').step.to_a)
+
+    # endless
+    a = []
+    ('a'...).step { a << _1; break if a.size == 3 }
+    assert_equal(%w[a b c], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, ('a'...).step)
+    assert_equal(%w[a b c], ('a'...).step.take(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_step_symbol_legacy
+    # finite
+    a = []
+    (:a..:g).step(2) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%i[a c e g], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (:a..:g).step(2))
+    assert_equal(%i[a c e g], (:a..:g).step(2).to_a)
+
+    a = []
+    (:a...:g).step(2) { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%i[a c e], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (:a...:g).step(2))
+    assert_equal(%i[a c e], (:a...:g).step(2).to_a)
+
+    # endless
+    a = []
+    (:a...).step(2) { a << _1; break if a.size == 3 }
+    assert_equal(%i[a c e], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (:a...).step(2))
+    assert_equal(%i[a c e], (:a...).step(2).take(3))
+
+    # beginless
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (...:g).step(2) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (...:g).step(2) }
+
+    # step is not provided
+    a = []
+    (:a..:d).step { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c d], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (:a..:d).step)
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c d], (:a..:d).step.to_a)
+
+    a = []
+    (:a...:d).step { a << _1 }
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (:a...:d).step)
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c], (:a...:d).step.to_a)
+
+    # endless
+    a = []
+    (:a...).step { a << _1; break if a.size == 3 }
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c], a)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Enumerator, (:a...).step)
+    assert_equal(%i[a b c], (:a...).step.take(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_step_bug15537
+    assert_equal([10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], (10 ..).step(-1.0).take(4))
+    assert_equal([10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0], (10.0 ..).step(-1).take(4))
+  end
+
+  def test_percent_step
+    aseq = (1..10) % 2
+    assert_equal(Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence, aseq.class)
+    assert_equal(1, aseq.begin)
+    assert_equal(10, aseq.end)
+    assert_equal(2, aseq.step)
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5, 7, 9], aseq.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_ruby_core_35753
+    assert_equal(6, (1...6.3).step.to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(5, (1.1...6).step.to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(5, (1...6).step(1.1).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(3, (1.0...5.4).step(1.5).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(3, (1.0...5.5).step(1.5).to_a.size)
+    assert_equal(4, (1.0...5.6).step(1.5).to_a.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_step_with_nonnumeric_endpoint
+    num = Data.define(:value) do
+      def coerce(o); [o, 100]; end
+      def <=>(o) value<=>o; end
+      def +(o) with(value: value + o) end
+    end
+    i = num.new(100)
+
+    assert_equal([100], (100..100).step(10).to_a)
+    assert_equal([], (100...100).step(10).to_a)
+    assert_equal([100], (100..i).step(10).to_a)
+    assert_equal([i], (i..100).step(10).to_a)
+    assert_equal([], (100...i).step(10).to_a)
+    assert_equal([], (i...100).step(10).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    a = []
+    (0..10).each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (0..).each {|x| a << x; break if a.size == 10 }
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], a)
+
+    o1 = Object.new
+    o2 = Object.new
+    def o1.setcmp(v) @cmpresult = v end
+    o1.setcmp(-1)
+    def o1.<=>(x); @cmpresult; end
+    def o2.setcmp(v) @cmpresult = v end
+    o2.setcmp(0)
+    def o2.<=>(x); @cmpresult; end
+    class << o1; self; end.class_eval do
+      define_method(:succ) { o2 }
+    end
+
+    r1 = (o1..o2)
+    r2 = (o1...o2)
+
+    a = []
+    r1.each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([o1, o2], a)
+
+    a = []
+    r2.each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([o1], a)
+
+    o2.setcmp(1)
+
+    a = []
+    r1.each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([o1], a)
+
+    o2.setcmp(nil)
+
+    a = []
+    r1.each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([o1], a)
+
+    o1.setcmp(nil)
+
+    a = []
+    r2.each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([], a)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    class << o
+      def to_str() "a" end
+      def <=>(other) to_str <=> other end
+    end
+
+    a = []
+    (o.."c").each {|x| a << x}
+    assert_equal(["a", "b", "c"], a)
+    a = []
+    (o..).each {|x| a << x; break if a.size >= 3}
+    assert_equal(["a", "b", "c"], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_with_succ
+    c = Struct.new(:i) do
+      def succ; self.class.new(i+1); end
+      def <=>(other) i <=> other.i;end
+    end.new(0)
+
+    result = []
+    (c..c.succ).each do |d|
+      result << d.i
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 1], result)
+
+    result = []
+    (c..).each do |d|
+      result << d.i
+      break if d.i >= 4
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each
+    a = []
+    (1..3).reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([3, 2, 1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (1...3).reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([2, 1], a)
+
+    fmax = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+    fmin = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+
+    a = []
+    (fmax+1..fmax+3).reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmax+3, fmax+2, fmax+1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmax+1...fmax+3).reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmax+2, fmax+1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmax-1..fmax+1).reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmax+1, fmax, fmax-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmax-1...fmax+1).reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmax, fmax-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmin-1..fmin+1).reverse_each{|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmin+1, fmin, fmin-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmin-1...fmin+1).reverse_each{|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmin, fmin-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmin-3..fmin-1).reverse_each{|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmin-1, fmin-2, fmin-3], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (fmin-3...fmin-1).reverse_each{|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([fmin-2, fmin-3], a)
+
+    a = []
+    ("a".."c").reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal(["c", "b", "a"], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_for_beginless_range
+    fmax = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+    fmin = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+
+    a = []
+    (..3).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= 0 }
+    assert_equal([3, 2, 1, 0], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (...3).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= 0 }
+    assert_equal([2, 1, 0], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (..fmax+1).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= fmax-1 }
+    assert_equal([fmax+1, fmax, fmax-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (...fmax+1).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= fmax-1 }
+    assert_equal([fmax, fmax-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (..fmin+1).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= fmin-1 }
+    assert_equal([fmin+1, fmin, fmin-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (...fmin+1).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= fmin-1 }
+    assert_equal([fmin, fmin-1], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (..fmin-1).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= fmin-3 }
+    assert_equal([fmin-1, fmin-2, fmin-3], a)
+
+    a = []
+    (...fmin-1).reverse_each {|x| a << x; break if x <= fmin-3 }
+    assert_equal([fmin-2, fmin-3], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_for_endless_range
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1..).reverse_each {} }
+
+    enum = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised { enum = (1..).reverse_each }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { enum.each {} }
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_for_single_point_range
+    fmin = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+    fmax = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+
+    values = [fmin*2, fmin-1, fmin, 0, fmax, fmax+1, fmax*2]
+
+    values.each do |b|
+      r = b..b
+      a = []
+      r.reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([b], a, "failed on #{r}")
+
+      r = b...b+1
+      a = []
+      r.reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([b], a, "failed on #{r}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_for_empty_range
+    fmin = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN']
+    fmax = RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX']
+
+    values = [fmin*2, fmin-1, fmin, 0, fmax, fmax+1, fmax*2]
+
+    values.each do |b|
+      r = b..b-1
+      a = []
+      r.reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([], a, "failed on #{r}")
+    end
+
+    values.repeated_permutation(2).to_a.product([true, false]).each do |(b, e), excl|
+      next unless b > e || (b == e && excl)
+
+      r = Range.new(b, e, excl)
+      a = []
+      r.reverse_each {|x| a << x }
+      assert_equal([], a, "failed on #{r}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_with_no_block
+    enum = (1..5).reverse_each
+    assert_equal 5, enum.size
+
+    a = []
+    enum.each {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal [5, 4, 3, 2, 1], a
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_each_size
+    assert_equal(3, (1..3).reverse_each.size)
+    assert_equal(3, (1..3.3).reverse_each.size)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1..nil).reverse_each.size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.1..3).reverse_each.size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.1..3.3).reverse_each.size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.1..nil).reverse_each.size }
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (..3).reverse_each.size)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (nil..3.3).reverse_each.size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (nil..nil).reverse_each.size }
+
+    assert_equal(2, (1...3).reverse_each.size)
+    assert_equal(3, (1...3.3).reverse_each.size)
+
+    assert_equal(nil, ('a'..'z').reverse_each.size)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { ('a'..).reverse_each.size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (..'z').reverse_each.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_begin_end
+    assert_equal(0, (0..1).begin)
+    assert_equal(1, (0..1).end)
+    assert_equal(1, (0...1).end)
+    assert_equal(0, (0..nil).begin)
+    assert_equal(nil, (0..nil).end)
+    assert_equal(nil, (0...nil).end)
+  end
+
+  def test_first_last
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], (0..10).first(3))
+    assert_equal([8, 9, 10], (0..10).last(3))
+    assert_equal([8, 9, 10], (nil..10).last(3))
+    assert_equal(0, (0..10).first)
+    assert_equal(10, (0..10).last)
+    assert_equal(10, (nil..10).last)
+    assert_equal("a", ("a".."c").first)
+    assert_equal("c", ("a".."c").last)
+    assert_equal(0, (2..0).last)
+
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], (0...10).first(3))
+    assert_equal([7, 8, 9], (0...10).last(3))
+    assert_equal([7, 8, 9], (nil...10).last(3))
+    assert_equal(0, (0...10).first)
+    assert_equal(10, (0...10).last)
+    assert_equal(10, (nil...10).last)
+    assert_equal("a", ("a"..."c").first)
+    assert_equal("c", ("a"..."c").last)
+    assert_equal(0, (2...0).last)
+
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], (0..nil).first(3))
+    assert_equal(0, (0..nil).first)
+    assert_equal("a", ("a"..nil).first)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (0..nil).last }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (0..nil).last(3) }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (nil..0).first }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (nil..0).first(3) }
+
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], (0..10).first(3.0))
+    assert_equal([8, 9, 10], (0..10).last(3.0))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (0..10).first("3") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (0..10).last("3") }
+    class << (o = Object.new)
+      def to_int; 3; end
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], (0..10).first(o))
+    assert_equal([8, 9, 10], (0..10).last(o))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (0..10).first(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { (0..10).last(-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_last_with_redefine_each
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'end;', ['true'], [])
+      class Range
+        remove_method :each
+        def each(&b)
+          [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].each(&b)
+        end
+      end
+      puts [3, 4, 5] == (1..10).last(3)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal("0..1", (0..1).to_s)
+    assert_equal("0...1", (0...1).to_s)
+    assert_equal("0..", (0..nil).to_s)
+    assert_equal("0...", (0...nil).to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal("0..1", (0..1).inspect)
+    assert_equal("0...1", (0...1).inspect)
+    assert_equal("0..", (0..nil).inspect)
+    assert_equal("0...", (0...nil).inspect)
+    assert_equal("..1", (nil..1).inspect)
+    assert_equal("...1", (nil...1).inspect)
+    assert_equal("nil..nil", (nil..nil).inspect)
+    assert_equal("nil...nil", (nil...nil).inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq
+    assert_operator(0..10, :===, 5)
+    assert_not_operator(0..10, :===, 11)
+    assert_operator(5..nil, :===, 11)
+    assert_not_operator(5..nil, :===, 0)
+    assert_operator(nil..10, :===, 0)
+    assert_operator(nil..nil, :===, 0)
+    assert_operator(nil..nil, :===, Object.new)
+    assert_not_operator(0..10, :===, 0..10)
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq_string
+    assert_operator('A'..'Z', :===, 'ANA')
+    assert_not_operator('A'..'Z', :===, 'ana')
+    assert_operator('A'.., :===, 'ANA')
+    assert_operator(..'Z', :===, 'ANA')
+    assert_operator(nil..nil, :===, 'ANA')
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq_time
+    bug11113 = '[ruby-core:69052] [Bug #11113]'
+    t = Time.now
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug11113) {
+      assert_operator(t..(t+10), :===, t+5)
+      assert_operator(t.., :===, t+5)
+      assert_not_operator(t.., :===, t-5)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq_non_linear
+    bug12003 = '[ruby-core:72908] [Bug #12003]'
+    c = Class.new {
+      attr_reader :value
+
+      def initialize(value)
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def succ
+        self.class.new(@value.succ)
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        @value == other.value
+      end
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        @value <=> other.value
+      end
+    }
+    assert_operator(c.new(0)..c.new(10), :===, c.new(5), bug12003)
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq_unbounded_ruby_bug_19864
+    t1 = Date.today
+    t2 = t1 + 1
+    assert_equal(true, (..t1) === t1)
+    assert_equal(false, (..t1) === t2)
+    assert_equal(true, (..t2) === t1)
+    assert_equal(true, (..t2) === t2)
+    assert_equal(false, (...t1) === t1)
+    assert_equal(false, (...t1) === t2)
+    assert_equal(true, (...t2) === t1)
+    assert_equal(false, (...t2) === t2)
+
+    assert_equal(true, (t1..) === t1)
+    assert_equal(true, (t1..) === t2)
+    assert_equal(false, (t2..) === t1)
+    assert_equal(true, (t2..) === t2)
+    assert_equal(true, (t1...) === t1)
+    assert_equal(true, (t1...) === t2)
+    assert_equal(false, (t2...) === t1)
+    assert_equal(true, (t2...) === t2)
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq_non_iteratable
+    k = Class.new do
+      include Comparable
+      attr_reader :i
+      def initialize(i) @i = i; end
+      def <=>(o); i <=> o.i; end
+    end
+    assert_operator(k.new(0)..k.new(2), :===, k.new(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_include
+    assert_include("a".."z", "c")
+    assert_not_include("a".."z", "5")
+    assert_include("a"..."z", "y")
+    assert_not_include("a"..."z", "z")
+    assert_not_include("a".."z", "cc")
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {("a"..).include?("c")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {("a"..).include?("5")}
+
+    assert_include(0...10, 5)
+    assert_include(5..., 10)
+    assert_not_include(5..., 0)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {(.."z").include?("z")}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {(..."z").include?("z")}
+    assert_include(..10, 10)
+    assert_not_include(...10, 10)
+  end
+
+  def test_cover
+    assert_operator("a".."z", :cover?, "c")
+    assert_not_operator("a".."z", :cover?, "5")
+    assert_operator("a"..."z", :cover?, "y")
+    assert_not_operator("a"..."z", :cover?, "z")
+    assert_operator("a".."z", :cover?, "cc")
+    assert_not_operator(5..., :cover?, 0)
+    assert_not_operator(5..., :cover?, "a")
+    assert_operator(5.., :cover?, 10)
+
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2..5)
+    assert_operator(2...6, :cover?, 2...6)
+    assert_operator(2...6, :cover?, 2..5)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2...6)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2..4)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2...4)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2...5)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 3..5)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 3..4)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 3...6)
+    assert_operator(2...6, :cover?, 2...5)
+    assert_operator(2...6, :cover?, 2..5)
+    assert_operator(2..6, :cover?, 2...6)
+    assert_operator(2.., :cover?, 2..)
+    assert_operator(2.., :cover?, 3..)
+    assert_operator(1.., :cover?, 1..10)
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, ..2)
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, ..1)
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, 0..1)
+    assert_operator(2.0..5.0, :cover?, 2..3)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2.0..3.0)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2.0...3.0)
+    assert_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2.0...5.0)
+    assert_operator(2.0..5.0, :cover?, 2.0...3.0)
+    assert_operator(2.0..5.0, :cover?, 2.0...5.0)
+    assert_operator('aa'..'zz', :cover?, 'aa'...'bb')
+
+    assert_not_operator(2..5, :cover?, 1..5)
+    assert_not_operator(2...6, :cover?, 1..5)
+    assert_not_operator(2..5, :cover?, 1...6)
+    assert_not_operator(1..3, :cover?, 1...6)
+    assert_not_operator(2..5, :cover?, 2..6)
+    assert_not_operator(2...6, :cover?, 2..6)
+    assert_not_operator(2...6, :cover?, 2...7)
+    assert_not_operator(2..3, :cover?, 1..4)
+    assert_not_operator(1..2, :cover?, 1.0..3.0)
+    assert_not_operator(1.0..2.9, :cover?, 1.0..3.0)
+    assert_not_operator(1..2, :cover?, 4..3)
+    assert_not_operator(2..1, :cover?, 1..2)
+    assert_not_operator(1...2, :cover?, 1...3)
+    assert_not_operator(2.., :cover?, 1..)
+    assert_not_operator(2.., :cover?, 1..10)
+    assert_not_operator(2.., :cover?, ..10)
+    assert_not_operator(1..10, :cover?, 1..)
+    assert_not_operator(1..10, :cover?, ..1)
+    assert_not_operator(1..5, :cover?, 3..2)
+    assert_not_operator(1..10, :cover?, 3...2)
+    assert_not_operator(1..10, :cover?, 3...3)
+    assert_not_operator('aa'..'zz', :cover?, 'aa'...'zzz')
+    assert_not_operator(1..10, :cover?, 1...10.1)
+
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, 1)
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, 2)
+    assert_not_operator(..2, :cover?, 3)
+    assert_not_operator(...2, :cover?, 2)
+    assert_not_operator(..2, :cover?, "2")
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, ..2)
+    assert_operator(..2, :cover?, ...2)
+    assert_not_operator(..2, :cover?, .."2")
+    assert_not_operator(...2, :cover?, ..2)
+
+    assert_not_operator(2.., :cover?, 1)
+    assert_operator(2.., :cover?, 2)
+    assert_operator(2..., :cover?, 3)
+    assert_operator(2.., :cover?, 2)
+    assert_not_operator(2.., :cover?, "2")
+    assert_operator(2.., :cover?, 2..)
+    assert_operator(2.., :cover?, 2...)
+    assert_not_operator(2.., :cover?, "2"..)
+    assert_not_operator(2..., :cover?, 2..)
+    assert_operator(2..., :cover?, 3...)
+    assert_not_operator(2..., :cover?, 3..)
+    assert_not_operator(3.., :cover?, 2..)
+
+    assert_operator(nil..., :cover?, Object.new)
+    assert_operator(nil..., :cover?, nil...)
+    assert_operator(nil.., :cover?, nil...)
+    assert_not_operator(nil..., :cover?, nil..)
+    assert_not_operator(nil..., :cover?, 1..)
+  end
+
+  def test_beg_len
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { [][o] }
+    class << o; attr_accessor :begin end
+    o.begin = -10
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { [][o] }
+    class << o; attr_accessor :end end
+    o.end = 0
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { [][o] }
+    def o.exclude_end=(v) @exclude_end = v end
+    def o.exclude_end?() @exclude_end end
+    o.exclude_end = false
+    assert_nil([0][o])
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { [0][o] = 1 }
+    class << o
+      private :begin, :end
+    end
+    o.begin = 10
+    o.end = 10
+    assert_nil([0][o])
+    o.begin = 0
+    assert_equal([0], [0][o])
+    o.begin = 2
+    o.end = 0
+    assert_equal([], [0, 1, 2][o])
+  end
+
+  class CyclicRange < Range
+    def <=>(other); true; end
+  end
+  def test_cyclic_range_inspect
+    o = CyclicRange.allocate
+    o.instance_eval { initialize(o, 1) }
+    assert_equal("(... .. ...)..1", o.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_comparison_when_recursive
+    x = CyclicRange.allocate; x.send(:initialize, x, 1)
+    y = CyclicRange.allocate; y.send(:initialize, y, 1)
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_equal x, y
+      assert_operator x, :eql?, y
+    }
+
+    z = CyclicRange.allocate; z.send(:initialize, z, :another)
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_not_equal x, z
+      assert_not_operator x, :eql?, z
+    }
+
+    x = CyclicRange.allocate
+    y = CyclicRange.allocate
+    x.send(:initialize, y, 1)
+    y.send(:initialize, x, 1)
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_equal x, y
+      assert_operator x, :eql?, y
+    }
+
+    x = CyclicRange.allocate
+    z = CyclicRange.allocate
+    x.send(:initialize, z, 1)
+    z.send(:initialize, x, :other)
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_not_equal x, z
+      assert_not_operator x, :eql?, z
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    Enumerator.product([:to_i, :to_f, :to_r].repeated_permutation(2), [1, 10], [5, 5.5], [true, false]) do |(m1, m2), beg, ende, exclude_end|
+      r = Range.new(beg.send(m1), ende.send(m2), exclude_end)
+      iterable = true
+      yielded = []
+      begin
+        r.each { yielded << _1 }
+      rescue TypeError
+        iterable = false
+      end
+
+      if iterable
+        assert_equal(yielded.size, r.size, "failed on #{r}")
+        assert_equal(yielded.size, r.each.size, "failed on #{r}")
+      else
+        assert_raise(TypeError, "failed on #{r}") { r.size }
+        assert_raise(TypeError, "failed on #{r}") { r.each.size }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil ("a"..."z").size
+
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, (1..).size
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1.0..).size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1r..).size }
+    assert_nil ("a"..).size
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (..1).size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (..1.0).size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (..1r).size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (..'z').size }
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (nil...nil).size }
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_typechecks_return_values
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      (1..42).bsearch{ "not ok" }
+    end
+    c = eval("class C\u{309a 26a1 26c4 1f300};self;end")
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{309a 26a1 26c4 1f300}/) do
+      (1..42).bsearch {c.new}
+    end
+    assert_equal (1..42).bsearch{}, (1..42).bsearch{false}
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_with_no_block
+    enum = (42...666).bsearch
+    assert_nil enum.size
+    assert_equal 200, enum.each{|x| x >= 200 }
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_for_other_numerics
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      (Rational(-1,2)..Rational(9,4)).bsearch
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_for_fixnum
+    ary = [3, 4, 7, 9, 12]
+    assert_equal(0, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 2 })
+    assert_equal(1, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 4 })
+    assert_equal(2, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 6 })
+    assert_equal(3, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 8 })
+    assert_equal(4, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 10 })
+    assert_equal(nil, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 100 })
+    assert_equal(0, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| true })
+    assert_equal(nil, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| false })
+
+    ary = [0, 100, 100, 100, 200]
+    assert_equal(1, (0...ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i] >= 100 })
+
+    assert_equal(1_000_001, (0...).bsearch {|i| i > 1_000_000 })
+    assert_equal( -999_999, (...0).bsearch {|i| i > -1_000_000 })
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_for_float
+    inf = Float::INFINITY
+    assert_in_delta(10.0, (0.0...100.0).bsearch {|x| x > 0 && Math.log(x / 10) >= 0 }, 0.0001)
+    assert_in_delta(10.0, (0.0...inf).bsearch {|x| x > 0 && Math.log(x / 10) >= 0 }, 0.0001)
+    assert_in_delta(-10.0, (-inf..100.0).bsearch {|x| x >= 0 || Math.log(-x / 10) < 0 }, 0.0001)
+    assert_in_delta(10.0, (-inf..inf).bsearch {|x| x > 0 && Math.log(x / 10) >= 0 }, 0.0001)
+    assert_equal(nil, (-inf..5).bsearch {|x| x > 0 && Math.log(x / 10) >= 0 }, 0.0001)
+
+    assert_in_delta(10.0, (-inf.. 10).bsearch {|x| x > 0 && Math.log(x / 10) >= 0 }, 0.0001)
+    assert_equal(nil,     (-inf...10).bsearch {|x| x > 0 && Math.log(x / 10) >= 0 }, 0.0001)
+
+    assert_equal(nil, (-inf..inf).bsearch { false })
+    assert_equal(-inf, (-inf..inf).bsearch { true })
+
+    assert_equal(inf, (0..inf).bsearch {|x| x == inf })
+    assert_equal(nil, (0...inf).bsearch {|x| x == inf })
+
+    v = (-inf..0).bsearch {|x| x != -inf }
+    assert_operator(-Float::MAX, :>=, v)
+    assert_operator(-inf, :<, v)
+
+    v = (0.0..1.0).bsearch {|x| x > 0 } # the nearest positive value to 0.0
+    assert_in_delta(0, v, 0.0001)
+    assert_operator(0, :<, v)
+    assert_equal(0.0, (-1.0..0.0).bsearch {|x| x >= 0 })
+    assert_equal(nil, (-1.0...0.0).bsearch {|x| x >= 0 })
+
+    v = (0..Float::MAX).bsearch {|x| x >= Float::MAX }
+    assert_in_delta(Float::MAX, v)
+    assert_equal(nil, v.infinite?)
+
+    v = (0..inf).bsearch {|x| x >= Float::MAX }
+    assert_in_delta(Float::MAX, v)
+    assert_equal(nil, v.infinite?)
+
+    v = (-Float::MAX..0).bsearch {|x| x > -Float::MAX }
+    assert_operator(-Float::MAX, :<, v)
+    assert_equal(nil, v.infinite?)
+
+    v = (-inf..0).bsearch {|x| x >= -Float::MAX }
+    assert_in_delta(-Float::MAX, v)
+    assert_equal(nil, v.infinite?)
+
+    v = (-inf..0).bsearch {|x| x > -Float::MAX }
+    assert_operator(-Float::MAX, :<, v)
+    assert_equal(nil, v.infinite?)
+
+    assert_in_delta(1.0, (0.0..inf).bsearch {|x| Math.log(x) >= 0 })
+    assert_in_delta(7.0, (0.0..10).bsearch {|x| 7.0 - x })
+
+    assert_equal( 1_000_000.0.next_float, (0.0..).bsearch {|x| x > 1_000_000 })
+    assert_equal(-1_000_000.0.next_float, (..0.0).bsearch {|x| x > -1_000_000 })
+  end
+
+  def check_bsearch_values(range, search, a)
+    from, to = range.begin, range.end
+    cmp = range.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=
+    r = nil
+
+    a.for "(0) trivial test" do
+      r = Range.new(to, from, range.exclude_end?).bsearch do |x|
+        fail "#{to}, #{from}, #{range.exclude_end?}, #{x}"
+      end
+      assert_nil r
+
+      r = (to...to).bsearch do
+        fail
+      end
+      assert_nil r
+    end
+
+    # prepare for others
+    yielded = []
+    r = range.bsearch do |val|
+      yielded << val
+      val >= search
+    end
+
+    a.for "(1) log test" do
+      max = case from
+            when Float then 65
+            when Integer then Math.log(to-from+(range.exclude_end? ? 0 : 1), 2).to_i + 1
+            end
+      assert_operator yielded.size, :<=, max
+    end
+
+    a.for "(2) coverage test" do
+      expect = case
+               when search < from
+                 from
+               when search.send(cmp, to)
+                 search
+               else
+                 nil
+               end
+      assert_equal expect, r
+    end
+
+    a.for "(3) uniqueness test" do
+      assert_nil yielded.uniq!
+    end
+
+    a.for "(4) end of range test" do
+      case
+      when range.exclude_end?
+        assert_not_include yielded, to
+        assert_not_equal r, to
+      when search >= to
+        assert_include yielded, to
+        assert_equal search == to ? to : nil, r
+      end
+    end
+
+    a.for "(5) start of range test" do
+      if search <= from
+        assert_include yielded, from
+        assert_equal from, r
+      end
+    end
+
+    a.for "(6) out of range test" do
+      yielded.each do |val|
+        assert_operator from, :<=, val
+        assert_send [val, cmp, to]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_range_bsearch_for_floats
+    ints   = [-1 << 100, -123456789, -42, -1, 0, 1, 42, 123456789, 1 << 100]
+    floats = [-Float::INFINITY, -Float::MAX, -42.0, -4.2, -Float::EPSILON, -Float::MIN, 0.0, Float::MIN, Float::EPSILON, Math::PI, 4.2, 42.0, Float::MAX, Float::INFINITY]
+
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [ints, floats].each do |values|
+        values.combination(2).to_a.product(values).each do |(from, to), search|
+          check_bsearch_values(from..to, search, a)
+          check_bsearch_values(from...to, search, a)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bsearch_for_bignum
+    bignum = 2**100
+    ary = [3, 4, 7, 9, 12]
+    assert_equal(bignum + 0, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i - bignum] >= 2 })
+    assert_equal(bignum + 1, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i - bignum] >= 4 })
+    assert_equal(bignum + 2, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i - bignum] >= 6 })
+    assert_equal(bignum + 3, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i - bignum] >= 8 })
+    assert_equal(bignum + 4, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i - bignum] >= 10 })
+    assert_equal(nil, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| ary[i - bignum] >= 100 })
+    assert_equal(bignum + 0, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| true })
+    assert_equal(nil, (bignum...bignum+ary.size).bsearch {|i| false })
+
+    assert_equal(bignum * 2 + 1, (0...).bsearch {|i| i > bignum * 2 })
+    assert_equal(bignum * 2 + 1, (bignum...).bsearch {|i| i > bignum * 2 })
+    assert_equal(-bignum * 2 + 1, (...0).bsearch {|i| i > -bignum * 2 })
+    assert_equal(-bignum * 2 + 1, (...-bignum).bsearch {|i| i > -bignum * 2 })
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { ("a".."z").bsearch {} }
+  end
+
+  def test_each_no_blockarg
+    a = "a"
+    def a.upto(x, e, &b)
+      super {|y| b.call(y) {|z| assert(false)}}
+    end
+    (a.."c").each {|x, &b| assert_nil(b)}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4,5], (1..5).to_a)
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], (1...5).to_a)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1..).to_a }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_set
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4,5], (1..5).to_set)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4], (1...5).to_set)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { (1..).to_set }
+  end
+
+  def test_beginless_range_iteration
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (..1).each { } }
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    assert_equal 42, (1..42).count
+    assert_equal 41, (1...42).count
+    assert_equal 0, (42..1).count
+    assert_equal 0, (42...1).count
+    assert_equal 2**100, (1..2**100).count
+    assert_equal 6, (1...6.3).count
+    assert_equal 4, ('a'..'d').count
+    assert_equal 3, ('a'...'d').count
+
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (1..).count)
+    assert_equal(Float::INFINITY, (..1).count)
+  end
+
+  def test_overlap?
+    assert_not_operator(0..2, :overlap?, -2..-1)
+    assert_not_operator(0..2, :overlap?, -2...0)
+    assert_operator(0..2, :overlap?, -1..0)
+    assert_operator(0..2, :overlap?, 1..2)
+    assert_operator(0..2, :overlap?, 2..3)
+    assert_not_operator(0..2, :overlap?, 3..4)
+    assert_not_operator(0...2, :overlap?, 2..3)
+
+    assert_operator(..0, :overlap?, -1..0)
+    assert_operator(...0, :overlap?, -1..0)
+    assert_operator(..0, :overlap?, 0..1)
+    assert_operator(..0, :overlap?, ..1)
+    assert_not_operator(..0, :overlap?, 1..2)
+    assert_not_operator(...0, :overlap?, 0..1)
+
+    assert_not_operator(0.., :overlap?, -2..-1)
+    assert_not_operator(0.., :overlap?, ...0)
+    assert_operator(0.., :overlap?, -1..0)
+    assert_operator(0.., :overlap?, ..0)
+    assert_operator(0.., :overlap?, 0..1)
+    assert_operator(0.., :overlap?, 1..2)
+    assert_operator(0.., :overlap?, 1..)
+
+    assert_not_operator((1..3), :overlap?, ('a'..'d'))
+    assert_not_operator((1..), :overlap?, ('a'..))
+    assert_not_operator((..1), :overlap?, (..'a'))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (0..).overlap?(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (0..).overlap?(nil) }
+
+    assert_operator((1..3), :overlap?, (2..4))
+    assert_operator((1...3), :overlap?, (2..3))
+    assert_operator((2..3), :overlap?, (1..2))
+    assert_operator((..3), :overlap?, (3..))
+    assert_operator((nil..nil), :overlap?, (3..))
+    assert_operator((nil...nil), :overlap?, (nil..))
+    assert_operator((nil..nil), :overlap?, (..3))
+    assert_operator((..3), :overlap?, (nil..nil))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { (1..3).overlap?(1) }
+
+    assert_not_operator((1..2), :overlap?, (2...2))
+    assert_not_operator((2...2), :overlap?, (1..2))
+
+    assert_not_operator((4..1), :overlap?, (2..3))
+    assert_not_operator((4..1), :overlap?, (..3))
+    assert_not_operator((4..1), :overlap?, (2..))
+
+    assert_not_operator((1..4), :overlap?, (3..2))
+    assert_not_operator((..4), :overlap?, (3..2))
+    assert_not_operator((1..), :overlap?, (3..2))
+
+    assert_not_operator((4..5), :overlap?, (2..3))
+    assert_not_operator((4..5), :overlap?, (2...4))
+
+    assert_not_operator((1..2), :overlap?, (3..4))
+    assert_not_operator((1...3), :overlap?, (3..4))
+
+    assert_not_operator((4..5), :overlap?, (2..3))
+    assert_not_operator((4..5), :overlap?, (2...4))
+
+    assert_not_operator((1..2), :overlap?, (3..4))
+    assert_not_operator((1...3), :overlap?, (3..4))
+    assert_not_operator((...3), :overlap?, (3..))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_rational.rb b/test/ruby/test_rational.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0edbde463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_rational.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1101 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class RationalSub < Rational; end
+
+class Rational_Test < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_ratsub
+    c = RationalSub.__send__(:convert, 1)
+
+    assert_kind_of(Numeric, c)
+
+    assert_instance_of(RationalSub, c)
+
+    c2 = c + 1
+    assert_instance_of(RationalSub, c2)
+    c2 = c - 1
+    assert_instance_of(RationalSub, c2)
+
+    c3 = c - c2
+    assert_instance_of(RationalSub, c3)
+
+    s = Marshal.dump(c)
+    c5 = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_equal(c, c5)
+    assert_instance_of(RationalSub, c5)
+
+    c1 = Rational(1)
+    assert_equal(c1.hash, c.hash, '[ruby-dev:38850]')
+    assert_equal([true, true], [c.eql?(c1), c1.eql?(c)])
+  end
+
+  def test_eql_p
+    c = Rational(0)
+    c2 = Rational(0)
+    c3 = Rational(1)
+
+    assert_operator(c, :eql?, c2)
+    assert_not_operator(c, :eql?, c3)
+
+    assert_not_operator(c, :eql?, 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    h = Rational(1,2).hash
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, h)
+    assert_nothing_raised {h.to_s}
+
+    h = {}
+    h[Rational(0)] = 0
+    h[Rational(1,1)] = 1
+    h[Rational(2,1)] = 2
+    h[Rational(3,1)] = 3
+
+    assert_equal(4, h.size)
+    assert_equal(2, h[Rational(2,1)])
+
+    h[Rational(0,1)] = 9
+    assert_equal(4, h.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze
+    c = Rational(1)
+    assert_predicate(c, :frozen?)
+    assert_instance_of(String, c.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_conv
+    c = Rational(0,1)
+    assert_equal(Rational(0,1), c)
+
+    c = Rational(2**32, 2**32)
+    assert_equal(Rational(2**32,2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([1,1], [c.numerator,c.denominator])
+
+    c = Rational(-2**32, 2**32)
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2**32,2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([-1,1], [c.numerator,c.denominator])
+
+    c = Rational(2**32, -2**32)
+    assert_equal(Rational(2**32,-2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([-1,1], [c.numerator,c.denominator])
+
+    c = Rational(-2**32, -2**32)
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2**32,-2**32), c)
+    assert_equal([1,1], [c.numerator,c.denominator])
+
+    c = Rational(Rational(1,2),2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), c)
+
+    c = Rational(2,Rational(1,2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), c)
+
+    c = Rational(Rational(1,2),Rational(1,2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), c)
+
+    c = Rational(Complex(1,2),2)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(1,2),1), c)
+
+    c = Rational(2,Complex(1,2))
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(2,5),Rational(-4,5)), c)
+
+    c = Rational(Complex(1,2),Complex(1,2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), c)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(3),Rational(3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1),Rational(3,3))
+    assert_equal(3.3.to_r,Rational(3.3))
+    assert_equal(1,Rational(3.3,3.3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3),Rational('3'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1),Rational('3.0','3.0'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1),Rational('3/3','3/3'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(111, 1), Rational('1.11e+2'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(111, 10), Rational('1.11e+1'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(111, 10), Rational('1.11e1'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(111, 100), Rational('1.11e0'))
+    assert_equal(Rational(111, 1000), Rational('1.11e-1'))
+    assert_raise(TypeError){Rational(nil)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Rational('')}
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{221a 2668}/) {
+        Rational("\u{221a 2668}")
+      }
+    end
+
+    assert_warning('') {
+      assert_predicate(Rational('1e-99999999999999999999'), :zero?)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError){Rational(Object.new)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError){Rational(Object.new, Object.new)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError){Rational(1, Object.new)}
+
+    bug12485 = '[ruby-core:75995] [Bug #12485]'
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 1; end
+    assert_equal(1, Rational(o, 1), bug12485)
+    assert_equal(1, Rational(1, o), bug12485)
+    assert_equal(1, Rational(o, o), bug12485)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_r; 1/42r; end
+    assert_equal(1/42r, Rational(o))
+    assert_equal(1/84r, Rational(o, 2))
+    assert_equal(42, Rational(1, o))
+    assert_equal(1, Rational(o, o))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_r; nil; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Rational(o) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Rational(o, 2) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Rational(1, o) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Rational(o, o) }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_r; raise; end
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rational(o) }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rational(o, 2) }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rational(1, o) }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rational(o, o) }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Rational()}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){Rational(1,2,3)}
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan?
+      assert_raise(FloatDomainError){Rational(0.0/0)}
+    end
+    if (1.0/0).infinite?
+      assert_raise(FloatDomainError){Rational(1.0/0)}
+    end
+
+    bug16518 = "[ruby-core:96942] [Bug #16518]"
+    cls = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def /(y); 42; end
+      def to_r; 1r; end
+      def to_int; 1; end
+    end
+    assert_equal(1/2r, Rational(cls.new, 2), bug16518)
+  end
+
+  def test_attr
+    c = Rational(4)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, c.denominator)
+
+    c = Rational(4,5)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(5, c.denominator)
+
+    c = Rational(4)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, c.denominator)
+
+    c = Rational(4,5)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(5, c.denominator)
+
+    c = Rational(4)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, c.denominator)
+
+    c = Rational(4,5)
+
+    assert_equal(4, c.numerator)
+    assert_equal(5, c.denominator)
+  end
+
+  def test_attr2
+    c = Rational(1)
+
+    assert_not_predicate(c, :integer?)
+    assert_predicate(c, :real?)
+
+    assert_predicate(Rational(0), :zero?)
+    assert_predicate(Rational(0,1), :zero?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Rational(1,1), :zero?)
+
+    assert_nil(Rational(0).nonzero?)
+    assert_nil(Rational(0,1).nonzero?)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), Rational(1,1).nonzero?)
+  end
+
+  def test_uplus
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), +Rational(1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1), +Rational(-1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), +Rational(1,1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1,1), +Rational(-1,1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1,1), +Rational(1,-1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), +Rational(-1,-1))
+  end
+
+  def test_negate
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1), -Rational(1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), -Rational(-1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1,1), -Rational(1,1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), -Rational(-1,1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), -Rational(1,-1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1,1), -Rational(-1,-1))
+  end
+
+  def test_add
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(7,6), c + c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(5,2), c + 2)
+    assert_equal(2.5, c + 2.0)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1,6), c - c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3,2), c - 2)
+    assert_equal(-1.5, c - 2.0)
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,3), c * c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), c * 2)
+    assert_equal(1.0, c * 2.0)
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(3,4), c / c2)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), c / 2)
+    assert_equal(0.25, c / 2.0)
+
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError){Rational(1, 3) / 0}
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError){Rational(1, 3) / Rational(0)}
+
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(1, 3) / Float::INFINITY)
+    assert_predicate(Rational(1, 3) / 0.0, :infinite?, '[ruby-core:31626]')
+  end
+
+  def assert_eql(exp, act, *args)
+    unless Array === exp
+      exp = [exp]
+    end
+    unless Array === act
+      act = [act]
+    end
+    exp.zip(act).each do |e, a|
+      na = [e, a] + args
+      assert_equal(*na)
+      na = [e.class, a] + args
+      assert_instance_of(*na)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_idiv
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_eql(0, c.div(c2))
+    assert_eql(0, c.div(2))
+    assert_eql(0, c.div(2.0))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(7,5)
+
+    assert_equal(2, c.div(c2))
+    assert_equal(-3, c.div(-c2))
+    assert_equal(-3, (-c).div(c2))
+    assert_equal(2, (-c).div(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(2)
+
+    assert_equal(1, c.div(c2))
+    assert_equal(-2, c.div(-c2))
+    assert_equal(-2, (-c).div(c2))
+    assert_equal(1, (-c).div(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(11)
+    c2 = Rational(3)
+
+    assert_equal(3, c.div(c2))
+    assert_equal(-4, c.div(-c2))
+    assert_equal(-4, (-c).div(c2))
+    assert_equal(3, (-c).div(-c2))
+  end
+
+  def test_modulo
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_eql(Rational(1,2), c.modulo(c2))
+    assert_eql(Rational(1,2), c.modulo(2))
+    assert_eql(0.5, c.modulo(2.0))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(7,5)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(21,100), c.modulo(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-119,100), c.modulo(-c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(119,100), (-c).modulo(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-21,100), (-c).modulo(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(2)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(101,100), c.modulo(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-99,100), c.modulo(-c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(99,100), (-c).modulo(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-101,100), (-c).modulo(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(11)
+    c2 = Rational(3)
+
+    assert_equal(2, c.modulo(c2))
+    assert_equal(-1, c.modulo(-c2))
+    assert_equal(1, (-c).modulo(c2))
+    assert_equal(-2, (-c).modulo(-c2))
+  end
+
+  def test_divmod
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_eql([0, Rational(1,2)], c.divmod(c2))
+    assert_eql([0, Rational(1,2)], c.divmod(2))
+    assert_eql([0, 0.5], c.divmod(2.0))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(7,5)
+
+    assert_equal([2, Rational(21,100)], c.divmod(c2))
+    assert_equal([-3, Rational(-119,100)], c.divmod(-c2))
+    assert_equal([-3, Rational(119,100)], (-c).divmod(c2))
+    assert_equal([2, Rational(-21,100)], (-c).divmod(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(2)
+
+    assert_equal([1, Rational(101,100)], c.divmod(c2))
+    assert_equal([-2, Rational(-99,100)], c.divmod(-c2))
+    assert_equal([-2, Rational(99,100)], (-c).divmod(c2))
+    assert_equal([1, Rational(-101,100)], (-c).divmod(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(11)
+    c2 = Rational(3)
+
+    assert_equal([3,2], c.divmod(c2))
+    assert_equal([-4,-1], c.divmod(-c2))
+    assert_equal([-4,1], (-c).divmod(c2))
+    assert_equal([3,-2], (-c).divmod(-c2))
+  end
+
+  def test_remainder
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_eql(Rational(1,2), c.remainder(c2))
+    assert_eql(Rational(1,2), c.remainder(2))
+    assert_eql(0.5, c.remainder(2.0))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(7,5)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(21,100), c.remainder(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(21,100), c.remainder(-c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-21,100), (-c).remainder(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-21,100), (-c).remainder(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(301,100)
+    c2 = Rational(2)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(101,100), c.remainder(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(101,100), c.remainder(-c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-101,100), (-c).remainder(c2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-101,100), (-c).remainder(-c2))
+
+    c = Rational(11)
+    c2 = Rational(3)
+
+    assert_equal(2, c.remainder(c2))
+    assert_equal(2, c.remainder(-c2))
+    assert_equal(-2, (-c).remainder(c2))
+    assert_equal(-2, (-c).remainder(-c2))
+  end
+
+  def test_quo
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(3,4), c.quo(c2))
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), c.quo(2))
+    assert_equal(0.25, c.quo(2.0))
+  end
+
+  def test_fdiv
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    assert_equal(0.75, c.fdiv(c2))
+
+    assert_equal(0.25, c.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(0.25, c.fdiv(2.0))
+    assert_equal(0, c.fdiv(Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_predicate(c.fdiv(0), :infinite?, '[ruby-core:31626]')
+  end
+
+  def test_expt
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    c2 = Rational(2,3)
+
+    r = c ** c2
+    assert_in_delta(0.6299, r, 0.001)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), c ** 2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), c ** -2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), (-c) ** 2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), (-c) ** -2)
+
+    assert_equal(0.25, c ** 2.0)
+    assert_equal(4.0, c ** -2.0)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), c ** Rational(2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), c ** Rational(-2))
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), 0 ** Rational(0))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), Rational(0) ** 0)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1), Rational(0) ** Rational(0))
+
+    # p ** p
+    x = 2 ** Rational(2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(4, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(2) ** 2
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(4, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(2) ** Rational(2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(4, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, x.denominator)
+
+    # -p ** p
+    x = (-2) ** Rational(2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(4, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(-2) ** 2
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(4, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(-2) ** Rational(2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(4, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, x.denominator)
+
+    # p ** -p
+    x = 2 ** Rational(-2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(1, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(4, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(2) ** -2
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(1, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(4, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(2) ** Rational(-2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(1, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(4, x.denominator)
+
+    # -p ** -p
+    x = (-2) ** Rational(-2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(1, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(4, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(-2) ** -2
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(1, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(4, x.denominator)
+
+    x = Rational(-2) ** Rational(-2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), x)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, x)
+    assert_equal(1, x.numerator)
+    assert_equal(4, x.denominator)
+
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError){0 ** -1}
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(-1) <=> Rational(0))
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(0) <=> Rational(0))
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(+1) <=> Rational(0))
+
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(-1) <=> 0)
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(0) <=> 0)
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(+1) <=> 0)
+
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(-1) <=> 0.0)
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(0) <=> 0.0)
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(+1) <=> 0.0)
+
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(1,2) <=> Rational(2,3))
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(2,3) <=> Rational(2,3))
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(2,3) <=> Rational(1,2))
+
+    f = 2**30-1
+    b = 2**30
+
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(f) <=> Rational(f))
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(f) <=> Rational(b))
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(b) <=> Rational(f))
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(b) <=> Rational(b))
+
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(f-1) <=> Rational(f))
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(f) <=> Rational(f-1))
+    assert_equal(-1, Rational(b-1) <=> Rational(b))
+    assert_equal(+1, Rational(b) <=> Rational(b-1))
+
+    assert_not_operator(Rational(0), :<, Rational(0))
+    assert_operator(Rational(0), :<=, Rational(0))
+    assert_operator(Rational(0), :>=, Rational(0))
+    assert_not_operator(Rational(0), :>, Rational(0))
+
+    assert_nil(Rational(0) <=> nil)
+    assert_nil(Rational(0) <=> 'foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_eqeq
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,1), Rational(1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1,1), Rational(-1))
+
+    assert_not_operator(Rational(2,1), :==, Rational(1))
+    assert_operator(Rational(2,1), :!=, Rational(1))
+    assert_not_operator(Rational(1), :==, nil)
+    assert_not_operator(Rational(1), :==, '')
+  end
+
+  def test_coerce
+    assert_equal([Rational(2),Rational(1)], Rational(1).coerce(2))
+    assert_equal([Rational(2.2),Rational(1)], Rational(1).coerce(2.2))
+    assert_equal([Rational(2),Rational(1)], Rational(1).coerce(Rational(2)))
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, '[Bug #5020] [ruby-dev:44088]') do
+      Rational(1,2).coerce(Complex(1,1))
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) do
+      1 / 0r.coerce(0+0i)[0]
+    end
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) do
+      1 / 0r.coerce(0.0+0i)[0]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ObjectX
+    def +(x) Rational(1) end
+    alias - +
+    alias * +
+    alias / +
+    alias quo +
+    alias div +
+    alias % +
+    alias remainder +
+    alias ** +
+    def coerce(x) [x, Rational(1)] end
+  end
+
+  def test_coerce2
+    x = ObjectX.new
+    %w(+ - * / quo div % remainder **).each do |op|
+      assert_kind_of(Numeric, Rational(1).__send__(op, x))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_math
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,2), Rational(1,2).abs)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,2), Rational(-1,2).abs)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,2), Rational(1,2).magnitude)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,2), Rational(-1,2).magnitude)
+
+    assert_equal(1, Rational(1,2).numerator)
+    assert_equal(2, Rational(1,2).denominator)
+  end
+
+  def test_trunc
+    [[Rational(13, 5),  [ 2,  3,  2,  3,  3,  3,  3]], #  2.6
+     [Rational(5, 2),   [ 2,  3,  2,  3,  2,  3,  2]], #  2.5
+     [Rational(12, 5),  [ 2,  3,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2]], #  2.4
+     [Rational(-12,5),  [-3, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2]], # -2.4
+     [Rational(-5, 2),  [-3, -2, -2, -3, -2, -3, -2]], # -2.5
+     [Rational(-13, 5), [-3, -2, -2, -3, -3, -3, -3]], # -2.6
+    ].each do |i, a|
+      s = proc {i.inspect}
+      assert_equal(a[0], i.floor, s)
+      assert_equal(a[1], i.ceil, s)
+      assert_equal(a[2], i.truncate, s)
+      assert_equal(a[3], i.round, s)
+      assert_equal(a[4], i.round(half: :even), s)
+      assert_equal(a[5], i.round(half: :up), s)
+      assert_equal(a[6], i.round(half: :down), s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+
+    assert_instance_of(String, c.to_s)
+    assert_equal('1/2', c.to_s)
+
+    assert_equal('0/1', Rational(0,2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('0/1', Rational(0,-2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1/2', Rational(1,2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1/2', Rational(-1,2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1/2', Rational(-1,-2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('-1/2', Rational(1,-2).to_s)
+    assert_equal('1/2', Rational(-1,-2).to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+
+    assert_instance_of(String, c.inspect)
+    assert_equal('(1/2)', c.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+
+    s = Marshal.dump(c)
+    c2 = Marshal.load(s)
+    assert_equal(c, c2)
+    assert_instance_of(Rational, c2)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError){
+      Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\rRational[\ai\x060")
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError){
+      Marshal.load("\x04\bU:\rRational[\ai\x06i\x05")
+    }
+
+    bug3656 = '[ruby-core:31622]'
+    c = Rational(1,2)
+    assert_predicate(c, :frozen?)
+    result = c.marshal_load([2,3]) rescue :fail
+    assert_equal(:fail, result, bug3656)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_compatibility
+    bug6625 = '[ruby-core:45775]'
+    dump = "\x04\x08o:\x0dRational\x07:\x11@denominatori\x07:\x0f@numeratori\x06"
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug6625) do
+      assert_equal(Rational(1, 2), Marshal.load(dump), bug6625)
+    end
+    dump = "\x04\x08o:\x0dRational\x07:\x11@denominatori\x07:\x0f@numerator0"
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Marshal.load(dump)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_valid_rational(n, d, r)
+    x = Rational(n, d)
+    assert_equal(x, r.to_r, "#{r.dump}.to_r")
+    assert_equal(x, Rational(r), "Rational(#{r.dump})")
+  end
+
+  def assert_invalid_rational(n, d, r)
+    x = Rational(n, d)
+    assert_equal(x, r.to_r, "#{r.dump}.to_r")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Rational(#{r.dump})") {Rational(r)}
+  end
+
+  def test_parse
+    ok = method(:assert_valid_rational)
+    ng = method(:assert_invalid_rational)
+
+    ok[ 5, 1, '5']
+    ok[-5, 1, '-5']
+    ok[ 5, 3, '5/3']
+    ok[-5, 3, '-5/3']
+    ok[ 5, 3, '5_5/33']
+    ok[ 5,33, '5/3_3']
+    ng[ 5, 1, '5__5/33']
+    ng[ 5, 3, '5/3__3']
+
+    ok[ 5, 1, '5.0']
+    ok[-5, 1, '-5.0']
+    ok[ 5, 3, '5.0/3']
+    ok[-5, 3, '-5.0/3']
+    ok[ 501,100, '5.0_1']
+    ok[ 501,300, '5.0_1/3']
+    ok[ 5,33, '5.0/3_3']
+    ng[ 5, 1, '5.0__1/3']
+    ng[ 5, 3, '5.0/3__3']
+
+    ok[ 5, 1, '5e0']
+    ok[-5, 1, '-5e0']
+    ok[ 5, 3, '5e0/3']
+    ok[-5, 3, '-5e0/3']
+    ok[550, 1, '5_5e1']
+    ng[ 5, 1, '5_e1']
+
+    ok[ 5e1, 1, '5e1']
+    ok[-5e2, 1, '-5e2']
+    ok[ 5e3, 3, '5e003/3']
+    ok[-5e4, 3, '-5e004/3']
+    ok[ 5e3, 1, '5e0_3']
+    ok[ 5e1,33, '5e1/3_3']
+    ng[ 5e0, 1, '5e0__3/3']
+    ng[ 5e1, 3, '5e1/3__3']
+
+    ok[ 33, 100, '.33']
+    ok[ 33, 100, '0.33']
+    ok[-33, 100, '-.33']
+    ok[-33, 100, '-0.33']
+    ok[-33, 100, '-0.3_3']
+    ng[ -3,  10, '-0.3__3']
+
+    ok[ 1, 2, '5e-1']
+    ok[50, 1, '5e+1']
+    ok[ 1, 2, '5.0e-1']
+    ok[50, 1, '5.0e+1']
+    ok[50, 1, '5e1']
+    ok[50, 1, '5E1']
+    ok[500, 1, '5e2']
+    ok[5000, 1, '5e3']
+    ok[500000000000, 1, '5e1_1']
+    ng[ 5, 1, '5e']
+    ng[ 5, 1, '5e_']
+    ng[ 5, 1, '5e_1']
+    ng[50, 1, '5e1_']
+
+    ok[ 50, 33, '5/3.3']
+    ok[  5,  3, '5/3e0']
+    ok[  5, 30, '5/3e1']
+    ng[  5,  3, '5/3._3']
+    ng[ 50, 33, '5/3.3_']
+    ok[500,333, '5/3.3_3']
+    ng[  5,  3, '5/3e']
+    ng[  5,  3, '5/3_e']
+    ng[  5,  3, '5/3e_']
+    ng[  5,  3, '5/3e_1']
+    ng[  5, 30, '5/3e1_']
+    ok[  5, 300000000000, '5/3e1_1']
+
+    ng[0, 1, '']
+    ng[0, 1, ' ']
+    ng[5, 1, "\f\n\r\t\v5\0"]
+    ng[0, 1, '_']
+    ng[0, 1, '_5']
+    ng[5, 1, '5_']
+    ng[5, 1, '5x']
+    ng[5, 1, '5/_3']
+    ng[5, 3, '5/3_']
+    ng[5, 3, '5/3x']
+
+    ng[5, 1, '5/-3']
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_zero_denominator
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) {"1/0".to_r}
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError) {Rational("1/0")}
+  end
+
+  def test_Rational_with_invalid_exception
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Rational("1/1", exception: 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_Rational_without_exception
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational("5/3x", exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ZeroDivisionError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational("1/0", exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(nil, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(Object.new, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(1, nil, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(1, Object.new, exception: false))
+    }
+
+    bug12485 = '[ruby-core:75995] [Bug #12485]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug12485) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_int; raise; end
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(o, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug12485) {
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_int; raise; end
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(1, o, exception: false))
+    }
+
+    o = Object.new;
+    def o.to_r; raise; end
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(o, exception: false))
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError) {
+      assert_equal(nil, Rational(1, o, exception: false))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_i
+    assert_equal(1, Rational(3,2).to_i)
+    assert_equal(1, Integer(Rational(3,2)))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_f
+    assert_equal(1.5, Rational(3,2).to_f)
+    assert_equal(1.5, Float(Rational(3,2)))
+    assert_equal(1e-23, Rational(1, 10**23).to_f, "Bug #14637")
+  end
+
+  def test_to_c
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(3,2)), Rational(3,2).to_c)
+    assert_equal(Complex(Rational(3,2)), Complex(Rational(3,2)))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_r
+    c = nil.to_r
+    assert_equal([0,1], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = 0.to_r
+    assert_equal([0,1], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = 1.to_r
+    assert_equal([1,1], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = 1.1.to_r
+    assert_equal([2476979795053773, 2251799813685248],
+		 [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = Rational(1,2).to_r
+    assert_equal([1,2], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(1,2).to_r}
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan?
+      assert_raise(FloatDomainError){(0.0/0).to_r}
+    end
+    if (1.0/0).infinite?
+      assert_raise(FloatDomainError){(1.0/0).to_r}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rationalize
+    c = nil.rationalize
+    assert_equal([0,1], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = 0.rationalize
+    assert_equal([0,1], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = 1.rationalize
+    assert_equal([1,1], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = 1.1.rationalize
+    assert_equal([11, 10], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    c = Rational(1,2).rationalize
+    assert_equal([1,2], [c.numerator, c.denominator])
+
+    assert_equal(nil.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(0))
+    assert_equal(0.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(0))
+    assert_equal(10.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(10))
+
+    r = 0.3333
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize, Rational(3333, 10000))
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(1,3))
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(-1,10)), Rational(1,3))
+
+    r = Rational(5404319552844595,18014398509481984)
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize, r)
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(1,3))
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(-1,10)), Rational(1,3))
+
+    r = -0.3333
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize, Rational(-3333, 10000))
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(-1,3))
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(-1,10)), Rational(-1,3))
+
+    r = Rational(-5404319552844595,18014398509481984)
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize, r)
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(1,10)), Rational(-1,3))
+    assert_equal(r.rationalize(Rational(-1,10)), Rational(-1,3))
+
+    assert_raise(RangeError){Complex(1,2).rationalize}
+
+    if (0.0/0).nan?
+      assert_raise(FloatDomainError){(0.0/0).rationalize}
+    end
+    if (1.0/0).infinite?
+      assert_raise(FloatDomainError){(1.0/0).rationalize}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gcdlcm
+    assert_equal(7, 91.gcd(-49))
+    assert_equal(5, 5.gcd(0))
+    assert_equal(5, 0.gcd(5))
+    assert_equal(70, 14.lcm(35))
+    assert_equal(0, 5.lcm(0))
+    assert_equal(0, 0.lcm(5))
+    assert_equal([5,0], 0.gcdlcm(5))
+    assert_equal([5,0], 5.gcdlcm(0))
+
+    assert_equal(1, 1073741827.gcd(1073741789))
+    assert_equal(1152921470247108503, 1073741827.lcm(1073741789))
+
+    assert_equal(1, 1073741789.gcd(1073741827))
+    assert_equal(1152921470247108503, 1073741789.lcm(1073741827))
+  end
+
+  def test_gcd_no_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<-"begin;"}", "#{<<-"end;"}", limit: 1.2, rss: true)
+    x = (1<<121) + 1
+    y = (1<<99) + 1
+    1000.times{x.gcd(y)}
+    begin;
+      100.times {1000.times{x.gcd(y)}}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_supp
+    assert_predicate(1, :real?)
+    assert_predicate(1.1, :real?)
+
+    assert_equal(1, 1.numerator)
+    assert_equal(9, 9.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1, 1.denominator)
+    assert_equal(1, 9.denominator)
+
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1.0.numerator)
+    assert_equal(9.0, 9.0.numerator)
+    assert_equal(1.0, 1.0.denominator)
+    assert_equal(1.0, 9.0.denominator)
+
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,2), 1.quo(2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5000000000), 10000000000.quo(2))
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.0.quo(2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,4), Rational(1,2).quo(2))
+    assert_equal(0, Rational(1,2).quo(Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_predicate(Rational(1,2).quo(0.0), :infinite?, '[ruby-core:31626]')
+
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(5000000000.0, 10000000000.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(0.5, 1.0.fdiv(2))
+    assert_equal(0.25, Rational(1,2).fdiv(2))
+
+    a = 0xa42fcabf_c51ce400_00001000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000
+    b = 1<<1074
+    assert_equal(Rational(a, b).to_f, a.fdiv(b))
+    a = 3
+    b = 0x20_0000_0000_0001
+    assert_equal(Rational(a, b).to_f, a.fdiv(b))
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby19
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ Rational.new(1) }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError){ Rational.new!(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_fixed_bug
+    n = Float::MAX.to_i * 2
+    x = EnvUtil.suppress_warning {Rational(n + 2, n + 1).to_f}
+    assert_equal(1.0, x, '[ruby-dev:33852]')
+  end
+
+  def test_power_of_1_and_minus_1
+    bug5715 = '[ruby-core:41498]'
+    big = 1 << 66
+    one = Rational( 1, 1)
+    assert_eql  one,   one  ** -big     , bug5715
+    assert_eql  one, (-one) ** -big     , bug5715
+    assert_eql (-one), (-one) ** -(big+1) , bug5715
+    assert_equal Complex, ((-one) ** Rational(1,3)).class
+  end
+
+  def test_power_of_0
+    bug5713 = '[ruby-core:41494]'
+    big = 1 << 66
+    zero = Rational(0, 1)
+    assert_eql zero, zero ** big
+    assert_eql zero, zero ** Rational(2, 3)
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5713) { Rational(0, 1) ** -big }
+    assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, bug5713) { Rational(0, 1) ** Rational(-2,3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_power_overflow
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 4r**400000000000000000000 }
+    exp = 4**40000000
+    assert_equal exp, 4r**40000000
+    assert_equal 1r/exp, (1/4r)**40000000
+  end
+
+  def test_positive_p
+    assert_predicate(1/2r, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-1/2r, :positive?)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_p
+    assert_predicate(-1/2r, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(1/2r, :negative?)
+  end
+
+  def test_known_bug
+  end
+
+  def test_finite_p
+    assert_predicate(1/2r, :finite?)
+    assert_predicate(-1/2r, :finite?)
+  end
+
+  def test_infinite_p
+    assert_nil((1/2r).infinite?)
+    assert_nil((-1/2r).infinite?)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_rational2.rb b/test/ruby/test_rational2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e96bf621c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_rational2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class Rational_Test2 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_kumi
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1), +Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1, 1), -Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 2),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741790, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741788, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741828, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741826, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 2),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1, 2),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741786, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741786, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741824, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741824, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483616, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(38, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483616, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-38, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1), +Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2, 1), -Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741791, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741787, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741829, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741825, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(8, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(7, 2),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 2),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483581, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483575, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741795, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741783, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483657, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483651, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741833, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741821, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225443, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741865, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225405, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741751, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1), +Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3, 1), -Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741786, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741824, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(11, 3),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(7, 3),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225370, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225364, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741798, 3),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741780, 3),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225484, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225478, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741836, 3),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741818, 3),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967270, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483692, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967194, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483540, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1), +Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741789, 1), -Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741790, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741788, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741791, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741787, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741786, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483616, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-38, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225369, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225365, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483581, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483575, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920524, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920518, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967156, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108506, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108500, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967194, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483540, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921469173366714, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921428371178694, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1), +Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741827, 1), -Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741828, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741826, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741829, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741825, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741824, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483616, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(38, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225483, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225479, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483657, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483651, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108506, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108500, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967270, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483692, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297932, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297926, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967308, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921509975556140, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921469173366676, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3), +Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2, 3), -Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(8, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-4, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(11, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-7, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225369, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3221225365, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225483, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3221225479, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(13, 6),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-5, 6),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483587, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483569, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741791, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-357913929, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483663, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483645, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(357913943, 1),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741825, 3),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 9),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709021, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741713, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709059, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741903, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(2, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(2, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2), +Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3, 2), -Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(7, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 4),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483581, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483575, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483657, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483651, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(13, 6),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5, 6),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 4),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 4),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225373, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225361, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483587, 6),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483569, 6),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225487, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225475, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483663, 6),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483645, 6),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 2),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709059, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741903, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709021, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741713, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 2) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 2) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789), +Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3, 1073741789), -Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741786, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483581, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483575, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225370, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3221225364, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920524, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921429444920518, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108506, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921470247108500, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483587, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483569, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225373, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3221225361, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920530, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921429444920512, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6442450848, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(114, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108512, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921470247108494, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921432666146002, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921426223695040, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741824, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3), +Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741789, 3), -Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741786, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741795, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741783, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 6),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741798, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741780, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967156, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967270, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483692, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741791, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(357913929, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483587, 6),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483569, 6),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920530, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920512, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108512, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108494, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(715827872, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-38, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921473468333870, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921467025883136, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921432666146002, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921426223695040, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827), +Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3, 1073741827), -Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741824, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483657, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483651, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225484, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3221225478, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108506, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921470247108500, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297932, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921511049297926, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483663, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483645, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225487, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-3221225475, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6442450848, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-114, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108512, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921470247108494, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(6, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297938, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921511049297920, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(9, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741786, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921514270523296, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921507828072562, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(3, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3), +Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741827, 3), -Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741824, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741833, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741821, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 6),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741836, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741818, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967194, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483540, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967308, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(357913943, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741825, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483663, 6),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483645, 6),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 2),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108512, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108494, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(715827872, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(38, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921470247108503, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297938, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297920, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 9),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921514270523296, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921507828072562, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921473468333984, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921467025883022, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 3) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827), +Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741789, 1073741827), -Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483616, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-38, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225443, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741865, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967270, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483692, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921471320850292, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921469173366714, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921512123039718, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921509975556140, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709021, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741713, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709059, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741903, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 2147483654),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921432666146002, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921426223695040, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921473468333870, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921467025883136, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741792, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741786, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921514270523296, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921507828072562, 3221225481),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741789, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225367, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483578, 1073741827),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-81604377408, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921429444920521, 1152921511049297929),
+                 Rational(1073741789, 1073741827) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789), +Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741827, 1073741789), -Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483616, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(38, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225405, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741751, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(4294967194, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-2147483540, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921430518662348, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921428371178694, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741789, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921471320850330, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921469173366676, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741827, 1))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709059, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741903, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(5368709021, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1073741713, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 2147483578),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741830, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741824, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921432666146002, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921426223695040, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1073741827, 3),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3221225481, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741789, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921514270523296, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921507828072562, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(3, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921473468333984, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(-1152921467025883022, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 3221225367),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(3, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741827, 3))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2305842940494218450, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(81604377408, 1152921470247108503),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741789, 1073741827))
+    assert_equal(Rational(2147483654, 1073741789),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) + Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(0, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) - Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1152921511049297929, 1152921429444920521),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) * Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 1),
+                 Rational(1073741827, 1073741789) / Rational(1073741827, 1073741789))
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_readpartial.rb b/test/ruby/test_readpartial.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc22556cd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_readpartial.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'fcntl'
+
+class TestReadPartial < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def make_pipe
+    r, w = IO.pipe
+    r.binmode
+    w.binmode
+    begin
+      yield r, w
+    ensure
+      r.close unless r.closed?
+      w.close unless w.closed?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def pipe
+    make_pipe {|r, w|
+      yield r, w
+    }
+    return unless defined?(Fcntl::F_SETFL)
+    return unless defined?(Fcntl::F_GETFL)
+    return unless defined?(Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK)
+    make_pipe {|r, w|
+      r.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFL, r.fcntl(Fcntl::F_GETFL) | Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK)
+      yield r, w
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_length_zero
+    pipe {|r, w|
+      assert_equal('', r.readpartial(0))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_closed_pipe
+    pipe {|r, w|
+      w << 'abc'
+      w.close
+      assert_equal('ab', r.readpartial(2))
+      assert_equal('c', r.readpartial(2))
+      assert_raise(EOFError) { r.readpartial(2) }
+      assert_raise(EOFError) { r.readpartial(2) }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_open_pipe
+    pipe {|r, w|
+      w << 'abc'
+      assert_equal('ab', r.readpartial(2))
+      assert_equal('c', r.readpartial(2))
+      assert_raise(Timeout::Error) {
+        Timeout.timeout(0.1) { r.readpartial(2) }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_with_stdio
+    pipe {|r, w|
+      w << "abc\ndef\n"
+      assert_equal("abc\n", r.gets)
+      w << "ghi\n"
+      assert_equal("de", r.readpartial(2))
+      assert_equal("f\n", r.readpartial(4096))
+      assert_equal("ghi\n", r.readpartial(4096))
+      assert_raise(Timeout::Error) {
+        Timeout.timeout(0.1) { r.readpartial(2) }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..209e55294b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2767 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRefinement < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  module Sandbox
+    BINDING = binding
+  end
+
+  class Foo
+    def x
+      return "Foo#x"
+    end
+
+    def y
+      return "Foo#y"
+    end
+
+    def a
+      return "Foo#a"
+    end
+
+    def b
+      return "Foo#b"
+    end
+
+    def call_x
+      return x
+    end
+  end
+
+  module FooExt
+    refine Foo do
+      def x
+        return "FooExt#x"
+      end
+
+      def y
+        return "FooExt#y " + super
+      end
+
+      def z
+        return "FooExt#z"
+      end
+
+      def a
+        return "FooExt#a"
+      end
+
+      private def b
+        return "FooExt#b"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module FooExt2
+    refine Foo do
+      def x
+        return "FooExt2#x"
+      end
+
+      def y
+        return "FooExt2#y " + super
+      end
+
+      def z
+        return "FooExt2#z"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class FooSub < Foo
+    def x
+      return "FooSub#x"
+    end
+
+    def y
+      return "FooSub#y " + super
+    end
+  end
+
+  class FooExtClient
+    using TestRefinement::FooExt
+
+    begin
+      def self.map_x_on(foo)
+        [foo].map(&:x)[0]
+      end
+
+      def self.invoke_x_on(foo)
+        return foo.x
+      end
+
+      def self.invoke_y_on(foo)
+        return foo.y
+      end
+
+      def self.invoke_z_on(foo)
+        return foo.z
+      end
+
+      def self.send_z_on(foo)
+        return foo.send(:z)
+      end
+
+      def self.send_b_on(foo)
+        return foo.send(:b)
+      end
+
+      def self.public_send_z_on(foo)
+        return foo.public_send(:z)
+      end
+
+      def self.public_send_b_on(foo)
+        return foo.public_send(:b)
+      end
+
+      def self.method_z(foo)
+        return foo.method(:z)
+      end
+
+      def self.instance_method_z(foo)
+        return foo.class.instance_method(:z)
+      end
+
+      def self.invoke_call_x_on(foo)
+        return foo.call_x
+      end
+
+      def self.return_proc(&block)
+        block
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestRefinement::FooExtClient2
+    using TestRefinement::FooExt
+    using TestRefinement::FooExt2
+
+    begin
+      def self.invoke_y_on(foo)
+        return foo.y
+      end
+
+      def self.invoke_a_on(foo)
+        return foo.a
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_override
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+    assert_equal("FooExt#x", FooExtClient.invoke_x_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+  end
+
+  def test_super
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#y", foo.y)
+    assert_equal("FooExt#y Foo#y", FooExtClient.invoke_y_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#y", foo.y)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_not_chained
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#y", foo.y)
+    assert_equal("FooExt2#y Foo#y", FooExtClient2.invoke_y_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#y", foo.y)
+  end
+
+  def test_using_same_class_refinements
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#a", foo.a)
+    assert_equal("FooExt#a", FooExtClient2.invoke_a_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#a", foo.a)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_method
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.z }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", FooExtClient.invoke_z_on(foo))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.z }
+  end
+
+  module RespondTo
+    class Super
+      def foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Sub < Super
+    end
+
+    module M
+      refine Sub do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_send_should_use_refinements
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.send(:z) }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", FooExtClient.send_z_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("FooExt#b", FooExtClient.send_b_on(foo))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.send(:z) }
+
+    assert_equal(true, RespondTo::Sub.new.respond_to?(:foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_public_send_should_use_refinements
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.public_send(:z) }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", FooExtClient.public_send_z_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#b", foo.public_send(:b))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { FooExtClient.public_send_b_on(foo) }
+  end
+
+  module MethodIntegerPowEx
+    refine Integer do
+      def pow(*)
+        :refine_pow
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  def test_method_should_use_refinements
+    omit if Test::Unit::Runner.current_repeat_count > 0
+
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) { foo.method(:z) }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", FooExtClient.method_z(foo).call)
+    assert_raise(NameError) { foo.method(:z) }
+    assert_equal(8, eval(<<~EOS, Sandbox::BINDING))
+      meth = 2.method(:pow)
+      using MethodIntegerPowEx
+      meth.call(3)
+    EOS
+    assert_equal(:refine_pow, eval_using(MethodIntegerPowEx, "2.pow(3)"))
+    assert_equal(:refine_pow, eval_using(MethodIntegerPowEx, "2.method(:pow).(3)"))
+  end
+
+  module InstanceMethodIntegerPowEx
+    refine Integer do
+      def abs
+        :refine_abs
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  def test_instance_method_should_use_refinements
+    omit if Test::Unit::Runner.current_repeat_count > 0
+
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Foo.instance_method(:z) }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", FooExtClient.instance_method_z(foo).bind(foo).call)
+    assert_raise(NameError) { Foo.instance_method(:z) }
+    assert_equal(4, eval(<<~EOS, Sandbox::BINDING))
+      meth = Integer.instance_method(:abs)
+      using InstanceMethodIntegerPowEx
+      meth.bind(-4).call
+    EOS
+    assert_equal(:refine_abs, eval_using(InstanceMethodIntegerPowEx, "Integer.instance_method(:abs).bind(-4).call"))
+  end
+
+  def test_no_local_rebinding
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.call_x)
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", FooExtClient.invoke_call_x_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.call_x)
+  end
+
+  def test_subclass_is_prior
+    sub = FooSub.new
+    assert_equal("FooSub#x", sub.x)
+    assert_equal("FooSub#x", FooExtClient.invoke_x_on(sub))
+    assert_equal("FooSub#x", sub.x)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_subclass
+    sub = FooSub.new
+    assert_equal("FooSub#y Foo#y", sub.y)
+    # not "FooSub#y FooExt#y Foo#y"
+    assert_equal("FooSub#y Foo#y", FooExtClient.invoke_y_on(sub))
+    assert_equal("FooSub#y Foo#y", sub.y)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_method_on_subclass
+    sub = FooSub.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { sub.z }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", FooExtClient.invoke_z_on(sub))
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { sub.z }
+  end
+
+  def test_module_eval
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", FooExt.module_eval { foo.x })
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", FooExt.module_eval("foo.x"))
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_eval_without_refinement
+    foo = Foo.new
+    ext_client = FooExtClient.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", ext_client.instance_eval { foo.x })
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+  end
+
+  module IntegerSlashExt
+    refine Integer do
+      def /(other) quo(other) end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_override_builtin_method
+    assert_equal(0, 1 / 2)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1, 2), eval_using(IntegerSlashExt, "1 / 2"))
+    assert_equal(0, 1 / 2)
+  end
+
+  module IntegerPlusExt
+    refine Integer do
+      def self.method_added(*args); end
+      def +(other) "overridden" end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_override_builtin_method_with_method_added
+    assert_equal(3, 1 + 2)
+    assert_equal("overridden", eval_using(IntegerPlusExt, "1 + 2"))
+    assert_equal(3, 1 + 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_return_value_of_refine
+    mod = nil
+    result = nil
+    Module.new {
+      result = refine(Object) {
+        mod = self
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal mod, result
+  end
+
+  module RefineSameClass
+    REFINEMENT1 = refine(Integer) {
+      def foo; return "foo" end
+    }
+    REFINEMENT2 = refine(Integer) {
+      def bar; return "bar" end
+    }
+    REFINEMENT3 = refine(String) {
+      def baz; return "baz" end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_same_class_twice
+    assert_equal("foo", eval_using(RefineSameClass, "1.foo"))
+    assert_equal("bar", eval_using(RefineSameClass, "1.bar"))
+    assert_equal(RefineSameClass::REFINEMENT1, RefineSameClass::REFINEMENT2)
+    assert_not_equal(RefineSameClass::REFINEMENT1, RefineSameClass::REFINEMENT3)
+  end
+
+  module IntegerFooExt
+    refine Integer do
+      def foo; "foo"; end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_should_use_refinements
+    assert_equal(false, 1.respond_to?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(true, eval_using(IntegerFooExt, "1.respond_to?(:foo)"))
+  end
+
+  module StringCmpExt
+    refine String do
+      def <=>(other) return 0 end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ArrayEachExt
+    refine Array do
+      def each
+        super do |i|
+          yield 2 * i
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_builtin_method_no_local_rebinding
+    assert_equal(false, eval_using(StringCmpExt, '"1" >= "2"'))
+    assert_equal(1, eval_using(ArrayEachExt, "[1, 2, 3].min"))
+  end
+
+  module RefinePrependedClass
+    module M1
+      def foo
+        super << :m1
+      end
+    end
+
+    class C
+      prepend M1
+
+      def foo
+        [:c]
+      end
+    end
+
+    module M2
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          super << :m2
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_prepended_class
+    x = eval_using(RefinePrependedClass::M2,
+                   "TestRefinement::RefinePrependedClass::C.new.foo")
+    assert_equal([:c, :m1, :m2], x)
+  end
+
+  module RefineModule
+    module M
+      def foo
+        "M#foo"
+      end
+
+      def bar
+        "M#bar"
+      end
+
+      def baz
+        "M#baz"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class C
+      include M
+
+      def baz
+        "#{super} C#baz"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module M2
+      refine M do
+        def foo
+          "M@M2#foo"
+        end
+
+        def bar
+          "#{super} M@M2#bar"
+        end
+
+        def baz
+          "#{super} M@M2#baz"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using M2
+
+    def self.call_foo
+      C.new.foo
+    end
+
+    def self.call_bar
+      C.new.bar
+    end
+
+    def self.call_baz
+      C.new.baz
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_module
+    assert_equal("M@M2#foo", RefineModule.call_foo)
+    assert_equal("M#bar M@M2#bar", RefineModule.call_bar)
+    assert_equal("M#baz C#baz", RefineModule.call_baz)
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_neither_class_nor_module
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.new {
+        refine Object.new do
+        end
+      }
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.new {
+        refine 123 do
+        end
+      }
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      Module.new {
+        refine "foo" do
+        end
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_in_class
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      Class.new {
+        refine Integer do
+          def foo
+            "c"
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_main_using
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:C :M), [])
+      class C
+        def foo
+          :C
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M
+        refine C do
+          def foo
+            :M
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      c = C.new
+      p c.foo
+      using M
+      p c.foo
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_main_using_is_private
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      eval("recv = self; recv.using Module.new", Sandbox::BINDING)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_kernel_using
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      using Module.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  class UsingClass
+  end
+
+  def test_module_using_class
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      eval("using TestRefinement::UsingClass", Sandbox::BINDING)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_without_block
+    c1 = Class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "no block given") {
+      Module.new do
+        refine c1
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  module Inspect
+    module M
+      Integer = refine(Integer) {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal("#<refinement:Integer@TestRefinement::Inspect::M>",
+                 Inspect::M::Integer.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_using_method_cache
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:M1 :M2), [])
+      class C
+        def foo
+          "original"
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M1
+        refine C do
+          def foo
+            :M1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M2
+        refine C do
+          def foo
+            :M2
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      c = C.new
+      using M1
+      p c.foo
+      using M2
+      p c.foo
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  module RedefineRefinedMethod
+    class C
+      def foo
+        "original"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module M
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          "refined"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class C
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+        def foo
+          "redefined"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_refined_method
+    x = eval_using(RedefineRefinedMethod::M,
+                   "TestRefinement::RedefineRefinedMethod::C.new.foo")
+    assert_equal("refined", x)
+  end
+
+  module StringExt
+    refine String do
+      def foo
+        "foo"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module RefineScoping
+    refine String do
+      def foo
+        "foo"
+      end
+
+      def RefineScoping.call_in_refine_block
+        "".foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.call_outside_refine_block
+      "".foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_scoping
+    assert_equal("foo", RefineScoping.call_in_refine_block)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      RefineScoping.call_outside_refine_block
+    end
+  end
+
+  module StringRecursiveLength
+    refine String do
+      def recursive_length
+        if empty?
+          0
+        else
+          self[1..-1].recursive_length + 1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_recursion
+    x = eval_using(StringRecursiveLength, "'foo'.recursive_length")
+    assert_equal(3, x)
+  end
+
+  module ToJSON
+    refine Integer do
+      def to_json; to_s; end
+    end
+
+    refine Array do
+      def to_json; "[" + map { |i| i.to_json }.join(",") + "]" end
+    end
+
+    refine Hash do
+      def to_json; "{" + map { |k, v| k.to_s.dump + ":" + v.to_json }.join(",") + "}" end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_mutual_recursion
+    x = eval_using(ToJSON, "[{1=>2}, {3=>4}].to_json")
+    assert_equal('[{"1":2},{"3":4}]', x)
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_with_proc
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Module.new {
+        refine(String, &Proc.new {})
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_in_module
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      eval(<<-EOF, Sandbox::BINDING)
+        $main = self
+        module M
+        end
+        module M2
+          $main.send(:using, M)
+        end
+      EOF
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_in_method
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      eval(<<-EOF, Sandbox::BINDING)
+        $main = self
+        module M
+        end
+        class C
+          def call_using_in_method
+            $main.send(:using, M)
+          end
+        end
+        C.new.call_using_in_method
+      EOF
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.suppress_verbose
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    yield
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_include_into_refinement
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      c = Class.new
+      mixin = Module.new
+
+      Module.new do
+        refine c do
+          include mixin
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_into_refinement
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      c = Class.new
+      mixin = Module.new
+
+      Module.new do
+        refine c do
+          prepend mixin
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  PrependAfterRefine_CODE = <<-EOC
+  module PrependAfterRefine
+    class C
+      def foo
+        "original"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module M
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          "refined"
+        end
+
+        def bar
+          "refined"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Mixin
+      def foo
+        "mixin"
+      end
+
+      def bar
+        "mixin"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class C
+      prepend Mixin
+    end
+  end
+  EOC
+  eval PrependAfterRefine_CODE
+
+  def test_prepend_after_refine_wb_miss
+    if /\A(arm|mips)/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      omit "too slow cpu"
+    end
+    assert_normal_exit %Q{
+      GC.stress = true
+      10.times{
+        #{PrependAfterRefine_CODE}
+        Object.send(:remove_const, :PrependAfterRefine)
+      }
+    }, timeout: 60
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_after_refine
+    x = eval_using(PrependAfterRefine::M,
+                   "TestRefinement::PrependAfterRefine::C.new.foo")
+    assert_equal("refined", x)
+    assert_equal("mixin", TestRefinement::PrependAfterRefine::C.new.foo)
+    y = eval_using(PrependAfterRefine::M,
+                   "TestRefinement::PrependAfterRefine::C.new.bar")
+    assert_equal("refined", y)
+    assert_equal("mixin", TestRefinement::PrependAfterRefine::C.new.bar)
+  end
+
+  module SuperInBlock
+    class C
+      def foo(*args)
+        [:foo, *args]
+      end
+    end
+
+    module R
+      refine C do
+        def foo(*args)
+          tap do
+            return super(:ref, *args)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_block
+    bug7925 = '[ruby-core:52750] [Bug #7925]'
+    x = eval_using(SuperInBlock::R,
+                   "TestRefinement:: SuperInBlock::C.new.foo(#{bug7925.dump})")
+    assert_equal([:foo, :ref, bug7925], x, bug7925)
+  end
+
+  module ModuleUsing
+    using FooExt
+
+    def self.invoke_x_on(foo)
+      return foo.x
+    end
+
+    def self.invoke_y_on(foo)
+      return foo.y
+    end
+
+    def self.invoke_z_on(foo)
+      return foo.z
+    end
+
+    def self.send_z_on(foo)
+      return foo.send(:z)
+    end
+
+    def self.public_send_z_on(foo)
+      return foo.public_send(:z)
+    end
+
+    def self.method_z(foo)
+      return foo.method(:z)
+    end
+
+    def self.invoke_call_x_on(foo)
+      return foo.call_x
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_using
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+    assert_equal("Foo#y", foo.y)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.z }
+    assert_equal("FooExt#x", ModuleUsing.invoke_x_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("FooExt#y Foo#y", ModuleUsing.invoke_y_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("FooExt#z", ModuleUsing.invoke_z_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", foo.x)
+    assert_equal("Foo#y", foo.y)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { foo.z }
+  end
+
+  def test_module_using_in_method
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      Module.new.send(:using, FooExt)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_using_invalid_self
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      eval <<-EOF, Sandbox::BINDING
+        module TestRefinement::TestModuleUsingInvalidSelf
+          Module.new.send(:using, TestRefinement::FooExt)
+        end
+      EOF
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Bar
+  end
+
+  module BarExt
+    refine Bar do
+      def x
+        return "BarExt#x"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module FooBarExt
+    include FooExt
+    include BarExt
+  end
+
+  module FooBarExtClient
+    using FooBarExt
+
+    def self.invoke_x_on(foo)
+      return foo.x
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_inclusion
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("FooExt#x", FooBarExtClient.invoke_x_on(foo))
+    bar = Bar.new
+    assert_equal("BarExt#x", FooBarExtClient.invoke_x_on(bar))
+  end
+
+  module FooFoo2Ext
+    include FooExt
+    include FooExt2
+  end
+
+  module FooFoo2ExtClient
+    using FooFoo2Ext
+
+    def self.invoke_x_on(foo)
+      return foo.x
+    end
+
+    def self.invoke_y_on(foo)
+      return foo.y
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_inclusion2
+    foo = Foo.new
+    assert_equal("FooExt2#x", FooFoo2ExtClient.invoke_x_on(foo))
+    assert_equal("FooExt2#y Foo#y", FooFoo2ExtClient.invoke_y_on(foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_scoping
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["HELLO WORLD", "dlrow olleh", "HELLO WORLD"], [])
+      module M
+        refine String do
+          def upcase
+            reverse
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      puts "hello world".upcase
+      puts eval(%{using M; "hello world".upcase})
+      puts "hello world".upcase
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_with_binding_scoping
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["HELLO WORLD", "dlrow olleh", "dlrow olleh"], [])
+      module M
+        refine String do
+          def upcase
+            reverse
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      puts "hello world".upcase
+      b = binding
+      puts eval(%{using M; "hello world".upcase}, b)
+      puts eval(%{"hello world".upcase}, b)
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_case_dispatch_is_aware_of_refinements
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-RUBY, ["refinement used"], [])
+      module RefineSymbol
+        refine Symbol do
+          def ===(other)
+            true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      using RefineSymbol
+
+      case :a
+      when :b
+        puts "refinement used"
+      else
+        puts "refinement not used"
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_after_using
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      bug8880 = '[ruby-core:57079] [Bug #8880]'
+      module Test
+        refine(String) do
+        end
+      end
+      using Test
+      def t
+        'Refinements are broken!'.dup.chop!
+      end
+      t
+      module Test
+        refine(String) do
+          def chop!
+            self.sub!(/broken/, 'fine')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal('Refinements are fine!', t, bug8880)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_methods
+    bug8881 = '[ruby-core:57080] [Bug #8881]'
+    assert_not_include(Foo.instance_methods(false), :z, bug8881)
+    assert_not_include(FooSub.instance_methods(true), :z, bug8881)
+  end
+
+  def test_method_defined
+    assert_not_send([Foo, :method_defined?, :z])
+    assert_not_send([FooSub, :method_defined?, :z])
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_refined_method
+    bug8966 = '[ruby-core:57466] [Bug #8966]'
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["NameError"], [], bug8966)
+      module Foo
+        refine Object do
+          def foo
+            puts "foo"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      using Foo
+
+      class Object
+        begin
+          undef foo
+        rescue Exception => e
+          p e.class
+        end
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["NameError"], [], bug8966)
+      module Foo
+        refine Object do
+          def foo
+            puts "foo"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # without `using Foo'
+
+      class Object
+        begin
+          undef foo
+        rescue Exception => e
+          p e.class
+        end
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_undefed_method_and_call
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["NoMethodError"], [])
+      class Foo
+        def foo
+        end
+
+        undef foo
+      end
+
+      module FooExt
+        refine Foo do
+          def foo
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      begin
+        Foo.new.foo
+      rescue => e
+        p e.class
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_undefed_method_and_send
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["NoMethodError"], [])
+      class Foo
+        def foo
+        end
+
+        undef foo
+      end
+
+      module FooExt
+        refine Foo do
+          def foo
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      begin
+        Foo.new.send(:foo)
+      rescue => e
+        p e.class
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_adding_private_method
+    bug9452 = '[ruby-core:60111] [Bug #9452]'
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["Success!", "NoMethodError"], [], bug9452)
+      module R
+        refine Object do
+          def m
+            puts "Success!"
+          end
+
+          private(:m)
+        end
+      end
+
+      using R
+
+      m
+      42.m rescue p($!.class)
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_making_private_method_public
+    bug9452 = '[ruby-core:60111] [Bug #9452]'
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["Success!", "Success!"], [], bug9452)
+        class Object
+          private
+          def m
+          end
+        end
+
+        module R
+          refine Object do
+            def m
+              puts "Success!"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        using R
+        m
+        42.m
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_refined_protected_methods
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug18806 = '[ruby-core:108705] [Bug #18806]'
+    class C; end
+
+    module R
+      refine C do
+        def refined_call_foo = foo
+        def refined_call_foo_on(other) = other.foo
+
+        protected
+
+        def foo = :foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    class C
+      using R
+
+      def call_foo = foo
+      def call_foo_on(other) = other.foo
+    end
+
+    c = C.new
+    assert_equal :foo, c.call_foo, bug18806
+    assert_equal :foo, c.call_foo_on(c), bug18806
+    assert_equal :foo, c.call_foo_on(C.new), bug18806
+
+    using R
+    assert_equal :foo, c.refined_call_foo, bug18806
+    assert_equal :foo, c.refined_call_foo_on(c), bug18806
+    assert_equal :foo, c.refined_call_foo_on(C.new), bug18806
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_basic_object
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10106 = '[ruby-core:64166] [Bug #10106]'
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine BasicObject do
+        def foo
+          1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug10106) {Object.new.foo}
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10707 = '[ruby-core:67389] [Bug #10707]'
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine BasicObject do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert(methods, bug10707)
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10707) {method(:foo)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_change_refined_new_method_visibility
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10706 = '[ruby-core:67387] [Bug #10706]'
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine Object do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10706) {private(:foo)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_refined_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10731 = '[ruby-core:67523] [Bug #10731]'
+
+    class C
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+        end
+
+        def bar
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10731) do
+      class C
+        alias foo bar
+      end
+    end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method_should_not_use_refinements
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10744 = '[ruby-core:67603] [Bug #10744]'
+
+    class C
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C.singleton_class do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10744) { C.singleton_method(:foo) }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_refined_method_defined
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10753 = '[ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]'
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def refined_public; end
+      def refined_protected; end
+      def refined_private; end
+
+      public :refined_public
+      protected :refined_protected
+      private :refined_private
+    end
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      refine(c) do
+        def refined_public; end
+        def refined_protected; end
+        def refined_private; end
+
+        public :refined_public
+        protected :refined_protected
+        private :refined_private
+      end
+    end
+
+    using m
+
+    assert_equal(true, c.public_method_defined?(:refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(true, c.protected_method_defined?(:refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(true, c.private_method_defined?(:refined_private), bug10753)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_undefined_refined_method_defined
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10753 = '[ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]'
+
+    c = Class.new
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      refine(c) do
+        def undefined_refined_public; end
+        def undefined_refined_protected; end
+        def undefined_refined_private; end
+        public :undefined_refined_public
+        protected :undefined_refined_protected
+        private :undefined_refined_private
+      end
+    end
+
+    using m
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_private), bug10753)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_refined_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10765 = '[ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]'
+
+    class C
+      def foo
+        "C#foo"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          "RefinementBug#foo"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using RefinementBug
+
+    class C
+      remove_method :foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("RefinementBug#foo", C.new.foo, bug10765)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_undefined_refined_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10765 = '[ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]'
+
+    class C
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using RefinementBug
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10765) {
+      class C
+        remove_method :foo
+      end
+    }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  module NotIncludeSuperclassMethod
+    class X
+      def foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Y < X
+    end
+
+    module Bar
+      refine Y do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_methods_not_include_superclass_method
+    bug10826 = '[ruby-dev:48854] [Bug #10826]'
+    assert_not_include(NotIncludeSuperclassMethod::Y.instance_methods(false),
+                       :foo, bug10826)
+    assert_include(NotIncludeSuperclassMethod::Y.instance_methods(true),
+                   :foo, bug10826)
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_original_method
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["NoMethodError"], [])
+      module NoPlus
+        refine String do
+          undef +
+        end
+      end
+
+      using NoPlus
+      "a" + "b" rescue p($!.class)
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_prepended_method
+    bug13096 = '[ruby-core:78944] [Bug #13096]'
+    klass = EnvUtil.labeled_class("X") do
+      def foo; end
+    end
+    klass.prepend(Module.new)
+    ext = EnvUtil.labeled_module("Ext") do
+      refine klass do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError, bug13096) do
+      klass.class_eval do
+        undef :foo
+      end
+    end
+    ext
+  end
+
+  def test_call_refined_method_in_duplicate_module
+    bug10885 = '[ruby-dev:48878]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], [], bug10885)
+      module M
+        refine Object do
+          def raise
+            # do nothing
+          end
+        end
+
+        class << self
+          using M
+          def m0
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        using M
+        def M.m1
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      M.dup.m0
+      M.dup.m1
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_check_funcall_undefined
+    bug11117 = '[ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]'
+
+    x = Class.new
+    Module.new do
+      refine x do
+        def to_regexp
+          //
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11117) {
+      assert_nil(Regexp.try_convert(x.new))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_funcall_inherited
+    bug11117 = '[ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]'
+
+    Module.new {refine(Dir) {def to_s; end}}
+    x = Class.new(Dir).allocate
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11117) {
+      x.inspect
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_refined_method2
+    bug11182 = '[ruby-core:69360]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["C"], [], bug11182)
+      class C
+        def foo
+          puts "C"
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M
+        refine C do
+          def foo
+            puts "Refined C"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class D < C
+        alias bar foo
+      end
+
+      using M
+      D.new.bar
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_reopen_refinement_module
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      class C
+      end
+
+      module R
+        refine C do
+          def m
+            :foo
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      using R
+      def m
+        C.new.m
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(:foo, C.new.m)
+      assert_equal(:foo, m)
+
+      module R
+        refine C do
+
+          assert_equal(:foo, C.new.m)
+          assert_equal(:foo, m)
+
+          alias m m
+
+          assert_equal(:foo, C.new.m)
+          assert_equal(:foo, m)
+
+          def m
+            :bar
+          end
+
+          assert_equal(:bar, C.new.m, "[ruby-core:71423] [Bug #11672]")
+          assert_equal(:bar, m, "[Bug #20285]")
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(:bar, C.new.m, "[ruby-core:71423] [Bug #11672]")
+      assert_equal(:bar, m, "[Bug #20285]")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  module MixedUsing1
+    class C
+      def foo
+        :orig_foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    module R1
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          [:R1, super]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module_function
+
+    def foo
+      [:foo, C.new.foo]
+    end
+
+    using R1
+
+    def bar
+      [:bar, C.new.foo]
+    end
+  end
+
+  module MixedUsing2
+    class C
+      def foo
+        :orig_foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    module R1
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          [:R1_foo, super]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module R2
+      refine C do
+        def bar
+          [:R2_bar, C.new.foo]
+        end
+
+        using R1
+
+        def baz
+          [:R2_baz, C.new.foo]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using R2
+    module_function
+    def f1; C.new.bar; end
+    def f2; C.new.baz; end
+  end
+
+  def test_mixed_using
+    assert_equal([:foo, :orig_foo], MixedUsing1.foo)
+    assert_equal([:bar, [:R1, :orig_foo]], MixedUsing1.bar)
+
+    assert_equal([:R2_bar, :orig_foo], MixedUsing2.f1)
+    assert_equal([:R2_baz, [:R1_foo, :orig_foo]], MixedUsing2.f2)
+  end
+
+  module MethodMissing
+    class Foo
+    end
+
+    module Bar
+      refine Foo  do
+        def method_missing(mid, *args)
+          "method_missing refined"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using Bar
+
+    def self.call_undefined_method
+      Foo.new.foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      MethodMissing.call_undefined_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  module VisibleRefinements
+    module RefA
+      refine Object do
+        def in_ref_a
+        end
+
+        RefA.const_set(:REF, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module RefB
+      refine Object do
+        def in_ref_b
+        end
+
+        RefB.const_set(:REF, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module RefC
+      using RefA
+
+      refine Object do
+        def in_ref_c
+        end
+
+        RefC.const_set(:REF, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Foo
+      using RefB
+      USED_MODS = Module.used_modules
+      USED_REFS = Module.used_refinements
+    end
+
+    module Bar
+      using RefC
+      USED_MODS = Module.used_modules
+      USED_REFS = Module.used_refinements
+    end
+
+    module Combined
+      using RefA
+      using RefB
+      USED_MODS = Module.used_modules
+      USED_REFS = Module.used_refinements
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_used_modules
+    ref = VisibleRefinements
+    assert_equal [], Module.used_modules
+    assert_equal [ref::RefB], ref::Foo::USED_MODS
+    assert_equal [ref::RefC], ref::Bar::USED_MODS
+    assert_equal [ref::RefB, ref::RefA], ref::Combined::USED_MODS
+  end
+
+  def test_used_refinements
+    ref = VisibleRefinements
+    assert_equal [], Module.used_refinements
+    assert_equal [ref::RefB::REF], ref::Foo::USED_REFS
+    assert_equal [ref::RefC::REF], ref::Bar::USED_REFS
+    assert_equal [ref::RefB::REF, ref::RefA::REF], ref::Combined::USED_REFS
+  end
+
+  def test_refinements
+    int_refinement = nil
+    str_refinement = nil
+    m = Module.new {
+      refine Integer do
+        int_refinement = self
+      end
+
+      refine String do
+        str_refinement = self
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal([int_refinement, str_refinement], m.refinements)
+  end
+
+  def test_target
+    refinements = Module.new {
+      refine Integer do
+      end
+
+      refine String do
+      end
+    }.refinements
+    assert_equal(Integer, refinements[0].target)
+    assert_equal(String, refinements[1].target)
+  end
+
+  def test_warn_setconst_in_refinmenet
+    bug10103 = '[ruby-core:64143] [Bug #10103]'
+    warnings = [
+      "-:3: warning: not defined at the refinement, but at the outer class/module",
+      "-:4: warning: not defined at the refinement, but at the outer class/module"
+    ]
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], warnings, bug10103)
+      module M
+        refine String do
+          FOO = 123
+          @@foo = 456
+        end
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_proc
+    assert_equal("FooExt#x", FooExtClient.map_x_on(Foo.new))
+    assert_equal("Foo#x", FooExtClient.return_proc(&:x).(Foo.new))
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_proc_with_block
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80219] [Bug #13325]'
+    begin;
+      module M
+        refine Class.new do
+        end
+      end
+      class C
+        def call(a, x, &b)
+          b.call(a, &x)
+        end
+      end
+      o = C.new
+      r = nil
+      x = ->(z){r = z}
+      assert_equal(42, o.call(42, x, &:tap))
+      assert_equal(42, r)
+      using M
+      r = nil
+      assert_equal(42, o.call(42, x, &:tap), bug)
+      assert_equal(42, r, bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  module AliasInSubclass
+    class C
+      def foo
+        :original
+      end
+    end
+
+    class D < C
+      alias bar foo
+    end
+
+    module M
+      refine D do
+        def bar
+          :refined
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_alias_in_subclass
+    assert_equal(:refined,
+                 eval_using(AliasInSubclass::M, "AliasInSubclass::D.new.bar"))
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_with_prepend
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      bug = '[ruby-core:78073] [Bug #12920]'
+      Integer.prepend(Module.new)
+      Module.new do
+        refine Integer do
+          define_method(:+) {}
+        end
+      end
+      assert_kind_of(Time, Time.now, bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_public_in_refine
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      bug12729 = '[ruby-core:77161] [Bug #12729]'
+
+      class Cow
+        private
+        def moo() "Moo"; end
+      end
+
+      module PublicCows
+        refine(Cow) {
+          public :moo
+        }
+      end
+
+      using PublicCows
+      assert_equal("Moo", Cow.new.moo, bug12729)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_public_in_refine_for_method_in_superclass
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      bug21446 = '[ruby-core:122558] [Bug #21446]'
+
+      class CowSuper
+        private
+        def moo() "Moo"; end
+      end
+      class Cow < CowSuper
+      end
+
+      module PublicCows
+        refine(Cow) {
+          public :moo
+        }
+      end
+
+      using PublicCows
+      assert_equal("Moo", Cow.new.moo, bug21446)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  module SuperToModule
+    class Parent
+    end
+
+    class Child < Parent
+    end
+
+    module FooBar
+      refine Parent do
+        def to_s
+          "Parent"
+        end
+      end
+
+      refine Child do
+        def to_s
+          super + " -> Child"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using FooBar
+    def Child.test
+      new.to_s
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_to_module
+    bug = '[ruby-core:79588] [Bug #13227]'
+    assert_equal("Parent -> Child", SuperToModule::Child.test, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_include_refinement
+    bug = '[ruby-core:79632] [Bug #13236] cannot include refinement module'
+    r = nil
+    m = Module.new do
+      r = refine(String) {def test;:ok end}
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /refinement/, bug) do
+      m.module_eval {include r}
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /refinement/, bug) do
+      m.module_eval {prepend r}
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ParentDefiningPrivateMethod
+    private
+    def some_inherited_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  module MixinDefiningPrivateMethod
+    private
+    def some_included_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SomeChildClassToRefine < ParentDefiningPrivateMethod
+    include MixinDefiningPrivateMethod
+
+    private
+    def some_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_inherited_method_with_visibility_changes
+    Module.new do
+      refine(SomeChildClassToRefine) do
+        def some_inherited_method; end
+        def some_included_method; end
+        def some_method; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    obj = SomeChildClassToRefine.new
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /private/) do
+      obj.some_inherited_method
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /private/) do
+      obj.some_included_method
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(NoMethodError, /private/) do
+      obj.some_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refined_method_alias_warning
+    c = Class.new do
+      def t; :t end
+      def f; :f end
+    end
+    Module.new do
+      refine(c) do
+        alias foo t
+      end
+    end
+    assert_warning('', '[ruby-core:82385] [Bug #13817] refined method is not redefined') do
+      c.class_eval do
+        alias foo f
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_wrong_argument
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:50270] [Bug #13956]'
+    pattern = /expected Module/
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    bug = ""#{bug.dump}
+    pattern = /#{pattern}/
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, pattern, bug) {
+        using(1) do end
+      }
+    end;
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    bug = ""#{bug.dump}
+    pattern = /#{pattern}/
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, pattern, bug) {
+        Module.new {using(1) {}}
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  class ToString
+    c = self
+    using Module.new {refine(c) {def to_s; "ok"; end}}
+    def string
+      "#{self}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tostring
+    assert_equal("ok", ToString.new.string)
+  end
+
+  class ToSymbol
+    c = self
+    using Module.new {refine(c) {def intern; "<#{upcase}>"; end}}
+    def symbol
+      :"#{@string}"
+    end
+    def initialize(string)
+      @string = string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dsym_literal
+    assert_equal(:foo, ToSymbol.new("foo").symbol)
+  end
+
+  module ToProc
+    def self.call &block
+      block.call
+    end
+
+    class ReturnProc
+      c = self
+      using Module.new {
+        refine c do
+          def to_proc
+            proc { "to_proc" }
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ReturnNoProc
+      c = self
+      using Module.new {
+        refine c do
+          def to_proc
+            true
+          end
+        end
+      }
+
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PrivateToProc
+      c = self
+      using Module.new {
+        refine c do
+          private
+          def to_proc
+            proc { "private_to_proc" }
+          end
+        end
+      }
+
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    class NonProc
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class MethodMissing
+      def method_missing *args
+        proc { "method_missing" }
+      end
+
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ToProcAndMethodMissing
+      def method_missing *args
+        proc { "method_missing" }
+      end
+
+      c = self
+      using Module.new {
+        refine c do
+          def to_proc
+            proc { "to_proc" }
+          end
+        end
+      }
+
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ToProcAndRefinements
+      def to_proc
+        proc { "to_proc" }
+      end
+
+      c = self
+      using Module.new {
+        refine c do
+          def to_proc
+            proc { "refinements_to_proc" }
+          end
+        end
+      }
+
+      def call
+        ToProc.call(&self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc
+    assert_equal("to_proc", ToProc::ReturnProc.new.call)
+    assert_equal("private_to_proc", ToProc::PrivateToProc.new.call)
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ ToProc::ReturnNoProc.new.call }
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ ToProc::NonProc.new.call }
+    assert_equal("method_missing", ToProc::MethodMissing.new.call)
+    assert_equal("to_proc", ToProc::ToProcAndMethodMissing.new.call)
+    assert_equal("refinements_to_proc", ToProc::ToProcAndRefinements.new.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_unused_refinement_for_module
+    bug14068 = '[ruby-core:83613] [Bug #14068]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["M1#foo"], [], bug14068)
+      module M1
+        def foo
+          puts "M1#foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M2
+      end
+
+      module UnusedRefinement
+        refine(M2) do
+          def foo
+            puts "M2#foo"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      include M1
+      include M2
+      foo()
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_refining_module_repeatedly
+    bug14070 = '[ruby-core:83617] [Bug #14070]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["ok"], [], bug14070)
+      1000.times do
+        Class.new do
+          include Enumerable
+        end
+
+        Module.new do
+          refine Enumerable do
+            def foo
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      puts "ok"
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_call_method_in_unused_refinement
+    bug15720 = '[ruby-core:91916] [Bug #15720]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["ok"], [], bug15720)
+      module M1
+        refine Kernel do
+          def foo
+            'foo called!'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M2
+        refine Kernel do
+          def bar
+            'bar called!'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      using M1
+
+      foo
+
+      begin
+        bar
+      rescue NameError
+      end
+
+      puts "ok"
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_super_from_refined_module
+    a = EnvUtil.labeled_module("A") do
+      def foo;"[A#{super}]";end
+    end
+    b = EnvUtil.labeled_class("B") do
+      def foo;"[B]";end
+    end
+    c = EnvUtil.labeled_class("C", b) do
+      include a
+      def foo;"[C#{super}]";end
+    end
+    d = EnvUtil.labeled_module("D") do
+      refine(a) do
+        def foo;end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal("[C[A[B]]]", c.new.foo, '[ruby-dev:50390] [Bug #14232]')
+    d
+  end
+
+  class RefineInUsing
+    module M1
+      refine RefineInUsing do
+        def foo
+          :ok
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module M2
+      using M1
+      refine RefineInUsing do
+        def call_foo
+	  RefineInUsing.new.foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using M2
+    def self.test
+      new.call_foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_in_using
+    assert_equal(:ok, RefineInUsing.test)
+  end
+
+  class Bug16242
+    module OtherM
+    end
+
+    module M
+      prepend OtherM
+
+      refine M do
+        def refine_method
+          "refine_method"
+        end
+      end
+      using M
+
+      def hoge
+        refine_method
+      end
+    end
+
+    class X
+      include M
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_prepended_module
+    assert_equal("refine_method", Bug16242::X.new.hoge)
+  end
+
+  module Bug13446
+    module Enumerable
+      def sum(*args)
+        i = 0
+        args.each { |arg| i += a }
+        i
+      end
+    end
+
+    using Module.new {
+      refine Enumerable do
+        alias :orig_sum :sum
+      end
+    }
+
+    module Enumerable
+      def sum(*args)
+        orig_sum(*args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GenericEnumerable
+      include Enumerable
+    end
+
+    Enumerable.prepend(Module.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_refined_module
+    assert_equal(0, Bug13446::GenericEnumerable.new.sum)
+  end
+
+  def test_unbound_refine_method
+    a = EnvUtil.labeled_class("A") do
+      def foo
+        self.class
+      end
+    end
+    b = EnvUtil.labeled_class("B")
+    bar = EnvUtil.labeled_module("R") do
+      break refine a do
+        def foo
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      bar.instance_method(:foo).bind(b.new)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_frozen_class
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    singleton_class.instance_variable_set(:@x, self)
+    class << self
+      c = Class.new do
+        def foo
+          :cfoo
+        end
+      end
+      foo = Module.new do
+        refine c do
+          def foo
+            :rfoo
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      using foo
+      @x.assert_equal(:rfoo, c.new.foo)
+      c.freeze
+      foo.module_eval do
+        refine c do
+          def foo
+            :rfoo2
+          end
+          def bar
+            :rbar
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      @x.assert_equal(:rfoo2, c.new.foo)
+      @x.assert_equal(:rbar, c.new.bar, '[ruby-core:71391] [Bug #11669]')
+    end
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #17386]
+  def test_prepended_with_method_cache
+    foo = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        :Foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    code = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        :Code
+      end
+    end
+
+    _ext = Module.new do
+      refine foo do
+        def foo; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    obj = foo.new
+
+    assert_equal :Foo, obj.foo
+    foo.prepend code
+    assert_equal :Code, obj.foo
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #17417]
+  def test_prepended_with_method_cache_17417
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      module M
+        def hoge; end
+      end
+
+      module R
+        refine Hash do
+          def except *args; end
+        end
+      end
+
+      h = {}
+      h.method(:except) # put it on pCMC
+      Hash.prepend(M)
+      h.method(:except)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_defining_after_cached
+    klass = Class.new
+    _refinement = Module.new { refine(klass) { def foo; end } }
+    klass.new.foo rescue nil # cache the refinement method entry
+    klass.define_method(:foo) { 42 }
+    assert_equal(42, klass.new.foo)
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #17806]
+  def test_two_refinements_for_prepended_class
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      module R1
+        refine Hash do
+          def foo; :r1; end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Hash
+        prepend(Module.new)
+      end
+
+      class Hash
+        def foo; end
+      end
+
+      {}.method(:foo) # put it on pCMC
+
+      module R2
+        refine Hash do
+          def foo; :r2; end
+        end
+      end
+
+      {}.foo
+    }
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #17806]
+  def test_redefining_refined_for_prepended_class
+    klass = Class.new { def foo; end }
+    _refinement = Module.new do
+      refine(klass) { def foo; :refined; end }
+    end
+    klass.prepend(Module.new)
+    klass.new.foo # cache foo
+    klass.define_method(:foo) { :second }
+    assert_equal(:second, klass.new.foo)
+  end
+
+  class Bug18180
+    module M
+      refine Array do
+        def min; :min; end
+        def max; :max; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using M
+
+    def t
+      [[1+0, 2, 4].min, [1, 2, 4].min, [1+0, 2, 4].max, [1, 2, 4].max]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_refine_array_min_max
+    assert_equal([:min, :min, :max, :max], Bug18180.new.t)
+  end
+
+  class Bug17822
+    module Ext
+      refine(Bug17822) do
+        def foo = :refined
+      end
+    end
+
+    private(def foo = :not_refined)
+
+    module Client
+      using Ext
+      def self.call_foo
+        Bug17822.new.foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #17822]
+  def test_privatizing_refined_method
+    assert_equal(:refined, Bug17822::Client.call_foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_ancestors
+    refinement = nil
+    as = nil
+    Module.new do
+      refine Array do
+        refinement = self
+        as = ancestors
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([refinement], as, "[ruby-core:86949] [Bug #14744]")
+  end
+
+  module TestImport
+    class A
+      def foo
+        "original"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module B
+      BAR = "bar"
+
+      def bar
+        "#{foo}:#{BAR}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module C
+      refine A do
+        import_methods B
+
+        def foo
+          "refined"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module UsingC
+      using C
+
+      def self.call_bar
+        A.new.bar
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_import_methods
+    assert_equal("refined:bar", TestImport::UsingC.call_bar)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Module.new do
+        refine Integer do
+          import_methods Enumerable
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inherit_singleton_methods_of_module
+    assert_equal([], Refinement.used_modules)
+  end
+
+  def test_inlinecache
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      module R
+        refine String do
+          def to_s = :R
+        end
+      end
+
+      2.times{|i|
+        s = ''.to_s
+        assert_equal '', s if i == 0
+        assert_equal :R, s if i == 1
+        using R            if i == 0
+        assert_equal :R, ''.to_s
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_inline_cache_invalidation
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def cached_foo_callsite = foo
+
+      def foo = :v1
+
+      host = self
+      @refinement = Module.new do
+        refine(host) do
+          def foo = :unused
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    obj = klass.new
+    obj.cached_foo_callsite # prime cache
+    klass.class_eval do
+      def foo = :v2 # invalidate
+    end
+    assert_equal(:v2, obj.cached_foo_callsite)
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #20302]
+  def test_multiple_refinements_for_same_module
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:f2 :f1), [])
+      module M1
+        refine(Kernel) do
+          def f1 = :f1
+        end
+      end
+
+      module M2
+        refine(Kernel) do
+          def f2 = :f2
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Foo
+        using M1
+        using M2
+
+        def test
+          p f2
+          p f1
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.new.test
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_refined_module_method
+    m = Module.new {
+      x = Module.new {def qux;end}
+      refine(x) {def qux;end}
+      break x
+    }
+    extend m
+    meth = method(:qux)
+    assert_equal m, meth.owner
+    assert_equal :qux, meth.name
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_proc_from_using_scope
+    # assert_separately to contain the side effects of refining Kernel
+    assert_separately([], <<~RUBY)
+      class RefinedScope
+        using(Module.new { refine(Kernel) { def itself = 0 } })
+        ITSELF = :itself.to_proc
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(1, RefinedScope::ITSELF[1], "[Bug #21265]")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def eval_using(mod, s)
+    eval("using #{mod}; #{s}", Sandbox::BINDING)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb b/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9feababa53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2318 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRegexp < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_has_NOENCODING
+    assert Regexp::NOENCODING
+    re = //n
+    assert_equal Regexp::NOENCODING, re.options
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_dev_999
+    assert_match(/(?<=a).*b/, "aab")
+    assert_match(/(?<=\u3042).*b/, "\u3042ab")
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_core_27247
+    assert_match(/(a){2}z/, "aaz")
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_dev_24643
+    assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:24643]") {
+      /(?:(?:[a]*[a])?b)*a*$/ =~ "aabaaca"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_talk_116455
+    assert_match(/^(\w{2,}).* ([A-Za-z\xa2\xc0-\xff]{2,}?)$/n, "Hallo Welt")
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_dev_24887
+    assert_equal("a".gsub(/a\Z/, ""), "")
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_dev_31309
+    assert_equal('Ruby', 'Ruby'.sub(/[^a-z]/i, '-'))
+  end
+
+  def test_premature_end_char_property
+    ["\\p{",
+     "\\p{".dup.force_encoding("UTF-8"),
+     "\\p{".dup.force_encoding("US-ASCII")
+    ].each do |string|
+      assert_raise(RegexpError) do
+        Regexp.new(string)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_normal_exit
+    # moved from knownbug.  It caused core.
+    Regexp.union("a", "a")
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal '(?-mix:\x00)', Regexp.new("\0").to_s
+
+    str = "abcd\u3042"
+    [:UTF_16BE, :UTF_16LE, :UTF_32BE, :UTF_32LE].each do |es|
+      enc = Encoding.const_get(es)
+      rs = Regexp.new(str.encode(enc)).to_s
+      assert_equal("(?-mix:abcd\u3042)".encode(enc), rs)
+      assert_equal(enc, rs.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      str = "abcd\u3042"
+      [:UTF_16BE, :UTF_16LE, :UTF_32BE, :UTF_32LE].each do |es|
+        enc = Encoding.const_get(es)
+        rs = Regexp.new(str.encode(enc)).to_s
+        assert_equal("(?-mix:abcd\u3042)".encode(enc), rs)
+        assert_equal(enc, rs.encoding)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_extended_subexp
+    re = /#\g#{"\n"}/x
+    re = /#{re}/
+    assert_warn('', '[ruby-core:82328] [Bug #13798]') {re.to_s}
+  end
+
+  def test_extended_comment_invalid_escape_bug_18294
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      re = / C:\\\\[a-z]{5} # e.g. C:\\users /x
+      assert_match(re, 'C:\\users')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'C:\\user')
+
+      re = /
+        foo  # \\M-ca
+        bar
+      /x
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+
+      re = /
+        f[#o]o  # \\M-ca
+        bar
+      /x
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+
+      re = /
+        f[[:alnum:]#]o  # \\M-ca
+        bar
+      /x
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+
+      re = /
+        f(?# \\M-ca)oo  # \\M-ca
+        bar
+      /x
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+
+      re = /f(?# \\M-ca)oobar/
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+
+      re = /[-(?# fca)]oobar/
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+
+      re = /f(?# ca\0\\M-ca)oobar/
+      assert_match(re, 'foobar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'foobaz')
+    RUBY
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval "/\\users/x"}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval "/[\\users]/x"}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval "/(?<\\users)/x"}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval "/# \\users/"}
+  end
+
+  def test_nonextended_section_of_extended_regexp_bug_19379
+    assert_separately([], <<-'RUBY')
+      re = /(?-x:#)/x
+      assert_match(re, '#')
+      assert_not_match(re, '-')
+
+      re = /(?xi:#
+      y)/
+      assert_match(re, 'Y')
+      assert_not_match(re, '-')
+
+      re = /(?mix:#
+      y)/
+      assert_match(re, 'Y')
+      assert_not_match(re, '-')
+
+      re = /(?x-im:#
+      y)/i
+      assert_match(re, 'y')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'Y')
+
+      re = /(?-imx:(?xim:#
+      y))/x
+      assert_match(re, 'y')
+      assert_not_match(re, '-')
+
+      re = /(?x)#
+      y/
+      assert_match(re, 'y')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'Y')
+
+      re = /(?mx-i)#
+      y/i
+      assert_match(re, 'y')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'Y')
+
+      re = /(?-imx:(?xim:#
+      (?-x)y#))/x
+      assert_match(re, 'Y#')
+      assert_not_match(re, '-#')
+
+      re = /(?imx:#
+      (?-xim:#(?im)#(?x)#
+      )#
+      (?x)#
+      y)/
+      assert_match(re, '###Y')
+      assert_not_match(re, '###-')
+
+      re = %r{#c-\w+/comment/[\w-]+}
+      re = %r{https?://[^/]+#{re}}x
+      assert_match(re, 'http://foo#c-x/comment/bar')
+      assert_not_match(re, 'http://foo#cx/comment/bar')
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_utf8_comment_in_usascii_extended_regexp_bug_19455
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, /(?#\u1000)/x.encoding)
+      assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, /#\u1000/x.encoding)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_union
+    assert_equal :ok, begin
+      Regexp.union(
+        "a",
+        Regexp.new("\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp")),
+        Regexp.new("\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("utf-8")))
+      :ng
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      :ok
+    end
+    re = Regexp.union(/\//, "")
+    re2 = eval(re.inspect)
+    assert_equal(re.to_s, re2.to_s)
+    assert_equal(re.source, re2.source)
+    assert_equal(re, re2)
+  end
+
+  def test_word_boundary
+    assert_match(/\u3042\b /, "\u3042 ")
+    assert_not_match(/\u3042\ba/, "\u3042a")
+  end
+
+  def test_named_capture
+    m = /&(?<foo>.*?);/.match("aaa &amp; yyy")
+    assert_equal("amp", m["foo"])
+    assert_equal("amp", m[:foo])
+    assert_equal(5, m.begin(:foo))
+    assert_equal(8, m.end(:foo))
+    assert_equal([5,8], m.offset(:foo))
+
+    assert_equal("aaa [amp] yyy",
+      "aaa &amp; yyy".sub(/&(?<foo>.*?);/, '[\k<foo>]'))
+
+    assert_equal('#<MatchData "&amp; y" foo:"amp">',
+      /&(?<foo>.*?); (y)/.match("aaa &amp; yyy").inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<MatchData "&amp; y" 1:"amp" 2:"y">',
+      /&(.*?); (y)/.match("aaa &amp; yyy").inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<MatchData "&amp; y" foo:"amp" bar:"y">',
+      /&(?<foo>.*?); (?<bar>y)/.match("aaa &amp; yyy").inspect)
+    assert_equal('#<MatchData "&amp; y" foo:"amp" foo:"y">',
+      /&(?<foo>.*?); (?<foo>y)/.match("aaa &amp; yyy").inspect)
+
+    /(?<_id>[A-Za-z_]+)/ =~ "!abc"
+    assert_not_nil(Regexp.last_match)
+    assert_equal("abc", Regexp.last_match(1))
+    assert_equal("abc", Regexp.last_match(:_id))
+
+    /a/ =~ "b" # doesn't match.
+    assert_equal(nil, Regexp.last_match)
+    assert_equal(nil, Regexp.last_match(1))
+    assert_equal(nil, Regexp.last_match(:foo))
+
+    bug11825_name = "\u{5b9d 77f3}"
+    bug11825_str = "\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}"
+    bug11825_re = /(?<#{bug11825_name}>)#{bug11825_str}/
+
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], /(?<foo>.)(?<bar>.)/.names)
+    assert_equal(["foo"], /(?<foo>.)(?<foo>.)/.names)
+    assert_equal([], /(.)(.)/.names)
+    assert_equal([bug11825_name], bug11825_re.names)
+
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], /(?<foo>.)(?<bar>.)/.match("ab").names)
+    assert_equal(["foo"], /(?<foo>.)(?<foo>.)/.match("ab").names)
+    assert_equal([], /(.)(.)/.match("ab").names)
+    assert_equal([bug11825_name], bug11825_re.match(bug11825_str).names)
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>[1], "bar"=>[2]},
+                 /(?<foo>.)(?<bar>.)/.named_captures)
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>[1, 2]},
+                 /(?<foo>.)(?<foo>.)/.named_captures)
+    assert_equal({}, /(.)(.)/.named_captures)
+
+    assert_equal("a[b]c", "abc".sub(/(?<x>[bc])/, "[\\k<x>]"))
+
+    assert_equal("o", "foo"[/(?<bar>o)/, "bar"])
+    assert_equal("o", "foo"[/(?<@bar>o)/, "@bar"])
+    assert_equal("o", "foo"[/(?<@bar>.)\g<@bar>\k<@bar>/, "@bar"])
+
+    s = "foo"
+    s[/(?<bar>o)/, "bar"] = "baz"
+    assert_equal("fbazo", s)
+
+    /.*/ =~ "abc"
+    "a".sub("a", "")
+    assert_raise(IndexError) {Regexp.last_match(:_id)}
+  end
+
+  def test_named_capture_with_nul
+    bug9902 = '[ruby-dev:48275] [Bug #9902]'
+
+    m = /(?<a>.*)/.match("foo")
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["a\0foo"]}
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["a\0foo".to_sym]}
+
+    m = Regexp.new("(?<foo\0bar>.*)").match("xxx")
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["foo"]}
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["foo".to_sym]}
+    assert_nothing_raised(IndexError, bug9902) {
+      assert_equal("xxx", m["foo\0bar"], bug9902)
+      assert_equal("xxx", m["foo\0bar".to_sym], bug9902)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_named_capture_nonascii
+    bug9903 = '[ruby-dev:48278] [Bug #9903]'
+
+    key = "\xb1\xb2".force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
+    m = /(?<#{key}>.*)/.match("xxx")
+    assert_equal("xxx", m[key])
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9903) {m[key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::Shift_JIS)]}
+  end
+
+  def test_match_data_named_captures
+    assert_equal({'a' => '1', 'b' => '2', 'c' => nil}, /^(?<a>.)(?<b>.)(?<c>.)?/.match('12').named_captures)
+    assert_equal({'a' => '1', 'b' => '2', 'c' => '3'}, /^(?<a>.)(?<b>.)(?<c>.)?/.match('123').named_captures)
+    assert_equal({'a' => '1', 'b' => '2', 'c' => ''}, /^(?<a>.)(?<b>.)(?<c>.?)/.match('12').named_captures)
+
+    assert_equal({a: '1', b: '2', c: ''}, /^(?<a>.)(?<b>.)(?<c>.?)/.match('12').named_captures(symbolize_names: true))
+    assert_equal({'a' => '1', 'b' => '2', 'c' => ''}, /^(?<a>.)(?<b>.)(?<c>.?)/.match('12').named_captures(symbolize_names: false))
+
+    assert_equal({'a' => 'x'}, /(?<a>x)|(?<a>y)/.match('x').named_captures)
+    assert_equal({'a' => 'y'}, /(?<a>x)|(?<a>y)/.match('y').named_captures)
+
+    assert_equal({'a' => '1', 'b' => '2'}, /^(.)(?<a>.)(?<b>.)/.match('012').named_captures)
+    assert_equal({'a' => '2'}, /^(?<a>.)(?<a>.)/.match('12').named_captures)
+
+    assert_equal({}, /^(.)/.match('123').named_captures)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_named_capture
+    assert_equal("a", eval('/(?<foo>.)/ =~ "a"; foo'))
+    assert_equal(nil, eval('/(?<@foo>.)/ =~ "a"; defined?(@foo)'))
+    assert_equal("a", eval('foo = 1; /(?<foo>.)/ =~ "a"; foo'))
+    assert_equal("a", eval('1.times {|foo| /(?<foo>.)/ =~ "a"; break foo }'))
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval('/(?<Foo>.)/ =~ "a"') }
+    assert_nil(eval('/(?<Foo>.)/ =~ "a"; defined? Foo'))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_named_capture_to_reserved_word
+    /(?<nil>.)/ =~ "a"
+    assert_not_include(local_variables, :nil, "[ruby-dev:32675]")
+
+    def (obj = Object.new).test(s, nil: :ng)
+      /(?<nil>.)/ =~ s
+      binding.local_variable_get(:nil)
+    end
+    assert_equal("b", obj.test("b"))
+
+    tap do |nil: :ng|
+      /(?<nil>.)/ =~ "c"
+      assert_equal("c", binding.local_variable_get(:nil))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_named_capture_to_const
+    %W[C \u{1d402}].each do |name|
+      assert_equal(:ok, Class.new.class_eval("#{name} = :ok; /(?<#{name}>.*)/ =~ 'ng'; #{name}"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_named_capture_trace
+    bug = '[ruby-core:79940] [Bug #13287]'
+    assert_normal_exit("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", bug)
+    begin;
+      / (?<foo>.*)/ =~ "bar" &&
+        true
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_regexp
+    r = /./
+    m = r.match("a")
+    assert_equal(r, m.regexp)
+    re = /foo/
+    assert_equal(re, re.match("foo").regexp)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_lambda_multithread
+    bug17507 = "[ruby-core:101901]"
+    str = "a-x-foo-bar-baz-z-b"
+
+    worker = lambda do
+      m = /foo-([A-Za-z0-9_\.]+)-baz/.match(str)
+      assert_equal("bar", m[1], bug17507)
+
+      # These two lines are needed to trigger the bug
+      File.exist? "/tmp"
+      str.gsub(/foo-bar-baz/, "foo-abc-baz")
+    end
+
+    def self. threaded_test(worker)
+      6.times.map {Thread.new {10_000.times {worker.call}}}.each(&:join)
+    end
+
+    # The bug only occurs in a method calling a block/proc/lambda
+    threaded_test(worker)
+  end
+
+  def test_source
+    bug5484 = '[ruby-core:40364]'
+    assert_equal('', //.source)
+    assert_equal('\:', /\:/.source, bug5484)
+    assert_equal(':', %r:\::.source, bug5484)
+  end
+
+  def test_source_escaped
+    expected, result = "$*+.?^|".each_char.map {|c|
+      [
+        ["\\#{c}", "\\#{c}", 1],
+        begin
+          re = eval("%r#{c}\\#{c}#{c}", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          t = eval("/\\#{c}/", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__).source
+        rescue SyntaxError => e
+          [e, t, nil]
+        else
+          [re.source, t, re =~ "a#{c}a"]
+        end
+      ]
+    }.transpose
+    assert_equal(expected, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_source_escaped_paren
+    bug7610 = '[ruby-core:51088] [Bug #7610]'
+    bug8133 = '[ruby-core:53578] [Bug #8133]'
+    [
+     ["(", ")", bug7610], ["[", "]", bug8133],
+     ["{", "}", bug8133], ["<", ">", bug8133],
+    ].each do |lparen, rparen, bug|
+      s = "\\#{lparen}a\\#{rparen}"
+      assert_equal(/#{s}/, eval("%r#{lparen}#{s}#{rparen}"), bug)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_source_unescaped
+    expected, result = "!\"#%&',-/:;=@_`~".each_char.map {|c|
+      [
+        ["#{c}", "\\#{c}", 1],
+        begin
+          re = eval("%r#{c}\\#{c}#{c}", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          t = eval("%r{\\#{c}}", nil, __FILE__, __LINE__).source
+        rescue SyntaxError => e
+          [e, t, nil]
+        else
+          [re.source, t, re =~ "a#{c}a"]
+        end
+      ]
+    }.transpose
+    assert_equal(expected, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal('//', //.inspect)
+    assert_equal('//i', //i.inspect)
+    assert_equal('/\//i', /\//i.inspect)
+    assert_equal('/\//i', %r"#{'/'}"i.inspect)
+    assert_equal('/\/x/i', /\/x/i.inspect)
+    assert_equal('/\x00/i', /#{"\0"}/i.inspect)
+    assert_equal("/\n/i", /#{"\n"}/i.inspect)
+    s = [0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3].pack("C*")
+    assert_equal('/\/\xF1\xF2\xF3/i', /\/#{s}/i.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      assert_equal('/(?-mix:\\/)|/', Regexp.union(/\//, "").inspect)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_char_to_option
+    assert_equal("BAR", "FOOBARBAZ"[/b../i])
+    assert_equal("bar", "foobarbaz"[/  b  .  .  /x])
+    assert_equal("bar\n", "foo\nbar\nbaz"[/b.../m])
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('//z') }
+  end
+
+  def test_char_to_option_kcode
+    assert_equal("bar", "foobarbaz"[/b../s])
+    assert_equal("bar", "foobarbaz"[/b../e])
+    assert_equal("bar", "foobarbaz"[/b../u])
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s2
+    assert_equal('(?-mix:foo)', /(?:foo)/.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?m-ix:foo)', /(?:foo)/m.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?mi-x:foo)', /(?:foo)/mi.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?mix:foo)', /(?:foo)/mix.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?m-ix:foo)', /(?m-ix:foo)/.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?mi-x:foo)', /(?mi-x:foo)/.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?mix:foo)', /(?mix:foo)/.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?mix:)', /(?mix)/.to_s)
+    assert_equal('(?-mix:(?mix:foo) )', /(?mix:foo) /.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_casefold_p
+    assert_equal(false, /a/.casefold?)
+    assert_equal(true, /a/i.casefold?)
+    assert_equal(false, /(?i:a)/.casefold?)
+  end
+
+  def test_options
+    assert_equal(Regexp::IGNORECASE, /a/i.options)
+    assert_equal(Regexp::EXTENDED, /a/x.options)
+    assert_equal(Regexp::MULTILINE, /a/m.options)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_init_copy
+    m = /foo/.match("foo")
+    assert_equal(/foo/, m.dup.regexp)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      m.instance_eval { initialize_copy(nil) }
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 3], m.offset(0))
+    assert_equal(/foo/, m.dup.regexp)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_size
+    m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.")
+    assert_equal(5, m.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_offset_begin_end
+    m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal([3, 6], m.offset("x"))
+    assert_equal(3, m.begin("x"))
+    assert_equal(6, m.end("x"))
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.offset("y") }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.offset(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.begin(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.end(2) }
+
+    m = /(?<x>q..)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], m.offset("x"))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.begin("x"))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.end("x"))
+
+    m = /\A\u3042(.)(.)?(.)\z/.match("\u3042\u3043\u3044")
+    assert_equal([1, 2], m.offset(1))
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], m.offset(2))
+    assert_equal([2, 3], m.offset(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_match_byteoffset_begin_end
+    m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal([3, 6], m.byteoffset("x"))
+    assert_equal(3, m.begin("x"))
+    assert_equal(6, m.end("x"))
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.byteoffset("y") }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.byteoffset(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.begin(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.end(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.bytebegin(2) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m.byteend(2) }
+
+    m = /(?<x>q..)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], m.byteoffset("x"))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.begin("x"))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.end("x"))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.bytebegin("x"))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.byteend("x"))
+
+    m = /\A\u3042(.)(.)?(.)\z/.match("\u3042\u3043\u3044")
+    assert_equal([3, 6], m.byteoffset(1))
+    assert_equal(3, m.bytebegin(1))
+    assert_equal(6, m.byteend(1))
+    assert_equal([nil, nil], m.byteoffset(2))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.bytebegin(2))
+    assert_equal(nil, m.byteend(2))
+    assert_equal([6, 9], m.byteoffset(3))
+    assert_equal(6, m.bytebegin(3))
+    assert_equal(9, m.byteend(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_match_to_s
+    m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("bar", m.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_pre_post
+    m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("foo", m.pre_match)
+    assert_equal("baz", m.post_match)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_array
+    m = /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal(["foobarbaz", "foo", "bar", "baz", nil], m.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_captures
+    m = /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz", nil], m.captures)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_aref
+    m = /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", m[0])
+    assert_equal("foo", m[1])
+    assert_equal("foo", m[-4])
+    assert_nil(m[-1])
+    assert_nil(m[-11])
+    assert_nil(m[-11, 1])
+    assert_nil(m[-11..1])
+    assert_nil(m[5])
+    assert_nil(m[9])
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz"], m[1..3])
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz"], m[1, 3])
+    assert_equal([], m[3..1])
+    assert_equal([], m[3, 0])
+    assert_equal(nil, m[3, -1])
+    assert_equal(nil, m[9, 1])
+    assert_equal(["baz"], m[3, 1])
+    assert_equal(["baz", nil], m[3, 5])
+    assert_nil(m[5])
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { m[:foo] }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { m[nil] }
+    assert_equal(["baz", nil], m[-2, 3])
+  end
+
+  def test_match_values_at
+    idx = Object.new
+    def idx.to_int; 2; end
+    m = /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz"], m.values_at(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz"], m.values_at(1..3))
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz", nil, nil], m.values_at(1..5))
+    assert_equal([], m.values_at(3..1))
+    assert_equal([nil, nil, nil, nil, nil], m.values_at(5..9))
+    assert_equal(["bar"], m.values_at(idx))
+    assert_raise(RangeError){ m.values_at(-11..1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ m.values_at(nil) }
+
+    m = /(?<a>\d+) *(?<op>[+\-*\/]) *(?<b>\d+)/.match("1 + 2")
+    assert_equal(["1", "2", "+"], m.values_at(:a, 'b', :op))
+    assert_equal(["+"], m.values_at(idx))
+    assert_raise(TypeError){ m.values_at(nil) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError){ m.values_at(:foo) }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_string
+    m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", m.string)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_matchsubstring
+    m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)(\w)?/.match("THX1138.")
+    assert_equal("HX1138", m.match(0))
+    assert_equal("8", m.match(4))
+    assert_nil(m.match(5))
+
+    m = /\A\u3042(.)(.)?(.)\z/.match("\u3042\u3043\u3044")
+    assert_equal("\u3043", m.match(1))
+    assert_nil(m.match(2))
+    assert_equal("\u3044", m.match(3))
+
+    m = /(?<foo>.)(?<n>[^aeiou])?(?<bar>.+)/.match("hoge\u3042")
+    assert_equal("h", m.match(:foo))
+    assert_nil(m.match(:n))
+    assert_equal("oge\u3042", m.match(:bar))
+  end
+
+  def test_match_match_length
+    m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)(\w)?/.match("THX1138.")
+    assert_equal(6, m.match_length(0))
+    assert_equal(1, m.match_length(4))
+    assert_nil(m.match_length(5))
+
+    m = /\A\u3042(.)(.)?(.)\z/.match("\u3042\u3043\u3044")
+    assert_equal(1, m.match_length(1))
+    assert_nil(m.match_length(2))
+    assert_equal(1, m.match_length(3))
+
+    m = /(?<foo>.)(?<n>[^aeiou])?(?<bar>.+)/.match("hoge\u3042")
+    assert_equal(1, m.match_length(:foo))
+    assert_nil(m.match_length(:n))
+    assert_equal(4, m.match_length(:bar))
+  end
+
+  def test_match_inspect
+    m = /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal('#<MatchData "foobarbaz" 1:"foo" 2:"bar" 3:"baz" 4:nil>', m.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_data_deconstruct
+    m = /foo.+/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal([], m.deconstruct)
+
+    m = /(foo).+(baz)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal(["foo", "baz"], m.deconstruct)
+
+    m = /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar", "baz", nil], m.deconstruct)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_data_deconstruct_keys
+    m = /foo.+/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal({}, m.deconstruct_keys([:a]))
+
+    m = /(?<a>foo).+(?<b>baz)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal({a: "foo", b: "baz"}, m.deconstruct_keys(nil))
+    assert_equal({a: "foo", b: "baz"}, m.deconstruct_keys([:a, :b]))
+    assert_equal({b: "baz"}, m.deconstruct_keys([:b]))
+    assert_equal({}, m.deconstruct_keys([:c, :a]))
+    assert_equal({a: "foo"}, m.deconstruct_keys([:a, :c]))
+    assert_equal({}, m.deconstruct_keys([:a, :b, :c]))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      m.deconstruct_keys(0)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      m.deconstruct_keys(["a", "b"])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_no_match_no_matchdata
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      h = {}
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(h)
+      prev_matches = h[:T_MATCH] || 0
+      _md = /[A-Z]/.match('1') # no match
+      ObjectSpace.count_objects(h)
+      new_matches = h[:T_MATCH] || 0
+      assert_equal prev_matches, new_matches, "Bug [#20104]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new }
+    assert_equal(/foo/, assert_warning(/ignored/) {Regexp.new(/foo/, Regexp::IGNORECASE)})
+    assert_equal(/foo/, assert_no_warning(/ignored/) {Regexp.new(/foo/)})
+    assert_equal(/foo/, assert_no_warning(/ignored/) {Regexp.new(/foo/, timeout: nil)})
+
+    arg_encoding_none = //n.options # ARG_ENCODING_NONE is implementation defined value
+
+    assert_deprecated_warning('') do
+      assert_equal(Encoding.find("US-ASCII"), Regexp.new("b..", Regexp::NOENCODING).encoding)
+      assert_equal("bar", "foobarbaz"[Regexp.new("b..", Regexp::NOENCODING)])
+      assert_equal(//, Regexp.new(""))
+      assert_equal(//, Regexp.new("", timeout: 1))
+      assert_equal(//n, Regexp.new("", Regexp::NOENCODING))
+      assert_equal(//n, Regexp.new("", Regexp::NOENCODING, timeout: 1))
+
+      assert_equal(arg_encoding_none, Regexp.new("", Regexp::NOENCODING).options)
+
+      assert_nil(Regexp.new("").timeout)
+      assert_equal(1.0, Regexp.new("", timeout: 1.0).timeout)
+      assert_nil(Regexp.compile("").timeout)
+      assert_equal(1.0, Regexp.compile("", timeout: 1.0).timeout)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new(")(") }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new('[\\40000000000') }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new('[\\600000000000.') }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { Regexp.new("((?<v>))\\g<0>") }
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_from_regex_memory_corruption
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-'end;')
+      10_000.times { Regexp.new(Regexp.new("(?<name>)")) }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_bool_warning
+    assert_warning(/expected true or false as ignorecase/) do
+      Regexp.new("foo", :i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_option
+    assert_equal(//i, Regexp.new("", "i"))
+    assert_equal(//m, Regexp.new("", "m"))
+    assert_equal(//x, Regexp.new("", "x"))
+    assert_equal(//imx, Regexp.new("", "imx"))
+    assert_equal(//, Regexp.new("", ""))
+    assert_equal(//imx, Regexp.new("", "mimix"))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "e") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "n") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "s") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "u") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "o") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "j") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("", "xmen") }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_control_meta_escape
+    assert_equal(0, /\c\xFF/ =~ "\c\xFF")
+    assert_equal(0, /\c\M-\xFF/ =~ "\c\M-\xFF")
+    assert_equal(0, /\C-\xFF/ =~ "\C-\xFF")
+    assert_equal(0, /\C-\M-\xFF/ =~ "\C-\M-\xFF")
+    assert_equal(0, /\M-\xFF/ =~ "\M-\xFF")
+    assert_equal(0, /\M-\C-\xFF/ =~ "\M-\C-\xFF")
+    assert_equal(0, /\M-\c\xFF/ =~ "\M-\c\xFF")
+
+    assert_nil(/\c\xFE/ =~ "\c\xFF")
+    assert_nil(/\c\M-\xFE/ =~ "\c\M-\xFF")
+    assert_nil(/\C-\xFE/ =~ "\C-\xFF")
+    assert_nil(/\C-\M-\xFE/ =~ "\C-\M-\xFF")
+    assert_nil(/\M-\xFE/ =~ "\M-\xFF")
+    assert_nil(/\M-\C-\xFE/ =~ "\M-\C-\xFF")
+    assert_nil(/\M-\c\xFE/ =~ "\M-\c\xFF")
+  end
+
+  def test_unescape
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\\'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_equal(/\xFF/n, /#{ s="\\xFF" }/n)
+    assert_equal(/\177/, (s = '\177'; /#{ s }/))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u{ ffffffff }'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u{ ffffff }'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u{ ffff X }'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u{ }'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_equal("b", "abc"[(s = '\u{0062}'; /#{ s }/)])
+    assert_equal("b", "abc"[(s = '\u0062'; /#{ s }/)])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u0'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u000X'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = "\xff" + '\u3042'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u3042' + [0xff].pack("C"); /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { s = ''; eval(%q(/\u#{ s }/)) }
+
+    assert_equal(/a/, eval(%q(s="\u0061";/#{s}/n)))
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { s = "\u3042"; eval(%q(/#{s}/n)) }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { s = "\u0061"; eval(%q(/\u3042#{s}/n)) }
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { s1=[0xff].pack("C"); s2="\u3042"; eval(%q(/#{s1}#{s2}/)); [s1, s2] }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\x'; /#{ s }/ }
+
+    assert_equal("\xe1", [0x00, 0xe1, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-a/])
+    assert_equal("\xdc", [0x00, 0xdc, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\\/])
+    assert_equal("\x8a", [0x00, 0x8a, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\n/])
+    assert_equal("\x89", [0x00, 0x89, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\t/])
+    assert_equal("\x8d", [0x00, 0x8d, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\r/])
+    assert_equal("\x8c", [0x00, 0x8c, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\f/])
+    assert_equal("\x8b", [0x00, 0x8b, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\v/])
+    assert_equal("\x87", [0x00, 0x87, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\a/])
+    assert_equal("\x9b", [0x00, 0x9b, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\M-\e/])
+    assert_equal("\x01", [0x00, 0x01, 0xff].pack("C*")[/\C-a/])
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\M'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\M-\M-a'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\M-\\'; /#{ s }/ }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\C'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\c'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\C-\C-a'; /#{ s }/ }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\M-\z'; /#{ s }/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\M-\777'; /#{ s }/ }
+
+    assert_equal("\u3042\u3042", "\u3042\u3042"[(s = "\u3042" + %q(\xe3\x81\x82); /#{s}/)])
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = "\u3042" + %q(\xe3); /#{s}/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = "\u3042" + %q(\xe3\xe3); /#{s}/ }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { s = '\u3042' + [0xff].pack("C"); /#{s}/ }
+
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval("/\u3042/n") }
+
+    s = ".........."
+    5.times { s.sub!(".", "") }
+    assert_equal(".....", s)
+
+    assert_equal("\\\u{3042}", Regexp.new("\\\u{3042}").source)
+  end
+
+  def test_equal
+    bug5484 = '[ruby-core:40364]'
+    assert_equal(/abc/, /abc/)
+    assert_not_equal(/abc/, /abc/m)
+    assert_not_equal(/abc/, /abd/)
+    assert_equal(/\/foo/, Regexp.new('/foo'), bug5484)
+  end
+
+  def test_match
+    assert_nil(//.match(nil))
+    assert_equal("abc", /.../.match(:abc)[0])
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { /.../.match(Object.new)[0] }
+    assert_equal("bc", /../.match('abc', 1)[0])
+    assert_equal("bc", /../.match('abc', -2)[0])
+    assert_nil(/../.match("abc", -4))
+    assert_nil(/../.match("abc", 4))
+
+    # use eval because only one warning is shown for the same regexp literal
+    pat = eval('/../n')
+    assert_equal('\x', assert_warning(/binary regexp/) {pat.match("\u3042" + '\x', 1)}[0])
+
+    r = nil
+    /.../.match("abc") {|m| r = m[0] }
+    assert_equal("abc", r)
+
+    $_ = "abc"; assert_equal(1, ~/bc/)
+    $_ = "abc"; assert_nil(~/d/)
+    $_ = nil; assert_nil(~/./)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      m = /(?<foo>.)(?<n>[^aeiou])?(?<bar>.+)/.match("hoge\u3042")
+      assert_equal("h", m.match(:foo))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_match_p
+    /backref/ =~ 'backref'
+    # must match here, but not in a separate method, e.g., assert_send,
+    # to check if $~ is affected or not.
+    assert_equal(false, //.match?(nil))
+    assert_equal(true, //.match?(""))
+    assert_equal(true, /.../.match?(:abc))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { /.../.match?(Object.new) }
+    assert_equal(true, /b/.match?('abc'))
+    assert_equal(true, /b/.match?('abc', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, /../.match?('abc', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, /../.match?('abc', -2))
+    assert_equal(false, /../.match?("abc", -4))
+    assert_equal(false, /../.match?("abc", 4))
+    assert_equal(true, /../.match?("\u3042xx", 1))
+    assert_equal(false, /../.match?("\u3042x", 1))
+    assert_equal(true, /\z/.match?(""))
+    assert_equal(true, /\z/.match?("abc"))
+    assert_equal(true, /R.../.match?("Ruby"))
+    assert_equal(false, /R.../.match?("Ruby", 1))
+    assert_equal(false, /P.../.match?("Ruby"))
+    assert_equal('backref', $&)
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq
+    assert_equal(false, /../ === nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_quote
+    assert_equal("\xff", Regexp.quote([0xff].pack("C")))
+    assert_equal("\\ ", Regexp.quote("\ "))
+    assert_equal("\\t", Regexp.quote("\t"))
+    assert_equal("\\n", Regexp.quote("\n"))
+    assert_equal("\\r", Regexp.quote("\r"))
+    assert_equal("\\f", Regexp.quote("\f"))
+    assert_equal("\\v", Regexp.quote("\v"))
+    assert_equal("\u3042\\t", Regexp.quote("\u3042\t"))
+    assert_equal("\\t\xff", Regexp.quote("\t" + [0xff].pack("C")))
+
+    bug13034 = '[ruby-core:78646] [Bug #13034]'
+    str = "\x00".force_encoding("UTF-16BE")
+    assert_equal(str, Regexp.quote(str), bug13034)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal(/re/, Regexp.try_convert(/re/))
+    assert_nil(Regexp.try_convert("re"))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nil(Regexp.try_convert(o))
+    def o.to_regexp() /foo/ end
+    assert_equal(/foo/, Regexp.try_convert(o))
+  end
+
+  def test_union2
+    assert_equal(/(?!)/, Regexp.union)
+    assert_equal(/foo/, Regexp.union(/foo/))
+    assert_equal(/foo/, Regexp.union([/foo/]))
+    assert_equal(/\t/, Regexp.union("\t"))
+    assert_equal(/(?-mix:\u3042)|(?-mix:\u3042)/, Regexp.union(/\u3042/, /\u3042/))
+    assert_equal("\u3041", "\u3041"[Regexp.union(/\u3042/, "\u3041")])
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    assert_equal(//, //.dup)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { //.dup.instance_eval { initialize_copy(nil) } }
+  end
+
+  def test_regsub
+    assert_equal("fooXXXbaz", "foobarbaz".sub!(/bar/, "XXX"))
+    s = [0xff].pack("C")
+    assert_equal(s, "X".sub!(/./, s))
+    assert_equal('\\' + s, "X".sub!(/./, '\\' + s))
+    assert_equal('\k', "foo".sub!(/.../, '\k'))
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { "foo".sub!(/(?<x>o)/, '\k<x') }
+    assert_equal('foo[bar]baz', "foobarbaz".sub!(/(b..)/, '[\0]'))
+    assert_equal('foo[foo]baz', "foobarbaz".sub!(/(b..)/, '[\`]'))
+    assert_equal('foo[baz]baz', "foobarbaz".sub!(/(b..)/, '[\\\']'))
+    assert_equal('foo[r]baz', "foobarbaz".sub!(/(b)(.)(.)/, '[\+]'))
+    assert_equal('foo[\\]baz', "foobarbaz".sub!(/(b..)/, '[\\\\]'))
+    assert_equal('foo[\z]baz', "foobarbaz".sub!(/(b..)/, '[\z]'))
+  end
+
+  def test_regsub_K
+    bug8856 = '[ruby-dev:47694] [Bug #8856]'
+    result = "foobarbazquux/foobarbazquux".gsub(/foo\Kbar/, "")
+    assert_equal('foobazquux/foobazquux', result, bug8856)
+  end
+
+  def test_regsub_no_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "#{<<~"end;"}", rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        "aaaaaaaaaaa".gsub(/a/, "")
+      end
+
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      100_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ignorecase
+    v = assert_deprecated_warning(/variable \$= is no longer effective/) { $= }
+    assert_equal(false, v)
+    assert_deprecated_warning(/variable \$= is no longer effective; ignored/) { $= = nil }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_setter
+    /foo/ =~ "foo"
+    m = $~
+    /bar/ =~ "bar"
+    $~ = m
+    assert_equal("foo", $&)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_without_regexp
+    # create a MatchData for each assertion because the internal state may change
+    test = proc {|&blk| "abc".sub("a", ""); blk.call($~) }
+
+    bug10877 = '[ruby-core:68209] [Bug #10877]'
+    bug18160 = '[Bug #18160]'
+    test.call {|m| assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /foo/, bug10877) {m["foo"]} }
+    key = "\u{3042}"
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Shift_JIS, Encoding::EUC_JP].each do |enc|
+      idx = key.encode(enc)
+      pat = /#{idx}/
+      EnvUtil.with_default_internal(enc) do
+        test.call {|m| assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, pat, bug10877) {m[idx]} }
+        test.call {|m| assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, pat, bug18160) {m.offset(idx)} }
+        test.call {|m| assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, pat, bug18160) {m.begin(idx)} }
+        test.call {|m| assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, pat, bug18160) {m.end(idx)} }
+      end
+    end
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(/a/, m.regexp) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal("abc", m.string) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(1, m.size) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(0, m.begin(0)) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(1, m.end(0)) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal([0, 1], m.offset(0)) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal([], m.captures) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal([], m.names) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal({}, m.named_captures) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(/a/.match("abc"), m) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(/a/.match("abc").hash, m.hash) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal("bc", m.post_match) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal("", m.pre_match) }
+    test.call {|m| assert_equal(["a", nil], m.values_at(0, 1)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_last_match
+    /(...)(...)(...)(...)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", Regexp.last_match(0))
+    assert_equal("foo", Regexp.last_match(1))
+    assert_nil(Regexp.last_match(5))
+    assert_nil(Regexp.last_match(-1))
+  end
+
+  def test_getter
+    alias $__REGEXP_TEST_LASTMATCH__ $&
+    alias $__REGEXP_TEST_PREMATCH__ $`
+    alias $__REGEXP_TEST_POSTMATCH__ $'
+    alias $__REGEXP_TEST_LASTPARENMATCH__ $+
+    /(b)(.)(.)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("bar", $__REGEXP_TEST_LASTMATCH__)
+    assert_equal("foo", $__REGEXP_TEST_PREMATCH__)
+    assert_equal("baz", $__REGEXP_TEST_POSTMATCH__)
+    assert_equal("r", $__REGEXP_TEST_LASTPARENMATCH__)
+
+    /(...)(...)(...)/.match("foobarbaz")
+    assert_equal("baz", $+)
+  end
+
+  def test_rindex_regexp
+    # use eval because only one warning is shown for the same regexp literal
+    pat = eval('/b../n')
+    assert_equal(3, assert_warning(/binary regexp/) {"foobarbaz\u3042".rindex(pat, 5)})
+  end
+
+  def assert_regexp(re, ss, fs = [], msg = nil)
+    re = EnvUtil.suppress_warning {Regexp.new(re)} unless re.is_a?(Regexp)
+    ss = [ss] unless ss.is_a?(Array)
+    ss.each do |e, s|
+      s ||= e
+      assert_match(re, s, msg)
+      m = re.match(s)
+      assert_equal(e, m[0], msg)
+    end
+    fs = [fs] unless fs.is_a?(Array)
+    fs.each {|s| assert_no_match(re, s, msg) }
+  end
+  alias check assert_regexp
+
+  def assert_fail(re)
+    assert_raise(RegexpError) { %r"#{ re }" }
+  end
+  alias failcheck assert_fail
+
+  def test_parse
+    check(/\*\+\?\{\}\|\(\)\<\>\`\'/, "*+?{}|()<>`'")
+    check(/\A\w\W\z/, %w(a. b!), %w(.. ab))
+    check(/\A.\b.\b.\B.\B.\z/, %w(a.aaa .a...), %w(aaaaa .....))
+    check(/\A\s\S\z/, [' a', "\n."], ['  ', "\n\n", 'a '])
+    check(/\A\d\D\z/, '0a', %w(00 aa))
+    check(/\A\h\H\z/, %w(0g ag BH), %w(a0 af GG))
+    check(/\Afoo\Z\s\z/, "foo\n", ["foo", "foo\nbar"])
+    assert_equal(%w(a b c), "abc def".scan(/\G\w/))
+    check(/\A\u3042\z/, "\u3042", ["", "\u3043", "a"])
+    check(/\A(..)\1\z/, %w(abab ....), %w(abba aba))
+    failcheck('\1')
+    check(/\A\80\z/, "80", ["\100", ""])
+    check(/\A\77\z/, "?")
+    check(/\A\78\z/, "\7" + '8', ["\100", ""])
+    check(assert_warning(/Unknown escape/) {eval('/\A\Qfoo\E\z/')}, "QfooE")
+    check(/\Aa++\z/, "aaa")
+    check('\Ax]\z', "x]")
+    check(/x#foo/x, "x", "#foo")
+    check(/\Ax#foo#{ "\n" }x\z/x, "xx", ["x", "x#foo\nx"])
+    check(/\A\p{Alpha}\z/, ["a", "z"], [".", "", ".."])
+    check(/\A\p{^Alpha}\z/, [".", "!"], ["!a", ""])
+    check(/\A\n\z/, "\n")
+    check(/\A\t\z/, "\t")
+    check(/\A\r\z/, "\r")
+    check(/\A\f\z/, "\f")
+    check(/\A\a\z/, "\007")
+    check(/\A\e\z/, "\033")
+    check(/\A\v\z/, "\v")
+    failcheck('(')
+    failcheck('(?foo)')
+    failcheck('/\p{foobarbazqux}/')
+    failcheck('/\p{foobarbazqux' + 'a' * 1000 + '}/')
+    failcheck('/[1-\w]/')
+  end
+
+  def test_exec
+    check(/A*B/, %w(B AB AAB AAAB), %w(A))
+    check(/\w*!/, %w(! a! ab! abc!), %w(abc))
+    check(/\w*\W/, %w(! a" ab# abc$), %w(abc))
+    check(/\w*\w/, %w(z az abz abcz), %w(!))
+    check(/[a-z]*\w/, %w(z az abz abcz), %w(!))
+    check(/[a-z]*\W/, %w(! a" ab# abc$), %w(A))
+    check(/((a|bb|ccc|dddd)(1|22|333|4444))/i, %w(a1 bb1 a22), %w(a2 b1))
+    check(/\u0080/, (1..4).map {|i| ["\u0080", "\u0080" * i] }, ["\u0081"])
+    check(/\u0080\u0080/, (2..4).map {|i| ["\u0080" * 2, "\u0080" * i] }, ["\u0081"])
+    check(/\u0080\u0080\u0080/, (3..4).map {|i| ["\u0080" * 3, "\u0080" * i] }, ["\u0081"])
+    check(/\u0080\u0080\u0080\u0080/, (4..4).map {|i| ["\u0080" * 4, "\u0080" * i] }, ["\u0081"])
+    check(/[^\u3042\u3043\u3044]/, %W(a b \u0080 \u3041 \u3045), %W(\u3042 \u3043 \u3044))
+    check(/a.+/m, %W(a\u0080 a\u0080\u0080 a\u0080\u0080\u0080), %W(a))
+    check(/a.+z/m, %W(a\u0080z a\u0080\u0080z a\u0080\u0080\u0080z), %W(az))
+    check(/abc\B.\Bxyz/, %w(abcXxyz abc0xyz), %w(abc|xyz abc-xyz))
+    check(/\Bxyz/, [%w(xyz abcXxyz), %w(xyz abc0xyz)], %w(abc xyz abc-xyz))
+    check(/abc\B/, [%w(abc abcXxyz), %w(abc abc0xyz)], %w(abc xyz abc-xyz))
+    failcheck('(?<foo>abc)\1')
+    check(/^(A+|B+)(?>\g<1>)*[BC]$/, %w(AC BC ABC BAC AABBC), %w(AABB))
+    check(/^(A+|B(?>\g<1>)*)[AC]$/, %w(AAAC BBBAAAAC), %w(BBBAAA))
+    check(/^()(?>\g<1>)*$/, "", "a")
+    check(/^(?>(?=a)(#{ "a" * 1000 }|))++$/, ["a" * 1000, "a" * 2000, "a" * 3000], ["", "a" * 500, "b" * 1000])
+    check(assert_warning(/nested repeat operator/) {eval('/^(?:a?)?$/')}, ["", "a"], ["aa"])
+    check(assert_warning(/nested repeat operator/) {eval('/^(?:a+)?$/')}, ["", "a", "aa"], ["ab"])
+    check(/^(?:a?)+?$/, ["", "a", "aa"], ["ab"])
+    check(/^a??[ab]/, [["a", "a"], ["a", "aa"], ["b", "b"], ["a", "ab"]], ["c"])
+    check(/^(?:a*){3,5}$/, ["", "a", "aa", "aaa", "aaaa", "aaaaa", "aaaaaa"], ["b"])
+    check(/^(?:a+){3,5}$/, ["aaa", "aaaa", "aaaaa", "aaaaaa"], ["", "a", "aa", "b"])
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_look_behind
+    check(/(?<=A)B(?=C)/, [%w(B ABC)], %w(aBC ABc aBc))
+    check(/(?<!A)B(?!C)/, [%w(B aBc)], %w(ABC aBC ABc))
+    failcheck('(?<=.*)')
+    failcheck('(?<!.*)')
+    check(/(?<=A|B.)C/, [%w(C AC), %w(C BXC)], %w(C BC))
+    check(/(?<!A|B.)C/, [%w(C C), %w(C BC)], %w(AC BXC))
+
+    assert_not_match(/(?<!aa|b)c/i, "Aac")
+    assert_not_match(/(?<!b|aa)c/i, "Aac")
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_kg
+    check(/\A(.)(.)\k<1>(.)\z/, %w(abac abab ....), %w(abcd aaba xxx))
+    check(/\A(.)(.)\k<-1>(.)\z/, %w(abbc abba ....), %w(abcd aaba xxx))
+    check(/\A(?<n>.)(?<x>\g<n>){0}(?<y>\k<n+0>){0}\g<x>\g<y>\z/, "aba", "abb")
+    check(/\A(?<n>.)(?<x>\g<n>){0}(?<y>\k<n+1>){0}\g<x>\g<y>\z/, "abb", "aba")
+    check(/\A(?<x>..)\k<x>\z/, %w(abab ....), %w(abac abba xxx))
+    check(/\A(.)(..)\g<-1>\z/, "abcde", %w(.... ......))
+    failcheck('\k<x>')
+    failcheck('\k<')
+    failcheck('\k<>')
+    failcheck('\k<.>')
+    failcheck('\k<x.>')
+    failcheck('\k<1.>')
+    failcheck('\k<x')
+    failcheck('\k<x+')
+    failcheck('()\k<-2>')
+    failcheck('()\g<-2>')
+    check(/\A(?<x>.)(?<x>.)\k<x>\z/, %w(aba abb), %w(abc .. ....))
+    check(/\A(?<x>.)(?<x>.)\k<x>\z/i, %w(aba ABa abb ABb), %w(abc .. ....))
+    check('\k\g', "kg")
+    failcheck('(.\g<1>)')
+    failcheck('(.\g<2>)')
+    failcheck('(?=\g<1>)')
+    failcheck('((?=\g<1>))')
+    failcheck('(\g<1>|.)')
+    failcheck('(.|\g<1>)')
+    check(/(!)(?<=(a)|\g<1>)/, ["!"], %w(a))
+    check(/^(a|b\g<1>c)$/, %w(a bac bbacc bbbaccc), %w(bbac bacc))
+    check(/^(a|b\g<2>c)(B\g<1>C){0}$/, %w(a bBaCc bBbBaCcCc bBbBbBaCcCcCc), %w(bBbBaCcC BbBaCcCc))
+    check(/\A(?<n>.|X\g<n>)(?<x>\g<n>){0}(?<y>\k<n+0>){0}\g<x>\g<y>\z/, "XXaXbXXa", %w(XXabXa abb))
+    check(/\A(?<n>.|X\g<n>)(?<x>\g<n>){0}(?<y>\k<n+1>){0}\g<x>\g<y>\z/, "XaXXbXXb", %w(aXXbXb aba))
+    failcheck('(?<x>)(?<x>)(\g<x>)')
+    check(/^(?<x>foo)(bar)\k<x>/, %w(foobarfoo), %w(foobar barfoo))
+    check(/^(?<a>f)(?<a>o)(?<a>o)(?<a>b)(?<a>a)(?<a>r)(?<a>b)(?<a>a)(?<a>z)\k<a>{9}$/, %w(foobarbazfoobarbaz foobarbazbazbarfoo foobarbazzabraboof), %w(foobar barfoo))
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_curly_brace
+    check(/\A{/, ["{", ["{", "{x"]])
+    check(/\A{ /, ["{ ", ["{ ", "{ x"]])
+    check(/\A{,}\z/, "{,}")
+    check(/\A{}\z/, "{}")
+    check(/\Aa{0}+\z/, "", %w(a aa aab))
+    check(/\Aa{1}+\z/, %w(a aa), ["", "aab"])
+    check(/\Aa{1,2}b{1,2}\z/, %w(ab aab abb aabb), ["", "aaabb", "abbb"])
+    check(/(?!x){0,1}/, [ ['', 'ab'], ['', ''] ])
+    check(/c\z{0,1}/, [ ['c', 'abc'], ['c', 'cab']], ['abd'])
+    check(/\A{0,1}a/, [ ['a', 'abc'], ['a', '____abc']], ['bcd'])
+    failcheck('.{100001}')
+    failcheck('.{0,100001}')
+    failcheck('.{1,0}')
+    failcheck('{0}')
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_comment
+    check(/\A(?#foo\)bar)\z/, "", "a")
+    failcheck('(?#')
+  end
+
+  def test_char_type
+    check(/\u3042\d/, ["\u30421", "\u30422"])
+
+    # CClassTable cache test
+    assert_match(/\u3042\d/, "\u30421")
+    assert_match(/\u3042\d/, "\u30422")
+  end
+
+  def test_char_class
+    failcheck('[]')
+    failcheck('[x')
+    check('\A[]]\z', "]", "")
+    check('\A[]\.]+\z', %w(] . ]..]), ["", "["])
+    check(/\A[\u3042]\z/, "\u3042", "\u3042aa")
+    check(/\A[\u3042\x61]+\z/, ["aa\u3042aa", "\u3042\u3042", "a"], ["", "b"])
+    check(/\A[\u3042\x61\x62]+\z/, "abab\u3042abab\u3042")
+    check(/\A[abc]+\z/, "abcba", ["", "ada"])
+    check(/\A[\w][\W]\z/, %w(a. b!), %w(.. ab))
+    check(/\A[\s][\S]\z/, [' a', "\n."], ['  ', "\n\n", 'a '])
+    check(/\A[\d][\D]\z/, '0a', %w(00 aa))
+    check(/\A[\h][\H]\z/, %w(0g ag BH), %w(a0 af GG))
+    check(/\A[\p{Alpha}]\z/, ["a", "z"], [".", "", ".."])
+    check(/\A[\p{^Alpha}]\z/, [".", "!"], ["!a", ""])
+    check(/\A[\xff]\z/, "\xff", ["", "\xfe"])
+    check(/\A[\80]+\z/, "8008", ["\\80", "\100", "\1000"])
+    check(/\A[\77]+\z/, "???")
+    check(/\A[\78]+\z/, "\788\7")
+    check(/\A[\0]\z/, "\0")
+    check(/\A[[:0]]\z/, [":", "0"], ["", ":0"])
+    check(/\A[0-]\z/, ["0", "-"], "0-")
+    check('\A[a-&&\w]\z', "a", "-")
+    check('\A[--0]\z', ["-", "/", "0"], ["", "1"])
+    check('\A[\'--0]\z', %w(* + \( \) 0 ,), ["", ".", "1"])
+    check(/\A[a-b-]\z/, %w(a b -), ["", "c"])
+    check('\A[a-b-&&\w]\z', %w(a b), ["", "-"])
+    check('\A[a-b-&&\W]\z', "-", ["", "a", "b"])
+    check('\A[a-c-e]\z', %w(a b c e -), %w(d))
+    check(/\A[a-f&&[^b-c]&&[^e]]\z/, %w(a d f), %w(b c e g 0))
+    check(/\A[[^b-c]&&[^e]&&a-f]\z/, %w(a d f), %w(b c e g 0))
+    check(/\A[\n\r\t]\z/, ["\n", "\r", "\t"])
+    failcheck('[9-1]')
+
+    assert_match(/\A\d+\z/, "0123456789")
+    assert_no_match(/\d/, "\uff10\uff11\uff12\uff13\uff14\uff15\uff16\uff17\uff18\uff19")
+    assert_match(/\A\w+\z/, "09azAZ_")
+    assert_no_match(/\w/, "\uff10\uff19\uff41\uff5a\uff21\uff3a")
+    assert_match(/\A\s+\z/, "\r\n\v\f\r\s")
+    assert_no_match(/\s/, "\u0085")
+  end
+
+  def test_posix_bracket
+    check(/\A[[:alpha:]0]\z/, %w(0 a), %w(1 .))
+    check(assert_warning(/duplicated range/) {eval('/\A[[:^alpha:]0]\z/')}, %w(0 1 .), "a")
+    check(assert_warning(/duplicated range/) {eval('/\A[[:alpha\:]]\z/')}, %w(a l p h a :), %w(b 0 1 .))
+    check(assert_warning(/duplicated range/) {eval('/\A[[:alpha:foo]0]\z/')}, %w(0 a), %w(1 .))
+    check(/\A[[:xdigit:]&&[:alpha:]]\z/, "a", %w(g 0))
+    check('\A[[:abcdefghijklmnopqrstu:]]+\z', "[]")
+    failcheck('[[:alpha')
+    assert_warning(/duplicated range/) {failcheck('[[:alpha:')}
+    failcheck('[[:alp:]]')
+
+    assert_match(/\A[[:digit:]]+\z/, "\uff10\uff11\uff12\uff13\uff14\uff15\uff16\uff17\uff18\uff19")
+    assert_match(/\A[[:alnum:]]+\z/, "\uff10\uff19\uff41\uff5a\uff21\uff3a")
+    assert_match(/\A[[:space:]]+\z/, "\r\n\v\f\r\s\u0085")
+    assert_match(/\A[[:ascii:]]+\z/, "\x00\x7F")
+    assert_no_match(/[[:ascii:]]/, "\x80\xFF")
+
+    assert_match(/[[:word:]]/, "\u{200C}")
+    assert_match(/[[:word:]]/, "\u{200D}")
+  end
+
+  def test_cclass_R
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\r")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\n")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\f")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\v")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\r\n")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\u0085")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\u2028")
+    assert_match(/\A\R\z/, "\u2029")
+  end
+
+  def test_cclass_X
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{20 200d}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{600 600}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{600 20}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{261d 1F3FB}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{1f600}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{20 324}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\X\z/, "\u{a 324}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\X\z/, "\u{d 324}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{1F477 1F3FF 200D 2640 FE0F}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{1F468 200D 1F393}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{1F46F 200D 2642 FE0F}")
+    assert_match(/\A\X\z/, "\u{1f469 200d 2764 fe0f 200d 1f469}")
+
+    assert_warning('') {/\X/ =~ "\u{a0}"}
+  end
+
+  def test_backward
+    assert_equal(3, "foobar".rindex(/b.r/i))
+    assert_equal(nil, "foovar".rindex(/b.r/i))
+    assert_equal(3, ("foo" + "bar" * 1000).rindex(/#{"bar"*1000}/))
+    assert_equal(4, ("foo\nbar\nbaz\n").rindex(/bar/i))
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.hash }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.eql? Regexp.allocate }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate == Regexp.allocate }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate =~ "" }
+    assert_equal(false, Regexp.allocate === Regexp.allocate)
+    assert_nil(~Regexp.allocate)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.match("") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.to_s }
+    assert_match(/^#<Regexp:.*>$/, Regexp.allocate.inspect)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.source }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.casefold? }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.options }
+    assert_equal(Encoding.find("ASCII-8BIT"), Regexp.allocate.encoding)
+    assert_equal(false, Regexp.allocate.fixed_encoding?)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.names }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Regexp.allocate.named_captures }
+
+    assert_not_respond_to(MatchData, :allocate)
+=begin
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.hash }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.regexp }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.names }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.size }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.length }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.offset(0) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.begin(0) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.end(0) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.to_a }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate[:foo] }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.captures }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.values_at }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.pre_match }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.post_match }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.to_s }
+    assert_match(/^#<MatchData:.*>$/, MatchData.allocate.inspect)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { MatchData.allocate.string }
+    $~ = MatchData.allocate
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { $& }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { $` }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { $' }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { $+ }
+=end
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode
+    assert_match(/^\u3042{0}\p{Any}$/, "a")
+    assert_match(/^\u3042{0}\p{Any}$/, "\u3041")
+    assert_match(/^\u3042{0}\p{Any}$/, "\0")
+    assert_match(/^\p{Lo}{4}$/u, "\u3401\u4E01\u{20001}\u{2A701}")
+    assert_no_match(/^\u3042{0}\p{Any}$/, "\0\0")
+    assert_no_match(/^\u3042{0}\p{Any}$/, "")
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/^\u3042{0}\p{' + "\u3042" + '}$/') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/^\u3042{0}\p{' + 'a' * 1000 + '}$/') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/^\u3042{0}\p{foobarbazqux}$/') }
+    assert_match(/^(\uff21)(a)\1\2$/i, "\uff21A\uff41a")
+    assert_no_match(/^(\uff21)\1$/i, "\uff21A")
+    assert_no_match(/^(\uff41)\1$/i, "\uff41a")
+    assert_match(/^\u00df$/i, "\u00df")
+    assert_match(/^\u00df$/i, "ss")
+    #assert_match(/^(\u00df)\1$/i, "\u00dfss") # this must be bug...
+    assert_match(/^\u00df{2}$/i, "\u00dfss")
+    assert_match(/^\u00c5$/i, "\u00c5")
+    assert_match(/^\u00c5$/i, "\u00e5")
+    assert_match(/^\u00c5$/i, "\u212b")
+    assert_match(/^(\u00c5)\1\1$/i, "\u00c5\u00e5\u212b")
+    assert_match(/^\u0149$/i, "\u0149")
+    assert_match(/^\u0149$/i, "\u02bcn")
+    #assert_match(/^(\u0149)\1$/i, "\u0149\u02bcn") # this must be bug...
+    assert_match(/^\u0149{2}$/i, "\u0149\u02bcn")
+    assert_match(/^\u0390$/i, "\u0390")
+    assert_match(/^\u0390$/i, "\u03b9\u0308\u0301")
+    #assert_match(/^(\u0390)\1$/i, "\u0390\u03b9\u0308\u0301") # this must be bug...
+    assert_match(/^\u0390{2}$/i, "\u0390\u03b9\u0308\u0301")
+    assert_match(/^\ufb05$/i, "\ufb05")
+    assert_match(/^\ufb05$/i, "\ufb06")
+    assert_match(/^\ufb05$/i, "st")
+    #assert_match(/^(\ufb05)\1\1$/i, "\ufb05\ufb06st") # this must be bug...
+    assert_match(/^\ufb05{3}$/i, "\ufb05\ufb06st")
+    assert_match(/^\u03b9\u0308\u0301$/i, "\u0390")
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode_age
+    assert_unicode_age("\u261c", matches: %w"6.0 1.1", unmatches: [])
+
+    assert_unicode_age("\u31f6", matches: %w"6.0 3.2", unmatches: %w"3.1 3.0 1.1")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u2754", matches: %w"6.0", unmatches: %w"5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.1")
+
+    assert_unicode_age("\u32FF", matches: %w"12.1", unmatches: %w"12.0")
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode_age_14_0
+    @matches = %w"14.0"
+    @unmatches = %w"13.0"
+
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10570}")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u9FFF")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{2A6DF}")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{2B738}")
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode_age_15_0
+    @matches = %w"15.0"
+    @unmatches = %w"14.0"
+
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{0CF3}",
+                       "KANNADA SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE RIGHT")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{0ECE}", "LAO YAMAKKAN")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10EFD}".."\u{10EFF}",
+                       "ARABIC SMALL LOW WORD SAKTA..ARABIC SMALL LOW WORD MADDA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1123F}".."\u{11241}",
+                       "KHOJKI LETTER QA..KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11B00}".."\u{11B09}",
+                       "DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK..DEVANAGARI SIGN MINDU")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11F00}".."\u{11F10}",
+                       "KAWI SIGN CANDRABINDU..KAWI LETTER O")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11F12}".."\u{11F3A}",
+                       "KAWI LETTER KA..KAWI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11F3E}".."\u{11F59}",
+                       "KAWI VOWEL SIGN E..KAWI DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1342F}",
+                       "EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011D")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{13439}".."\u{1343F}",
+                       "EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH INSERT AT MIDDLE..EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH END WALLED ENCLOSURE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{13440}".."\u{13455}",
+                       "EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH MIRROR HORIZONTALLY..EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH MODIFIER DAMAGED")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1B132}", "HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KO")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1B155}", "KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KO")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1D2C0}".."\u{1D2D3}",
+                       "KAKTOVIK NUMERAL ZERO..KAKTOVIK NUMERAL NINETEEN")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1DF25}".."\u{1DF2A}",
+                       "LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK..LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1E030}".."\u{1E06D}",
+                       "MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL A..MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U WITH STROKE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1E08F}",
+                       "COMBINING CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1E4D0}".."\u{1E4F9}",
+                       "NAG MUNDARI LETTER O..NAG MUNDARI DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1F6DC}", "WIRELESS")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1F774}".."\u{1F776}",
+                       "LOT OF FORTUNE..LUNAR ECLIPSE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1F77B}".."\u{1F77F}",
+                       "HAUMEA..ORCUS")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1F7D9}", "NINE POINTED WHITE STAR")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FA75}".."\u{1FA77}",
+                       "LIGHT BLUE HEART..PINK HEART")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FA87}".."\u{1FA88}",
+                       "MARACAS..FLUTE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FAAD}".."\u{1FAAF}",
+                       "FOLDING HAND FAN..KHANDA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FABB}".."\u{1FABD}",
+                       "HYACINTH..WING")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FABF}", "GOOSE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FACE}".."\u{1FACF}",
+                       "MOOSE..DONKEY")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FADA}".."\u{1FADB}",
+                       "GINGER ROOT..PEA POD")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FAE8}", "SHAKING FACE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FAF7}".."\u{1FAF8}",
+                       "LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND..RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{2B739}",
+                       "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2B739")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{31350}".."\u{323AF}",
+                       "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31350..CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-323AF")
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode_age_15_1
+    @matches   = %w"15.1"
+    @unmatches = %w"15.0"
+
+    # https://www.unicode.org/Public/15.1.0/ucd/DerivedAge.txt
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{2FFC}".."\u{2FFF}",
+                       "IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM RIGHT..IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ROTATION")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{31EF}",
+                       "IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SUBTRACTION")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{2EBF0}".."\u{2EE5D}",
+                       "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2EBF0..CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2EE5D")
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode_age_16_0
+    @matches   = %w"16.0"
+    @unmatches = %w"15.1"
+
+    # https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/DerivedAge.txt
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{0897}",
+                       "ARABIC PEPET")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1B4E}".."\u{1B4F}",
+                       "BALINESE INVERTED CARIK SIKI..BALINESE INVERTED CARIK PAREREN")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1B7F}",
+                       "BALINESE PANTI BAWAK")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1C89}".."\u{1C8A}",
+                       "CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TJE..CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TJE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{2427}".."\u{2429}",
+                       "SYMBOL FOR DELETE SQUARE CHECKER BOARD FORM..SYMBOL FOR DELETE MEDIUM SHADE FORM")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{31E4}".."\u{31E5}",
+                       "CJK STROKE HXG..CJK STROKE SZP")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{A7CB}".."\u{A7CD}",
+                       "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER RAMS HORN..LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{A7DA}".."\u{A7DC}",
+                       "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA..LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH STROKE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{105C0}".."\u{105F3}",
+                       "TODHRI LETTER A..TODHRI LETTER OO")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10D40}".."\u{10D65}",
+                       "GARAY DIGIT ZERO..GARAY CAPITAL LETTER OLD NA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10D69}".."\u{10D85}",
+                       "GARAY VOWEL SIGN E..GARAY SMALL LETTER OLD NA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10D8E}".."\u{10D8F}",
+                       "GARAY PLUS SIGN..GARAY MINUS SIGN")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10EC2}".."\u{10EC4}",
+                       "ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY BELOW..ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY BELOW")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{10EFC}",
+                       "ARABIC COMBINING ALEF OVERLAY")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11380}".."\u{11389}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI LETTER A..TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC LL")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1138B}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI LETTER EE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1138E}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AI")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11390}".."\u{113B5}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI LETTER OO..TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LLLA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113B7}".."\u{113C0}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI SIGN AVAGRAHA..TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113C2}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN EE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113C5}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AI")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113C7}".."\u{113CA}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN OO..TULU-TIGALARI SIGN CANDRA ANUNASIKA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113CC}".."\u{113D5}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI SIGN ANUSVARA..TULU-TIGALARI DOUBLE DANDA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113D7}".."\u{113D8}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI SIGN OM PUSHPIKA..TULU-TIGALARI SIGN SHRII PUSHPIKA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{113E1}".."\u{113E2}",
+                       "TULU-TIGALARI VEDIC TONE SVARITA..TULU-TIGALARI VEDIC TONE ANUDATTA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{116D0}".."\u{116E3}",
+                       "MYANMAR PAO DIGIT ZERO..MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11BC0}".."\u{11BE1}",
+                       "SUNUWAR LETTER DEVI..SUNUWAR SIGN PVO")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11BF0}".."\u{11BF9}",
+                       "SUNUWAR DIGIT ZERO..SUNUWAR DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{11F5A}",
+                       "KAWI SIGN NUKTA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{13460}".."\u{143FA}",
+                       "EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH-13460..EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH-143FA")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{16100}".."\u{16139}",
+                       "GURUNG KHEMA LETTER A..GURUNG KHEMA DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{16D40}".."\u{16D79}",
+                       "KIRAT RAI SIGN ANUSVARA..KIRAT RAI DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{18CFF}",
+                       "KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CFF")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1CC00}".."\u{1CCF9}",
+                       "UP-POINTING GO-KART..OUTLINED DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1CD00}".."\u{1CEB3}",
+                       "BLOCK OCTANT-3..BLACK RIGHT TRIANGLE CARET")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1E5D0}".."\u{1E5FA}",
+                       "OL ONAL LETTER O..OL ONAL DIGIT NINE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1E5FF}",
+                       "OL ONAL ABBREVIATION SIGN")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1F8B2}".."\u{1F8BB}",
+                       "RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK..SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1F8C0}".."\u{1F8C1}",
+                       "LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW..RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FA89}",
+                       "HARP")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FA8F}",
+                       "SHOVEL")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FABE}",
+                       "LEAFLESS TREE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FAC6}",
+                       "FINGERPRINT")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FADC}",
+                       "ROOT VEGETABLE")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FADF}",
+                       "SPLATTER")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FAE9}",
+                       "FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES")
+    assert_unicode_age("\u{1FBCB}".."\u{1FBEF}",
+                       "WHITE CROSS MARK..TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE")
+  end
+
+  UnicodeAgeRegexps = Hash.new do |h, age|
+    h[age] = [/\A\p{age=#{age}}+\z/u, /\A\P{age=#{age}}+\z/u].freeze
+  end
+
+  def assert_unicode_age(char, mesg = nil, matches: @matches, unmatches: @unmatches)
+    if Range === char
+      char = char.to_a.join("")
+    end
+
+    matches.each do |age|
+      pos, neg = UnicodeAgeRegexps[age]
+      assert_match(pos, char, mesg)
+      assert_not_match(neg, char, mesg)
+    end
+
+    unmatches.each do |age|
+      pos, neg = UnicodeAgeRegexps[age]
+      assert_not_match(pos, char, mesg)
+      assert_match(neg, char, mesg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  MatchData_A = eval("class MatchData_\u{3042} < MatchData; self; end")
+
+  def test_matchdata
+    a = "haystack".match(/hay/)
+    b = "haystack".match(/hay/)
+    assert_equal(a, b, '[ruby-core:24748]')
+    h = {a => 42}
+    assert_equal(42, h[b], '[ruby-core:24748]')
+=begin
+    assert_match(/#<TestRegexp::MatchData_\u{3042}:/, MatchData_A.allocate.inspect)
+=end
+
+    h = /^(?<@time>\d+): (?<body>.*)/.match("123456: hoge fuga")
+    assert_equal("123456", h["@time"])
+    assert_equal("hoge fuga", h["body"])
+  end
+
+  def test_matchdata_large_capture_groups_stack
+    env = {"RUBY_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE" => (256 * 1024).to_s}
+    assert_separately([env], <<~'RUBY')
+      n = 20000
+      require "rbconfig/sizeof"
+      stack = RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS[:thread_machine_stack_size]
+      size = RbConfig::SIZEOF["long"]
+      required = (n + 1) * 4 * size
+      if !stack || stack == 0 || stack >= required
+        omit "thread machine stack size not reduced (#{stack}:#{required})"
+      end
+
+      inspect = Thread.new do
+        str = "\u{3042}" * n
+        m = Regexp.new("(.)" * n).match(str)
+        assert_not_nil(m)
+        assert_equal([n - 1, n], m.offset(n))
+        m.inspect
+      end.value
+
+      assert_include(inspect, "MatchData")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_popped
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      assert_nothing_raised { eval("a = 1; /\#{ a }/; a") }
+      assert_nothing_raised { eval("a = 1; /\#{ a }/o; a") }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_fragment
+    bug2547 = '[ruby-core:27374]'
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError, bug2547) do
+      assert_warning(/ignored/) {eval('/#{"\\\\"}y/')}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_warn
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3043\u3042]') }
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3043\u3043]') }
+    assert_warning(/\A\z/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3044\u3043]') }
+    assert_warning(/\A\z/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3045\u3043]') }
+    assert_warning(/\A\z/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3045\u3044]') }
+    assert_warning(/\A\z/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3045\u3043-\u3044]') }
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3045\u3042-\u3043]') }
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3045\u3044-\u3045]') }
+    assert_warning(/\A\z/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3046\u3044]') }
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u1000-\u2000\u3042-\u3046\u3044]') }
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u3044\u3041-\u3047]') }
+    assert_warning(/duplicated/) { Regexp.new('[\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3041-\u3047]') }
+
+    bug7471 = '[ruby-core:50344]'
+    assert_warning('', bug7471) { Regexp.new('[\D]') =~ "\u3042" }
+
+    bug8151 = '[ruby-core:53649]'
+    assert_warning(/\A\z/, bug8151) { Regexp.new('(?:[\u{33}])').to_s }
+
+    assert_warning(%r[/.*/\Z]) { Regexp.new("[\n\n]") }
+  end
+
+  def test_property_warn
+    assert_in_out_err('-w', 'x=/\p%s/', [], %r"warning: invalid Unicode Property \\p: /\\p%s/")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_escape_error
+    bug3539 = '[ruby-core:31048]'
+    error = assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval('/\x/', nil, bug3539)}
+    assert_match(/invalid hex escape/, error.message)
+    assert_equal(1, error.message.scan(/.*invalid .*escape.*/i).size, bug3539)
+  end
+
+  def test_raw_hyphen_and_tk_char_type_after_range
+    bug6853 = '[ruby-core:47115]'
+    # use Regexp.new instead of literal to ignore a parser warning.
+    re = assert_warning(/without escape/) {Regexp.new('[0-1-\\s]')}
+    check(re, [' ', '-'], ['2', 'a'], bug6853)
+  end
+
+  def test_error_message_on_failed_conversion
+    bug7539 = '[ruby-core:50733]'
+    assert_equal false, /x/=== 42
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, 'no implicit conversion of Integer into String', bug7539) {
+      Regexp.quote(42)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_conditional_expression
+    bug8583 = '[ruby-dev:47480] [Bug #8583]'
+
+    conds = {"xy"=>true, "yx"=>true, "xx"=>false, "yy"=>false}
+    assert_match_each(/\A((x)|(y))(?(2)y|x)\z/, conds, bug8583)
+    assert_match_each(/\A((?<x>x)|(?<y>y))(?(<x>)y|x)\z/, conds, bug8583)
+
+    bug12418 = '[ruby-core:75694] [Bug #12418]'
+    assert_raise(RegexpError, bug12418){ Regexp.new('(0?0|(?(5)||)|(?(5)||))?') }
+  end
+
+  def test_quick_search
+    assert_match_at('(?i) *TOOKY', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.0.3; TOOKY', [[34, 40]])   # Issue #120
+  end
+
+  def test_ss_in_look_behind
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "ss", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "Ss", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "SS", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "\u017fS", [[0, 2]])  # LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "s\u017f", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "\u00df", [[0, 1]])   # LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
+    assert_match_at("(?i:ss)", "\u1e9e", [[0, 1]])   # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "xssy", [[0, 4]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "xSsy", [[0, 4]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "xSSy", [[0, 4]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "x\u017fSy", [[0, 4]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "xs\u017fy", [[0, 4]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "x\u00dfy", [[0, 3]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:xssy)", "x\u1e9ey", [[0, 3]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:\u00df)", "ss", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:\u00df)", "SS", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:[\u00df])", "ss", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i:[\u00df])", "SS", [[0, 2]])
+    assert_match_at("(?i)(?<!ss)\u2728", "qq\u2728", [[2, 3]])     # Issue #92
+    assert_match_at("(?i)(?<!xss)\u2728", "qq\u2728", [[2, 3]])
+  end
+
+  def test_options_in_look_behind
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      assert_match_at("(?<=(?i)ab)cd", "ABcd", [[2,4]])
+      assert_match_at("(?<=(?i:ab))cd", "ABcd", [[2,4]])
+      assert_match_at("(?<!(?i)ab)cd", "aacd", [[2,4]])
+      assert_match_at("(?<!(?i:ab))cd", "aacd", [[2,4]])
+
+      assert_not_match("(?<=(?i)ab)cd", "ABCD")
+      assert_not_match("(?<=(?i:ab))cd", "ABCD")
+      assert_not_match("(?<!(?i)ab)cd", "ABcd")
+      assert_not_match("(?<!(?i:ab))cd", "ABcd")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_quantifier_reduction
+    assert_equal('aa', eval('/(a+?)*/').match('aa')[0])
+    assert_equal('aa', eval('/(?:a+?)*/').match('aa')[0])
+
+    quantifiers = %w'? * + ?? *? +?'
+    quantifiers.product(quantifiers) do |q1, q2|
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+        r1 = eval("/(a#{q1})#{q2}/").match('aa')[0]
+        r2 = eval("/(?:a#{q1})#{q2}/").match('aa')[0]
+        assert_equal(r1, r2)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_once
+    pr1 = proc{|i| /#{i}/o}
+    assert_equal(/0/, pr1.call(0))
+    assert_equal(/0/, pr1.call(1))
+    assert_equal(/0/, pr1.call(2))
+  end
+
+  def test_once_recursive
+    pr2 = proc{|i|
+      if i > 0
+        /#{pr2.call(i-1).to_s}#{i}/
+      else
+        //
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal(/(?-mix:(?-mix:(?-mix:)1)2)3/, pr2.call(3))
+  end
+
+  def test_once_multithread
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    pr3 = proc{|i|
+      /#{m.unlock; sleep 0.5; i}/o
+    }
+    ary = []
+    n = 0
+    th1 = Thread.new{m.lock; ary << pr3.call(n+=1)}
+    th2 = Thread.new{m.lock; ary << pr3.call(n+=1)}
+    th1.join; th2.join
+    assert_equal([/1/, /1/], ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_once_escape
+    pr4 = proc{|i|
+      catch(:xyzzy){
+        /#{throw :xyzzy, i}/o =~ ""
+        :ng
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, pr4.call(0))
+    assert_equal(1, pr4.call(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_eq_tilde_can_be_overridden
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      class Regexp
+        undef =~
+        def =~(str)
+          "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal("foo", // =~ "")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_free_at_parse_depth_limit_over
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      begin
+        require '-test-/regexp'
+      rescue LoadError
+      else
+        bug = '[ruby-core:79624] [Bug #13234]'
+        Bug::Regexp.parse_depth_limit = 10
+        src = "[" * 100
+        3.times do
+          assert_raise_with_message(RegexpError, /parse depth limit over/, bug) do
+            Regexp.new(src)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_absent
+    assert_equal(0, /(?~(a|c)c)/ =~ "abb")
+    assert_equal("abb", $&)
+
+    assert_equal(0, /\/\*((?~\*\/))\*\// =~ "/*abc*def/xyz*/ /* */")
+    assert_equal("abc*def/xyz", $1)
+
+    assert_equal(0, /(?~(a)c)/ =~ "abb")
+    assert_nil($1)
+
+    assert_equal(0, /(?~(a))/ =~ "")
+    assert_nil($1)
+  end
+
+  def test_backref_overrun
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /invalid backref number/) do
+      eval(%["".match(/(())(?<X>)((?(90000)))/)])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug18631
+    assert_kind_of MatchData, /(?<x>a)(?<x>aa)\k<x>/.match("aaaaa")
+    assert_kind_of MatchData, /(?<x>a)(?<x>aa)\k<x>/.match("aaaa")
+    assert_kind_of MatchData, /(?<x>a)(?<x>aa)\k<x>/.match("aaaab")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_group
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_raise_with_message(RegexpError, /invalid conditional pattern/) do
+        Regexp.new("((?(1)x|x|)x)+")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_big_number_for_repeat_range
+    assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /too big number for repeat range/) do
+      eval(%[/|{1000000}/])
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This assertion is for porting x2() tests in testpy.py of Onigmo.
+  def assert_match_at(re, str, positions, msg = nil)
+    re = Regexp.new(re) unless re.is_a?(Regexp)
+
+    match = re.match(str)
+
+    assert_not_nil match, message(msg) {
+      "Expected #{re.inspect} to match #{str.inspect}"
+    }
+
+    if match
+      actual_positions = (0...match.size).map { |i|
+        [match.begin(i), match.end(i)]
+      }
+
+      assert_equal positions, actual_positions, message(msg) {
+        "Expected #{re.inspect} to match #{str.inspect} at: #{positions.inspect}"
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_match_each(re, conds, msg = nil)
+    errs = conds.select {|str, match| match ^ (re =~ str)}
+    msg = message(msg) {
+      "Expected #{re.inspect} to\n" +
+      errs.map {|str, match| "\t#{'not ' unless match}match #{str.inspect}"}.join(",\n")
+    }
+    assert_empty(errs, msg)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_timeout
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(0.2).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_in_delta(timeout, Regexp.timeout, timeout * 2 * Float::EPSILON)
+
+      t = Time.now
+      assert_raise_with_message(Regexp::TimeoutError, "regexp match timeout") do
+        # A typical ReDoS case
+        /^(a*)*\1$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x"
+      end
+      t = Time.now - t
+
+      assert_operator(timeout, :<=, [timeout * 1.5, 1].max)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_s_timeout_corner_cases
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_nil(Regexp.timeout)
+
+      # This is just an implementation detail that users should not depend on:
+      # If Regexp.timeout is set to a value greater than the value that can be
+      # represented in the internal representation of timeout, it uses the
+      # maximum value that can be represented.
+      Regexp.timeout = Float::INFINITY
+      assert_equal(((1<<64)-1) / 1000000000.0, Regexp.timeout)
+
+      Regexp.timeout = 1e300
+      assert_equal(((1<<64)-1) / 1000000000.0, Regexp.timeout)
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.timeout = 0 }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.timeout = -1 }
+
+      Regexp.timeout = nil
+      assert_nil(Regexp.timeout)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_s_timeout_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "#{<<~"end;"}", "[Bug #20228]", rss: true)
+      Regexp.timeout = 0.001
+      regex = /^(a*)*$/
+      str = "a" * 1000000 + "x"
+
+      code = proc do
+        regex =~ str
+      rescue
+      end
+
+      10.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20453
+    re = Regexp.new("^(a*)x$", timeout: 0.001)
+
+    assert_raise(Regexp::TimeoutError) do
+      re =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20886
+    re = Regexp.new("d()*+|a*a*bc", timeout: 0.02)
+    assert_raise(Regexp::TimeoutError) do
+      re === "b" + "a" * 1000
+    end
+  end
+
+  def per_instance_redos_test(global_timeout, per_instance_timeout, expected_timeout)
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", timeout: 60)
+      global_timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(global_timeout).inspect }
+      per_instance_timeout = #{ (per_instance_timeout ? EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(per_instance_timeout) : nil).inspect }
+      expected_timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(expected_timeout).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = global_timeout
+
+      re = Regexp.new("^(a*)\\1b?a*$", timeout: per_instance_timeout)
+      if per_instance_timeout
+        assert_in_delta(per_instance_timeout, re.timeout, per_instance_timeout * 2 * Float::EPSILON)
+      else
+        assert_nil(re.timeout)
+      end
+
+      t = Time.now
+      assert_raise_with_message(Regexp::TimeoutError, "regexp match timeout") do
+        re =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x"
+      end
+      t = Time.now - t
+
+      assert_in_delta(expected_timeout, t, expected_timeout * 3 / 4)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_shorter_than_global
+    omit "timeout test is too unstable on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/
+    per_instance_redos_test(10, 0.5, 0.5)
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_longer_than_global
+    omit "timeout test is too unstable on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/
+    per_instance_redos_test(0.01, 0.5, 0.5)
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_nil
+    per_instance_redos_test(0.5, nil, 0.5)
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_corner_cases
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_nil(//.timeout)
+
+      # This is just an implementation detail that users should not depend on:
+      # If Regexp.timeout is set to a value greater than the value that can be
+      # represented in the internal representation of timeout, it uses the
+      # maximum value that can be represented.
+      assert_equal(((1<<64)-1) / 1000000000.0, Regexp.new("foo", timeout: Float::INFINITY).timeout)
+
+      assert_equal(((1<<64)-1) / 1000000000.0, Regexp.new("foo", timeout: 1e300).timeout)
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("foo", timeout: 0) }
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Regexp.new("foo", timeout: -1) }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_timeout_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #20650]", timeout: 100, rss: true)
+      regex = Regexp.new("^#{"(a*)" * 10_000}x$", timeout: 0.000001)
+      str = "a" * 1_000_000 + "x"
+
+      code = proc do
+        regex =~ str
+      rescue
+      end
+
+      10.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_exponential
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/^(a*)*$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_square
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/^a*b?a*$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_atomic
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/^a*?(?>a*a*)$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_atomic_complex
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/a*(?>a*)ab/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "b")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_positive_look_ahead
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", timeout: 30)
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+       Regexp.timeout = timeout
+       assert_nil(/^a*?(?=a*a*)$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_positive_look_ahead_complex
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", timeout: 30)
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+       Regexp.timeout = timeout
+       assert_equal(/(?:(?=a*)a)*/ =~ "a" * 1000000, 0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_negative_look_ahead
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/^a*?(?!a*a*)$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_positive_look_behind
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/(?<=abc|def)(a|a)*$/ =~ "abc" + "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_negative_look_behind
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/(?<!x)(a|a)*$/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "x")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_match_cache_with_peek_optimization
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+      assert_nil(/a+z/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "xz")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_opcodes_initialize
+    str = 'test1-test2-test3-test4-test_5'
+    re = '^([0-9a-zA-Z\-/]*){1,256}$'
+    100.times do
+      assert !Regexp.new(re).match?(str)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_19273 # [Bug #19273]
+    pattern = /(?:(?:-?b)|(?:-?(?:1_?(?:0_?)*)?0))(?::(?:(?:-?b)|(?:-?(?:1_?(?:0_?)*)?0))){0,3}/
+    assert_equal("10:0:0".match(pattern)[0], "10:0:0")
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_19467 # [Bug #19467]
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+      timeout = #{ EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(10).inspect }
+    begin;
+      Regexp.timeout = timeout
+
+      assert_nil(/\A.*a.*z\z/ =~ "a" * 1000000 + "y")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_19476 # [Bug #19476]
+    assert_equal("123456789".match(/(?:x?\dx?){2,10}/)[0], "123456789")
+    assert_equal("123456789".match(/(?:x?\dx?){2,}/)[0], "123456789")
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_flags_are_preserved_when_initialized_with_another_regexp
+    re = Regexp.new("\u2018hello\u2019".encode("UTF-8"))
+    str = "".encode("US-ASCII")
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      str.match?(re)
+      str.match?(Regexp.new(re))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_19537 # [Bug #19537]
+    str = 'aac'
+    re = '^([ab]{1,3})(a?)*$'
+    100.times do
+      assert !Regexp.new(re).match?(str)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20083 # [Bug #20083]
+    re = /([\s]*ABC)$/i
+    (1..100).each do |n|
+      text = "#{"0" * n}ABC"
+      assert text.match?(re)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20098 # [Bug #20098]
+    assert(/a((.|.)|bc){,4}z/.match? 'abcbcbcbcz')
+    assert(/a(b+?c*){4,5}z/.match? 'abbbccbbbccbcbcz')
+    assert(/a(b+?(.|.)){2,3}z/.match? 'abbbcbbbcbbbcz')
+    assert(/a(b*?(.|.)[bc]){2,5}z/.match? 'abcbbbcbcccbcz')
+    assert(/^(?:.+){2,4}?b|b/.match? "aaaabaa")
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20207 # [Bug #20207]
+    assert(!'clan'.match?(/(?=.*a)(?!.*n)/))
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20212 # [Bug #20212]
+    regex = Regexp.new(
+      /\A((?=.*?[a-z])(?!.*--)[a-z\d]+[a-z\d-]*[a-z\d]+).((?=.*?[a-z])(?!.*--)[a-z\d]+[a-z\d-]*[a-z\d]+).((?=.*?[a-z])(?!.*--)[a-z]+[a-z-]*[a-z]+).((?=.*?[a-z])(?!.*--)[a-z]+[a-z-]*[a-z]+)\Z/x
+    )
+    string = "www.google.com"
+    100.times.each { assert(regex.match?(string)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_20246 # [Bug #20246]
+    assert_equal '1.2.3', '1.2.3'[/(\d+)(\.\g<1>){2}/]
+    assert_equal '1.2.3', '1.2.3'[/((?:\d|foo|bar)+)(\.\g<1>){2}/]
+  end
+
+  def test_linear_time_p
+    assert_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, /a/]
+    assert_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, 'a']
+    assert_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, 'a', Regexp::IGNORECASE]
+    assert_not_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, /(a)\1/]
+    assert_not_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, "(a)\\1"]
+
+    assert_not_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, /(?=(a))/]
+    assert_not_send [Regexp, :linear_time?, /(?!(a))/]
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Regexp.linear_time?(nil)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {Regexp.linear_time?(Regexp.allocate)}
+  end
+
+  def test_linear_performance
+    pre = ->(n) {[Regexp.new("a?" * n + "a" * n), "a" * n]}
+    assert_linear_performance([10, 29], pre: pre) do |re, s|
+      re =~ s
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_16145_and_bug_21176_caseinsensitive_small # [Bug#16145] [Bug#21176]
+    encodings = [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::ISO_8859_1]
+    encodings.each do |enc|
+      o_acute_lower = "\u00F3".encode(enc)
+      o_acute_upper = "\u00D3".encode(enc)
+      assert_match(/[x#{o_acute_lower}]/i, "abc#{o_acute_upper}", "should match o acute case insensitive")
+
+      e_acute_lower = "\u00E9".encode(enc)
+      e_acute_upper = "\u00C9".encode(enc)
+      assert_match(/[x#{e_acute_lower}]/i, "CAF#{e_acute_upper}", "should match e acute case insensitive")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_require.rb b/test/ruby/test_require.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0067a49700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_require.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1058 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+class TestRequire < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_load_error_path
+    Tempfile.create(["should_not_exist", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      filename = t.path
+      t.close
+      File.unlink(filename)
+
+      error = assert_raise(LoadError) do
+        require filename
+      end
+      assert_equal filename, error.path
+
+      # with --disable=gems
+      assert_separately(["-", filename], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        filename = ARGV[0]
+        path = Struct.new(:to_path).new(filename)
+        error = assert_raise(LoadError) do
+          require path
+        end
+        assert_equal filename, error.path
+      end;
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_invalid_shared_object
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".so"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "dummy"
+      t.close
+
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+        assert_raise(LoadError) do
+          require \"#{ t.path }\"
+        end
+      end;
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_too_long_filename
+    assert_separately(["RUBYOPT"=>nil], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+      assert_raise(LoadError) do
+        require '#{ "foo/" * 10000 }foo'
+      end
+    end;
+
+    begin
+      assert_in_out_err(["-S", "-w", "foo/" * 1024 + "foo"], "") do |r, e|
+        assert_equal([], r)
+        assert_operator(2, :<=, e.size)
+        assert_match(/warning: openpath: pathname too long \(ignored\)/, e.first)
+        assert_match(/\(LoadError\)/, e.last)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::EINVAL
+      # too long commandline may be blocked by OS.
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_nonascii
+    bug3758 = '[ruby-core:31915]'
+    ["\u{221e}", "\x82\xa0".force_encoding("cp932")].each do |path|
+      e = assert_raise(LoadError, bug3758) {require path}
+      assert_operator(e.message, :end_with?, path, bug3758)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_nonascii_path
+    bug8165 = '[ruby-core:53733] [Bug #8165]'
+    encoding = 'filesystem'
+    assert_require_nonascii_path(encoding, bug8165)
+  end
+
+  def test_require_nonascii_path_utf8
+    bug8676 = '[ruby-core:56136] [Bug #8676]'
+    encoding = Encoding::UTF_8
+    return if Encoding.find('filesystem') == encoding
+    assert_require_nonascii_path(encoding, bug8676)
+  end
+
+  def test_require_nonascii_path_shift_jis
+    bug8676 = '[ruby-core:56136] [Bug #8676]'
+    encoding = Encoding::Shift_JIS
+    return if Encoding.find('filesystem') == encoding
+    assert_require_nonascii_path(encoding, bug8676)
+  end
+
+  case RUBY_PLATFORM
+  when /cygwin/, /mswin/, /mingw/, /darwin/
+    def self.ospath_encoding(path)
+      Encoding::UTF_8
+    end
+  else
+    def self.ospath_encoding(path)
+      path.encoding
+    end
+  end
+
+  def prepare_require_path(dir, encoding)
+    require 'enc/trans/single_byte'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      begin
+        require_path = File.join(tmp, dir, 'foo.rb').encode(encoding)
+      rescue
+        omit "cannot convert path encoding to #{encoding}"
+      end
+      Dir.mkdir(File.dirname(require_path))
+      open(require_path, "wb") {|f| f.puts '$:.push __FILE__'}
+      begin
+        load_path = $:.dup
+        features = $".dup
+        yield require_path
+      ensure
+        $:.replace(load_path)
+        $".replace(features)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_require_nonascii_path(encoding, bug)
+    prepare_require_path("\u3042" * 5, encoding) {|require_path|
+      begin
+        # leave paths for require encoding objects
+        bug = "#{bug} require #{encoding} path"
+        require_path = "#{require_path}"
+        $:.clear
+        assert_nothing_raised(LoadError, bug) {
+          assert(require(require_path), bug)
+          assert_equal(self.class.ospath_encoding(require_path), $:.last.encoding, '[Bug #8753]')
+          assert(!require(require_path), bug)
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_path_home_1
+    env_rubypath, env_home = ENV["RUBYPATH"], ENV["HOME"]
+    pathname_too_long = /pathname too long \(ignored\).*\(LoadError\)/m
+
+    ENV["RUBYPATH"] = "~"
+    ENV["HOME"] = "/foo" * 1024
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-S -w test_ruby_test_require), "", [], pathname_too_long)
+
+  ensure
+    env_rubypath ? ENV["RUBYPATH"] = env_rubypath : ENV.delete("RUBYPATH")
+    env_home ? ENV["HOME"] = env_home : ENV.delete("HOME")
+  end
+
+  def test_require_path_home_2
+    env_rubypath, env_home = ENV["RUBYPATH"], ENV["HOME"]
+    pathname_too_long = /pathname too long \(ignored\).*\(LoadError\)/m
+
+    ENV["RUBYPATH"] = "~" + "/foo" * 1024
+    ENV["HOME"] = "/foo"
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-S -w test_ruby_test_require), "", [], pathname_too_long)
+
+  ensure
+    env_rubypath ? ENV["RUBYPATH"] = env_rubypath : ENV.delete("RUBYPATH")
+    env_home ? ENV["HOME"] = env_home : ENV.delete("HOME")
+  end
+
+  def test_require_path_home_3
+    env_rubypath, env_home = ENV["RUBYPATH"], ENV["HOME"]
+
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "p :ok"
+      t.close
+
+      ENV["RUBYPATH"] = "~"
+      ENV["HOME"] = t.path
+      assert_in_out_err(%w(-S test_ruby_test_require), "", [], /\(LoadError\)/)
+
+      ENV["HOME"], name = File.split(t.path)
+      assert_in_out_err(["-S", name], "", %w(:ok), [])
+    }
+  ensure
+    env_rubypath ? ENV["RUBYPATH"] = env_rubypath : ENV.delete("RUBYPATH")
+    env_home ? ENV["HOME"] = env_home : ENV.delete("HOME")
+  end
+
+  def test_require_with_unc
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "puts __FILE__"
+      t.close
+
+      path = File.expand_path(t.path).sub(/\A(\w):/, '//127.0.0.1/\1$')
+      omit "local drive #$1: is not shared" unless File.exist?(path)
+      args = ['--disable-gems', "-I#{File.dirname(path)}"]
+      assert_in_out_err(args, "#{<<~"END;"}", [path], [])
+      begin
+        require '#{File.basename(path)}'
+      rescue Errno::EPERM
+      end
+      END;
+    }
+  end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_require_twice
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+      req = File.join(tmp, "very_long_file_name.rb")
+      File.write(req, "p :ok\n")
+      assert_file.exist?(req)
+      req[/.rb$/i] = ""
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:ok), [])
+        require "#{req}"
+        require "#{req}"
+      INPUT
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_syntax_error_backtrace
+    loaded_features = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+      req = File.join(tmp, "test.rb")
+      File.write(req, ",\n")
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /unexpected/) {
+        yield req
+      }
+      assert_not_nil(bt = e.backtrace, "no backtrace")
+      assert_not_empty(bt.find_all {|b| b.start_with? __FILE__}, proc {bt.inspect})
+    end
+  ensure
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace loaded_features
+  end
+
+  def test_require_syntax_error
+    assert_syntax_error_backtrace {|req| require req}
+  end
+
+  def test_require_syntax_error_rescued
+    assert_syntax_error_backtrace do |req|
+      assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /unexpected/) {require req}
+      require req
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_load_syntax_error
+    assert_syntax_error_backtrace {|req| load req}
+  end
+
+  def test_define_class
+    begin
+      require "socket"
+    rescue LoadError
+      return
+    end
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      BasicSocket = 1
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        require 'socket'
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      class BasicSocket; end
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        require 'socket'
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      class BasicSocket < IO; end
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        require 'socket'
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_define_class_under
+    begin
+      require "zlib"
+    rescue LoadError
+      return
+    end
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      module Zlib; end
+      Zlib::Error = 1
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        require 'zlib'
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      module Zlib; end
+      class Zlib::Error; end
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        require 'zlib'
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      module Zlib; end
+      class Zlib::Error < StandardError; end
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        require 'zlib'
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_define_module
+    begin
+      require "zlib"
+    rescue LoadError
+      return
+    end
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      Zlib = 1
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        require 'zlib'
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_define_module_under
+    begin
+      require "socket"
+    rescue LoadError
+      return
+    end
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-INPUT)
+      class BasicSocket < IO; end
+      class Socket < BasicSocket; end
+      Socket::Constants = 1
+      assert_raise(TypeError) do
+        require 'socket'
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_load
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "module Foo; end"
+      t.puts "at_exit { p :wrap_end }"
+      t.puts "at_exit { raise 'error in at_exit test' }"
+      t.puts "p :ok"
+      t.close
+
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:ok :end :wrap_end), /error in at_exit test/)
+        load(#{ t.path.dump }, true)
+        GC.start
+        p :end
+      INPUT
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { at_exit }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_in_wrapped_load
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+      File.write("#{tmp}/1.rb", "require_relative '2'\n")
+      File.write("#{tmp}/2.rb", "class Foo\n""end\n")
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      path = ""#{tmp.dump}"/1.rb"
+      begin;
+        load path, true
+        assert_instance_of(Class, Foo)
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_public_in_wrapped_load
+    Tempfile.create(["test_public_in_wrapped_load", ".rb"]) do |t|
+      t.puts "def foo; end", "public :foo"
+      t.close
+      assert_warning(/main\.public/) do
+        assert load(t.path, true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_private_in_wrapped_load
+    Tempfile.create(["test_private_in_wrapped_load", ".rb"]) do |t|
+      t.puts "def foo; end", "private :foo"
+      t.close
+      assert_warning(/main\.private/) do
+        assert load(t.path, true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_load_scope
+    bug1982 = '[ruby-core:25039] [Bug #1982]'
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "Hello = 'hello'"
+      t.puts "class Foo"
+      t.puts "  p Hello"
+      t.puts "end"
+      t.close
+
+      assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w("hello"), [], bug1982)
+        load(#{ t.path.dump }, true)
+      INPUT
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_load_into_module
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "def b; 1 end"
+      t.puts "class Foo"
+      t.puts "  def c; 2 end"
+      t.puts "end"
+      t.close
+
+      m = Module.new
+      load(t.path, m)
+      assert_equal([:b], m.private_instance_methods(false))
+      c = Class.new do
+        include m
+        public :b
+      end
+      assert_equal(1, c.new.b)
+      assert_equal(2, m::Foo.new.c)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_load_wrap_nil
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+      File.write("#{tmp}/1.rb", "class LoadWrapNil; end\n")
+      assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      path = ""#{tmp.dump}"/1.rb"
+      begin;
+        load path, nil
+        assert_instance_of(Class, LoadWrapNil)
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_load_ospath
+    bug = '[ruby-list:49994] path in ospath'
+    base = "test_load\u{3042 3044 3046 3048 304a}".encode(Encoding::Windows_31J)
+    path = nil
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      path = File.join(dir, base+".rb")
+      assert_raise_with_message(LoadError, /#{base}/) {
+        load(File.join(dir, base))
+      }
+
+      File.open(path, "w+b") do |t|
+        t.puts "warn 'ok'"
+      end
+      assert_include(path, base)
+      assert_warn("ok\n", bug) {
+        assert_nothing_raised(LoadError, bug) {
+          load(path)
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_relative
+    load_path = $:.dup
+    loaded_featrures = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
+
+    $:.delete(".")
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) do
+        Dir.mkdir('x')
+        File.open('x/t.rb', 'wb') {}
+        File.open('x/a.rb', 'wb') {|f| f.puts("require_relative('t.rb')")}
+        assert require('./x/t.rb')
+        assert !require(File.expand_path('x/t.rb'))
+        assert_nothing_raised(LoadError) {require('./x/a.rb')}
+        assert_raise(LoadError) {require('x/t.rb')}
+        File.unlink(*Dir.glob('x/*'))
+        Dir.rmdir("#{tmp}/x")
+        $:.replace(load_path)
+        load_path = nil
+        assert(!require('tmpdir'))
+      end
+    end
+  ensure
+    $:.replace(load_path) if load_path
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace loaded_featrures
+  end
+
+  def test_relative_symlink
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        Dir.mkdir "a"
+        Dir.mkdir "b"
+        File.open("a/lib.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts 'puts "a/lib.rb"' }
+        File.open("b/lib.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts 'puts "b/lib.rb"' }
+        File.open("a/tst.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts 'require_relative "lib"' }
+        begin
+          File.symlink("../a/tst.rb", "b/tst.rb")
+          result = IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, "b/tst.rb"], &:read)
+          assert_equal("a/lib.rb\n", result, "[ruby-dev:40040]")
+        rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EACCES
+          omit "File.symlink is not implemented"
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_relative_symlink_realpath
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        Dir.mkdir "a"
+        File.open("a/a.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts 'require_relative "b"' }
+        File.open("a/b.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts '$t += 1' }
+        Dir.mkdir "b"
+        File.binwrite("c.rb", <<~RUBY)
+          $t = 0
+          $:.unshift(File.expand_path('../b', __FILE__))
+          require "b"
+          require "a"
+          print $t
+        RUBY
+        begin
+          File.symlink("../a/a.rb", "b/a.rb")
+          File.symlink("../a/b.rb", "b/b.rb")
+          result = IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, "c.rb"], &:read)
+          assert_equal("1", result, "bug17885 [ruby-core:104010]")
+        rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EACCES
+          omit "File.symlink is not implemented"
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_loaded_features
+    bug3756 = '[ruby-core:31913]'
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', '$LOADED_FEATURES.freeze; require "erb"'], "",
+                      [], /\$LOADED_FEATURES is frozen; cannot append feature \(RuntimeError\)$/,
+                      bug3756)
+  end
+
+  def test_race_exception
+    bug5754 = '[ruby-core:41618]'
+    path = nil
+    stderr = $stderr
+    verbose = $VERBOSE
+    Tempfile.create(%w"bug5754 .rb") {|tmp|
+      path = tmp.path
+      tmp.print "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}"
+      begin;
+        th = Thread.current
+        t = th[:t]
+        scratch = th[:scratch]
+
+        if scratch.empty?
+          scratch << :pre
+          Thread.pass until t.stop?
+          raise RuntimeError
+        else
+          scratch << :post
+        end
+      end;
+      tmp.close
+
+      class << (output = "")
+        alias write concat
+      end
+      $stderr = output
+
+      start = false
+
+      scratch = []
+      t1_res = nil
+      t2_res = nil
+
+      t1 = Thread.new do
+        Thread.pass until start
+        begin
+          Kernel.send(:require, path)
+        rescue RuntimeError
+        end
+
+        t1_res = require(path)
+      end
+
+      t2 = Thread.new do
+        Thread.pass until scratch[0]
+        t2_res = Kernel.send(:require, path)
+      end
+
+      t1[:scratch] = t2[:scratch] = scratch
+      t1[:t] = t2
+      t2[:t] = t1
+
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      start = true
+
+      assert_nothing_raised(ThreadError, bug5754) {t1.join}
+      assert_nothing_raised(ThreadError, bug5754) {t2.join}
+
+      $VERBOSE = false
+
+      assert_equal(true, (t1_res ^ t2_res), bug5754 + " t1:#{t1_res} t2:#{t2_res}")
+      assert_equal([:pre, :post], scratch, bug5754)
+    }
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+    $stderr = stderr
+    $".delete(path)
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_features_encoding
+    bug6377 = '[ruby-core:44750]'
+    loadpath = $:.dup
+    features = $".dup
+    $".clear
+    $:.clear
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      $: << tmp
+      open(File.join(tmp, "foo.rb"), "w") {}
+      require "foo"
+      assert_send([Encoding, :compatible?, tmp, $"[0]], bug6377)
+    }
+  ensure
+    $:.replace(loadpath)
+    $".replace(features)
+  end
+
+  def test_default_loaded_features_encoding
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.mkdir("#{tmp}/1")
+      Dir.mkdir("#{tmp}/2")
+      File.write("#{tmp}/1/bug18191-1.rb", "")
+      File.write("#{tmp}/2/bug18191-2.rb", "")
+      assert_separately(%W[-Eutf-8 -I#{tmp}/1 -], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      tmp = #{tmp.dump}"/2"
+      begin;
+        $:.unshift(tmp)
+        require "bug18191-1"
+        require "bug18191-2"
+        encs = [Encoding::US_ASCII, Encoding.find("filesystem")]
+        message = -> {
+          require "pp"
+          {filesystem: encs[1], **$".group_by(&:encoding)}.pretty_inspect
+        }
+        assert($".all? {|n| encs.include?(n.encoding)}, message)
+      end;
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_changed_current_dir
+    bug7158 = '[ruby-core:47970]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        Dir.mkdir("a")
+        Dir.mkdir("b")
+        open(File.join("a", "foo.rb"), "w") {}
+        open(File.join("b", "bar.rb"), "w") {|f|
+          f.puts "p :ok"
+        }
+        assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7158)
+        begin;
+          $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+          $: << "."
+          Dir.chdir("a")
+          require "foo"
+          Dir.chdir("../b")
+          p :ng unless require "bar"
+          Dir.chdir("..")
+          p :ng if require "b/bar"
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_not_modified_load_path
+    bug7158 = '[ruby-core:47970]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        open("foo.rb", "w") {}
+        assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7158)
+        begin;
+          $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+          a = Object.new
+          def a.to_str
+            "#{tmp}"
+          end
+          $: << a
+          require "foo"
+          last_path = $:.pop
+          p :ok if last_path == a && last_path.class == Object
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_changed_home
+    bug7158 = '[ruby-core:47970]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        open("foo.rb", "w") {}
+        Dir.mkdir("a")
+        open(File.join("a", "bar.rb"), "w") {}
+        assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7158)
+        begin;
+          $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+          $: << '~'
+          ENV['HOME'] = "#{tmp}"
+          require "foo"
+          ENV['HOME'] = "#{tmp}/a"
+          p :ok if require "bar"
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_to_path_redefined_in_load_path
+    bug7158 = '[ruby-core:47970]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        open("foo.rb", "w") {}
+        assert_in_out_err([{"RUBYOPT"=>nil}], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7158)
+        begin;
+          $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+          a = Object.new
+          def a.to_path
+            "bar"
+          end
+          $: << a
+          begin
+            require "foo"
+            p [:ng, $LOAD_PATH, ENV['RUBYLIB']]
+          rescue LoadError => e
+            raise unless e.path == "foo"
+          end
+          def a.to_path
+            "#{tmp}"
+          end
+          p :ok if require "foo"
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_to_str_redefined_in_load_path
+    bug7158 = '[ruby-core:47970]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        open("foo.rb", "w") {}
+        assert_in_out_err([{"RUBYOPT"=>nil}], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7158)
+        begin;
+          $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+          a = Object.new
+          def a.to_str
+            "foo"
+          end
+          $: << a
+          begin
+            require "foo"
+            p [:ng, $LOAD_PATH, ENV['RUBYLIB']]
+          rescue LoadError => e
+            raise unless e.path == "foo"
+          end
+          def a.to_str
+            "#{tmp}"
+          end
+          p :ok if require "foo"
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_require_with_shared_array_modified(add, del)
+    bug7383 = '[ruby-core:49518]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        open("foo.rb", "w") {}
+        Dir.mkdir("a")
+        open(File.join("a", "bar.rb"), "w") {}
+        assert_in_out_err([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7383)
+        begin;
+          $:.replace([IO::NULL])
+          $:.#{add} "#{tmp}"
+          $:.#{add} "#{tmp}/a"
+          require "foo"
+          $:.#{del}
+          # Expanded load path cache should be rebuilt.
+          begin
+            require "bar"
+          rescue LoadError => e
+            if e.path == "bar"
+              p :ok
+            else
+              raise
+            end
+          end
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_with_array_pop
+    assert_require_with_shared_array_modified("push", "pop")
+  end
+
+  def test_require_with_array_shift
+    assert_require_with_shared_array_modified("unshift", "shift")
+  end
+
+  def test_require_local_var_on_toplevel
+    bug7536 = '[ruby-core:50701]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.chdir(tmp) {
+        open("bar.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts 'TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval("lib = 2")' }
+        assert_in_out_err(%w[-r./bar.rb], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w([:lib] 2), [], bug7536)
+        begin;
+          puts TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval("local_variables").inspect
+          puts TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval("lib").inspect
+        end;
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_require_with_loaded_features_pop
+    bug7530 = '[ruby-core:50645]'
+    Tempfile.create(%w'bug-7530- .rb') {|script|
+      script.close
+      assert_in_out_err([{"RUBYOPT" => nil}, "-", script.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", %w(:ok), [], bug7530, timeout: 60)
+      begin;
+        PATH = ARGV.shift
+        THREADS = 30
+        ITERATIONS_PER_THREAD = 300
+
+        THREADS.times.map {
+          Thread.new do
+            ITERATIONS_PER_THREAD.times do
+              require PATH
+              $".delete_if {|p| Regexp.new(PATH) =~ p}
+            end
+          end
+        }.each(&:join)
+        p :ok
+      end;
+    }
+
+    # [Bug #21567]
+    assert_ruby_status(%w[-rtempfile], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      class MyString
+        def initialize(path)
+          @path = path
+        end
+
+        def to_str
+          $LOADED_FEATURES.clear
+          @path
+        end
+
+        def to_path = @path
+      end
+
+      FILES = []
+
+      def create_ruby_file
+        file = Tempfile.open(["test", ".rb"])
+        FILES << file
+        file.path
+      end
+
+      require MyString.new(create_ruby_file)
+      $LOADED_FEATURES.unshift(create_ruby_file)
+      $LOADED_FEATURES << MyString.new(create_ruby_file)
+      require create_ruby_file
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_fifo_threading_raise
+    Tempfile.create(%w'fifo .rb') {|f|
+      f.close
+      File.unlink(f.path)
+      File.mkfifo(f.path)
+      assert_separately(["-", f.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+      begin;
+        th = Thread.current
+        Thread.start {begin sleep(0.001) end until th.stop?; th.raise(IOError)}
+        assert_raise(IOError) do
+          load(ARGV[0])
+        end
+      end;
+    }
+  end if File.respond_to?(:mkfifo)
+
+  def test_loading_fifo_threading_success
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/=~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    Tempfile.create(%w'fifo .rb') {|f|
+      f.close
+      File.unlink(f.path)
+      File.mkfifo(f.path)
+
+      assert_separately(["-", f.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 10)
+      begin;
+        path = ARGV[0]
+        th = Thread.current
+        $ok = false
+        Thread.start {
+          begin
+            sleep(0.001)
+          end until th.stop?
+          open(path, File::WRONLY | File::NONBLOCK) {|fifo_w|
+            fifo_w.print "$ok = true\n__END__\n" # ensure finishing
+          }
+        }
+
+        load(path)
+        assert($ok)
+      end;
+    }
+  end if File.respond_to?(:mkfifo)
+
+  def test_loading_fifo_fd_leak
+    omit if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /android/ # https://rubyci.org/logs/rubyci.s3.amazonaws.com/android29-x86_64/ruby-master/log/20200419T124100Z.fail.html.gz
+
+    Tempfile.create(%w'fifo .rb') {|f|
+      f.close
+      File.unlink(f.path)
+      File.mkfifo(f.path)
+      assert_separately(["-", f.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 3)
+      begin;
+        Process.setrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE, 50)
+        th = Thread.current
+        100.times do |i|
+          Thread.start {begin sleep(0.001) end until th.stop?; th.raise(IOError)}
+          assert_raise(IOError, "\#{i} time") do
+            begin
+              tap {tap {tap {load(ARGV[0])}}}
+            rescue LoadError
+              GC.start
+              retry
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end;
+    }
+  end if File.respond_to?(:mkfifo) and defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+
+  def test_throw_while_loading
+    Tempfile.create(%w'bug-11404 .rb') do |f|
+      f.puts 'sleep'
+      f.close
+
+      assert_separately(["-", f.path], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        path = ARGV[0]
+        class Error < RuntimeError
+          def exception(*)
+            begin
+              throw :blah
+            rescue UncaughtThrowError
+            end
+            self
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_throw(:blah) do
+          x = Thread.current
+          Thread.start {
+            sleep 0.00001
+            x.raise Error.new
+          }
+          load path
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symlink_load_path
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|tmp|
+      Dir.mkdir(File.join(tmp, "real"))
+      begin
+        File.symlink "real", File.join(tmp, "symlink")
+      rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EACCES
+        omit "File.symlink is not implemented"
+      end
+      File.write(File.join(tmp, "real/test_symlink_load_path.rb"), "print __FILE__")
+      result = IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, "-I#{tmp}/symlink", "-e", "require 'test_symlink_load_path.rb'"], &:read)
+      assert_operator(result, :end_with?, "/real/test_symlink_load_path.rb")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_provide_in_required_file
+    paths, loaded = $:.dup, $".dup
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+      provide = File.realdirpath("provide.rb", tmp)
+      File.write(File.join(tmp, "target.rb"), "raise __FILE__\n")
+      File.write(provide, '$" << '"'target.rb'\n")
+      $:.replace([tmp])
+      assert(require("provide"))
+      assert(!require("target"))
+      assert_equal($".pop, provide)
+      assert_equal($".pop, "target.rb")
+    end
+  ensure
+    $:.replace(paths)
+    $".replace(loaded)
+  end
+
+  if defined?($LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path)
+    def test_resolve_feature_path
+      paths, loaded = $:.dup, $".dup
+      Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp|
+        Tempfile.create(%w[feature .rb], tmp) do |file|
+          file.close
+          path = File.realpath(file.path)
+          dir, base = File.split(path)
+          $:.unshift(dir)
+          assert_equal([:rb, path], $LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(base))
+          $".push(path)
+          assert_equal([:rb, path], $LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(base))
+        end
+      end
+    ensure
+      $:.replace(paths)
+      $".replace(loaded)
+    end
+
+    def test_resolve_feature_path_with_missing_feature
+      assert_nil($LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path("superkalifragilisticoespialidoso"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_with_public_method_missing
+    # [Bug #19793]
+    assert_ruby_status(["-W0", "-rtempfile"], <<~RUBY, timeout: 60)
+      GC.stress = true
+
+      class Object
+        public :method_missing
+      end
+
+      Tempfile.create(["empty", ".rb"]) do |file|
+        require file.path
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_21568
+    load_path = $LOAD_PATH.dup
+    loaded_featrures = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
+
+    $LOAD_PATH.clear
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace(["foo.so", "a/foo.rb", "b/foo.rb"])
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(LoadError) { require "foo" }
+
+  ensure
+    $LOAD_PATH.replace(load_path) if load_path
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace loaded_featrures
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_require_lib.rb b/test/ruby/test_require_lib.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44dfbcf9ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_require_lib.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestRequireLib < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  libdir = __dir__ + '/../../lib'
+
+  # .rb files at lib
+  scripts = Dir.glob('*.rb', base: libdir).map {|f| f.chomp('.rb')}
+
+  # .rb files in subdirectories of lib without same name script
+  dirs = Dir.glob('*/', base: libdir).map {|d| d.chomp('/')}
+  dirs -= scripts
+  scripts.concat(Dir.glob(dirs.map {|d| d + '/*.rb'}, base: libdir).map {|f| f.chomp('.rb')})
+
+  # skip some problems
+  scripts -= %w[bundler bundled_gems rubygems mkmf set/sorted_set]
+
+  scripts.each do |lib|
+    define_method "test_thread_size:#{lib}" do
+      assert_separately(['-W0'], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 60)
+      begin;
+        n = Thread.list.size
+        require #{lib.dump}
+        assert_equal n, Thread.list.size
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb b/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd2dd5d3ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1326 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+require 'test/unit'
+
+require 'timeout'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'tempfile'
+require_relative '../lib/jit_support'
+require_relative '../lib/parser_support'
+
+class TestRubyOptions < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  # Here we're defining our own RUBY_DESCRIPTION without "+PRISM". We do this
+  # here so that the various tests that reference RUBY_DESCRIPTION don't have to
+  # worry about it. The flag itself is tested in its own test.
+  RUBY_DESCRIPTION =
+    if ParserSupport.prism_enabled_in_subprocess?
+      ::RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+    else
+      ::RUBY_DESCRIPTION.sub(/\+PRISM /, '')
+    end
+
+  NO_JIT_DESCRIPTION =
+    case
+    when JITSupport.yjit_enabled?
+      RUBY_DESCRIPTION.sub(/\+YJIT( \w+)? /, '')
+    when JITSupport.zjit_enabled?
+      RUBY_DESCRIPTION.sub(/\+ZJIT( \w+)? /, '')
+    else
+      RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+    end
+
+  def write_file(filename, content)
+    File.open(filename, "w") {|f|
+      f << content
+    }
+  end
+
+  def with_tmpchdir
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
+      d = File.realpath(d)
+      Dir.chdir(d) {
+        yield d
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_source_file
+    assert_in_out_err([], "", [], [])
+  end
+
+  # This constant enforces the traditional 80x25 terminal size standard
+  TRADITIONAL_TERM_COLS = 80 # DO NOT MODIFY!
+  TRADITIONAL_TERM_ROWS = 25 # DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+  def test_usage
+    # This test checks if the output of `ruby -h` fits in 80x25
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-h)) do |r, e|
+      assert_operator(r.size, :<=, TRADITIONAL_TERM_ROWS)
+      longer = r[1..-1].select {|x| x.size >= TRADITIONAL_TERM_COLS}
+      assert_equal([], longer)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_usage_long
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--help)) do |r, e|
+      longer = r[1..-1].select {|x| x.size > 80}
+      assert_equal([], longer)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_option_variables
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", 'p [$-p, $-l, $-a]']) do |r, e|
+      assert_equal(["[false, false, false]"], r)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-p -l -a -e) + ['p [$-p, $-l, $-a]'],
+                      "foo\nbar\nbaz") do |r, e|
+      assert_equal(
+        [ '[true, true, true]', 'foo',
+          '[true, true, true]', 'bar',
+          '[true, true, true]', 'baz' ], r)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_backtrace_limit
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit), "", [], /missing argument for --backtrace-limit/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit= 1), "", [], /missing argument for --backtrace-limit/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit=-2), "", [], /wrong limit for backtrace length/)
+    code = 'def f(n);n > 0 ? f(n-1) : raise;end;f(5)'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit=1), code, [],
+                      [/.*unhandled exception\n/, /^\tfrom .*\n/,
+                       /^\t \.{3} \d+ levels\.{3}\n/])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit=3), code, [],
+                      [/.*unhandled exception\n/, *[/^\tfrom .*\n/]*3,
+                       /^\t \.{3} \d+ levels\.{3}\n/])
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, Thread::Backtrace.limit)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit=1), "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['1'], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--backtrace-limit 1), "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['1'], [])
+    env = {"RUBYOPT" => "--backtrace-limit=5"}
+    assert_in_out_err([env], "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['5'], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "--backtrace-limit=1"], "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['1'], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "--backtrace-limit=-1"], "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['-1'], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "--backtrace-limit=3", "--backtrace-limit=1"],
+                      "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['1'], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([{"RUBYOPT" => "--backtrace-limit=5 --backtrace-limit=3"}],
+                      "p Thread::Backtrace.limit", ['3'], [])
+    long_max = RbConfig::LIMITS["LONG_MAX"]
+    assert_in_out_err(%W(--backtrace-limit=#{long_max}), "p Thread::Backtrace.limit",
+                      ["#{long_max}"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_warning
+    save_rubyopt = ENV.delete('RUBYOPT')
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W0 -e) + ['p $-W'], "", %w(0), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W1 -e) + ['p $-W'], "", %w(1), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-Wx -e) + ['p $-W'], "", %w(2), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W -e) + ['p $-W'], "", %w(2), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-We) + ['p $-W'], "", %w(2), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-w -W0 -e) + ['p $-W'], "", %w(0), [])
+
+    categories = {deprecated: 1, experimental: 0, performance: 2, strict_unused_block: 3}
+    assert_equal categories.keys.sort, Warning.categories.sort
+
+    categories.each do |category, level|
+      assert_in_out_err(["-W:#{category}", "-e", "p Warning[:#{category}]"], "", %w(true), [])
+      assert_in_out_err(["-W:no-#{category}", "-e", "p Warning[:#{category}]"], "", %w(false), [])
+      assert_in_out_err(["-e", "p Warning[:#{category}]"], "", level > 0 ? %w(false) : %w(true), [])
+      assert_in_out_err(["-w", "-e", "p Warning[:#{category}]"], "", level > 1 ? %w(false) : %w(true), [])
+      assert_in_out_err(["-W", "-e", "p Warning[:#{category}]"], "", level > 1 ? %w(false) : %w(true), [])
+      assert_in_out_err(["-We", "p Warning[:#{category}]"], "", level > 1 ? %w(false) : %w(true), [])
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W:qux), "", [], /unknown warning category: 'qux'/)
+
+    def categories.expected(lev = 1, **warnings)
+      [
+        (lev > 1).to_s,
+        *map {|category, level| warnings.fetch(category, lev > level).to_s}
+      ].join(':')
+    end
+    code = ['#{$VERBOSE}', *categories.map {|category, | "\#{Warning[:#{category}]}"}].join(':')
+    code = %[puts "#{code}"]
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_rubyoption", ".rb"]) do |t|
+      t.puts code
+      t.close
+      assert_in_out_err(["-r#{t.path}", '-e', code], "", [categories.expected(1)]*2, [])
+      assert_in_out_err(["-r#{t.path}", '-w', '-e', code], "", [categories.expected(2)]*2, [])
+      categories.each do |category, |
+        assert_in_out_err(["-r#{t.path}", "-W:#{category}", '-e', code], "", [categories.expected(category => 'true')]*2, [])
+        assert_in_out_err(["-r#{t.path}", "-W:no-#{category}", '-e', code], "", [categories.expected(category => 'false')]*2, [])
+      end
+    end
+  ensure
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = save_rubyopt
+  end
+
+  def test_debug
+    assert_in_out_err(["-de", "p $DEBUG"], "", %w(true), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["--debug", "-e", "p $DEBUG"],
+                      "", %w(true), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["--debug-", "-e", "p $DEBUG"], "", %w(), /invalid option --debug-/)
+  end
+
+  q = Regexp.method(:quote)
+  VERSION_PATTERN =
+    case RUBY_ENGINE
+    when 'jruby'
+      /^jruby #{q[RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION]} \(#{q[RUBY_VERSION]}\).*? \[#{
+        q[RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]]}-#{q[RbConfig::CONFIG["host_cpu"]]}\]$/
+    else
+      /^ruby #{q[RUBY_VERSION]}(?:[p ]|dev|rc).*? (\+PRISM )?\[#{q[RUBY_PLATFORM]}\]$/
+    end
+  private_constant :VERSION_PATTERN
+
+  def test_verbose
+    assert_in_out_err([{'RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE' => nil}, "-vve", ""]) do |r, e|
+      assert_match(VERSION_PATTERN, r[0])
+      if (JITSupport.yjit_enabled? && !JITSupport.yjit_force_enabled?) || JITSupport.zjit_enabled?
+        assert_equal(NO_JIT_DESCRIPTION, r[0])
+      else
+        assert_equal(RUBY_DESCRIPTION, r[0])
+      end
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--verbose -e) + ["p $VERBOSE"], "", %w(true), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--verbose), "", [], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_copyright
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--copyright), "",
+                      /^ruby - Copyright \(C\) 1993-\d+ Yukihiro Matsumoto$/, [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--verbose -e) + ["p $VERBOSE"], "", %w(true), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_enable
+    if JITSupport.yjit_supported?
+      assert_in_out_err(%w(--enable all -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+      assert_in_out_err(%w(--enable-all -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+      assert_in_out_err(%w(--enable=all -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--enable foobarbazqux -e) + [""], "", [],
+                      /unknown argument for --enable: 'foobarbazqux'/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--enable), "", [], /missing argument for --enable/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-e) + ['p defined? Gem'], "", %w["constant"], [], gems: true)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-e) + ['p defined? Gem'], "", %w["constant"], [], gems: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_disable
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--disable all -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--disable-all -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--disable=all -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--disable foobarbazqux -e) + [""], "", [],
+                      /unknown argument for --disable: 'foobarbazqux'/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--disable), "", [], /missing argument for --disable/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-e) + ['p defined? Gem'], "", ["nil"], [], gems: false)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--disable-did_you_mean -e) + ['p defined? DidYouMean'], "", ["nil"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-e) + ['p defined? DidYouMean'], "", ["nil"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_kanji
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-KU), "p '\u3042'") do |r, e|
+      assert_equal("\"\u3042\"", r.join('').force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8))
+    end
+    line = '-eputs"\xc2\xa1".encoding'
+    env = {'RUBYOPT' => nil}
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-Ke', line], "", ["EUC-JP"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-KE', line], "", ["EUC-JP"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-Ks', line], "", ["Windows-31J"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-KS', line], "", ["Windows-31J"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-Ku', line], "", ["UTF-8"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-KU', line], "", ["UTF-8"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-Kn', line], "", ["ASCII-8BIT"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-KN', line], "", ["ASCII-8BIT"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '-wKe', line], "", ["EUC-JP"], /-K/)
+  end
+
+  def test_version
+    env = { 'RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE' => nil } # unset in children
+    assert_in_out_err([env, '--version']) do |r, e|
+      assert_match(VERSION_PATTERN, r[0])
+      if ENV['RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE'] == '1'
+        assert_equal(NO_JIT_DESCRIPTION, r[0])
+      elsif JITSupport.yjit_enabled? || JITSupport.zjit_enabled? # checking -DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE
+        assert_equal(EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', 'print RUBY_DESCRIPTION'], '', true).first, r[0])
+      else
+        assert_equal(RUBY_DESCRIPTION, r[0])
+      end
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_enabled_gc
+    omit unless /linux|darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    if RbConfig::CONFIG['modular_gc_dir'].length > 0
+      assert_match(/\+GC/, RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
+    else
+      assert_no_match(/\+GC/, RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parser_flag
+    omit if ENV["RUBYOPT"]&.include?("--parser=")
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--parser=prism -e) + ["puts :hi"], "", %w(hi), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--parser=prism --dump=parsetree -e _=:hi), "", /"hi"/, [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--parser=parse.y -e) + ["puts :hi"], "", %w(hi), [])
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--parser=parse.y', '--version', "")
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--parser=notreal -e) + ["puts :hi"], "", [], /unknown parser notreal/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--parser=prism --version), "", /\+PRISM/, [])
+  end
+
+  def test_eval
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-e), "", [], /no code specified for -e \(RuntimeError\)/)
+  end
+
+  def test_require
+    require "pp"
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-r pp -e) + ["pp 1"], "", %w(1), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-rpp -e) + ["pp 1"], "", %w(1), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-ep\ 1 -r), "", %w(1), [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-r), "", [], [])
+  rescue LoadError
+  end
+
+  def test_include
+    d = Dir.tmpdir
+    assert_in_out_err(["-I" + d, "-e", ""], "", [], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(["-I", d, "-e", ""], "", [], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_separator
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-000 -e) + ["print gets"], "foo\nbar\0baz", %W(foo bar\0baz), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0141 -e) + ["print gets"], "foo\nbar\0baz", %w(foo ba), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0e) + ["print gets"], "foo\nbar\0baz", %W(foo bar\0), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-00 -e) + ["p gets, gets"], "foo\nbar\n\nbaz\nzot\n\n\n", %w("foo\nbar\n\n" "baz\nzot\n\n"), [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-00 -e) + ["p gets, gets"], "foo\nbar\n\n\n\nbaz\n", %w("foo\nbar\n\n" "baz\n"), [])
+  end
+
+  def test_autosplit
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W0 -an -F: -e) + ["p $F"], "foo:bar:baz\nqux:quux:quuux\n",
+                      ['["foo", "bar", "baz\n"]', '["qux", "quux", "quuux\n"]'], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_chdir
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-C), "", [], /Can't chdir/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-C test_ruby_test_rubyoptions_foobarbazqux), "", [], /Can't chdir/)
+
+    d = Dir.tmpdir
+    assert_in_out_err(["-C", d, "-e", "puts Dir.pwd"]) do |r, e|
+      assert_file.identical?(r.join(''), d)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir(nil, d) do |base|
+      # "test" in Japanese and N'Ko
+      test = base + "/\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}_\u{7e1 7ca 7dd 7cc 7df 7cd 7eb}"
+      Dir.mkdir(test)
+      assert_in_out_err(["-C", base, "-C", File.basename(test), "-e", "puts Dir.pwd"]) do |r, e|
+        assert_file.identical?(r.join(''), test)
+        assert_equal([], e)
+      end
+      Dir.rmdir(test)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yydebug
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled_in_subprocess?
+
+    assert_in_out_err(["-ye", ""]) do |r, e|
+      assert_not_equal([], r)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--yydebug -e) + [""]) do |r, e|
+      assert_not_equal([], r)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--encoding), "", [], /missing argument for --encoding/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--encoding test_ruby_test_rubyoptions_foobarbazqux), "", [],
+                      /unknown encoding name - test_ruby_test_rubyoptions_foobarbazqux \(RuntimeError\)/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-Eutf-8), 'puts Encoding::default_external', ["UTF-8"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-Ecesu-8), 'puts Encoding::default_external', ["CESU-8"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--encoding utf-8), 'puts Encoding::default_external', ["UTF-8"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--encoding cesu-8), 'puts Encoding::default_external', ["CESU-8"])
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_check
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e a=1+1 -e !a), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e break), "", [], [:*, /(-e:1:|~) Invalid break/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e next), "", [], [:*, /(-e:1:|~) Invalid next/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e redo), "", [], [:*, /(-e:1:|~) Invalid redo/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e retry), "", [], [:*, /(-e:1:|~) Invalid retry/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e yield), "", [], [:*, /(-e:1:|~) Invalid yield/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e begin -e break -e end), "", [], [:*, /(-e:2:|~) Invalid break/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e begin -e next -e end), "", [], [:*, /(-e:2:|~) Invalid next/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e begin -e redo -e end), "", [], [:*, /(-e:2:|~) Invalid redo/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e begin -e retry -e end), "", [], [:*, /(-e:2:|~) Invalid retry/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e begin -e yield -e end), "", [], [:*, /(-e:2:|~) Invalid yield/, :*])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e !defined?(break)), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e !defined?(next)), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e !defined?(redo)), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e !defined?(retry)), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-cw -e !defined?(yield)), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-n -cw -e break), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-n -cw -e next), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-n -cw -e redo), "", ["Syntax OK"], [])
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_option
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(--foobarbazqux), "", [], /invalid option --foobarbazqux/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%W(-\r -e) + [""], "", [], [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%W(-\rx), "", [], /invalid option -\\r  \(-h will show valid options\) \(RuntimeError\)/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%W(-\x01), "", [], /invalid option -\\x01  \(-h will show valid options\) \(RuntimeError\)/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-Z), "", [], /invalid option -Z  \(-h will show valid options\) \(RuntimeError\)/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%W(-\u{1f608}), "", [],
+                      /invalid option -(\\xf0|\u{1f608})  \(-h will show valid options\) \(RuntimeError\)/,
+                      encoding: Encoding::UTF_8)
+  end
+
+  def test_rubyopt
+    rubyopt_orig = ENV['RUBYOPT']
+
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = ' - -'
+    assert_in_out_err([], "", [], [])
+
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-e "p 1"'
+    assert_in_out_err([], "", [], /invalid switch in RUBYOPT: -e \(RuntimeError\)/)
+
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-Eus-ascii -KN'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-Eutf-8 -KU), "p '\u3042'") do |r, e|
+      assert_equal("\"\u3042\"", r.join.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8))
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-w'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p $VERBOSE", ["true"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W1), "p $VERBOSE", ["false"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W0), "p $VERBOSE", ["nil"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p Warning[:deprecated]", ["true"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W0), "p Warning[:deprecated]", ["false"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W1), "p Warning[:deprecated]", ["false"])
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-W2), "p Warning[:deprecated]", ["true"])
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-W:deprecated'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p Warning[:deprecated]", ["true"])
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-W:no-deprecated'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p Warning[:deprecated]", ["false"])
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-W:experimental'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p Warning[:experimental]", ["true"])
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-W:no-experimental'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p Warning[:experimental]", ["false"])
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = '-W:qux'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "", [], /unknown warning category: 'qux'/)
+
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = 'w'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(), "p $VERBOSE", ["true"])
+  ensure
+    ENV['RUBYOPT'] = rubyopt_orig
+  end
+
+  def test_search
+    rubypath_orig = ENV['RUBYPATH']
+    path_orig = ENV['PATH']
+
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_rubyoption", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "p 1"
+      t.close
+
+      @verbose = $VERBOSE
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+
+      path, name = File.split(t.path)
+
+      ENV['PATH'] = (path_orig && RbConfig::CONFIG['LIBPATHENV'] == 'PATH') ?
+          [path, path_orig].join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) : path
+      assert_in_out_err(%w(-S) + [name], "", %w(1), [])
+      ENV['PATH'] = path_orig
+
+      ENV['RUBYPATH'] = path
+      assert_in_out_err(%w(-S) + [name], "", %w(1), [])
+    }
+
+  ensure
+    if rubypath_orig
+      ENV['RUBYPATH'] = rubypath_orig
+    else
+      ENV.delete('RUBYPATH')
+    end
+    if path_orig
+      ENV['PATH'] = path_orig
+    else
+      ENV.delete('PATH')
+    end
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_shebang
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#! /test_r_u_b_y_test_r_u_b_y_options_foobarbazqux\r\np 1\r\n",
+                      [], /: no Ruby script found in input/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], "#! /test_r_u_b_y_test_r_u_b_y_options_foobarbazqux -foo -bar\r\np 1\r\n",
+                      [], /: no Ruby script found in input/)
+
+    warning = /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM ? [] : /shebang line ending with \\r/
+    assert_in_out_err([{'RUBYOPT' => nil}], "#!ruby -KU -Eutf-8\r\np \"\u3042\"\r\n",
+                      ["\"\u3042\""], warning,
+                      encoding: Encoding::UTF_8)
+
+    bug4118 = '[ruby-dev:42680]'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[], "#!/bin/sh\n""#!shebang\n""#!ruby\n""puts __LINE__\n",
+                      %w[4], [], bug4118)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[-x], "#!/bin/sh\n""#!shebang\n""#!ruby\n""puts __LINE__\n",
+                      %w[4], [], bug4118)
+
+    assert_ruby_status(%w[], "#! ruby -- /", '[ruby-core:82267] [Bug #13786]')
+
+    assert_ruby_status(%w[], "#!")
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[-c], "#!", ["Syntax OK"])
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_in_shebang
+    Tempfile.create(%w"pflag .rb") do |script|
+      code = "#!ruby -p"
+      script.puts(code)
+      script.close
+      assert_in_out_err([script.path, script.path], '', [code])
+    end
+    Tempfile.create(%w"sflag .rb") do |script|
+      script.puts("#!ruby -s")
+      script.puts("p $abc")
+      script.close
+      assert_in_out_err([script.path, "-abc=foo"], '', ['"foo"'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sflag
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(- -abc -def=foo -ghi-jkl -- -xyz),
+                      "#!ruby -s\np [$abc, $def, $ghi_jkl, defined?($xyz)]\n",
+                      ['[true, "foo", true, nil]'], [])
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(- -#), "#!ruby -s\n", [],
+                      /invalid name for global variable - -# \(NameError\)/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(- -#=foo), "#!ruby -s\n", [],
+                      /invalid name for global variable - -# \(NameError\)/)
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['-s', '-e', 'GC.start; p $DEBUG', '--', '-DEBUG=x'], "", ['"x"'])
+  end
+
+  def test_option_missing_argument
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --enable), "", [], /missing argument for --enable/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --disable), "", [], /missing argument for --disable/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --dump), "", [], /missing argument for --dump/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --encoding), "", [], /missing argument for --encoding/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --external-encoding), "", [], /missing argument for --external-encoding/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --internal-encoding), "", [], /missing argument for --internal-encoding/)
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-0 --backtrace-limit), "", [], /missing argument for --backtrace-limit/)
+  end
+
+  def test_assignment_in_conditional
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_rubyoption", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "if a = 1"
+      t.puts "end"
+      t.puts "0.times do"
+      t.puts "  if b = 2"
+      t.puts "    a += b"
+      t.puts "  end"
+      t.puts "end"
+      t.flush
+      warning = ' warning: found \'= literal\' in conditional, should be =='
+      err = ["#{t.path}:1:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:4:#{warning}",
+            ]
+      bug2136 = '[ruby-dev:39363]'
+      assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], err, bug2136)
+      assert_in_out_err(["-wr", t.path, "-e", ""], "", [], err, bug2136)
+
+      t.rewind
+      t.truncate(0)
+      t.puts "if a = ''; end"
+      t.puts "if a = []; end"
+      t.puts "if a = [1]; end"
+      t.puts "if a = [a]; end"
+      t.puts "if a = {}; end"
+      t.puts "if a = {1=>2}; end"
+      t.puts "if a = {3=>a}; end"
+      t.puts "if a = :sym; end"
+      t.flush
+      err = ["#{t.path}:1:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:2:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:3:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:5:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:6:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:8:#{warning}",
+            ]
+      feature4299 = '[ruby-dev:43083]'
+      assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], err, feature4299)
+      assert_in_out_err(["-wr", t.path, "-e", ""], "", [], err, feature4299)
+
+      t.rewind
+      t.truncate(0)
+      t.puts "if a = __LINE__; end"
+      t.puts "if a = __FILE__; end"
+      t.flush
+      err = ["#{t.path}:1:#{warning}",
+             "#{t.path}:2:#{warning}",
+            ]
+      assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], err)
+      assert_in_out_err(["-wr", t.path, "-e", ""], "", [], err)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_indentation_check
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_rubyoption", ".rb"]) do |t|
+        [
+          "begin", "if false", "for _ in []", "while false",
+          "def foo", "class X", "module M",
+          ["-> do", "end"], ["-> {", "}"],
+          ["if false;", "else ; end"],
+          ["if false;", "elsif false ; end"],
+          ["begin", "rescue ; end"],
+          ["begin rescue", "else ; end"],
+          ["begin", "ensure ; end"],
+          ["  case nil", "when true; end"],
+          ["case nil; when true", "end"],
+          ["if false;", "end", "if true\nelse ", "end"],
+          ["else", " end", "_ = if true\n"],
+          ["begin\n    def f() = nil", "end"],
+          ["begin\n    def self.f() = nil", "end"],
+        ].each do
+          |b, e = 'end', pre = nil, post = nil|
+          src = ["#{pre}#{b}\n", " #{e}\n#{post}"]
+          k = b[/\A\s*(\S+)/, 1]
+          e = e[/\A\s*(\S+)/, 1]
+          n = 1 + src[0].count("\n")
+          n1 = 1 + (pre ? pre.count("\n") : 0)
+
+          a.for("no directives with #{src}") do
+            err = ["#{t.path}:#{n}: warning: mismatched indentations at '#{e}' with '#{k}' at #{n1}"]
+            t.rewind
+            t.truncate(0)
+            t.puts src
+            t.flush
+            assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], err)
+            assert_in_out_err(["-wr", t.path, "-e", ""], "", [], err)
+          end
+
+          a.for("false directive with #{src}") do
+            t.rewind
+            t.truncate(0)
+            t.puts "# -*- warn-indent: false -*-"
+            t.puts src
+            t.flush
+            assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], [], '[ruby-core:25442]')
+          end
+
+          a.for("false and true directives with #{src}") do
+            err = ["#{t.path}:#{n+2}: warning: mismatched indentations at '#{e}' with '#{k}' at #{n1+2}"]
+            t.rewind
+            t.truncate(0)
+            t.puts "# -*- warn-indent: false -*-"
+            t.puts "# -*- warn-indent: true -*-"
+            t.puts src
+            t.flush
+            assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], err, '[ruby-core:25442]')
+          end
+
+          a.for("false directives after #{src}") do
+            t.rewind
+            t.truncate(0)
+            t.puts "# -*- warn-indent: true -*-"
+            t.puts src[0]
+            t.puts "# -*- warn-indent: false -*-"
+            t.puts src[1]
+            t.flush
+            assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], [], '[ruby-core:25442]')
+          end
+
+          a.for("BOM with #{src}") do
+            err = ["#{t.path}:#{n}: warning: mismatched indentations at '#{e}' with '#{k}' at #{n1}"]
+            t.rewind
+            t.truncate(0)
+            t.print "\u{feff}"
+            t.puts src
+            t.flush
+            assert_in_out_err(["-w", t.path], "", [], err)
+            assert_in_out_err(["-wr", t.path, "-e", ""], "", [], err)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_notfound
+    notexist = "./notexist.rb"
+    dir, *rubybin = RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME', 'EXEEXT')
+    rubybin = "#{dir}/#{rubybin.join('')}"
+    rubybin.tr!('/', '\\') if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    rubybin = Regexp.quote(rubybin)
+    pat = Regexp.quote(notexist)
+    bug1573 = '[ruby-core:23717]'
+    assert_file.not_exist?(notexist)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-r", notexist, "-ep"], "", [], /.* -- #{pat} \(LoadError\)/, bug1573)
+    assert_in_out_err([notexist], "", [], /#{rubybin}:.* -- #{pat} \(LoadError\)/, bug1573)
+  end
+
+  def test_program_name
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    IO.popen([ruby, '-e', 'print $0']) {|f|
+      assert_equal('-e', f.read)
+    }
+    IO.popen([ruby, '-'], 'r+') {|f|
+      f << 'print $0'
+      f.close_write
+      assert_equal('-', f.read)
+    }
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
+      n1 = File.join(d, 't1')
+      open(n1, 'w') {|f| f << 'print $0' }
+      IO.popen([ruby, n1]) {|f|
+        assert_equal(n1, f.read)
+      }
+      if File.respond_to? :symlink
+        n2 = File.join(d, 't2')
+        begin
+          File.symlink(n1, n2)
+        rescue Errno::EACCES
+        else
+          IO.popen([ruby, n2]) {|f|
+            assert_equal(n2, f.read)
+          }
+        end
+      end
+      Dir.chdir(d) {
+        n3 = '-e'
+        open(n3, 'w') {|f| f << 'print $0' }
+        IO.popen([ruby, '--', n3]) {|f|
+          assert_equal(n3, f.read)
+        }
+        n4 = '-'
+        IO.popen([ruby, '--', n4], 'r+') {|f|
+          f << 'print $0'
+          f.close_write
+          assert_equal(n4, f.read)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  if /linux|freebsd|netbsd|openbsd|darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    PSCMD = EnvUtil.find_executable("ps", "-o", "command", "-p", $$.to_s) {|out| /ruby/=~out}
+    PSCMD&.pop
+  end
+
+  def test_set_program_name
+    omit "platform dependent feature" unless defined?(PSCMD) and PSCMD
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      write_file("test-script", "$0 = 'hello world'; /test-script/ =~ Process.argv0 or $0 = 'Process.argv0 changed!'; sleep 60")
+
+      pid = spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, "test-script")
+      ps = nil
+      now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      stop = now + 30
+      begin
+        sleep 0.1
+        ps = `#{PSCMD.join(' ')} #{pid}`
+        break if /hello world/ =~ ps
+        now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      end until Process.wait(pid, Process::WNOHANG) || now > stop
+      assert_match(/hello world/, ps)
+      assert_operator now, :<, stop
+      Process.kill :KILL, pid
+      EnvUtil.timeout(5) { Process.wait(pid) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setproctitle
+    omit "platform dependent feature" unless defined?(PSCMD) and PSCMD
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"{#"}\n#{<<-'};'}")
+    {#
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        Process.setproctitle("hello\0")
+      end
+    };
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      write_file("test-script", "$_0 = $0.dup; Process.setproctitle('hello world'); $0 == $_0 or Process.setproctitle('$0 changed!'); sleep 60")
+
+      pid = spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, "test-script")
+      ps = nil
+      now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      stop = now + 30
+      begin
+        sleep 0.1
+        ps = `#{PSCMD.join(' ')} #{pid}`
+        break if /hello world/ =~ ps
+        now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      end until Process.wait(pid, Process::WNOHANG) || now > stop
+      assert_match(/hello world/, ps)
+      assert_operator now, :<, stop
+      Process.kill :KILL, pid
+      Timeout.timeout(5) { Process.wait(pid) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  module SEGVTest
+    opts = {}
+    unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      opts[:rlimit_core] = 0
+    end
+    opts[:failed] = proc do |status, message = "", out = ""|
+      if (sig = status.termsig) && Signal.list["SEGV"] == sig
+        out = ""
+      end
+      Test::Unit::CoreAssertions::FailDesc[status, message]
+    end
+    ExecOptions = opts.freeze
+
+    # The regexp list that should match the entire stderr output.
+    # see assert_pattern_list
+    ExpectedStderrList = [
+      %r(
+        (?:-e:(?:1:)?\s)?\[BUG\]\sSegmentation\sfault.*\n
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        #{ Regexp.quote(RUBY_DESCRIPTION) }\n\n
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        (?:--\s(?:.+\n)*\n)?
+        --\sControl\sframe\sinformation\s-+\n
+        (?:(?:c:.*\n)|(?:^\s+.+\n))*
+        \n
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        (?:
+        --\sRuby\slevel\sbacktrace\sinformation\s----------------------------------------\n
+        (?:-e:1:in\s\'(?:block\sin\s)?<main>\'\n)*
+        -e:1:in\s\'kill\'\n
+        \n
+        )?
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        (?:--\sThreading(?:.+\n)*\n)?
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        (?:--\sMachine(?:.+\n)*\n)?
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        (?:
+          --\sC\slevel\sbacktrace\sinformation\s-------------------------------------------\n
+          (?:Un(?:expected|supported|known)\s.*\n)*
+          (?:(?:.*\s)?\[0x\h+\].*\n|.*:\d+\n)*\n
+        )?
+      )x,
+      %r(
+        (?:--\sOther\sruntime\sinformation\s-+\n
+          (?:.*\n)*
+        )?
+      )x,
+    ]
+
+    KILL_SELF = "Process.kill :SEGV, $$"
+  end
+
+  def assert_segv(args, message=nil, list: SEGVTest::ExpectedStderrList, **opt, &block)
+    # We want YJIT to be enabled in the subprocess if it's enabled for us
+    # so that the Ruby description matches.
+    env = Hash === args.first ? args.shift : {}
+    args.unshift("--yjit") if JITSupport.yjit_enabled?
+    args.unshift("--zjit") if JITSupport.zjit_enabled?
+    env.update({'RUBY_ON_BUG' => nil})
+    env['RUBY_CRASH_REPORT'] ||= nil # default to not passing down parent setting
+    # ASAN registers a segv handler which prints out "AddressSanitizer: DEADLYSIGNAL" when
+    # catching sigsegv; we don't expect that output, so suppress it.
+    env.update({'ASAN_OPTIONS' => 'handle_segv=0', 'LSAN_OPTIONS' => 'handle_segv=0'})
+    args.unshift(env)
+
+    test_stdin = ""
+    if !block
+      tests = [//, list, message]
+    elsif message
+      tests = [[], [], message]
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err(args, test_stdin, *tests, encoding: "ASCII-8BIT",
+                      **SEGVTest::ExecOptions, **opt, &block)
+  end
+
+  def test_segv_test
+    assert_segv(["--disable-gems", "-e", SEGVTest::KILL_SELF])
+  end
+
+  def test_segv_loaded_features
+    bug7402 = '[ruby-core:49573]'
+
+    assert_segv(['-e', "END {#{SEGVTest::KILL_SELF}}",
+                 '-e', 'class Bogus; def to_str; exit true; end; end',
+                 '-e', '$".clear',
+                 '-e', '$".unshift Bogus.new',
+                 '-e', '(p $"; abort) unless $".size == 1',
+                ], bug7402, success: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_segv_setproctitle
+    bug7597 = '[ruby-dev:46786]'
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_bug7597", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.write "f" * 100
+      t.flush
+      assert_segv(["--disable-gems", "-e", "$0=ARGV[0]; #{SEGVTest::KILL_SELF}", t.path], bug7597)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_crash_report(path, cmd = nil, &block)
+    Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_crash_report") do |dir|
+      list = SEGVTest::ExpectedStderrList
+      if cmd
+        FileUtils.mkpath(File.join(dir, File.dirname(cmd)))
+        File.write(File.join(dir, cmd), SEGVTest::KILL_SELF+"\n")
+        c = Regexp.quote(cmd)
+        list = list.map {|re| Regexp.new(re.source.gsub(/^\s*(\(\?:)?\K-e(?=:)/) {c}, re.options)}
+      else
+        cmd = ['-e', SEGVTest::KILL_SELF]
+      end
+      status = assert_segv([{"RUBY_CRASH_REPORT"=>path}, *cmd], list: [], chdir: dir, &block)
+      next if block
+      reports = Dir.glob("*.log", File::FNM_DOTMATCH, base: dir)
+      assert_equal(1, reports.size)
+      assert_pattern_list(list, File.read(File.join(dir, reports.first)))
+      break status, reports.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_crash_report
+    status, report = assert_crash_report("%e.%f.%p.log")
+    assert_equal("#{File.basename(EnvUtil.rubybin)}.-e.#{status.pid}.log", report)
+  end
+
+  def test_crash_report_script
+    status, report = assert_crash_report("%e.%f.%p.log", "bug.rb")
+    assert_equal("#{File.basename(EnvUtil.rubybin)}.bug.rb.#{status.pid}.log", report)
+  end
+
+  def test_crash_report_executable_path
+    omit if EnvUtil.rubybin.size > 245
+    status, report = assert_crash_report("%E.%p.log")
+    path = EnvUtil.rubybin.sub(/\A\w\K:[\/\\]/, '!').tr_s('/', '!')
+    assert_equal("#{path}.#{status.pid}.log", report)
+  end
+
+  def test_crash_report_script_path
+    status, report = assert_crash_report("%F.%p.log", "test/bug.rb")
+    assert_equal("test!bug.rb.#{status.pid}.log", report)
+  end
+
+  def test_crash_report_pipe
+    if File.executable?(echo = "/bin/echo")
+    elsif /mswin|ming/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      echo = "echo"
+    else
+      omit "/bin/echo not found"
+    end
+    assert_crash_report("| #{echo} %e:%f:%p") do |stdin, stdout, status|
+      assert_equal(["#{File.basename(EnvUtil.rubybin)}:-e:#{status.pid}"], stdin)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_crash_report_pipe_script
+    omit "only runs on Linux" unless RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("linux")
+
+    Tempfile.create(["script", ".sh"]) do |script|
+      Tempfile.create("crash_report") do |crash_report|
+        script.write(<<~BASH)
+          #!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+          cat > #{crash_report.path}
+        BASH
+        script.close
+
+        FileUtils.chmod("+x", script)
+
+        assert_crash_report("| #{script.path}") do
+          assert_include(File.read(crash_report.path), "[BUG] Segmentation fault at")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_DATA
+    Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_rubyoption", ".rb"]) {|t|
+      t.puts "puts DATA.read.inspect"
+      t.puts "__END__"
+      t.puts "foo"
+      t.puts "bar"
+      t.puts "baz"
+      t.flush
+      assert_in_out_err([t.path], "", %w("foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n"), [])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_unused_variable
+    feature3446 = '[ruby-dev:41620]'
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "a=1"], "", [], [], feature3446)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "def foo\n  a=1\nend"], "", [], ["-e:2: warning: assigned but unused variable - a"], feature3446)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "def foo\n  eval('a=1')\nend"], "", [], [], feature3446)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "1.times do\n  a=1\nend"], "", [], [], feature3446)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "def foo\n  1.times do\n    a=1\n  end\nend"], "", [], ["-e:3: warning: assigned but unused variable - a"], feature3446)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "def foo\n""  1.times do |a| end\n""end"], "", [], [])
+    feature6693 = '[ruby-core:46160]'
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "def foo\n  _a=1\nend"], "", [], [], feature6693)
+    bug7408 = '[ruby-core:49659]'
+    assert_in_out_err(["-we", "def foo\n  a=1\n :a\nend"], "", [], ["-e:2: warning: assigned but unused variable - a"], bug7408)
+    feature7730 = '[ruby-core:51580]'
+    assert_in_out_err(["-w", "-"], "a=1", [], ["-:1: warning: assigned but unused variable - a"], feature7730)
+    assert_in_out_err(["-w", "-"], "eval('a=1')", [], [], feature7730)
+  end
+
+  def test_script_from_stdin
+    begin
+      require 'pty'
+      require 'io/console'
+    rescue LoadError
+      return
+    end
+    require 'timeout'
+    result = nil
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      begin
+        PTY.open {|m, s|
+          s.echo = false
+          m.print("\C-d")
+          pid = spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, :in => s, :out => w)
+          w.close
+          assert_nothing_raised('[ruby-dev:37798]') do
+            result = EnvUtil.timeout(10) {r.read}
+          end
+          Process.wait pid
+        }
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        omit $!
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal("", result, '[ruby-dev:37798]')
+    IO.pipe {|r, w|
+      PTY.open {|m, s|
+	s.echo = false
+	pid = spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, :in => s, :out => w)
+	w.close
+	m.print("$stdin.read; p $stdin.gets\n\C-d")
+	m.print("abc\n\C-d")
+	m.print("zzz\n")
+	result = r.read
+	Process.wait pid
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal("\"zzz\\n\"\n", result, '[ruby-core:30910]')
+  end
+
+  def test_unmatching_glob
+    bug3851 = '[ruby-core:32478]'
+    a = "a[foo"
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      open(File.join(dir, a), "w") {|f| f.puts("p 42")}
+      assert_in_out_err(["-C", dir, a], "", ["42"], [], bug3851)
+      File.unlink(File.join(dir, a))
+      assert_in_out_err(["-C", dir, a], "", [], /LoadError/, bug3851)
+    end
+  end
+
+  case RUBY_PLATFORM
+  when /mswin|mingw/
+    def test_command_line_glob_nonascii
+      bug10555 = '[ruby-dev:48752] [Bug #10555]'
+      name = "\u{3042}.txt"
+      expected = name.encode("external") rescue "?.txt"
+      with_tmpchdir do |dir|
+        open(name, "w") {}
+        assert_in_out_err(["-e", "puts ARGV", "?.txt"], "", [expected], [],
+                          bug10555, encoding: "external")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_command_line_progname_nonascii
+      bug10555 = '[ruby-dev:48752] [Bug #10555]'
+      name = expected = nil
+      unless (0x80..0x10000).any? {|c|
+               name = c.chr(Encoding::UTF_8)
+               expected = name.encode("locale") rescue nil
+             }
+        omit "can't make locale name"
+      end
+      name << ".rb"
+      expected << ".rb"
+      with_tmpchdir do |dir|
+        open(name, "w") {|f| f.puts "puts File.basename($0)"}
+        assert_in_out_err([name], "", [expected], [],
+                          bug10555, encoding: "locale")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_command_line_glob_with_dir
+      bug10941 = '[ruby-core:68430] [Bug #10941]'
+      with_tmpchdir do |dir|
+        Dir.mkdir('test')
+        assert_in_out_err(["-e", "", "test/*"], "", [], [], bug10941)
+      end
+    end
+
+    Ougai = %W[\u{68ee}O\u{5916}.txt \u{68ee 9d0e 5916}.txt \u{68ee 9dd7 5916}.txt]
+    def test_command_line_glob_noncodepage
+      with_tmpchdir do |dir|
+        Ougai.each {|f| open(f, "w") {}}
+        assert_in_out_err(["-Eutf-8", "-e", "puts ARGV", "*"], "", Ougai, encoding: "utf-8")
+        ougai = Ougai.map {|f| f.encode("external", replace: "?")}
+        assert_in_out_err(["-e", "puts ARGV", "*.txt"], "", ougai)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_e_script_encoding(str, args = [])
+      cmds = [
+        EnvUtil::LANG_ENVS.inject({}) {|h, k| h[k] = ENV[k]; h},
+        *args,
+        '-e', "s = '#{str}'",
+        '-e', 'puts s.encoding.name',
+        '-e', 'puts s.dump',
+      ]
+      assert_in_out_err(cmds, "", [str.encoding.name, str.dump], [],
+                        "#{str.encoding}:#{str.dump} #{args.inspect}")
+    end
+
+    # tested codepages: 437 850 852 855 932 65001
+    # Since the codepage is shared all processes per conhost.exe, do
+    # not chcp, or parallel test may break.
+    def test_locale_codepage
+      locale = Encoding.find("locale")
+      list = %W"\u{c7} \u{452} \u{3066 3059 3068}"
+      list.each do |s|
+        assert_e_script_encoding(s, %w[-U])
+      end
+      list.each do |s|
+        s = s.encode(locale) rescue next
+        assert_e_script_encoding(s)
+        assert_e_script_encoding(s, %W[-E#{locale.name}])
+      end
+    end
+  when /cygwin/
+    def test_command_line_non_ascii
+      assert_separately([{"LC_ALL"=>"ja_JP.SJIS"}, "-", "\u{3042}".encode("SJIS")], <<-"end;")
+        bug12184 = '[ruby-dev:49519] [Bug #12184]'
+        a = ARGV[0]
+        assert_equal([Encoding::SJIS, 130, 160], [a.encoding, *a.bytes], bug12184)
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_script_is_directory
+    feature2408 = '[ruby-core:26925]'
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[.], "", [], /Is a directory -- \./, feature2408)
+  end
+
+  def test_pflag_gsub
+    bug7157 = '[ruby-core:47967]'
+    assert_in_out_err(['-p', '-e', 'gsub(/t.*/){"TEST"}'], %[test], %w[TEST], [], bug7157)
+  end
+
+  def test_pflag_sub
+    bug7157 = '[ruby-core:47967]'
+    assert_in_out_err(['-p', '-e', 'sub(/t.*/){"TEST"}'], %[test], %w[TEST], [], bug7157)
+  end
+
+  def assert_norun_with_rflag(*opt, test_stderr: [])
+    bug10435 = "[ruby-dev:48712] [Bug #10435]: should not run with #{opt} option"
+    stderr = []
+    Tempfile.create(%w"bug10435- .rb") do |script|
+      dir, base = File.split(script.path)
+      File.write(script, "abort ':run'\n")
+      opts = ['-C', dir, '-r', "./#{base}", *opt]
+      _, e = assert_in_out_err([*opts, '-ep'], "", //, test_stderr)
+      stderr.concat(e) if e
+      stderr << "---"
+      _, e = assert_in_out_err([*opts, base], "", //, test_stderr)
+      stderr.concat(e) if e
+    end
+    assert_not_include(stderr, ":run", bug10435)
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_syntax_with_rflag
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('-c')
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=syntax')
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_yydebug_with_rflag
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('-y')
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=yydebug')
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_parsetree_with_rflag
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=parsetree')
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=parsetree', '-e', '#frozen-string-literal: true')
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=parsetree+error_tolerant')
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=parse+error_tolerant')
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_parsetree_error_tolerant
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled_in_subprocess?
+
+    assert_in_out_err(['--dump=parse', '-e', 'begin'],
+                      "", [], /unexpected end-of-input/, success: false)
+    assert_in_out_err(['--dump=parse', '--dump=+error_tolerant', '-e', 'begin'],
+                      "", /^# @/, /unexpected end-of-input/, success: true)
+    assert_in_out_err(['--dump=+error_tolerant', '-e', 'begin p :run'],
+                      "", [], /unexpected end-of-input/, success: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_insns_with_rflag
+    assert_norun_with_rflag('--dump=insns')
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_string_literal
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      [["disable", "false"], ["enable", "true"]].each do |opt, exp|
+        %W[frozen_string_literal frozen-string-literal].each do |arg|
+          key = "#{opt}=#{arg}"
+          negopt = exp == "true" ? "disable" : "enable"
+          env = {"RUBYOPT"=>"--#{negopt}=#{arg}"}
+          a.for(key) do
+            assert_in_out_err([env, "--disable=gems", "--#{key}"], 'p("foo".frozen?)', [exp])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      %W"disable enable".product(%W[false true]) do |opt, exp|
+        a.for("#{opt}=>#{exp}") do
+          assert_in_out_err(["-w", "--disable=gems", "--#{opt}=frozen-string-literal"], <<-"end;", [exp])
+            #-*- frozen-string-literal: #{exp} -*-
+            p("foo".frozen?)
+          end;
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_string_literal_debug
+    with_debug_pat = /created at/
+    wo_debug_pat = /can\'t modify frozen String: "\w+" \(FrozenError\)\n\z/
+    frozen = [
+      ["--enable-frozen-string-literal", true],
+      ["--disable-frozen-string-literal", false],
+    ]
+
+    debugs = [
+      ["--debug-frozen-string-literal", true],
+      ["--debug=frozen-string-literal", true],
+      ["--debug", true],
+      [nil, false],
+    ]
+    opts = ["--disable=gems"]
+    frozen.product(debugs) do |(opt1, freeze), (opt2, debug)|
+      opt = opts + [opt1, opt2].compact
+      err = !freeze ? [] : debug ? with_debug_pat : wo_debug_pat
+      [
+        ['"foo" << "bar"', err],
+        ['"foo#{123}bar" << "bar"', []],
+        ['+"foo#{123}bar" << "bar"', []],
+        ['-"foo#{123}bar" << "bar"', wo_debug_pat],
+      ].each do |code, expected|
+        assert_in_out_err(opt, code, [], expected, "#{opt} #{code}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_string_literal_debug_chilled_strings
+    code = <<~RUBY
+      "foo" << "bar"
+    RUBY
+    assert_in_out_err(["-W:deprecated"], code, [], ["-:1: warning: literal string will be frozen in the future (run with --debug-frozen-string-literal for more information)"])
+    assert_in_out_err(["-W:deprecated", "--debug-frozen-string-literal"], code, [], ["-:1: warning: literal string will be frozen in the future", "-:1: info: the string was created here"])
+    assert_in_out_err(["-W:deprecated", "--disable-frozen-string-literal", "--debug-frozen-string-literal"], code, [], [])
+    assert_in_out_err(["-W:deprecated", "--enable-frozen-string-literal", "--debug-frozen-string-literal"], code, [], ["-:1:in '<main>': can't modify frozen String: \"foo\", created at -:1 (FrozenError)"])
+  end
+
+  def test___dir__encoding
+    lang = {"LC_ALL"=>ENV["LC_ALL"]||ENV["LANG"]}
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      testdir = "\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8"
+      Dir.mkdir(testdir)
+      Dir.chdir(testdir) do
+        open("test.rb", "w") do |f|
+          f.puts <<-END
+            if __FILE__.encoding == __dir__.encoding
+              p true
+            else
+              puts "__FILE__: \#{__FILE__.encoding}, __dir__: \#{__dir__.encoding}"
+            end
+          END
+        end
+        r, = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby([lang, "test.rb"], "", true)
+        assert_equal "true", r.chomp, "the encoding of __FILE__ and __dir__ should be same"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cwd_encoding
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      testdir = "\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8"
+      Dir.mkdir(testdir)
+      Dir.chdir(testdir) do
+        File.write("a.rb", "require './b'")
+        File.write("b.rb", "puts 'ok'")
+        assert_ruby_status([{"RUBYLIB"=>"."}, *%w[-E cp932:utf-8 a.rb]])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rubylib_invalid_encoding
+    env = {"RUBYLIB"=>"\xFF", "LOCALE"=>"en_US.UTF-8", "LC_ALL"=>"en_US.UTF-8"}
+    assert_ruby_status([env, "-e;"])
+  end
+
+  def test_null_script
+    omit "#{IO::NULL} is not a character device" unless File.chardev?(IO::NULL)
+    assert_in_out_err([IO::NULL], success: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_free_at_exit_env_var
+    env = {"RUBY_FREE_AT_EXIT"=>"1"}
+    assert_ruby_status([env, "-e;"])
+    assert_in_out_err([env, "-W"], "", [], /Free at exit is experimental and may be unstable/)
+  end
+
+  def test_toplevel_ruby
+    assert_instance_of Module, ::Ruby
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_patchlevel
+    # We stopped bumping RUBY_PATCHLEVEL at Ruby 4.0.0.
+    # Released versions have RUBY_PATCHLEVEL 0, and un-released versions have -1.
+    assert_include [-1, 0], RUBY_PATCHLEVEL
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_rubyvm.rb b/test/ruby/test_rubyvm.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..225cb45f33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_rubyvm.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require_relative '../lib/parser_support'
+
+class TestRubyVM < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_stat
+    assert_kind_of Hash, RubyVM.stat
+
+    RubyVM.stat(stat = {})
+    assert_not_empty stat
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_unknown
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ RubyVM.stat(:unknown) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) {RubyVM.stat(:"\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}")}
+  end
+
+  def parse_and_compile
+    script = <<~RUBY
+      _a = 1
+      def foo
+        _b = 2
+      end
+      1.times{
+        _c = 3
+      }
+    RUBY
+
+    ast = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(script)
+    iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(script)
+
+    [ast, iseq]
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_script_lines
+    omit if ParserSupport.prism_enabled?
+    pend if ENV['RUBY_ISEQ_DUMP_DEBUG'] # TODO
+
+    prev_conf = RubyVM.keep_script_lines
+
+    # keep
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = true
+
+    ast, iseq = *parse_and_compile
+
+    lines = ast.script_lines
+    assert_equal Array, lines.class
+
+    lines = iseq.script_lines
+    assert_equal Array, lines.class
+    iseq.each_child{|child|
+      assert_equal lines, child.script_lines
+    }
+    assert lines.frozen?
+
+    # don't keep
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = false
+
+    ast, iseq = *parse_and_compile
+
+    lines = ast.script_lines
+    assert_equal nil, lines
+
+    lines = iseq.script_lines
+    assert_equal nil, lines
+    iseq.each_child{|child|
+      assert_equal lines, child.script_lines
+    }
+
+  ensure
+    RubyVM.keep_script_lines = prev_conf
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_set.rb b/test/ruby/test_set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70a61aa3b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1052 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'set'
+
+class TC_Set < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class SetSubclass < Set
+  end
+  class CoreSetSubclass < Set::CoreSet
+  end
+  ALL_SET_CLASSES = [Set, SetSubclass, CoreSetSubclass].freeze
+
+  def test_marshal
+    set = Set[1, 2, 3]
+    mset = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(set))
+    assert_equal(set, mset)
+    assert_equal(set.compare_by_identity?, mset.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    set.compare_by_identity
+    mset = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(set))
+    assert_equal(set, mset)
+    assert_equal(set.compare_by_identity?, mset.compare_by_identity?)
+
+    set.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    mset = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(set))
+    assert_equal(set, mset)
+    assert_equal(set.compare_by_identity?, mset.compare_by_identity?)
+    assert_equal(1, mset.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+
+    old_stdlib_set_data = "\x04\bo:\bSet\x06:\n@hash}\bi\x06Ti\aTi\bTF".b
+    set = Marshal.load(old_stdlib_set_data)
+    assert_equal(Set[1, 2, 3], set)
+
+    old_stdlib_set_cbi_data = "\x04\bo:\bSet\x06:\n@hashC:\tHash}\ai\x06Ti\aTF".b
+    set = Marshal.load(old_stdlib_set_cbi_data)
+    assert_equal(Set[1, 2].compare_by_identity, set)
+  end
+
+  def test_aref
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Set[]
+      Set[nil]
+      Set[1,2,3]
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(0, Set[].size)
+    assert_equal(1, Set[nil].size)
+    assert_equal(1, Set[[]].size)
+    assert_equal(1, Set[[nil]].size)
+
+    set = Set[2,4,6,4]
+    assert_equal(Set.new([2,4,6]), set)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Set.new()
+      Set.new(nil)
+      Set.new([])
+      Set.new([1,2])
+      Set.new('a'..'c')
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Set.new(false)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Set.new(1)
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Set.new(1,2)
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(0, Set.new().size)
+    assert_equal(0, Set.new(nil).size)
+    assert_equal(0, Set.new([]).size)
+    assert_equal(1, Set.new([nil]).size)
+
+    ary = [2,4,6,4]
+    set = Set.new(ary)
+    ary.clear
+    assert_equal(false, set.empty?)
+    assert_equal(3, set.size)
+
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+
+    s = Set.new(ary) { |o| o * 2 }
+    assert_equal([2,4,6], s.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    set1 = Set.new
+    set2 = set1.clone
+    set1 << 'abc'
+    assert_equal(Set.new, set2)
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    set1 = Set[1,2]
+    set2 = set1.dup
+
+    assert_not_same(set1, set2)
+
+    assert_equal(set1, set2)
+
+    set1.add(3)
+
+    assert_not_equal(set1, set2)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_equal(0, Set[].size)
+    assert_equal(2, Set[1,2].size)
+    assert_equal(2, Set[1,2,1].size)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty?
+    assert_equal(true, Set[].empty?)
+    assert_equal(false, Set[1, 2].empty?)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    set = Set[1,2]
+    ret = set.clear
+
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(true, set.empty?)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace
+    set = Set[1,2]
+    ret = set.replace('a'..'c')
+
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set['a','b','c'], set)
+
+    set = Set[1,2]
+    ret = set.replace(Set.new('a'..'c'))
+
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set['a','b','c'], set)
+
+    set = Set[1,2]
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.replace(3)
+    }
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a
+    set = Set[1,2,3,2]
+    ary = set.to_a
+
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], ary.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_flatten
+    # test1
+    set1 = Set[
+      1,
+      Set[
+        5,
+        Set[7,
+          Set[0]
+        ],
+        Set[6,2],
+        1
+      ],
+      3,
+      Set[3,4]
+    ]
+
+    set2 = set1.flatten
+    set3 = Set.new(0..7)
+
+    assert_not_same(set2, set1)
+    assert_equal(set3, set2)
+
+    # test2; destructive
+    orig_set1 = set1
+    set1.flatten!
+
+    assert_same(orig_set1, set1)
+    assert_equal(set3, set1)
+
+    # test3; multiple occurrences of a set in an set
+    set1 = Set[1, 2]
+    set2 = Set[set1, Set[set1, 4], 3]
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      set2.flatten!
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..4), set2)
+
+    # test4; recursion
+    set2 = Set[]
+    set1 = Set[1, set2]
+    set2.add(set1)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set1.flatten!
+    }
+
+    # test5; miscellaneous
+    empty = Set[]
+    set =  Set[Set[empty, "a"],Set[empty, "b"]]
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      set.flatten
+    }
+
+    set1 = empty.merge(Set["no_more", set])
+
+    assert_nil(Set.new(0..31).flatten!)
+
+    x = Set[Set[],Set[1,2]].flatten!
+    y = Set[1,2]
+
+    assert_equal(x, y)
+  end
+
+  def test_include?
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_equal(true, set.include?(1))
+    assert_equal(true, set.include?(2))
+    assert_equal(true, set.include?(3))
+    assert_equal(false, set.include?(0))
+    assert_equal(false, set.include?(nil))
+
+    set = Set["1",nil,"2",nil,"0","1",false]
+    assert_equal(true, set.include?(nil))
+    assert_equal(true, set.include?(false))
+    assert_equal(true, set.include?("1"))
+    assert_equal(false, set.include?(0))
+    assert_equal(false, set.include?(true))
+  end
+
+  def test_eqq
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_equal(true, set === 1)
+    assert_equal(true, set === 2)
+    assert_equal(true, set === 3)
+    assert_equal(false, set === 0)
+    assert_equal(false, set === nil)
+
+    set = Set["1",nil,"2",nil,"0","1",false]
+    assert_equal(true, set === nil)
+    assert_equal(true, set === false)
+    assert_equal(true, set === "1")
+    assert_equal(false, set === 0)
+    assert_equal(false, set === true)
+  end
+
+  def test_superset?
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.superset?()
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.superset?(2)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.superset?([2])
+    }
+
+    ALL_SET_CLASSES.each { |klass|
+      assert_equal(true, set.superset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set.superset?(klass[1,2]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set.superset?(klass[1,2,3]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.superset?(klass[1,2,3,4]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.superset?(klass[1,4]), klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(true, set >= klass[1,2,3], klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set >= klass[1,2], klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(true, Set[].superset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_proper_superset?
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.proper_superset?()
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.proper_superset?(2)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.proper_superset?([2])
+    }
+
+    ALL_SET_CLASSES.each { |klass|
+      assert_equal(true, set.proper_superset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set.proper_superset?(klass[1,2]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.proper_superset?(klass[1,2,3]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.proper_superset?(klass[1,2,3,4]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.proper_superset?(klass[1,4]), klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(false, set > klass[1,2,3], klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set > klass[1,2], klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(false, Set[].proper_superset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_subset?
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.subset?()
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.subset?(2)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.subset?([2])
+    }
+
+    ALL_SET_CLASSES.each { |klass|
+      assert_equal(true, set.subset?(klass[1,2,3,4]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set.subset?(klass[1,2,3]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.subset?(klass[1,2]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.subset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(true, set <= klass[1,2,3], klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set <= klass[1,2,3,4], klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(true, Set[].subset?(klass[1]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, Set[].subset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_proper_subset?
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.proper_subset?()
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.proper_subset?(2)
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      set.proper_subset?([2])
+    }
+
+    ALL_SET_CLASSES.each { |klass|
+      assert_equal(true, set.proper_subset?(klass[1,2,3,4]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.proper_subset?(klass[1,2,3]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.proper_subset?(klass[1,2]), klass.name)
+      assert_equal(false, set.proper_subset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(false, set < klass[1,2,3], klass.name)
+      assert_equal(true, set < klass[1,2,3,4], klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(false, Set[].proper_subset?(klass[]), klass.name)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_spacecraft_operator
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_nil(set <=> 2)
+
+    assert_nil(set <=> set.to_a)
+
+    ALL_SET_CLASSES.each { |klass|
+      assert_equal(-1,  set <=> klass[1,2,3,4], klass.name)
+      assert_equal( 0,  set <=> klass[3,2,1]  , klass.name)
+      assert_equal(nil, set <=> klass[1,2,4]  , klass.name)
+      assert_equal(+1,  set <=> klass[2,3]    , klass.name)
+      assert_equal(+1,  set <=> klass[]       , klass.name)
+
+      assert_equal(0, Set[] <=> klass[], klass.name)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def assert_intersect(expected, set, other)
+    case expected
+    when true
+      assert_send([set, :intersect?, other])
+      assert_send([set, :intersect?, other.to_a])
+      assert_send([other, :intersect?, set])
+      assert_not_send([set, :disjoint?, other])
+      assert_not_send([set, :disjoint?, other.to_a])
+      assert_not_send([other, :disjoint?, set])
+    when false
+      assert_not_send([set, :intersect?, other])
+      assert_not_send([set, :intersect?, other.to_a])
+      assert_not_send([other, :intersect?, set])
+      assert_send([set, :disjoint?, other])
+      assert_send([set, :disjoint?, other.to_a])
+      assert_send([other, :disjoint?, set])
+    when Class
+      assert_raise(expected) {
+        set.intersect?(other)
+      }
+      assert_raise(expected) {
+        set.disjoint?(other)
+      }
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "%s: unsupported expected value: %s" % [__method__, expected.inspect]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_intersect?
+    set = Set[3,4,5]
+
+    assert_intersect(ArgumentError, set, 3)
+    assert_intersect(true, set, Set[2,4,6])
+
+    assert_intersect(true, set, set)
+    assert_intersect(true, set, Set[2,4])
+    assert_intersect(true, set, Set[5,6,7])
+    assert_intersect(true, set, Set[1,2,6,8,4])
+
+    assert_intersect(false, set, Set[])
+    assert_intersect(false, set, Set[0,2])
+    assert_intersect(false, set, Set[0,2,6])
+    assert_intersect(false, set, Set[0,2,6,8,10])
+
+    # Make sure set hasn't changed
+    assert_equal(Set[3,4,5], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    ary = [1,3,5,7,10,20]
+    set = Set.new(ary)
+
+    ret = set.each { |o| }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+
+    e = set.each
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerator, e)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      set.each { |o|
+        ary.delete(o) or raise "unexpected element: #{o}"
+      }
+
+      ary.empty? or raise "forgotten elements: #{ary.join(', ')}"
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(6, e.size)
+    set << 42
+    assert_equal(7, e.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_add
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    ret = set.add(2)
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+
+    ret = set.add?(2)
+    assert_nil(ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+
+    ret = set.add(4)
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4], set)
+
+    ret = set.add?(5)
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4,5], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    ret = set.delete(4)
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+
+    ret = set.delete?(4)
+    assert_nil(ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+
+    ret = set.delete(2)
+    assert_equal(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,3], set)
+
+    ret = set.delete?(1)
+    assert_equal(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[3], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_if
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.delete_if { |i| i > 10 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.delete_if { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.delete_if
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_same(set, enum.each { |i| i % 3 == 0 })
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_keep_if
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.keep_if { |i| i <= 10 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.keep_if { |i| i % 3 != 0 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.keep_if
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_same(set, enum.each { |i| i % 3 != 0 })
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_collect!
+    set = Set[1,2,3,'a','b','c',-1..1,2..4]
+
+    ret = set.collect! { |i|
+      case i
+      when Numeric
+        i * 2
+      when String
+        i.upcase
+      else
+        nil
+      end
+    }
+
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[2,4,6,'A','B','C',nil], set)
+
+    set = Set[1,2,3,'a','b','c',-1..1,2..4]
+    enum = set.collect!
+
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_same(set, enum.each  { |i|
+      case i
+      when Numeric
+        i * 2
+      when String
+        i.upcase
+      else
+        nil
+      end
+    })
+    assert_equal(Set[2,4,6,'A','B','C',nil], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_reject!
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+
+    ret = set.reject! { |i| i > 10 }
+    assert_nil(ret)
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+
+    ret = set.reject! { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.reject!
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_same(set, enum.each { |i| i % 3 == 0 })
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_select!
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.select! { |i| i <= 10 }
+    assert_equal(nil, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.select! { |i| i % 3 != 0 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.select!
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_equal(nil, enum.each { |i| i <= 10 })
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+  end
+
+  def test_filter!
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.filter! { |i| i <= 10 }
+    assert_equal(nil, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.filter! { |i| i % 3 != 0 }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,4,5,7,8,10], set)
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.filter!
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_equal(nil, enum.each { |i| i <= 10 })
+    assert_equal(Set.new(1..10), set)
+  end
+
+  def test_merge
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+    ret = set.merge([2,4,6])
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4,6], set)
+
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+    ret = set.merge()
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+    ret = set.merge([2,4,6], Set[4,5,6])
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4,5,6], set)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Set[].merge(a: 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_merge_mutating_hash_bug_21305
+    a = (1..100).to_a
+    o = Object.new
+    o.define_singleton_method(:hash) do
+      a.clear
+      0
+    end
+    a.unshift o
+    assert_equal([o], Set.new.merge(a).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_mutating_array_bug_21306
+    a = (1..100).to_a
+    assert_equal(Set[0], Set.new(a){a.clear; 0})
+  end
+
+  def test_subtract
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    ret = set.subtract([2,4,6])
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,3], set)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    ret = set + [2,4,6]
+    assert_not_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3,4,6], ret)
+  end
+
+  def test_minus
+    set = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    ret = set - [2,4,6]
+    assert_not_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,3], ret)
+  end
+
+  def test_and
+    set = Set[1,2,3,4]
+
+    ret = set & [2,4,6]
+    assert_not_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[2,4], ret)
+  end
+
+  def test_xor
+    ALL_SET_CLASSES.each { |klass|
+      set = klass[1,2,3,4]
+      ret = set ^ [2,4,5,5]
+      assert_not_same(set, ret)
+      assert_equal(klass[1,3,5], ret)
+
+      set2 = klass[1,2,3,4]
+      ret2 = set2 ^ [2,4,5,5]
+      assert_instance_of(klass, ret2)
+      assert_equal(klass[1,3,5], ret2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_xor_does_not_mutate_other_set
+    a = Set[1]
+    b = Set[1, 2]
+    original_b = b.dup
+
+    result = a ^ b
+
+    assert_equal(original_b, b)
+    assert_equal(Set[2], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_eq
+    set1 = Set[2,3,1]
+    set2 = Set[1,2,3]
+
+    assert_equal(set1, set1)
+    assert_equal(set1, set2)
+    assert_not_equal(Set[1], [1])
+
+    set1 = Class.new(Set)["a", "b"]
+    set1.add(set1).reset # Make recursive
+    set2 = Set["a", "b", Set["a", "b", set1]]
+
+    assert_equal(set1, set2)
+
+    assert_not_equal(Set[Exception.new,nil], Set[Exception.new,Exception.new], "[ruby-dev:26127]")
+  end
+
+  def test_classify
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.classify { |i| i % 3 }
+
+    assert_equal(3, ret.size)
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, ret)
+    ret.each_value { |value| assert_instance_of(Set, value) }
+    assert_equal(Set[3,6,9], ret[0])
+    assert_equal(Set[1,4,7,10], ret[1])
+    assert_equal(Set[2,5,8], ret[2])
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.classify
+
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    ret = enum.each { |i| i % 3 }
+    assert_equal(3, ret.size)
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, ret)
+    ret.each_value { |value| assert_instance_of(Set, value) }
+    assert_equal(Set[3,6,9], ret[0])
+    assert_equal(Set[1,4,7,10], ret[1])
+    assert_equal(Set[2,5,8], ret[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_divide
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    ret = set.divide { |i| i % 3 }
+
+    assert_equal(3, ret.size)
+    n = 0
+    ret.each { |s| n += s.size }
+    assert_equal(set.size, n)
+    assert_equal(set, ret.flatten)
+
+    set = Set[7,10,5,11,1,3,4,9,0]
+    ret = set.divide { |a,b| (a - b).abs == 1 }
+
+    assert_equal(4, ret.size)
+    n = 0
+    ret.each { |s| n += s.size }
+    assert_equal(set.size, n)
+    assert_equal(set, ret.flatten)
+    ret.each { |s|
+      if s.include?(0)
+        assert_equal(Set[0,1], s)
+      elsif s.include?(3)
+        assert_equal(Set[3,4,5], s)
+      elsif s.include?(7)
+        assert_equal(Set[7], s)
+      elsif s.include?(9)
+        assert_equal(Set[9,10,11], s)
+      else
+        raise "unexpected group: #{s.inspect}"
+      end
+    }
+
+    set = Set.new(1..10)
+    enum = set.divide
+    ret = enum.each { |i| i % 3 }
+
+    assert_equal(set.size, enum.size)
+    assert_equal(3, ret.size)
+    n = 0
+    ret.each { |s| n += s.size }
+    assert_equal(set.size, n)
+    assert_equal(set, ret.flatten)
+
+    set = Set[2,12,9,11,13,4,10,15,3,8,5,0,1,7,14]
+    ret = set.divide { |a,b| (a - b).abs == 1 }
+    assert_equal(2, ret.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze
+    orig = set = Set[1,2,3]
+    assert_equal false, set.frozen?
+    set << 4
+    assert_same orig, set.freeze
+    assert_equal true, set.frozen?
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {
+      set << 5
+    }
+    assert_equal 4, set.size
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_dup
+    set1 = Set[1,2,3]
+    set1.freeze
+    set2 = set1.dup
+
+    assert_not_predicate set2, :frozen?
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      set2.add 4
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_clone
+    set1 = Set[1,2,3]
+    set1.freeze
+    set2 = set1.clone
+
+    assert_predicate set2, :frozen?
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {
+      set2.add 5
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_clone_false
+    set1 = Set[1,2,3]
+    set1.freeze
+    set2 = set1.clone(freeze: false)
+
+    assert_not_predicate set2, :frozen?
+    set2.add 5
+    assert_equal Set[1,2,3,5], set2
+    assert_equal Set[1,2,3], set1
+  end if Kernel.instance_method(:initialize_clone).arity != 1
+
+  def test_join
+    assert_equal('123', Set[1, 2, 3].join)
+    assert_equal('1 & 2 & 3', Set[1, 2, 3].join(' & '))
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    set1 = Set[1, 2]
+    assert_equal('Set[1, 2]', set1.inspect)
+
+    set2 = Set[Set[0], 1, 2, set1]
+    assert_equal('Set[Set[0], 1, 2, Set[1, 2]]', set2.inspect)
+
+    set1.add(set2)
+    assert_equal('Set[Set[0], 1, 2, Set[1, 2, Set[...]]]', set2.inspect)
+
+    c = Class.new(Set::CoreSet)
+    c.set_temporary_name("_MySet")
+    assert_equal('_MySet[1, 2]', c[1, 2].inspect)
+
+    c = Class.new(Set)
+    c.set_temporary_name("_MySet")
+    assert_equal('#<_MySet: {1, 2}>', c[1, 2].inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    set1 = Set[1, 2]
+    assert_equal('Set[1, 2]', set1.to_s)
+
+    set2 = Set[Set[0], 1, 2, set1]
+    assert_equal('Set[Set[0], 1, 2, Set[1, 2]]', set2.to_s)
+
+    set1.add(set2)
+    assert_equal('Set[Set[0], 1, 2, Set[1, 2, Set[...]]]', set2.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_by_identity
+    a1, a2 = "a", "a"
+    b1, b2 = "b", "b"
+    c = "c"
+    array = [a1, b1, c, a2, b2]
+
+    iset = Set.new.compare_by_identity
+    assert_send([iset, :compare_by_identity?])
+    iset.merge(array)
+    assert_equal(5, iset.size)
+    assert_equal(array.map(&:object_id).sort, iset.map(&:object_id).sort)
+
+    set = Set.new
+    assert_not_send([set, :compare_by_identity?])
+    set.merge(array)
+    assert_equal(3, set.size)
+    assert_equal(array.uniq.sort, set.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_reset
+    [Set, Class.new(Set)].each { |klass|
+      a = [1, 2]
+      b = [1]
+      set = klass.new([a, b])
+
+      b << 2
+      set.reset
+
+      assert_equal(klass.new([a]), set, klass.name)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_set_gc_compact_does_not_allocate
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-"end;", [], [])
+    def x
+      s = Set.new
+      s << Object.new
+      s
+    end
+
+    x
+    begin
+      GC.compact
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+    end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_larger_sets
+    set = Set.new
+    10_000.times do |i|
+      set << i
+    end
+    set = set.dup
+
+    10_000.times do |i|
+      assert_includes set, i
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_subclass_new_calls_add
+    c = Class.new(Set) do
+      def add(o)
+        super
+        super(o+1)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([1, 2], c.new([1]).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_subclass_aref_calls_initialize
+    c = Class.new(Set) do
+      def initialize(enum)
+        super
+        add(1)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([2, 1], c[2].to_a)
+  end
+
+end
+
+class TC_Enumerable < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_to_set
+    ary = [2,5,4,3,2,1,3]
+
+    set = ary.to_set
+    assert_instance_of(Set, set)
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4,5], set.sort)
+
+    set = ary.to_set { |o| o * -2 }
+    assert_instance_of(Set, set)
+    assert_equal([-10,-8,-6,-4,-2], set.sort)
+
+    assert_same set, set.to_set
+    assert_not_same set, set.to_set { |o| o }
+  end
+
+  class MyEnum
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def initialize(array)
+      @array = array
+    end
+
+    def each(&block)
+      @array.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def size
+      raise "should not be called"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_set_not_calling_size
+    enum = MyEnum.new([1,2,3])
+
+    set = assert_nothing_raised { enum.to_set }
+    assert(set.is_a?(Set))
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+
+    enumerator = enum.to_enum
+
+    set = assert_nothing_raised { enumerator.to_set }
+    assert(set.is_a?(Set))
+    assert_equal(Set[1,2,3], set)
+  end
+end
+
+class TC_Set_Builtin < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  private def should_omit?
+    (RUBY_VERSION.scan(/\d+/).map(&:to_i) <=> [3, 2]) < 0 ||
+      !File.exist?(File.expand_path('../prelude.rb', __dir__))
+  end
+
+  def test_Set
+    omit "skipping the test for the builtin Set" if should_omit?
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        set = Set.new([1, 2])
+        assert_equal('Set', set.class.name)
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        set = Set[1, 2]
+        assert_equal('Set', set.class.name)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_set
+    omit "skipping the test for the builtin Enumerable#to_set" if should_omit?
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        set = [1, 2].to_set
+        assert_equal('Set', set.class.name)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb b/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3b2441e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3166 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+EnvUtil.suppress_warning {require 'continuation'}
+
+class TestSetTraceFunc < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    if defined?(RubyVM)
+      @original_compile_option = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {
+        :trace_instruction => true,
+        :specialized_instruction => false
+      }
+    end
+    @target_thread = Thread.current
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    set_trace_func(nil)
+    if defined?(RubyVM)
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = @original_compile_option
+    end
+    @target_thread = nil
+  end
+
+  def target_thread?
+    Thread.current == @target_thread
+  end
+
+  def test_c_call
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: x = 1 + 1
+     5: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 4, :+, Integer],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 4, :+, Integer],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal([], events)
+  end
+
+  def test_c_return_no_binding
+    binding = :none
+    TracePoint.new(:c_return){|tp|
+      binding = tp.binding
+    }.enable{
+      1.object_id
+    }
+    assert_nil(binding)
+  end
+
+  def test_c_call_no_binding
+    binding = :none
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call){|tp|
+      binding = tp.binding
+    }.enable{
+      1.object_id
+    }
+    assert_nil(binding)
+  end
+
+  def test_c_call_removed_method
+    # [Bug #19305]
+    klass = Class.new do
+      attr_writer :bar
+      alias_method :set_bar, :bar=
+      remove_method :bar=
+    end
+
+    obj = klass.new
+    method_id = nil
+    parameters = nil
+
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call) { |tp|
+      method_id = tp.method_id
+      parameters = tp.parameters
+    }.enable {
+      obj.set_bar(1)
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(:bar=, method_id)
+    assert_equal([[:req]], parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_c_call_aliased_method
+    # [Bug #20915]
+    klass = Class.new do
+      alias_method :new_method, :method
+    end
+
+    instance = klass.new
+    parameters = nil
+
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call) do |tp|
+      parameters = tp.parameters
+    end.enable { instance.new_method(:to_s) }
+
+    assert_equal([[:req]], parameters)
+  end
+
+  def test_call
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: def add(x, y)
+     5:   x + y
+     6: end
+     7: x = add(1, 1)
+     8: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 4, :method_added, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 4, :method_added, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 7, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["call", 4, :add, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, :add, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :+, Integer],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 5, :+, Integer],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["return", 6, :add, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 8, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 8, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal([], events)
+  end
+
+  def test_class
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: class Foo
+     5:   def bar
+     6:   end
+     7: end
+     8: x = Foo.new.bar
+     9: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 4, :const_added, Module],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 4, :const_added, Module],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 4, :inherited, Class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 4, :inherited, Class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["class", 4, nil, nil],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, nil, nil],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :method_added, Module],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 5, :method_added, Module],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["end", 7, nil, nil],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 8, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 8, :new, Class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 8, :initialize, BasicObject],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 8, :initialize, BasicObject],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 8, :new, Class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["call", 5, :bar, Foo],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["return", 6, :bar, Foo],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 9, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 9, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal([], events)
+
+    self.class.class_eval do
+      remove_const :Foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_return # [ruby-dev:38701]
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: def meth_return(a)
+     5:   return if a
+     6:   return
+     7: end
+     8: meth_return(true)
+     9: meth_return(false)
+    10: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 4, :method_added, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 4, :method_added, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 8, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["call", 4, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["return", 5, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 9, :test_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["call", 4, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 6, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["return", 6, :meth_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 10, :test_return, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 10, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal([], events)
+  end
+
+  def test_return2 # [ruby-core:24463]
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: def meth_return2
+     5:   a = 5
+     6:   return a
+     7: end
+     8: meth_return2
+     9: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 4, :method_added, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 4, :method_added, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 8, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["call", 4, :meth_return2, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, :meth_return2, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 6, :meth_return2, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["return", 6, :meth_return2, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 9, :test_return2, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 9, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal([], events)
+  end
+
+  def test_raise
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: begin
+     5:   raise TypeError, "error"
+     6: rescue TypeError
+     7: end
+     8: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 5, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :raise, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :exception, Exception],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :initialize, Exception],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 5, :initialize, Exception],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 5, :exception, Exception],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 5, :raise, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 5, :backtrace, Exception],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 5, :backtrace, Exception],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["raise", 5, :test_raise, TestSetTraceFunc],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 6, :===, Module],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-return", 6, :===, Module],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["line", 8, __method__, self.class],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal(["c-call", 8, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+                 events.shift)
+    assert_equal([], events)
+  end
+
+  def test_break # [ruby-core:27606] [Bug #2610]
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     2:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     3: })
+     4: [1,2,3].any? {|n| n}
+     8: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+
+    [["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+     ["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-call", 4, :any?, Array],
+     ["line", 4, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-return", 4, :any?, Array],
+     ["line", 5, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-call", 5, :set_trace_func, Kernel]].each.with_index{|e, i|
+       assert_equal(e, events.shift, "mismatch on #{i}th trace")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_proc
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { set_trace_func(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_in_trace
+    set_trace_func proc {raise rescue nil}
+    assert_equal(42, (raise rescue 42), '[ruby-core:24118]')
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_trace
+    events = {:set => [], :add => []}
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    prc = Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+      events[:set] << [event, lineno, mid, klass, :set] if file == name
+    }
+    prc = prc # suppress warning
+    prc2 = Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+      events[:add] << [event, lineno, mid, klass, :add] if file == name
+    }
+    prc2 = prc2 # suppress warning
+
+    th = Thread.new do
+      th = Thread.current
+      eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+       1: th.set_trace_func(prc)
+       2: th.add_trace_func(prc2)
+       3: class ThreadTraceInnerClass
+       4:   def foo
+       5:     _x = 1 + 1
+       6:   end
+       7: end
+       8: ThreadTraceInnerClass.new.foo
+       9: th.set_trace_func(nil)
+      EOF
+    end
+    th.join
+
+    [["c-return", 1, :set_trace_func, Thread, :set],
+     ["line", 2, __method__, self.class, :set],
+     ["c-call", 2, :add_trace_func, Thread, :set]].each do |e|
+      assert_equal(e, events[:set].shift)
+    end
+
+    [["c-return", 2, :add_trace_func, Thread],
+     ["line", 3, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-call", 3, :const_added, Module],
+     ["c-return", 3, :const_added, Module],
+     ["c-call", 3, :inherited, Class],
+     ["c-return", 3, :inherited, Class],
+     ["class", 3, nil, nil],
+     ["line", 4, nil, nil],
+     ["c-call", 4, :method_added, Module],
+     ["c-return", 4, :method_added, Module],
+     ["end", 7, nil, nil],
+     ["line", 8, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-call", 8, :new, Class],
+     ["c-call", 8, :initialize, BasicObject],
+     ["c-return", 8, :initialize, BasicObject],
+     ["c-return", 8, :new, Class],
+     ["call", 4, :foo, ThreadTraceInnerClass],
+     ["line", 5, :foo, ThreadTraceInnerClass],
+     ["c-call", 5, :+, Integer],
+     ["c-return", 5, :+, Integer],
+     ["return", 6, :foo, ThreadTraceInnerClass],
+     ["line", 9, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-call", 9, :set_trace_func, Thread]].each do |e|
+      [:set, :add].each do |type|
+        assert_equal(e + [type], events[type].shift)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal([], events[:set])
+    assert_equal([], events[:add])
+
+    # cleanup
+    self.class.class_eval do
+      remove_const :ThreadTraceInnerClass
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_defined_method
+    events = []
+    name = "#{self.class}\##{__method__}"
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, name
+     1: class FooBar; define_method(:foobar){}; end
+     2: fb = FooBar.new
+     3: set_trace_func(Proc.new { |event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+     4:   events << [event, lineno, mid, klass] if file == name
+     5: })
+     6: fb.foobar
+     7: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+
+    [["c-return", 3, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
+     ["line", 6, __method__, self.class],
+     ["call", 1, :foobar, FooBar],
+     ["return", 1, :foobar, FooBar],
+     ["line", 7, __method__, self.class],
+     ["c-call", 7, :set_trace_func, Kernel]].each{|e|
+      assert_equal(e, events.shift)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_in_trace
+    bug3921 = '[ruby-dev:42350]'
+    ok = false
+    func = lambda{|e, f, l, i, b, k|
+      # In parallel testing, unexpected events like IO operations may be traced,
+      # so we filter out events here.
+      next unless f == __FILE__
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+      ok = eval("self", b)
+    }
+
+    set_trace_func(func)
+    assert_equal(self, ok, bug3921)
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    define_method(:method_added, Module.method(:method_added))
+  end
+
+  def trace_by_tracepoint *trace_events
+    events = []
+    trace = nil
+    xyzzy = nil
+    _local_var = :outer
+    raised_exc = nil
+    method = :trace_by_tracepoint
+    _get_data = lambda{|tp|
+      case tp.event
+      when :return, :c_return
+        tp.return_value
+      when :raise
+        tp.raised_exception
+      else
+        :nothing
+      end
+    }
+    _defined_class = lambda{|tp|
+      klass = tp.defined_class
+      begin
+        # If it is singleton method, then return original class
+        # to make compatible with set_trace_func().
+        # This is very ad-hoc hack. I hope I can make more clean test on it.
+        case klass.inspect
+        when /Class:TracePoint/; return TracePoint
+        when /Class:Exception/; return Exception
+        else klass
+        end
+      rescue Exception => e
+        e
+      end if klass
+    }
+
+    trace = nil
+    begin
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, 'xyzzy'
+    1: trace = TracePoint.trace(*trace_events){|tp| next if !target_thread?
+    2:   events << [tp.event, tp.lineno, tp.path, _defined_class.(tp), tp.method_id, tp.self, tp.binding&.eval("_local_var"), _get_data.(tp)] if tp.path == 'xyzzy'
+    3: }
+    4: [1].reverse_each{|;_local_var| _local_var = :inner
+    5:   tap{}
+    6: }
+    7: class XYZZY
+    8:   _local_var = :XYZZY_outer
+    9:   def foo
+   10:     _local_var = :XYZZY_foo
+   11:     bar
+   12:   end
+   13:   def bar
+   14:     _local_var = :XYZZY_bar
+   15:     tap{}
+   16:   end
+   17: end
+   18: xyzzy = XYZZY.new
+   19: xyzzy.foo
+   20: begin; raise RuntimeError; rescue RuntimeError => raised_exc; end
+   21: trace.disable
+    EOF
+    self.class.class_eval{remove_const(:XYZZY)}
+    ensure
+      trace.disable if trace&.enabled?
+    end
+
+    answer_events = [
+     #
+     [:line,     4, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,   4, 'xyzzy', Array,       :reverse_each,    [1],         nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     4, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     5, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        :inner, :nothing],
+     [:c_return, 4, "xyzzy", Array,       :reverse_each,    [1],         nil, [1]],
+     [:line,     7, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,   7, "xyzzy", Module,      :const_added,     TestSetTraceFunc, nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return, 7, "xyzzy", Module,      :const_added,     TestSetTraceFunc, nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,   7, "xyzzy", Class,       :inherited,       Object,      nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return, 7, "xyzzy", Class,       :inherited,       Object,      nil, nil],
+     [:class,    7, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     8, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     9, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, :XYZZY_outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,   9, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return, 9, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:line,    13, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, :XYZZY_outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  13, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return,13, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:end,     17, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, :XYZZY_outer, :nothing],
+     [:line,    18, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  18, "xyzzy", Class,       :new,             xyzzy.class, nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  18, "xyzzy", BasicObject, :initialize,      xyzzy,       nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return,18, "xyzzy", BasicObject, :initialize,      xyzzy,       nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,18, "xyzzy", Class,       :new,             xyzzy.class, nil, xyzzy],
+     [:line,    19, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self, :outer, :nothing],
+     [:call,     9, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       nil,  :nothing],
+     [:line,    10, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       nil,  :nothing],
+     [:line,    11, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_foo, :nothing],
+     [:call,    13, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       nil, :nothing],
+     [:line,    14, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       nil, :nothing],
+     [:line,    15, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_bar, :nothing],
+     [:return,  16, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_bar, xyzzy],
+     [:return,  12, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_foo, xyzzy],
+     [:line,    20, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Kernel,      :raise,           self,        nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :exception,       RuntimeError, nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :initialize,      raised_exc,  nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :initialize,      raised_exc,  nil, raised_exc],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :exception,       RuntimeError, nil, raised_exc],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Kernel,      :raise,           self,        nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :backtrace,       raised_exc,  nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :backtrace,       raised_exc,  nil, nil],
+     [:raise,   20, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, :trace_by_tracepoint, self, :outer, raised_exc],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Module,      :===,             RuntimeError, nil, :nothing],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Module,      :===,             RuntimeError, nil, true],
+     [:line,    21, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     ]
+
+    return events, answer_events
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint
+    events1, answer_events = *trace_by_tracepoint(:line, :class, :end, :call, :return, :c_call, :c_return, :raise)
+
+    ms = [events1, answer_events].map{|evs|
+      evs.map{|e|
+        "#{e[0]} - #{e[2]}:#{e[1]} id: #{e[4]}"
+      }
+    }
+
+    if false # show all events
+      printf(" %-60s | %-60s\n", "actual", "expected")
+      ms[0].zip(ms[1]){|a, b|
+        printf("%s%-60s | %-60s\n", a==b ? ' ' : '!', a, b)
+      }
+    end
+
+    mesg = ms[0].zip(ms[1]).map{|a, b|
+      if a != b
+        "actual: #{a} <-> expected: #{b}"
+      end
+    }.compact.join("\n")
+
+    answer_events.zip(events1){|answer, event|
+      assert_equal answer, event, mesg
+    }
+
+    [:line, :class, :end, :call, :return, :c_call, :c_return, :raise].each{|event|
+      events1, answer_events = *trace_by_tracepoint(event)
+      answer_events.find_all{|e| e[0] == event}.zip(events1){|answer_line, event_line|
+        assert_equal answer_line, event_line
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Bug #18264
+  def test_tracepoint_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, rss: true)
+code = proc { TracePoint.new(:line) { } }
+1_000.times(&code)
+PREP
+1_000_000.times(&code)
+CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_bmethod_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], '', "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #20194]", rss: true)
+      obj = Object.new
+      obj.define_singleton_method(:foo) {}
+      bmethod = obj.method(:foo)
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:return) {}
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        tp.enable(target: bmethod) {}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def trace_by_set_trace_func
+    events = []
+    trace = nil
+    trace = trace
+    xyzzy = nil
+    xyzzy = xyzzy
+    _local_var = :outer
+    method = :trace_by_set_trace_func
+    raised_exc = nil
+
+    eval <<-EOF.gsub(/^.*?: /, ""), nil, 'xyzzy'
+    1: set_trace_func(lambda{|event, file, line, id, binding, klass|
+    2:   events << [event, line, file, klass, id, binding&.eval('self'), binding&.eval("_local_var")] if file == 'xyzzy'
+    3: })
+    4: [1].map!{|;_local_var| _local_var = :inner
+    5:   tap{}
+    6: }
+    7: class XYZZY
+    8:   _local_var = :XYZZY_outer
+    9:   def foo
+   10:     _local_var = :XYZZY_foo
+   11:     bar
+   12:   end
+   13:   def bar
+   14:     _local_var = :XYZZY_bar
+   15:     tap{}
+   16:   end
+   17: end
+   18: xyzzy = XYZZY.new
+   19: xyzzy.foo
+   20: begin; raise RuntimeError; rescue RuntimeError => raised_exc; end
+   21: set_trace_func(nil)
+    EOF
+    self.class.class_eval{remove_const(:XYZZY)}
+
+    answer_events = [
+     #
+     [:c_return, 1, "xyzzy", TracePoint,  :trace,           TracePoint,  nil,  nil],
+     [:line,     4, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,   4, 'xyzzy', Integer,     :times,           1,           nil, nil],
+     [:line,     4, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     5, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        :inner, :nothing],
+     [:c_return, 4, "xyzzy", Integer,     :times,           1,           nil, nil],
+     [:line,     7, 'xyzzy', self.class,  method,           self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,   7, "xyzzy", Class,       :inherited,       Object,      nil, nil],
+     [:c_return, 7, "xyzzy", Class,       :inherited,       Object,      nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,   7, "xyzzy", Class,       :const_added,     Object,      nil, nil],
+     [:c_return, 7, "xyzzy", Class,       :const_added,     Object,      nil, nil],
+     [:class,    7, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     8, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, nil,    :nothing],
+     [:line,     9, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, :XYZZY_outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,   9, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:c_return, 9, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:line,    13, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, :XYZZY_outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  13, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,13, "xyzzy", Module,      :method_added,    xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:end,     17, "xyzzy", nil,         nil,              xyzzy.class, :XYZZY_outer, :nothing],
+     [:line,    18, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  18, "xyzzy", Class,       :new,             xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,  18, "xyzzy", BasicObject, :initialize,      xyzzy,       nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,18, "xyzzy", BasicObject, :initialize,      xyzzy,       nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,18, "xyzzy", Class,       :new,             xyzzy.class, nil, nil],
+     [:line,    19, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self, :outer, :nothing],
+     [:call,     9, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       nil,  :nothing],
+     [:line,    10, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       nil,  :nothing],
+     [:line,    11, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_foo, :nothing],
+     [:call,    13, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       nil, :nothing],
+     [:line,    14, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       nil, :nothing],
+     [:line,    15, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_bar, :nothing],
+     [:return,  16, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :bar,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_bar, xyzzy],
+     [:return,  12, "xyzzy", xyzzy.class, :foo,             xyzzy,       :XYZZY_foo, xyzzy],
+     [:line,    20, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Kernel,      :raise,           self,        nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :exception,       RuntimeError, nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :initialize,      raised_exc,  nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :initialize,      raised_exc,  nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :exception,       RuntimeError, nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Kernel,      :raise,           self,        nil, nil],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :backtrace,       raised_exc,  nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Exception,   :backtrace,       raised_exc,  nil, nil],
+     [:raise,   20, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, :trace_by_tracepoint, self, :outer, raised_exc],
+     [:c_call,  20, "xyzzy", Module,      :===,             RuntimeError, nil, nil],
+     [:c_return,20, "xyzzy", Module,      :===,             RuntimeError, nil, nil],
+     [:line,    21, "xyzzy", TestSetTraceFunc, method,      self,        :outer, :nothing],
+     [:c_call,  21, "xyzzy", TracePoint,  :disable,         trace,       nil, nil],
+     ]
+    return events, answer_events
+  end
+
+  def test_set_trace_func_curry_argument_error
+    b = lambda {|x, y, z| (x||0) + (y||0) + (z||0) }.curry[1, 2]
+    set_trace_func(proc {})
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {b[3, 4]}
+  end
+
+  def test_set_trace_func
+    actual_events, expected_events = trace_by_set_trace_func
+    expected_events.zip(actual_events){|e, a|
+      a[0] = a[0].to_s.sub('-', '_').to_sym
+      assert_equal e[0..2], a[0..2], a.inspect
+
+      # event, line, file, klass, id, binding.eval('self'), binding.eval("_local_var")
+      assert_equal e[3].nil?, a[3].nil? # klass
+      assert_equal e[4].nil?, a[4].nil? # id
+      assert_equal e[6], a[6]           # _local_var
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_object_id
+    tps = []
+    trace = TracePoint.trace(){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      tps << tp
+    }
+    tap{}
+    tap{}
+    tap{}
+    trace.disable
+
+    # passed tp is unique, `trace' object which is generated by TracePoint.trace
+    tps.each{|tp|
+      assert_equal trace, tp
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_access_from_outside
+    tp_store = nil
+    trace = TracePoint.trace(){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      tp_store = tp
+    }
+    tap{}
+    trace.disable
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.lineno}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.event}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.path}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.method_id}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.defined_class}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.binding}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.self}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.return_value}
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){tp_store.raised_exception}
+  end
+
+  def foo
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_enable
+    ary = []
+    args = nil
+    begin
+      trace = TracePoint.new(:call){|tp|
+        next if !target_thread?
+        ary << tp.method_id
+      }
+      foo
+      trace.enable(target_thread: nil){|*a|
+        args = a
+        foo
+      }
+      foo
+      assert_equal([:foo], ary)
+      assert_equal([], args)
+    ensure
+      trace&.disable
+    end
+
+    trace = TracePoint.new{}
+    begin
+      assert_equal(false, trace.enable)
+      assert_equal(true, trace.enable)
+      trace.enable(target_thread: nil){}
+      trace.disable
+      assert_equal(false, trace.enable)
+    ensure
+      trace.disable
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_disable
+    ary = []
+    args = nil
+    trace = TracePoint.trace(:call){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      # In parallel testing, unexpected events like IO operations may be traced,
+      # so we filter out events here.
+      next unless [TracePoint, TestSetTraceFunc].include?(tp.defined_class)
+      ary << tp.method_id
+    }
+    foo
+    trace.disable{|*a|
+      args = a
+      foo
+    }
+    foo
+    trace.disable
+    assert_equal([:foo, :disable, :foo, :disable], ary)
+    assert_equal([], args)
+
+    trace = TracePoint.new{}
+    trace.enable{
+      assert_equal(true, trace.disable)
+      assert_equal(false, trace.disable)
+      trace.disable{}
+      assert_equal(false, trace.disable)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_enabled
+    trace = TracePoint.trace(:call){|tp|
+      #
+    }
+    assert_equal(true, trace.enabled?)
+    trace.disable{
+      assert_equal(false, trace.enabled?)
+      trace.enable{
+        assert_equal(true, trace.enabled?)
+      }
+    }
+    trace.disable
+    assert_equal(false, trace.enabled?)
+  end
+
+  def parameter_test(a, b, c)
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_parameters
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:line, :class, :end, :call, :return, :b_call, :b_return, :c_call, :c_return, :raise){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next if tp.path != __FILE__
+      case tp.event
+      when :call, :return
+        assert_equal([[:req, :a], [:req, :b], [:req, :c]], tp.parameters)
+      when :b_call, :b_return
+        next if tp.parameters == []
+        if tp.parameters.first == [:opt, :x]
+          assert_equal([[:opt, :x], [:opt, :y], [:opt, :z]], tp.parameters)
+        else
+          assert_equal([[:req, :p], [:req, :q], [:req, :r]], tp.parameters)
+        end
+      when :c_call, :c_return
+        assert_equal([[:req]], tp.parameters) if tp.method_id == :getbyte
+      when :line, :class, :end, :raise
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { tp.parameters }
+      end
+    }
+    obj = Object.new
+    trace.enable{
+      parameter_test(1, 2, 3) {|x, y, z|
+      }
+      lambda {|p, q, r| }.call(4, 5, 6)
+      "".getbyte(0)
+      class << obj
+      end
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def method_test_tracepoint_return_value obj
+    obj
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_return_value
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next if tp.path != __FILE__
+      case tp.event
+      when :call
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) {tp.return_value}
+      when :return
+        assert_equal("xyzzy", tp.return_value)
+      end
+    }
+    trace.enable{
+      method_test_tracepoint_return_value "xyzzy"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_attr
+    c = Class.new do
+      attr_accessor :x
+      alias y x
+      alias y= x=
+    end
+    obj = c.new
+
+    ar_meth = obj.method(:x)
+    aw_meth = obj.method(:x=)
+    aar_meth = obj.method(:y)
+    aaw_meth = obj.method(:y=)
+    events = []
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next if tp.path != __FILE__
+      next if tp.method_id == :call
+      case tp.event
+      when :c_call
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) {tp.return_value}
+        events << [tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.callee_id]
+      when :c_return
+        events << [tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.callee_id, tp.return_value]
+      end
+    }
+    test_proc = proc do
+      obj.x = 1
+      obj.x
+      obj.y = 2
+      obj.y
+      aw_meth.call(1)
+      ar_meth.call
+      aaw_meth.call(2)
+      aar_meth.call
+    end
+    test_proc.call # populate call caches
+    trace.enable(&test_proc)
+    expected = [
+      [:c_call, :x=, :x=],
+      [:c_return, :x=, :x=, 1],
+      [:c_call, :x, :x],
+      [:c_return, :x, :x, 1],
+      [:c_call, :x=, :y=],
+      [:c_return, :x=, :y=, 2],
+      [:c_call, :x, :y],
+      [:c_return, :x, :y, 2],
+    ]
+    assert_equal(expected*2, events)
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_struct
+    c = Struct.new(:x) do
+      alias y x
+      alias y= x=
+    end
+    obj = c.new
+
+    ar_meth = obj.method(:x)
+    aw_meth = obj.method(:x=)
+    aar_meth = obj.method(:y)
+    aaw_meth = obj.method(:y=)
+    events = []
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next if tp.path != __FILE__
+      next if tp.method_id == :call
+      case tp.event
+      when :c_call
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) {tp.return_value}
+        events << [tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.callee_id]
+      when :c_return
+        events << [tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.callee_id, tp.return_value]
+      end
+    }
+    test_proc = proc do
+      obj.x = 1
+      obj.x
+      obj.y = 2
+      obj.y
+      aw_meth.call(1)
+      ar_meth.call
+      aaw_meth.call(2)
+      aar_meth.call
+    end
+    test_proc.call # populate call caches
+    trace.enable(&test_proc)
+    expected = [
+      [:c_call, :x=, :x=],
+      [:c_return, :x=, :x=, 1],
+      [:c_call, :x, :x],
+      [:c_return, :x, :x, 1],
+      [:c_call, :x=, :y=],
+      [:c_return, :x=, :y=, 2],
+      [:c_call, :x, :y],
+      [:c_return, :x, :y, 2],
+    ]
+    assert_equal(expected*2, events)
+  end
+
+  class XYZZYException < Exception; end
+  def method_test_tracepoint_raised_exception err
+    raise err
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_raised_exception
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:call, :return, :raise){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      case tp.event
+      when :call, :return
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { tp.raised_exception }
+      when :raise
+        assert_kind_of(XYZZYException, tp.raised_exception)
+      end
+    }
+    trace.enable{
+      begin
+        method_test_tracepoint_raised_exception XYZZYException
+      rescue XYZZYException
+        # ok
+      else
+        raise
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def method_for_test_tracepoint_block
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_block
+    events = []
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return, :c_call, :b_call, :c_return, :b_return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      events << [
+        tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.defined_class, tp.self.class,
+        /return/ =~ tp.event ? tp.return_value : nil
+      ]
+    }.enable{
+      [1].map!{
+        3
+      }
+      method_for_test_tracepoint_block{
+        4
+      }
+    }
+    # pp events
+    # expected_events =
+    [[:b_call, :test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, nil],
+     [:c_call, :map!, Array, Array, nil],
+     [:b_call, :test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, nil],
+     [:b_return, :test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, 3],
+     [:c_return, :map!, Array, Array, [3]],
+     [:call, :method_for_test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, nil],
+     [:b_call, :test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, nil],
+     [:b_return, :test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, 4],
+     [:return, :method_for_test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, 4],
+     [:b_return, :test_tracepoint_block, TestSetTraceFunc, TestSetTraceFunc, 4]
+    ].zip(events){|expected, actual|
+      assert_equal(expected, actual)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_thread
+    events = []
+    thread_self = nil
+    created_thread = nil
+    TracePoint.new(:thread_begin, :thread_end){|tp|
+      events << [Thread.current,
+                 tp.event,
+                 tp.lineno,  #=> 0
+                 tp.path,    #=> nil
+                 tp.binding, #=> nil
+                 tp.defined_class, #=> nil,
+                 tp.self.class # tp.self return creating/ending thread
+                 ]
+    }.enable(target_thread: nil){
+      created_thread = Thread.new{thread_self = self}
+      created_thread.join
+    }
+    events.reject!{|i| i[0] != created_thread}
+    assert_equal(self, thread_self)
+    assert_equal([created_thread, :thread_begin, 0, nil, nil, nil, Thread], events[0])
+    assert_equal([created_thread, :thread_end, 0, nil, nil, nil, Thread], events[1])
+    assert_equal(2, events.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_inspect
+    events = []
+    th = nil
+    trace = TracePoint.new{|tp|
+      next if !target_thread? && th != Thread.current
+      events << [tp.event, tp.inspect]
+    }
+    assert_equal("#<TracePoint:disabled>", trace.inspect)
+    trace.enable{
+      assert_equal("#<TracePoint:enabled>", trace.inspect)
+      th = Thread.new{}
+      th.join
+    }
+    assert_equal("#<TracePoint:disabled>", trace.inspect)
+    events.each{|(ev, str)|
+      case ev
+      when :line
+        assert_match(/ in /, str)
+      when :call, :c_call
+        assert_match(/call \'/, str) # #<TracePoint:c_call 'inherited' ../trunk/test.rb:11>
+      when :return, :c_return
+        assert_match(/return \'/, str) # #<TracePoint:return 'm' ../trunk/test.rb:3>
+      when /thread/
+        assert_match(/\#<Thread:/, str) # #<TracePoint:thread_end of #<Thread:0x87076c0>>
+      else
+        assert_match(/\#<TracePoint:/, str)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_exception_at_line
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      TracePoint.new(:line) {
+        next if !target_thread?
+        raise
+      }.enable {
+        1
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_exception_at_return
+    assert_nothing_raised(Timeout::Error, 'infinite trace') do
+      assert_normal_exit('def m; end; TracePoint.new(:return) {raise}.enable {m}', '', timeout: 3)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_exception_at_c_return
+    assert_nothing_raised(Timeout::Error, 'infinite trace') do
+      assert_normal_exit %q{
+        begin
+          TracePoint.new(:c_return){|tp|
+            raise
+          }.enable{
+            tap{ itself }
+          }
+        rescue
+        end
+      }, '', timeout: 3
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_with_multithreads
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      TracePoint.new(:line){
+        10.times{
+          Thread.pass
+        }
+      }.enable do
+        (1..10).map{
+          Thread.new{
+            1_000.times{|i|
+              _a = i
+            }
+          }
+        }.each{|th|
+          th.join
+        }
+      end
+      _a = 1
+      _b = 2
+      _c = 3 # to make sure the deletion of unused TracePoints
+    end
+  end
+
+  class FOO_ERROR < RuntimeError; end
+  class BAR_ERROR < RuntimeError; end
+  def m1_test_trace_point_at_return_when_exception
+    m2_test_trace_point_at_return_when_exception
+  end
+  def m2_test_trace_point_at_return_when_exception
+    raise BAR_ERROR
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_point_at_return_when_exception
+    bug_7624 = '[ruby-core:51128] [ruby-trunk - Bug #7624]'
+    TracePoint.new{|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      if tp.event == :return &&
+        tp.method_id == :m2_test_trace_point_at_return_when_exception
+        raise FOO_ERROR
+      end
+    }.enable do
+      assert_raise(FOO_ERROR, bug_7624) do
+        m1_test_trace_point_at_return_when_exception
+      end
+    end
+
+    bug_7668 = '[Bug #7668]'
+    ary = []
+    trace = TracePoint.new{|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      ary << tp.event
+      raise
+    }
+    begin
+      trace.enable{
+        1.times{
+          raise
+        }
+      }
+    rescue
+      assert_equal([:b_call, :b_return], ary, bug_7668)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def m1_for_test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc(arg)
+    arg + nil
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  def m2_for_test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc(arg)
+    arg.inject(:+)
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc
+    bug7774 = '[ruby-dev:46908]'
+    src = %q{
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:raise) do |tp|
+        tp.binding
+      end
+      tp.enable do
+        obj = Object.new
+        class << obj
+          include Enumerable
+          def each
+            yield 1
+          end
+        end
+        %s
+      end
+    }
+    assert_normal_exit src % %q{obj.zip({}) {}}, bug7774
+    if respond_to?(:callcc)
+      assert_normal_exit src % %q{
+        require 'continuation'
+        begin
+          c = nil
+          obj.sort_by {|x| callcc {|c2| c ||= c2 }; x }
+          c.call
+        rescue RuntimeError
+        end
+      }, bug7774
+    end
+
+    # TracePoint
+    tp_b = nil
+    TracePoint.new(:raise) do |tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      tp_b = tp.binding
+    end.enable do
+      m1_for_test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc(0)
+      assert_equal(self, eval('self', tp_b), '[ruby-dev:46960]')
+
+      m2_for_test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc([0, nil])
+      assert_equal(self, eval('self', tp_b), '[ruby-dev:46960]')
+    end
+
+    # set_trace_func
+    stf_b = nil
+    set_trace_func ->(event, file, line, id, binding, klass) do
+      stf_b = binding if event == 'raise'
+    end
+    begin
+      m1_for_test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc(0)
+      assert_equal(self, eval('self', stf_b), '[ruby-dev:46960]')
+
+      m2_for_test_trace_point_binding_in_ifunc([0, nil])
+      assert_equal(self, eval('self', stf_b), '[ruby-dev:46960]')
+    ensure
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_point_binding_after_break
+    bug10689 = '[ruby-dev:48797]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], [], bug10689)
+      class Bug
+        include Enumerable
+
+        def each
+          [0].each do
+            yield
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      TracePoint.trace(:c_return) do |tp|
+        tp.binding
+      end
+
+      Bug.new.all? { false }
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_b_return_with_next
+    n = 0
+    TracePoint.new(:b_return){
+      next if !target_thread?
+      n += 1
+    }.enable{
+      3.times{
+        next
+      } # 3 times b_return
+    }   # 1 time b_return
+
+    assert_equal 4, n
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_b_return_with_lambda
+    n = 0
+    TracePoint.new(:b_return){
+      next if !target_thread?
+      n+=1
+    }.enable{
+      lambda{
+        return
+      }.call     # n += 1 #=> 1
+      3.times{
+        lambda{
+          return # n += 3 #=> 4
+        }.call
+      }          # n += 3 #=> 7
+      begin
+        lambda{
+          raise
+        }.call   # n += 1 #=> 8
+      rescue
+        # ignore
+      end        # n += 1 #=> 9
+    }
+
+    assert_equal 9, n
+  end
+
+  def test_isolated_raise_in_trace
+    bug9088 = '[ruby-dev:47793] [Bug #9088]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-END, [], [], bug9088)
+    set_trace_func proc {raise rescue nil}
+    1.times {break}
+    END
+  end
+
+  def test_a_call
+    events = []
+    log = []
+    TracePoint.new(:a_call){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      events << tp.event
+      log << "| event:#{ tp.event } method_id:#{ tp.method_id } #{ tp.path }:#{ tp.lineno }"
+    }.enable{
+      [1].map!{
+        3
+      }
+      method_for_test_tracepoint_block{
+        4
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      :b_call,
+      :c_call,
+      :b_call,
+      :call,
+      :b_call,
+    ], events, "TracePoint log:\n#{ log.join("\n") }\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_a_return
+    events = []
+    log = []
+    TracePoint.new(:a_return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      events << tp.event
+      log << "| event:#{ tp.event } method_id:#{ tp.method_id } #{ tp.path }:#{ tp.lineno }"
+    }.enable{
+      [1].map!{
+        3
+      }
+      method_for_test_tracepoint_block{
+        4
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      :b_return,
+      :c_return,
+      :b_return,
+      :return,
+      :b_return
+    ], events, "TracePoint log:\n#{ log.join("\n") }\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_const_missing
+    bug59398 = '[ruby-core:59398]'
+    events = []
+    assert !defined?(MISSING_CONSTANT_59398)
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return, :call, :return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next unless tp.defined_class == Module
+      # rake/ext/module.rb aliases :const_missing and Ruby uses the aliased name
+      # but this only happens when running the full test suite
+      events << [tp.event,tp.method_id] if tp.method_id == :const_missing || tp.method_id == :rake_original_const_missing
+    }.enable{
+      MISSING_CONSTANT_59398 rescue nil
+    }
+    if events.map{|e|e[1]}.include?(:rake_original_const_missing)
+      assert_equal([
+        [:call, :const_missing],
+        [:c_call, :rake_original_const_missing],
+        [:c_return, :rake_original_const_missing],
+        [:return, :const_missing],
+      ], events, bug59398)
+    else
+      assert_equal([
+        [:c_call, :const_missing],
+        [:c_return, :const_missing]
+      ], events, bug59398)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AliasedRubyMethod
+    def foo; 1; end;
+    alias bar foo
+  end
+  def test_aliased_ruby_method
+    events = []
+    aliased = AliasedRubyMethod.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      aliased.bar
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      [:call, :foo],
+      [:return, :foo]
+    ], events, "should use original method name for tracing ruby methods")
+  end
+  class AliasedCMethod < Hash
+    alias original_size size
+    def size; original_size; end
+  end
+
+  def test_aliased_c_method
+    events = []
+    aliased = AliasedCMethod.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return, :c_call, :c_return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      aliased.size
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      [:call, :size],
+      [:c_call, :size],
+      [:c_return, :size],
+      [:return, :size]
+    ], events, "should use alias method name for tracing c methods")
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing
+    bug59398 = '[ruby-core:59398]'
+    events = []
+    assert !respond_to?(:missing_method_59398)
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return, :call, :return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next unless tp.defined_class == BasicObject
+      # rake/ext/module.rb aliases :const_missing and Ruby uses the aliased name
+      # but this only happens when running the full test suite
+      events << [tp.event,tp.method_id] if tp.method_id == :method_missing
+    }.enable{
+      missing_method_59398 rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      [:c_call, :method_missing],
+      [:c_return, :method_missing]
+    ], events, bug59398)
+  end
+
+  class C9759
+    define_method(:foo){
+      raise
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_on_exception
+    events = []
+    obj = C9759.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      obj.foo rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal([[:call, :foo], [:return, :foo]], events, 'Bug #9759')
+
+    events = []
+    begin
+      set_trace_func(lambda{|event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+        next unless target_thread?
+        case event
+        when 'call', 'return'
+          events << [event, mid]
+        end
+      })
+      obj.foo rescue nil
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+
+      assert_equal([['call', :foo], ['return', :foo]], events, 'Bug #9759')
+    ensure
+    end
+  end
+
+  class C11492
+    define_method(:foo_return){
+      return true
+    }
+    define_method(:foo_break){
+      break true
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_on_return
+    # return
+    events = []
+    obj = C11492.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      obj.foo_return
+    }
+    assert_equal([[:call, :foo_return], [:return, :foo_return]], events, 'Bug #11492')
+
+    # break
+    events = []
+    obj = C11492.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      obj.foo_break
+    }
+    assert_equal([[:call, :foo_break], [:return, :foo_break]], events, 'Bug #11492')
+
+    # set_trace_func
+    # return
+    events = []
+    begin
+      set_trace_func(lambda{|event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+        next unless target_thread?
+        case event
+        when 'call', 'return'
+          events << [event, mid]
+        end
+      })
+      obj.foo_return
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+
+      assert_equal([['call', :foo_return], ['return', :foo_return]], events, 'Bug #11492')
+    ensure
+    end
+
+    # break
+    events = []
+    begin
+      set_trace_func(lambda{|event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+        next unless target_thread?
+        case event
+        when 'call', 'return'
+          events << [event, mid]
+        end
+      })
+      obj.foo_break
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+
+      assert_equal([['call', :foo_break], ['return', :foo_break]], events, 'Bug #11492')
+    ensure
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive
+    assert_in_out_err([], %q{\
+      TracePoint.new(:c_call){|tp|
+        p tp.method_id
+      }.enable{
+        p 1
+      }
+    }, %w[:p :to_s 1], [], '[Bug #9940]')
+  end
+
+  def method_prefix event
+    case event
+    when :call, :return
+      :n
+    when :c_call, :c_return
+      :c
+    when :b_call, :b_return
+      :b
+    end
+  end
+
+  def method_label tp
+    "#{method_prefix(tp.event)}##{tp.method_id}"
+  end
+
+  def assert_consistent_call_return message='', check_events: nil
+    check_events ||= %i(a_call a_return)
+    call_stack = []
+
+    TracePoint.new(*check_events){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+
+      case tp.event.to_s
+      when /call/
+        call_stack << method_label(tp)
+      when /return/
+        frame = call_stack.pop
+        assert_equal(frame, method_label(tp))
+      end
+    }.enable do
+      yield
+    end
+
+    assert_equal true, call_stack.empty?
+  end
+
+  def method_test_rescue_should_not_cause_b_return
+    begin
+      raise
+    rescue
+      return
+    end
+  end
+
+  def method_test_ensure_should_not_cause_b_return
+    begin
+      raise
+    ensure
+      return
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_and_ensure_should_not_cause_b_return
+    assert_consistent_call_return '[Bug #9957]' do
+      method_test_rescue_should_not_cause_b_return
+      begin
+        method_test_ensure_should_not_cause_b_return
+      rescue
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  define_method(:method_test_argument_error_on_bmethod){|correct_key: 1|}
+
+  def test_argument_error_on_bmethod
+    assert_consistent_call_return '[Bug #9959]' do
+      begin
+        method_test_argument_error_on_bmethod(wrong_key: 2)
+      rescue
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_rescue
+    assert_consistent_call_return '[Bug #9961]' do
+      begin
+        -Numeric.new
+      rescue
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_b_call_with_redo
+    assert_consistent_call_return '[Bug #9964]' do
+      i = 0
+      1.times{
+        break if (i+=1) > 10
+        redo
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_duplicate_line_events
+    lines = []
+    dummy = []
+
+    TracePoint.new(:line){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      lines << tp.lineno
+    }.enable{
+      dummy << (1) + (2)
+      dummy << (1) + (2)
+    }
+    assert_equal [__LINE__ - 3, __LINE__ - 2], lines, 'Bug #10449'
+  end
+
+  def test_elsif_line_event
+    bug10763 = '[ruby-core:67720] [Bug #10763]'
+    lines = []
+    line = nil
+
+    TracePoint.new(:line){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      lines << tp.lineno if line
+    }.enable{
+      line = __LINE__
+      if !line
+        1
+      elsif line
+        2
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal [line+1, line+3, line+4], lines, bug10763
+  end
+
+  class Bug10724
+    def initialize
+      loop{return}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_throwing_return_with_finish_frame
+    evs = []
+
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      evs << tp.event
+    }.enable{
+      Bug10724.new
+    }
+
+    assert_equal([:call, :call, :return, :return], evs)
+  end
+
+  require 'fiber'
+  def test_fiber_switch
+    # test for resume/yield
+    evs = []
+    TracePoint.new(:fiber_switch){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      evs << tp.event
+    }.enable{
+      f = Fiber.new{
+        Fiber.yield
+        Fiber.yield
+        Fiber.yield
+      }
+      f.resume
+      f.resume
+      f.resume
+      f.resume
+      begin
+        f.resume
+      rescue FiberError
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal 8, evs.size
+    evs.each{|ev|
+      assert_equal ev, :fiber_switch
+    }
+
+    # test for raise into resumable fiber
+    evs = []
+    f = nil
+    TracePoint.new(:raise, :fiber_switch){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      evs << [tp.event, Fiber.current]
+    }.enable{
+      f = Fiber.new{
+        Fiber.yield # will raise
+        Fiber.yield # unreachable
+      }
+      begin
+        f.resume
+        f.raise StopIteration
+      rescue StopIteration
+        evs << :rescued
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f],             evs[0], "initial resume"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, Fiber.current], evs[1], "Fiber.yield"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f],             evs[2], "fiber.raise"
+    assert_equal [:raise, f],                    evs[3], "fiber.raise"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, Fiber.current], evs[4], "terminated with raise"
+    assert_equal [:raise, Fiber.current],        evs[5], "terminated with raise"
+    assert_equal :rescued,                       evs[6]
+    assert_equal 7, evs.size
+
+    # test for transfer
+    evs = []
+    TracePoint.new(:fiber_switch){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      evs << tp.event
+    }.enable{
+      f1 = f2 = nil
+      f1 = Fiber.new{
+        f2.transfer
+        f2.transfer
+        Fiber.yield :ok
+      }
+      f2 = Fiber.new{
+        f1.transfer
+        f1.transfer
+      }
+      assert_equal :ok, f1.resume
+    }
+    assert_equal 6, evs.size
+    evs.each{|ev|
+      assert_equal ev, :fiber_switch
+    }
+
+    # test for raise and from transferring fibers
+    evs = []
+    f1 = f2 = nil
+    TracePoint.new(:raise, :fiber_switch){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      evs << [tp.event, Fiber.current]
+    }.enable{
+      f1 = Fiber.new{
+        f2.transfer
+        f2.raise ScriptError
+        Fiber.yield :ok
+      }
+      f2 = Fiber.new{
+        f1.transfer
+        f1.transfer
+      }
+      begin
+        f1.resume
+      rescue ScriptError
+        evs << :rescued
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f1],            evs[0], "initial resume"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f2],            evs[1], "f2.transfer"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f1],            evs[2], "f1.transfer"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f2],            evs[3], "f2.raise ScriptError"
+    assert_equal [:raise,        f2],            evs[4], "f2.raise ScriptError"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, f1],            evs[5], "f2 unhandled exception"
+    assert_equal [:raise,        f1],            evs[6], "f2 unhandled exception"
+    assert_equal [:fiber_switch, Fiber.current], evs[7], "f1 unhandled exception"
+    assert_equal [:raise,        Fiber.current], evs[8], "f1 unhandled exception"
+    assert_equal :rescued,                       evs[9], "rescued everything"
+    assert_equal 10, evs.size
+
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_callee_id
+    events = []
+    capture_events = Proc.new{|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.callee_id]
+    }
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      def m
+        raise
+      end
+      alias alias_m m
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:raise, :call, :return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.alias_m rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:call, :m, :alias_m], [:raise, :m, :alias_m], [:return, :m, :alias_m]], events
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      alias alias_raise raise
+      def m
+        alias_raise
+      end
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:c_return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.m rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal [:c_return, :raise, :alias_raise], events[0]
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new(String){
+      include Enumerable
+      alias each each_char
+    }.new('foo')
+    TracePoint.new(:c_return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.find{true}
+    }
+    assert_equal [:c_return, :each_char, :each], events[0]
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      define_method(:m){}
+      alias alias_m m
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.alias_m
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:call, :m, :alias_m], [:return, :m, :alias_m]], events
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      def m
+        tap{return}
+      end
+      alias alias_m m
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.alias_m
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:return, :tap, :tap], [:return, :m, :alias_m]], events
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      define_method(:m){raise}
+      alias alias_m m
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:b_return, :return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.alias_m rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :m, :alias_m], [:return, :m, :alias_m]], events[0..1]
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      define_method(:m){tap{return}}
+      alias alias_m m
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:b_return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.alias_m
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :m, :alias_m], [:b_return, :m, :alias_m]], events[0..1]
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      alias alias_singleton_class singleton_class
+      define_method(:m){alias_singleton_class}
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:c_return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.m
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:c_return, :singleton_class, :alias_singleton_class]], events
+    events.clear
+
+    c = Class.new{
+      alias initialize itself
+    }
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call, &capture_events).enable{
+      c.new
+    }
+    assert_equal [:c_call, :itself, :initialize], events[0]
+    events.clear
+
+    o = Class.new{
+      alias alias_itself itself
+    }.new
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return, &capture_events).enable{
+      o.alias_itself
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:c_call, :itself, :alias_itself], [:c_return, :itself, :alias_itself]], events
+    events.clear
+  end
+
+  # tests for `return_value` with non-local exit [Bug #13369]
+
+  def tp_return_value mid
+    ary = []
+    TracePoint.new(:return, :b_return){|tp|
+      next if !target_thread?
+      next if tp.path != __FILE__
+      ary << [tp.event, tp.method_id, tp.return_value]
+    }.enable{
+      send mid
+    }
+    ary.pop # last b_return event is not required.
+    ary
+  end
+
+  def test_single_raise_inside_load
+    events = []
+    tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir
+    path = "#{tmpdir}/hola.rb"
+    File.open(path, "w") { |f| f.write("raise") }
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:raise) {|tp| events << [tp.event] if target_thread?}
+    tp.enable{
+      load path rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:raise]], events
+    events.clear
+    tp.enable{
+      require path rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal [[:raise]], events
+  ensure
+    FileUtils.rmtree(tmpdir)
+  end
+
+  def f_raise
+    raise
+  rescue
+    return :f_raise_return
+  end
+
+  def f_iter1
+    yield
+    return :f_iter1_return
+  end
+
+  def f_iter2
+    yield
+    return :f_iter2_return
+  end
+
+  def f_return_in_iter
+    f_iter1 do
+      f_iter2 do
+        return :f_return_in_iter_return
+      end
+    end
+    2
+  end
+
+  def f_break_in_iter
+    f_iter1 do
+      f_iter2 do
+        break :f_break_in_iter_break
+      end
+      :f_iter1_block_value
+    end
+    :f_break_in_iter_return
+  end
+
+  def test_return_value_with_rescue
+    assert_equal [[:return,   :f_raise,          :f_raise_return]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_raise),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_return_in_iter, nil],
+                  [:return,   :f_iter2,          nil],
+                  [:b_return, :f_return_in_iter, nil],
+                  [:return,   :f_iter1,          nil],
+                  [:return,   :f_return_in_iter, :f_return_in_iter_return]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_return_in_iter),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_break_in_iter,  :f_break_in_iter_break],
+                  [:return,   :f_iter2,          nil],
+                  [:b_return, :f_break_in_iter,  :f_iter1_block_value],
+                  [:return,   :f_iter1,          :f_iter1_return],
+                  [:return,   :f_break_in_iter,  :f_break_in_iter_return]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_break_in_iter),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+  end
+
+  define_method(:f_last_defined) do
+    :f_last_defined
+  end
+
+  define_method(:f_return_defined) do
+    return :f_return_defined
+  end
+
+  define_method(:f_break_defined) do
+    break :f_break_defined
+  end
+
+  define_method(:f_raise_defined) do
+    raise
+  rescue
+    return :f_raise_defined
+  end
+
+  define_method(:f_break_in_rescue_defined) do
+    raise
+  rescue
+    break :f_break_in_rescue_defined
+  end
+
+  def test_return_value_with_rescue_and_defined_methods
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_last_defined, :f_last_defined],
+                  [:return,   :f_last_defined, :f_last_defined]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_last_defined),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_return_defined, :f_return_defined],
+                  [:return,   :f_return_defined, :f_return_defined]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_return_defined),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_break_defined, :f_break_defined],
+                  [:return,   :f_break_defined, :f_break_defined]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_break_defined),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_raise_defined, f_raise_defined],
+                  [:return,   :f_raise_defined, f_raise_defined]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_raise_defined),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_break_in_rescue_defined, f_break_in_rescue_defined],
+                  [:return,   :f_break_in_rescue_defined, f_break_in_rescue_defined]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_break_in_rescue_defined),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+  end
+
+  define_method(:just_yield) do |&block|
+    block.call
+  end
+
+  define_method(:unwind_multiple_bmethods) do
+    just_yield { return :unwind_multiple_bmethods }
+  end
+
+  def test_non_local_return_across_multiple_define_methods
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :unwind_multiple_bmethods, nil],
+                  [:b_return, :just_yield, nil],
+                  [:return,   :just_yield, nil],
+                  [:b_return, :unwind_multiple_bmethods, :unwind_multiple_bmethods],
+                  [:return,   :unwind_multiple_bmethods, :unwind_multiple_bmethods]],
+                 tp_return_value(:unwind_multiple_bmethods)
+  end
+
+  def f_iter
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def f_break_in_rescue
+    f_iter do
+      begin
+        raise
+      rescue
+        break :b
+      end
+    end
+    :f_break_in_rescue_return_value
+  end
+
+  def test_break_with_rescue
+    assert_equal [[:b_return, :f_break_in_rescue, :b],
+                  [:return, :f_iter, nil],
+                  [:return, :f_break_in_rescue, :f_break_in_rescue_return_value]],
+                 tp_return_value(:f_break_in_rescue),
+                 '[Bug #13369]'
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_point_raising_exception_in_bmethod_call
+    bug13705 = '[ruby-dev:50162]'
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      define_method(:m) {}
+
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:call) do
+        raise ''
+      end
+
+      tap do
+        tap do
+          begin
+            tp.enable
+            m
+          rescue
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }, bug13705
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_point_require_block
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { TracePoint.new(:return) }
+  end
+
+  def method_for_test_thread_add_trace_func
+
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_add_trace_func
+    events = []
+    base_line = __LINE__
+    q = []
+    t = Thread.new{
+      Thread.current.add_trace_func proc{|ev, file, line, *args|
+        events << [ev, line] if file == __FILE__
+      } # do not stop trace. They will be stopped at Thread termination.
+      q.push 1
+      _x = 1
+      method_for_test_thread_add_trace_func
+      _y = 2
+    }
+    q.pop
+    method_for_test_thread_add_trace_func
+    t.join
+    assert_equal ["c-return", base_line + 3], events[0]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 6],     events[1]
+    assert_equal ["c-call", base_line + 6],   events[2]
+    assert_equal ["c-return", base_line + 6], events[3]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 7],     events[4]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 8],     events[5]
+    assert_equal ["call", base_line + -6],    events[6]
+    assert_equal ["return", base_line + -4],  events[7]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 9],     events[8]
+    assert_equal nil,                         events[9]
+
+    # other thread
+    events = []
+    m2t_q = Thread::Queue.new
+
+    t = Thread.new{
+      Thread.current.abort_on_exception = true
+      assert_equal 1, m2t_q.pop
+      _x = 1
+      method_for_test_thread_add_trace_func
+      _y = 2
+      Thread.current.set_trace_func(nil)
+      method_for_test_thread_add_trace_func
+    }
+    # it is dirty hack. usually we shouldn't use such technique
+    Thread.pass until t.status == 'sleep'
+
+    t.add_trace_func proc{|ev, file, line, *args|
+      if file == __FILE__
+        events << [ev, line]
+      end
+    }
+
+    method_for_test_thread_add_trace_func
+
+    m2t_q.push 1
+    t.join
+
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 32],     events[0]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 33],     events[1]
+    assert_equal ["call", base_line + -6],     events[2]
+    assert_equal ["return", base_line + -4],   events[3]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 34],     events[4]
+    assert_equal ["line", base_line + 35],     events[5]
+    assert_equal ["c-call", base_line + 35],   events[6] # Thread.current
+    assert_equal ["c-return", base_line + 35], events[7] # Thread.current
+    assert_equal ["c-call", base_line + 35],   events[8] # Thread#set_trace_func
+    assert_equal nil,                          events[9]
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno_in_optimized_insn
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $loc = nil
+      class String
+        undef -@
+        def -@
+          $loc = caller_locations(1, 1)[0].lineno
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_predicate(-"", :frozen?)
+      assert_equal(__LINE__-1, $loc, '[Bug #14809]')
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def method_for_enable_target1
+    a = 1
+    b = 2
+    1.times{|i|
+      _x = i
+    }
+    _c = a + b
+  end
+
+  def method_for_enable_target2
+    a = 1
+    b = 2
+    1.times{|i|
+      _x = i
+    }
+    _c = a + b
+  end
+
+  def check_with_events(trace_point_events, expected_events = trace_point_events)
+    all_events = [[:call, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:b_call, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:b_return, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:return, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  # repeat
+                  [:call, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:b_call, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:b_return, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:line, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                  [:return, :method_for_enable_target1],
+                 ]
+    events = []
+    TracePoint.new(*trace_point_events) do |tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    end.enable(target: method(:method_for_enable_target1)) do
+      method_for_enable_target1
+      method_for_enable_target2
+      method_for_enable_target1
+    end
+
+    assert_equal all_events.keep_if { |(ev)| expected_events.include? ev }, events
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_enable_target
+    check_with_events([:line])
+    check_with_events([:call, :return])
+    check_with_events([:line, :call, :return])
+    check_with_events([:call, :return, :b_call, :b_return])
+    check_with_events([:line, :call, :return, :b_call, :b_return])
+
+    # No arguments passed into TracePoint.new enables all ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS
+    check_with_events([], [:line, :class, :end, :call, :return, :c_call, :c_return, :b_call, :b_return, :rescue])
+
+    # Raise event should be ignored
+    check_with_events([:line, :raise])
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_nested_enabled_with_target
+    code1 = proc{
+      _a = 1
+    }
+    code2 = proc{
+      _b = 2
+    }
+
+    ## error
+
+    # targeted TP and targeted TP
+    ex = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:line){}
+      tp.enable(target: code1){
+        tp.enable(target: code2){}
+      }
+    end
+    assert_equal "can't nest-enable a targeting TracePoint", ex.message
+
+    # global TP and targeted TP
+    ex = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:line){}
+      tp.enable(target_thread: nil){
+        tp.enable(target: code2){}
+      }
+    end
+    assert_equal "can't nest-enable a targeting TracePoint", ex.message
+
+    # targeted TP and global TP
+    ex = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:line){}
+      tp.enable(target: code1){
+        tp.enable{}
+      }
+    end
+    assert_equal "can't nest-enable a targeting TracePoint", ex.message
+
+    # targeted TP and disable
+    ex = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:line){}
+      tp.enable(target: code1){
+        tp.disable{}
+      }
+    end
+    assert_equal "can't disable a targeting TracePoint in a block", ex.message
+
+    ## success with two nesting targeting tracepoints
+    events = []
+    tp1 = TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| events << :tp1}
+    tp2 = TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| events << :tp2}
+    tp1.enable(target: code1) do
+      tp2.enable(target: code1) do
+        code1.call
+        events << :___
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal [:tp2, :tp1, :___], events
+
+    # success with two tracepoints (global/targeting)
+    events = []
+    tp1 = TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| events << :tp1}
+    tp2 = TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| events << :tp2}
+    tp1.enable do
+      tp2.enable(target: code1) do
+        code1.call
+        events << :___
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal [:tp1, :tp1, :tp1, :tp1, :tp2, :tp1, :___], events
+
+    # success with two tracepoints (targeting/global)
+    events = []
+    tp1 = TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| events << :tp1}
+    tp2 = TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| events << :tp2}
+    tp1.enable(target: code1) do
+      tp2.enable do
+        code1.call
+        events << :___
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal [:tp2, :tp2, :tp1, :tp2, :___], events
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_enable_with_target_line
+    events = []
+    line_0 = __LINE__
+    code1 = proc{
+      events << 1
+      events << 2
+      events << 3
+    }
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp|
+      events << :tp
+    end
+    tp.enable(target: code1, target_line: line_0 + 3) do
+      code1.call
+    end
+    assert_equal [1, :tp, 2, 3], events
+
+
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      TracePoint.new(:line){}.enable(target_line: 10){}
+    end
+    assert_equal 'only target_line is specified', e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      TracePoint.new(:call){}.enable(target: code1, target_line: 10){}
+    end
+    assert_equal 'target_line is specified, but line event is not specified', e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_enable_with_target_line_two_times
+    events = []
+    line_0 = __LINE__
+    code1 = proc{
+      events << 1 # tp1
+      events << 2
+      events << 3 # tp2
+    }
+
+    tp1 = TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp|
+      events << :tp1
+    end
+    tp2 = TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp|
+      events << :tp2
+    end
+
+    tp1.enable(target: code1, target_line: line_0 + 2) do
+      tp2.enable(target: code1, target_line: line_0 + 4) do
+        # two hooks
+        code1.call
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal [:tp1, 1, 2, :tp2, 3], events
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_enable
+    ary = []
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:call) do |tp|
+      ary << tp.method_id
+    end
+    trace.enable
+    trace.enable
+    foo
+    trace.disable
+    assert_equal(1, ary.count(:foo), '[Bug #19114]')
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_tracepoints_same_bmethod
+    events = []
+    tp1 = TracePoint.new(:return) do |tp|
+      events << :tp1
+    end
+    tp2 = TracePoint.new(:return) do |tp|
+      events << :tp2
+    end
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.define_singleton_method(:foo) {}
+    bmethod = obj.method(:foo)
+
+    tp1.enable(target: bmethod) do
+      tp2.enable(target: bmethod) do
+        obj.foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal([:tp2, :tp1], events, '[Bug #18031]')
+  end
+
+  def test_script_compiled
+    events = []
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:script_compiled){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.instruction_sequence.path,
+                 tp.eval_script]
+    }
+
+    eval_script = 'a = 1'
+    tp.enable{
+      eval(eval_script, nil, __FILE__+"/eval")
+      nil.instance_eval(eval_script, __FILE__+"/instance_eval")
+      Object.class_eval(eval_script, __FILE__+"/class_eval")
+    }
+    assert_equal [[__FILE__+"/eval", eval_script],
+                  [__FILE__+"/instance_eval", eval_script],
+                  [__FILE__+"/class_eval", eval_script],
+                 ], events
+
+    events.clear
+    tp.enable{
+      begin
+        eval('a=')
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal [], events, 'script_compiled event should not be invoked on compile error'
+
+    omit "TODO: test for requires"
+
+    events.clear
+    tp.enable{
+      require ''
+      require_relative ''
+      load ''
+    }
+    assert_equal [], events
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_target_thread
+    events = []
+    TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp|
+      events << Thread.current
+    end.enable(target_thread: Thread.current) do
+      _a = 1
+      Thread.new{
+        _b = 2
+        _c = 3
+      }.join
+      _d = 4
+    end
+    assert_equal Array.new(3){Thread.current}, events
+
+    events = []
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp|
+      events << Thread.current
+    end
+
+    q1 = Thread::Queue.new
+    q2 = Thread::Queue.new
+
+    th = Thread.new{
+      q1 << :ok; q2.pop
+      _t1 = 1
+      _t2 = 2
+    }
+    q1.pop
+    tp.enable(target_thread: th) do
+      q2 << 1
+      _a = 1
+      _b = 2
+      th.join
+    end
+
+    assert_equal Array.new(2){th}, events
+  end
+
+  def test_return_bmethod_location
+    bug13392 = "[ruby-core:80515] incorrect bmethod return location"
+    actual = nil
+    obj = Object.new
+    expected = __LINE__ + 1
+    obj.define_singleton_method(:t){}
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:return) do
+      next unless target_thread?
+      actual = tp.lineno
+    end
+    tp.enable {obj.t}
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, bug13392)
+  end
+
+  def test_b_tracepoints_going_away
+    # test that call and return TracePoints continue to work
+    # when b_call and b_return TracePoints stop
+    events = []
+    record_events = ->(tp) do
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    end
+
+    call_ret_tp = TracePoint.new(:call, :return, &record_events)
+    block_call_ret_tp = TracePoint.new(:b_call, :b_return, &record_events)
+
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.define_singleton_method(:foo) {} # a bmethod
+
+    foo = obj.method(:foo)
+    call_ret_tp.enable(target: foo) do
+      block_call_ret_tp.enable(target: foo) do
+        obj.foo
+      end
+      obj.foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(
+      [
+        [:call,     :foo],
+        [:b_call,   :foo],
+        [:b_return, :foo],
+        [:return,   :foo],
+        [:call,     :foo],
+        [:return,   :foo],
+      ],
+      events,
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_target_different_bmethod_same_iseq
+    # make two bmethods that share the same block iseq
+    block = Proc.new {}
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.define_singleton_method(:one, &block)
+    obj.define_singleton_method(:two, &block)
+
+    events = []
+    record_events = ->(tp) do
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    end
+    tp_one = TracePoint.new(:call, :return, &record_events)
+    tp_two = TracePoint.new(:call, :return, &record_events)
+
+    tp_one.enable(target: obj.method(:one)) do
+      obj.one
+      obj.two # not targeted
+    end
+    assert_equal([[:call, :one], [:return, :one]], events)
+    events.clear
+
+    tp_one.enable(target: obj.method(:one)) do
+      obj.one
+      tp_two.enable(target: obj.method(:two)) do
+        obj.two
+      end
+      obj.two
+      obj.one
+    end
+    assert_equal(
+      [
+        [:call,   :one],
+        [:return, :one],
+        [:call,   :two],
+        [:return, :two],
+        [:call,   :one],
+        [:return, :one],
+      ],
+      events
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_return_event_with_rescue
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.example
+      1 if 1 == 1
+    rescue
+    end
+    ok = false
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:return) {ok = true}
+    tp.enable {obj.example}
+    assert ok, "return event should be emitted"
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_local_tracepoint_in_trace
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-EOS, timeout: 60)
+    def foo
+      trace = TracePoint.new(:b_return){|tp|
+        tp.disable
+      }
+      trace.enable(target: method(:bar))
+    end
+    def bar
+      100.times{|i|
+        foo; foo
+      }
+    end
+    bar
+    EOS
+
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-EOS, 'Bug #18730')
+    def bar
+      42
+    end
+    tp_line = TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp0|
+      tp_multi1 = TracePoint.new(:return, :b_return, :line) do |tp|
+        tp0.disable
+      end
+      tp_multi1.enable
+    end
+    tp_line.enable(target: method(:bar))
+    bar
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_stat_exists
+    assert_instance_of Hash, TracePoint.stat
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave
+    code = 'puts RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of("\x00".method(:unpack)).disasm'
+    out = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', code], '', true).first
+    assert_match(/^0000 opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave /, out)
+
+    event = eval(EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', <<~'EOS'], '', true).first)
+      TracePoint.new(:return) do |tp|
+        p [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+      end.enable do
+        "\x00".unpack("c")
+      end
+    EOS
+    assert_equal [:return, :unpack], event
+  end
+
+  def test_while_in_while
+    lines = []
+
+    TracePoint.new(:line){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      lines << tp.lineno
+    }.enable{
+      n = 3
+      while n > 0
+        n -= 1 while n > 0
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal [__LINE__ - 5, __LINE__ - 4, __LINE__ - 3], lines, 'Bug #17868'
+  end
+
+  def test_allow_reentry
+    event_lines = []
+    _l1 = _l2 = _l3 = _l4 = nil
+    TracePoint.new(:line) do |tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+
+      event_lines << tp.lineno
+      next if (__LINE__ + 2 .. __LINE__ + 4).cover?(tp.lineno)
+      TracePoint.allow_reentry do
+        _a = 1; _l3 = __LINE__
+        _b = 2; _l4 = __LINE__
+      end
+    end.enable do
+      _c = 3; _l1 = __LINE__
+      _d = 4; _l2 = __LINE__
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [_l1, _l3, _l4, _l2, _l3, _l4], event_lines
+
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      TracePoint.allow_reentry{}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_raising_from_b_return_tp_tracing_bmethod
+    assert_normal_exit(<<~RUBY, '[Bug #18060]', timeout: 3)
+      class Foo
+        define_singleton_method(:foo) { return } # a bmethod
+      end
+
+      TracePoint.trace(:b_return) do |tp|
+        raise
+      end
+
+      Foo.foo
+    RUBY
+
+    # Same thing but with a target
+    assert_normal_exit(<<~RUBY, '[Bug #18060]', timeout: 3)
+      class Foo
+        define_singleton_method(:foo) { return } # a bmethod
+      end
+
+      TracePoint.new(:b_return) do |tp|
+        raise
+      end.enable(target: Foo.method(:foo))
+
+      Foo.foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def helper_cant_rescue
+    begin
+      raise SyntaxError
+    rescue
+      cant_rescue
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tp_rescue
+    lines = []
+    TracePoint.new(:line){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      lines << tp.lineno
+    }.enable{
+      begin
+        helper_cant_rescue
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      end
+    }
+    _call_line = lines.shift
+    _raise_line = lines.shift
+    assert_equal [], lines
+  end
+
+  def helper_can_rescue
+    begin
+      raise __LINE__.to_s
+    rescue SyntaxError
+      :ng
+    rescue
+      :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def helper_can_rescue_empty_body
+    begin
+      raise __LINE__.to_s
+    rescue SyntaxError
+      :ng
+    rescue
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_tp_rescue_event
+    lines = []
+    TracePoint.new(:rescue){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      lines << [tp.lineno, tp.raised_exception]
+    }.enable{
+      helper_can_rescue
+    }
+
+    line, err, = lines.pop
+    assert_equal [], lines
+    assert err.kind_of?(RuntimeError)
+    assert_equal err.message.to_i + 4, line
+
+    lines = []
+    TracePoint.new(:rescue){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      lines << [tp.lineno, tp.raised_exception]
+    }.enable{
+      helper_can_rescue_empty_body
+    }
+
+    line, err, = lines.pop
+    assert_equal [], lines
+    assert err.kind_of?(RuntimeError)
+    assert_equal err.message.to_i + 3, line
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_thread_begin
+    target_thread = nil
+
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:thread_begin) do |tp|
+      target_thread = tp.self
+    end
+
+    trace.enable(target_thread: nil) do
+      Thread.new{}.join
+    end
+
+    assert_kind_of(Thread, target_thread)
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_thread_end
+    target_thread = nil
+
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:thread_end) do |tp|
+      target_thread = tp.self
+    end
+
+    trace.enable(target_thread: nil) do
+      Thread.new{}.join
+    end
+
+    assert_kind_of(Thread, target_thread)
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_thread_end_with_exception
+    target_thread = nil
+
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:thread_end) do |tp|
+      target_thread = tp.self
+    end
+
+    trace.enable(target_thread: nil) do
+      thread = Thread.new do
+        Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+        raise
+      end
+
+      # Ignore the exception raised by the thread:
+      thread.join rescue nil
+    end
+
+    assert_kind_of(Thread, target_thread)
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoint_garbage_collected_when_disable
+    before_count_stat = 0
+    before_count_objspace = 0
+    TracePoint.stat.each do
+      before_count_stat += 1
+    end
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(TracePoint) do
+      before_count_objspace += 1
+    end
+    tp = TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return) do
+    end
+    tp.enable
+    Class.inspect # c_call, c_return invoked
+    tp.disable
+    tp_id = tp.object_id
+    tp = nil
+
+    gc_times = 0
+    gc_max_retries = 10
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning do
+      until (ObjectSpace._id2ref(tp_id) rescue nil).nil?
+        GC.start
+        gc_times += 1
+        if gc_times == gc_max_retries
+          break
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    return if gc_times == gc_max_retries
+
+    after_count_stat = 0
+    TracePoint.stat.each do |v|
+      after_count_stat += 1
+    end
+    assert after_count_stat <= before_count_stat
+    after_count_objspace = 0
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(TracePoint) do
+      after_count_objspace += 1
+    end
+    assert after_count_objspace <= before_count_objspace
+  end
+
+  def test_tp_ractor_local_untargeted
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+    r = Ractor.new do
+      results = []
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:line) { |tp| results << tp.path }
+      tp.enable
+      Ractor.main << :continue
+      Ractor.receive
+      tp.disable
+      results
+    end
+    outer_results = []
+    outer_tp = TracePoint.new(:line) { |tp| outer_results << tp.path }
+    outer_tp.enable
+    Ractor.receive
+    GC.start # so I can check <internal:gc> path
+    r << :continue
+    inner_results = r.value
+    outer_tp.disable
+    assert_equal 1, outer_results.select { |path| path.match?(/internal:gc/) }.size
+    assert_equal 0, inner_results.select { |path| path.match?(/internal:gc/) }.size
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_tp_targeted_ractor_local_bmethod
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+      mname = :foo
+      prok = Ractor.shareable_proc do
+      end
+      klass = EnvUtil.labeled_class(:Klass) do
+        define_method(mname, &prok)
+      end
+      outer_results = 0
+      _outer_tp = TracePoint.new(:call) do
+        outer_results += 1
+      end # not enabled
+      rs = 10.times.map do
+        Ractor.new(mname, klass) do |mname, klass0|
+          inner_results = 0
+          tp = TracePoint.new(:call) { |tp| inner_results += 1 }
+          target = klass0.instance_method(mname)
+          tp.enable(target: target)
+          obj = klass0.new
+          10.times { obj.send(mname) }
+          tp.disable
+          inner_results
+        end
+      end
+      inner_results = rs.map(&:value).sum
+      obj = klass.new
+      10.times { obj.send(mname) }
+      assert_equal 100, inner_results
+      assert_equal 0, outer_results
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_tp_targeted_ractor_local_method
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+      def foo
+      end
+      outer_results = 0
+      _outer_tp = TracePoint.new(:call) do
+        outer_results += 1
+      end # not enabled
+
+      rs = 10.times.map do
+        Ractor.new do
+          inner_results = 0
+          tp = TracePoint.new(:call) do
+             inner_results += 1
+          end
+          tp.enable(target: method(:foo))
+          10.times { foo }
+          tp.disable
+          inner_results
+        end
+      end
+
+      inner_results = rs.map(&:value).sum
+      10.times { foo }
+      assert_equal 100, inner_results
+      assert_equal 0,   outer_results
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_tracepoints_not_disabled_by_ractor_gc
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+    $-w = nil # uses ObjectSpace._id2ref
+    def hi = "hi"
+    greetings = 0
+    tp_target = TracePoint.new(:call) do |tp|
+      greetings += 1
+    end
+    tp_target.enable(target: method(:hi))
+
+    raises = 0
+    tp_global = TracePoint.new(:raise) do |tp|
+      raises += 1
+    end
+    tp_global.enable
+
+    r = Ractor.new { 10 }
+    r.join
+    ractor_id = r.object_id
+    r = nil # allow gc for ractor
+    gc_max_retries = 15
+    gc_times = 0
+    # force GC of ractor (or try, because we have a conservative GC)
+    until (ObjectSpace._id2ref(ractor_id) rescue nil).nil?
+      GC.start
+      gc_times += 1
+      if gc_times == gc_max_retries
+        break
+      end
+    end
+
+    # tracepoints should still be enabled after GC of `r`
+    5.times {
+      hi
+    }
+    6.times {
+      raise "uh oh" rescue nil
+    }
+    tp_target.disable
+    tp_global.disable
+    assert_equal 5, greetings
+    if gc_times == gc_max_retries # _id2ref never raised
+      assert_equal 6, raises
+    else
+      assert_equal 7, raises
+    end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_lots_of_enabled_tracepoints_ractor_gc
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      def foo; end
+      sum = 8.times.map do
+        Ractor.new do
+          called = 0
+          TracePoint.new(:call) do |tp|
+            next if tp.callee_id != :foo
+            called += 1
+          end.enable
+          200.times do
+            TracePoint.new(:line) {
+              # all these allocations shouldn't GC these tracepoints while the ractor is alive.
+              Object.new
+            }.enable
+          end
+          100.times { foo }
+          called
+        end
+      end.map(&:value).sum
+      assert_equal 800, sum
+      4.times { GC.start } # Now the tracepoints can be GC'd because the ractors can be GC'd
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_shapes.rb b/test/ruby/test_shapes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67e2c543a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_shapes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1212 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'objspace'
+require 'json'
+require 'securerandom'
+
+# These test the functionality of object shapes
+class TestShapes < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  MANY_IVS = 80
+
+  class IVOrder
+    def expected_ivs
+      %w{ @a @b @c @d @e @f @g @h @i @j @k }
+    end
+
+    def set_ivs
+      expected_ivs.each { instance_variable_set(_1, 1) }
+      self
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ShapeOrder
+    def initialize
+      @b = :b # 5 => 6
+    end
+
+    def set_b
+      @b = :b # 5 => 6
+    end
+
+    def set_c
+      @c = :c # 5 => 7
+    end
+  end
+
+  class OrderedAlloc
+    def add_ivars
+      10.times do |i|
+        instance_variable_set("@foo" + i.to_s, 0)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Example
+    def initialize
+      @a = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RemoveAndAdd
+    def add_foo
+      @foo = 1
+    end
+
+    def remove_foo
+      remove_instance_variable(:@foo)
+    end
+
+    def add_bar
+      @bar = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TooComplex
+    attr_reader :hopefully_unique_name, :b
+
+    def initialize
+      @hopefully_unique_name = "a"
+      @b = "b"
+    end
+
+    # Make enough lazily defined accessors to allow us to force
+    # polymorphism
+    class_eval (RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS + 1).times.map {
+      "def a#{_1}_m; @a#{_1} ||= #{_1}; end"
+    }.join(" ; ")
+
+    class_eval "attr_accessor " + (RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS + 1).times.map {
+      ":a#{_1}"
+    }.join(", ")
+
+    def iv_not_defined; @not_defined; end
+
+    def write_iv_method
+      self.a3 = 12345
+    end
+
+    def write_iv
+      @a3 = 12345
+    end
+  end
+
+  # RubyVM::Shape.of returns new instances of shape objects for
+  # each call. This helper method allows us to define equality for
+  # shapes
+  def assert_shape_equal(e, a)
+    assert_equal(
+      {id: e.id, parent_id: e.parent_id, depth: e.depth, type: e.type},
+      {id: a.id, parent_id: a.parent_id, depth: a.depth, type: a.type},
+    )
+  end
+
+  def refute_shape_equal(e, a)
+    refute_equal(
+      {id: e.id, parent_id: e.parent_id, depth: e.depth, type: e.type},
+      {id: a.id, parent_id: a.parent_id, depth: a.depth, type: a.type},
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_iv_order_correct_on_complex_objects
+    (RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS + 1).times {
+      IVOrder.new.instance_variable_set("@a#{_1}", 1)
+    }
+
+    obj = IVOrder.new
+    iv_list = obj.set_ivs.instance_variables
+    assert_equal obj.expected_ivs, iv_list.map(&:to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+  end
+
+  def test_ordered_alloc_is_not_complex
+    5.times { OrderedAlloc.new.add_ivars }
+    obj = JSON.parse(ObjectSpace.dump(OrderedAlloc))
+    assert_operator obj["variation_count"], :<, RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS
+  end
+
+  def test_too_many_ivs_on_obj
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Hi; end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes(2)
+
+      obj = Hi.new
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1)
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@c, 1)
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@d, 1)
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :too_complex?
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_many_ivs_on_class
+    obj = Class.new
+
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@test_too_many_ivs_on_class, 1)
+    refute_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :too_complex?
+
+    MANY_IVS.times do
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:"@a#{_1}", 1)
+    end
+
+    refute_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :too_complex?
+  end
+
+  def test_removing_when_too_many_ivs_on_class
+    obj = Class.new
+
+    (MANY_IVS + 2).times do
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:"@a#{_1}", 1)
+    end
+    (MANY_IVS + 2).times do
+      obj.remove_instance_variable(:"@a#{_1}")
+    end
+
+    assert_empty obj.instance_variables
+  end
+
+  def test_removing_when_too_many_ivs_on_module
+    obj = Module.new
+
+    (MANY_IVS + 2).times do
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:"@a#{_1}", 1)
+    end
+    (MANY_IVS + 2).times do
+      obj.remove_instance_variable(:"@a#{_1}")
+    end
+
+    assert_empty obj.instance_variables
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_geniv
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class TooComplex < Hash
+        attr_reader :very_unique
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      (RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS * 2).times do
+        TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set(:"@unique_#{_1}", 1)
+      end
+
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:@very_unique, 3)
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:@very_unique2, 4)
+      assert_equal 3, tc.instance_variable_get(:@very_unique)
+      assert_equal 4, tc.instance_variable_get(:@very_unique2)
+
+      assert_equal [:@very_unique, :@very_unique2], tc.instance_variables
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_use_all_shapes_then_freeze
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Hi; end
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes(3)
+
+      obj = Hi.new
+      i = 0
+      while RubyVM::Shape.shapes_available > 0
+        obj.instance_variable_set(:"@b#{i}", 1)
+        i += 1
+      end
+      obj.freeze
+
+      assert obj.frozen?
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_for_object
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class A
+        def initialize
+          @a = 1
+        end
+      end
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      A.new
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_for_class_ivar
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      c = Class.new
+      c.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+      assert_equal(1, c.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+
+      c.remove_instance_variable(:@a)
+      assert_nil(c.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        c.remove_instance_variable(:@a)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_evacuate_class_ivar_and_compaction
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      count = 20
+
+      c = Class.new
+      count.times do |ivar|
+        c.instance_variable_set("@i#{ivar}", "ivar-#{ivar}")
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      GC.stress = true
+      # Cause evacuation
+      c.instance_variable_set(:@a, o = Object.new)
+      assert_equal(o, c.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+      GC.stress = false
+
+      count.times do |ivar|
+        assert_equal "ivar-#{ivar}", c.instance_variable_get("@i#{ivar}")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_evacuate_generic_ivar_and_compaction
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      count = 20
+
+      c = Hash.new
+      count.times do |ivar|
+        c.instance_variable_set("@i#{ivar}", "ivar-#{ivar}")
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      GC.stress = true
+
+      # Cause evacuation
+      c.instance_variable_set(:@a, o = Object.new)
+      assert_equal(o, c.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+
+      GC.stress = false
+
+      count.times do |ivar|
+        assert_equal "ivar-#{ivar}", c.instance_variable_get("@i#{ivar}")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_evacuate_object_ivar_and_compaction
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      count = 20
+
+      c = Object.new
+      count.times do |ivar|
+        c.instance_variable_set("@i#{ivar}", "ivar-#{ivar}")
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      GC.stress = true
+
+      # Cause evacuation
+      c.instance_variable_set(:@a, o = Object.new)
+      assert_equal(o, c.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+
+      GC.stress = false
+
+      count.times do |ivar|
+        assert_equal "ivar-#{ivar}", c.instance_variable_get("@i#{ivar}")
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_stress_during_evacuate_generic_ivar
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      [].instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      ary = 10.times.map { [] }
+
+      GC.stress = true
+      ary.each do |o|
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_for_module_ivar
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      module Foo
+        @a = 1
+        @b = 2
+        assert_equal 1, @a
+        assert_equal 2, @b
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_for_class_cvar
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      c = Class.new
+
+      c.class_variable_set(:@@a, 1)
+      assert_equal(1, c.class_variable_get(:@@a))
+
+      c.class_eval { remove_class_variable(:@@a) }
+      assert_false(c.class_variable_defined?(:@@a))
+
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        c.class_eval { remove_class_variable(:@@a) }
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_generic_instance_variable_set
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class TooComplex < Hash
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:@b, 2)
+
+      tc.remove_instance_variable(:@a)
+      assert_nil(tc.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        tc.remove_instance_variable(:@a)
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_generic_ivar_set
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Hi < String
+        def initialize
+          8.times do |i|
+            instance_variable_set("@ivar_#{i}", i)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def transition
+          @hi_transition ||= 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      a = Hi.new
+
+      # Try to run out of shapes
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      assert_equal 1, a.transition
+      assert_equal 1, a.transition
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_instance_variable_defined
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class A
+        attr_reader :a, :b, :c, :d
+        def initialize
+          @a = @b = @c = @d = 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      a = A.new
+      assert_equal true, a.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_instance_variable_defined_on_module
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      module A
+        @a = @b = @c = @d = 1
+      end
+
+      assert_equal true, A.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_during_remove_instance_variable
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      o = Object.new
+      10.times { |i| o.instance_variable_set(:"@a#{i}", i) }
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      o.remove_instance_variable(:@a0)
+      (1...10).each do |i|
+        assert_equal(i, o.instance_variable_get(:"@a#{i}"))
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_remove_instance_variable
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class A
+        attr_reader :a, :b, :c, :d
+        def initialize
+          @a = @b = @c = @d = 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      a = A.new
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      a.remove_instance_variable(:@b)
+      assert_nil a.b
+
+      a.remove_instance_variable(:@a)
+      assert_nil a.a
+
+      a.remove_instance_variable(:@c)
+      assert_nil a.c
+
+      assert_equal 1, a.d
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_run_out_of_shape_rb_obj_copy_ivar
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class A
+        def initialize
+          init # Avoid right sizing
+        end
+
+        def init
+          @a = @b = @c = @d = @e = @f = 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      a = A.new
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      a.dup
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_evacuate_generic_ivar_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~'begin;'}", "#{<<~'end;'}", rss: true)
+      o = []
+      o.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      ary = 1_000_000.times.map { [] }
+    begin;
+      ary.each do |o|
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@b, 1)
+      end
+      ary.clear
+      ary = nil
+      GC.start
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_use_all_shapes_module
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Hi; end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes(2)
+
+      obj = Module.new
+      3.times do
+        obj.instance_variable_set(:"@a#{_1}", _1)
+      end
+
+      ivs = 3.times.map do
+        obj.instance_variable_get(:"@a#{_1}")
+      end
+
+      assert_equal [0, 1, 2], ivs
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_complex_freeze_after_clone
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Hi; end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes(2)
+
+      obj = Object.new
+      i = 0
+      while RubyVM::Shape.shapes_available > 0
+        obj.instance_variable_set(:"@b#{i}", i)
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      v = obj.clone(freeze: true)
+      assert_predicate v, :frozen?
+      assert_equal 0, v.instance_variable_get(:@b0)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_ractor
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      class TooComplex
+        attr_reader :very_unique
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS.times do
+        TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set(:"@unique_#{_1}", Object.new)
+      end
+
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:"@very_unique", 3)
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+      assert_equal 3, tc.very_unique
+      assert_equal 3, Ractor.new(tc) { |x| x.very_unique }.value
+      assert_equal tc.instance_variables.sort, Ractor.new(tc) { |x| x.instance_variables }.value.sort
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_ractor_shareable
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      class TooComplex
+        attr_reader :very_unique
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS.times do
+        TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set(:"@unique_#{_1}", Object.new)
+      end
+
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:"@very_unique", 3)
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+      assert_equal 3, tc.very_unique
+      assert_equal 3, Ractor.make_shareable(tc).very_unique
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_and_frozen
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      class TooComplex
+        attr_reader :very_unique
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS.times do
+        TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set(:"@unique_#{_1}", Object.new)
+      end
+
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:"@very_unique", 3)
+
+      shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(tc)
+      assert_predicate shape, :too_complex?
+      refute_predicate shape, :shape_frozen?
+      tc.freeze
+      frozen_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(tc)
+      refute_equal shape.id, frozen_shape.id
+      assert_predicate frozen_shape, :too_complex?
+      assert_predicate frozen_shape, :shape_frozen?
+
+      assert_equal 3, tc.very_unique
+      assert_equal 3, Ractor.make_shareable(tc).very_unique
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_object_id_transition_too_complex
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      obj = Object.new
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+      assert_equal obj.object_id, obj.object_id
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class Hi; end
+      obj = Hi.new
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@b, 2)
+      old_id = obj.object_id
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+      obj.remove_instance_variable(:@a)
+
+      assert_equal old_id, obj.object_id
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_and_frozen_and_object_id
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      class TooComplex
+        attr_reader :very_unique
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS.times do
+        TooComplex.new.instance_variable_set(:"@unique_#{_1}", Object.new)
+      end
+
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.instance_variable_set(:"@very_unique", 3)
+
+      shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(tc)
+      assert_predicate shape, :too_complex?
+      refute_predicate shape, :shape_frozen?
+      tc.freeze
+      frozen_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(tc)
+      refute_equal shape.id, frozen_shape.id
+      assert_predicate frozen_shape, :too_complex?
+      assert_predicate frozen_shape, :shape_frozen?
+      refute_predicate frozen_shape, :has_object_id?
+
+      assert_equal tc.object_id, tc.object_id
+
+      id_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(tc)
+      refute_equal frozen_shape.id, id_shape.id
+      assert_predicate id_shape, :too_complex?
+      assert_predicate id_shape, :has_object_id?
+      assert_predicate id_shape, :shape_frozen?
+
+      assert_equal 3, tc.very_unique
+      assert_equal 3, Ractor.make_shareable(tc).very_unique
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_obj_ivar_ractor_share
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      r = Ractor.new do
+        o = Object.new
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@a, "hello")
+        o
+      end
+
+      o = r.value
+      assert_equal "hello", o.instance_variable_get(:@a)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_too_complex_generic_ivar_ractor_share
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      r = Ractor.new do
+        o = []
+        o.instance_variable_set(:@a, "hello")
+        o
+      end
+
+      o = r.value
+      assert_equal "hello", o.instance_variable_get(:@a)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_read_iv_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3_m
+  end
+
+  def test_read_method_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3_m
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_write_method_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    tc.write_iv_method
+    tc.write_iv_method
+    assert_equal 12345, tc.a3_m
+    assert_equal 12345, tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_write_iv_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    tc.write_iv
+    tc.write_iv
+    assert_equal 12345, tc.a3_m
+    assert_equal 12345, tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_iv_read_via_method_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3_m
+    assert_equal 3, tc.instance_variable_get(:@a3)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_iv_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3_m # make sure IV is initialized
+    assert tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    tc.remove_instance_variable(:@a3)
+    refute tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    assert_nil tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_iv_after_complex_and_object_id
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3_m # make sure IV is initialized
+    assert tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    tc.object_id
+    tc.remove_instance_variable(:@a3)
+    refute tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    assert_nil tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_iv_after_complex_and_freeze
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3_m # make sure IV is initialized
+    assert tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    tc.freeze
+    assert_raise FrozenError do
+      tc.remove_instance_variable(:@a3)
+    end
+    assert tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    assert_equal 3, tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_undefined_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+
+    refute tc.instance_variable_defined?(:@a3)
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      tc.remove_instance_variable(:@a3)
+    end
+    assert_nil tc.a3
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variable
+    ivars_count = 5
+    object = Object.new
+    ivars_count.times do |i|
+      object.instance_variable_set("@ivar_#{i}", i)
+    end
+
+    ivars = ivars_count.times.map do |i|
+      object.instance_variable_get("@ivar_#{i}")
+    end
+    assert_equal [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], ivars
+
+    object.remove_instance_variable(:@ivar_2)
+
+    ivars = ivars_count.times.map do |i|
+      object.instance_variable_get("@ivar_#{i}")
+    end
+    assert_equal [0, 1, nil, 3, 4], ivars
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variable_when_out_of_shapes
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      ivars_count = 5
+      object = Object.new
+      ivars_count.times do |i|
+        object.instance_variable_set("@ivar_#{i}", i)
+      end
+
+      ivars = ivars_count.times.map do |i|
+        object.instance_variable_get("@ivar_#{i}")
+      end
+      assert_equal [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], ivars
+
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      object.remove_instance_variable(:@ivar_2)
+
+      ivars = ivars_count.times.map do |i|
+        object.instance_variable_get("@ivar_#{i}")
+      end
+      assert_equal [0, 1, nil, 3, 4], ivars
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variable_capacity_transition
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+
+      # a does not transition in capacity
+      a = Class.new.new
+      root_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(a)
+
+      assert_equal(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_ROOT, root_shape.type)
+      initial_capacity = root_shape.capacity
+      refute_equal(0, initial_capacity)
+
+      initial_capacity.times do |i|
+        a.instance_variable_set(:"@ivar#{i + 1}", i)
+      end
+
+      # b transitions in capacity
+      b = Class.new.new
+      (initial_capacity + 1).times do |i|
+        b.instance_variable_set(:"@ivar#{i}", i)
+      end
+
+      assert_operator(RubyVM::Shape.of(a).capacity, :<, RubyVM::Shape.of(b).capacity)
+
+      # b will now have the same tree as a
+      b.remove_instance_variable(:@ivar0)
+
+      a.instance_variable_set(:@foo, 1)
+      a.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 1)
+
+      # Check that there is no heap corruption
+      GC.verify_internal_consistency
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    tc.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { tc.a3_m }
+    # doesn't transition to frozen shape in this case
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+  end
+
+  def test_read_undefined_iv_after_complex
+    ensure_complex
+
+    tc = TooComplex.new
+    tc.send("a#{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}_m")
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+    assert_equal nil, tc.iv_not_defined
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(tc), :too_complex?
+  end
+
+  def test_shape_order
+    bar = ShapeOrder.new # 0 => 1
+    bar.set_c # 1 => 2
+    bar.set_b # 2 => 2
+
+    foo = ShapeOrder.new # 0 => 1
+    shape_id = RubyVM::Shape.of(foo).id
+    foo.set_b # should not transition
+    assert_equal shape_id, RubyVM::Shape.of(foo).id
+  end
+
+  def test_iv_index
+    example = RemoveAndAdd.new
+    initial_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(example)
+    assert_equal 0, initial_shape.next_field_index
+
+    example.add_foo # makes a transition
+    add_foo_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(example)
+    assert_equal([:@foo], example.instance_variables)
+    assert_equal(initial_shape.raw_id, add_foo_shape.parent.raw_id)
+    assert_equal(1, add_foo_shape.next_field_index)
+
+    example.remove_foo # makes a transition
+    remove_foo_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(example)
+    assert_equal([], example.instance_variables)
+    assert_shape_equal(initial_shape, remove_foo_shape)
+
+    example.add_bar # makes a transition
+    bar_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(example)
+    assert_equal([:@bar], example.instance_variables)
+    assert_equal(initial_shape.raw_id, bar_shape.parent_id)
+    assert_equal(1, bar_shape.next_field_index)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_then_add_again
+    example = RemoveAndAdd.new
+    _initial_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(example)
+
+    example.add_foo # makes a transition
+    add_foo_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(example)
+    example.remove_foo # makes a transition
+    example.add_foo # makes a transition
+    assert_shape_equal(add_foo_shape, RubyVM::Shape.of(example))
+  end
+
+  class TestObject; end
+
+  def test_new_obj_has_t_object_shape
+    obj = TestObject.new
+    shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(obj)
+    assert_equal RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_ROOT, shape.type
+    assert_nil shape.parent
+  end
+
+  def test_str_has_root_shape
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.root_shape, RubyVM::Shape.of(""))
+  end
+
+  def test_array_has_root_shape
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.root_shape, RubyVM::Shape.of([]))
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_on_special_consts
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      RubyVM::Shape.of(true)
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      RubyVM::Shape.of(false)
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      RubyVM::Shape.of(nil)
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      RubyVM::Shape.of(0)
+    end
+    # 32-bit platforms don't have flonums or static symbols as special
+    # constants
+    # TODO(max): Add ArgumentError tests for symbol and flonum, skipping if
+    # RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /i686/
+  end
+
+  def test_root_shape_frozen
+    frozen_root_shape = RubyVM::Shape.of([].freeze)
+    assert_predicate(frozen_root_shape, :frozen?)
+    assert_equal(RubyVM::Shape.root_shape.id, frozen_root_shape.raw_id)
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_shape_transition
+    obj = Example.new
+    shape = RubyVM::Shape.of(obj)
+    refute_equal(RubyVM::Shape.root_shape, shape)
+    assert_equal :@a, shape.edge_name
+    assert_equal RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_IVAR, shape.type
+
+    shape = shape.parent
+    assert_equal RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_ROOT, shape.type
+    assert_nil shape.parent
+
+    assert_equal(1, obj.instance_variable_get(:@a))
+  end
+
+  def test_different_objects_make_same_transition
+    obj = []
+    obj2 = ""
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    obj2.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicating_objects
+    obj = Example.new
+    obj2 = obj.dup
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicating_too_complex_objects_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~'begin;'}", "#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #20162]", rss: true)
+      RubyVM::Shape.exhaust_shapes
+
+      o = Object.new
+      o.instance_variable_set(:@a, 0)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        o.dup
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_duplicating_object
+    obj = Object.new.freeze
+    assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :shape_frozen?)
+
+    # dup'd objects shouldn't be frozen
+    obj2 = obj.dup
+    refute_predicate(obj2, :frozen?)
+    refute_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2), :shape_frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_duplicating_object_with_ivars
+    obj = Example.new.freeze
+    obj2 = obj.dup
+    refute_predicate(obj2, :frozen?)
+    refute_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2))
+    assert_equal(obj2.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_duplicating_string_with_ivars
+    str = "str"
+    str.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    str.freeze
+    str2 = str.dup
+    refute_predicate(str2, :frozen?)
+
+    refute_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(str).id, RubyVM::Shape.of(str2).id)
+    assert_equal(str2.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_cloning_objects
+    obj = Object.new.freeze
+    obj2 = obj.clone(freeze: true)
+    assert_predicate(obj2, :frozen?)
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2))
+  end
+
+  def test_cloning_with_freeze_option
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj2 = obj.clone(freeze: true)
+    assert_predicate(obj2, :frozen?)
+    refute_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2))
+    assert_predicate(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2), :shape_frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_cloning_object_with_ivars
+    obj = Example.new.freeze
+    obj2 = obj.clone(freeze: true)
+    assert_predicate(obj2, :frozen?)
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), RubyVM::Shape.of(obj2))
+    assert_equal(obj2.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_cloning_string
+    str = ("str" + "str").freeze
+    str2 = str.clone(freeze: true)
+    assert_predicate(str2, :frozen?)
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(str), RubyVM::Shape.of(str2))
+  end
+
+  def test_freezing_and_cloning_string_with_ivars
+    str = "str"
+    str.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    str.freeze
+    str2 = str.clone(freeze: true)
+    assert_predicate(str2, :frozen?)
+    assert_shape_equal(RubyVM::Shape.of(str), RubyVM::Shape.of(str2))
+    assert_equal(str2.instance_variable_get(:@a), 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_out_of_bounds_shape
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      RubyVM::Shape.find_by_id(RubyVM.stat[:next_shape_id])
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      RubyVM::Shape.find_by_id(-1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def ensure_complex
+    RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS.times do
+      tc = TooComplex.new
+      tc.send("a#{_1}_m")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_too_complex_during_delete(obj)
+    obj.instance_variable_set("@___#{SecureRandom.hex}", 1)
+
+    (RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS * 2).times do |i|
+      obj.instance_variable_set("@ivar#{i}", i)
+    end
+
+    refute_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :too_complex?
+    (RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS * 2).times do |i|
+      obj.remove_instance_variable("@ivar#{i}")
+    end
+    assert_predicate RubyVM::Shape.of(obj), :too_complex?
+  end
+
+  def test_object_too_complex_during_delete
+    assert_too_complex_during_delete(Class.new.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_class_too_complex_during_delete
+    assert_too_complex_during_delete(Module.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_generic_too_complex_during_delete
+    assert_too_complex_during_delete(Class.new(Array).new)
+  end
+end if defined?(RubyVM::Shape)
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_signal.rb b/test/ruby/test_signal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..091a66d5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_signal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class TestSignal < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_signal
+    begin
+      x = 0
+      oldtrap = Signal.trap(:INT) {|sig| x = 2 }
+      Process.kill :INT, Process.pid
+      10.times do
+        break if 2 == x
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_equal 2, x
+
+      Signal.trap(:INT) { raise "Interrupt" }
+      assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /Interrupt/) {
+        Process.kill :INT, Process.pid
+        sleep 0.1
+      }
+    ensure
+      Signal.trap :INT, oldtrap if oldtrap
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_signal_process_group
+    bug4362 = '[ruby-dev:43169]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug4362) do
+      cmd = [ EnvUtil.rubybin, '--disable=gems' '-e', 'sleep 10' ]
+      pid = Process.spawn(*cmd, :pgroup => true)
+      Process.kill(:"-TERM", pid)
+      Process.waitpid(pid)
+      assert_equal(true, $?.signaled?)
+      assert_equal(Signal.list["TERM"], $?.termsig)
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill) and
+    Process.respond_to?(:pgroup) # for mswin32
+
+  def test_exit_action
+    if Signal.list[sig = "USR1"]
+      term = :TERM
+    else
+      sig = "INT"
+      term = :KILL
+    end
+    IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, '--disable=gems', '-e', <<-"End"], 'r+') do |io|
+        Signal.trap(:#{sig}, "EXIT")
+        STDOUT.syswrite("a")
+        Thread.start { sleep(2) }
+        STDIN.sysread(4096)
+      End
+      pid = io.pid
+      io.sysread(1)
+      sleep 0.1
+      assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:26128]") {
+        Process.kill(term, pid)
+        begin
+          Timeout.timeout(3) {
+            Process.waitpid pid
+          }
+        rescue Timeout::Error
+          if term
+            Process.kill(term, pid)
+            term = (:KILL if term != :KILL)
+            retry
+          end
+          raise
+        end
+      }
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_invalid_signal_name
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.kill(:XXXXXXXXXX, $$) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) { Process.kill("\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}", $$) }
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_signal_exception
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { SignalException.new }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { SignalException.new(-1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { SignalException.new(:XXXXXXXXXX) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) { SignalException.new("\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}") }
+    Signal.list.each do |signm, signo|
+      next if signm == "EXIT"
+      assert_equal(signo, SignalException.new(signm).signo, signm)
+      assert_equal(signo, SignalException.new(signm.to_sym).signo, signm)
+      assert_equal(signo, SignalException.new(signo).signo, signo)
+    end
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {SignalException.new("-SIGEXIT")}
+    assert_not_match(/SIG-SIG/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_interrupt
+    assert_raise(Interrupt) { raise Interrupt.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_signal2
+    begin
+      x = false
+      oldtrap = Signal.trap(:INT) {|sig| x = true }
+      GC.start
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.kill }
+
+      Timeout.timeout(10) do
+        x = false
+        Process.kill(SignalException.new(:INT).signo, $$)
+        sleep(0.01) until x
+
+        x = false
+        Process.kill("INT", $$)
+        sleep(0.01) until x
+
+        x = false
+        Process.kill("SIGINT", $$)
+        sleep(0.01) until x
+
+        x = false
+        o = Object.new
+        def o.to_str; "SIGINT"; end
+        Process.kill(o, $$)
+        sleep(0.01) until x
+      end
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Process.kill(Object.new, $$) }
+
+    ensure
+      Signal.trap(:INT, oldtrap) if oldtrap
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_trap
+    begin
+      oldtrap = Signal.trap(:INT) {|sig| }
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Signal.trap }
+
+      # FIXME!
+      Signal.trap(:INT, nil)
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "")
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "SIG_IGN")
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "IGNORE")
+
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "SIG_DFL")
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "SYSTEM_DEFAULT")
+
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "EXIT")
+
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "xxxxxx")
+      Signal.trap(:INT, "xxxx")
+
+      Signal.trap(SignalException.new(:INT).signo, "SIG_DFL")
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Signal.trap(-1, "xxxx") }
+
+      o = Object.new
+      def o.to_str; "SIGINT"; end
+      Signal.trap(o, "SIG_DFL")
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Signal.trap("XXXXXXXXXX", "SIG_DFL") }
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}/) { Signal.trap("\u{30eb 30d3 30fc}", "SIG_DFL") }
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Signal.trap("EXIT\0") {} }
+    ensure
+      Signal.trap(:INT, oldtrap) if oldtrap
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  %w"KILL STOP".each do |sig|
+    if Signal.list.key?(sig)
+      define_method("test_trap_uncatchable_#{sig}") do
+        assert_raise(Errno::EINVAL, "SIG#{sig} is not allowed to be caught") { Signal.trap(sig) {} }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sigexit
+    assert_in_out_err([], 'Signal.trap(:EXIT) {print "OK"}', ["OK"])
+    assert_in_out_err([], 'Signal.trap("EXIT") {print "OK"}', ["OK"])
+    assert_in_out_err([], 'Signal.trap(:SIGEXIT) {print "OK"}', ["OK"])
+    assert_in_out_err([], 'Signal.trap("SIGEXIT") {print "OK"}', ["OK"])
+    assert_in_out_err([], 'Signal.trap(0) {print "OK"}', ["OK"])
+  end
+
+  def test_kill_immediately_before_termination
+    Signal.list[sig = "USR1"] or sig = "INT"
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", <<-"end;"], "", %w"foo")
+      Signal.trap(:#{sig}) { STDOUT.syswrite("foo") }
+      Process.kill :#{sig}, $$
+    end;
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_trap_system_default
+    assert_separately([], <<-End)
+      trap(:QUIT, "SYSTEM_DEFAULT")
+      assert_equal("SYSTEM_DEFAULT", trap(:QUIT, "DEFAULT"))
+    End
+  end if Signal.list.key?('QUIT')
+
+  def test_reserved_signal
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Signal.trap(:SEGV) {}
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Signal.trap(:BUS) {}
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Signal.trap(:ILL) {}
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Signal.trap(:FPE) {}
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Signal.trap(:VTALRM) {}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_signame
+    Signal.list.each do |name, num|
+      assert_equal(num, Signal.list[Signal.signame(num)], name)
+    end
+    assert_nil(Signal.signame(-1))
+    signums = Signal.list.invert
+    assert_nil(Signal.signame((1..1000).find {|num| !signums[num]}))
+  end
+
+  def test_signame_delivered
+    args = [EnvUtil.rubybin, "--disable=gems", "-e", <<"", :err => File::NULL]
+      Signal.trap("INT") do |signo|
+        signame = Signal.signame(signo)
+        Marshal.dump(signame, STDOUT)
+        STDOUT.flush
+        exit 0
+      end
+      Process.kill("INT", $$)
+      sleep 1  # wait signal deliver
+
+    10.times do
+      IO.popen(args) do |child|
+        signame = Marshal.load(child)
+        assert_equal("INT", signame)
+      end
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_trap_puts
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["a"*10000], [])
+      Signal.trap(:INT) {
+          # for enable internal io mutex
+          STDOUT.sync = false
+          # larger than internal io buffer
+          print "a"*10000
+      }
+      Process.kill :INT, $$
+      sleep 0.1
+    INPUT
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_hup_me
+    # [Bug #7951] [ruby-core:52864]
+    # This is MRI specific spec. ruby has no guarantee
+    # that signal will be deliverd synchronously.
+    # This ugly workaround was introduced to don't break
+    # compatibility against silly example codes.
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+    trap(:HUP, "DEFAULT")
+    assert_raise(SignalException) {
+      Process.kill('HUP', Process.pid)
+    }
+    RUBY
+    bug8137 = '[ruby-dev:47182] [Bug #8137]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug8137) {
+      Timeout.timeout(1) {
+        Process.kill(0, Process.pid)
+      }
+    }
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill) and Signal.list.key?('HUP')
+
+  def test_ignored_interrupt
+    bug9820 = '[ruby-dev:48203] [Bug #9820]'
+    assert_separately(['-', bug9820], <<-'end;') #    begin
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      trap(:INT, "IGNORE")
+      assert_nothing_raised(SignalException, bug) do
+        Process.kill(:INT, $$)
+      end
+    end;
+
+    if trap = Signal.list['TRAP']
+      bug9820 = '[ruby-dev:48592] [Bug #9820]'
+      no_core = "Process.setrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_CORE, 0); " if defined?(Process.setrlimit) && defined?(Process::RLIMIT_CORE)
+      status = assert_in_out_err(['-e', "#{no_core}Process.kill(:TRAP, $$)"])
+      assert_predicate(status, :signaled?, bug9820)
+      assert_equal(trap, status.termsig, bug9820)
+    end
+
+    if Signal.list['CONT']
+      bug9820 = '[ruby-dev:48606] [Bug #9820]'
+      assert_ruby_status(['-e', 'Process.kill(:CONT, $$)'])
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+
+  def test_signal_list_dedupe_keys
+    a = Signal.list.keys.map(&:object_id).sort
+    b = Signal.list.keys.map(&:object_id).sort
+    assert_equal a, b
+  end
+
+  def test_self_stop
+    omit unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    omit unless defined?(Process::WUNTRACED)
+
+    # Make a process that stops itself
+    child_pid = fork do
+      Process.kill(:STOP, Process.pid)
+    end
+
+    # The parent should be notified about the stop
+    _, status = Process.waitpid2(child_pid, Process::WUNTRACED)
+    assert_predicate status, :stopped?
+
+    # It can be continued
+    Process.kill(:CONT, child_pid)
+
+    # And the child then runs to completion
+    _, status = Process.waitpid2(child_pid)
+    assert_predicate status, :exited?
+    assert_predicate status, :success?
+  end
+
+  def test_sigwait_fd_unused
+    t = EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(0.1)
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-End)
+      tgt = $$
+      trap(:TERM) { exit(0) }
+      e = "Process.daemon; sleep #{t * 2}; Process.kill(:TERM,\#{tgt})"
+      term = [ '#{EnvUtil.rubybin}', '--disable=gems', '-e', e ]
+      t2 = Thread.new { sleep } # grab sigwait_fd
+      Thread.pass until t2.stop?
+      Thread.new do
+        sleep #{t}
+        t2.kill
+        t2.join
+      end
+      Process.spawn(*term)
+      # last thread remaining, ensure it can react to SIGTERM
+      loop { sleep }
+    End
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill) && Process.respond_to?(:daemon)
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_sleep.rb b/test/ruby/test_sleep.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ef962db4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_sleep.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'etc'
+require 'timeout'
+
+class TestSleep < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_sleep_5sec
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      start = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      sleep 5
+      slept = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - start
+      bottom = 5.0
+      assert_operator(slept, :>=, bottom)
+      assert_operator(slept, :<=, 6.0, "[ruby-core:18015]: longer than expected")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sleep_forever_not_woken_by_sigchld
+    begin
+      t = Thread.new do
+        sleep 0.5
+        `echo hello`
+      end
+
+      assert_raise Timeout::Error do
+        Timeout.timeout 2 do
+          sleep # Should block forever
+        end
+      end
+    ensure
+      t.join
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb b/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c7e89c265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestSprintf < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_positional
+    assert_equal("     00001", sprintf("%*1$.*2$3$d", 10, 5, 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_binary
+    assert_equal("0", sprintf("%b", 0))
+    assert_equal("1", sprintf("%b", 1))
+    assert_equal("10", sprintf("%b", 2))
+    assert_equal("..1", sprintf("%b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("   0", sprintf("%4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("   1", sprintf("%4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("  10", sprintf("%4b", 2))
+    assert_equal(" ..1", sprintf("%4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("0000", sprintf("%04b", 0))
+    assert_equal("0001", sprintf("%04b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0010", sprintf("%04b", 2))
+    assert_equal("..11", sprintf("%04b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("0000", sprintf("%.4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("0001", sprintf("%.4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0010", sprintf("%.4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("..11", sprintf("%.4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("  0000", sprintf("%6.4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("  0001", sprintf("%6.4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("  0010", sprintf("%6.4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("  ..11", sprintf("%6.4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("   0", sprintf("%#4b", 0))
+    assert_equal(" 0b1", sprintf("%#4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0b10", sprintf("%#4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("0b..1", sprintf("%#4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("0000", sprintf("%#04b", 0))
+    assert_equal("0b01", sprintf("%#04b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0b10", sprintf("%#04b", 2))
+    assert_equal("0b..1", sprintf("%#04b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("0000", sprintf("%#.4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("0b0001", sprintf("%#.4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0b0010", sprintf("%#.4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("0b..11", sprintf("%#.4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("  0000", sprintf("%#6.4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("0b0001", sprintf("%#6.4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0b0010", sprintf("%#6.4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("0b..11", sprintf("%#6.4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("+0", sprintf("%+b", 0))
+    assert_equal("+1", sprintf("%+b", 1))
+    assert_equal("+10", sprintf("%+b", 2))
+    assert_equal("-1", sprintf("%+b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("  +0", sprintf("%+4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("  +1", sprintf("%+4b", 1))
+    assert_equal(" +10", sprintf("%+4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("  -1", sprintf("%+4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("+000", sprintf("%+04b", 0))
+    assert_equal("+001", sprintf("%+04b", 1))
+    assert_equal("+010", sprintf("%+04b", 2))
+    assert_equal("-001", sprintf("%+04b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal("+0000", sprintf("%+.4b", 0))
+    assert_equal("+0001", sprintf("%+.4b", 1))
+    assert_equal("+0010", sprintf("%+.4b", 2))
+    assert_equal("-0001", sprintf("%+.4b", -1))
+
+    assert_equal(" +0000", sprintf("%+6.4b", 0))
+    assert_equal(" +0001", sprintf("%+6.4b", 1))
+    assert_equal(" +0010", sprintf("%+6.4b", 2))
+    assert_equal(" -0001", sprintf("%+6.4b", -1))
+  end
+
+  def test_nan
+    nan = 0.0 / 0.0
+    assert_equal("NaN", sprintf("%f", nan))
+    assert_equal("NaN", sprintf("%-f", nan))
+    assert_equal("+NaN", sprintf("%+f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal("NaN", sprintf("%3f", nan))
+    assert_equal("NaN", sprintf("%-3f", nan))
+    assert_equal("+NaN", sprintf("%+3f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal(" NaN", sprintf("% 3f", nan))
+    assert_equal(" NaN", sprintf("%- 3f", nan))
+    assert_equal("+NaN", sprintf("%+ 3f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal(" NaN", sprintf("% 03f", nan))
+    assert_equal(" NaN", sprintf("%- 03f", nan))
+    assert_equal("+NaN", sprintf("%+ 03f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal("     NaN", sprintf("%8f", nan))
+    assert_equal("NaN     ", sprintf("%-8f", nan))
+    assert_equal("    +NaN", sprintf("%+8f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal("     NaN", sprintf("%08f", nan))
+    assert_equal("NaN     ", sprintf("%-08f", nan))
+    assert_equal("    +NaN", sprintf("%+08f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal("     NaN", sprintf("% 8f", nan))
+    assert_equal(" NaN    ", sprintf("%- 8f", nan))
+    assert_equal("    +NaN", sprintf("%+ 8f", nan))
+
+    assert_equal("     NaN", sprintf("% 08f", nan))
+    assert_equal(" NaN    ", sprintf("%- 08f", nan))
+    assert_equal("    +NaN", sprintf("%+ 08f", nan))
+  end
+
+  def test_inf
+    inf = 1.0 / 0.0
+    assert_equal("Inf", sprintf("%f", inf))
+    assert_equal("Inf", sprintf("%-f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("%- f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+ f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% 0f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("%- 0f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+ 0f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal("Inf", sprintf("%3f", inf))
+    assert_equal("Inf", sprintf("%-3f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+3f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% 3f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("%- 3f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+ 3f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% 03f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("%- 03f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+ 03f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal("     Inf", sprintf("%8f", inf))
+    assert_equal("Inf     ", sprintf("%-8f", inf))
+    assert_equal("    +Inf", sprintf("%+8f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal("     Inf", sprintf("%08f", inf))
+    assert_equal("Inf     ", sprintf("%-08f", inf))
+    assert_equal("    +Inf", sprintf("%+08f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal("     Inf", sprintf("% 8f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" Inf    ", sprintf("%- 8f", inf))
+    assert_equal("    +Inf", sprintf("%+ 8f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal("     Inf", sprintf("% 08f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" Inf    ", sprintf("%- 08f", inf))
+    assert_equal("    +Inf", sprintf("%+ 08f", inf))
+
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%-f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%+f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("% f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%- f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%+ f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("% 0f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%- 0f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%+ 0f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%4f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%-4f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%+4f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("% 4f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%- 4f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%+ 4f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("% 04f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%- 04f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf", sprintf("%+ 04f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("%8f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf    ", sprintf("%-8f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("%+8f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("%08f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf    ", sprintf("%-08f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("%+08f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("% 8f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf    ", sprintf("%- 8f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("%+ 8f", -inf))
+
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("% 08f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("-Inf    ", sprintf("%- 08f", -inf))
+    assert_equal("    -Inf", sprintf("%+ 08f", -inf))
+    assert_equal('..f00000000',
+      sprintf("%x", -2**32), '[ruby-dev:32351]')
+    assert_equal("..101111111111111111111111111111111",
+      sprintf("%b", -2147483649), '[ruby-dev:32365]')
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% e", inf), '[ruby-dev:34002]')
+  end
+
+  def test_bignum
+    assert_match(/\A10{120}\.0+\z/, sprintf("%f", 100**60))
+    assert_match(/\A10{180}\.0+\z/, sprintf("%f", 1000**60))
+  end
+
+  def test_rational
+    assert_match(/\A0\.10+\z/, sprintf("%.60f", 0.1r))
+    assert_match(/\A0\.010+\z/, sprintf("%.60f", 0.01r))
+    assert_match(/\A0\.0010+\z/, sprintf("%.60f", 0.001r))
+    assert_match(/\A0\.3+\z/, sprintf("%.60f", 1/3r))
+    assert_match(/\A1\.20+\z/, sprintf("%.60f", 1.2r))
+
+    ["", *"0".."9"].each do |len|
+      ["", *".0"..".9"].each do |prec|
+        ['', '+', '-', ' ', '0', '+0', '-0', ' 0', '+ ', '- ', '+ 0', '- 0'].each do |flags|
+          fmt = "%#{flags}#{len}#{prec}f"
+          [0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 1.001, 100.0, 100.001, 10000000000.0, 0.00000000001, 1/3r, 2/3r, 1.2r, 10r].each do |num|
+            assert_equal(sprintf(fmt, num.to_f), sprintf(fmt, num.to_r), "sprintf(#{fmt.inspect}, #{num.inspect}.to_r)")
+            assert_equal(sprintf(fmt, -num.to_f), sprintf(fmt, -num.to_r), "sprintf(#{fmt.inspect}, #{(-num).inspect}.to_r)") if num > 0
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    bug11766 = '[ruby-core:71806] [Bug #11766]'
+    assert_equal("x"*10+"     1.0", sprintf("x"*10+"%8.1f", 1r), bug11766)
+
+    require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+    fmin, fmax = RbConfig::LIMITS.values_at("FIXNUM_MIN", "FIXNUM_MAX")
+    assert_match(/\A-\d+\.\d+\z/, sprintf("%f", Rational(fmin, fmax)))
+  end
+
+  def test_rational_precision
+    assert_match(/\A0\.\d{600}\z/, sprintf("%.600f", 600**~60))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    options = {:capture=>/\d+/}
+    assert_equal("with options #{options.inspect}", sprintf("with options %p" % options))
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.inspect; "TEST"; end
+    assert_equal("<TEST>", sprintf("<%p>", obj))
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid
+    # Star precision before star width:
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%.**d", 5, 10, 1)}
+
+    # Precision before flags and width:
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%.5+05d", 5)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%.5 5d", 5)}
+
+    # Overriding a star width with a numeric one:
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%*1s", 5, 1)}
+
+    # Width before flags:
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%5+0d", 1)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%5 0d", 1)}
+
+    # Specifying width multiple times:
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%50+30+20+10+5d", 5)}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11569]") {sprintf("%50 30 20 10 5d", 5)}
+
+    # Specifying the precision multiple times with negative star arguments:
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11570]") {sprintf("%.*.*.*.*f", -1, -1, -1, 5, 1)}
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {sprintf("%\0x hello")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {sprintf("%\nx hello")}
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "[ruby-core:11573]") {sprintf("%.25555555555555555555555555555555555555s", "hello")}
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%\1", 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%!", 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%1$1$d", 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%0%") }
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unnumbered\(1\) mixed with numbered/) { sprintf("%1$*d", 3) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unnumbered\(1\) mixed with numbered/) { sprintf("%1$.*d", 3) }
+
+    assert_warning(/too many arguments/) do
+      sprintf("", 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_float
+    assert_equal("36893488147419111424",
+                 sprintf("%20.0f", 36893488147419107329.0))
+    assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% 0e", 1.0/0.0), "moved from btest/knownbug")
+    assert_equal("       -0.", sprintf("%#10.0f", -0.5), "[ruby-dev:42552]")
+    # out of spec
+    #assert_equal("0x1p+2",   sprintf('%.0a', Float('0x1.fp+1')),   "[ruby-dev:42551]")
+    #assert_equal("-0x1.0p+2", sprintf('%.1a', Float('-0x1.ffp+1')), "[ruby-dev:42551]")
+  end
+
+  def test_float_hex
+    assert_equal("-0x0p+0", sprintf("%a", -0.0))
+    assert_equal("0x0p+0", sprintf("%a", 0.0))
+    assert_equal("0x1p-1", sprintf("%a", 0.5))
+    assert_equal("0x1p+0", sprintf("%a", 1.0))
+    assert_equal("0x1p+1", sprintf("%a", 2.0))
+    assert_equal("0x1p+10", sprintf("%a", 1024))
+    assert_equal("0x1.23456p+789", sprintf("%a", 3.704450999893983e+237))
+    assert_equal("0x1p-1074", sprintf("%a", 4.9e-324))
+    assert_equal("Inf", sprintf("%e", Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal("Inf", sprintf("%E", Float::INFINITY))
+    assert_equal("NaN", sprintf("%e", Float::NAN))
+    assert_equal("NaN", sprintf("%E", Float::NAN))
+
+    assert_equal("   -0x1p+0", sprintf("%10a", -1))
+    assert_equal(" -0x1.8p+0", sprintf("%10a", -1.5))
+    assert_equal(" -0x1.4p+0", sprintf("%10a", -1.25))
+    assert_equal(" -0x1.2p+0", sprintf("%10a", -1.125))
+    assert_equal(" -0x1.1p+0", sprintf("%10a", -1.0625))
+    assert_equal("-0x1.08p+0", sprintf("%10a", -1.03125))
+
+    bug3962 = '[ruby-core:32841]'
+    assert_equal("-0x0001p+0", sprintf("%010a", -1), bug3962)
+    assert_equal("-0x01.8p+0", sprintf("%010a", -1.5), bug3962)
+    assert_equal("-0x01.4p+0", sprintf("%010a", -1.25), bug3962)
+    assert_equal("-0x01.2p+0", sprintf("%010a", -1.125), bug3962)
+    assert_equal("-0x01.1p+0", sprintf("%010a", -1.0625), bug3962)
+    assert_equal("-0x1.08p+0", sprintf("%010a", -1.03125), bug3962)
+
+    bug3964 = '[ruby-core:32848]'
+    assert_equal("0x000000000000000p+0", sprintf("%020a",  0), bug3964)
+    assert_equal("0x000000000000001p+0", sprintf("%020a", 1), bug3964)
+    assert_equal("-0x00000000000001p+0", sprintf("%020a", -1), bug3964)
+    assert_equal("0x00000000000000.p+0", sprintf("%#020a",  0), bug3964)
+
+    bug3965 = '[ruby-dev:42431]'
+    assert_equal("0x1.p+0", sprintf("%#.0a",  1), bug3965)
+    assert_equal("0x00000000000000.p+0", sprintf("%#020a",  0), bug3965)
+    assert_equal("0x0000.0000000000p+0", sprintf("%#020.10a",  0), bug3965)
+
+    bug3979 = '[ruby-dev:42453]'
+    assert_equal("          0x0.000p+0", sprintf("%20.3a",  0), bug3979)
+    assert_equal("          0x1.000p+0", sprintf("%20.3a",  1), bug3979)
+  end
+
+  def test_float_prec
+    assert_equal("5.00", sprintf("%.2f",5.005))
+    assert_equal("5.02", sprintf("%.2f",5.015))
+    assert_equal("5.02", sprintf("%.2f",5.025))
+    assert_equal("5.04", sprintf("%.2f",5.035))
+    bug12889 = '[ruby-core:77864] [Bug #12889]'
+    assert_equal("1234567892", sprintf("%.0f", 1234567891.99999))
+    assert_equal("1234567892", sprintf("%.0f", 1234567892.49999))
+    assert_equal("1234567892", sprintf("%.0f", 1234567892.50000))
+    assert_equal("1234567894", sprintf("%.0f", 1234567893.50000))
+    assert_equal("1234567892", sprintf("%.0f", 1234567892.00000), bug12889)
+  end
+
+  BSIZ = 120
+
+  def test_skip
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ + "1", sprintf(" " * BSIZ + "%d", 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_char
+    assert_equal("a", sprintf("%c", 97))
+    assert_equal("a", sprintf("%c", ?a))
+    assert_equal("a", sprintf("%c", "a"))
+    assert_equal("a", sprintf("%c", sprintf("%c%c", ?a, ?a)))
+    assert_equal(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "a", sprintf(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "%c", ?a))
+    assert_equal(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "a", sprintf(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "%-1c", ?a))
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ + "a", sprintf("%#{ BSIZ + 1 }c", ?a))
+    assert_equal("a" + " " * BSIZ, sprintf("%-#{ BSIZ + 1 }c", ?a))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%c", -1) }
+    s = sprintf("%c".encode(Encoding::US_ASCII), 0x80)
+    assert_equal("\x80".b, s)
+    assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    assert_equal("foo", sprintf("%s", "foo"))
+    assert_equal("fo", sprintf("%.2s", "foo"))
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ, sprintf("%s", " " * BSIZ))
+    assert_equal(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "foo", sprintf("%#{ BSIZ - 1 + 3 }s", "foo"))
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ + "foo", sprintf("%#{ BSIZ + 3 }s", "foo"))
+    assert_equal("foo" + " " * BSIZ, sprintf("%-#{ BSIZ + 3 }s", "foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_integer
+    assert_equal("01", sprintf("%#o", 1))
+    assert_equal("0x1", sprintf("%#x", 1))
+    assert_equal("0X1", sprintf("%#X", 1))
+    assert_equal("0b1", sprintf("%#b", 1))
+    assert_equal("0B1", sprintf("%#B", 1))
+    assert_equal("1", sprintf("%d", 1.0))
+    assert_equal("4294967296", sprintf("%d", (2**32).to_f))
+    assert_equal("-2147483648", sprintf("%d", -(2**31).to_f))
+    assert_equal("18446744073709551616", sprintf("%d", (2**64).to_f))
+    assert_equal("-9223372036854775808", sprintf("%d", -(2**63).to_f))
+    assert_equal("1", sprintf("%d", "1"))
+    o = Object.new; def o.to_int; 1; end
+    assert_equal("1", sprintf("%d", o))
+    assert_equal("+1", sprintf("%+d", 1))
+    assert_equal(" 1", sprintf("% d", 1))
+    assert_equal("..f", sprintf("%x", -1))
+    assert_equal("..7", sprintf("%o", -1))
+    one = (2**32).coerce(1).first
+    mone = (2**32).coerce(-1).first
+    assert_equal("+1", sprintf("%+d", one))
+    assert_equal(" 1", sprintf("% d", one))
+    assert_equal("..f", sprintf("%x", mone))
+    assert_equal("..7", sprintf("%o", mone))
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ + "1", sprintf("%#{ BSIZ + 1 }d", one))
+    assert_equal(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "1", sprintf(" " * (BSIZ - 1) + "%d", 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_float2
+    inf = 1.0 / 0.0
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ + "Inf", sprintf("%#{ BSIZ + 3 }.1f", inf))
+    assert_equal("+Inf", sprintf("%+-f", inf))
+    assert_equal(" " * BSIZ + "1.0", sprintf("%#{ BSIZ + 3 }.1f", 1.0))
+  end
+
+  class T012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
+  end
+
+  def test_star
+    assert_equal("-1 ", sprintf("%*d", -3, -1))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /width too big/) {
+      sprintf("%*999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999$d", 1)
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /prec too big/) {
+      sprintf("%.*999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999$d", 1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_escape
+    assert_equal("%" * BSIZ, sprintf("%%" * BSIZ))
+  end
+
+  def test_percent_sign_at_end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "incomplete format specifier; use %% (double %) instead") do
+      sprintf("%")
+    end
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "incomplete format specifier; use %% (double %) instead") do
+      sprintf("abc%")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_sprintf
+    assert_match(/^#<TestSprintf::T012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789:0x[0-9a-f]+>$/,
+                 T012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789.new.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_hex
+    s1 = sprintf("%0x", -0x40000000)
+    s2 = sprintf("%0x", -0x40000001)
+    b1 = (/\.\./ =~ s1) != nil
+    b2 = (/\.\./ =~ s2) != nil
+    assert_equal(b1, b2, "[ruby-dev:33224]")
+  end
+
+  def test_named_untyped
+    assert_equal("value", sprintf("%<key>s", :key => "value"))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<key2> after numbered") {sprintf("%1$<key2>s", :key => "value")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<key2> after unnumbered(2)") {sprintf("%s%s%<key2>s", "foo", "bar", :key => "value")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<key2> after <key>") {sprintf("%<key><key2>s", :key => "value")}
+    h = {}
+    e = assert_raise_with_message(KeyError, "key<key> not found") {sprintf("%<key>s", h)}
+    assert_same(h, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:key, e.key)
+  end
+
+  def test_named_untyped_enc
+    key = "\u{3012}"
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP].each do |enc|
+      k = key.encode(enc)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<#{k}> after numbered") {sprintf("%1$<#{k}>s", key: "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<#{k}> after unnumbered(2)") {sprintf("%s%s%<#{k}>s", "foo", "bar", key: "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<#{k}> after <key>") {sprintf("%<key><#{k}>s", key: "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named<key> after <#{k}>") {sprintf("%<#{k}><key>s", k.to_sym => "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(KeyError, "key<#{k}> not found") {sprintf("%<#{k}>s", {})}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_named_typed
+    assert_equal("value", sprintf("%{key}", :key => "value"))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{key2} after numbered") {sprintf("%1${key2}", :key => "value")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{key2} after unnumbered(2)") {sprintf("%s%s%{key2}", "foo", "bar", :key => "value")}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{key2} after <key>") {sprintf("%<key>{key2}", :key => "value")}
+    assert_equal("value{key2}", sprintf("%{key}{key2}", :key => "value"))
+    assert_raise_with_message(KeyError, "key{key} not found") {sprintf("%{key}", {})}
+  end
+
+  def test_named_typed_enc
+    key = "\u{3012}"
+    [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::EUC_JP].each do |enc|
+      k = key.encode(enc)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{#{k}} after numbered") {sprintf("%1${#{k}}s", key: "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{#{k}} after unnumbered(2)") {sprintf("%s%s%{#{k}}s", "foo", "bar", key: "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{#{k}} after <key>") {sprintf("%<key>{#{k}}s", key: "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "named{key} after <#{k}>") {sprintf("%<#{k}>{key}s", k.to_sym => "value")}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+      e = assert_raise_with_message(KeyError, "key{#{k}} not found") {sprintf("%{#{k}}", {})}
+      assert_equal(enc, e.message.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_coderange
+    format_str = "wrong constant name %s"
+    interpolated_str = "\u3042"
+    assert_predicate format_str, :ascii_only?
+    refute_predicate interpolated_str, :ascii_only?
+
+    str = format_str % interpolated_str
+    refute_predicate str, :ascii_only?
+  end
+
+  def test_named_default
+    h = Hash.new('world')
+    assert_equal("hello world", "hello %{location}" % h)
+    assert_equal("hello world", "hello %<location>s" % h)
+  end
+
+  def test_named_with_nil
+    h = { key: nil, key2: "key2_val" }
+    assert_equal("key is , key2 is key2_val", "key is %{key}, key2 is %{key2}" % h)
+  end
+
+  def test_width_underflow
+    bug = 'https://github.com/mruby/mruby/issues/3347'
+    assert_equal("!", sprintf("%*c", 0, ?!.ord), bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative_width_overflow
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /too big/) do
+      sprintf("%*s", RbConfig::LIMITS["INT_MIN"], "")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_binary_format_coderange
+    1.upto(500) do |i|
+      str = sprintf("%*s".b, i, "\xe2".b)
+      refute_predicate str, :ascii_only?
+      assert_equal i, str.bytesize
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_sprintf_comb.rb b/test/ruby/test_sprintf_comb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4113113030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_sprintf_comb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require_relative 'allpairs'
+
+class TestSprintfComb < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  VS = [
+    #-0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002,
+    #-0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001,
+    #-0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
+    #-0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    #-0x1000000000000000000000002,
+    #-0x1000000000000000000000001,
+    #-0x1000000000000000000000000,
+    #-0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    -0x10000000000000002,
+    -0x10000000000000001,
+    -0x10000000000000000,
+    -0xffffffffffffffff,
+    -0x4000000000000002,
+    -0x4000000000000001,
+    -0x4000000000000000,
+    -0x3fffffffffffffff,
+    -0x100000002,
+    -0x100000001,
+    -0x100000000,
+    -0xffffffff,
+    #-0xc717a08d, # 0xc717a08d * 0x524b2245 = 0x4000000000000001
+    -0x80000002,
+    -0x80000001,
+    -0x80000000,
+    -0x7fffffff,
+    #-0x524b2245,
+    -0x40000002,
+    -0x40000001,
+    -0x40000000,
+    -0x3fffffff,
+    #-0x10002,
+    #-0x10001,
+    #-0x10000,
+    #-0xffff,
+    #-0x8101, # 0x8101 * 0x7f01 = 0x40000001
+    #-0x8002,
+    #-0x8001,
+    #-0x8000,
+    #-0x7fff,
+    #-0x7f01,
+    #-65,
+    #-64,
+    #-63,
+    #-62,
+    #-33,
+    #-32,
+    #-31,
+    #-30,
+    -3,
+    -2,
+    -1,
+    0,
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    #30,
+    #31,
+    #32,
+    #33,
+    #62,
+    #63,
+    #64,
+    #65,
+    #0x7f01,
+    #0x7ffe,
+    #0x7fff,
+    #0x8000,
+    #0x8001,
+    #0x8101,
+    #0xfffe,
+    #0xffff,
+    #0x10000,
+    #0x10001,
+    0x3ffffffe,
+    0x3fffffff,
+    0x40000000,
+    0x40000001,
+    #0x524b2245,
+    0x7ffffffe,
+    0x7fffffff,
+    0x80000000,
+    0x80000001,
+    #0xc717a08d,
+    0xfffffffe,
+    0xffffffff,
+    0x100000000,
+    0x100000001,
+    0x3ffffffffffffffe,
+    0x3fffffffffffffff,
+    0x4000000000000000,
+    0x4000000000000001,
+    0xfffffffffffffffe,
+    0xffffffffffffffff,
+    0x10000000000000000,
+    0x10000000000000001,
+    #0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    #0x1000000000000000000000000,
+    #0x1000000000000000000000001,
+    #0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+    #0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
+    #0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
+  ]
+  VS.reverse!
+
+  FLAGS = [['', ' '], ['', '#'], ['', '+'], ['', '-'], ['', '0']]
+
+  def self.combination(*args, &b)
+    #AllPairs.exhaustive_each(*args, &b)
+    AllPairs.each(*args, &b)
+  end
+
+  def emu_int(format, v)
+    /\A%( )?(\#)?(\+)?(-)?(0)?(\d+)?(?:\.(\d*))?(.)\z/ =~ format
+    sp = $1
+    hs = $2
+    pl = $3
+    mi = $4
+    zr = $5
+    width = $6
+    precision = $7
+    type = $8
+    width = width.to_i if width
+    precision = precision.to_i if precision
+    prefix = ''
+
+    zr = nil if precision
+
+    zr = nil if mi && zr
+
+    case type
+    when 'B'
+      radix = 2
+      digitmap = {0 => '0', 1 => '1'}
+      complement = !pl && !sp
+      prefix = '0B' if hs && v != 0
+    when 'b'
+      radix = 2
+      digitmap = {0 => '0', 1 => '1'}
+      complement = !pl && !sp
+      prefix = '0b' if hs && v != 0
+    when 'd'
+      radix = 10
+      digitmap = {}
+      10.times {|i| digitmap[i] = i.to_s }
+      complement = false
+    when 'o'
+      radix = 8
+      digitmap = {}
+      8.times {|i| digitmap[i] = i.to_s }
+      complement = !pl && !sp
+    when 'X'
+      radix = 16
+      digitmap = {}
+      16.times {|i| digitmap[i] = i.to_s(16).upcase }
+      complement = !pl && !sp
+      prefix = '0X' if hs && v != 0
+    when 'x'
+      radix = 16
+      digitmap = {}
+      16.times {|i| digitmap[i] = i.to_s(16) }
+      complement = !pl && !sp
+      prefix = '0x' if hs && v != 0
+    else
+      raise "unexpected type: #{type.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    digits = []
+    abs = v.abs
+    sign = ''
+    while 0 < abs
+      digits << (abs % radix)
+      abs /= radix
+    end
+
+    if v < 0
+      if complement
+        digits.map! {|d| radix-1 - d }
+        carry = 1
+        digits.each_index {|i|
+          digits[i] += carry
+          carry = 0
+          if radix <= digits[i]
+            digits[i] -= radix
+            carry = 1
+          end
+        }
+        if digits.last != radix-1
+          digits << (radix-1)
+        end
+        sign = '..'
+      else
+        sign = '-'
+      end
+    else
+      if pl
+        sign = '+'
+      elsif sp
+        sign = ' '
+      end
+    end
+
+    dlen = digits.length
+    dlen += 2 if sign == '..'
+
+    if v < 0 && complement
+      d = radix - 1
+    else
+      d = 0
+    end
+    if precision
+      if dlen < precision
+        (precision - dlen).times {
+          digits << d
+        }
+      end
+    else
+      if dlen == 0
+        digits << d
+      end
+    end
+    if type == 'o' && hs
+      if digits.empty? || digits.last != d
+        digits << d
+      end
+    end
+
+    digits.reverse!
+
+    str = digits.map {|digit| digitmap[digit] }.join
+
+    pad = ''
+    nlen = prefix.length + sign.length + str.length
+    if width && nlen < width
+      len = width - nlen
+      if zr
+        if complement && v < 0
+          pad = digitmap[radix-1] * len
+        else
+          pad = '0' * len
+        end
+      else
+        pad = ' ' * len
+      end
+    end
+
+    if / / =~ pad
+      if sign == '..'
+        str = prefix + sign + str
+      else
+        str = sign + prefix + str
+      end
+      if mi
+        str = str + pad
+      else
+        str = pad + str
+      end
+    else
+      if sign == '..'
+        str = prefix + sign + pad + str
+      else
+        str = sign + prefix + pad + str
+      end
+    end
+
+    str
+  end
+
+  def self.assertions_format_integer(format)
+    proc {
+      VS.each {|v|
+        r = sprintf format, v
+        e = emu_int format, v
+        if true
+          assert_equal(e, r, "sprintf(#{format.dump}, #{v})")
+        else
+          if e != r
+            puts "#{e.dump}\t#{r.dump}\tsprintf(#{format.dump}, #{v})"
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  combination(%w[B b d o X x],
+              [nil, 0, 5, 20],
+              ["", ".", ".0", ".8", ".20"],
+              *FLAGS) {|type, width, precision, sp, hs, pl, mi, zr|
+    format = "%#{sp}#{hs}#{pl}#{mi}#{zr}#{width}#{precision}#{type}"
+    define_method("test_format_integer(#{format})", assertions_format_integer(format))
+  }
+
+  FLOAT_VALUES = [
+    -1e100,
+    -123456789.0,
+    -1.0,
+    -0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.01,
+    1/3.0,
+    2/3.0,
+    1.0,
+    2.0,
+    9.99999999,
+    123456789.0,
+    1e100,
+    Float::MAX,
+    Float::MIN,
+    Float::EPSILON,
+    1+Float::EPSILON,
+    #1-Float::EPSILON/2,
+    10 + Float::EPSILON*10,
+    10 - Float::EPSILON*5,
+    1.0/0.0,
+    -1.0/0.0,
+    0.0/0.0,
+  ]
+
+  def split_float10(v)
+    if v == 0
+      if 1/v < 0
+        sign = -1
+        v = -v
+      else
+        sign = 1
+      end
+    else
+      if v < 0
+        sign = -1
+        v = -v
+      else
+        sign = 1
+      end
+    end
+    exp = 0
+    int = v.floor
+    v -= int
+    while v != 0
+      v *= 2
+      int *= 2
+      i = v.floor
+      v -= i
+      int += i
+      exp -= 1
+    end
+    int *= 5 ** (-exp)
+    [sign, int, exp]
+  end
+
+  def emu_e(sp, hs, pl, mi, zr, width, precision, type, v, sign, int, exp)
+    precision = 6 unless precision
+    if int == 0
+      if precision == 0 && !hs
+        result = "0#{type}+00"
+      else
+        result = "0." + "0" * precision + "#{type}+00"
+      end
+    else
+      if int < 10**precision
+        int *= 10**precision
+        exp -= precision
+      end
+      digits = int.to_s.length
+      discard = digits - (precision+1)
+      if discard != 0
+        q, r = int.divmod(10**discard)
+        if r < 10**discard / 2
+          int = q
+          exp += discard
+        elsif (q+1).to_s.length == q.to_s.length
+          int = q+1
+          exp += discard
+        else
+          discard += 1
+          q, r = int.divmod(10**discard)
+          int = q+1
+          exp += discard
+        end
+      end
+      ints = int.to_s
+      frac = ints[1..-1]
+      result = ints[0,1]
+      e = exp + frac.length
+      if precision != 0 || hs
+        result << "."
+        if precision != 0
+          result << frac
+        end
+      end
+      result << type
+      if e == 0
+        if v.abs < 1
+          result << '-00' # glibc 2.7 causes '+00'
+        else
+          result << '+00'
+        end
+      else
+        result << sprintf("%+03d", e)
+      end
+      result
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  def emu_f(sp, hs, pl, mi, zr, width, precision, type, sign, int, exp)
+    precision = 6 unless precision
+    if int == 0
+      if precision == 0 && !hs
+        result = '0'
+      else
+        result = '0.' + '0' * precision
+      end
+    else
+      if -precision < exp
+        int *= 10 ** (precision+exp)
+        exp = -precision
+      end
+      if exp < -precision
+        discard = -exp - precision
+        q, r = int.divmod(10**discard)
+        if 10**discard / 2 <= r
+          q += 1
+        end
+        int = q
+        exp += discard
+      end
+      result = int.to_s
+      if result.length <= precision
+        result = '0' * (precision+1 - result.length) + result
+      end
+      if precision != 0 || hs
+        if precision == 0
+          result << '.'
+        else
+          result[-precision,0] = '.'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  def emu_float(format, v)
+    /\A%( )?(\#)?(\+)?(-)?(0)?(\d+)?(?:\.(\d*))?(.)\z/ =~ format
+    sp = $1
+    hs = $2
+    pl = $3
+    mi = $4
+    zr = $5
+    width = $6
+    precision = $7
+    type = $8
+    width = width.to_i if width
+    precision = precision.to_i if precision
+
+    zr = nil if mi && zr
+
+    if v.infinite?
+      sign = v < 0 ? -1 : 1
+      int = :inf
+      hs = zr = nil
+    elsif v.nan?
+      sign = 1
+      int = :nan
+      hs = zr = nil
+    else
+      sign, int, exp = split_float10(v)
+    end
+
+    if sign < 0
+      sign = '-'
+    elsif sign == 0
+      sign = ''
+    elsif pl
+      sign = '+'
+    elsif sp
+      sign = ' '
+    else
+      sign = ''
+    end
+
+    if v.nan?
+      result = 'NaN'
+    elsif v.infinite?
+      result = 'Inf'
+    else
+      case type
+      when /[eE]/
+        result = emu_e(sp, hs, pl, mi, zr, width, precision, type, v, sign, int, exp)
+      when /f/
+        result = emu_f(sp, hs, pl, mi, zr, width, precision, type, sign, int, exp)
+      when /[gG]/
+        precision = 6 unless precision
+        precision = 1 if precision == 0
+        r = emu_e(sp, hs, pl, mi, zr, width, precision-1, type.tr('gG', 'eE'), v, sign, int, exp)
+        /[eE]([+-]\d+)/ =~ r
+        e = $1.to_i
+        if e < -4 || precision <= e
+          result = r
+        else
+          result = emu_f(sp, hs, pl, mi, zr, width, precision-1-e, type, sign, int, exp)
+        end
+        result.sub!(/\.[0-9]*/) { $&.sub(/\.?0*\z/, '') } if !hs
+      else
+        raise "unexpected type: #{type}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    pad = ''
+    if width && sign.length + result.length < width
+      if zr
+        pad = '0' * (width - sign.length - result.length)
+      else
+        pad = ' ' * (width - sign.length - result.length)
+      end
+    end
+    if mi
+      sign + result + pad
+    elsif zr
+      sign + pad + result
+    else
+      pad + sign + result
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  def self.assertions_format_float(format)
+    proc {
+      FLOAT_VALUES.each {|v|
+        r = sprintf format, v
+        e = emu_float format, v
+        if true
+          assert_equal(e, r, "sprintf(#{format.dump}, #{'%.20g' % v})")
+        else
+          if e != r
+            puts "#{e.dump}\t#{r.dump}\tsprintf(#{format.dump}, #{'%.20g' % v})"
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  combination(%w[e E f g G],
+              [nil, 0, 5, 20],
+              ["", ".", ".0", ".8", ".20", ".200", ".9999"],
+              *FLAGS) {|type, width, precision, sp, hs, pl, mi, zr|
+    format = "%#{sp}#{hs}#{pl}#{mi}#{zr}#{width}#{precision}#{type}"
+    define_method("test_format_float(#{format})", assertions_format_float(format))
+  }
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_stack.rb b/test/ruby/test_stack.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a78848322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_stack.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+class TestStack < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  LARGE_VM_STACK_SIZE = 1024*1024*5
+  LARGE_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE = 1024*1024*10
+
+  def initialize(*)
+    super
+
+    @h_default = nil
+    @h_0 = nil
+    @h_large = nil
+  end
+
+  def invoke_ruby script, vm_stack_size: nil, machine_stack_size: nil
+    env = {}
+    env['RUBY_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE'] = vm_stack_size.to_s if vm_stack_size
+    env['RUBY_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE'] = machine_stack_size.to_s if machine_stack_size
+
+    stdout, stderr, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby([env, '-e', script], '', true, true, timeout: 30)
+    assert(!status.signaled?, FailDesc[status, nil, stderr])
+
+    return stdout
+  end
+
+  def h_default
+    @h_default ||= eval(invoke_ruby('p RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS'))
+  end
+
+  def h_0
+    @h_0 ||= eval(invoke_ruby('p RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS',
+      vm_stack_size: 0,
+      machine_stack_size: 0
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def h_large
+    @h_large ||= eval(invoke_ruby('p RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS',
+      vm_stack_size: LARGE_VM_STACK_SIZE,
+      machine_stack_size: LARGE_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE
+    ))
+  end
+
+  def test_relative_stack_sizes
+    assert_operator(h_default[:fiber_vm_stack_size], :>, h_0[:fiber_vm_stack_size])
+    assert_operator(h_default[:fiber_vm_stack_size], :<, h_large[:fiber_vm_stack_size])
+    assert_operator(h_default[:fiber_machine_stack_size], :>=, h_0[:fiber_machine_stack_size])
+    assert_operator(h_default[:fiber_machine_stack_size], :<=, h_large[:fiber_machine_stack_size])
+  end
+
+  def test_vm_stack_size
+    script = '$stdout.sync=true; def rec; print "."; rec; end; Fiber.new{rec}.resume'
+
+    size_default = invoke_ruby(script).bytesize
+    assert_operator(size_default, :>, 0)
+
+    size_0 = invoke_ruby(script, vm_stack_size: 0).bytesize
+    assert_operator(size_default, :>, size_0)
+
+    size_large = invoke_ruby(script, vm_stack_size: LARGE_VM_STACK_SIZE).bytesize
+    assert_operator(size_default, :<, size_large)
+  end
+
+  # Depending on OS, machine stack size may not change size.
+  def test_machine_stack_size
+    return if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    script = '$stdout.sync=true; def rec; print "."; 1.times{1.times{1.times{rec}}}; end; Fiber.new{rec}.resume'
+
+    vm_stack_size = 1024 * 1024
+    size_default = invoke_ruby(script, vm_stack_size: vm_stack_size).bytesize
+
+    size_0 = invoke_ruby(script, vm_stack_size: vm_stack_size, machine_stack_size: 0).bytesize
+    assert_operator(size_default, :>=, size_0)
+
+    size_large = invoke_ruby(script, vm_stack_size: vm_stack_size, machine_stack_size: LARGE_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE).bytesize
+    assert_operator(size_default, :<=, size_large)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_string.rb b/test/ruby/test_string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2458d38ef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4045 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestString < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  WIDE_ENCODINGS = [
+     Encoding::UTF_16BE, Encoding::UTF_16LE,
+     Encoding::UTF_32BE, Encoding::UTF_32LE,
+  ]
+
+  def initialize(*args)
+    @cls = String
+    super
+  end
+
+  def S(*args, **kw)
+    @cls.new(*args, **kw)
+  end
+
+  def test_s_new
+    assert_equal("", S())
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, S().encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("", S(""))
+    assert_equal(__ENCODING__, S("").encoding)
+
+    src = "RUBY"
+    assert_equal(src, S(src))
+    assert_equal(__ENCODING__, S(src).encoding)
+
+    src.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(src, S(src))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, S(src).encoding)
+
+
+    assert_equal("", S(encoding: "euc-jp"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, S(encoding: "euc-jp").encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("", S("", encoding: "euc-jp"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, S("", encoding: "euc-jp").encoding)
+
+    src = "RUBY"
+    assert_equal(src, S(src, encoding: "euc-jp"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, S(src, encoding: "euc-jp").encoding)
+
+    src.force_encoding("euc-jp")
+    assert_equal(src, S(src, encoding: "utf-8"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, S(src, encoding: "utf-8").encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("", S(capacity: 1000))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, S(capacity: 1000).encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("", S(capacity: 1000, encoding: "euc-jp"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, S(capacity: 1000, encoding: "euc-jp").encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("", S("", capacity: 1000))
+    assert_equal(__ENCODING__, S("", capacity: 1000).encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("", S("", capacity: 1000, encoding: "euc-jp"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::EUC_JP, S("", capacity: 1000, encoding: "euc-jp").encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    str = S("").freeze
+    assert_equal("", str.__send__(:initialize))
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){ str.__send__(:initialize, 'abc') }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){ str.__send__(:initialize, capacity: 1000) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){ str.__send__(:initialize, 'abc', capacity: 1000) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){ str.__send__(:initialize, encoding: 'euc-jp') }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){ str.__send__(:initialize, 'abc', encoding: 'euc-jp') }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError){ str.__send__(:initialize, 'abc', capacity: 1000, encoding: 'euc-jp') }
+
+    str = S("")
+    assert_equal("mystring", str.__send__(:initialize, "mystring"))
+    str = S("mystring")
+    assert_equal("mystring", str.__send__(:initialize, str))
+    str = S("")
+    assert_equal("mystring", str.__send__(:initialize, "mystring", capacity: 1000))
+    str = S("mystring")
+    assert_equal("mystring", str.__send__(:initialize, str, capacity: 1000))
+
+    if @cls == String
+      100.times {
+        "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa".
+          __send__(:initialize, capacity: -1)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_shared
+    S(str = "mystring" * 10).__send__(:initialize, capacity: str.bytesize)
+    assert_equal("mystring", str[0, 8])
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_nonstring
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      S(1)
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      S(1, capacity: 1000)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_memory_leak
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, rss: true)
+code = proc {('x'*100_000).__send__(:initialize, '')}
+1_000.times(&code)
+PREP
+100_000.times(&code)
+CODE
+  end
+
+  # Bug #18154
+  def test_initialize_nofree_memory_leak
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, rss: true)
+code = proc {0.to_s.__send__(:initialize, capacity: 100_000)}
+1_000.times(&code)
+PREP
+100_000.times(&code)
+CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF # '[]'
+    assert_equal("A",  S("AooBar")[0])
+    assert_equal("B",  S("FooBaB")[-1])
+    assert_equal(nil, S("FooBar")[6])
+    assert_equal(nil, S("FooBar")[-7])
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[0,3])
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar")[-3,3])
+    assert_equal(S(""),    S("FooBar")[6,2])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[-7,10])
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[0..2])
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[0...3])
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar")[-3..-1])
+    assert_equal(S(""),    S("FooBar")[6..2])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[-10..-7])
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[/^F../])
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar")[/..r$/])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[/xyzzy/])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[/plugh/])
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[S("Foo")])
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar")[S("Bar")])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[S("xyzzy")])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[S("plugh")])
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, 1])
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar")[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, 2])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, 3])
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar")[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, -1])
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar")[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, -2])
+    assert_equal(nil,      S("FooBar")[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, -3])
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 2; end
+    assert_equal("o", "foo"[o])
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "foo"[] }
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF_underflow
+    require "rbconfig/sizeof"
+    assert_equal(nil, S("\u{3042 3044 3046}")[RbConfig::LIMITS["LONG_MIN"], 1])
+  end
+
+  def test_AREF_invalid_encoding
+    assert_equal(S("\x80"), S("A"*39+"\x80")[-1, 1])
+  end
+
+  def test_ASET # '[]='
+    s = S("FooBar")
+    s[0] = S('A')
+    assert_equal(S("AooBar"), s)
+
+    s[-1]= S('B')
+    assert_equal(S("AooBaB"), s)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s[-7] = S("xyz") }
+    assert_equal(S("AooBaB"), s)
+    s[0] = S("ABC")
+    assert_equal(S("ABCooBaB"), s)
+
+    s = S("FooBar")
+    s[0,3] = S("A")
+    assert_equal(S("ABar"),s)
+    s[0] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), s)
+    s[-3,3] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("FooFoo"), s)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s[7,3] =  S("Bar") }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s[-7,3] = S("Bar") }
+
+    s = S("FooBar")
+    s[0..2] = S("A")
+    assert_equal(S("ABar"), s)
+    s[1..3] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("AFoo"), s)
+    s[-4..-4] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("FooFoo"), s)
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { s[7..10]   = S("Bar") }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) { s[-7..-10] = S("Bar") }
+
+    s = S("FooBar")
+    s[/^F../]= S("Bar")
+    assert_equal(S("BarBar"), s)
+    s[/..r$/] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("BarFoo"), s)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s[/xyzzy/] = S("None") }
+
+    s[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, 1] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("FooFoo"), s)
+    s[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, 2] = S("Bar")
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), s)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, 3] = "None" }
+    s[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, -1] = S("Foo")
+    assert_equal(S("FooFoo"), s)
+    s[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, -2] = S("Bar")
+    assert_equal(S("BarFoo"), s)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { s[/([A-Z]..)([A-Z]..)/, -3] = "None" }
+
+    s = S("FooBar")
+    s[S("Foo")] = S("Bar")
+    assert_equal(S("BarBar"), s)
+
+    s = S("a string")
+    s[0..s.size] = S("another string")
+    assert_equal(S("another string"), s)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 2; end
+    s = "foo"
+    s[o] = "bar"
+    assert_equal("fobar", s)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "foo"[1, 2, 3] = "" }
+
+    assert_raise(IndexError) {"foo"[RbConfig::LIMITS["LONG_MIN"]] = "l"}
+  end
+
+  def test_CMP # '<=>'
+    assert_equal(1, S("abcdef") <=> S("abcde"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("abcdef") <=> S("abcdef"))
+    assert_equal(-1, S("abcde") <=> S("abcdef"))
+
+    assert_equal(-1, S("ABCDEF") <=> S("abcdef"))
+
+    assert_nil(S("foo") <=> Object.new)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+    assert_equal(1, S("foo") <=> o)
+
+    class << o;remove_method :to_str;end
+    def o.<=>(x); nil; end
+    assert_nil(S("foo") <=> o)
+
+    class << o;remove_method :<=>;end
+    def o.<=>(x); 1; end
+    assert_equal(-1, S("foo") <=> o)
+
+    class << o;remove_method :<=>;end
+    def o.<=>(x); 2**100; end
+    assert_equal(-1, S("foo") <=> o)
+  end
+
+  def test_EQUAL # '=='
+    assert_not_equal(:foo, S("foo"))
+    assert_equal(S("abcdef"), S("abcdef"))
+
+    assert_not_equal(S("CAT"), S('cat'))
+    assert_not_equal(S("CaT"), S('cAt'))
+    assert_not_equal(S("cat\0""dog"), S("cat\0"))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; end
+    def o.==(x); false; end
+    assert_equal(false, S("foo") == o)
+    class << o;remove_method :==;end
+    def o.==(x); true; end
+    assert_equal(true, S("foo") == o)
+  end
+
+  def test_LSHIFT # '<<'
+    assert_equal(S("world!"), S("world") << 33)
+    assert_equal(S("world!"), S("world") << S("!"))
+
+    s = "a"
+    10.times {|i|
+      s << s
+      assert_equal("a" * (2 << i), s)
+    }
+
+    s = ["foo"].pack("p")
+    l = s.size
+    s << "bar"
+    assert_equal(l + 3, s.size)
+
+    bug = '[ruby-core:27583]'
+    assert_raise(RangeError, bug) {S("a".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)) << -3}
+    assert_raise(RangeError, bug) {S("a".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)) << -2}
+    assert_raise(RangeError, bug) {S("a".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)) << -1}
+    assert_raise(RangeError, bug) {S("a".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)) << 0x81308130}
+    assert_nothing_raised {S("a".force_encoding(Encoding::GB18030)) << 0x81308130}
+
+    s = "\x95".force_encoding(Encoding::SJIS).tap(&:valid_encoding?)
+    assert_predicate(s << 0x5c, :valid_encoding?)
+  end
+
+  def test_MATCH # '=~'
+    assert_equal(10,  S("FeeFieFoo-Fum") =~ /Fum$/)
+    assert_equal(nil, S("FeeFieFoo-Fum") =~ /FUM$/)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.=~(x); x + "bar"; end
+    assert_equal("foobar", S("foo") =~ o)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo") =~ "foo" }
+  end
+
+  def test_MOD # '%'
+    assert_equal(S("00123"), S("%05d") % 123)
+    assert_equal(S("123  |00000001"), S("%-5s|%08x") % [123, 1])
+    x = S("%3s %-4s%%foo %.0s%5d %#x%c%3.1f %b %x %X %#b %#x %#X") %
+    [S("hi"),
+      123,
+      S("never seen"),
+      456,
+      0,
+      ?A,
+      3.0999,
+      11,
+      171,
+      171,
+      11,
+      171,
+      171]
+
+    assert_equal(S(' hi 123 %foo   456 0A3.1 1011 ab AB 0b1011 0xab 0XAB'), x)
+  end
+
+  def test_MUL # '*'
+    assert_equal(S("XXX"),  S("X") * 3)
+    assert_equal(S("HOHO"), S("HO") * 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_PLUS # '+'
+    assert_equal(S("Yodel"), S("Yo") + S("del"))
+  end
+
+  def casetest(a, b, rev=false)
+    msg = proc {"#{a} should#{' not' if rev} match #{b}"}
+    case a
+    when b
+      assert(!rev, msg)
+    else
+      assert(rev, msg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_VERY_EQUAL # '==='
+    # assert_equal(true, S("foo") === :foo)
+    casetest(S("abcdef"), S("abcdef"))
+
+    casetest(S("CAT"), S('cat'), true) # Reverse the test - we don't want to
+    casetest(S("CaT"), S('cAt'), true) # find these in the case.
+  end
+
+  def test_capitalize
+    assert_equal(S("Hello"),  S("hello").capitalize)
+    assert_equal(S("Hello"),  S("hELLO").capitalize)
+    assert_equal(S("123abc"), S("123ABC").capitalize)
+  end
+
+  def test_capitalize!
+    a = S("hello"); a.capitalize!
+    assert_equal(S("Hello"), a)
+
+    a = S("hELLO"); a.capitalize!
+    assert_equal(S("Hello"), a)
+
+    a = S("123ABC"); a.capitalize!
+    assert_equal(S("123abc"), a)
+
+    assert_equal(nil,         S("123abc").capitalize!)
+    assert_equal(S("123abc"), S("123ABC").capitalize!)
+    assert_equal(S("Abc"),    S("ABC").capitalize!)
+    assert_equal(S("Abc"),    S("abc").capitalize!)
+    assert_equal(nil,         S("Abc").capitalize!)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("Hello"), a.capitalize!)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), b)
+
+  end
+
+  Bug2463 = '[ruby-dev:39856]'
+  def test_center
+    assert_equal(S("hello"),       S("hello").center(4))
+    assert_equal(S("   hello   "), S("hello").center(11))
+    assert_equal(S("ababaababa"), S("").center(10, "ab"), Bug2463)
+    assert_equal(S("ababaababab"), S("").center(11, "ab"), Bug2463)
+  end
+
+  def test_chomp
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello").chomp("\n"))
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello\n").chomp("\n"))
+    save = $/
+
+    $/ = "\n"
+
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello").chomp)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello\n").chomp)
+
+    $/ = "!"
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello").chomp)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello!").chomp)
+    $/ = save
+
+    assert_equal(S("a").hash, S("a\u0101").chomp(S("\u0101")).hash, '[ruby-core:22414]')
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hel", s.chomp('lo'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hello", s.chomp('he'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b}", s.chomp("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s.chomp('lo'))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hello", s.chomp("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    # skip if argument is a broken string
+    s = S("\xe3\x81\x82")
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s.chomp("\x82"))
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s)
+
+    s = S("\x95\x5c").force_encoding("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal("\x95\x5c".force_encoding("Shift_JIS"), s.chomp("\x5c"))
+    assert_equal("\x95\x5c".force_encoding("Shift_JIS"), s)
+
+    # clear coderange
+    s = S("hello\u{3053 3093}")
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.chomp("\u{3053 3093}"), :ascii_only?)
+
+    # argument should be converted to String
+    klass = Class.new { def to_str; 'a'; end }
+    s = S("abba")
+    assert_equal("abb", s.chomp(klass.new))
+    assert_equal("abba", s)
+
+    # chomp removes any of "\n", "\r\n", "\r" when "\n" is specified
+    s = "foo\n"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.chomp("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r\n"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.chomp("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.chomp("\n"))
+  ensure
+    $/ = save
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_chomp!
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.chomp!(S("\n"))
+
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+    assert_equal(nil, a.chomp!(S("\n")))
+
+    a = S("hello\n")
+    a.chomp!(S("\n"))
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+    save = $/
+
+    $/ = "\n"
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.chomp!
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello\n")
+    a.chomp!
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+
+    $/ = "!"
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.chomp!
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+
+    a="hello!"
+    a.chomp!
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+
+    $/ = save
+
+    a = S("hello\n")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a.chomp!)
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), b)
+
+    s = "foo\r\n"
+    s.chomp!
+    assert_equal("foo", s)
+
+    s = "foo\r"
+    s.chomp!
+    assert_equal("foo", s)
+
+    s = "foo\r\n"
+    s.chomp!("")
+    assert_equal("foo", s)
+
+    s = "foo\r"
+    s.chomp!("")
+    assert_equal("foo\r", s)
+
+    assert_equal(S("a").hash, S("a\u0101").chomp!(S("\u0101")).hash, '[ruby-core:22414]')
+
+    s = S("").freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {s.chomp!}
+    $VERBOSE = nil # EnvUtil.suppress_warning resets $VERBOSE to the original state
+
+    s = S("ax")
+    o = Struct.new(:s).new(s)
+    def o.to_str
+      s.freeze
+      "x"
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {s.chomp!(o)}
+    $VERBOSE = nil # EnvUtil.suppress_warning resets $VERBOSE to the original state
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hel", s.chomp!('lo'))
+    assert_equal("hel", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.chomp!('he'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b}", s.chomp!("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b}", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.chomp!('lo'))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.chomp!("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    # skip if argument is a broken string
+    s = S("\xe3\x81\x82")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.chomp!("\x82"))
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s)
+
+    s = S("\x95\x5c").force_encoding("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.chomp!("\x5c"))
+    assert_equal("\x95\x5c".force_encoding("Shift_JIS"), s)
+
+    # clear coderange
+    s = S("hello\u{3053 3093}")
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.chomp!("\u{3053 3093}"), :ascii_only?)
+
+    # argument should be converted to String
+    klass = Class.new { def to_str; 'a'; end }
+    s = S("abba")
+    assert_equal("abb", s.chomp!(klass.new))
+    assert_equal("abb", s)
+
+    # chomp removes any of "\n", "\r\n", "\r" when "\n" is specified
+    s = "foo\n"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.chomp!("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r\n"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.chomp!("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.chomp!("\n"))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {String.new.chomp!("", "")}
+  ensure
+    $/ = save
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_chop
+    assert_equal(S("hell"),    S("hello").chop)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"),   S("hello\r\n").chop)
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), S("hello\n\r").chop)
+    assert_equal(S(""),        S("\r\n").chop)
+    assert_equal(S(""),        S("").chop)
+    assert_equal(S("a").hash,  S("a\u00d8").chop.hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_chop!
+    a = S("hello").chop!
+    assert_equal(S("hell"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello\r\n").chop!
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello\n\r").chop!
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), a)
+
+    a = S("\r\n").chop!
+    assert_equal(S(""), a)
+
+    a = S("").chop!
+    assert_nil(a)
+
+    a = S("a\u00d8")
+    a.chop!
+    assert_equal(S("a").hash, a.hash)
+
+    a = S("hello\n")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("hello"),   a.chop!)
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), b)
+  end
+
+  def test_clone
+    for frozen in [ false, true ]
+      a = S("Cool")
+      a.freeze if frozen
+      b = a.clone
+
+      assert_equal(a, b)
+      assert_not_same(a, b)
+      assert_equal(a.frozen?, b.frozen?)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("", File.read(IO::NULL).clone, '[ruby-dev:32819] reported by Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA')
+  end
+
+  def test_concat
+    assert_equal(S("world!"), S("world").concat(33))
+    assert_equal(S("world!"), S("world").concat(S('!')))
+    b = S("sn")
+    assert_equal(S("snsnsn"), b.concat(b, b))
+
+    bug7090 = '[ruby-core:47751]'
+    result = S("").force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+    result << 0x0300
+    expected = S("\u0300".encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE))
+    assert_equal(expected, result, bug7090)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('foo') << :foo }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { S('foo').freeze.concat('bar') }
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_literals
+    s=S("." * 50)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, "#{s}x".encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_string_interpolations_across_heaps_get_embedded
+    omit if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_COUNT] == 1
+
+    require 'objspace'
+    base_slot_size = GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE]
+    small_obj_size = (base_slot_size / 2)
+    large_obj_size = base_slot_size * 2
+
+    a = "a" * small_obj_size
+    b = "a" * large_obj_size
+
+    res = "#{a}, #{b}"
+    dump_res = ObjectSpace.dump(res)
+    dump_orig = ObjectSpace.dump(a)
+    new_slot_size = Integer(dump_res.match(/"slot_size":(\d+)/)[1])
+    orig_slot_size = Integer(dump_orig.match(/"slot_size":(\d+)/)[1])
+
+    assert_match(/"embedded":true/, dump_res)
+    assert_operator(new_slot_size, :>, orig_slot_size)
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    a = S("hello world")
+    assert_equal(5, a.count(S("lo")))
+    assert_equal(2, a.count(S("lo"), S("o")))
+    assert_equal(4, a.count(S("hello"), S("^l")))
+    assert_equal(4, a.count(S("ej-m")))
+    assert_equal(0, S("y").count(S("a\\-z")))
+    assert_equal(5, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("^a"))
+    assert_equal(1, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("\u3042"))
+    assert_equal(5, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("^\u3042"))
+    assert_equal(2, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("a-z", "^a"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("a", "\u3042"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("\u3042", "a"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("\u3042", "\u3044"))
+    assert_equal(4, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("^a", "^\u3044"))
+    assert_equal(4, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("^\u3044", "^a"))
+    assert_equal(4, S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").count("^\u3042", "^\u3044"))
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("foo").count }
+  end
+
+  def crypt_supports_des_crypt?
+    /openbsd/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  end
+
+  def test_crypt
+    if crypt_supports_des_crypt?
+      pass      = "aaGUC/JkO9/Sc"
+      good_salt = "aa"
+      bad_salt  = "ab"
+    else
+      pass      = "$2a$04$0WVaz0pV3jzfZ5G5tpmHWuBQGbkjzgtSc3gJbmdy0GAGMa45MFM2."
+      good_salt = "$2a$04$0WVaz0pV3jzfZ5G5tpmHWu"
+      bad_salt  = "$2a$04$0WVaz0pV3jzfZ5G5tpmHXu"
+    end
+    assert_equal(S(pass), S("mypassword").crypt(S(good_salt)))
+    assert_not_equal(S(pass), S("mypassword").crypt(S(bad_salt)))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {S("mypassword").crypt(S(""))}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {S("mypassword").crypt(S("\0a"))}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {S("mypassword").crypt(S("a\0"))}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {S("poison\u0000null").crypt(S("aa"))}
+    WIDE_ENCODINGS.each do |enc|
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {S("mypassword").crypt(S("aa".encode(enc)))}
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) {S("mypassword".encode(enc)).crypt(S("aa"))}
+    end
+
+    @cls == String and
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], "s = ''; salt_proc = proc{#{(crypt_supports_des_crypt? ? '..' : good_salt).inspect}}", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+
+    begin;
+      1000.times { s.crypt(-salt_proc.call).clear  }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    assert_equal(S("heo"),  S("hello").delete(S("l"), S("lo")))
+    assert_equal(S("he"),   S("hello").delete(S("lo")))
+    assert_equal(S("hell"), S("hello").delete(S("aeiou"), S("^e")))
+    assert_equal(S("ho"),   S("hello").delete(S("ej-m")))
+
+    assert_equal(S("a").hash, S("a\u0101").delete("\u0101").hash, '[ruby-talk:329267]')
+    assert_equal(true, S("a\u0101").delete("\u0101").ascii_only?)
+    assert_equal(true, S("a\u3041").delete("\u3041").ascii_only?)
+    assert_equal(false, S("a\u3041\u3042").delete("\u3041").ascii_only?)
+
+    assert_equal("a", S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").delete("^a"))
+    assert_equal("bc\u{3042 3044 3046}", S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").delete("a"))
+    assert_equal("\u3042", S("abc\u{3042 3044 3046}").delete("^\u3042"))
+
+    bug6160 = '[ruby-dev:45374]'
+    assert_equal("", S('\\').delete('\\'), bug6160)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete!
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.delete!(S("l"), S("lo"))
+    assert_equal(S("heo"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.delete!(S("lo"))
+    assert_equal(S("he"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.delete!(S("aeiou"), S("^e"))
+    assert_equal(S("hell"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.delete!(S("ej-m"))
+    assert_equal(S("ho"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    assert_nil(a.delete!(S("z")))
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    a.delete!(S("lo"))
+    assert_equal(S("he"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), b)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.delete!(S("^el"))
+    assert_equal(S("ell"), a)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("foo").delete! }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_downcase
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("helLO").downcase)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello").downcase)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("HELLO").downcase)
+    assert_equal(S("abc hello 123"), S("abc HELLO 123").downcase)
+    assert_equal(S("h\0""ello"), S("h\0""ELLO").downcase)
+  end
+
+  def test_downcase!
+    a = S("helLO")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a.downcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("helLO"), b)
+
+    a=S("hello")
+    assert_nil(a.downcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), a)
+
+    a = S("h\0""ELLO")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("h\0""ello"), a.downcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("h\0""ello"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("h\0""ELLO"), b)
+  end
+
+  def test_dump
+    a= S("Test") << 1 << 2 << 3 << 9 << 13 << 10
+    assert_equal(S('"Test\\x01\\x02\\x03\\t\\r\\n"'), a.dump)
+    b= S("\u{7F}")
+    assert_equal(S('"\\x7F"'), b.dump)
+    b= S("\u{AB}")
+    assert_equal(S('"\\u00AB"'), b.dump)
+    b= S("\u{ABC}")
+    assert_equal(S('"\\u0ABC"'), b.dump)
+    b= S("\uABCD")
+    assert_equal(S('"\\uABCD"'), b.dump)
+    b= S("\u{ABCDE}")
+    assert_equal(S('"\\u{ABCDE}"'), b.dump)
+    b= S("\u{10ABCD}")
+    assert_equal(S('"\\u{10ABCD}"'), b.dump)
+  end
+
+  def test_undump
+    a = S("Test") << 1 << 2 << 3 << 9 << 13 << 10
+    assert_equal(a, S('"Test\\x01\\x02\\x03\\t\\r\\n"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\\ca"), S('"\\ca"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{7F}"), S('"\\x7F"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{7F}A"), S('"\\x7FA"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{AB}"), S('"\\u00AB"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{ABC}"), S('"\\u0ABC"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\uABCD"), S('"\\uABCD"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\uABCD"), S('"\\uABCD"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{ABCDE}"), S('"\\u{ABCDE}"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{10ABCD}"), S('"\\u{10ABCD}"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{ABCDE 10ABCD}"), S('"\\u{ABCDE 10ABCD}"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S(""), S('"\\u{}"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S(""), S('"\\u{  }"').undump)
+
+    assert_equal(S("\u3042".encode("sjis")), S('"\x82\xA0"'.force_encoding("sjis")).undump)
+    assert_equal(S("\u8868".encode("sjis")), S("\"\\x95\\\\\"".force_encoding("sjis")).undump)
+
+    assert_equal(S("äöü"), S('"\u00E4\u00F6\u00FC"').undump)
+    assert_equal(S("äöü"), S('"\xC3\xA4\xC3\xB6\xC3\xBC"').undump)
+
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, S('"\\u3042"').encode(Encoding::EUC_JP).undump.encoding)
+
+    assert_equal("abc".encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE),
+                 S('"a\x00b\x00c\x00".force_encoding("UTF-16LE")').undump)
+
+    assert_equal('\#', S('"\\\\#"').undump)
+    assert_equal('\#{', S('"\\\\\#{"').undump)
+
+    assert_undump("\0\u{ABCD}")
+    assert_undump(S('"\x00\u3042"'.force_encoding("SJIS")))
+    assert_undump(S('"\u3042\x7E"'.force_encoding("SJIS")))
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('\u3042').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\x82\xA0\u3042"'.force_encoding("SJIS")).undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u3042\x82\xA0"'.force_encoding("SJIS")).undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"".force_encoding()').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"".force_encoding("').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"".force_encoding("UNKNOWN")').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u3042".force_encoding("UTF-16LE")').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\x00\x00".force_encoding("UTF-16LE")"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\x00\x00".force_encoding("'+("a"*9999999)+'")"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S(%("\u00E4")).undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"""').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('""""').undump }
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"a').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u{"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u304"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u304Z"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\udfff"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u{dfff}"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u{3042"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u{3042 "').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u{110000}"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\u{1234567}"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\x"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\xA"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S('"\\"').undump }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { S(%("\0")).undump }
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /invalid/) {
+      S('"\\u{007F}".xxxxxx').undump
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_undump_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    a = S("Test") << 1 << 2 << 3 << 9 << 13 << 10
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      assert_equal(a, S('"Test\\x01\\x02\\x03\\t\\r\\n"').undump)
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      assert_equal(S("\u{ABCDE 10ABCD}"), S('"\\u{ABCDE 10ABCD}"').undump)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    for frozen in [ false, true ]
+      a = S("hello")
+      a.freeze if frozen
+      b = a.dup
+
+      assert_equal(a, b)
+      assert_not_same(a, b)
+      assert_not_predicate(b, :frozen?)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class StringWithIVSet < String
+    def set_iv
+      @foo = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_set_after_frozen_dup
+    str = StringWithIVSet.new.freeze
+    str.dup.set_iv
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { str.set_iv }
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+
+    save = $/
+    $/ = "\n"
+    res=[]
+    S("hello\nworld").lines.each {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),   res[1])
+
+    res=[]
+    S("hello\n\n\nworld").lines(S('')).each {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n\n"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),     res[1])
+
+    $/ = "!"
+    res=[]
+    S("hello!world").lines.each {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello!"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),  res[1])
+  ensure
+    $/ = save
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_each_byte
+    s = S("ABC")
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.each_byte {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal(65, res[0])
+    assert_equal(66, res[1])
+    assert_equal(67, res[2])
+
+    assert_equal 65, s.each_byte.next
+  end
+
+  def test_bytes
+    s = S("ABC")
+    assert_equal [65, 66, 67], s.bytes
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.bytes {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal(65, res[0])
+    assert_equal(66, res[1])
+    assert_equal(67, res[2])
+    s = S("ABC")
+    res = []
+    assert_same s, s.bytes {|x| res << x }
+    assert_equal [65, 66, 67], res
+  end
+
+  def test_each_codepoint
+    # Single byte optimization
+    assert_equal 65, S("ABC").each_codepoint.next
+
+    s = S("\u3042\u3044\u3046")
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.each_codepoint {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal(0x3042, res[0])
+    assert_equal(0x3044, res[1])
+    assert_equal(0x3046, res[2])
+
+    assert_equal 0x3042, s.each_codepoint.next
+  end
+
+  def test_codepoints
+    # Single byte optimization
+    assert_equal [65, 66, 67], S("ABC").codepoints
+
+    s = S("\u3042\u3044\u3046")
+    assert_equal [0x3042, 0x3044, 0x3046], s.codepoints
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.codepoints {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal(0x3042, res[0])
+    assert_equal(0x3044, res[1])
+    assert_equal(0x3046, res[2])
+    s = S("ABC")
+    res = []
+    assert_same s, s.codepoints {|x| res << x }
+    assert_equal [65, 66, 67], res
+  end
+
+  def test_each_char
+    s = S("ABC")
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.each_char {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal("A", res[0])
+    assert_equal("B", res[1])
+    assert_equal("C", res[2])
+
+    assert_equal "A", S("ABC").each_char.next
+  end
+
+  def test_chars
+    s = S("ABC")
+    assert_equal ["A", "B", "C"], s.chars
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.chars {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal("A", res[0])
+    assert_equal("B", res[1])
+    assert_equal("C", res[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_each_grapheme_cluster
+    [
+      "\u{0D 0A}",
+      "\u{20 200d}",
+      "\u{600 600}",
+      "\u{600 20}",
+      "\u{261d 1F3FB}",
+      "\u{1f600}",
+      "\u{20 308}",
+      "\u{1F477 1F3FF 200D 2640 FE0F}",
+      "\u{1F468 200D 1F393}",
+      "\u{1F46F 200D 2642 FE0F}",
+      "\u{1f469 200d 2764 fe0f 200d 1f469}",
+    ].each do |g|
+      assert_equal [g], g.each_grapheme_cluster.to_a
+      assert_equal 1, g.each_grapheme_cluster.size
+    end
+
+    [
+      ["\u{a 324}", ["\u000A", "\u0324"]],
+      ["\u{d 324}", ["\u000D", "\u0324"]],
+      ["abc", ["a", "b", "c"]],
+    ].each do |str, grapheme_clusters|
+      assert_equal grapheme_clusters, str.each_grapheme_cluster.to_a
+      assert_equal grapheme_clusters.size, str.each_grapheme_cluster.size
+    end
+
+    s = ("x"+"\u{10ABCD}"*250000)
+    assert_empty(s.each_grapheme_cluster {s.clear})
+  end
+
+  def test_grapheme_clusters
+    [
+      "\u{20 200d}",
+      "\u{600 600}",
+      "\u{600 20}",
+      "\u{261d 1F3FB}",
+      "\u{1f600}",
+      "\u{20 308}",
+      "\u{1F477 1F3FF 200D 2640 FE0F}",
+      "\u{1F468 200D 1F393}",
+      "\u{1F46F 200D 2642 FE0F}",
+      "\u{1f469 200d 2764 fe0f 200d 1f469}",
+    ].product([Encoding::UTF_8, *WIDE_ENCODINGS]) do |g, enc|
+      g = g.encode(enc)
+      assert_equal [g], g.grapheme_clusters
+    end
+
+    [
+      "\u{a 324}",
+      "\u{d 324}",
+      "abc",
+    ].product([Encoding::UTF_8, *WIDE_ENCODINGS]) do |g, enc|
+      g = g.encode(enc)
+      assert_equal g.chars, g.grapheme_clusters
+    end
+    assert_equal ["a", "b", "c"], S("abc").b.grapheme_clusters
+
+    s = S("ABC").b
+    res = []
+    assert_same s, s.grapheme_clusters {|x| res << x }
+    assert_equal(3, res.size)
+    assert_equal("A", res[0])
+    assert_equal("B", res[1])
+    assert_equal("C", res[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_grapheme_clusters_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "", "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #todo]", rss: true)
+    begin;
+      str = "hello world".encode(Encoding::UTF_32LE)
+
+      10_000.times do
+        str.grapheme_clusters
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_byteslice_grapheme_clusters
+    string = "안녕"
+    assert_equal(["안"], string.byteslice(0,4).grapheme_clusters)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+
+    save = $/
+    $/ = "\n"
+    res=[]
+    S("hello\nworld").each_line {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),   res[1])
+
+    res=[]
+    S("hello\n\n\nworld").each_line(S('')) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n\n"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),     res[1])
+
+    res=[]
+    S("hello\r\n\r\nworld").each_line(S('')) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello\r\n\r\n"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),         res[1])
+
+    $/ = "!"
+
+    res=[]
+    S("hello!world").each_line {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello!"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),  res[1])
+
+    $/ = "ab"
+
+    res=[]
+    S("a").lines.each {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(1, res.size)
+    assert_equal(S("a"), res[0])
+
+    $/ = save
+
+    s = nil
+    S("foo\nbar").each_line(nil) {|s2| s = s2 }
+    assert_equal("foo\nbar", s)
+
+    assert_equal "hello\n", S("hello\nworld").each_line.next
+    assert_equal "hello\nworld", S("hello\nworld").each_line(nil).next
+
+    bug7646 = "[ruby-dev:46827]"
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug7646) do
+      S("\n\u0100").each_line("\n") {}
+    end
+  ensure
+    $/ = save
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+  end
+
+  def test_each_line_chomp
+    res = []
+    S("hello\nworld").each_line("\n", chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"), res[1])
+
+    res = []
+    S("hello\n\n\nworld\n").each_line(S(''), chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world\n"), res[1])
+
+    res = []
+    S("hello\r\n\r\nworld\r\n").each_line(S(''), chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world\r\n"), res[1])
+
+    res = []
+    S("hello\r\n\n\nworld").each_line(S(''), chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"), res[1])
+
+    res = []
+    S("hello!world").each_line(S('!'), chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"), res[1])
+
+    res = []
+    S("a").each_line(S('ab'), chomp: true).each {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal(1, res.size)
+    assert_equal(S("a"), res[0])
+
+    s = nil
+    S("foo\nbar").each_line(nil, chomp: true) {|s2| s = s2 }
+    assert_equal("foo\nbar", s)
+
+    assert_equal "hello", S("hello\nworld").each_line(chomp: true).next
+    assert_equal "hello\nworld", S("hello\nworld").each_line(nil, chomp: true).next
+
+    res = []
+    S("").each_line(chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal([], res)
+
+    res = []
+    S("\n").each_line(chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal([S("")], res)
+
+    res = []
+    S("\r\n").each_line(chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal([S("")], res)
+
+    res = []
+    S("a\n b\n").each_line(" ", chomp: true) {|x| res << x}
+    assert_equal([S("a\n"), S("b\n")], res)
+  end
+
+  def test_lines
+    s = S("hello\nworld")
+    assert_equal ["hello\n", "world"], s.lines
+    assert_equal ["hello\nworld"], s.lines(nil)
+
+    res = []
+    assert_equal s.object_id, s.lines {|x| res << x }.object_id
+    assert_equal(S("hello\n"), res[0])
+    assert_equal(S("world"),  res[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_empty?
+    assert_empty(S(""))
+    assert_not_empty(S("not"))
+  end
+
+  def test_end_with?
+    assert_send([S("hello"), :end_with?, S("llo")])
+    assert_not_send([S("hello"), :end_with?, S("ll")])
+    assert_send([S("hello"), :end_with?, S("el"), S("lo")])
+    assert_send([S("hello"), :end_with?, S("")])
+    assert_not_send([S("hello"), :end_with?])
+
+    bug5536 = '[ruby-core:40623]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5536) {S("str").end_with? :not_convertible_to_string}
+  end
+
+  def test_eql?
+    a = S("hello")
+    assert_operator(a, :eql?, S("hello"))
+    assert_operator(a, :eql?, a)
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub
+    assert_equal(S("h*ll*"),     S("hello").gsub(/[aeiou]/, S('*')))
+    assert_equal(S("h<e>ll<o>"), S("hello").gsub(/([aeiou])/, S('<\1>')))
+    assert_equal(S("h e l l o "),
+                 S("hello").gsub(/./) { |s| s[0].to_s + S(' ')})
+    assert_equal(S("HELL-o"),
+                 S("hello").gsub(/(hell)(.)/) { |s| $1.upcase + S('-') + $2 })
+    assert_equal(S("<>h<>e<>l<>l<>o<>"), S("hello").gsub(S(''), S('<\0>')))
+
+    assert_equal("z", S("abc").gsub(/./, "a" => "z"), "moved from btest/knownbug")
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("foo").gsub }
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress { assert_equal(S("h<e>ll<o>"), S("hello").gsub(/([aeiou])/, S('<\1>'))) }
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub_encoding
+    a = S("hello world")
+    a.force_encoding Encoding::UTF_8
+
+    b = S("hi")
+    b.force_encoding Encoding::US_ASCII
+
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, a.gsub(/hello/, b).encoding
+
+    c = S("everybody")
+    c.force_encoding Encoding::US_ASCII
+
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, a.gsub(/world/, c).encoding
+
+    assert_equal S("a\u{e9}apos&lt;"), S("a\u{e9}'&lt;").gsub("'", "apos")
+
+    bug9849 = '[ruby-core:62669] [Bug #9849]'
+    assert_equal S("\u{3042 3042 3042}!foo!"), S("\u{3042 3042 3042}/foo/").gsub("/", "!"), bug9849
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub!
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    a.gsub!(/[aeiou]/, S('*'))
+    assert_equal(S("h*ll*"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), b)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.gsub!(/([aeiou])/, S('<\1>'))
+    assert_equal(S("h<e>ll<o>"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.gsub!(/./) { |s| s[0].to_s + S(' ')}
+    assert_equal(S("h e l l o "), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.gsub!(/(hell)(.)/) { |s| $1.upcase + S('-') + $2 }
+    assert_equal(S("HELL-o"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    assert_nil(a.sub!(S('X'), S('Y')))
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub_bang_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      a = S("hello")
+      a.gsub!(/([aeiou])/, S('<\1>'))
+      assert_equal(S("h<e>ll<o>"), a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sub_hash
+    assert_equal('azc', S('abc').sub(/b/, "b" => "z"))
+    assert_equal('ac', S('abc').sub(/b/, {}))
+    assert_equal('a1c', S('abc').sub(/b/, "b" => 1))
+    assert_equal('aBc', S('abc').sub(/b/, Hash.new {|h, k| k.upcase }))
+    assert_equal('a[\&]c', S('abc').sub(/b/, "b" => '[\&]'))
+    assert_equal('aBcabc', S('abcabc').sub(/b/, Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = k.upcase }))
+    assert_equal('aBcdef', S('abcdef').sub(/de|b/, "b" => "B", "de" => "DE"))
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub_hash
+    assert_equal('azc', S('abc').gsub(/b/, "b" => "z"))
+    assert_equal('ac', S('abc').gsub(/b/, {}))
+    assert_equal('a1c', S('abc').gsub(/b/, "b" => 1))
+    assert_equal('aBc', S('abc').gsub(/b/, Hash.new {|h, k| k.upcase }))
+    assert_equal('a[\&]c', S('abc').gsub(/b/, "b" => '[\&]'))
+    assert_equal('aBcaBc', S('abcabc').gsub(/b/, Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = k.upcase }))
+    assert_equal('aBcDEf', S('abcdef').gsub(/de|b/, "b" => "B", "de" => "DE"))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_equal(S("hello").hash, S("hello").hash)
+    assert_not_equal(S("hello").hash, S("helLO").hash)
+    bug4104 = '[ruby-core:33500]'
+    assert_not_equal(S("a").hash, S("a\0").hash, bug4104)
+    bug9172 = '[ruby-core:58658] [Bug #9172]'
+    assert_not_equal(S("sub-setter").hash, S("discover").hash, bug9172)
+    assert_equal(S("").hash, S("".encode(Encoding::UTF_32BE)).hash)
+    h1, h2 = ["\x80", "\x81"].map {|c| c.b.hash ^ c.hash}
+    assert_not_equal(h1, h2)
+  end
+
+  def test_hex
+    assert_equal(255,  S("0xff").hex)
+    assert_equal(-255, S("-0xff").hex)
+    assert_equal(255,  S("ff").hex)
+    assert_equal(-255, S("-ff").hex)
+    assert_equal(0,    S("-ralph").hex)
+    assert_equal(-15,  S("-fred").hex)
+    assert_equal(15,   S("fred").hex)
+  end
+
+  def test_include?
+    assert_include(S("foobar"), ?f)
+    assert_include(S("foobar"), S("foo"))
+    assert_not_include(S("foobar"), S("baz"))
+    assert_not_include(S("foobar"), ?z)
+  end
+
+  def test_index
+    assert_index(0, S("hello"), ?h)
+    assert_index(1, S("hello"), S("ell"))
+    assert_index(2, S("hello"), /ll./)
+
+    assert_index(3, S("hello"), ?l, 3)
+    assert_index(3, S("hello"), S("l"), 3)
+    assert_index(3, S("hello"), /l./, 3)
+
+    assert_index(nil, S("hello"), ?z, 3)
+    assert_index(nil, S("hello"), S("z"), 3)
+    assert_index(nil, S("hello"), /z./, 3)
+
+    assert_index(nil, S("hello"), ?z)
+    assert_index(nil, S("hello"), S("z"))
+    assert_index(nil, S("hello"), /z./)
+
+    assert_index(0, S(""), S(""))
+    assert_index(0, S(""), //)
+    assert_index(nil, S(""), S("hello"))
+    assert_index(nil, S(""), /hello/)
+    assert_index(0, S("hello"), S(""))
+    assert_index(0, S("hello"), //)
+
+    s = S("long") * 1000 << "x"
+    assert_index(nil, s, S("y"))
+    assert_index(4 * 1000, s, S("x"))
+    s << "yx"
+    assert_index(4 * 1000, s, S("x"))
+    assert_index(4 * 1000, s, S("xyx"))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+    assert_index(3, S("foobarbarbaz"), o)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").index(Object.new) }
+
+    assert_index(nil, S("foo"), //, -100)
+    assert_index(nil, S("foo"), //, 4)
+
+    assert_index(2, S("abcdbce"), /b\Kc/)
+
+    assert_index(0, S("�ん���"), ?�)
+    assert_index(1, S("�ん���"), S("ん��"))
+    assert_index(2, S("�ん���"), /��./)
+
+    assert_index(0, S("�ん���"), ?�, 0)
+    assert_index(2, S("�ん���"), ?�, 1)
+    assert_index(2, S("�ん���"), ?�, 2)
+    assert_index(nil, S("�ん���"), ?�, 3)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert
+    assert_equal("Xabcd", S("abcd").insert(0, 'X'))
+    assert_equal("abcXd", S("abcd").insert(3, 'X'))
+    assert_equal("abcdX", S("abcd").insert(4, 'X'))
+    assert_equal("abXcd", S("abcd").insert(-3, 'X'))
+    assert_equal("abcdX", S("abcd").insert(-1, 'X'))
+  end
+
+  def test_intern
+    assert_equal(:koala, S("koala").intern)
+    assert_not_equal(:koala, S("Koala").intern)
+  end
+
+  def test_length
+    assert_equal(0, S("").length)
+    assert_equal(4, S("1234").length)
+    assert_equal(6, S("1234\r\n").length)
+    assert_equal(7, S("\0011234\r\n").length)
+  end
+
+  def test_ljust
+    assert_equal(S("hello"),       S("hello").ljust(4))
+    assert_equal(S("hello      "), S("hello").ljust(11))
+    assert_equal(S("ababababab"), S("").ljust(10, "ab"), Bug2463)
+    assert_equal(S("abababababa"), S("").ljust(11, "ab"), Bug2463)
+  end
+
+  def test_next
+    assert_equal(S("abd"), S("abc").next)
+    assert_equal(S("z"),   S("y").next)
+    assert_equal(S("aaa"), S("zz").next)
+
+    assert_equal(S("124"),  S("123").next)
+    assert_equal(S("1000"), S("999").next)
+
+    assert_equal(S("2000aaa"),  S("1999zzz").next)
+    assert_equal(S("AAAAA000"), S("ZZZZ999").next)
+
+    assert_equal(S("*+"), S("**").next)
+
+    assert_equal(S("!"), S(" ").next)
+    assert_equal(S(""), S("").next)
+  end
+
+  def test_next!
+    a = S("abc")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("abd"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("abd"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), b)
+
+    a = S("y")
+    assert_equal(S("z"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("z"), a)
+
+    a = S("zz")
+    assert_equal(S("aaa"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("aaa"), a)
+
+    a = S("123")
+    assert_equal(S("124"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("124"), a)
+
+    a = S("999")
+    assert_equal(S("1000"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("1000"), a)
+
+    a = S("1999zzz")
+    assert_equal(S("2000aaa"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("2000aaa"), a)
+
+    a = S("ZZZZ999")
+    assert_equal(S("AAAAA000"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("AAAAA000"), a)
+
+    a = S("**")
+    assert_equal(S("*+"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("*+"), a)
+
+    a = S(" ")
+    assert_equal(S("!"), a.next!)
+    assert_equal(S("!"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_oct
+    assert_equal(255,  S("0377").oct)
+    assert_equal(255,  S("377").oct)
+    assert_equal(-255, S("-0377").oct)
+    assert_equal(-255, S("-377").oct)
+    assert_equal(0,    S("OO").oct)
+    assert_equal(24,   S("030OO").oct)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace
+    a = S("foo")
+    assert_equal(S("f"), a.replace(S("f")))
+
+    a = S("foo")
+    assert_equal(S("foobar"), a.replace(S("foobar")))
+
+    a = S("foo")
+    b = a.replace(S("xyz"))
+    assert_equal(S("xyz"), b)
+
+    s = S("foo") * 100
+    s2 = ("bar" * 100).dup
+    s.replace(s2)
+    assert_equal(s2, s)
+
+    s2 = [S("foo")].pack("p")
+    s.replace(s2)
+    assert_equal(s2, s)
+
+    fs = S("").freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { fs.replace("a") }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { fs.replace(fs) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { fs.replace() }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { fs.replace(42) }
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse
+    assert_equal(S("beta"), S("ateb").reverse)
+    assert_equal(S("madamImadam"), S("madamImadam").reverse)
+
+    a=S("beta")
+    assert_equal(S("ateb"), a.reverse)
+    assert_equal(S("beta"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse!
+    a = S("beta")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("ateb"), a.reverse!)
+    assert_equal(S("ateb"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("beta"), b)
+
+    assert_equal(S("madamImadam"), S("madamImadam").reverse!)
+
+    a = S("madamImadam")
+    assert_equal(S("madamImadam"), a.reverse!)  # ??
+    assert_equal(S("madamImadam"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_rindex
+    assert_rindex(3, S("hello"), ?l)
+    assert_rindex(6, S("ell, hello"), S("ell"))
+    assert_rindex(7, S("ell, hello"), /ll./)
+
+    assert_rindex(3, S("hello,lo"), ?l, 3)
+    assert_rindex(3, S("hello,lo"), S("l"), 3)
+    assert_rindex(3, S("hello,lo"), /l./, 3)
+
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("hello"), ?z,     3)
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("hello"), S("z"), 3)
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("hello"), /z./,   3)
+
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("hello"), ?z)
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("hello"), S("z"))
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("hello"), /z./)
+
+    assert_rindex(5, S("hello"), S(""))
+    assert_rindex(5, S("hello"), S(""), 5)
+    assert_rindex(4, S("hello"), S(""), 4)
+    assert_rindex(0, S("hello"), S(""), 0)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+    assert_rindex(6, S("foobarbarbaz"), o)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").rindex(Object.new) }
+
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("foo"), //, -100)
+
+    m = assert_rindex(3, S("foo"), //)
+    assert_equal([3, 3], m.offset(0))
+    assert_rindex(3, S("foo"), //, 4)
+
+    assert_rindex(5, S("abcdbce"), /b\Kc/)
+
+    assert_rindex(2, S("�ん���"), ?�)
+    assert_rindex(6, S("�����ん���"), S("���"))
+    assert_rindex(6, S("�����ん���"), /��./)
+
+    assert_rindex(6, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 7)
+    assert_rindex(6, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), -2)
+    assert_rindex(6, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 6)
+    assert_rindex(6, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), -3)
+    assert_rindex(0, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 5)
+    assert_rindex(0, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), -4)
+    assert_rindex(0, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 1)
+    assert_rindex(0, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 0)
+
+    assert_rindex(0, S("�ん���"), S("�ん���"))
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("�ん��"), S("�ん���"))
+    assert_rindex(nil, S("�"), S("�ん���"))
+    assert_rindex(nil, S(""), S("�ん���"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rjust
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), S("hello").rjust(4))
+    assert_equal(S("      hello"), S("hello").rjust(11))
+    assert_equal(S("ababababab"), S("").rjust(10, "ab"), Bug2463)
+    assert_equal(S("abababababa"), S("").rjust(11, "ab"), Bug2463)
+  end
+
+  def test_scan
+    a = S("cruel world")
+    assert_equal([S("cruel"), S("world")],a.scan(/\w+/))
+    assert_equal([S("cru"), S("el "), S("wor")],a.scan(/.../))
+    assert_equal([[S("cru")], [S("el ")], [S("wor")]],a.scan(/(...)/))
+
+    res = []
+    a.scan(/\w+/) { |w| res << w }
+    assert_equal([S("cruel"), S("world") ],res)
+
+    res = []
+    a.scan(/.../) { |w| res << w }
+    assert_equal([S("cru"), S("el "), S("wor")],res)
+
+    res = []
+    a.scan(/(...)/) { |w| res << w }
+    assert_equal([[S("cru")], [S("el ")], [S("wor")]],res)
+
+    /h/ =~ a
+    a.scan(/x/)
+    assert_nil($~)
+
+    /h/ =~ a
+    a.scan('x')
+    assert_nil($~)
+
+    assert_equal(%w[1 2 3], S("a1 a2 a3").scan(/a\K./))
+  end
+
+  def test_scan_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress { assert_equal([["1a"], ["2b"], ["3c"]], S("1a2b3c").scan(/(\d.)/)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_scan_segv
+    bug19159 = '[Bug #19159]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(Exception, bug19159) do
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(MatchData).to_a
+      "".scan(//)
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(MatchData).to_a.inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_equal(0, S("").size)
+    assert_equal(4, S("1234").size)
+    assert_equal(6, S("1234\r\n").size)
+    assert_equal(7, S("\0011234\r\n").size)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice
+    assert_equal(?A, S("AooBar").slice(0))
+    assert_equal(?B, S("FooBaB").slice(-1))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(6))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(-7))
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar").slice(0,3))
+    assert_equal(S(S("Bar")), S("FooBar").slice(-3,3))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(7,2))     # Maybe should be six?
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(-7,10))
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar").slice(0..2))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar").slice(-3..-1))
+    assert_equal(S(""), S("FooBar").slice(6..2))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(-10..-7))
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar").slice(/^F../))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar").slice(/..r$/))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(/xyzzy/))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(/plugh/))
+
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), S("FooBar").slice(S("Foo")))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar").slice(S("Bar")))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(S("xyzzy")))
+    assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(S("plugh")))
+
+    bug9882 = '[ruby-core:62842] [Bug #9882]'
+    substr = S("\u{30c6 30b9 30c8 2019}#{bug9882}").slice(4..-1)
+    assert_equal(S(bug9882).hash, substr.hash, bug9882)
+    assert_predicate(substr, :ascii_only?, bug9882)
+  end
+
+  def test_slice!
+    a = S("AooBar")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(?A, a.slice!(0))
+    assert_equal(S("ooBar"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("AooBar"), b)
+
+    a = S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(?r,a.slice!(-1))
+    assert_equal(S("FooBa"), a)
+
+    a = S("FooBar")
+    assert_nil( a.slice!(6) )
+    assert_nil( a.slice!(6r) )
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+
+    assert_nil( a.slice!(-7) )
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+
+    a = S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a.slice!(0,3))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a)
+
+    a = S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a.slice!(-3,3))
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_nil(a.slice!(7,2))      # Maybe should be six?
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+    assert_nil(a.slice!(-7,10))
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a.slice!(0..2))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a.slice!(-3..-1))
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S(""), a.slice!(6..2))
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+    assert_nil(a.slice!(-10..-7))
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a.slice!(/^F../))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a.slice!(/..r$/))
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_nil(a.slice!(/xyzzy/))
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+    assert_nil(a.slice!(/plugh/))
+    assert_equal(S("FooBar"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a.slice!(S("Foo")))
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a)
+
+    a=S("FooBar")
+    assert_equal(S("Bar"), a.slice!(S("Bar")))
+    assert_equal(S("Foo"), a)
+
+    a = S("foo")
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.slice! }
+  end
+
+  def test_split
+    fs, $; = $;, nil
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], S(" a   b\t c ").split)
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], S(" a   b\t c ").split(S(" ")))
+
+    assert_equal([S(" a "), S(" b "), S(" c ")], S(" a | b | c ").split(S("|")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], S("aXXbXXcXX").split(/X./))
+
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], S("abc").split(//))
+
+    assert_equal([S("a|b|c")], S("a|b|c").split(S('|'), 1))
+
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b|c")], S("a|b|c").split(S('|'), 2))
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], S("a|b|c").split(S('|'), 3))
+
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c"), S("")], S("a|b|c|").split(S('|'), -1))
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c"), S(""), S("")], S("a|b|c||").split(S('|'), -1))
+
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S(""), S("b"), S("c")], S("a||b|c|").split(S('|')))
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S(""), S("b"), S("c"), S("")], S("a||b|c|").split(S('|'), -1))
+
+    assert_equal([], S("").split(//, 1))
+  ensure
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning {$; = fs}
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_block
+    fs, $; = $;, nil
+    result = []; S(" a   b\t c ").split {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], result)
+    result = []; S(" a   b\t c ").split(S(" ")) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], result)
+
+    result = []; S(" a | b | c ").split(S("|")) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S(" a "), S(" b "), S(" c ")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("aXXbXXcXX").split(/X./) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("abc").split(//) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("a|b|c").split(S('|'), 1) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a|b|c")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("a|b|c").split(S('|'), 2) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b|c")], result)
+    result = []; S("a|b|c").split(S('|'), 3) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("a|b|c|").split(S('|'), -1) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c"), S("")], result)
+    result = []; S("a|b|c||").split(S('|'), -1) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S("b"), S("c"), S(""), S("")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("a||b|c|").split(S('|')) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S(""), S("b"), S("c")], result)
+    result = []; S("a||b|c|").split(S('|'), -1) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([S("a"), S(""), S("b"), S("c"), S("")], result)
+
+    result = []; S("").split(//, 1) {|s| result << s}
+    assert_equal([], result)
+
+    result = []; S("aaa,bbb,ccc,ddd").split(/,/) {|s| result << s.gsub(/./, "A")}
+    assert_equal(["AAA"]*4, result)
+
+    s = S("abc ") * 20
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+      10.times do
+        s.split {s.prepend("xxx" * 100)}
+      end
+    }
+  ensure
+    EnvUtil.suppress_warning {$; = fs}
+  end
+
+  def test_fs
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    begin
+      fs = $;
+      assert_deprecated_warning(/non-nil '\$;'/) {$; = "x"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\$;/) {$; = []}
+    ensure
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {$; = fs}
+    end
+    name = "\u{5206 5217}"
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"do;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    do;
+      alias $#{name} $;
+      assert_deprecated_warning(/\\$#{name}/) { $#{name} = "" }
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\\$#{name}/) { $#{name} = 1 }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_fs_gc
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    assert_separately(%W[-W0], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    bug = '[ruby-core:79582] $; must not be GCed'
+    begin;
+      $; = " "
+      $a = nil
+      alias $; $a
+      alias $-F $a
+      GC.start
+      assert_equal([], "".split, bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_split_encoding
+    bug6206 = '[ruby-dev:45441]'
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next unless enc.ascii_compatible?
+      s = S("a:".force_encoding(enc))
+      assert_equal([enc]*2, s.split(":", 2).map(&:encoding), bug6206)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_split_wchar
+    bug8642 = '[ruby-core:56036] [Bug #8642]'
+    WIDE_ENCODINGS.each do |enc|
+      s = S("abc,def".encode(enc))
+      assert_equal(["abc", "def"].map {|c| c.encode(enc)},
+                   s.split(",".encode(enc)),
+                   "#{bug8642} in #{enc.name}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_split_invalid_sequence
+    bug10886 = '[ruby-core:68229] [Bug #10886]'
+    broken = S("\xa1".force_encoding("utf-8"))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug10886) {
+      S("a,b").split(broken)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_split_invalid_argument
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      S("a,b").split(BasicObject.new)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_split_dupped
+    s = "abc"
+    s.split("b", 1).map(&:upcase!)
+    assert_equal("abc", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_split_lookbehind
+    assert_equal([S("ab"), S("d")], S("abcd").split(/(?<=b)c/))
+    assert_equal([S("ab"), S("d")], S("abcd").split(/b\Kc/))
+  end
+
+  def test_squeeze
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("aaabbbbccc").squeeze)
+    assert_equal(S("aa bb cc"), S("aa   bb      cc").squeeze(S(" ")))
+    assert_equal(S("BxTyWz"), S("BxxxTyyyWzzzzz").squeeze(S("a-z")))
+  end
+
+  def test_squeeze!
+    a = S("aaabbbbccc")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a.squeeze!)
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("aaabbbbccc"), b)
+
+    a = S("aa   bb      cc")
+    assert_equal(S("aa bb cc"), a.squeeze!(S(" ")))
+    assert_equal(S("aa bb cc"), a)
+
+    a = S("BxxxTyyyWzzzzz")
+    assert_equal(S("BxTyWz"), a.squeeze!(S("a-z")))
+    assert_equal(S("BxTyWz"), a)
+
+    a=S("The quick brown fox")
+    assert_nil(a.squeeze!)
+  end
+
+  def test_start_with?
+    assert_send([S("hello"), :start_with?, S("hel")])
+    assert_not_send([S("hello"), :start_with?, S("el")])
+    assert_send([S("hello"), :start_with?, S("el"), S("he")])
+    assert_send([S("\xFF\xFE"), :start_with?, S("\xFF")])
+    assert_send([S("hello\xBE"), :start_with?, S("hello")])
+    assert_not_send([S("\u{c4}"), :start_with?, S("\xC3")])
+
+    bug5536 = '[ruby-core:40623]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5536) {S("str").start_with? :not_convertible_to_string}
+  end
+
+  def test_start_with_regexp
+    assert_equal(true, S("hello").start_with?(/hel/))
+    assert_equal("hel", $&)
+    assert_equal(false, S("hello").start_with?(/el/))
+    assert_nil($&)
+  end
+
+  def test_start_with_timeout_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}", "#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #20653]", rss: true)
+      regex = Regexp.new("^#{"(a*)" * 10_000}x$", timeout: 0.000001)
+      str = "a" * 1_000_000 + "x"
+
+      code = proc do
+        str.start_with?(regex)
+      rescue
+      end
+
+      10.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_strip
+    assert_equal(S("x"), S("      x        ").strip)
+    assert_equal(S("x"), S(" \n\r\t     x  \t\r\n\n      ").strip)
+    assert_equal(S("x"), S("\x00x\x00").strip)
+
+    assert_equal("0b0 ".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),
+                 S("\x00 0b0 ").force_encoding("UTF-16BE").strip)
+    assert_equal("0\x000b0 ".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),
+                 S("0\x000b0 ").force_encoding("UTF-16BE").strip)
+  end
+
+  def test_strip!
+    a = S("      x        ")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("x") ,a.strip!)
+    assert_equal(S("x") ,a)
+    assert_equal(S("      x        "), b)
+
+    a = S(" \n\r\t     x  \t\r\n\n      ")
+    assert_equal(S("x"), a.strip!)
+    assert_equal(S("x"), a)
+
+    a = S("\x00x\x00")
+    assert_equal(S("x"), a.strip!)
+    assert_equal(S("x"), a)
+
+    a = S("x")
+    assert_nil(a.strip!)
+    assert_equal(S("x") ,a)
+  end
+
+  def test_strip_with_selectors
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("---abc+++").strip("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("+++abc---").strip("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("+-+abc-+-").strip("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S(""), S("---+++").strip("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc   "), S("---abc   ").strip("-"))
+    assert_equal(S("   abc"), S("   abc+++").strip("+"))
+
+    # Test with multibyte characters
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("���abc���").strip("��"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("���abc���").strip("��"))
+
+    # Test with NUL characters
+    assert_equal(S("abc\0"), S("---abc\0--").strip("-"))
+    assert_equal(S("\0abc"), S("--\0abc---").strip("-"))
+
+    # Test without modification
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("abc").strip("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("abc").strip(""))
+
+    # Test with range
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("012abc345").strip("0-9"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("012abc345").strip("^a-z"))
+
+    # Test with multiple selectors
+    assert_equal(S("4abc56"), S("01234abc56789").strip("0-9", "^4-6"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strip_bang_with_chars
+    a = S("---abc+++")
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a.strip!("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+
+    a = S("+++abc---")
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a.strip!("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+
+    a = S("abc")
+    assert_nil(a.strip!("-+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+
+    # Test with multibyte characters
+    a = S("���abc���")
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a.strip!("��"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_lstrip_with_selectors
+    assert_equal(S("abc+++"), S("---abc+++").lstrip("-"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc---"), S("+++abc---").lstrip("+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("---abc").lstrip("-"))
+    assert_equal(S(""), S("---").lstrip("-"))
+
+    # Test with multibyte characters
+    assert_equal(S("abc���"), S("���abc���").lstrip("�"))
+
+    # Test with NUL characters
+    assert_equal(S("\0abc+++"), S("--\0abc+++").lstrip("-"))
+
+    # Test without modification
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("abc").lstrip("-"))
+
+    # Test with range
+    assert_equal(S("abc345"), S("012abc345").lstrip("0-9"))
+
+    # Test with multiple selectors
+    assert_equal(S("4abc56789"), S("01234abc56789").lstrip("0-9", "^4-6"))
+  end
+
+  def test_lstrip_bang_with_chars
+    a = S("---abc+++")
+    assert_equal(S("abc+++"), a.lstrip!("-"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc+++"), a)
+
+    a = S("abc")
+    assert_nil(a.lstrip!("-"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_rstrip_with_selectors
+    assert_equal(S("---abc"), S("---abc+++").rstrip("+"))
+    assert_equal(S("+++abc"), S("+++abc---").rstrip("-"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("abc+++").rstrip("+"))
+    assert_equal(S(""), S("+++").rstrip("+"))
+
+    # Test with multibyte characters
+    assert_equal(S("���abc"), S("���abc���").rstrip("�"))
+
+    # Test with NUL characters
+    assert_equal(S("---abc\0"), S("---abc\0++").rstrip("+"))
+
+    # Test without modification
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), S("abc").rstrip("-"))
+
+    # Test with range
+    assert_equal(S("012abc"), S("012abc345").rstrip("0-9"))
+
+    # Test with multiple selectors
+    assert_equal(S("01234abc56"), S("01234abc56789").rstrip("0-9", "^4-6"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rstrip_bang_with_chars
+    a = S("---abc+++")
+    assert_equal(S("---abc"), a.rstrip!("+"))
+    assert_equal(S("---abc"), a)
+
+    a = S("abc")
+    assert_nil(a.rstrip!("+"))
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    assert_equal(S("h*llo"),    S("hello").sub(/[aeiou]/, S('*')))
+    assert_equal(S("h<e>llo"),  S("hello").sub(/([aeiou])/, S('<\1>')))
+    assert_equal(S("h ello"), S("hello").sub(/./) {
+                   |s| s[0].to_s + S(' ')})
+    assert_equal(S("HELL-o"),   S("hello").sub(/(hell)(.)/) {
+                   |s| $1.upcase + S('-') + $2
+                   })
+    assert_equal(S("h<e>llo"),  S("hello").sub('e', S('<\0>')))
+
+    assert_equal(S("a\\aba"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\\'))
+    assert_equal(S("ab\\aba"), S("ababa").sub(/(b)/, '\1\\'))
+    assert_equal(S("ababa"), S("ababa").sub(/(b)/, '\1'))
+    assert_equal(S("ababa"), S("ababa").sub(/(b)/, '\\1'))
+    assert_equal(S("a\\1aba"), S("ababa").sub(/(b)/, '\\\1'))
+    assert_equal(S("a\\1aba"), S("ababa").sub(/(b)/, '\\\\1'))
+    assert_equal(S("a\\baba"), S("ababa").sub(/(b)/, '\\\\\1'))
+
+    assert_equal(S("a--ababababababababab"),
+		 S("abababababababababab").sub(/(b)/, '-\9-'))
+    assert_equal(S("1-b-0"),
+		 S("1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9b0").
+		 sub(/(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b)/, '-\9-'))
+    assert_equal(S("1-b-0"),
+		 S("1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9b0").
+		 sub(/(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b)/, '-\\9-'))
+    assert_equal(S("1-\\9-0"),
+		 S("1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9b0").
+		 sub(/(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b).(b)/, '-\\\9-'))
+    assert_equal(S("k"),
+		 S("1a2b3c4d5e6f7g8h9iAjBk").
+		 sub(/.(.).(.).(.).(.).(.).(.).(.).(.).(.).(.).(.)/, '\+'))
+
+    assert_equal(S("ab\\aba"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\&\\'))
+    assert_equal(S("ababa"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\&'))
+    assert_equal(S("ababa"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\\&'))
+    assert_equal(S("a\\&aba"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\\\&'))
+    assert_equal(S("a\\&aba"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\\\\&'))
+    assert_equal(S("a\\baba"), S("ababa").sub(/b/, '\\\\\&'))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+    assert_equal("fooBARbaz", S("foobarbaz").sub(o, "BAR"))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").sub(Object.new, "") }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("foo").sub }
+
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { "foo"[/(?:(o$)|(x))/, 2] = 'bar' }
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_s; self; end
+    assert_match(/^foo#<Object:0x.*>baz$/, S("foobarbaz").sub("bar") { o })
+
+    assert_equal(S("Abc"), S("abc").sub("a", "A"))
+    m = nil
+    assert_equal(S("Abc"), S("abc").sub("a") {m = $~; "A"})
+    assert_equal(S("a"), m[0])
+    assert_equal(/a/, m.regexp)
+    bug = '[ruby-core:78686] [Bug #13042] other than regexp has no name references'
+    assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /oops/, bug) {
+      S('hello').gsub('hello', '\k<oops>')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sub_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      m = /&(?<foo>.*?);/.match(S("aaa &amp; yyy"))
+      assert_equal("amp", m["foo"])
+
+      assert_equal("aaa [amp] yyy", S("aaa &amp; yyy").sub(/&(?<foo>.*?);/, S('[\k<foo>]')))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sub!
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    a.sub!(/[aeiou]/, S('*'))
+    assert_equal(S("h*llo"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), b)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.sub!(/([aeiou])/, S('<\1>'))
+    assert_equal(S("h<e>llo"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.sub!(/./) { |s| s[0].to_s + S(' ')}
+    assert_equal(S("h ello"), a)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    a.sub!(/(hell)(.)/) { |s| $1.upcase + S('-') + $2 }
+    assert_equal(S("HELL-o"), a)
+
+    a=S("hello")
+    assert_nil(a.sub!(/X/, S('Y')))
+
+    bug16105 = '[Bug #16105] heap-use-after-free'
+    a = S("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ012345678")
+    b = a.dup
+    c = a.slice(1, 100)
+    assert_equal("AABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ012345678", b.sub!(c, b), bug16105)
+  end
+
+  def test_succ
+    assert_equal(S("abd"), S("abc").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("z"),   S("y").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("aaa"), S("zz").succ)
+
+    assert_equal(S("124"),  S("123").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("1000"), S("999").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("2.000"), S("1.999").succ)
+
+    assert_equal(S("No.10"), S("No.9").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("2000aaa"),  S("1999zzz").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("AAAAA000"), S("ZZZZ999").succ)
+    assert_equal(S("*+"), S("**").succ)
+
+    assert_equal("abce", S("abcd").succ)
+    assert_equal("THX1139", S("THX1138").succ)
+    assert_equal("<\<koalb>>", S("<\<koala>>").succ)
+    assert_equal("2000aaa", S("1999zzz").succ)
+    assert_equal("AAAA0000", S("ZZZ9999").succ)
+    assert_equal("**+", S("***").succ)
+
+    assert_equal("!", S(" ").succ)
+    assert_equal("", S("").succ)
+
+    bug = '[ruby-core:83062] [Bug #13952]'
+    s = S("\xff").b
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.succ, :ascii_only?, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_succ!
+    a = S("abc")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("abd"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("abd"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("abc"), b)
+
+    a = S("y")
+    assert_equal(S("z"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("z"), a)
+
+    a = S("zz")
+    assert_equal(S("aaa"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("aaa"), a)
+
+    a = S("123")
+    assert_equal(S("124"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("124"), a)
+
+    a = S("999")
+    assert_equal(S("1000"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("1000"), a)
+
+    a = S("1999zzz")
+    assert_equal(S("2000aaa"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("2000aaa"), a)
+
+    a = S("ZZZZ999")
+    assert_equal(S("AAAAA000"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("AAAAA000"), a)
+
+    a = S("**")
+    assert_equal(S("*+"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("*+"), a)
+
+    a = S("No.9")
+    assert_equal(S("No.10"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("No.10"), a)
+
+    a = S(" ")
+    assert_equal(S("!"), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S("!"), a)
+
+    a = S("")
+    assert_equal(S(""), a.succ!)
+    assert_equal(S(""), a)
+
+    assert_equal("aaaaaaaaaaaa", S("zzzzzzzzzzz").succ!)
+    assert_equal("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", S("zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz").succ!)
+  end
+
+  def test_sum
+    n = S("\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001\001")
+    assert_equal(15, n.sum)
+    n += S("\001")
+    assert_equal(16, n.sum(17))
+    n[0] = 2.chr
+    assert_not_equal(15, n.sum)
+    assert_equal(17, n.sum(0))
+    assert_equal(17, n.sum(-1))
+  end
+
+  def check_sum(str, bits=16)
+    sum = 0
+    str.each_byte {|c| sum += c}
+    sum = sum & ((1 << bits) - 1) if bits != 0
+    assert_equal(sum, str.sum(bits))
+  end
+
+  def test_sum_2
+    assert_equal(0, S("").sum)
+    assert_equal(294, S("abc").sum)
+    check_sum("abc")
+    check_sum("\x80")
+    -3.upto(70) {|bits|
+      check_sum("xyz", bits)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sum_long
+    s8421505 = "\xff" * 8421505
+    assert_equal(127, s8421505.sum(31))
+    assert_equal(2147483775, s8421505.sum(0))
+    s16843010 = ("\xff" * 16843010)
+    assert_equal(254, s16843010.sum(32))
+    assert_equal(4294967550, s16843010.sum(0))
+  end
+
+  def test_swapcase
+    assert_equal(S("hi&LOW"), S("HI&low").swapcase)
+    s = S("")
+    assert_not_same(s, s.swapcase)
+  end
+
+  def test_swapcase!
+    a = S("hi&LOW")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("HI&low"), a.swapcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("HI&low"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hi&LOW"), b)
+
+    a = S("$^#^%$#!!")
+    assert_nil(a.swapcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("$^#^%$#!!"), a)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_f
+    assert_equal(344.3,     S("344.3").to_f)
+    assert_equal(5.9742e24, S("5.9742e24").to_f)
+    assert_equal(98.6,      S("98.6 degrees").to_f)
+    assert_equal(0.0,       S("degrees 100.0").to_f)
+    assert_equal([ 0.0].pack('G'), [S(" 0.0").to_f].pack('G'))
+    assert_equal([-0.0].pack('G'), [S("-0.0").to_f].pack('G'))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_i
+    assert_equal(1480, S("1480ft/sec").to_i)
+    assert_equal(0,    S("speed of sound in water @20C = 1480ft/sec)").to_i)
+    assert_equal(0, S(" 0").to_i)
+    assert_equal(0, S("+0").to_i)
+    assert_equal(0, S("-0").to_i)
+    assert_equal(0, S("--0").to_i)
+    assert_equal(16, S("0x10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(16, S("0X10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(2, S("0b10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(2, S("0B10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(8, S("0o10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(8, S("0O10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(10, S("0d10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(10, S("0D10").to_i(0))
+    assert_equal(8, S("010").to_i(0))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("010").to_i(-10) }
+    2.upto(36) {|radix|
+      assert_equal(radix, S("10").to_i(radix))
+      assert_equal(radix**2, S("100").to_i(radix))
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("0").to_i(1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("0").to_i(37) }
+    assert_equal(0, S("z").to_i(10))
+    assert_equal(12, S("1_2").to_i(10))
+    assert_equal(0x40000000, S("1073741824").to_i(10))
+    assert_equal(0x4000000000000000, S("4611686018427387904").to_i(10))
+    assert_equal(1, S("1__2").to_i(10))
+    assert_equal(1, S("1_z").to_i(10))
+
+    bug6192 = '[ruby-core:43566]'
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {S("0".encode("utf-16be")).to_i}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {S("0".encode("utf-16le")).to_i}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {S("0".encode("utf-32be")).to_i}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {S("0".encode("utf-32le")).to_i}
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug6192) {S("0".encode("iso-2022-jp")).to_i}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    a = S("me")
+    assert_equal("me", a.to_s)
+    assert_equal(a.__id__, a.to_s.__id__) if @cls == String
+  end
+
+  def test_to_str
+    a = S("me")
+    assert_equal("me", a.to_s)
+    assert_equal(a.__id__, a.to_s.__id__) if @cls == String
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str
+      "at"
+    end
+    assert_equal("meat", a.concat(o))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str
+      foo_bar()
+    end
+    assert_match(/foo_bar/, assert_raise(NoMethodError) {a.concat(o)}.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_tr
+    assert_equal(S("hippo"), S("hello").tr(S("el"), S("ip")))
+    assert_equal(S("*e**o"), S("hello").tr(S("^aeiou"), S("*")))
+    assert_equal(S("hal"),   S("ibm").tr(S("b-z"), S("a-z")))
+
+    a = S("abc".force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, a.tr(S("z"), S("\u0101")).encoding, '[ruby-core:22326]')
+
+    assert_equal("a".hash, S("a").tr("a", "\u0101").tr("\u0101", "a").hash, '[ruby-core:22328]')
+    assert_equal(true, S("\u0101").tr("\u0101", "a").ascii_only?)
+    assert_equal(true, S("\u3041").tr("\u3041", "a").ascii_only?)
+    assert_equal(false, S("\u3041\u3042").tr("\u3041", "a").ascii_only?)
+
+    bug6156 = '[ruby-core:43335]'
+    bug13950 = '[ruby-core:83056] [Bug #13950]'
+    str, range, star = %w[b a-z *].map{|s|s.encode("utf-16le")}
+    result = str.tr(range, star)
+    assert_equal(star, result, bug6156)
+    assert_not_predicate(str, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_not_predicate(star, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_not_predicate(result, :ascii_only?, bug13950)
+
+    assert_equal(S("XYC"), S("ABC").tr("A-AB", "XY"))
+  end
+
+  def test_tr!
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("hippo"), a.tr!(S("el"), S("ip")))
+    assert_equal(S("hippo"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"),b)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(S("*e**o"), a.tr!(S("^aeiou"), S("*")))
+    assert_equal(S("*e**o"), a)
+
+    a = S("IBM")
+    assert_equal(S("HAL"), a.tr!(S("B-Z"), S("A-Z")))
+    assert_equal(S("HAL"), a)
+
+    a = S("ibm")
+    assert_nil(a.tr!(S("B-Z"), S("A-Z")))
+    assert_equal(S("ibm"), a)
+
+    a = S("abc".force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII))
+    assert_nil(a.tr!(S("z"), S("\u0101")), '[ruby-core:22326]')
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, a.encoding, '[ruby-core:22326]')
+
+    assert_equal(S("XYC"), S("ABC").tr!("A-AB", "XY"))
+  end
+
+  def test_tr_s
+    assert_equal(S("hypo"), S("hello").tr_s(S("el"), S("yp")))
+    assert_equal(S("h*o"),  S("hello").tr_s(S("el"), S("*")))
+    assert_equal("a".hash, S("\u0101\u0101").tr_s("\u0101", "a").hash)
+    assert_equal(true, S("\u3041\u3041").tr("\u3041", "a").ascii_only?)
+
+    assert_equal(S("XYC"), S("ABC").tr_s("A-AB", "XY"))
+  end
+
+  def test_tr_s!
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("hypo"),  a.tr_s!(S("el"), S("yp")))
+    assert_equal(S("hypo"),  a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), b)
+
+    a = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(S("h*o"), a.tr_s!(S("el"), S("*")))
+    assert_equal(S("h*o"), a)
+
+    assert_equal(S("XYC"), S("ABC").tr_s!("A-AB", "XY"))
+  end
+
+  def test_unpack
+    a = [S("cat"),  S("wom"), S("x"), S("yy")]
+    assert_equal(a, S("catwomx  yy ").unpack(S("A3A3A3A3")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("cat")], S("cat  \000\000").unpack(S("A*")))
+    assert_equal([S("cwx"), S("wx"), S("x"), S("yy")],
+                   S("cwx  yy ").unpack(S("A3@1A3@2A3A3")))
+    assert_equal([S("cat"), S("wom"), S("x\000\000"), S("yy\000")],
+                  S("catwomx\000\000yy\000").unpack(S("a3a3a3a3")))
+    assert_equal([S("cat \000\000")], S("cat \000\000").unpack(S("a*")))
+    assert_equal([S("ca")], S("catdog").unpack(S("a2")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("cat\000\000")],
+                  S("cat\000\000\000\000\000dog").unpack(S("a5")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("01100001")], S("\x61").unpack(S("B8")))
+    assert_equal([S("01100001")], S("\x61").unpack(S("B*")))
+    assert_equal([S("0110000100110111")], S("\x61\x37").unpack(S("B16")))
+    assert_equal([S("01100001"), S("00110111")], S("\x61\x37").unpack(S("B8B8")))
+    assert_equal([S("0110")], S("\x60").unpack(S("B4")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("01")], S("\x40").unpack(S("B2")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("01100001")], S("\x86").unpack(S("b8")))
+    assert_equal([S("01100001")], S("\x86").unpack(S("b*")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("0110000100110111")], S("\x86\xec").unpack(S("b16")))
+    assert_equal([S("01100001"), S("00110111")], S("\x86\xec").unpack(S("b8b8")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("0110")], S("\x06").unpack(S("b4")))
+    assert_equal([S("01")], S("\x02").unpack(S("b2")))
+
+    assert_equal([ 65, 66, 67 ],  S("ABC").unpack(S("C3")))
+    assert_equal([ 255, 66, 67 ], S("\377BC").unpack("C*"))
+    assert_equal([ 65, 66, 67 ],  S("ABC").unpack("c3"))
+    assert_equal([ -1, 66, 67 ],  S("\377BC").unpack("c*"))
+
+
+    assert_equal([S("4142"), S("0a"), S("1")], S("AB\n\x10").unpack(S("H4H2H1")))
+    assert_equal([S("1424"), S("a0"), S("2")], S("AB\n\x02").unpack(S("h4h2h1")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("abc\002defcat\001"), S(""), S("")],
+                 S("abc=02def=\ncat=\n=01=\n").unpack(S("M9M3M4")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("hello\n")], S("aGVsbG8K\n").unpack(S("m")))
+
+    assert_equal([S("hello\nhello\n")], S(",:&5L;&\\*:&5L;&\\*\n").unpack(S("u")))
+
+    assert_equal([0xa9, 0x42, 0x2260], S("\xc2\xa9B\xe2\x89\xa0").unpack(S("U*")))
+
+    # more comprehensive tests are in test_pack.rb
+  end
+
+  def test_upcase
+    assert_equal(S("HELLO"), S("hello").upcase)
+    assert_equal(S("HELLO"), S("hello").upcase)
+    assert_equal(S("HELLO"), S("HELLO").upcase)
+    assert_equal(S("ABC HELLO 123"), S("abc HELLO 123").upcase)
+    assert_equal(S("H\0""ELLO"), S("H\0""ello").upcase)
+    assert_equal(S("\u{10574}"), S("\u{1059B}").upcase)
+  end
+
+  def test_upcase!
+    a = S("hello")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("HELLO"), a.upcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("HELLO"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello"), b)
+
+    a = S("HELLO")
+    assert_nil(a.upcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("HELLO"), a)
+
+    a = S("H\0""ello")
+    b = a.dup
+    assert_equal(S("H\0""ELLO"), a.upcase!)
+    assert_equal(S("H\0""ELLO"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("H\0""ello"), b)
+  end
+
+  def test_upto
+    a     = S("aa")
+    start = S("aa")
+    count = 0
+    assert_equal(S("aa"), a.upto(S("zz")) {|s|
+                   assert_equal(start, s)
+                   start.succ!
+                   count += 1
+                   })
+    assert_equal(676, count)
+  end
+
+  def test_upto_numeric
+    a     = S("00")
+    start = S("00")
+    count = 0
+    assert_equal(S("00"), a.upto(S("23")) {|s|
+                   assert_equal(start, s, "[ruby-dev:39361]")
+                   assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, s.encoding)
+                   start.succ!
+                   count += 1
+                   })
+    assert_equal(24, count, "[ruby-dev:39361]")
+  end
+
+  def test_upto_nonalnum
+    first = S("\u3041")
+    last  = S("\u3093")
+    count = 0
+    assert_equal(first, first.upto(last) {|s|
+                   count += 1
+                   s.replace(last)
+                   })
+    assert_equal(83, count, "[ruby-dev:39626]")
+  end
+
+  def test_mod_check
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+      s = ""
+      s.sub!(/\A/) { s.replace "z" * 2000; "zzz" }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_check
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) {
+      s = ""
+      s.sub!(/\A/) { s.freeze; "zzz" }
+    }
+  end
+
+  class S2 < String
+  end
+  def test_str_new4
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    s = (0..54).to_a.join # length = 100
+    s2 = S2.new(s[10,90])
+    s3 = s2[10,80]
+    assert_equal((10..54).to_a.to_a.join, s2)
+    assert_equal((15..54).to_a.to_a.join, s3)
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_str_new4
+    s = S("a" * 100)
+    s2 = s[10,90]
+    assert_equal("a" * 90, s2)
+    s3 = s2[10,80]
+    assert_equal("a" * 80, s3)
+  end
+
+  class StringLike
+    def initialize(str)
+      @str = str
+    end
+
+    def to_str
+      @str
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_str_to_str
+    assert_equal("ab", S("a") + StringLike.new("b"))
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_str_shared_replace
+    s = S("a" * 100)
+    s.succ!
+    assert_equal("a" * 99 + "b", s)
+    s = ""
+    s.succ!
+    assert_equal("", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_times
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { "a" * (-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_splice!
+    l = S("1234\n234\n34\n4\n")
+    assert_equal(S("1234\n"), l.slice!(/\A.*\n/), "[ruby-dev:31665]")
+    assert_equal(S("234\n"), l.slice!(/\A.*\n/), "[ruby-dev:31665]")
+    assert_equal(S("34\n"), l.slice!(/\A.*\n/), "[ruby-dev:31665]")
+    assert_equal(S("4\n"), l.slice!(/\A.*\n/), "[ruby-dev:31665]")
+    assert_nil(l.slice!(/\A.*\n/), "[ruby-dev:31665]")
+  end
+
+  def test_times2
+    s1 = ''
+    100.times {|n|
+      s2 = S("a") * n
+      assert_equal(s1, s2)
+      s1 << 'a'
+    }
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("foo") * (-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.respond_to?(arg) [:to_str].include?(arg) ? nil : super end
+    def o.to_str() "" end
+    def o.==(other) "" == other end
+    assert_equal(false, S("") == o)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_method
+    assert_equal("bar", S("foobarbaz").match(/bar/).to_s)
+
+    o = Regexp.new('foo')
+    def o.match(x, y, z); x + y + z; end
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", S("foo").match(o, "bar", "baz"))
+    x = nil
+    S("foo").match(o, "bar", "baz") {|y| x = y }
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", x)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("foo").match }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_p_regexp
+    /backref/ =~ 'backref'
+    # must match here, but not in a separate method, e.g., assert_send,
+    # to check if $~ is affected or not.
+    assert_equal(true, S("").match?(//))
+    assert_equal(true, :abc.match?(/.../))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?(/b/))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?(/b/, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?(/../, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?(/../, -2))
+    assert_equal(false, S('abc').match?(/../, -4))
+    assert_equal(false, S('abc').match?(/../, 4))
+    assert_equal(true, S("\u3042xx").match?(/../, 1))
+    assert_equal(false, S("\u3042x").match?(/../, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, S('').match?(/\z/))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?(/\z/))
+    assert_equal(true, S('Ruby').match?(/R.../))
+    assert_equal(false, S('Ruby').match?(/R.../, 1))
+    assert_equal(false, S('Ruby').match?(/P.../))
+    assert_equal('backref', $&)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_p_string
+    /backref/ =~ 'backref'
+    # must match here, but not in a separate method, e.g., assert_send,
+    # to check if $~ is affected or not.
+    assert_equal(true, S("").match?(''))
+    assert_equal(true, :abc.match?('...'))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?('b'))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?('b', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?('..', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?('..', -2))
+    assert_equal(false, S('abc').match?('..', -4))
+    assert_equal(false, S('abc').match?('..', 4))
+    assert_equal(true, S("\u3042xx").match?('..', 1))
+    assert_equal(false, S("\u3042x").match?('..', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, S('').match?('\z'))
+    assert_equal(true, S('abc').match?('\z'))
+    assert_equal(true, S('Ruby').match?('R...'))
+    assert_equal(false, S('Ruby').match?('R...', 1))
+    assert_equal(false, S('Ruby').match?('P...'))
+    assert_equal('backref', $&)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    s = "foo" * 100
+    s.clear
+    assert_equal("", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_2
+    c = Class.new(String)
+    s = c.new
+    s.replace("foo")
+    assert_equal("foo", s.to_s)
+    assert_instance_of(String, s.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_nul
+    bug8290 = '[ruby-core:54458]'
+    s = S("\0") + "12"
+    assert_equal '"\u000012"', s.inspect, bug8290
+    s = S("\0".b) + "12"
+    assert_equal '"\x0012"', s.inspect, bug8290
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_next_line
+    bug16842 = '[ruby-core:98231]'
+    assert_equal '"\\u0085"', 0x85.chr(Encoding::UTF_8).inspect, bug16842
+  end
+
+  def test_partition
+    assert_equal(%w(he l lo), S("hello").partition(/l/))
+    assert_equal(%w(he l lo), S("hello").partition("l"))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("hello").partition(1) }
+    def (hyphen = Object.new).to_str; "-"; end
+    assert_equal(%w(foo - bar), S("foo-bar").partition(hyphen), '[ruby-core:23540]')
+
+    bug6206 = '[ruby-dev:45441]'
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next unless enc.ascii_compatible?
+      s = S("a:".force_encoding(enc))
+      assert_equal([enc]*3, s.partition("|").map(&:encoding), bug6206)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(["\u30E6\u30FC\u30B6", "@", "\u30C9\u30E1.\u30A4\u30F3"],
+                 S("\u30E6\u30FC\u30B6@\u30C9\u30E1.\u30A4\u30F3").partition(/[@.]/))
+
+    bug = '[ruby-core:82911]'
+    hello = S("hello")
+    hello.partition("hi").map(&:upcase!)
+    assert_equal("hello", hello, bug)
+
+    assert_equal(["", "", "foo"], S("foo").partition(/^=*/))
+
+    assert_equal([S("ab"), S("c"), S("dbce")], S("abcdbce").partition(/b\Kc/))
+  end
+
+  def test_rpartition
+    assert_equal(%w(hel l o), S("hello").rpartition(/l/))
+    assert_equal(%w(hel l o), S("hello").rpartition("l"))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("hello").rpartition(1) }
+    def (hyphen = Object.new).to_str; "-"; end
+    assert_equal(%w(foo - bar), S("foo-bar").rpartition(hyphen), '[ruby-core:23540]')
+
+    bug6206 = '[ruby-dev:45441]'
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next unless enc.ascii_compatible?
+      s = S("a:".force_encoding(enc))
+      assert_equal([enc]*3, s.rpartition("|").map(&:encoding), bug6206)
+    end
+
+    bug8138 = '[ruby-dev:47183]'
+    assert_equal(["\u30E6\u30FC\u30B6@\u30C9\u30E1", ".", "\u30A4\u30F3"],
+      S("\u30E6\u30FC\u30B6@\u30C9\u30E1.\u30A4\u30F3").rpartition(/[@.]/), bug8138)
+
+    bug = '[ruby-core:82911]'
+    hello = "hello"
+    hello.rpartition("hi").map(&:upcase!)
+    assert_equal("hello", hello, bug)
+
+    assert_equal([S("abcdb"), S("c"), S("e")], S("abcdbce").rpartition(/b\Kc/))
+  end
+
+  def test_rs
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    begin
+      rs = $/
+      assert_deprecated_warning(/non-nil '\$\/'/) { $/ = "" }
+      assert_raise(TypeError) { $/ = 1 }
+    ensure
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning { $/ = rs }
+    end
+    name = "\u{5206 884c}"
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"do;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}")
+    do;
+      alias $#{name} $/
+      assert_deprecated_warning(/\\$#{name}/) { $#{name} = "" }
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\\$#{name}/) { $#{name} = 1 }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_id
+    c = Class.new
+    c.class_eval do
+      def initialize
+        @foo = :foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      c.class_eval { attr 1 }
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; :foo; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      c.class_eval { attr 1 }
+    end
+
+    class << o;remove_method :to_str;end
+    def o.to_str; "foo"; end
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      c.class_eval { attr o }
+    end
+    assert_equal(:foo, c.new.foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_gsub_enumerator
+    e = S("abc").gsub(/./)
+    assert_equal("a", e.next, "[ruby-dev:34828]")
+    assert_equal("b", e.next)
+    assert_equal("c", e.next)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_nonasciicompat
+    assert_equal("", S("\u3042".encode("ISO-2022-JP")).clear)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_convert
+    assert_equal(nil, @cls.try_convert(1))
+    assert_equal("foo", @cls.try_convert("foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_substr_negative_begin
+    assert_equal("\u3042", ("\u3042" * 100)[-1])
+  end
+
+  def test_compare_different_encoding_string
+    s1 = S("\xff".force_encoding("UTF-8"))
+    s2 = S("\xff".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal([-1, 1], [s1 <=> s2, s2 <=> s1].sort)
+
+    s3 = S("�".force_encoding("UTF-16LE"))
+    s4 = S("a".force_encoding("IBM437"))
+    assert_equal([-1, 1], [s3 <=> s4, s4 <=> s3].sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp
+    assert_equal(0, S("FoO").casecmp("fOO"))
+    assert_equal(1, S("FoO").casecmp("BaR"))
+    assert_equal(-1, S("foo").casecmp("FOOBAR"))
+    assert_equal(-1, S("baR").casecmp("FoO"))
+    assert_equal(1, S("\u3042B").casecmp("\u3042a"))
+    assert_equal(-1, S("foo").casecmp("foo\0"))
+    assert_equal(1,  S("FOOBAR").casecmp("foo"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("foo\0bar").casecmp("FOO\0BAR"))
+
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp(:foo))
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp(Object.new))
+
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp(0))
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp(5.00))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "fOO"; end
+    assert_equal(0, S("FoO").casecmp(o))
+
+    assert_equal(0, S("#" * 128 + "A" * 256 + "b").casecmp("#" * 128 + "a" * 256 + "B"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("a" * 256 + "B").casecmp("A" * 256 + "b"))
+
+    assert_equal(-1, S("@").casecmp("`"))
+    assert_equal(0, S("hello\u00E9X").casecmp("HELLO\u00E9x"))
+
+    s1 = S("\xff".force_encoding("UTF-8"))
+    s2 = S("\xff".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_nil(s1.casecmp(s2))
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp?
+    assert_equal(true, S('FoO').casecmp?('fOO'))
+    assert_equal(false, S('FoO').casecmp?('BaR'))
+    assert_equal(false, S('baR').casecmp?('FoO'))
+    assert_equal(true, S('äöü').casecmp?('ÄÖÜ'))
+    assert_equal(false, S("foo").casecmp?("foo\0"))
+
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp?(:foo))
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp?(Object.new))
+
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp(0))
+    assert_nil(S("foo").casecmp(5.00))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "fOO"; end
+    assert_equal(true, S("FoO").casecmp?(o))
+
+    s1 = S("\xff".force_encoding("UTF-8"))
+    s2 = S("\xff".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_nil(s1.casecmp?(s2))
+  end
+
+  def test_upcase2
+    assert_equal("\u3042AB", S("\u3042aB").upcase)
+  end
+
+  def test_downcase2
+    assert_equal("\u3042ab", S("\u3042aB").downcase)
+  end
+
+  def test_rstrip
+    assert_equal("  hello", S("  hello  ").rstrip)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", S("\u3042   ").rstrip)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", S("\u3042\u0000").rstrip)
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S("\u3042".encode("ISO-2022-JP")).rstrip }
+  end
+
+  def test_rstrip_bang
+    s1 = S("  hello  ")
+    assert_equal("  hello", s1.rstrip!)
+    assert_equal("  hello", s1)
+
+    s2 = S("\u3042  ")
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s2.rstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s2)
+
+    s3 = S("  \u3042")
+    assert_equal(nil, s3.rstrip!)
+    assert_equal("  \u3042", s3)
+
+    s4 = S("\u3042")
+    assert_equal(nil, s4.rstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s4)
+
+    s5 = S("\u3042\u0000")
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s5.rstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s5)
+
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S("\u3042".encode("ISO-2022-JP")).rstrip! }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S("abc \x80 ".force_encoding('UTF-8')).rstrip! }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S("abc\x80 ".force_encoding('UTF-8')).rstrip! }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S("abc \x80".force_encoding('UTF-8')).rstrip! }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S("\x80".force_encoding('UTF-8')).rstrip! }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { S(" \x80 ".force_encoding('UTF-8')).rstrip! }
+  end
+
+  def test_lstrip
+    assert_equal("hello  ", S("  hello  ").lstrip)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", S("   \u3042").lstrip)
+    assert_equal("hello  ", S("\x00hello  ").lstrip)
+  end
+
+  def test_lstrip_bang
+    s1 = S("  hello  ")
+    assert_equal("hello  ", s1.lstrip!)
+    assert_equal("hello  ", s1)
+
+    s2 = S("\u3042  ")
+    assert_equal(nil, s2.lstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042  ", s2)
+
+    s3 = S("  \u3042")
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s3.lstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s3)
+
+    s4 = S("\u3042")
+    assert_equal(nil, s4.lstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s4)
+
+    s5 = S("\u0000\u3042")
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s5.lstrip!)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", s5)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_type_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_prefix(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_prefix(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_prefix(/hel/) }
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("lo", s.delete_prefix('hel'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hello", s.delete_prefix('lo'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{306b 3061 306f}", s.delete_prefix("\u{3053 3093}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s.delete_prefix('hel'))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hello", s.delete_prefix("\u{3053 3093}"))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_broken_encoding
+    s = S("\xe3\x81\x82")
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s.delete_prefix("\xe3"))
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s)
+
+    s = S("\x95\x5c").force_encoding("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal("\x95\x5c".force_encoding("Shift_JIS"), s.delete_prefix("\x95"))
+    assert_equal("\x95\x5c".force_encoding("Shift_JIS"), s)
+
+    assert_equal("\xFE", S("\xFF\xFE").delete_prefix("\xFF"))
+    assert_equal("\xBE", S("hello\xBE").delete_prefix("hello"))
+    assert_equal("\xBE", S("\xFFhello\xBE").delete_prefix("\xFFhello"))
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_clear_coderange
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093}hello")
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.delete_prefix("\u{3053 3093}"), :ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_argument_conversion
+    klass = Class.new { def to_str; 'a'; end }
+    s = S("abba")
+    assert_equal("bba", s.delete_prefix(klass.new))
+    assert_equal("abba", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_bang_type_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_prefix!(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_prefix!(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_prefix!(/hel/) }
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_bang
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("lo", s.delete_prefix!('hel'))
+    assert_equal("lo", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_prefix!('lo'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{306b 3061 306f}", s.delete_prefix!("\u{3053 3093}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_prefix!('hel'))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_prefix!("\u{3053 3093}"))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_bang_broken_encoding
+    s = S("\xe3\x81\x82")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_prefix!("\xe3"))
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s)
+
+    s = S("\xFF\xFE")
+    assert_equal("\xFE", s.delete_prefix!("\xFF"))
+    assert_equal("\xFE", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_bang_clear_coderange
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093}hello")
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.delete_prefix!("\u{3053 3093}"), :ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_bang_argument_conversion
+    klass = Class.new { def to_str; 'a'; end }
+    s = S("abba")
+    assert_equal("bba", s.delete_prefix!(klass.new))
+    assert_equal("bba", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_prefix_bang_frozen_error
+    s = S("ax").freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {s.delete_prefix!("a")}
+
+    s = S("ax")
+    o = Struct.new(:s).new(s)
+    def o.to_str
+      s.freeze
+      "a"
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {s.delete_prefix!(o)}
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_type_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_suffix(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_suffix(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_suffix(/hel/) }
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hel", s.delete_suffix('lo'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hello", s.delete_suffix('he'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b}", s.delete_suffix("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s.delete_suffix('lo'))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hello", s.delete_suffix("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_broken_encoding
+    s = S("\xe3\x81\x82")
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s.delete_suffix("\x82"))
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_clear_coderange
+    s = S("hello\u{3053 3093}")
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.delete_suffix("\u{3053 3093}"), :ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_argument_conversion
+    klass = Class.new { def to_str; 'a'; end }
+    s = S("abba")
+    assert_equal("abb", s.delete_suffix(klass.new))
+    assert_equal("abba", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_newline
+    # chomp removes any of "\n", "\r\n", "\r" when "\n" is specified,
+    # but delete_suffix does not
+    s = "foo\n"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.delete_suffix("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r\n"
+    assert_equal("foo\r", s.delete_suffix("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r"
+    assert_equal("foo\r", s.delete_suffix("\n"))
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang_type_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_suffix!(nil) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_suffix!(1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S('hello').delete_suffix!(/hel/) }
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang_frozen_error
+    s = S("hello").freeze
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {s.delete_suffix!('lo')}
+
+    s = S("ax")
+    o = Struct.new(:s).new(s)
+    def o.to_str
+      s.freeze
+      "x"
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, /frozen/) {s.delete_suffix!(o)}
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal("hel", s.delete_suffix!('lo'))
+    assert_equal("hel", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_suffix!('he'))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b}", s.delete_suffix!("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b}", s)
+
+    s = S("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_suffix!('lo'))
+    assert_equal("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f}", s)
+
+    s = S("hello")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_suffix!("\u{3061 306f}"))
+    assert_equal("hello", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang_broken_encoding
+    s = S("\xe3\x81\x82")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_suffix!("\x82"))
+    assert_equal("\xe3\x81\x82", s)
+
+    s = S("\x95\x5c").force_encoding("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_suffix!("\x5c"))
+    assert_equal("\x95\x5c".force_encoding("Shift_JIS"), s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang_clear_coderange
+    s = S("hello\u{3053 3093}")
+    assert_not_predicate(s, :ascii_only?)
+    assert_predicate(s.delete_suffix!("\u{3053 3093}"), :ascii_only?)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang_argument_conversion
+    klass = Class.new { def to_str; 'a'; end }
+    s = S("abba")
+    assert_equal("abb", s.delete_suffix!(klass.new))
+    assert_equal("abb", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_suffix_bang_newline
+    # chomp removes any of "\n", "\r\n", "\r" when "\n" is specified,
+    # but delete_suffix does not
+    s = "foo\n"
+    assert_equal("foo", s.delete_suffix!("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r\n"
+    assert_equal("foo\r", s.delete_suffix!("\n"))
+    s = "foo\r"
+    assert_equal(nil, s.delete_suffix!("\n"))
+  end
+
+=begin
+  def test_symbol_table_overflow
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], /symbol table overflow \(symbol [a-z]{8}\) \(RuntimeError\)/)
+      ("aaaaaaaa".."zzzzzzzz").each {|s| s.to_sym }
+    INPUT
+  end
+=end
+
+  def test_nesting_shared
+    a = ('a' * 24).encode(Encoding::ASCII).gsub('x', '')
+    hash = {}
+    hash[a] = true
+    assert_equal(('a' * 24), a)
+    4.times { GC.start }
+    assert_equal(('a' * 24), a, '[Bug #15792]')
+  end
+
+  def test_nesting_shared_b
+    a = ('j' * 24).b.b
+    eval('', binding, a)
+    assert_equal(('j' * 24), a)
+    4.times { GC.start }
+    assert_equal(('j' * 24), a, '[Bug #15934]')
+  end
+
+  def test_shared_force_encoding
+    s = S("\u{3066}\u{3059}\u{3068}").gsub(//, '')
+    h = {}
+    h[s] = nil
+    k = h.keys[0]
+    assert_equal(s, k, '[ruby-dev:39068]')
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, k.encoding, '[ruby-dev:39068]')
+    s.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT).gsub(//, '')
+    k = h.keys[0]
+    assert_equal(s, k, '[ruby-dev:39068]')
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, k.encoding, '[ruby-dev:39068]')
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_incomat_inspect
+    bug4081 = '[ruby-core:33283]'
+    WIDE_ENCODINGS.each do |e|
+      assert_equal('"abc"', S("abc".encode(e)).inspect)
+      assert_equal('"\\u3042\\u3044\\u3046"', S("\u3042\u3044\u3046".encode(e)).inspect)
+      assert_equal('"ab\\"c"', S("ab\"c".encode(e)).inspect, bug4081)
+    end
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::US_ASCII) do
+      i = S("abc\"\\".force_encoding("utf-8")).inspect
+
+      assert_equal('"abc\\"\\\\"', i, bug4081)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dummy_inspect
+    assert_equal('"\e\x24\x42\x22\x4C\x22\x68\e\x28\x42"',
+                 S("\u{ffe2}\u{2235}".encode("cp50220")).inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend
+    assert_equal(S("hello world!"), S("!").prepend("hello ", "world"))
+    b = S("ue")
+    assert_equal(S("ueueue"), b.prepend(b, b))
+
+    foo = Object.new
+    def foo.to_str
+      "b"
+    end
+    assert_equal(S("ba"), S("a").prepend(foo))
+
+    a = S("world")
+    b = S("hello ")
+    a.prepend(b)
+    assert_equal(S("hello world"), a)
+    assert_equal(S("hello "), b)
+  end
+
+  def u(str)
+    str.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+  end
+
+  def test_byteslice
+    assert_equal("h", S("hello").byteslice(0))
+    assert_equal(nil, S("hello").byteslice(5))
+    assert_equal("o", S("hello").byteslice(-1))
+    assert_equal(nil, S("hello").byteslice(-6))
+
+    assert_equal("", S("hello").byteslice(0, 0))
+    assert_equal("hello", S("hello").byteslice(0, 6))
+    assert_equal("hello", S("hello").byteslice(0, 6))
+    assert_equal("", S("hello").byteslice(5, 1))
+    assert_equal("o", S("hello").byteslice(-1, 6))
+    assert_equal(nil, S("hello").byteslice(-6, 1))
+    assert_equal(nil, S("hello").byteslice(0, -1))
+
+    assert_equal("h", S("hello").byteslice(0..0))
+    assert_equal("", S("hello").byteslice(5..0))
+    assert_equal("o", S("hello").byteslice(4..5))
+    assert_equal(nil, S("hello").byteslice(6..0))
+    assert_equal("", S("hello").byteslice(-1..0))
+    assert_equal("llo", S("hello").byteslice(-3..5))
+
+    assert_equal(u("\x81"), S("\u3042").byteslice(1))
+    assert_equal(u("\x81\x82"), S("\u3042").byteslice(1, 2))
+    assert_equal(u("\x81\x82"), S("\u3042").byteslice(1..2))
+
+    assert_equal(u("\x82")+("\u3042"*9), S("\u3042"*10).byteslice(2, 28))
+
+    assert_equal("\xE3", S("�ん���").byteslice(0))
+    assert_equal("�ん���", S("�ん���").byteslice(0, 15))
+    assert_equal("�", S("�ん���").byteslice(0, 3))
+    assert_equal("�", S("�ん���").byteslice(12, 15))
+
+    bug7954 = '[ruby-dev:47108]'
+    assert_equal(false, S("\u3042").byteslice(0, 2).valid_encoding?, bug7954)
+    assert_equal(false, ("\u3042"*10).byteslice(0, 20).valid_encoding?, bug7954)
+  end
+
+  def test_unknown_string_option
+    str = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) do
+      eval(%{
+        str = begin"hello"end
+      })
+    end
+    assert_equal "hello", str
+  end
+
+  def test_eq_tilde_can_be_overridden
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      class String
+        undef =~
+        def =~(str)
+          "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal("foo", "" =~ //)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  class Bug9581 < String
+    def =~ re; :foo end
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_match_subclass
+    s = Bug9581.new(S("abc"))
+    r = /abc/
+    assert_equal(:foo, s =~ r)
+    assert_equal(:foo, s.send(:=~, r))
+    assert_equal(:foo, s.send(:=~, /abc/))
+    assert_equal(:foo, s =~ /abc/, "should not use optimized instruction")
+  end
+
+  def test_LSHIFT_neary_long_max
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-'end;', '[ruby-core:61886] [Bug #9709]', timeout: 20)
+      begin
+        a = "a" * 0x4000_0000
+        a << "a" * 0x1_0000
+      rescue NoMemoryError
+      end
+    end;
+  end if [0].pack("l!").bytesize < [nil].pack("p").bytesize
+  # enable only when string size range is smaller than memory space
+
+  def test_uplus_minus
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    str = "foo"
+    assert_not_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+str, :frozen?)
+    assert_predicate(-str, :frozen?)
+
+    assert_same(str, +str)
+    assert_not_same(str, -str)
+
+    require 'objspace'
+
+    str = "test_uplus_minus_str".freeze
+    assert_includes ObjectSpace.dump(str), '"fstring":true'
+
+    assert_predicate(str, :frozen?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+str, :frozen?)
+    assert_predicate(-str, :frozen?)
+
+    assert_not_same(str, +str)
+    assert_same(str, -str)
+
+    bar = -%w(test uplus minus str).join('_')
+    assert_same(str, bar, "uminus deduplicates [Feature #13077] str: #{ObjectSpace.dump(str)} bar: #{ObjectSpace.dump(bar)}")
+  end
+
+  def test_uminus_dedup_in_place
+    dynamic = "this string is unique and frozen #{rand}".freeze
+    assert_same dynamic, -dynamic
+    assert_same dynamic, -dynamic.dup
+  end
+
+  def test_uminus_frozen
+    return unless @cls == String
+
+    # embedded
+    str1 = ("foobar" * 3).freeze
+    str2 = ("foobar" * 3).freeze
+    assert_not_same str1, str2
+    assert_same str1, -str1
+    assert_same str1, -str2
+
+    # regular
+    str1 = ("foobar" * 4).freeze
+    str2 = ("foobar" * 4).freeze
+    assert_not_same str1, str2
+    assert_same str1, -str1
+    assert_same str1, -str2
+  end
+
+  def test_uminus_no_freeze_not_bare
+    str = S("foo")
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, -str)
+    assert_equal(false, str.frozen?)
+
+    str = S("foo")
+    str.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 1)
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, -str)
+    assert_equal(false, str.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(1, str.instance_variable_get(:@iv))
+
+    str = S("foo")
+    assert_instance_of(@cls, -str)
+    assert_equal(false, str.frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_uminus_no_embed_gc
+    pad = "a"*2048
+    File.open(IO::NULL, "w") do |dev_null|
+      ("aa".."zz").each do |c|
+        fstr = -(c + pad).freeze
+        dev_null.write(fstr)
+      end
+    end
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  def test_ord
+    assert_equal(97, S("a").ord)
+    assert_equal(97, S("abc").ord)
+    assert_equal(0x3042, S("\u3042\u3043").ord)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { S("").ord }
+  end
+
+  def test_chr
+    assert_equal("a", S("abcde").chr)
+    assert_equal("a", S("a").chr)
+    assert_equal("\u3042", S("\u3042\u3043").chr)
+    assert_equal('', S('').chr)
+  end
+
+  def test_substr_code_range
+    data = S("\xff" + "a"*200)
+    assert_not_predicate(data, :valid_encoding?)
+    assert_predicate(data[100..-1], :valid_encoding?)
+  end
+
+  def test_byteindex
+    assert_byteindex(0, S("hello"), ?h)
+    assert_byteindex(1, S("hello"), S("ell"))
+    assert_byteindex(2, S("hello"), /ll./)
+
+    assert_byteindex(3, S("hello"), ?l, 3)
+    assert_byteindex(3, S("hello"), S("l"), 3)
+    assert_byteindex(3, S("hello"), /l./, 3)
+
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("hello"), ?z, 3)
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("hello"), S("z"), 3)
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("hello"), /z./, 3)
+
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("hello"), ?z)
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("hello"), S("z"))
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("hello"), /z./)
+
+    assert_byteindex(0, S(""), S(""))
+    assert_byteindex(0, S(""), //)
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S(""), S("hello"))
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S(""), /hello/)
+    assert_byteindex(0, S("hello"), S(""))
+    assert_byteindex(0, S("hello"), //)
+
+    s = S("long") * 1000 << "x"
+    assert_byteindex(nil, s, S("y"))
+    assert_byteindex(4 * 1000, s, S("x"))
+    s << "yx"
+    assert_byteindex(4 * 1000, s, S("x"))
+    assert_byteindex(4 * 1000, s, S("xyx"))
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+    assert_byteindex(3, S("foobarbarbaz"), o)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").byteindex(Object.new) }
+
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("foo"), //, -100)
+    assert_byteindex(nil, S("foo"), //, -4)
+
+    assert_byteindex(2, S("abcdbce"), /b\Kc/)
+
+    assert_byteindex(0, S("�ん���"), ?�)
+    assert_byteindex(3, S("�ん���"), S("ん��"))
+    assert_byteindex(6, S("�ん���"), /��./)
+
+    assert_byteindex(0, S("�ん���"), ?�, 0)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�ん���").byteindex(?�, 1) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�ん���").byteindex(?�, 5) }
+    assert_byteindex(6, S("�ん���"), ?�, 6)
+    assert_byteindex(6, S("�ん���"), S("�"), 6)
+    assert_byteindex(6, S("�ん���"), /�./, 6)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�ん���").byteindex(?�, 7) }
+
+    s = S("foobarbarbaz")
+    assert !1000.times.any? {s.byteindex("", 100_000_000)}
+  end
+
+  def test_byterindex
+    assert_byterindex(3, S("hello"), ?l)
+    assert_byterindex(6, S("ell, hello"), S("ell"))
+    assert_byterindex(7, S("ell, hello"), /ll./)
+
+    assert_byterindex(3, S("hello,lo"), ?l, 3)
+    assert_byterindex(3, S("hello,lo"), S("l"), 3)
+    assert_byterindex(3, S("hello,lo"), /l./, 3)
+
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("hello"), ?z,     3)
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("hello"), S("z"), 3)
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("hello"), /z./,   3)
+
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("hello"), ?z)
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("hello"), S("z"))
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("hello"), /z./)
+
+    assert_byterindex(5, S("hello"), S(""))
+    assert_byterindex(5, S("hello"), S(""), 5)
+    assert_byterindex(4, S("hello"), S(""), 4)
+    assert_byterindex(0, S("hello"), S(""), 0)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+    assert_byterindex(6, S("foobarbarbaz"), o)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").byterindex(Object.new) }
+
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("foo"), //, -100)
+
+    m = assert_byterindex(3, S("foo"), //)
+    assert_equal([3, 3], m.offset(0))
+    assert_byterindex(3, S("foo"), //, 4)
+
+    assert_byterindex(5, S("abcdbce"), /b\Kc/)
+
+    assert_byterindex(6, S("�ん���"), ?�)
+    assert_byterindex(18, S("�����ん���"), S("���"))
+    assert_byterindex(18, S("�����ん���"), /��./)
+
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�����ん���").byterindex(S("���"), 19) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�����ん���").byterindex(S("���"), -2) }
+    assert_byterindex(18, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 18)
+    assert_byterindex(18, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), -3)
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�����ん���").byterindex(S("���"), 17) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�����ん���").byterindex(S("���"), -4) }
+    assert_raise(IndexError) { S("�����ん���").byterindex(S("���"), 1) }
+    assert_byterindex(0, S("�����ん���"), S("���"), 0)
+
+    assert_byterindex(0, S("�ん���"), S("�ん���"))
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("�ん��"), S("�ん���"))
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S("�"), S("�ん���"))
+    assert_byterindex(nil, S(""), S("�ん���"))
+  end
+
+  def test_bytesplice
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("hello"), -6, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), -5, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), 0, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byeello", S("hello"), 0, 1, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye", S("hello"), 0, 5, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye", S("hello"), 0, 6, "bye")
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("hello"), -5, 0, "bye", -4, 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), 0, 0, "bye", 0, 3)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("yehello", S("hello"), 0, 0, "bye", 1, 3)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("yehello", S("hello"), 0, 0, "bye", 1, 2)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("ehello", S("hello"), 0, 0, "bye", 2, 1)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("hello", S("hello"), 0, 0, "bye", 3, 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("hello", s = S("hello"), 0, 5, s, 0, 5)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("elloo", s = S("hello"), 0, 4, s, 1, 4)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("llolo", s = S("hello"), 0, 3, s, 2, 3)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("lollo", s = S("hello"), 0, 2, s, 3, 2)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("oello", s = S("hello"), 0, 1, s, 4, 1)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("hhell", s = S("hello"), 1, 4, s, 0, 4)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("hehel", s = S("hello"), 2, 3, s, 0, 3)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("helhe", s = S("hello"), 3, 2, s, 0, 2)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("hellh", s = S("hello"), 4, 1, s, 0, 1)
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(RangeError, S("hello"), -6...-6, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), -5...-5, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), 0...0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byeello", S("hello"), 0..0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byeello", S("hello"), 0...1, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byello", S("hello"), 0..1, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye", S("hello"), 0..-1, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye", S("hello"), 0...5, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye", S("hello"), 0...6, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("llolo", s = S("hello"), 0..2, s, 2..4)
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(RangeError, S("hello"), -5...-5, "bye", -6...-6)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), -5...-5, "bye", 0..-1)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), 0...0, "bye", 0..-1)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bhello", S("hello"), 0...0, "bye", 0..0)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byhello", S("hello"), 0...0, "bye", 0..1)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byehello", S("hello"), 0...0, "bye", 0..2)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("yehello", S("hello"), 0...0, "bye", 1..2)
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(TypeError, S("hello"), 0, "bye")
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), -16, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye�ん���", S("�ん���"), -15, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("bye�ん���", S("�ん���"), 0, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 1, 0, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 1, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 2, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("byeん���", S("�ん���"), 0, 3, "bye")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("�ん���bye", S("�ん���"), 15, 0, "bye")
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 0, "�よ��ら", -16, 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("�ん����よ��ら", S("�ん���"), 15, 0, "�よ��ら", 0, 15)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("�よ��ら", S("�ん���"), 0, 15, "�よ��ら", 0, 15)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("�ん���", S("�ん���"), 0, 3, "�よ��ら", 0, 3)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("�よ���", S("�ん���"), 0, 9, "�よ��ら", 0, 9)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("よ����", S("�ん���"), 0, 9, "�よ��ら", 3, 9)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("よ���", S("�ん���"), 0, 9, "�よ��ら", 3, 6)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("よ��ら��", S("�ん���"), 0, 9, "�よ��ら", 3, 12)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 15, "�よ��ら", -16, 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 15, "�よ��ら", 1, 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 15, "�よ��ら", 2, 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 15, "�よ��ら", 0, 1)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(IndexError, S("�ん���"), 0, 15, "�よ��ら", 0, 2)
+    assert_bytesplice_result("�����", s = S("�ん���"), 0, 9, s, 6, 9)
+
+    assert_bytesplice_result("", S(""), 0, 0, "")
+    assert_bytesplice_result("xxx", S(""), 0, 0, "xxx")
+
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(ArgumentError, S("hello"), 0, 5, "bye", 0)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(ArgumentError, S("hello"), 0, 5, "bye", 0..-1)
+    assert_bytesplice_raise(ArgumentError, S("hello"), 0..-1, "bye", 0, 3)
+  end
+
+  def test_append_bytes_into_binary
+    buf = S("".b)
+    assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, buf.encoding
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes(S("hello"))
+    assert_equal "hello".b, buf
+    assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, buf.encoding
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes(S("�ん���"))
+    assert_equal S("hello�ん���".b), buf
+    assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, buf.encoding
+  end
+
+  def test_append_bytes_into_utf8
+    buf = S("")
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, buf.encoding
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes(S("hello"))
+    assert_equal S("hello"), buf
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, buf.encoding
+    assert_predicate buf, :ascii_only?
+    assert_predicate buf, :valid_encoding?
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes(S("�ん���"))
+    assert_equal S("hello�ん���"), buf
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, buf.encoding
+    refute_predicate buf, :ascii_only?
+    assert_predicate buf, :valid_encoding?
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes(S("\xE2\x82".b))
+    assert_equal S("hello�ん���\xE2\x82"), buf
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, buf.encoding
+    refute_predicate buf, :valid_encoding?
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes(S("\xAC".b))
+    assert_equal S("hello�ん���€"), buf
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, buf.encoding
+    assert_predicate buf, :valid_encoding?
+  end
+
+  def test_append_bytes_into_utf32
+    buf = S("abc".encode(Encoding::UTF_32LE))
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_32LE, buf.encoding
+
+    buf.append_as_bytes("def")
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_32LE, buf.encoding
+    refute_predicate buf, :valid_encoding?
+  end
+
+  def test_chilled_string
+    chilled_string = eval('"chilled"')
+
+    assert_not_predicate chilled_string, :frozen?
+
+    assert_not_predicate chilled_string.dup, :frozen?
+    assert_not_predicate chilled_string.clone, :frozen?
+
+    # @+ treat the original string as frozen
+    assert_not_predicate(+chilled_string, :frozen?)
+    assert_not_same chilled_string, +chilled_string
+
+    # @- treat the original string as mutable
+    assert_predicate(-chilled_string, :frozen?)
+    assert_not_same chilled_string, -chilled_string
+  end
+
+  def test_chilled_string_setivar
+    deprecated = Warning[:deprecated]
+    Warning[:deprecated] = false
+
+    String.class_eval <<~RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+      def setivar!
+        @ivar = 42
+        @ivar
+      end
+    RUBY
+    chilled_string = eval('"chilled"')
+    begin
+      assert_equal 42, chilled_string.setivar!
+    ensure
+      String.undef_method(:setivar!)
+    end
+  ensure
+    Warning[:deprecated] = deprecated
+  end
+
+  def test_chilled_string_substring
+    deprecated = Warning[:deprecated]
+    Warning[:deprecated] = false
+    chilled_string = eval('"a chilled string."')
+    substring = chilled_string[0..-1]
+    assert_equal("a chilled string.", substring)
+    chilled_string[0..-1] = "This string is defrosted."
+    assert_equal("a chilled string.", substring)
+  ensure
+    Warning[:deprecated] = deprecated
+  end
+
+  def test_encode_fallback_raise_memory_leak
+    {
+      "hash" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Hash.new { raise MyError }
+      RUBY
+      "proc" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = proc { raise MyError }
+      RUBY
+      "method" => <<~RUBY,
+        def my_method(_str) = raise MyError
+        fallback = method(:my_method)
+      RUBY
+      "aref" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Object.new
+        def fallback.[](_str) = raise MyError
+      RUBY
+    }.each do |type, code|
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], '', <<~RUBY, "fallback type is #{type}", rss: true)
+        class MyError < StandardError; end
+
+        #{code}
+
+        100_000.times do |i|
+          "\\ufffd".encode(Encoding::US_ASCII, fallback:)
+        rescue MyError
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encode_fallback_too_big_memory_leak
+    {
+      "hash" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Hash.new { "\\uffee" }
+      RUBY
+      "proc" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = proc { "\\uffee" }
+      RUBY
+      "method" => <<~RUBY,
+        def my_method(_str) = "\\uffee"
+        fallback = method(:my_method)
+      RUBY
+      "aref" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Object.new
+        def fallback.[](_str) = "\\uffee"
+      RUBY
+    }.each do |type, code|
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], '', <<~RUBY, "fallback type is #{type}", rss: true)
+        class MyError < StandardError; end
+
+        #{code}
+
+        100_000.times do |i|
+          "\\ufffd".encode(Encoding::US_ASCII, fallback:)
+        rescue ArgumentError
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encode_fallback_not_string_memory_leak
+    {
+      "hash" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Hash.new { Object.new }
+      RUBY
+      "proc" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = proc { Object.new }
+      RUBY
+      "method" => <<~RUBY,
+        def my_method(_str) = Object.new
+        fallback = method(:my_method)
+      RUBY
+      "aref" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Object.new
+        def fallback.[](_str) = Object.new
+      RUBY
+    }.each do |type, code|
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], '', <<~RUBY, "fallback type is #{type}", rss: true)
+        class MyError < StandardError; end
+
+        #{code}
+
+        100_000.times do |i|
+          "\\ufffd".encode(Encoding::US_ASCII, fallback:)
+        rescue TypeError
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_bytesplice_result(expected, s, *args)
+    assert_equal(expected, s.send(:bytesplice, *args))
+    assert_equal(expected, s)
+  end
+
+  def assert_bytesplice_raise(e, s, *args)
+    assert_raise(e) { s.send(:bytesplice, *args) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_index_like(method, expected, string, match, *rest)
+    message = "#{method} with string does not affect $~"
+    /.*/ =~ message
+    md_before = $~
+    assert_equal(expected, string.__send__(method, match, *rest))
+    md_after = $~
+    case match
+    when Regexp
+      if expected
+        assert_not_nil(md_after)
+        assert_not_same(md_before, md_after)
+      else
+        assert_nil(md_after)
+      end
+    else
+      assert_same(md_before, md_after)
+    end
+    md_after
+  end
+
+  def assert_index(expected, string, match, *rest)
+    assert_index_like(:index, expected, string, match, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def assert_rindex(expected, string, match, *rest)
+    assert_index_like(:rindex, expected, string, match, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def assert_byteindex(expected, string, match, *rest)
+    assert_index_like(:byteindex, expected, string, match, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def assert_byterindex(expected, string, match, *rest)
+    assert_index_like(:byterindex, expected, string, match, *rest)
+  end
+
+  def assert_undump(str, *rest)
+    assert_equal(str, str.dump.undump, *rest)
+  end
+end
+
+class TestString2 < TestString
+  def initialize(*args)
+    super
+    @cls = S2
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_string_memory.rb b/test/ruby/test_string_memory.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a93a3bd54a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_string_memory.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'objspace'
+
+class TestStringMemory < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def capture_allocations(klass)
+    allocations = []
+
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      GC.start
+      generation = GC.count
+
+      ObjectSpace.trace_object_allocations do
+        yield
+
+        ObjectSpace.each_object(klass) do |instance|
+          allocations << instance if ObjectSpace.allocation_generation(instance) == generation
+        end
+      end
+
+      return allocations.map do |instance|
+        [
+          ObjectSpace.allocation_sourcefile(instance),
+          ObjectSpace.allocation_sourceline(instance),
+          instance.class,
+          instance,
+        ]
+      end.select do |path,|
+        # drop strings not created in this file
+        # (the parallel testing framework may create strings in a separate thread)
+        path == __FILE__
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_byteslice_prefix
+    string = ("a" * 100_000).freeze
+
+    allocations = capture_allocations(String) do
+      string.byteslice(0, 50_000)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, allocations.size, "One object allocation is expected, but allocated: #{ allocations.inspect }"
+  end
+
+  def test_byteslice_postfix
+    string = ("a" * 100_000).freeze
+
+    allocations = capture_allocations(String) do
+      string.byteslice(50_000, 100_000)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, allocations.size, "One object allocation is expected, but allocated: #{ allocations.inspect }"
+  end
+
+  def test_byteslice_postfix_twice
+    string = ("a" * 100_000).freeze
+
+    allocations = capture_allocations(String) do
+      string.byteslice(50_000, 100_000).byteslice(25_000, 50_000)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, allocations.size, "Two object allocations are expected, but allocated: #{ allocations.inspect }"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_stringchar.rb b/test/ruby/test_stringchar.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e13beef69c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_stringchar.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestStringchar < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_string
+    assert_equal("abcd", "abcd")
+    assert_match(/abcd/, "abcd")
+    assert_operator("abcd", :===, "abcd")
+    # compile time string concatenation
+    assert_equal("abcd", "ab" "cd")
+    assert_equal("22aacd44", "#{22}aa" "cd#{44}")
+    assert_equal("22aacd445566", "#{22}aa" "cd#{44}" "55" "#{66}")
+    assert_operator("abc", :!~, /^$/)
+    assert_operator("abc\n", :!~, /^$/)
+    assert_operator("abc", :!~, /^d*$/)
+    assert_equal(3, ("abc" =~ /d*$/))
+    assert("" =~ /^$/)
+    assert("\n" =~ /^$/)
+    assert("a\n\n" =~ /^$/)
+    assert("abcabc" =~ /.*a/); assert_equal("abca", $&)
+    assert("abcabc" =~ /.*c/); assert_equal("abcabc", $&)
+    assert("abcabc" =~ /.*?a/); assert_equal("a", $&)
+    assert("abcabc" =~ /.*?c/); assert_equal("abc", $&)
+    assert(/(.|\n)*?\n(b|\n)/ =~ "a\nb\n\n"); assert_equal("a\nb", $&)
+
+    assert(/^(ab+)+b/ =~ "ababb"); assert_equal("ababb", $&)
+    assert(/^(?:ab+)+b/ =~ "ababb"); assert_equal("ababb", $&)
+    assert(/^(ab+)+/ =~ "ababb"); assert_equal("ababb", $&)
+    assert(/^(?:ab+)+/ =~ "ababb"); assert_equal("ababb", $&)
+
+    assert(/(\s+\d+){2}/ =~ " 1 2"); assert_equal(" 1 2", $&)
+    assert(/(?:\s+\d+){2}/ =~ " 1 2"); assert_equal(" 1 2", $&)
+
+    x = <<END;
+ABCD
+ABCD
+END
+    x.gsub!(/((.|\n)*?)B((.|\n)*?)D/m ,'\1\3')
+    assert_equal("AC\nAC\n", x)
+
+    assert_match(/foo(?=(bar)|(baz))/, "foobar")
+    assert_match(/foo(?=(bar)|(baz))/, "foobaz")
+
+    $foo = "abc"
+    assert_equal("abc = abc", "#$foo = abc")
+    assert_equal("abc = abc", "#{$foo} = abc")
+
+    foo = "abc"
+    assert_equal("abc = abc", "#{foo} = abc")
+
+    assert_equal('-----', '-' * 5)
+    assert_equal('-', '-' * 1)
+    assert_equal('', '-' * 0)
+
+    foo = '-'
+    assert_equal('-----', foo * 5)
+    assert_equal('-', foo * 1)
+    assert_equal('', foo * 0)
+
+    x = "a.gif"
+    assert_equal("gif", x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, '\1'))
+    assert_equal("b.gif", x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, 'b.\1'))
+    assert_equal("", x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, '\2'))
+    assert_equal("ab", x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, 'a\2b'))
+    assert_equal("<a.gif>", x.sub(/.*\.([^\.]+)$/, '<\&>'))
+  end
+
+  def test_char
+    # character constants(assumes ASCII)
+    assert_equal(?a, "a"[0])
+    assert_equal(?a, ?a)
+    assert_equal("\1", ?\C-a)
+    assert_equal("\341", ?\M-a)
+    assert_equal("\201", ?\M-\C-a)
+    assert_equal(?A, "a".upcase![0])
+    assert_equal(?a, "A".downcase![0])
+    assert_equal("ABC", "abc".tr!("a-z", "A-Z"))
+    assert_equal("ABC", "aabbcccc".tr_s!("a-z", "A-Z"))
+    assert_equal("abc", "abcc".squeeze!("a-z"))
+    assert_equal("ad", "abcd".delete!("bc"))
+
+    x = "abcdef"
+    y = [ ?a, ?b, ?c, ?d, ?e, ?f ]
+    bad = false
+    x.each_byte {|i|
+      if i.chr != y.shift
+        bad = true
+        break
+      end
+    }
+    assert(!bad)
+
+    s = "a string"
+    s[0..s.size]="another string"
+    assert_equal("another string", s)
+
+    s = <<EOS
+#{
+[1,2,3].join(",")
+}
+EOS
+    assert_equal("1,2,3\n", s)
+    assert_equal(926381, "Just".to_i(36))
+    assert_equal(-23200231779, "-another".to_i(36))
+    assert_equal("ruby", 1299022.to_s(36))
+    assert_equal("-hacker", -1045307475.to_s(36))
+    assert_equal(265419172580680477752431643787347, "Just_another_Ruby_hacker".to_i(36))
+    assert_equal("-justanotherrubyhacker", -265419172580680477752431643787347.to_s(36))
+
+    a = []
+    (0..255).each {|n|
+      ch = [n].pack("C")
+      a.push ch if /a#{Regexp.quote ch}b/x =~ "ab"
+    }
+    assert_equal(0, a.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_bang
+    s = "aBc"
+    s.upcase
+    assert_equal("aBc", s)
+    s.upcase!
+    assert_equal("ABC", s)
+
+    s = "aBc"
+    s.downcase
+    assert_equal("aBc", s)
+    s.downcase!
+    assert_equal("abc", s)
+
+    s = "aBc"
+    s.swapcase
+    assert_equal("aBc", s)
+    s.swapcase!
+    assert_equal("AbC", s)
+
+    s = "aBc"
+    s.capitalize
+    assert_equal("aBc", s)
+    s.capitalize!
+    assert_equal("Abc", s)
+
+    s = "aBc"
+    s.tr("a-z", "A-Z")
+    assert_equal("aBc", s)
+    s.tr!("a-z", "A-Z")
+    assert_equal("ABC", s)
+
+    s = "aaBBcc"
+    s.tr_s("a-z", "A-Z")
+    assert_equal("aaBBcc", s)
+    s.tr_s!("a-z", "A-Z")
+    assert_equal("ABBC", s)
+
+    s = "aaBBcc"
+    s.squeeze("a-z")
+    assert_equal("aaBBcc", s)
+    s.squeeze!("a-z")
+    assert_equal("aBBc", s)
+
+    s = "aaBBcc"
+    s.delete("a-z")
+    assert_equal("aaBBcc", s)
+    s.delete!("a-z")
+    assert_equal("BB", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_dump
+    bug3996 = '[ruby-core:32935]'
+    Encoding.list.find_all {|enc| enc.ascii_compatible?}.each do |enc|
+      (0..256).map do |c|
+        begin
+          s = c.chr(enc)
+        rescue RangeError, ArgumentError
+          break
+        else
+          assert_not_match(/\0/, s.dump, bug3996)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_struct.rb b/test/ruby/test_struct.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01e5cc68f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_struct.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'timeout'
+
+module TestStruct
+  def test_struct
+    struct_test = @Struct.new("Test", :foo, :bar)
+    assert_equal(@Struct::Test, struct_test)
+
+    test = struct_test.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal(1, test.foo)
+    assert_equal(2, test.bar)
+    assert_equal(1, test[0])
+    assert_equal(2, test[1])
+
+    a, b = test.to_a
+    assert_equal(1, a)
+    assert_equal(2, b)
+
+    test[0] = 22
+    assert_equal(22, test.foo)
+
+    test.bar = 47
+    assert_equal(47, test.bar)
+
+    @Struct.class_eval do
+      remove_const :Test
+    end
+  end
+
+  # [ruby-dev:26247] more than 10 struct members causes segmentation fault
+  def test_morethan10members
+    list = %w( a b c d  e f g h  i j k l  m n o p )
+    until list.empty?
+      c = @Struct.new(* list.map {|ch| ch.intern }).new
+      list.each do |ch|
+        c.__send__(ch)
+      end
+      list.pop
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_larger_than_largest_pool
+    count = (GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:RVARGC_MAX_ALLOCATE_SIZE] / RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"]) + 1
+    list = Array(0..count)
+    klass = @Struct.new(*list.map { |i| :"a_#{i}"})
+    struct = klass.new(*list)
+    assert_equal 0, struct.a_0
+  end
+
+  def test_small_structs
+    names = [:a, :b, :c, :d]
+    1.upto(4) {|n|
+      fields = names[0, n]
+      klass = @Struct.new(*fields)
+      o = klass.new(*(0...n).to_a)
+      fields.each_with_index {|name, i|
+        assert_equal(i, o[name])
+      }
+      o = klass.new(*(0...n).to_a.reverse)
+      fields.each_with_index {|name, i|
+        assert_equal(n-i-1, o[name])
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_inherit
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    klass2 = Class.new(klass)
+    o = klass2.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o.a)
+  end
+
+  def test_attrset_id
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Struct.new(:x=) }
+  end
+
+  def test_members
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal([:a], klass.members)
+    assert_equal([:a], o.members)
+  end
+
+  def test_ref
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o[:a])
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o[:b] }
+  end
+
+  def test_set
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    o[:a] = 2
+    assert_equal(2, o[:a])
+    assert_raise(NameError) { o[:b] = 3 }
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_new
+    assert_raise(NameError) { @Struct.new("foo") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { @Struct.new("Foo") }
+    @Struct.instance_eval { remove_const(:Foo) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { @Struct.new(:a) { } }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { @Struct.new(:a) { raise } }
+
+    assert_equal([:utime, :stime, :cutime, :cstime], Process.times.members)
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_new_with_hash
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /not a symbol/) {Struct.new(:a, {})}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /not a symbol/) {Struct.new(:a, {name: "b"})}
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_new_with_keyword_init
+    @Struct.new("KeywordInitTrue", :a, :b, keyword_init: true)
+    @Struct.new("KeywordInitFalse", :a, :b, keyword_init: false)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.new(1, 2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.new({a: 100}, 2) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { @Struct::KeywordInitFalse.new(1, 2) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.new(a: 1, b: 2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.new(1, b: 2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) }
+    assert_equal @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.new(a: 1, b: 2).values, @Struct::KeywordInitFalse.new(1, 2).values
+    assert_equal "#{@Struct}::KeywordInitFalse", @Struct::KeywordInitFalse.inspect
+    assert_equal "#{@Struct}::KeywordInitTrue(keyword_init: true)", @Struct::KeywordInitTrue.inspect
+    # eval is needed to prevent the warning duplication filter
+    k = Class.new(@Struct::KeywordInitTrue) {def initialize(b, options); super(a: options, b: b); end}
+    o = assert_warn('') { k.new(42, {foo: 1, bar: 2}) }
+    assert_equal(1, o.a[:foo])
+
+    @Struct.instance_eval do
+      remove_const(:KeywordInitTrue)
+      remove_const(:KeywordInitFalse)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_new_with_keyword_init_and_block
+    struct = @Struct.new(:a, :b, keyword_init: true) do
+      def c
+        a + b
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(3, struct.new(a: 1, b: 2).c)
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_keyword_init_p
+    struct = @Struct.new(:a, :b, keyword_init: true)
+    assert_equal(true, struct.keyword_init?)
+
+    struct = @Struct.new(:a, :b, keyword_init: false)
+    assert_equal(false, struct.keyword_init?)
+
+    struct = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    assert_nil(struct.keyword_init?)
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { klass.new(1, 2) }
+    klass = @Struct.new(:total) do
+      def initialize(a, b)
+        super(a+b)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal 3, klass.new(1,2).total
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_with_kw
+    klass = @Struct.new(:foo, :options) do
+      def initialize(foo, **options)
+        super(foo, options)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal({}, klass.new(42, **Hash.new).options)
+    x = assert_warn('') { klass.new(1, bar: 2) }
+    assert_equal 2, x.options[:bar]
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], o.each.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_pair
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal([[:a, 1], [:b, 2]], o.each_pair.to_a)
+    bug7382 = '[ruby-dev:46533]'
+    a = []
+    o.each_pair {|x| a << x}
+    assert_equal([[:a, 1], [:b, 2]], a, bug7382)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal("#<struct a=1>", o.inspect)
+    o.a = o
+    assert_match(/^#<struct a=#<struct #<.*?>:...>>$/, o.inspect)
+
+    @Struct.new("Foo", :a)
+    o = @Struct::Foo.new(1)
+    assert_equal("#<struct #@Struct::Foo a=1>", o.inspect)
+    @Struct.instance_eval { remove_const(:Foo) }
+
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal("#<struct a=1, b=2>", o.inspect)
+
+    klass = @Struct.new(:@a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o.__send__(:@a))
+    assert_equal("#<struct :@a=1>", o.inspect)
+    o.__send__(:"@a=", 2)
+    assert_equal(2, o.__send__(:@a))
+    assert_equal("#<struct :@a=2>", o.inspect)
+    o.__send__("@a=", 3)
+    assert_equal(3, o.__send__(:@a))
+    assert_equal("#<struct :@a=3>", o.inspect)
+
+    methods = klass.instance_methods(false)
+    assert_equal([:@a, :"@a="].sort.inspect, methods.sort.inspect, '[Bug #8756]')
+    assert_include(methods, :@a)
+    assert_include(methods, :"@a=")
+  end
+
+  def test_init_copy
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(o, o.dup)
+  end
+
+  def test_aref
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o[0])
+    assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /offset -2\b/) {o[-2]}
+    assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /offset 1\b/) {o[1]}
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /foo/) {o["foo"]}
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /foo/) {o[:foo]}
+  end
+
+  def test_aset
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    o[0] = 2
+    assert_equal(2, o[:a])
+    assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /offset -2\b/) {o[-2] = 3}
+    assert_raise_with_message(IndexError, /offset 1\b/) {o[1] = 3}
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /foo/) {o["foo"] = 3}
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /foo/) {o[:foo] = 3}
+  end
+
+  def test_values_at
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+    assert_equal([2, 4, 6], o.values_at(1, 3, 5))
+    assert_equal([2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5], o.values_at(1..3, 2...5))
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5], o.select {|v| v % 2 != 0 })
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.select(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_filter
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+    assert_equal([1, 3, 5], o.filter {|v| v % 2 != 0 })
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { o.filter(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_big_struct
+    klass1 = @Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map(&:to_sym))
+    o = klass1.new
+    assert_nil o.z
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.z = :foo)
+    assert_equal(:foo, o.z)
+    assert_equal(:foo, o[25])
+  end
+
+  def test_overridden_aset
+    bug10601 = '[ruby-core:66846] [Bug #10601]: should not be affected by []= method'
+
+    struct = Class.new(Struct.new(*(:a..:z), :result)) do
+      def []=(*args)
+        raise args.inspect
+      end
+    end
+
+    obj = struct.new
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug10601) do
+      obj.result = 42
+    end
+    assert_equal(42, obj.result, bug10601)
+  end
+
+  def test_overridden_aref
+    bug10601 = '[ruby-core:66846] [Bug #10601]: should not be affected by [] method'
+
+    struct = Class.new(Struct.new(*(:a..:z), :result)) do
+      def [](*args)
+        raise args.inspect
+      end
+    end
+
+    obj = struct.new
+    obj.result = 42
+    result = assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug10601) do
+      break obj.result
+    end
+    assert_equal(42, result, bug10601)
+  end
+
+  def test_equal
+    klass1 = @Struct.new(:a)
+    klass2 = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    o1 = klass1.new(1)
+    o2 = klass1.new(1)
+    o3 = klass2.new(1)
+    assert_equal(o1, o2)
+    assert_not_equal(o1, o3)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, o.hash)
+    assert_kind_of(String, o.hash.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    klass1 = @Struct.new(:a)
+    klass2 = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    o1 = klass1.new(1)
+    o2 = klass1.new(1)
+    o3 = klass2.new(1)
+    assert_operator(o1, :eql?, o2)
+    assert_not_operator(o1, :eql?, o3)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_error
+    assert_raise(TypeError){
+      @Struct.new(0)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_redefinition_warning
+    @Struct.new(name = "RedefinitionWarning")
+    e = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      @Struct.new("RedefinitionWarning")
+    end
+    assert_match(/redefining constant #@Struct::RedefinitionWarning/, e)
+
+    @Struct.class_eval do
+      remove_const name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_args_warning
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal(1, @Struct.new(:a).new(a: 1).a) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal(1, @Struct.new(:a, keyword_init: nil).new(a: 1).a) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal({a: 1}, @Struct.new(:a).new({a: 1}).a) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal({a: 1}, @Struct.new(:a, :b).new(1, a: 1).b) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal(1, @Struct.new(:a, keyword_init: true).new(a: 1).a) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal({a: 1}, @Struct.new(:a, keyword_init: nil).new({a: 1}).a) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal({a: 1}, @Struct.new(:a, keyword_init: false).new(a: 1).a) }
+    assert_warn('') { assert_equal({a: 1}, @Struct.new(:a, keyword_init: false).new({a: 1}).a) }
+  end
+
+  def test_nonascii
+    struct_test = @Struct.new(name = "R\u{e9}sum\u{e9}", :"r\u{e9}sum\u{e9}")
+    assert_equal(@Struct.const_get("R\u{e9}sum\u{e9}"), struct_test, '[ruby-core:24849]')
+    a = struct_test.new(42)
+    assert_equal("#<struct #@Struct::R\u{e9}sum\u{e9} r\u{e9}sum\u{e9}=42>", a.inspect, '[ruby-core:24849]')
+    e = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      @Struct.new("R\u{e9}sum\u{e9}", :"r\u{e9}sum\u{e9}")
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(Encoding::CompatibilityError) do
+      assert_match(/redefining constant #@Struct::R\u{e9}sum\u{e9}/, e)
+    end
+
+    @Struct.class_eval do
+      remove_const name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_junk
+    struct_test = @Struct.new("Foo", "a\000")
+    o = struct_test.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, o.send("a\000"))
+    @Struct.instance_eval { remove_const(:Foo) }
+  end
+
+  def test_comparison_when_recursive
+    klass1 = @Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+
+    x = klass1.new(1, 2, nil); x.c = x
+    y = klass1.new(1, 2, nil); y.c = y
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_equal x, y
+      assert_operator x, :eql?, y
+    }
+
+    z = klass1.new(:something, :other, nil); z.c = z
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_not_equal x, z
+      assert_not_operator x, :eql?, z
+    }
+
+    x.c = y; y.c = x
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_equal x, y
+      assert_operator x, :eql?, y
+    }
+
+    x.c = z; z.c = x
+    Timeout.timeout(1) {
+      assert_not_equal x, z
+      assert_not_operator x, :eql?, z
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+    assert_equal({a:1, b:2, c:3, d:4, e:5, f:6}, o.to_h)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_block
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+    assert_equal({"a" => 1, "b" => 4, "c" => 9, "d" => 16, "e" => 25, "f" => 36},
+                 o.to_h {|k, v| [k.to_s, v*v]})
+  end
+
+  def test_question_mark_in_member
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b?)
+    x = Object.new
+    o = klass.new("test", x)
+    assert_same(x, o.b?)
+    o.send("b?=", 42)
+    assert_equal(42, o.b?)
+  end
+
+  def test_bang_mark_in_member
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b!)
+    x = Object.new
+    o = klass.new("test", x)
+    assert_same(x, o.b!)
+    o.send("b!=", 42)
+    assert_equal(42, o.b!)
+  end
+
+  def test_setter_method_returns_value
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    x = klass.new
+    assert_equal "[Bug #9353]", x.send(:a=, "[Bug #9353]")
+  end
+
+  def test_dig
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    o = klass.new(klass.new({b: [1, 2, 3]}))
+    assert_equal(1, o.dig(:a, :a, :b, 0))
+    assert_nil(o.dig(:b, 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_new_duplicate
+    bug12291 = '[ruby-core:74971] [Bug #12291]'
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /duplicate member/, bug12291) {
+      @Struct.new(:a, :a)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_deconstruct_keys
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a, :b)
+    o = klass.new(1, 2)
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, o.deconstruct_keys(nil))
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, o.deconstruct_keys([:b, :a]))
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, o.deconstruct_keys([:a]))
+    assert_not_send([o.deconstruct_keys([:a, :c]), :key?, :c])
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      o.deconstruct_keys(0)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_public_send
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    x = klass.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, x.public_send("a"))
+    assert_equal(42, x.public_send("a=", 42))
+    assert_equal(42, x.public_send("a"))
+  end
+
+  def test_arity
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    assert_equal 0, klass.instance_method(:a).arity
+    assert_equal 1, klass.instance_method(:a=).arity
+
+    klass.module_eval do
+      define_method(:b=, instance_method(:a=))
+      alias c= a=
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, klass.instance_method(:b=).arity
+    assert_equal 1, klass.instance_method(:c=).arity
+  end
+
+  def test_parameters
+    klass = @Struct.new(:a)
+    assert_equal [], klass.instance_method(:a).parameters
+    # NOTE: :_ may not be a spec.
+    assert_equal [[:req, :_]], klass.instance_method(:a=).parameters
+
+    klass.module_eval do
+      define_method(:b=, instance_method(:a=))
+      alias c= a=
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [[:req, :_]], klass.instance_method(:b=).parameters
+    assert_equal [[:req, :_]], klass.instance_method(:c=).parameters
+  end
+
+  def test_named_structs_are_not_rooted
+    omit 'skip on riscv64-linux CI machine. See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/13422' if ENV['RUBY_DEBUG'] == 'ci' && /riscv64-linux/ =~ RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+
+    # [Bug #20311]
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<~PREP, <<~CODE, rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        Struct.new("A")
+        Struct.send(:remove_const, :A)
+      end
+
+      10_000.times(&code)
+    PREP
+      50_000.times(&code)
+    CODE
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_subclass
+    test = Class.new(@Struct.new(:a)).freeze.new(a: 0)
+    assert_kind_of(@Struct, test)
+    assert_equal([:a], test.members)
+  end
+
+  class TopStruct < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include TestStruct
+
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      @Struct = Struct
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SubStruct < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include TestStruct
+    SubStruct = Class.new(Struct)
+
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      @Struct = SubStruct
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_super.rb b/test/ruby/test_super.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25bad2242a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_super.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,777 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestSuper < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Base
+    def single(a) a end
+    def double(a, b) [a,b] end
+    def array(*a) a end
+    def optional(a = 0) a end
+    def keyword(**a) a end
+    def forward(*a) a end
+  end
+  class Single1 < Base
+    def single(*) super end
+  end
+  class Single2 < Base
+    def single(a,*) super end
+  end
+  class Double1 < Base
+    def double(*) super end
+  end
+  class Double2 < Base
+    def double(a,*) super end
+  end
+  class Double3 < Base
+    def double(a,b,*) super end
+  end
+  class Array1 < Base
+    def array(*) super end
+  end
+  class Array2 < Base
+    def array(a,*) super end
+  end
+  class Array3 < Base
+    def array(a,b,*) super end
+  end
+  class Array4 < Base
+    def array(a,b,c,*) super end
+  end
+  class Optional1 < Base
+    def optional(a = 1) super end
+  end
+  class Optional2 < Base
+    def optional(a, b = 1) super end
+  end
+  class Optional3 < Base
+    def single(a = 1) super end
+  end
+  class Optional4 < Base
+    def array(a = 1, *) super end
+  end
+  class Optional5 < Base
+    def array(a = 1, b = 2, *) super end
+  end
+  class Keyword1 < Base
+    def keyword(foo: "keyword1") super end
+  end
+  class Keyword2 < Base
+    def keyword(foo: "keyword2")
+      foo = "changed1"
+      x = super
+      foo = "changed2"
+      y = super
+      [x, y]
+    end
+  end
+  class Forward < Base
+    def forward(...)
+      w = super()
+      x = super
+      y = super(...)
+      a = 1
+      z = super(a, ...)
+      [w, x, y, z]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_single1
+    assert_equal(1, Single1.new.single(1))
+  end
+  def test_single2
+    assert_equal(1, Single2.new.single(1))
+  end
+  def test_double1
+    assert_equal([1, 2], Double1.new.double(1, 2))
+  end
+  def test_double2
+    assert_equal([1, 2], Double2.new.double(1, 2))
+  end
+  def test_double3
+    assert_equal([1, 2], Double3.new.double(1, 2))
+  end
+  def test_array1
+    assert_equal([], Array1.new.array())
+    assert_equal([1], Array1.new.array(1))
+  end
+  def test_array2
+    assert_equal([1], Array2.new.array(1))
+    assert_equal([1,2], Array2.new.array(1, 2))
+  end
+  def test_array3
+    assert_equal([1,2], Array3.new.array(1, 2))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], Array3.new.array(1, 2, 3))
+  end
+  def test_array4
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], Array4.new.array(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal([1,2,3,4], Array4.new.array(1, 2, 3, 4))
+  end
+  def test_optional1
+    assert_equal(9, Optional1.new.optional(9))
+    assert_equal(1, Optional1.new.optional)
+  end
+  def test_optional2
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      # call Base#optional with 2 arguments; the 2nd arg is supplied
+      Optional2.new.optional(9)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      # call Base#optional with 2 arguments
+      Optional2.new.optional(9, 2)
+    end
+  end
+  def test_optional3
+    assert_equal(9, Optional3.new.single(9))
+    # call Base#single with 1 argument; the arg is supplied
+    assert_equal(1, Optional3.new.single)
+  end
+  def test_optional4
+    assert_equal([1], Optional4.new.array)
+    assert_equal([9], Optional4.new.array(9))
+    assert_equal([9, 8], Optional4.new.array(9, 8))
+  end
+  def test_optional5
+    assert_equal([1, 2], Optional5.new.array)
+    assert_equal([9, 2], Optional5.new.array(9))
+    assert_equal([9, 8], Optional5.new.array(9, 8))
+    assert_equal([9, 8, 7], Optional5.new.array(9, 8, 7))
+  end
+  def test_keyword1
+    assert_equal({foo: "keyword1"}, Keyword1.new.keyword)
+    bug8008 = '[ruby-core:53114] [Bug #8008]'
+    assert_equal({foo: bug8008}, Keyword1.new.keyword(foo: bug8008))
+  end
+  def test_keyword2
+    assert_equal([{foo: "changed1"}, {foo: "changed2"}], Keyword2.new.keyword)
+  end
+  def test_forwardable(...)
+    assert_equal([[],[],[],[1]], Forward.new.forward())
+    assert_equal([[],[1,2],[1,2],[1,1,2]], Forward.new.forward(1,2))
+    assert_equal([[],[:test],[:test],[1,:test]], Forward.new.forward(:test, ...))
+  end
+
+  class A
+    def tt(aa)
+      "A#tt"
+    end
+
+    def uu(a)
+      class << self
+        define_method(:tt) do |sym|
+          super(sym)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method
+    a = A.new
+    a.uu(12)
+    assert_equal("A#tt", a.tt(12), "[ruby-core:3856]")
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /implicit argument passing of super from method defined by define_method/, "[ruby-core:24244]") {
+      lambda {
+        Class.new {
+          define_method(:a) {super}
+        }.new.a
+      }.call
+    }
+  end
+
+  class SubSeq
+    def initialize
+      @first=11
+      @first or fail
+    end
+
+    def subseq
+      @first or fail
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Indexed
+    def subseq
+      SubSeq.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  Overlaid = proc do
+    class << self
+      def subseq
+        super.instance_eval(& Overlaid)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_overlaid
+    assert_nothing_raised('[ruby-dev:40959]') do
+      overlaid = proc do |obj|
+        def obj.reverse
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      overlaid.call(str = "123")
+      overlaid.call([1,2,3])
+      str.reverse
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised('[ruby-core:27230]') do
+      mid=Indexed.new
+      mid.instance_eval(&Overlaid)
+      mid.subseq
+      mid.subseq
+    end
+  end
+
+  module DoubleInclude
+    class Base
+      def foo
+        [:Base]
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Override
+      def foo
+        super << :Override
+      end
+    end
+
+    class A < Base
+    end
+
+    class B < A
+    end
+
+    B.send(:include, Override)
+    A.send(:include, Override)
+  end
+
+  def test_double_include
+    assert_equal([:Base, :Override, :Override], DoubleInclude::B.new.foo, "[Bug #3351]")
+  end
+
+  module DoubleInclude2
+    class Base
+      def foo
+        [:Base]
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Override
+      def foo
+        super << :Override
+      end
+    end
+
+    class A < Base
+      def foo
+        super << :A
+      end
+    end
+
+    class B < A
+      def foo
+        super << :B
+      end
+    end
+
+    B.send(:include, Override)
+    A.send(:include, Override)
+  end
+
+  def test_double_include2
+    assert_equal([:Base, :Override, :A, :Override, :B],
+                 DoubleInclude2::B.new.foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_instance_eval
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
+      def foo
+        return [:super, self]
+      end
+    }
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
+      def foo
+        x = Object.new
+        x.instance_eval do
+          super()
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    obj = sub_class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
+      obj.foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_instance_eval_with_define_method
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
+      def foo
+        return [:super, self]
+      end
+    }
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
+      define_method(:foo) do
+        x = Object.new
+        x.instance_eval do
+          super()
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    obj = sub_class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
+      obj.foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_instance_eval_in_module
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
+      def foo
+        return [:super, self]
+      end
+    }
+    mod = EnvUtil.labeled_module("Mod\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
+      def foo
+        x = Object.new
+        x.instance_eval do
+          super()
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
+      include mod
+    }
+    obj = sub_class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
+      obj.foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_orphan_block
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
+      def foo
+        return [:super, self]
+      end
+    }
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
+      def foo
+        lambda { super() }
+      end
+    }
+    obj = sub_class.new
+    assert_equal([:super, obj], obj.foo.call)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_orphan_block_with_instance_eval
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
+      def foo
+        return [:super, self]
+      end
+    }
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
+      def foo
+        x = Object.new
+        x.instance_eval do
+          lambda { super() }
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    obj = sub_class.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
+      obj.foo.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yielding_super
+    a = Class.new { def yielder; yield; end }
+    x = Class.new { define_singleton_method(:hello) { 'hi' } }
+    y = Class.new(x) {
+      define_singleton_method(:hello) {
+        m = a.new
+        m.yielder { super() }
+      }
+    }
+    assert_equal 'hi', y.hello
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_thread
+    hoge = Class.new {
+      def bar; 'hoge'; end
+    }
+    foo = Class.new(hoge) {
+      def bar; Thread.new { super }.join.value; end
+    }
+
+    assert_equal 'hoge', foo.new.bar
+  end
+
+  def assert_super_in_block(type)
+    bug7064 = '[ruby-core:47680]'
+    assert_normal_exit "#{type} {super}", bug7064
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_at_exit
+    assert_super_in_block("at_exit")
+  end
+  def test_super_in_END
+    assert_super_in_block("END")
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_BEGIN
+    assert_super_in_block("BEGIN")
+  end
+
+  class X
+    def foo(*args)
+      args
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Y < X
+    define_method(:foo) do |*args|
+      super(*args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_splat
+    # [ruby-list:49575]
+    y = Y.new
+    assert_equal([1, 2], y.foo(1, 2))
+    assert_equal([1, false], y.foo(1, false))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y.foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
+    assert_equal([false, true], y.foo(false, true))
+    assert_equal([false, false], y.foo(false, false))
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, false, 5], y.foo(1, 2, 3, false, 5))
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_super
+    o = Class.new {def foo; super; end}.new
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) {o.foo}
+    assert_same(o, e.receiver)
+    assert_equal(:foo, e.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_super_in_method_module
+    bug9315 = '[ruby-core:59358] [Bug #9315]'
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    b = Class.new do
+      include a
+    end
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug9315) do
+      b.new.method(:foo).call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_module_super_in_method_module
+    bug9315 = '[ruby-core:59589] [Bug #9315]'
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    c = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        :ok
+      end
+    end
+    o = c.new.extend(a)
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug9315) do
+      assert_equal(:ok, o.method(:foo).call, bug9315)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_super_in_module_unbound_method
+    bug9377 = '[ruby-core:59619] [Bug #9377]'
+
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo; super end
+    end
+
+    m = a.instance_method(:foo).bind(Object.new)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug9377) do
+      m.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_module_unbound_method
+    bug9721 = '[ruby-core:61936] [Bug #9721]'
+
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo(result)
+        result << "A"
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Module.new do
+      def foo(result)
+        result << "B"
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    um = b.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    m = um.bind(Object.new.extend(a))
+    result = []
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug9721) do
+      m.call(result)
+    end
+    assert_equal(%w[B A], result, bug9721)
+
+    bug9740 = '[ruby-core:62017] [Bug #9740]'
+
+    b.module_eval do
+      define_method(:foo) do |res|
+        um.bind(self).call(res)
+      end
+    end
+
+    result.clear
+    o = Object.new.extend(a).extend(b)
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, SystemStackError, bug9740) do
+      o.foo(result)
+    end
+    assert_equal(%w[B A], result, bug9721)
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #18329]
+  def test_super_missing_prepended_module
+    a = Module.new do
+      def probe(*methods)
+        prepend(probing_module(methods))
+      end
+
+      def probing_module(methods)
+        Module.new do
+          methods.each do |method|
+            define_method(method) do |*args, **kwargs, &block|
+              super(*args, **kwargs, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Class.new do
+      extend a
+
+      probe :danger!, :missing
+
+      def danger!; end
+    end
+
+    o = b.new
+    o.danger!
+    begin
+      original_gc_stress = GC.stress
+      GC.stress = true
+      2.times { o.missing rescue NoMethodError }
+    ensure
+      GC.stress = original_gc_stress
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_zsuper_kw_splat_not_mutable
+    extend(Module.new{def a(**k) k[:a] = 1 end})
+    extend(Module.new do
+      def a(**k)
+        before = k.dup
+        super
+        [before, k]
+      end
+    end)
+    assert_equal(*a)
+  end
+
+  def test_from_eval
+    bug10263 = '[ruby-core:65122] [Bug #10263a]'
+    a = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        "A"
+      end
+    end
+    b = Class.new(a) do
+      def foo
+        binding.eval("super")
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal("A", b.new.foo, bug10263)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_block
+    a = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Class.new(a) do
+      def foo
+        super{
+          "b"
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "b", b.new.foo{"c"}
+  end
+
+  def test_public_zsuper_with_prepend
+    bug12876 = '[ruby-core:77784] [Bug #12876]'
+    m = EnvUtil.labeled_module("M")
+    c = EnvUtil.labeled_class("C") {prepend m; public :initialize}
+    o = assert_nothing_raised(Timeout::Error, bug12876) {
+      Timeout.timeout(3) {c.new}
+    }
+    assert_instance_of(c, o)
+    m.module_eval {def initialize; raise "exception in M"; end}
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, "exception in M") {
+      c.new
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_included_prepended_module_method_caching_bug_20716
+    a = Module.new do
+      def test(*args)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Module.new do
+      def test(a)
+        a
+      end
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new
+
+    b.prepend(a)
+    c.include(b)
+
+    assert_equal(1, c.new.test(1))
+
+    b.class_eval do
+      begin
+        verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+        def test
+          :test
+        end
+      ensure
+        $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(:test, c.new.test)
+  end
+
+  class TestFor_super_with_modified_rest_parameter_base
+    def foo *args
+      args
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestFor_super_with_modified_rest_parameter < TestFor_super_with_modified_rest_parameter_base
+    def foo *args
+      args = 13
+      super
+    end
+  end
+  def test_super_with_modified_rest_parameter
+    assert_equal [13], TestFor_super_with_modified_rest_parameter.new.foo
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_define_method
+    superklass1 = Class.new do
+      def foo; :foo; end
+      def bar; :bar; end
+      def boo; :boo; end
+    end
+    superklass2 = Class.new(superklass1) do
+      alias baz boo
+      def boo; :boo2; end
+    end
+    subklass = Class.new(superklass2)
+    [:foo, :bar, :baz, :boo].each do |sym|
+      subklass.define_method(sym){ super() }
+    end
+    assert_equal :foo, subklass.new.foo
+    assert_equal :bar, subklass.new.bar
+    assert_equal :boo, subklass.new.baz
+    assert_equal :boo2, subklass.new.boo
+  end
+
+  def test_super_attr_writer # [Bug #16785]
+    writer_class = Class.new do
+      attr_writer :test
+    end
+    superwriter_class = Class.new(writer_class) do
+      def initialize
+        @test = 1 # index: 1
+      end
+
+      def test=(test)
+        super(test)
+      end
+    end
+    inherited_class = Class.new(superwriter_class) do
+      def initialize
+        @a = nil
+        @test = 2 # index: 2
+      end
+    end
+
+    superwriter = superwriter_class.new
+    superwriter.test = 3 # set ic->index of superwriter_class#test= to 1
+
+    inherited = inherited_class.new
+    inherited.test = 4 # it may set 4 to index=1 while it should be index=2
+
+    assert_equal 3, superwriter.instance_variable_get(:@test)
+    assert_equal 4, inherited.instance_variable_get(:@test)
+  end
+
+  def test_super_attr_reader
+    reader_class = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :test
+    end
+    superreader_class = Class.new(reader_class) do
+      def initialize
+        @test = 1 # index: 1
+      end
+
+      def test
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    inherited_class = Class.new(superreader_class) do
+      def initialize
+        @a = nil
+        @test = 2 # index: 2
+      end
+    end
+
+    superreader = superreader_class.new
+    assert_equal 1, superreader.test # set ic->index of superreader_class#test to 1
+
+    inherited = inherited_class.new
+    assert_equal 2, inherited.test # it may read index=1 while it should be index=2
+  end
+
+  def test_super_in_basic_object
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      class ::BasicObject
+        def no_super
+          super()
+        rescue ::NameError
+          :ok
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal :ok, "[Bug #21694]".no_super
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_symbol.rb b/test/ruby/test_symbol.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c50febf5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_symbol.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestSymbol < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  # [ruby-core:3573]
+
+  def assert_eval_inspected(sym, valid = true)
+    n = sym.inspect
+    if valid
+      bug5136 = '[ruby-dev:44314]'
+      assert_not_match(/\A:"/, n, bug5136)
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) {assert_equal(sym, eval(n))}
+  end
+
+  def test_intern
+    assert_equal(':""', ''.intern.inspect)
+    assert_equal(':$foo', '$foo'.intern.inspect)
+    assert_equal(':"!foo"', '!foo'.intern.inspect)
+    assert_equal(':"foo=="', "foo==".intern.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_all_symbols
+    x = Symbol.all_symbols
+    assert_kind_of(Array, x)
+    assert_empty(x.reject {|s| s.is_a?(Symbol) })
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_invalid
+    # 2) Symbol#inspect sometimes returns invalid symbol representations:
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"!")
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"0", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"$1")
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@1", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@@1", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@@", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"[]=")
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"[][]", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"[][]=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@@=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@x=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"@@x=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"$$=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"$==", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"$x=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"$$$=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"foo?=", false)
+    assert_eval_inspected(:"foo!=", false)
+  end
+
+  def assert_inspect_evaled(n)
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) {assert_equal(n, eval(n).inspect)}
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_suboptimal
+    # 3) Symbol#inspect sometimes returns suboptimal symbol representations:
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':foo')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':foo!')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':bar?')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(":<<")
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':>>')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':<=')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':>=')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':=~')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':==')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':===')
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':='}
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':*')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':**')
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':***'}
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':+')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':-')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':+@')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':-@')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':|')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':^')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':&')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':/')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':%')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':~')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':`')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':[]')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':[]=')
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':||'}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':&&'}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':['}
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_dollar
+    verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    # 4) :$- always treats next character literally:
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':$-'}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ":$-\n"}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ":$- "}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ":$-#"}
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) {eval ':$-('}
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_number
+    # 5) Inconsistency between :$0 and :$1? The first one is valid, but the
+    # latter isn't.
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':$0')
+    assert_inspect_evaled(':$1')
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    valid = %W{$a @a @@a < << <= <=> > >> >= =~ == === * ** + +@ - -@
+    | ^ & / % ~ \` [] []= ! != !~ a a? a! a= A A? A! A=}
+    valid.each do |sym|
+      assert_equal(':' + sym, sym.intern.inspect)
+    end
+
+    invalid = %w{$a? $a! $a= @a? @a! @a= @@a? @@a! @@a= =}
+    invalid.each do |sym|
+      assert_equal(':"' + sym + '"', sym.intern.inspect)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_under_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      assert_inspect_evaled(':testing')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_name
+    assert_equal("foo", :foo.name)
+    assert_same(:foo.name, :foo.name)
+    assert_predicate(:foo.name, :frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc
+    assert_equal %w(1 2 3), (1..3).map(&:to_s)
+    [
+      [],
+      [1],
+      [1, 2],
+      [1, [2, 3]],
+    ].each do |ary|
+      ary_id = ary.object_id
+      assert_equal ary_id, :object_id.to_proc.call(ary)
+      ary_ids = ary.collect{|x| x.object_id }
+      assert_equal ary_ids, ary.collect(&:object_id)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_yield
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", timeout: 5.0)
+    begin;
+      GC.stress = true
+      true.tap(&:itself)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_new_proc
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", timeout: 5.0)
+    begin;
+      GC.stress = true
+      2.times {Proc.new(&:itself)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_no_method
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", timeout: 5.0)
+    begin;
+      bug11566 = '[ruby-core:70980] [Bug #11566]'
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug11566) {Proc.new(&:foo).(1)}
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug11566) {:foo.to_proc.(1)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_arg
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", timeout: 5.0)
+    begin;
+      def (obj = Object.new).proc(&b) b; end
+      assert_same(:itself.to_proc, obj.proc(&:itself))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_lambda?
+    assert_predicate(:itself.to_proc, :lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_arity
+    assert_equal(-2, :itself.to_proc.arity)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_call_with_symbol_proc
+    first = 1
+    bug11594 = "[ruby-core:71088] [Bug #11594] corrupted the first local variable"
+    # symbol which does not have a Proc
+    ->(&blk) {}.call(&:test_to_proc_call_with_symbol_proc)
+    assert_equal(1, first, bug11594)
+  end
+
+  class TestToPRocArgWithRefinements; end
+  def _test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_call(&block)
+    block.call TestToPRocArgWithRefinements.new
+  end
+  def _test_to_proc_with_refinements_call(&block)
+    block
+  end
+  using Module.new {
+    refine TestToPRocArgWithRefinements do
+      def hoge
+        :hoge
+      end
+    end
+  }
+  def test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements
+    assert_equal(:hoge, _test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_call(&:hoge))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_lambda_with_refinements
+    assert_predicate(_test_to_proc_with_refinements_call(&:hoge), :lambda?)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_arity_with_refinements
+    assert_equal(-2, _test_to_proc_with_refinements_call(&:hoge).arity)
+  end
+
+  def self._test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_call(&block)
+    block.call TestToPRocArgWithRefinements.new
+  end
+  _test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_call(&:hoge)
+  using Module.new {
+    refine TestToPRocArgWithRefinements do
+      def hoge
+        :hogehoge
+      end
+    end
+  }
+  def test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_override
+    assert_equal(:hogehoge, _test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_call(&:hoge))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_undefined
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      _test_to_proc_arg_with_refinements_call(&:foo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def return_from_proc
+    Proc.new { return 1 }.tap(&:call)
+  end
+
+  def test_return_from_symbol_proc
+    bug12462 = '[ruby-core:75856] [Bug #12462]'
+    assert_equal(1, return_from_proc, bug12462)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_for_hash_each
+    bug11830 = '[ruby-core:72205] [Bug #11830]'
+    assert_normal_exit("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", bug11830)
+    begin;
+      {}.each(&:destroy)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_iseq
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 5)
+    begin;
+      bug11845 = '[ruby-core:72381] [Bug #11845]'
+      assert_nil(:class.to_proc.source_location, bug11845)
+      assert_equal([[:req], [:rest]], :class.to_proc.parameters, bug11845)
+      c = Class.new {define_method(:klass, :class.to_proc)}
+      m = c.instance_method(:klass)
+      assert_nil(m.source_location, bug11845)
+      assert_equal([[:req], [:rest]], m.parameters, bug11845)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_binding
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<~"end;"}", timeout: 5)
+    begin;
+      bug12137 = '[ruby-core:74100] [Bug #12137]'
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug12137) {
+        :succ.to_proc.binding
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_to_proc_instance_exec
+    bug = '[ruby-core:78839] [Bug #13074] should evaluate on the argument'
+    assert_equal(2, BasicObject.new.instance_exec(1, &:succ), bug)
+    assert_equal(3, BasicObject.new.instance_exec(1, 2, &:+), bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_call
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.foo(x, y); x + y; end
+
+    assert_equal(3, :foo.to_proc.call(o, 1, 2))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :foo.to_proc.call }
+  end
+
+  def m_block_given?
+    block_given?
+  end
+
+  def m2_block_given?(m = nil)
+    if m
+      [block_given?, m.call(self)]
+    else
+      block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given_to_proc
+    bug8531 = '[Bug #8531]'
+    m = :m_block_given?.to_proc
+    assert(!m.call(self), "#{bug8531} without block")
+    assert(m.call(self) {}, "#{bug8531} with block")
+    assert(!m.call(self), "#{bug8531} without block second")
+  end
+
+  def test_block_persist_between_calls
+    bug8531 = '[Bug #8531]'
+    m2 = :m2_block_given?.to_proc
+    assert_equal([true, false], m2.call(self, m2) {}, "#{bug8531} nested with block")
+    assert_equal([false, false], m2.call(self, m2), "#{bug8531} nested without block")
+  end
+
+  def test_block_curry_proc
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+    b = proc { true }.curry
+    assert(b.call, "without block")
+    assert(b.call { |o| o.to_s }, "with block")
+    assert(b.call(&:to_s), "with sym block")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_block_curry_lambda
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+    b = lambda { true }.curry
+    assert(b.call, "without block")
+    assert(b.call { |o| o.to_s }, "with block")
+    assert(b.call(&:to_s), "with sym block")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_block_method_to_proc
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+    b = method(:tap).to_proc
+    assert(b.call { |o| o.to_s }, "with block")
+    assert(b.call(&:to_s), "with sym block")
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_succ
+    assert_equal(:fop, :foo.succ)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    assert_equal(0, :FoO <=> :FoO)
+    assert_equal(-1, :FoO <=> :fOO)
+    assert_equal(1, :fOO <=> :FoO)
+    assert_nil(:foo <=> "foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp
+    assert_equal(0, :FoO.casecmp(:fOO))
+    assert_equal(1, :FoO.casecmp(:BaR))
+    assert_equal(-1, :baR.casecmp(:FoO))
+
+    assert_nil(:foo.casecmp("foo"))
+    assert_nil(:foo.casecmp(Object.new))
+  end
+
+  def test_casecmp?
+    assert_equal(true, :FoO.casecmp?(:fOO))
+    assert_equal(false, :FoO.casecmp?(:BaR))
+    assert_equal(false, :baR.casecmp?(:FoO))
+    assert_equal(true, :äöü.casecmp?(:ÄÖÜ))
+
+    assert_nil(:foo.casecmp?("foo"))
+    assert_nil(:foo.casecmp?(Object.new))
+  end
+
+  def test_length
+    assert_equal(3, :FoO.length)
+    assert_equal(3, :FoO.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty
+    assert_equal(false, :FoO.empty?)
+    assert_equal(true, :"".empty?)
+  end
+
+  def test_case
+    assert_equal(:FOO, :FoO.upcase)
+    assert_equal(:foo, :FoO.downcase)
+    assert_equal(:Foo, :foo.capitalize)
+    assert_equal(:fOo, :FoO.swapcase)
+  end
+
+  def test_MATCH # '=~'
+    assert_equal(10,  :"FeeFieFoo-Fum" =~ /Fum$/)
+    assert_equal(nil, "FeeFieFoo-Fum" =~ /FUM$/)
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.=~(x); x + "bar"; end
+    assert_equal("foobar", :"foo" =~ o)
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { :"foo" =~ "foo" }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_method
+    assert_equal("bar", :"foobarbaz".match(/bar/).to_s)
+
+    o = Regexp.new('foo')
+    def o.match(x, y, z); x + y + z; end
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", :"foo".match(o, "bar", "baz"))
+    x = nil
+    :"foo".match(o, "bar", "baz") {|y| x = y }
+    assert_equal("foobarbaz", x)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { :"foo".match }
+  end
+
+  def test_match_p_regexp
+    /backref/ =~ 'backref'
+    # must match here, but not in a separate method, e.g., assert_send,
+    # to check if $~ is affected or not.
+    assert_equal(true, "".match?(//))
+    assert_equal(true, :abc.match?(/.../))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?(/b/))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?(/b/, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?(/../, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?(/../, -2))
+    assert_equal(false, 'abc'.match?(/../, -4))
+    assert_equal(false, 'abc'.match?(/../, 4))
+    assert_equal(true, ("\u3042" + '\x').match?(/../, 1))
+    assert_equal(true, ''.match?(/\z/))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?(/\z/))
+    assert_equal(true, 'Ruby'.match?(/R.../))
+    assert_equal(false, 'Ruby'.match?(/R.../, 1))
+    assert_equal(false, 'Ruby'.match?(/P.../))
+    assert_equal('backref', $&)
+  end
+
+  def test_match_p_string
+    /backref/ =~ 'backref'
+    # must match here, but not in a separate method, e.g., assert_send,
+    # to check if $~ is affected or not.
+    assert_equal(true, "".match?(''))
+    assert_equal(true, :abc.match?('...'))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?('b'))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?('b', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?('..', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?('..', -2))
+    assert_equal(false, 'abc'.match?('..', -4))
+    assert_equal(false, 'abc'.match?('..', 4))
+    assert_equal(true, ("\u3042" + '\x').match?('..', 1))
+    assert_equal(true, ''.match?('\z'))
+    assert_equal(true, 'abc'.match?('\z'))
+    assert_equal(true, 'Ruby'.match?('R...'))
+    assert_equal(false, 'Ruby'.match?('R...', 1))
+    assert_equal(false, 'Ruby'.match?('P...'))
+    assert_equal('backref', $&)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_popped
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval('a = 1; :"#{ a }"; 1') }
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_incomat_inspect
+    [Encoding::UTF_16LE, Encoding::UTF_16BE,
+     Encoding::UTF_32LE, Encoding::UTF_32BE].each do |e|
+      assert_equal(':"abc"', "abc".encode(e).to_sym.inspect)
+      assert_equal(':"\\u3042\\u3044\\u3046"', "\u3042\u3044\u3046".encode(e).to_sym.inspect)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_encoding
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "$-A".force_encoding("iso-8859-15").intern.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, "foobar~!".force_encoding("iso-8859-15").intern.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, "\u{2192}".intern.encoding)
+    assert_raise_with_message(EncodingError, /\\xb0/i) {"\xb0a".force_encoding("utf-8").intern}
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_method
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { a = :foo; def a.foo; end }
+  end
+
+  SymbolsForEval = [
+    :foo,
+    "dynsym_#{Random.rand(10000)}_#{Time.now}".to_sym
+  ]
+
+  def test_instance_eval
+    bug11086 = '[ruby-core:68961] [Bug #11086]'
+    SymbolsForEval.each do |sym|
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, sym, bug11086) {
+        sym.instance_eval {}
+      }
+      assert_raise(TypeError, sym, bug11086) {
+        sym.instance_eval {def foo; end}
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec
+    bug11086 = '[ruby-core:68961] [Bug #11086]'
+    SymbolsForEval.each do |sym|
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, sym, bug11086) {
+        sym.instance_exec {}
+      }
+      assert_raise(TypeError, sym, bug11086) {
+        sym.instance_exec {def foo; end}
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_symbol
+    assert_equal(true, :foo.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, :each.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, :+.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, "foo#{Time.now.to_i}".to_sym.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(true, :foo.to_sym.frozen?)
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_gc_1
+    assert_normal_exit('".".intern;GC.start(immediate_sweep:false);eval %[GC.start;".".intern]',
+                       '',
+                       child_env: '--disable-gems')
+    assert_normal_exit('".".intern;GC.start(immediate_sweep:false);eval %[GC.start;:"."]',
+                       '',
+                       child_env: '--disable-gems')
+    assert_normal_exit('".".intern;GC.start(immediate_sweep:false);eval %[GC.start;%i"."]',
+                       '',
+                       child_env: '--disable-gems')
+    assert_normal_exit('tap{".".intern};GC.start(immediate_sweep:false);' +
+                       'eval %[syms=Symbol.all_symbols;GC.start;syms.each(&:to_sym)]',
+                       '',
+                       child_env: '--disable-gems')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_attrset_id
+    bug10259 = '[ruby-dev:48559] [Bug #10259]'
+    class << (obj = Object.new)
+      attr_writer :unagi
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug10259) {obj.send("unagi=".intern, 1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_fstr_memory_leak
+    bug10686 = '[ruby-core:67268] [Bug #10686]'
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'else;'}", "#{<<~'end;'}", bug10686, limit: 1.71, rss: true, timeout: 20)
+    begin;
+      n = 100_000
+      n.times { |i| i.to_s.to_sym }
+    else;
+      (2 * n).times { |i| (i + n).to_s.to_sym }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_redefinition
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug11035 = '[ruby-core:68767] [Bug #11035]'
+      class Symbol
+        def hash
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      h = {}
+      assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug11035) {
+        h[:foo] = 1
+      }
+      assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug11035) {
+        h['bar'.to_sym] = 2
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_nondeterministic
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    assert_not_equal :foo.hash, `#{ruby} -e 'puts :foo.hash'`.to_i,
+                     '[ruby-core:80430] [Bug #13376]'
+
+    sym = "dynsym_#{Random.rand(10000)}_#{Time.now}"
+    assert_not_equal sym.to_sym.hash,
+                     `#{ruby} -e 'puts #{sym.inspect}.to_sym.hash'`.to_i
+  end
+
+  def test_eq_can_be_redefined
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-RUBY, ["foo"], [])
+      class Symbol
+        remove_method :==
+        def ==(obj)
+          "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      puts :a == :a
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_start_with?
+    assert_equal(true, :hello.start_with?("hel"))
+    assert_equal(false, :hello.start_with?("el"))
+    assert_equal(true, :hello.start_with?("el", "he"))
+
+    bug5536 = '[ruby-core:40623]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5536) {:str.start_with? :not_convertible_to_string}
+
+    assert_equal(true, :hello.start_with?(/hel/))
+    assert_equal("hel", $&)
+    assert_equal(false, :hello.start_with?(/el/))
+    assert_nil($&)
+  end
+
+  def test_end_with?
+    assert_equal(true, :hello.end_with?("llo"))
+    assert_equal(false, :hello.end_with?("ll"))
+    assert_equal(true, :hello.end_with?("el", "lo"))
+
+    bug5536 = '[ruby-core:40623]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug5536) {:str.end_with? :not_convertible_to_string}
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb b/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b355128a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2402 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestSyntax < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  using Module.new {
+    refine(Object) do
+      def `(s) #`
+        s
+      end
+    end
+  }
+
+  def assert_syntax_files(test)
+    srcdir = File.expand_path("../../..", __FILE__)
+    srcdir = File.join(srcdir, test)
+    assert_separately(%W[- #{srcdir}], __FILE__, __LINE__, <<-'eom', timeout: Float::INFINITY)
+      dir = ARGV.shift
+      for script in Dir["#{dir}/**/*.rb"].sort
+        assert_valid_syntax(IO::read(script), script)
+      end
+    eom
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_lib; assert_syntax_files("lib"); end
+  def test_syntax_sample; assert_syntax_files("sample"); end
+  def test_syntax_ext; assert_syntax_files("ext"); end
+  def test_syntax_test; assert_syntax_files("test"); end
+
+  def test_defined_empty_argument
+    bug8220 = '[ruby-core:53999] [Bug #8220]'
+    assert_ruby_status(%w[--disable-gem], 'puts defined? ()', bug8220)
+  end
+
+  def test_must_ascii_compatible
+    require 'tempfile'
+    f = Tempfile.new("must_ac_")
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next unless enc.ascii_compatible?
+      make_tmpsrc(f, "# -*- coding: #{enc.name} -*-")
+      assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, enc.name) {load(f.path)}
+    end
+    Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+      next if enc.ascii_compatible?
+      make_tmpsrc(f, "# -*- coding: #{enc.name} -*-")
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError, enc.name) {load(f.path)}
+    end
+  ensure
+    f&.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_script_lines
+    require 'tempfile'
+    f = Tempfile.new("bug4361_")
+    bug4361 = '[ruby-dev:43168]'
+    with_script_lines do |debug_lines|
+      Encoding.list.each do |enc|
+        next unless enc.ascii_compatible?
+        make_tmpsrc(f, "# -*- coding: #{enc.name} -*-\n#----------------")
+        load(f.path)
+        assert_equal([f.path], debug_lines.keys)
+        assert_equal([enc, enc], debug_lines[f.path].map(&:encoding), bug4361)
+      end
+    end
+  ensure
+    f&.close!
+  end
+
+  def test_script_lines_encoding
+    require 'tmpdir'
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+      File.write(File.join(dir, "script_lines.rb"), "SCRIPT_LINES__ = {}\n")
+      assert_in_out_err(%w"-r./script_lines -w -Ke", "puts __ENCODING__.name",
+                        %w"EUC-JP", /-K is specified/, chdir: dir)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_block_forwarding
+    assert_syntax_error("def b; c(&); end", /no anonymous block parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(&) ->(&) {c(&)} end", /anonymous block parameter is also used/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(&) ->() {c(&)} end")
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      def b(&); c(&) end
+      def c(&); yield 1 end
+      a = nil
+      b{|c| a = c}
+      assert_equal(1, a)
+
+      def inner
+        yield
+      end
+
+      def block_only(&)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(1, block_only{1})
+
+      def pos(arg1, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(2, pos(nil){2})
+
+      def pos_kwrest(arg1, **kw, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(3, pos_kwrest(nil){3})
+
+      def no_kw(arg1, **nil, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(4, no_kw(nil){4})
+
+      def rest_kw(*a, kwarg: 1, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(5, rest_kw{5})
+
+      def kw(kwarg:1, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(6, kw{6})
+
+      def pos_kw_kwrest(arg1, kwarg:1, **kw, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(7, pos_kw_kwrest(nil){7})
+
+      def pos_rkw(arg1, kwarg1:, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(8, pos_rkw(nil, kwarg1: nil){8})
+
+      def all(arg1, arg2, *rest, post1, post2, kw1: 1, kw2: 2, okw1:, okw2:, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(9, all(nil, nil, nil, nil, okw1: nil, okw2: nil){9})
+
+      def all_kwrest(arg1, arg2, *rest, post1, post2, kw1: 1, kw2: 2, okw1:, okw2:, **kw, &)
+        inner(&)
+      end
+      assert_equal(10, all_kwrest(nil, nil, nil, nil, okw1: nil, okw2: nil){10})
+
+      def evaled(&)
+        eval("inner(&)")
+      end
+      assert_equal(1, evaled{1})
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_rest_forwarding
+    assert_syntax_error("def b; c(*); end", /no anonymous rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b; c(1, *); end", /no anonymous rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(*) ->(*) {c(*)} end", /anonymous rest parameter is also used/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(a, *) ->(*) {c(1, *)} end", /anonymous rest parameter is also used/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(*) ->(a, *) {c(*)} end", /anonymous rest parameter is also used/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(*) ->() {c(*)} end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(a, *) ->() {c(1, *)} end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(*) ->(a) {c(*)} end")
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      def b(*); c(*) end
+      def c(*a); a end
+      def d(*); b(*, *) end
+      def e(*); eval("b(*)") end
+      assert_equal([1, 2], b(1, 2))
+      assert_equal([1, 2, 1, 2], d(1, 2))
+      assert_equal([1, 2], e(1, 2))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_keyword_rest_forwarding
+    assert_syntax_error("def b; c(**); end", /no anonymous keyword rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b; c(k: 1, **); end", /no anonymous keyword rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(**) ->(**) {c(**)} end", /anonymous keyword rest parameter is also used/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(k:, **) ->(**) {c(k: 1, **)} end", /anonymous keyword rest parameter is also used/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def b(**) ->(k:, **) {c(**)} end", /anonymous keyword rest parameter is also used/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(**) ->() {c(**)} end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(k:, **) ->() {c(k: 1, **)} end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def b(**) ->(k:) {c(**)} end")
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      def b(**); c(**) end
+      def c(**kw); kw end
+      def d(**); b(k: 1, **) end
+      def e(**); b(**, k: 1) end
+      def f(a: nil, **); b(**) end
+      def g(**); eval("b(**)") end
+      assert_equal({a: 1, k: 3}, b(a: 1, k: 3))
+      assert_equal({a: 1, k: 3}, d(a: 1, k: 3))
+      assert_equal({a: 1, k: 1}, e(a: 1, k: 3))
+      assert_equal({k: 3}, f(a: 1, k: 3))
+      assert_equal({a: 1, k: 3}, g(a: 1, k: 3))
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding_with_anon_rest_kwrest_and_block
+    assert_syntax_error("def f(*, **, &); g(...); end", /unexpected \.\.\./)
+    assert_syntax_error("def f(...); g(*); end", /no anonymous rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def f(...); g(0, *); end", /no anonymous rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def f(...); g(**); end", /no anonymous keyword rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def f(...); g(x: 1, **); end", /no anonymous keyword rest parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def f(...); g(&); end", /no anonymous block parameter/)
+  end
+
+  def test_newline_in_block_parameters
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:45292]'
+    ["", "a", "a, b"].product(["", ";x", [";", "x"]]) do |params|
+      params = ["|", *params, "|"].join("\n")
+      assert_valid_syntax("1.times{#{params}}", __FILE__, "#{bug} #{params.inspect}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  tap do |_,
+    bug6115 = '[ruby-dev:45308]',
+    blockcall = '["elem"].each_with_object [] do end',
+    methods = [['map', 'no'], ['inject([])', 'with']],
+    blocks = [['do end', 'do'], ['{}', 'brace']],
+    *|
+    [%w'. dot', %w':: colon'].product(methods, blocks) do |(c, n1), (m, n2), (b, n3)|
+      m = m.tr_s('()', ' ').strip if n3 == 'do'
+      name = "test_#{n3}_block_after_blockcall_#{n1}_#{n2}_arg"
+      code = "#{blockcall}#{c}#{m} #{b}"
+      define_method(name) {assert_valid_syntax(code, bug6115)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_in_cmdarg
+    bug9726 = '[ruby-core:61950] [Bug #9726]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("tap (proc do end)", __FILE__, bug9726)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_kwsplat_hash
+    kw = {}
+    h = {a: 1}
+    assert_equal({}, {**{}})
+    assert_equal({}, {**kw})
+    assert_equal(h, {**h})
+    assert_equal(false, {**{}}.frozen?)
+    assert_equal(false, {**kw}.equal?(kw))
+    assert_equal(false, {**h}.equal?(h))
+  end
+
+  def test_array_kwsplat_hash
+    kw = {}
+    h = {a: 1}
+    a = []
+    assert_equal([], [**{}])
+    assert_equal([], [**kw])
+    assert_equal([h], [**h])
+    assert_equal([{}], [{}])
+    assert_equal([kw], [kw])
+    assert_equal([h], [h])
+
+    assert_equal([1], [1, **{}])
+    assert_equal([1], [1, **kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], [1, **h])
+    assert_equal([1, {}], [1, {}])
+    assert_equal([1, kw], [1, kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], [1, h])
+
+    assert_equal([], [*a, **{}])
+    assert_equal([], [*a, **kw])
+    assert_equal([h], [*a, **h])
+    assert_equal([{}], [*a, {}])
+    assert_equal([kw], [*a, kw])
+    assert_equal([h], [*a, h])
+
+    assert_equal([1], [1, *a, **{}])
+    assert_equal([1], [1, *a, **kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], [1, *a, **h])
+    assert_equal([1, {}], [1, *a, {}])
+    assert_equal([1, kw], [1, *a, kw])
+    assert_equal([1, h], [1, *a, h])
+
+    assert_equal([], [**kw, **kw])
+    assert_equal([], [**kw, **{}, **kw])
+    assert_equal([1], [1, **kw, **{}, **kw])
+
+    assert_equal([{}], [{}, **kw, **kw])
+    assert_equal([kw], [kw, **kw, **kw])
+    assert_equal([h], [h, **kw, **kw])
+    assert_equal([h, h], [h, **kw, **kw, **h])
+
+    assert_equal([h, {:a=>2}], [h, **{}, **h, a: 2])
+    assert_equal([h, h], [h, **{}, a: 2, **h])
+    assert_equal([h, h], [h, a: 2, **{}, **h])
+    assert_equal([h, h], [h, a: 2, **h, **{}])
+    assert_equal([h, {:a=>2}], [h, **h, a: 2, **{}])
+    assert_equal([h, {:a=>2}], [h, **h, **{}, a: 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_normal_argument
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(x) end')
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(X) end', /constant/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(@x) end', /instance variable/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(@@x) end', /class variable/)
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_argument
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(x=nil) end')
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(X=nil) end', /constant/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(@x=nil) end', /instance variable/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(@@x=nil) end', /class variable/)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_rest
+    bug5989 = '[ruby-core:42455]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("def kwrest_test(**a) a; end", __FILE__, bug5989)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def kwrest_test2(**a, &b) end", __FILE__, bug5989)
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.kw(**a) a end
+    assert_equal({}, o.kw, bug5989)
+    assert_equal({foo: 1}, o.kw(foo: 1), bug5989)
+    assert_equal({foo: 1, bar: 2}, o.kw(foo: 1, bar: 2), bug5989)
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_stress do
+      eval("def o.m(k: 0) k end")
+    end
+    assert_equal(42, o.m(k: 42), '[ruby-core:45744]')
+    bug7922 = '[ruby-core:52744] [Bug #7922]'
+    def o.bug7922(**) end
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug7922) {o.bug7922(foo: 42)}
+  end
+
+  class KW2
+    def kw(k1: 1, k2: 2) [k1, k2] end
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_splat
+    assert_valid_syntax("foo(**h)", __FILE__)
+    o = KW2.new
+    h = {k1: 11, k2: 12}
+    assert_equal([11, 12], o.kw(**h))
+    assert_equal([11, 12], o.kw(k2: 22, **h))
+    assert_equal([11, 22], o.kw(**h, **{k2: 22}))
+    assert_equal([11, 12], o.kw(**{k2: 22}, **h))
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_duplicated_splat
+    bug10315 = '[ruby-core:65368] [Bug #10315]'
+
+    o = KW2.new
+    begin
+      verbose_bak, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      assert_equal([23, 2], eval("o.kw(**{k1: 22}, **{k1: 23})"), bug10315)
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose_bak
+    end
+
+    h = {k3: 31}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {o.kw(**h)}
+    h = {"k1"=>11, k2: 12}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {o.kw(**h)}
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_duplicated
+    bug10315 = '[ruby-core:65625] [Bug #10315]'
+    a = []
+    def a.add(x) push(x); x; end
+    b = a.clone
+    def a.f(k:, **) k; end
+    def b.f(k:) k; end
+    a.clear
+    r = nil
+    assert_warn(/duplicated/) {r = eval("b.f(k: b.add(1), k: b.add(2))")}
+    assert_equal(2, r)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], b, bug10315)
+    b.clear
+    r = nil
+    assert_warn(/duplicated/) {r = eval("a.f(k: a.add(1), j: a.add(2), k: a.add(3), k: a.add(4))")}
+    assert_equal(4, r)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+    a.clear
+    r = nil
+    assert_warn(/duplicated/) {r = eval("b.f(**{k: b.add(1), k: b.add(2)})")}
+    assert_equal(2, r)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], b, bug10315)
+    b.clear
+    r = nil
+    assert_warn(/duplicated/) {r = eval("a.f(**{k: a.add(1), j: a.add(2), k: a.add(3), k: a.add(4)})")}
+    assert_equal(4, r)
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], a)
+    a.clear
+    r = nil
+    _z = {}
+    assert_warn(/duplicated/) {r = eval("a.f(k: a.add(1), **_z, k: a.add(2))")}
+    assert_equal(2, r)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_empty_splat
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug10719 = '[ruby-core:67446] [Bug #10719]'
+      assert_valid_syntax("foo(a: 1, **{})", bug10719)
+    end;
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug13756 = '[ruby-core:82113] [Bug #13756]'
+      assert_valid_syntax("defined? foo(**{})", bug13756)
+    end;
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug15271 = '[ruby-core:89648] [Bug #15271]'
+      assert_valid_syntax("a **{}", bug15271)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_self_reference
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var: defined?(var)) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var: var) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var: bar(var)) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var: bar {var}) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var: (1 in ^var)); end")
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var: bar {|var| var}) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var: bar {| | var}) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var: bar {|| var}) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var: def bar(var) var; end) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("proc {|var: 1| var}")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nil(o.instance_eval("def foo(bar: bar) = bar; foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_invalid_name
+    bug11663 = '[ruby-core:71356] [Bug #11663]'
+
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(arg1?:) end', /arg1\?/, bug11663)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(arg1?:, arg2:) end', /arg1\?/, bug11663)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|arg1?:|}', /arg1\?/, bug11663)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|arg1?:, arg2:|}', /arg1\?/, bug11663)
+
+    bug10545 = '[ruby-dev:48742] [Bug #10545]'
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(FOO: a) end', /constant/, bug10545)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(@foo: a) end', /instance variable/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(@@foo: a) end', /class variable/)
+  end
+
+  def test_keywords_specified_and_not_accepted
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(a:, **nil) end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(a:, **nil, &b) end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(**a, **nil) end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(**a, **nil, &b) end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(**nil, **a) end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(**nil, **a, &b) end', /unexpected/)
+
+    assert_syntax_error('proc do |a:, **nil| end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc do |a:, **nil, &b| end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc do |**a, **nil| end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc do |**a, **nil, &b| end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc do |**nil, **a| end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc do |**nil, **a, &b| end', /unexpected/)
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_self_reference
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = defined?(var)) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = var) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = bar(var)) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = bar {var}) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = (def bar;end; var)) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = (def self.bar;end; var)) var end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(var = (1 in ^var)); end")
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var = bar {|var| var}) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var = bar {| | var}) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var = bar {|| var}) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("def foo(var = def bar(var) var; end) var end")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_warn("") do
+      o.instance_eval("proc {|var = 1| var}")
+    end
+
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_nil(o.instance_eval("def foo(bar: bar) = bar; foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_warn_grouped_expression
+    bug5214 = '[ruby-core:39050]'
+    assert_warning("", bug5214) do
+      assert_valid_syntax("foo \\\n(\n  true)", "test", verbose: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_warn_unreachable
+    assert_warning("test:3: warning: statement not reached\n") do
+      code = "loop do\n" "break\n" "foo\n" "end"
+      assert_valid_syntax(code, "test", verbose: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_warn_balanced
+    [
+     [:**, "argument prefix"],
+     [:*, "argument prefix"],
+     [:<<, "here document"],
+     [:&, "argument prefix"],
+     [:+, "unary operator"],
+     [:-, "unary operator"],
+     [:/, "regexp literal"],
+     [:%, "string literal"],
+    ].each do |op, syn|
+      all_assertions do |a|
+        ["puts 1 #{op}0", "puts :a #{op}0", "m = 1; puts m #{op}0"].each do |src|
+          a.for(src) do
+            warning = /'#{Regexp.escape(op)}' after local variable or literal is interpreted as binary operator.+?even though it seems like #{syn}/m
+
+            assert_warning(warning, src) do
+              assert_valid_syntax(src, "test", verbose: true)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cmd_symbol_after_keyword
+    bug6347 = '[ruby-dev:45563]'
+    assert_not_label(:foo, 'if true then not_label:foo end', bug6347)
+    assert_not_label(:foo, 'if false; else not_label:foo end', bug6347)
+    assert_not_label(:foo, 'begin not_label:foo end', bug6347)
+    assert_not_label(:foo, 'begin ensure not_label:foo end', bug6347)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmd_symbol_in_string
+    bug6347 = '[ruby-dev:45563]'
+    assert_not_label(:foo, '"#{not_label:foo}"', bug6347)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmd_symbol_singleton_class
+    bug6347 = '[ruby-dev:45563]'
+    @not_label = self
+    assert_not_label(:foo, 'class << not_label:foo; end', bug6347)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmd_symbol_superclass
+    bug6347 = '[ruby-dev:45563]'
+    @not_label = Object
+    assert_not_label(:foo, 'class Foo < not_label:foo; end', bug6347)
+  end
+
+  def test_no_label_with_percent
+    assert_syntax_error('{%"a": 1}', /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error("{%'a': 1}", /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error('{%Q"a": 1}', /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error("{%Q'a': 1}", /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error('{%q"a": 1}', /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error("{%q'a': 1}", /unexpected ':'/)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_after_cond
+    bug10653 = '[ruby-dev:48790] [Bug #10653]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("false ? raise {} : tap {}", bug10653)
+    assert_valid_syntax("false ? raise do end : tap do end", bug10653)
+  end
+
+  def test_paren_after_label
+    bug11456 = '[ruby-dev:49221] [Bug #11456]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("{foo: (1 rescue 0)}", bug11456)
+    assert_valid_syntax("{foo: /=/}", bug11456)
+  end
+
+  def test_percent_string_after_label
+    bug11812 = '[ruby-core:72084]'
+    assert_valid_syntax('{label:%w(*)}', bug11812)
+    assert_valid_syntax('{label: %w(*)}', bug11812)
+  end
+
+  def test_heredoc_after_label
+    bug11849 = '[ruby-core:72396] [Bug #11849]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("{label:<<DOC\n""DOC\n""}", bug11849)
+    assert_valid_syntax("{label:<<-DOC\n""DOC\n""}", bug11849)
+    assert_valid_syntax("{label:<<~DOC\n""DOC\n""}", bug11849)
+    assert_valid_syntax("{label: <<DOC\n""DOC\n""}", bug11849)
+    assert_valid_syntax("{label: <<-DOC\n""DOC\n""}", bug11849)
+    assert_valid_syntax("{label: <<~DOC\n""DOC\n""}", bug11849)
+  end
+
+  def test_cmdarg_kwarg_lvar_clashing_method
+    bug12073 = '[ruby-core:73816] [Bug#12073]'
+    a = a = 1
+    assert_valid_syntax("a b: 1")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a = 1; a b: 1", bug12073)
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_arg
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a, a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_, _) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_, x, _) x end")
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_rest
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a, *a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_, *_) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_, x, *_) x end")
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_opt
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a, a=1) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_, _=1) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_, x, _=42) x end")
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_opt_rest
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a=1, *a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_=1, *_) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_, x=42, *_) x end")
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo(1))
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_rest_opt
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(*a, a=1) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_rest_post
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(*a, a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(*_, _) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(*_, x, _) x end")
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(2, 3))
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(*_, _, x) x end")
+    assert_equal(3, obj.foo(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(3, obj.foo(2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_opt_post
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a=1, a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_=1, _) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_=1, x, _) x end")
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(2, 3))
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_=1, _, x) x end")
+    assert_equal(3, obj.foo(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(3, obj.foo(2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_kw
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a, a: 1) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_, _: 1) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_, x, _: 1) x end")
+    assert_equal(3, obj.foo(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(3, obj.foo(2, 3, _: 42))
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(x, _, _: 1) x end")
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(2, 3))
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(2, 3, _: 42))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_rest_kw
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(*a, a: 1) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_nothing_raised {def foo(*_, _: 1) end}
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(*_, x: 42, _: 1) x end")
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo(42))
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo(2, _: 0))
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(x: 2, _: 0))
+  ensure
+    self.class.remove_method(:foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_opt_kw
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a=1, a: 1) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_=1, _: 1) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_=42, x, _: 1) x end")
+    assert_equal(0, obj.foo(0))
+    assert_equal(0, obj.foo(0, _: 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_kw_kwrest
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a: 1, **a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_: 1, **_) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_: 1, x: 42, **_) x end")
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo())
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo(a: 0))
+    assert_equal(42, obj.foo(_: 0, a: 0))
+    assert_equal(1, obj.foo(_: 0, x: 1, a: 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_rest_kwrest
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(*a, **a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(*_, **_) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(*_, x, **_) x end")
+    assert_equal(1, obj.foo(1))
+    assert_equal(1, obj.foo(1, a: 0))
+    assert_equal(2, obj.foo(1, 2, a: 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_opt_kwrest
+    assert_syntax_error("def foo(a=1, **a) end", /duplicated argument name/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo(_=1, **_) end")
+    (obj = Object.new).instance_eval("def foo(_=42, x, **_) x end")
+    assert_equal(1, obj.foo(1))
+    assert_equal(1, obj.foo(1, a: 0))
+    assert_equal(1, obj.foo(0, 1, a: 0))
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_when
+    w = ->(line) { "warning: 'when' clause on line #{line} duplicates 'when' clause on line 3 and is ignored" }
+    assert_warning(/#{w[3]}.+#{w[4]}.+#{w[4]}.+#{w[5]}.+#{w[5]}/m) {
+      eval %q{
+        case 1
+        when 1, 1
+        when 1, 1
+        when 1, 1
+        end
+      }
+    }
+    assert_warning(/#{w[3]}.+#{w[4]}.+#{w[5]}.+#{w[5]}/m) {
+      a = a = 1
+      eval %q{
+        case 1
+        when 1, 1
+        when 1, a
+        when 1, 1
+        end
+      }
+    }
+    assert_warning(/#{w[3]}/) {
+      eval %q{
+        case 1
+        when __LINE__, __LINE__
+        when 3, 3
+        when 3, 3
+        end
+      }
+    }
+    assert_warning(/#{w[3]}/) {
+      eval %q{
+        case 1
+        when __FILE__, __FILE__
+        when "filename", "filename"
+        when "filename", "filename"
+        end
+      }, binding, "filename"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicated_when_check_option
+    w = /'when' clause on line 4 duplicates 'when' clause on line 3 and is ignored/
+    assert_in_out_err(%[-wc], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", ["Syntax OK"], w)
+    begin;
+      case 1
+      when 1
+      when 1
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_break
+    assert_syntax_error("def m; break; end", /Invalid break/)
+    assert_syntax_error('/#{break}/', /Invalid break/)
+    assert_syntax_error('/#{break}/o', /Invalid break/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_next
+    assert_syntax_error("def m; next; end", /Invalid next/)
+    assert_syntax_error('/#{next}/', /Invalid next/)
+    assert_syntax_error('/#{next}/o', /Invalid next/)
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_with_space
+    feature6390 = '[ruby-dev:45605]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("-> (x, y) {}", __FILE__, feature6390)
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_in_cmdarg_begin
+    bug6419 = '[ruby-dev:45631]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("p begin 1.times do 1 end end", __FILE__, bug6419)
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_in_call_args
+    bug9308 = '[ruby-core:59342] [Bug #9308]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("bar def foo; self.each do end end", bug9308)
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_in_lambda
+    bug11107 = '[ruby-core:69017] [Bug #11107]'
+    assert_valid_syntax('p ->() do a() do end end', bug11107)
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_after_lambda
+    bug11380 = '[ruby-core:70067] [Bug #11380]'
+    assert_valid_syntax('p -> { :hello }, a: 1 do end', bug11380)
+
+    assert_valid_syntax('->(opt = (foo.[] bar)) {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('->(opt = (foo.[]= bar)) {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('->(opt = (foo.[] bar)) do end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('->(opt = (foo.[]= bar)) do end')
+  end
+
+  def test_reserved_method_no_args
+    bug6403 = '[ruby-dev:45626]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("def self; :foo; end", __FILE__, bug6403)
+  end
+
+  def test_unassignable
+    gvar = global_variables
+    %w[self nil true false __FILE__ __LINE__ __ENCODING__].each do |kwd|
+      assert_syntax_error("#{kwd} = nil", /Can't .* #{kwd}$/)
+      assert_equal(gvar, global_variables)
+    end
+  end
+
+  Bug7559 = '[ruby-dev:46737]'
+
+  def test_lineno_command_call_quote
+    expected = __LINE__ + 1
+    actual = caller_lineno "a
+b
+c
+d
+e"
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, "#{Bug7559}: ")
+  end
+
+  def assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result, mesg = "")
+    all_assertions(mesg) do |a|
+      %w[eos "eos" 'eos' `eos`].each do |eos|
+        a.for(eos) do
+          assert_equal(eval("<<-#{eos}\n#{expect}eos\n"),
+                       eval("<<~#{eos}\n#{result}eos\n"))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_without_indentation
+    result = " y\n" \
+             "z\n"
+    expect = result
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_indentation
+    result = "     a\n" \
+             "    b\n"
+    expect = " a\n" \
+             "b\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_blank_less_indented_line
+    # the blank line has two leading spaces
+    result = "    a\n" \
+             "  \n" \
+             "    b\n"
+    expect = "a\n" \
+             "\n" \
+             "b\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_blank_less_indented_line_escaped
+    result = "    a\n" \
+             "\\ \\ \n" \
+             "    b\n"
+    expect = result
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_blank_more_indented_line
+    # the blank line has six leading spaces
+    result = "    a\n" \
+             "      \n" \
+             "    b\n"
+    expect = "a\n" \
+             "  \n" \
+             "b\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_leading_blank_line
+    # the blank line has six leading spaces
+    result = "      \n" \
+             "    b\n"
+    expect = "  \n" \
+             "b\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_blank_more_indented_line_escaped
+    result = "    a\n" \
+             "\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \n" \
+             "    b\n"
+    expect = result
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_empty_line
+    result = "      This would contain specially formatted text.\n" \
+             "\n" \
+             "      That might span many lines\n"
+    expect = 'This would contain specially formatted text.'"\n" \
+             ''"\n" \
+             'That might span many lines'"\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_interpolated_expression
+    result = '  #{1}a'"\n" \
+             " zy\n"
+    expect = ' #{1}a'"\n" \
+             "zy\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_interpolated_string
+    w = w = ""
+    result = " \#{mesg} a\n" \
+             "  zy\n"
+    expect = '#{mesg} a'"\n" \
+             ' zy'"\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_newline
+    bug11989 = '[ruby-core:72855] [Bug #11989] after escaped newline should not be dedented'
+    result = '  x\n'"  y\n" \
+             "  z\n"
+    expect = 'x\n'"  y\n" \
+             "z\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expect, result, bug11989)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_with_concatenation
+    bug11990 = '[ruby-core:72857] [Bug #11990] concatenated string should not be dedented'
+    %w[eos "eos" 'eos'].each do |eos|
+      assert_equal("x\n  y",
+                   eval("<<~#{eos} '  y'\n  x\neos\n"),
+                   "#{bug11990} with #{eos}")
+    end
+    %w[eos "eos" 'eos' `eos`].each do |eos|
+      _, expect = eval("[<<~#{eos}, '  x']\n""  y\n""eos\n")
+      assert_equal('  x', expect, bug11990)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_expr_at_beginning
+    result = "  a\n" \
+             '#{1}'"\n"
+    expected = "  a\n" \
+             '#{1}'"\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expected, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_expr_string
+    result = '  one#{"  two  "}'"\n"
+    expected = 'one#{"  two  "}'"\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expected, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_continued_line
+    result = "  1\\\n" "  2\n"
+    expected = "1\\\n" "2\n"
+    assert_dedented_heredoc(expected, result)
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /can't find string "TEXT"/)
+    begin;
+      <<-TEXT
+      \
+      TEXT
+    end;
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", /can't find string "TEXT"/)
+    begin;
+      <<~TEXT
+      \
+      TEXT
+    end;
+
+    assert_equal("  TEXT\n", eval("<<~eos\n" "  \\\n" "TEXT\n" "eos\n"))
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno_after_heredoc
+    bug7559 = '[ruby-dev:46737]'
+    expected, _, actual = __LINE__, <<eom, __LINE__
+    a
+    b
+    c
+    d
+eom
+    assert_equal(expected, actual, bug7559)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_invalid_identifer
+    assert_syntax_error('<<~ "#{}"', /unexpected <</)
+  end
+
+  def test_dedented_heredoc_concatenation
+    assert_equal(" \n0\n1", eval("<<~0 '1'\n \n0\#{}\n0"))
+  end
+
+  def test_heredoc_mixed_encoding
+    e = assert_syntax_error(<<-'HEREDOC', 'UTF-8 mixed within Windows-31J source')
+      #encoding: cp932
+      <<-TEXT
+      \xe9\x9d\u1234
+      TEXT
+    HEREDOC
+    assert_not_match(/end-of-input/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error(<<-'HEREDOC', 'UTF-8 mixed within Windows-31J source')
+      #encoding: cp932
+      <<-TEXT
+      \xe9\x9d
+      \u1234
+      TEXT
+    HEREDOC
+    assert_not_match(/end-of-input/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error(<<-'HEREDOC', 'UTF-8 mixed within Windows-31J source')
+      #encoding: cp932
+      <<-TEXT
+      \u1234\xe9\x9d
+      TEXT
+    HEREDOC
+    assert_not_match(/end-of-input/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_syntax_error(<<-'HEREDOC', 'UTF-8 mixed within Windows-31J source')
+      #encoding: cp932
+      <<-TEXT
+      \u1234
+      \xe9\x9d
+      TEXT
+    HEREDOC
+    assert_not_match(/end-of-input/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_regexp
+    bug20295 = '[ruby-core:116913] [Bug #20295]'
+
+    assert_syntax_error("/[/=~s", /premature end of char-class/, bug20295)
+    assert_syntax_error("/(?<>)/=~s", /group name is empty/, bug20295)
+    assert_syntax_error("/(?<a>[)/=~s", /premature end of char-class/, bug20295)
+  end
+
+  def test_lineno_operation_brace_block
+    expected = __LINE__ + 1
+    actual = caller_lineno\
+    {}
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  def assert_constant_reassignment_nested(preset, op, expected, err = [], bug = '[Bug #5449]')
+    [
+     ["p ", ""],                # no-pop
+     ["", "p Foo::Bar"],        # pop
+    ].each do |p1, p2|
+      src = <<~EOM
+      class Foo
+        #{"Bar = " + preset if preset}
+      end
+      #{p1}Foo::Bar #{op}= 42
+      #{p2}
+      EOM
+      msg = "\# #{bug}\n#{src}"
+      assert_valid_syntax(src, caller_locations(1, 1)[0].path, msg)
+      assert_in_out_err([], src, expected, err, msg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_reassignment_nested
+    already = /already initialized constant Foo::Bar/
+    uninitialized = /uninitialized constant Foo::Bar/
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested(nil,     "||", %w[42])
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested("false", "||", %w[42], already)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested("true",  "||", %w[true])
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested(nil,     "&&", [], uninitialized)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested("false", "&&", %w[false])
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested("true",  "&&", %w[42], already)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested(nil,     "+",  [], uninitialized)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested("false", "+",  [], /undefined method/)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_nested("11",    "+",  %w[53], already)
+  end
+
+  def assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel(preset, op, expected, err = [], bug = '[Bug #5449]')
+    [
+     ["p ", ""],                # no-pop
+     ["", "p ::Bar"],           # pop
+    ].each do |p1, p2|
+      src = <<~EOM
+      #{"Bar = " + preset if preset}
+      class Foo
+        #{p1}::Bar #{op}= 42
+        #{p2}
+      end
+      EOM
+      msg = "\# #{bug}\n#{src}"
+      assert_valid_syntax(src, caller_locations(1, 1)[0].path, msg)
+      assert_in_out_err([], src, expected, err, msg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_reassignment_toplevel
+    already = /already initialized constant Bar/
+    uninitialized = /uninitialized constant Bar/
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel(nil,     "||", %w[42])
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel("false", "||", %w[42], already)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel("true",  "||", %w[true])
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel(nil,     "&&", [], uninitialized)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel("false", "&&", %w[false])
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel("true",  "&&", %w[42], already)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel(nil,     "+",  [], uninitialized)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel("false", "+",  [], /undefined method/)
+    assert_constant_reassignment_toplevel("11",    "+",  %w[53], already)
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_suffix
+    ["1if true", "begin 1end"].each do |src|
+      assert_valid_syntax(src)
+      assert_equal(1, eval(src), src)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_value_of_def
+    assert_separately [], <<-EOS
+      assert_equal(:foo, (def foo; end))
+      assert_equal(:foo, (def (Object.new).foo; end))
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_heredoc_cr
+    assert_syntax_error("puts <<""EOS\n""ng\n""EOS\r""NO\n", /can't find string "EOS" anywhere before EOF/)
+  end
+
+  def test_heredoc_no_terminator
+    assert_syntax_error("puts <<""A\n", /can't find string "A" anywhere before EOF/)
+    assert_syntax_error("puts <<""A + <<""B\n", /can't find string "A" anywhere before EOF/)
+    assert_syntax_error("puts <<""A + <<""B\n", /can't find string "B" anywhere before EOF/)
+  end
+
+  def test_unterminated_heredoc
+    assert_syntax_error("<<\"EOS\n\nEOS\n", /unterminated/)
+    assert_syntax_error("<<\"EOS\n\"\nEOS\n", /unterminated/)
+  end
+
+  def test_unterminated_heredoc_cr
+    %W[\r\n \n].each do |nl|
+      assert_syntax_error("<<\"\r\"#{nl}\r#{nl}", /unterminated/, nil, "CR with #{nl.inspect}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test__END___cr
+    assert_syntax_error("__END__\r<<<<<\n", /unexpected <</)
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_for_cr
+    feature8699 = '[ruby-core:56240] [Feature #8699]'
+    s = assert_warning(/encountered \\r/, feature8699) do
+      eval("'\r'\r")
+    end
+    assert_equal("\r", s)
+    s = assert_warning('') do
+      eval("'\r'\r\n")
+    end
+    assert_equal("\r", s)
+  end
+
+  def test_unexpected_fraction
+    msg = /unexpected fraction/
+    assert_syntax_error("0x0.0", msg)
+    assert_syntax_error("0b0.0", msg)
+    assert_syntax_error("0d0.0", msg)
+    assert_syntax_error("0o0.0", msg)
+    assert_syntax_error("0.0.0", msg)
+  end
+
+  def test_error_message_encoding
+    bug10114 = '[ruby-core:64228] [Bug #10114]'
+    code = "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n" "def n \"\u{2208}\"; end"
+    assert_syntax_error(code, /def n "\u{2208}"; end/, bug10114)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_range_cmdarg
+    bug10957 = '[ruby-core:68477] [Bug #10957]'
+    assert_ruby_status(['-c', '-e', 'p ()..0'], "", bug10957)
+    assert_ruby_status(['-c', '-e', 'p ()...0'], "", bug10957)
+    assert_syntax_error('0..%q.', /unterminated string/, bug10957)
+    assert_syntax_error('0...%q.', /unterminated string/, bug10957)
+  end
+
+  def test_range_at_eol
+    assert_warn(/\.\.\. at EOL/) {eval("1...\n2")}
+    assert_warn('') {eval("(1...)")}
+    assert_warn('') {eval("(1...\n2)")}
+    assert_warn('') {eval("{a: 1...\n2}")}
+
+    assert_warn(/\.\.\. at EOL/) do
+      assert_valid_syntax('foo.[]= ...', verbose: true)
+    end
+    assert_warn(/\.\.\. at EOL/) do
+      assert_valid_syntax('foo.[] ...', verbose: true)
+    end
+    assert_warn(/\.\.\. at EOL/) do
+      assert_syntax_error('foo.[]= bar, ...', /unexpected/, verbose: true)
+    end
+    assert_warn(/\.\.\. at EOL/) do
+      assert_syntax_error('foo.[] bar, ...', /unexpected/, verbose: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_too_big_nth_ref
+    bug11192 = '[ruby-core:69393] [Bug #11192]'
+    assert_warn(/too big/, bug11192) do
+      eval('$99999999999999999')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_symbol_space
+    assert_syntax_error(": foo", /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error(": #\n foo", /unexpected ':'/)
+    assert_syntax_error(":#\n foo", /unexpected ':'/)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_literal_message
+    assert_syntax_error("def :foo", /unexpected symbol literal/)
+    assert_syntax_error("def 'foo'", /unexpected string literal/)
+  end
+
+  def test_fluent_dot
+    assert_valid_syntax("a\n.foo")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a\n&.foo")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a #\n#\n.foo\n")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a #\n#\n&.foo\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_fluent_and
+    assert_valid_syntax("a\n" "&& foo")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a\n" "and foo")
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, eval("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"))
+    begin;
+      a = true
+      if a
+      && (a = :ok; true)
+        a
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, eval("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"))
+    begin;
+      a = true
+      if a
+      and (a = :ok; true)
+        a
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_fluent_or
+    assert_valid_syntax("a\n" "|| foo")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a\n" "or foo")
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, eval("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"))
+    begin;
+      a = false
+      if a
+      || (a = :ok; true)
+        a
+      end
+    end;
+
+    assert_equal(:ok, eval("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"))
+    begin;
+      a = false
+      if a
+      or (a = :ok; true)
+        a
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_in_massign_lhs
+    assert_syntax_error("*a&.x=0", /multiple assignment destination/)
+    assert_syntax_error("a&.x,=0", /multiple assignment destination/)
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_call_in_for_variable
+    assert_valid_syntax("for x&.bar in []; end")
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      foo = nil
+      for foo&.bar in [1]; end
+      assert_nil(foo)
+
+      foo = Struct.new(:bar).new
+      for foo&.bar in [1]; end
+      assert_equal(1, foo.bar)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_no_warning_logop_literal
+    assert_warning("") do
+      eval("true||raise;nil")
+    end
+    assert_warning("") do
+      eval("false&&raise;nil")
+    end
+    assert_warning("") do
+      eval("''||raise;nil")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_literal_in_condition
+    assert_warn(/string literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if ""')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/string literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if __FILE__')
+    end
+    assert_warn(/regex literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if //')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if 1')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if __LINE__')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/symbol literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if :foo')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/symbol literal in condition/) do
+      eval('1 if :"#{"foo".upcase}"')
+    end
+
+    assert_warn('') do
+      eval('1 if !""')
+    end
+    assert_warn('') do
+      eval('1 if !//')
+    end
+    assert_warn('') do
+      eval('1 if !(true..false)')
+    end
+    assert_warning('') do
+      eval('1 if !1')
+    end
+    assert_warning('') do
+      eval('1 if !:foo')
+    end
+    assert_warning('') do
+      eval('1 if !:"#{"foo".upcase}"')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_warning_literal_in_flip_flop
+    assert_warn(/literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval('1 if ""..false')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval('1 if :foo..false')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval('1 if :"#{"foo".upcase}"..false')
+    end
+    assert_warn(/literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval('1 if ""...false')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval('1 if :foo...false')
+    end
+    assert_warning(/literal in flip-flop/) do
+      eval('1 if :"#{"foo".upcase}"...false')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_symbol
+    bug8851 = '[ruby-dev:47681] [Bug #8851]'
+    formats = ['%s', ":'%s'", ':"%s"', '%%s(%s)']
+    all_assertions(bug8851) do |all|
+      formats.product(formats) do |form1, form2|
+        all.for(code = "alias #{form1 % 'a'} #{form2 % 'p'}") do
+          assert_valid_syntax(code)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_symbol
+    bug8851 = '[ruby-dev:47681] [Bug #8851]'
+    formats = ['%s', ":'%s'", ':"%s"', '%%s(%s)']
+    all_assertions(bug8851) do |all|
+      formats.product(formats) do |form1, form2|
+        all.for(code = "undef #{form1 % 'a'}, #{form2 % 'p'}") do
+          assert_valid_syntax(code)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parenthesised_statement_argument
+    assert_syntax_error("foo(bar rescue nil)", /unexpected 'rescue' modifier/)
+    assert_valid_syntax("foo (bar rescue nil)")
+  end
+
+  def test_cmdarg_in_paren
+    bug11873 = '[ruby-core:72482] [Bug #11873]'
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b{c d}, :e do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b(c d), :e do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b{c(d)}, :e do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b(c(d)), :e do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b{c d}, 1 do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b(c d), 1 do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b{c(d)}, 1 do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b(c(d)), 1 do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b{c d}, "x" do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b(c d), "x" do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b{c(d)}, "x" do end}, bug11873
+    assert_valid_syntax %q{a b(c(d)), "x" do end}, bug11873
+  end
+
+  def test_block_after_cmdarg_in_paren
+    bug11873 = '[ruby-core:72482] [Bug #11873]'
+    def bug11873.p(*, &);end;
+
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError, bug11873) do
+      bug11873.instance_eval do
+        p p{p p;p(p)}, tap do
+          raise SyntaxError, "should not be passed to tap"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(LocalJumpError, bug11873) do
+      bug11873.instance_eval do
+        p p{p(p);p p}, tap do
+          raise SyntaxError, "should not be passed to tap"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_in_hash_brace
+    bug13073 = '[ruby-core:78837] [Bug #13073]'
+    assert_valid_syntax 'p :foo, {a: proc do end, b: proc do end}', bug13073
+    assert_valid_syntax 'p :foo, {:a => proc do end, b: proc do end}', bug13073
+    assert_valid_syntax 'p :foo, {"a": proc do end, b: proc do end}', bug13073
+    assert_valid_syntax 'p :foo, {** proc do end, b: proc do end}', bug13073
+    assert_valid_syntax 'p :foo, {proc do end => proc do end, b: proc do end}', bug13073
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_encoding_symbol
+    assert_syntax_error('{"\xC3": 1}', "invalid symbol")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_symbol_in_hash_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<-'begin;'}", "#{<<-'end;'}", rss: true)
+      str = '{"\xC3": 1}'.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+      code = proc do
+        eval(str)
+        raise "unreachable"
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      end
+
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_do_after_local_variable
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.m; yield; end
+    result = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) do
+      obj.instance_eval("m = 1; m do :ok end")
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_brace_after_local_variable
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.m; yield; end
+    result = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError) do
+      obj.instance_eval("m = 1; m {:ok}")
+    end
+    assert_equal(:ok, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_brace_after_literal_argument
+    bug = '[ruby-core:81037] [Bug #13547]'
+    error = /unexpected '{'/
+    assert_syntax_error('m "x" {}', error)
+    assert_syntax_error('m 1 {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m 1.0 {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m :m {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m :"#{m}" {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m ?x {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m %[] {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m 0..1 {}', error, bug)
+    assert_syntax_error('m [] {}', error, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_return_toplevel
+    feature4840 = '[ruby-core:36785] [Feature #4840]'
+    line = __LINE__+2
+    code = "#{<<~"begin;"}#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      return; raise
+      begin return; rescue SystemExit; exit false; end
+      begin return; ensure puts "ensured"; end #=> ensured
+      begin ensure return; end
+      begin raise; ensure; return; end
+      begin raise; rescue; return; end
+      return false; raise
+      return 1; raise
+      "#{return}"
+      raise((return; "should not raise"))
+      begin raise; ensure return; end; self
+      nil&defined?0--begin e=no_method_error(); return; 0;end
+      return puts('ignored') #=> ignored
+      BEGIN {return}
+      END {return if false}
+    end;
+      .split(/\n/).map {|s|[(line+=1), *s.split(/#=> /, 2)]}
+    failed = proc do |n, s|
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(s, __FILE__, nil, n).disasm
+    end
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_return_ .rb") do |lib|
+      lib.close
+      args = %W[-W0 -r#{lib.path}]
+      all_assertions_foreach(feature4840, *[:main, :lib].product([:class, :top], code)) do |main, klass, (n, s, *ex)|
+        if klass == :class
+          s = "class X; #{s}; end"
+          if main == :main
+            assert_in_out_err(%[-W0], s, [], /return/, proc {failed[n, s]}, success: false)
+          else
+            File.write(lib, s)
+            assert_in_out_err(args, "", [], /return/, proc {failed[n, s]}, success: false)
+          end
+        else
+          if main == :main
+            assert_in_out_err(%[-W0], s, ex, [], proc {failed[n, s]}, success: true)
+          else
+            File.write(lib, s)
+            assert_in_out_err(args, "", ex, [], proc {failed[n, s]}, success: true)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eval_return_toplevel
+    feature4840 = '[ruby-core:36785] [Feature #4840]'
+    line = __LINE__+2
+    code = "#{<<~"begin;"}#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      eval "return"; raise
+      begin eval "return"; rescue SystemExit; exit false; end
+      begin eval "return"; ensure puts "ensured"; end #=> ensured
+      begin ensure eval "return"; end
+      begin raise; ensure; eval "return"; end
+      begin raise; rescue; eval "return"; end
+      eval "return false"; raise
+      eval "return 1"; raise
+      "#{eval "return"}"
+      raise((eval "return"; "should not raise"))
+      begin raise; ensure eval "return"; end; self
+      begin raise; ensure eval "return"; end and self
+      eval "return puts('ignored')" #=> ignored
+      BEGIN {eval "return"}
+    end;
+      .split(/\n/).map {|s|[(line+=1), *s.split(/#=> /, 2)]}
+    failed = proc do |n, s|
+      RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(s, __FILE__, nil, n).disasm
+    end
+    Tempfile.create(%w"test_return_ .rb") do |lib|
+      lib.close
+      args = %W[-W0 -r#{lib.path}]
+      all_assertions_foreach(feature4840, *[:main, :lib].product([:class, :top], code)) do |main, klass, (n, s, *ex)|
+        if klass == :class
+          s = "class X; #{s}; end"
+          if main == :main
+            assert_in_out_err(%[-W0], s, ex, /return/, proc {failed[n, s]}, success: false)
+          else
+            File.write(lib, s)
+            assert_in_out_err(args, "", ex, /return/, proc {failed[n, s]}, success: false)
+          end
+        else
+          if main == :main
+            assert_in_out_err(%[-W0], s, ex, [], proc {failed[n, s]}, success: true)
+          else
+            File.write(lib, s)
+            assert_in_out_err(args, "", ex, [], proc {failed[n, s]}, success: true)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_return_toplevel_with_argument
+    assert_warn(/argument of top-level return is ignored/) {eval("return 1")}
+  end
+
+  def test_return_in_proc_in_class
+    assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'class TestSyntax; proc{ return }.call; end'], "", [], /^-e:1:.*unexpected return \(LocalJumpError\)/)
+  end
+
+  def test_return_in_END
+    assert_normal_exit('END {return}')
+  end
+
+  def test_return_in_BEGIN_in_eval
+    # `BEGIN` in `eval` is allowed, even inside a method, and `return`
+    # from that block exits from that method without `LocalJumpError`.
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.ok
+      eval("BEGIN {return :ok}")
+    end
+    assert_equal :ok, assert_nothing_raised(LocalJumpError) {obj.ok}
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_in_rescue
+    bug12613 = '[ruby-core:76531] [Bug #12613]'
+    assert_syntax_error("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", /Invalid retry/, bug12613)
+    begin;
+      while true
+        begin
+          p
+        rescue
+          retry
+        else
+          retry
+        end
+        break
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_at_newline
+    expected = /(\n|\| )        \^/
+    assert_syntax_error("%[abcdef", expected)
+    assert_syntax_error("%[abcdef\n", expected)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_jump
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[-e redo], "", [], /^-e:1: |~ Invalid redo/)
+  end
+
+  def test_keyword_not_parens
+    assert_valid_syntax("not()")
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_do_end_raised
+    result = []
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      eval("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        tap do
+          result << :begin
+          raise "An exception occurred!"
+        ensure
+          result << :ensure
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal([:begin, :ensure], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_do_end_rescued
+    result = []
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) do
+      eval("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        tap do
+          result << :begin
+          raise "An exception occurred!"
+        rescue
+          result << :rescue
+        else
+          result << :else
+        ensure
+          result << :ensure
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal([:begin, :rescue, :ensure], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_do_end_no_raise
+    result = []
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) do
+      eval("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+      begin;
+        tap do
+          result << :begin
+        rescue
+          result << :rescue
+        else
+          result << :else
+        ensure
+          result << :ensure
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal([:begin, :else, :ensure], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_do_end_ensure_result
+    result = eval("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      proc do
+        :begin
+      ensure
+        :ensure
+      end.call
+    end;
+    assert_equal(:begin, result)
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_do_end_ensure_in_lambda
+    result = []
+    eval("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}")
+    begin;
+      -> do
+        result << :begin
+        raise "An exception occurred!"
+      rescue
+        result << :rescue
+      else
+        result << :else
+      ensure
+        result << :ensure
+      end.call
+    end;
+    assert_equal([:begin, :rescue, :ensure], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_return_in_loop
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.test
+      x = nil
+      return until x unless x
+    end
+    assert_nil obj.test
+  end
+
+  def test_assignment_return_in_loop
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.test
+      x = nil
+      _y = (return until x unless x)
+    end
+    assert_nil obj.test, "[Bug #16695]"
+  end
+
+  def test_method_call_location
+    line = __LINE__+5
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      1.upto(0) do
+      end
+        .
+        foo(
+          1,
+          2,
+        )
+    end
+    assert_equal(line, e.backtrace_locations[0].lineno)
+
+    line = __LINE__+5
+    e = assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      1.upto 0 do
+      end
+        .
+        foo(
+          1,
+          2,
+        )
+    end
+    assert_equal(line, e.backtrace_locations[0].lineno)
+  end
+
+  def test_methoddef_endless
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def foo = 42')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def foo() = 42')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def inc(x) = x + 1')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def obj.foo = 42')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def obj.foo() = 42')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def obj.inc(x) = x + 1')
+    k = Class.new do
+      class_eval('def rescued(x) = raise("to be caught") rescue "instance #{x}"')
+      class_eval('def self.rescued(x) = raise("to be caught") rescue "class #{x}"')
+    end
+    assert_equal("class ok", k.rescued("ok"))
+    assert_equal("instance ok", k.new.rescued("ok"))
+
+    error = /setter method cannot be defined in an endless method definition/
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo=() = 42', error)
+    assert_syntax_error('def obj.foo=() = 42', error)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo=() = 42 rescue nil', error)
+    assert_syntax_error('def obj.foo=() = 42 rescue nil', error)
+  end
+
+  def test_methoddef_endless_command
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo() = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(x) = puts x')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def obj.foo = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def obj.foo() = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def obj.foo(x) = puts x')
+    k = Class.new do
+      class_eval('def rescued(x) = raise "to be caught" rescue "instance #{x}"')
+      class_eval('def self.rescued(x) = raise "to be caught" rescue "class #{x}"')
+    end
+    assert_equal("class ok", k.rescued("ok"))
+    assert_equal("instance ok", k.new.rescued("ok"))
+
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def foo = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def foo() = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def foo(x) = puts x')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def obj.foo = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def obj.foo() = puts "Hello"')
+    assert_valid_syntax('private def obj.foo(x) = puts x')
+  end
+
+  def test_methoddef_in_cond
+    assert_valid_syntax('while def foo; tap do end; end; break; end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('while def foo a = tap do end; end; break; end')
+  end
+
+  def test_classdef_in_cond
+    assert_valid_syntax('while class Foo; tap do end; end; break; end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('while class Foo a = tap do end; end; break; end')
+  end
+
+  def test_command_with_cmd_brace_block
+    assert_valid_syntax('obj.foo (1) {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('obj::foo (1) {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('bar {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('Bar {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('bar() {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('Bar() {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('Foo::bar {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('Foo::Bar {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('Foo::bar() {}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('Foo::Bar() {}')
+  end
+
+  def test_command_newline_in_tlparen_args
+    assert_valid_syntax("p (1\n2\n),(3),(4)")
+    assert_valid_syntax("p (\n),(),()")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a.b (1\n2\n),(3),(4)")
+    assert_valid_syntax("a.b (\n),(),()")
+  end
+
+  def test_command_semicolon_in_tlparen_at_the_first_arg
+    bug19281 = '[ruby-core:111499] [Bug #19281]'
+    assert_valid_syntax('p (1;2),(3),(4)', bug19281)
+    assert_valid_syntax('p (;),(),()', bug19281)
+    assert_valid_syntax('a.b (1;2),(3),(4)', bug19281)
+    assert_valid_syntax('a.b (;),(),()', bug19281)
+  end
+
+  def test_command_do_block_call_with_empty_args_brace_block
+    assert_valid_syntax('cmd 1, 2 do end.m() { blk_body }')
+  end
+
+  def test_numbered_parameter
+    assert_valid_syntax('proc {_1}')
+    assert_equal(3, eval('[1,2].then {_1+_2}'))
+    assert_equal("12", eval('[1,2].then {"#{_1}#{_2}"}'))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], eval('[1,2].then {_1}'))
+    assert_equal(3, eval('->{_1+_2}.call(1,2)'))
+    assert_equal(4, eval('->(a=->{_1}){a}.call.call(4)'))
+    assert_equal(5, eval('-> a: ->{_1} {a}.call.call(5)'))
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|| _1}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|;a| _1}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error("proc {|\n| _1}", /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|x| _1}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {_1; proc {_2}}', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {proc {_1}; _2}', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->(){_1}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->(x){_1}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->x{_1}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->x:_2{}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->x=_1{}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('-> {_1; -> {_2}}', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('-> {-> {_1}; _2}', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {_1; _1 = nil}', /Can't assign to numbered parameter _1/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {_1 = nil}', /_1 is reserved for numbered parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error('_2=1', /_2 is reserved for numbered parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|_3|}', /_3 is reserved for numbered parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def x(_4) end', /_4 is reserved for numbered parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def _5; end', /_5 is reserved for numbered parameter/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def self._6; end', /_6 is reserved for numbered parameter/)
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /undefined local variable or method '_1'/) {
+      eval('_1')
+    }
+    ['class C', 'class << C', 'module M', 'def m', 'def o.m'].each do |c|
+      assert_valid_syntax("->{#{c};->{_1};end;_1}\n")
+      assert_valid_syntax("->{_1;#{c};->{_1};end}\n")
+    end
+
+    1.times {
+      [
+        _1,
+        assert_equal([:a], eval("[:a].map{_1}")),
+        assert_raise(NameError) {eval("_1")},
+      ]
+    }
+
+    assert_valid_syntax("proc {def foo(_);end;_1}")
+    assert_valid_syntax("p { [_1 **2] }")
+    assert_valid_syntax("proc {_1;def foo();end;_1}")
+  end
+
+  def test_it
+    assert_valid_syntax('proc {it}')
+    assert_syntax_error('[1,2].then {it+_2}', /'it' is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('[1,2].then {_2+it}', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], eval('[1,2].then {it}'))
+    assert_syntax_error('[1,2].then {"#{it}#{_2}"}', /'it' is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('[1,2].then {"#{_2}#{it}"}', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->{it+_2}.call(1,2)', /'it' is already used/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->{_2+it}.call(1,2)', /numbered parameter is already used/)
+    assert_equal(4, eval('->(a=->{it}){a}.call.call(4)'))
+    assert_equal(5, eval('-> a: ->{it} {a}.call.call(5)'))
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|| it}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|;a| it}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error("proc {|\n| it}", /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('proc {|x| it}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_equal([1, 2], eval('1.then {[it, 2.then {_1}]}'))
+    assert_equal([2, 1], eval('1.then {[2.then {_1}, it]}'))
+    assert_syntax_error('->(){it}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->(x){it}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->x{it}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->x:_1{}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->x=it{}', /ordinary parameter is defined/)
+    assert_valid_syntax('-> {it; -> {_2}}')
+    assert_valid_syntax('-> {-> {it}; _2}')
+    assert_equal([1, nil], eval('proc {that=it; it=nil; [that, it]}.call(1)'))
+    assert_equal(1, eval('proc {it = 1}.call'))
+    assert_warning(/1: warning: assigned but unused variable - it/) {
+      assert_equal(2, eval('a=Object.new; def a.foo; it = 2; end; a.foo'))
+    }
+    assert_equal(3, eval('proc {|it| it}.call(3)'))
+    assert_equal(4, eval('a=Object.new; def a.foo(it); it; end; a.foo(4)'))
+    assert_equal(5, eval('a=Object.new; def a.it; 5; end; a.it'))
+    assert_equal(6, eval('a=Class.new; a.class_eval{ def it; 6; end }; a.new.it'))
+    assert_equal([7, 8], eval('a=[]; [7].each { a << it; [8].each { a << it } }; a'))
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /undefined local variable or method 'it'/) do
+      eval('it')
+    end
+    ['class C', 'class << C', 'module M', 'def m', 'def o.m'].each do |c|
+      assert_valid_syntax("->{#{c};->{it};end;it}\n")
+      assert_valid_syntax("->{it;#{c};->{it};end}\n")
+    end
+    1.times do
+      [
+        assert_equal(0, it),
+        assert_equal([:a], eval('[:a].map{it}')),
+        assert_raise(NameError) {eval('it')},
+      ]
+    end
+    assert_valid_syntax('proc {def foo(_);end;it}')
+    assert_syntax_error('p { [it **2] }', /unexpected \*\*/)
+    assert_equal(1, eval('1.then { raise rescue it }'))
+    assert_equal(2, eval('1.then { 2.then { raise rescue it } }'))
+    assert_equal(3, eval('3.then { begin; raise; rescue; it; end }'))
+    assert_equal(4, eval('4.tap { begin; raise ; rescue; raise rescue it; end; }'))
+    assert_equal(5, eval('a = 0; 5.then { begin; nil; ensure; a = it; end }; a'))
+    assert_equal(6, eval('a = 0; 6.then { begin; nil; rescue; ensure; a = it; end }; a'))
+    assert_equal(7, eval('a = 0; 7.then { begin; raise; ensure; a = it; end } rescue a'))
+    assert_equal(8, eval('a = 0; 8.then { begin; raise; rescue; ensure; a = it; end }; a'))
+    assert_equal(/9/, eval('9.then { /#{it}/o }'))
+  end
+
+  def test_it_with_splat_super_method
+    bug21256 = '[ruby-core:121592] [Bug #21256]'
+
+    a = Class.new do
+      define_method(:foo) { it }
+    end
+    b = Class.new(a) do
+      def foo(*args) = super
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(1, b.new.foo(1), bug21256)
+  end
+
+  def test_value_expr_in_condition
+    mesg = /void value expression/
+    assert_syntax_error("tap {a = (true ? next : break)}", mesg)
+    assert_valid_syntax("tap {a = (true ? true : break)}")
+    assert_valid_syntax("tap {a = (break if false)}")
+    assert_valid_syntax("tap {a = (break unless true)}")
+  end
+
+  def test_value_expr_in_singleton
+    mesg = /void value expression/
+    assert_syntax_error("class << (return); end", mesg)
+  end
+
+  def test_tautological_condition
+    assert_valid_syntax("def f() return if false and invalid; nil end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def f() return unless true or invalid; nil end")
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(...) bar(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(a, ...) bar(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo ...\n  bar(...)\nend")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo a, ...\n  bar(...)\nend")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo b = 1, ...\n  bar(...)\nend")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo ...; bar(...); end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo a, ...; bar(...); end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def foo b = 1, ...; bar(...); end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("(def foo ...\n  bar(...)\nend)")
+    assert_valid_syntax("(def foo ...; bar(...); end)")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def (1...).foo ...; bar(...); end")
+    assert_valid_syntax("def (tap{1...}).foo ...; bar(...); end")
+    assert_valid_syntax('def ==(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def [](...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def nil(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def true(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def false(...) end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('->a=1...{}')
+    unexpected = /unexpected \.{3}/
+    assert_syntax_error('iter do |...| end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('iter {|...|}', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('->... {}', unexpected)
+    assert_syntax_error('->(...) {}', unexpected)
+    assert_syntax_error('->a,... {}', unexpected)
+    assert_syntax_error('->(a,...) {}', unexpected)
+    assert_syntax_error('->a=1,... {}', unexpected)
+    assert_syntax_error('->(a=1,...) {}', unexpected)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(x, y, z) bar(...); end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(x, y, z) super(...); end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) yield(...); end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) return(...); end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) a = (...); end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) [...]; end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) foo[...]; end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) foo[...] = x; end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) foo(...) { }; end', /both block arg and actual block given/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) defined?(...); end', /unexpected/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(*rest, ...) end', '... after rest argument')
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(*, ...) end', '... after rest argument')
+
+    obj1 = Object.new
+    def obj1.bar(*args, **kws, &block)
+      if block
+        block.call(args, kws)
+      else
+        [args, kws]
+      end
+    end
+    obj4 = obj1.clone
+    obj5 = obj1.clone
+    obj6 = obj1.clone
+    obj1.instance_eval('def foo(...) bar(...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    obj4.instance_eval("def foo ...\n  bar(...)\n""end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    obj5.instance_eval("def foo ...; bar(...); end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    obj6.instance_eval('def foo(...) eval("bar(...)") end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+    klass = Class.new {
+      def foo(*args, **kws, &block)
+        if block
+          block.call(args, kws)
+        else
+          [args, kws]
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    obj2 = klass.new
+    obj2.instance_eval('def foo(...) super(...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+    obj3 = Object.new
+    def obj3.bar(*args, &block)
+      if kws = Hash.try_convert(args.last)
+        args.pop
+      else
+        kws = {}
+      end
+      if block
+        block.call(args, kws)
+      else
+        [args, kws]
+      end
+    end
+    obj3.instance_eval('def foo(...) bar(...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+    [obj1, obj2, obj3, obj4, obj5, obj6].each do |obj|
+      assert_warning('') {
+        assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], {k1: 4, k2: 5}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3, k1: 4, k2: 5) {|*x| x})
+      }
+      assert_warning('') {
+        assert_equal([[1, 2, 3], {k1: 4, k2: 5}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3, k1: 4, k2: 5))
+      }
+      array = obj == obj3 ? [] : [{}]
+      assert_warning('') {
+        assert_equal([array, {}], obj.foo({}) {|*x| x})
+      }
+      assert_warning('') {
+        assert_equal([array, {}], obj.foo({}))
+      }
+      assert_equal(-1, obj.method(:foo).arity)
+      parameters = obj.method(:foo).parameters
+      assert_equal(:rest, parameters.dig(0, 0))
+      assert_equal(:keyrest, parameters.dig(1, 0))
+      assert_equal(:block, parameters.dig(2, 0))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding_with_leading_arguments
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.bar(*args, **kws, &block)
+      if block
+        block.call(args, kws)
+      else
+        [args, kws]
+      end
+    end
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(_a, ...) bar(...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[], {}], obj.foo(1)
+    assert_equal [[2], {}], obj.foo(1, 2)
+    assert_equal [[2, 3], {}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(...) bar(1, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[1], {}], obj.foo
+    assert_equal [[1, 1], {}], obj.foo(1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 1, 2], {}], obj.foo(1, 2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 1, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[1], {a: 1}], obj.foo(a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 1], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 1, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(1, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(a, ...) bar(a, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[4], {}], obj.foo(4)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 2)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[4], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(_a, ...) bar(1, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[1], {}], obj.foo(4)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[1], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(_a, _b, ...) bar(...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[], {}], obj.foo(4, 5)
+    assert_equal [[2], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2)
+    assert_equal [[2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(_a, _b, ...) bar(1, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[1], {}], obj.foo(4, 5)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[1], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(_a, ...) bar(1, 2, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], {}], obj.foo(5)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5], {}], obj.foo(4, 5)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 5, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(a, b, ...) bar(b, a, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4], {}], obj.foo(4, 5)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[5, 4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(a, _b, ...) bar(a, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[4], {}], obj.foo(4, 5)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[4], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval('def foo(a, ...) bar(a, 1, ...) end', __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1], {}], obj.foo(4)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5], {}], obj.foo(4, 5)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 1, 5, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 5, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval("def foo a, ...\n bar(a, ...)\n"" end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[4], {}], obj.foo(4)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 2)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[4], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    obj.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :foo)
+    obj.instance_eval("def foo a, ...; bar(a, ...); end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+    assert_equal [[4], {}], obj.foo(4)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {}], obj.foo(4, 2)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3)
+    assert_equal [[4], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1)
+    assert_equal [[4, 2, 3], {a: 1}], obj.foo(4, 2, 3, a: 1){|args, kws| [args, kws]}
+
+    exp = eval("-> (a: nil) {a...1}")
+    assert_equal 0...1, exp.call(a: 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding_with_super
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(...) super {}; end')
+    assert_valid_syntax('def foo(...) super() {}; end')
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) super(...) {}; end', /both block arg and actual block/)
+    assert_syntax_error('def foo(...) super(1, ...) {}; end', /both block arg and actual block/)
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding_with_super_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], "#{<<-'begin;'}", "#{<<-'end;'}", rss: true)
+      code = proc do
+        eval("def foo(...) super(...) {}; end")
+        raise "unreachable"
+      rescue SyntaxError
+      end
+
+      1_000.times(&code)
+    begin;
+      100_000.times(&code)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_class_module_Object_ancestors
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-RUBY)
+      m = Module.new
+      m::Bug18832 = 1
+      include m
+      class Bug18832; end
+    RUBY
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-RUBY)
+      m = Module.new
+      m::Bug18832 = 1
+      include m
+      module Bug18832; end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_cdhash
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      n = case 1 when 2r then false else true end
+      assert_equal(n, true, '[ruby-core:103759] [Bug #17854]')
+    RUBY
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      n = case 3/2r when 1.5r then true else false end
+      assert_equal(n, true, '[ruby-core:103759] [Bug #17854]')
+    RUBY
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+      n = case 1i when 1i then true else false end
+      assert_equal(n, true, '[ruby-core:103759] [Bug #17854]')
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_in_short_circuit_if_condition
+    bug = '[ruby-core:20501]'
+    conds = [
+      "false && defined?(Some::CONSTANT)",
+      "true || defined?(Some::CONSTANT)",
+      "(false && defined?(Some::CONSTANT))", # parens exercise different code path
+      "(true || defined?(Some::CONSTANT))",
+      "@val && false && defined?(Some::CONSTANT)",
+      "@val || true || defined?(Some::CONSTANT)"
+    ]
+
+    conds.each do |cond|
+      code = %Q{
+        def my_method
+          var = "there"
+          if #{cond}
+            var = "here"
+          end
+          raise var
+        end
+        begin
+          my_method
+        rescue
+          print 'ok'
+        else
+          print 'ng'
+        end
+      }
+      # Invoke in a subprocess because the bug caused a segfault using the parse.y compiler.
+      # Don't use assert_separately because the bug was best reproducible in a clean slate,
+      # without test env loaded.
+      out, _err, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(["--disable-gems"], code, true, false)
+      assert_predicate(status, :success?, bug)
+      assert_equal 'ok', out
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def not_label(x) @result = x; @not_label ||= nil end
+  def assert_not_label(expected, src, message = nil)
+    @result = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, message) {eval(src)}
+    assert_equal(expected, @result, message)
+  end
+
+  def make_tmpsrc(f, src)
+    f.open
+    f.truncate(0)
+    f.puts(src)
+    f.close
+  end
+
+  def with_script_lines
+    script_lines = nil
+    debug_lines = {}
+    Object.class_eval do
+      if defined?(SCRIPT_LINES__)
+        script_lines = SCRIPT_LINES__
+        remove_const :SCRIPT_LINES__
+      end
+      const_set(:SCRIPT_LINES__, debug_lines)
+    end
+    yield debug_lines
+  ensure
+    Object.class_eval do
+      remove_const :SCRIPT_LINES__
+      const_set(:SCRIPT_LINES__, script_lines) if script_lines
+    end
+  end
+
+  def caller_lineno(*, &)
+    caller_locations(1, 1)[0].lineno
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_system.rb b/test/ruby/test_system.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fcdaa6aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_system.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+class TestSystem < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_system
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    assert_equal("foobar\n", `echo foobar`)
+    assert_equal('foobar', `#{ruby} -e 'print "foobar"'`)
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_script_tmp") {|tmpdir|
+      tmpfilename = "#{tmpdir}/ruby_script_tmp.#{$$}"
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+      tmp.print "print $zzz\n";
+      tmp.close
+
+      assert_equal('true', `#{ruby} -s #{tmpfilename} -zzz`)
+      assert_equal('555', `#{ruby} -s #{tmpfilename} -zzz=555`)
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+      tmp.print "#! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s\n";
+      tmp.print "print $zzz\n";
+      tmp.close
+
+      assert_equal('678', `#{ruby} #{tmpfilename} -zzz=678`)
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+      tmp.print "this is a leading junk\n";
+      tmp.print "#! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s\n";
+      tmp.print "print $zzz if defined? $zzz\n";
+      tmp.print "__END__\n";
+      tmp.print "this is a trailing junk\n";
+      tmp.close
+
+      assert_equal('', `#{ruby} -x #{tmpfilename}`)
+      assert_equal('555', `#{ruby} -x #{tmpfilename} -zzz=555`)
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+      tmp.print "#! /non/exist\\interpreter?/./to|be:ignored\n";
+      tmp.print "this is a leading junk\n";
+      tmp.print "#! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s\n";
+      tmp.print "print $zzz if defined? $zzz\n";
+      tmp.print "__END__\n";
+      tmp.print "this is a trailing junk\n";
+      tmp.close
+
+      assert_equal('', `#{ruby} #{tmpfilename}`)
+      assert_equal('555', `#{ruby} #{tmpfilename} -zzz=555`)
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+      for i in 1..5
+        tmp.print i, "\n"
+      end
+      tmp.close
+
+      `#{ruby} -i.bak -pe '$_.sub!(/^[0-9]+$/){$&.to_i * 5}' #{tmpfilename}`
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "r")
+      while tmp.gets
+        assert_equal(0, $_.to_i % 5)
+      end
+      tmp.close
+
+      File.unlink tmpfilename or `/bin/rm -f "#{tmpfilename}"`
+      File.unlink "#{tmpfilename}.bak" or `/bin/rm -f "#{tmpfilename}.bak"`
+
+      if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        testname = '[ruby-dev:38588]'
+        batch = "batch_tmp.#{$$}"
+        tmpfilename = "#{tmpdir}/#{batch}.bat"
+        open(tmpfilename, "wb") {|f| f.print "\r\n"}
+        assert(system(tmpfilename), testname)
+        assert(system("#{tmpdir}/#{batch}"), testname)
+        assert(system(tmpfilename, "1"), testname)
+        assert(system("#{tmpdir}/#{batch}", "1"), testname)
+        begin
+          path = ENV["PATH"]
+          ENV["PATH"] = "#{tmpdir.tr(File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR)}#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR + path if path}"
+          assert(system("#{batch}.bat"), testname)
+          assert(system(batch), testname)
+          assert(system("#{batch}.bat", "1"), testname)
+          assert(system(batch, "1"), testname)
+        ensure
+          ENV["PATH"] = path
+        end
+        File.unlink tmpfilename
+
+        testname = '[ruby-core:44505]'
+        assert_match(/Windows/, `ver`, testname)
+        assert_equal 0, $?.to_i, testname
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_system_at
+    if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      bug4393 = '[ruby-core:35218]'
+
+      # @ + builtin command
+      assert_equal("foo\n", `@echo foo`, bug4393);
+      assert_equal("foo\n", `@@echo foo`, bug4393);
+      assert_equal("@@foo\n", `@@echo @@foo`, bug4393);
+
+      # @ + non builtin command
+      Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_script_tmp") {|tmpdir|
+        tmpfilename = "#{tmpdir}/ruby_script_tmp.#{$$}"
+
+        tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+        tmp.print "foo\nbar\nbaz\n@foo";
+        tmp.close
+
+        assert_match(/\Abar\nbaz\n?\z/, `@@findstr "ba" #{tmpfilename.gsub("/", "\\")}`, bug4393);
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_system_redirect_win
+    if /mswin|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      return
+    end
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_script_tmp") do |tmpdir|
+      cmd = nil
+      message = proc do
+        [
+         '[ruby-talk:258939]',
+         "out.txt:",
+         *File.readlines("out.txt").map{|s|"  "+s.inspect},
+         "err.txt:",
+         *File.readlines("err.txt").map{|s|"  "+s.inspect},
+         "system(#{cmd.inspect})"
+        ].join("\n")
+      end
+      class << message
+        alias to_s call
+      end
+      Dir.chdir(tmpdir) do
+        open("input.txt", "w") {|f| f.puts "BFI3CHL671"}
+        cmd = "%WINDIR%/system32/find.exe \"BFI3CHL671\" input.txt > out.txt 2>err.txt"
+        assert_equal(true, system(cmd), message)
+        cmd = "\"%WINDIR%/system32/find.exe\" \"BFI3CHL671\" input.txt > out.txt 2>err.txt"
+        assert_equal(true, system(cmd), message)
+        cmd = "\"%WINDIR%/system32/find.exe BFI3CHL671\" input.txt > out.txt 2>err.txt"
+        assert_equal(false, system(cmd), message)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_system_closed
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      ios = []
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(IO) {|io| ios << io}
+      `echo`
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(IO) do |io|
+        next if ios.include?(io)
+        assert_nothing_raised {io.close}
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_evstr
+    assert_equal("", eval('"#{}"', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__), "[ruby-dev:25113]")
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback_to_sh
+    Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_script_tmp") {|tmpdir|
+      tmpfilename = "#{tmpdir}/ruby_script_tmp.#{$$}"
+      open(tmpfilename, "w") {|f|
+        f.puts ": ;"
+        f.chmod(0755)
+      }
+      assert_equal(true, system(tmpfilename), '[ruby-core:32745]')
+    }
+  end if File.executable?("/bin/sh")
+
+  def test_system_exception
+    ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      system('feature_14235', exception: false)
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      system(ruby, "-e", "abort", exception: false)
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      system("'#{ruby}' -e abort", exception: false)
+    end
+    assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) do
+      system('feature_14235', exception: true)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /\ACommand failed with exit /) do
+      system(ruby, "-e", "abort", exception: true)
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /\ACommand failed with exit /) do
+      system("'#{ruby}' -e abort", exception: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_system_exception_nonascii
+    Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_script_tmp") do |tmpdir|
+      name = "\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}"
+      tmpfilename = "#{tmpdir}/#{name}.cmd"
+      message = /#{name}\.cmd/
+      assert_raise_with_message(Errno::ENOENT, message) do
+        system(tmpfilename, exception: true)
+      end
+      open(tmpfilename, "w") {|f|
+        f.print "@" if /mingw|mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+        f.puts "exit 127"
+        f.chmod(0755)
+      }
+      assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, message) do
+        system(tmpfilename, exception: true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_thread.rb b/test/ruby/test_thread.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a61fc3450
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_thread.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1655 @@
+# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require "rbconfig/sizeof"
+require "timeout"
+
+class TestThread < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Thread < ::Thread
+    Threads = []
+    def self.new(*)
+      th = super
+      Threads << th
+      th
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    Thread::Threads.clear
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Thread::Threads.each do |t|
+      t.kill if t.alive?
+      begin
+        t.join
+      rescue Exception
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m.lock
+    line = __LINE__+1
+    th = Module.new {break module_eval("class C\u{30b9 30ec 30c3 30c9} < Thread; self; end")}.start do
+      m.synchronize {}
+    end
+    Thread.pass until th.stop?
+    s = th.inspect
+    assert_include(s, "::C\u{30b9 30ec 30c3 30c9}:")
+    assert_include(s, " #{__FILE__}:#{line} ")
+    assert_equal(s, th.to_s)
+  ensure
+    m.unlock
+    th.join
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_with_fiber
+    inspect1 = inspect2 = nil
+
+    Thread.new{
+      inspect1 = Thread.current.inspect
+      Fiber.new{
+        inspect2 = Thread.current.inspect
+      }.resume
+    }.join
+
+    assert_equal inspect1, inspect2, '[Bug #13689]'
+  end
+
+  def test_main_thread_variable_in_enumerator
+    assert_equal Thread.main, Thread.current
+
+    Thread.current.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
+
+    thread, value = Fiber.new {
+      Fiber.yield [Thread.current, Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)]
+    }.resume
+
+    assert_equal Thread.current, thread
+    assert_equal Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo), value
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_variable_in_enumerator
+    Thread.new {
+      Thread.current.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
+
+      thread, value = Fiber.new {
+        Fiber.yield [Thread.current, Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)]
+      }.resume
+
+      assert_equal Thread.current, thread
+      assert_equal Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo), value
+    }.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_variables
+    assert_equal [], Thread.new { Thread.current.thread_variables }.join.value
+
+    t = Thread.new {
+      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, "bar")
+      Thread.current.thread_variables
+    }
+    assert_equal [:foo], t.join.value
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_variable?
+    Thread.new { assert_not_send([Thread.current, :thread_variable?, "foo"]) }.value
+    t = Thread.new {
+      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar")
+    }.join
+
+    assert_send([t, :thread_variable?, "foo"])
+    assert_send([t, :thread_variable?, :foo])
+    assert_not_send([t, :thread_variable?, :bar])
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_variable_strings_and_symbols_are_the_same_key
+    t = Thread.new {}.join
+    t.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar")
+    assert_equal "bar", t.thread_variable_get(:foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_variable_frozen
+    t = Thread.new { }.join
+    t.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+      t.thread_variable_set(:foo, "bar")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_synchronize
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    r = 0
+    num_threads = 10
+    loop=100
+    (1..num_threads).map{
+      Thread.new{
+        loop.times{
+          m.synchronize{
+            tmp = r
+            # empty and waste loop for making thread preemption
+            100.times {
+            }
+            r = tmp + 1
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }.each{|e|
+      e.join
+    }
+    assert_equal(num_threads*loop, r)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_synchronize_yields_no_block_params
+    bug8097 = '[ruby-core:53424] [Bug #8097]'
+    assert_empty(Thread::Mutex.new.synchronize {|*params| break params}, bug8097)
+  end
+
+  def test_local_barrier
+    dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+    lbtest = File.join(dir, "lbtest.rb")
+    $:.unshift File.join(File.dirname(dir), 'ruby')
+    $:.shift
+    3.times {
+      `#{EnvUtil.rubybin} #{lbtest}`
+      assert_not_predicate($?, :coredump?, '[ruby-dev:30653]')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_priority
+    c1 = c2 = 0
+    run = true
+    t1 = Thread.new { c1 += 1 while run }
+    t1.priority = 3
+    t2 = Thread.new { c2 += 1 while run }
+    t2.priority = -3
+    assert_equal(3, t1.priority)
+    assert_equal(-3, t2.priority)
+    sleep 0.5
+    5.times do
+      assert_not_predicate(t1, :stop?)
+      assert_not_predicate(t2, :stop?)
+      break if c1 > c2
+      sleep 0.1
+    end
+    run = false
+    t1.kill
+    t2.kill
+    assert_operator(c1, :>, c2, "[ruby-dev:33124]") # not guaranteed
+    t1.join
+    t2.join
+  end
+
+  def test_new
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+      Thread.new
+    end
+
+    t1 = Thread.new { sleep }
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+      t1.instance_eval { initialize { } }
+    end
+
+    t2 = Thread.new(&method(:sleep).to_proc)
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+      t2.instance_eval { initialize { } }
+    end
+
+  ensure
+    t1&.kill&.join
+    t2&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_new_symbol_proc
+    bug = '[ruby-core:80147] [Bug #13313]'
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}", bug)
+    begin;
+      exit("1" == Thread.start(1, &:to_s).value)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_join
+    t = Thread.new { sleep }
+    assert_nil(t.join(0.05))
+
+  ensure
+    t&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_join2
+    ok = false
+    t1 = Thread.new { ok = true; sleep }
+    Thread.pass until ok
+    Thread.pass until t1.stop?
+    t2 = Thread.new do
+      Thread.pass while ok
+      t1.join(0.01)
+    end
+    t3 = Thread.new do
+      ok = false
+      t1.join
+    end
+    assert_nil(t2.value)
+    t1.wakeup
+    assert_equal(t1, t3.value)
+
+  ensure
+    t1&.kill&.join
+    t2&.kill&.join
+    t3&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_join_argument_conversion
+    t = Thread.new {}
+
+    # Make sure that the thread terminates
+    Thread.pass while t.status
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {t.join(:foo)}
+
+    limit = Struct.new(:to_f, :count).new(0.05)
+    assert_same(t, t.join(limit))
+  end
+
+  { 'FIXNUM_MAX' => RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MAX'],
+    'UINT64_MAX' => RbConfig::LIMITS['UINT64_MAX'],
+    'INFINITY'   => Float::INFINITY
+  }.each do |name, limit|
+    define_method("test_join_limit_#{name}") do
+      t = Thread.new {}
+      assert_same t, t.join(limit), "limit=#{limit.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  { 'minus_1'        => -1,
+    'minus_0_1'      => -0.1,
+    'FIXNUM_MIN'     => RbConfig::LIMITS['FIXNUM_MIN'],
+    'INT64_MIN'      => RbConfig::LIMITS['INT64_MIN'],
+    'minus_INFINITY' => -Float::INFINITY
+  }.each do |name, limit|
+    define_method("test_join_limit_negative_#{name}") do
+      t = Thread.new { sleep }
+      begin
+        assert_nothing_raised(Timeout::Error) do
+          Timeout.timeout(30) do
+            assert_nil t.join(limit), "limit=#{limit.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        t.kill
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_kill_main_thread
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(1), [])
+      p 1
+      Thread.kill Thread.current
+      p 2
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_kill_wrong_argument
+    bug4367 = '[ruby-core:35086]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug4367) {
+      Thread.kill(nil)
+    }
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug4367) {
+      Thread.kill(o)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_kill_thread_subclass
+    c = Class.new(Thread)
+    t = c.new { sleep 10 }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Thread.kill(t) }
+    assert_equal(nil, t.value)
+  end
+
+  def test_exit
+    s = 0
+    Thread.new do
+      s += 1
+      Thread.exit
+      s += 2
+    end.join
+    assert_equal(1, s)
+  end
+
+  def test_wakeup
+    s = 0
+    t = Thread.new do
+      s += 1
+      Thread.stop
+      s += 1
+    end
+    Thread.pass until t.stop?
+    assert_equal(1, s)
+    t.wakeup
+    Thread.pass while t.alive?
+    assert_equal(2, s)
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) { t.wakeup }
+  ensure
+    t&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_stop
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(2), [])
+      begin
+        Thread.stop
+        p 1
+      rescue ThreadError
+        p 2
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_list
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT) do |r, e|
+      t1 = Thread.new { sleep }
+      Thread.pass
+      t2 = Thread.new { loop { Thread.pass } }
+      Thread.new { }.join
+      p [Thread.current, t1, t2].map{|t| t.object_id }.sort
+      p Thread.list.map{|t| t.object_id }.sort
+    INPUT
+      assert_equal(r.first, r.last)
+      assert_equal([], e)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_main
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(true false), [])
+      p Thread.main == Thread.current
+      Thread.new { p Thread.main == Thread.current }.join
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_abort_on_exception
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(false 1), [])
+      p Thread.abort_on_exception
+      begin
+        t = Thread.new {
+          Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+          raise
+        }
+        Thread.pass until t.stop?
+        p 1
+      rescue
+        p 2
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(true 2), [])
+      Thread.abort_on_exception = true
+      p Thread.abort_on_exception
+      begin
+        Thread.new {
+          Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+          raise
+        }
+        sleep 0.5
+        p 1
+      rescue
+        p 2
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_in_out_err(%w(-d), <<-INPUT, %w(false 2), %r".+")
+      p Thread.abort_on_exception
+      begin
+        t = Thread.new { raise }
+        Thread.pass until t.stop?
+        p 1
+      rescue
+        p 2
+      end
+    INPUT
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(false true 2), [])
+      p Thread.abort_on_exception
+      begin
+        ok = false
+        t = Thread.new {
+          Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+          Thread.pass until ok
+          raise
+        }
+        t.abort_on_exception = true
+        p t.abort_on_exception
+        ok = 1
+        sleep 1
+        p 1
+      rescue
+        p 2
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_report_on_exception
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      q1 = Thread::Queue.new
+      q2 = Thread::Queue.new
+
+      assert_equal(true, Thread.report_on_exception,
+                   "global flag is true by default")
+      assert_equal(true, Thread.current.report_on_exception,
+                   "the main thread has report_on_exception=true")
+
+      Thread.report_on_exception = true
+      Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+      assert_equal(true,
+                   Thread.start {Thread.current.report_on_exception}.value,
+                  "should not inherit from the parent thread but from the global flag")
+
+      assert_warn("", "exception should be ignored silently when false") {
+        th = Thread.start {
+          Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+          q1.push(Thread.current.report_on_exception)
+          raise "report 1"
+        }
+        assert_equal(false, q1.pop)
+        Thread.pass while th.alive?
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { th.join }
+      }
+
+      assert_warn(/report 2/, "exception should be reported when true") {
+        th = Thread.start {
+          q1.push(Thread.current.report_on_exception = true)
+          raise "report 2"
+        }
+        assert_equal(true, q1.pop)
+        Thread.pass while th.alive?
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { th.join }
+      }
+
+      assert_warn("", "the global flag should not affect already started threads") {
+        Thread.report_on_exception = false
+        th = Thread.start {
+          q2.pop
+          q1.push(Thread.current.report_on_exception)
+          raise "report 3"
+        }
+        q2.push(Thread.report_on_exception = true)
+        assert_equal(false, q1.pop)
+        Thread.pass while th.alive?
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { th.join }
+      }
+
+      assert_warn(/report 4/, "should defaults to the global flag at the start") {
+        Thread.report_on_exception = true
+        th = Thread.start {
+          q1.push(Thread.current.report_on_exception)
+          raise "report 4"
+        }
+        assert_equal(true, q1.pop)
+        Thread.pass while th.alive?
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { th.join }
+      }
+
+      assert_warn(/report 5/, "should first report and then raise with report_on_exception + abort_on_exception") {
+        th = Thread.start {
+          Thread.current.report_on_exception = true
+          Thread.current.abort_on_exception = true
+          q2.pop
+          raise "report 5"
+        }
+        assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, "report 5") {
+          q2.push(true)
+          Thread.pass while th.alive?
+        }
+        assert_raise(RuntimeError) { th.join }
+      }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ignore_deadlock
+    if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      omit "can't trap a signal from another process on Windows"
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(false :sig), [], :signal=>:INT, timeout: 1, timeout_error: nil)
+      p Thread.ignore_deadlock
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      trap(:INT){q.push :sig}
+      Thread.ignore_deadlock = true
+      p q.pop
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_status_and_stop_p
+    a = ::Thread.new {
+      Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+      raise("die now")
+    }
+    b = Thread.new { Thread.stop }
+    c = Thread.new { Thread.exit }
+    e = Thread.current
+    Thread.pass while a.alive? or !b.stop? or c.alive?
+
+    assert_equal(nil, a.status)
+    assert_predicate(a, :stop?)
+
+    assert_equal("sleep", b.status)
+    assert_predicate(b, :stop?)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.status)
+    assert_match(/^#<TestThread::Thread:.* dead>$/, c.inspect)
+    assert_predicate(c, :stop?)
+
+    es1 = e.status
+    es2 = e.stop?
+    assert_equal(["run", false], [es1, es2])
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { a.join }
+  ensure
+    b&.kill&.join
+    c&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_switch_while_busy_loop
+    bug1402 = "[ruby-dev:38319] [Bug #1402]"
+    flag = true
+    th = Thread.current
+    waiter = Thread.start {
+      sleep 0.1
+      flag = false
+      sleep 1
+      th.raise(bug1402)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug1402) do
+      nil while flag
+    end
+    assert(!flag, bug1402)
+  ensure
+    waiter&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_local
+    t = Thread.new { sleep }
+
+    assert_equal(false, t.key?(:foo))
+
+    t["foo"] = "foo"
+    t["bar"] = "bar"
+    t["baz"] = "baz"
+
+    assert_equal(true, t.key?(:foo))
+    assert_equal(true, t.key?("foo"))
+    assert_equal(false, t.key?(:qux))
+    assert_equal(false, t.key?("qux"))
+
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar, :baz].sort, t.keys.sort)
+
+  ensure
+    t&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_local_fetch
+    t = Thread.new { sleep }
+
+    assert_equal(false, t.key?(:foo))
+
+    t["foo"] = "foo"
+    t["bar"] = "bar"
+    t["baz"] = "baz"
+
+    x = nil
+    assert_equal("foo", t.fetch(:foo, 0))
+    assert_equal("foo", t.fetch(:foo) {x = true})
+    assert_nil(x)
+    assert_equal("foo", t.fetch("foo", 0))
+    assert_equal("foo", t.fetch("foo") {x = true})
+    assert_nil(x)
+
+    x = nil
+    assert_equal(0, t.fetch(:qux, 0))
+    assert_equal(1, t.fetch(:qux) {x = 1})
+    assert_equal(1, x)
+    assert_equal(2, t.fetch("qux", 2))
+    assert_equal(3, t.fetch("qux") {x = 3})
+    assert_equal(3, x)
+
+    e = assert_raise(KeyError) {t.fetch(:qux)}
+    assert_equal(:qux, e.key)
+    assert_equal(t, e.receiver)
+  ensure
+    t&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_local_security
+    Thread.new do
+      Thread.current[:foo] = :bar
+      Thread.current.freeze
+      assert_raise(FrozenError) do
+        Thread.current[:foo] = :baz
+      end
+    end.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_local_dynamic_symbol
+    bug10667 = '[ruby-core:67185] [Bug #10667]'
+    t = Thread.new {}.join
+    key_str = "foo#{rand}"
+    key_sym = key_str.to_sym
+    t.thread_variable_set(key_str, "bar")
+    assert_equal("bar", t.thread_variable_get(key_str), "#{bug10667}: string key")
+    assert_equal("bar", t.thread_variable_get(key_sym), "#{bug10667}: symbol key")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_wait
+    assert_nil(IO.select(nil, nil, nil, 0.001))
+    t = Thread.new do
+      IO.select(nil, nil, nil, nil)
+    end
+    Thread.pass until t.stop?
+    assert_predicate(t, :alive?)
+  ensure
+    t&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_deadlock
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m.synchronize do
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        m.synchronize do
+          assert(false)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_interrupt
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m.lock
+    t = Thread.new do
+      m.lock
+      :foo
+    end
+    Thread.pass until t.stop?
+    t.kill
+    assert_nil(t.value)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_illegal_unlock
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m.lock
+    Thread.new do
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        m.unlock
+      end
+    end.join
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_fifo_like_lock
+    m1 = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m2 = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m1.lock
+    m2.lock
+    m1.unlock
+    m2.unlock
+    assert_equal(false, m1.locked?)
+    assert_equal(false, m2.locked?)
+
+    m3 = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m1.lock
+    m2.lock
+    m3.lock
+    m1.unlock
+    m2.unlock
+    m3.unlock
+    assert_equal(false, m1.locked?)
+    assert_equal(false, m2.locked?)
+    assert_equal(false, m3.locked?)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_trylock
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    assert_equal(true, m.try_lock)
+    assert_equal(false, m.try_lock, '[ruby-core:20943]')
+
+    Thread.new{
+      assert_equal(false, m.try_lock)
+    }.join
+
+    m.unlock
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_outer
+    arr = []
+    obj = Struct.new(:foo, :visited).new(arr, false)
+    arr << obj
+    def obj.hash
+      self[:visited] = true
+      super
+      raise "recursive_outer should short circuit intermediate calls"
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised {arr.hash}
+    assert(obj[:visited], "obj.hash was not called")
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_instance_variable
+    bug4389 = '[ruby-core:35192]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(), [], bug4389)
+      class << Thread.current
+        @data = :data
+      end
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_no_valid_cfp
+    omit 'with win32ole, cannot run this testcase because win32ole redefines Thread#initialize' if defined?(WIN32OLE)
+    bug5083 = '[ruby-dev:44208]'
+    assert_equal([], Thread.new(&Module.method(:nesting)).value, bug5083)
+    assert_instance_of(Thread, Thread.new(:to_s, &Class.new.method(:undef_method)).join, bug5083)
+  end
+
+  def make_handle_interrupt_test_thread1 flag
+    r = []
+    ready_q = Thread::Queue.new
+    done_q = Thread::Queue.new
+    th = Thread.new{
+      begin
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => flag){
+          begin
+            ready_q << true
+            done_q.pop
+          rescue
+            r << :c1
+          end
+        }
+      rescue
+        r << :c2
+      end
+    }
+    ready_q.pop
+    th.raise
+    begin
+      done_q << true
+      th.join
+    rescue
+      r << :c3
+    end
+    r
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt
+    [[:never, :c2],
+     [:immediate, :c1],
+     [:on_blocking, :c1]].each{|(flag, c)|
+      assert_equal([flag, c], [flag] + make_handle_interrupt_test_thread1(flag))
+    }
+    # TODO: complex cases are needed.
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_invalid_argument
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :immediate) # no block
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {
+      Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :xyzzy) {}
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      Thread.handle_interrupt([]) {} # array
+    }
+  end
+
+  def for_test_handle_interrupt_with_return
+    Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :never){
+      Thread.current.raise RuntimeError.new("have to be rescured")
+      return
+    }
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_with_return
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      for_test_handle_interrupt_with_return
+      _dummy_for_check_ints=nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_with_break
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      begin
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :never){
+          Thread.current.raise RuntimeError.new("have to be rescured")
+          break
+        }
+      rescue
+      end
+      _dummy_for_check_ints=nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_blocking
+    r = nil
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    e = Class.new(Exception)
+    th_s = Thread.current
+    th = Thread.start {
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :on_blocking){
+          begin
+            q.pop
+            Thread.current.raise RuntimeError, "will raise in sleep"
+            r = :ok
+            sleep
+          ensure
+            th_s.raise e, "raise from ensure", $@
+          end
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(e) {q << true; th.join}
+    assert_equal(:ok, r)
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_and_io
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(ok), [])
+      th_waiting = true
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+
+      t = Thread.new {
+        Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking) {
+          q << true
+          nil while th_waiting
+          # async interrupt should be raised _before_ writing puts arguments
+          puts "ng"
+        }
+      }
+
+      q.pop
+      t.raise RuntimeError
+      th_waiting = false
+      t.join rescue nil
+      puts "ok"
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt_and_p
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(:ok :ok), [])
+      th_waiting = false
+
+      t = Thread.new {
+        Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking) {
+          th_waiting = true
+          nil while th_waiting
+          # p shouldn't provide interruptible point
+          p :ok
+          p :ok
+        }
+      }
+
+      Thread.pass until th_waiting
+      t.raise RuntimeError
+      th_waiting = false
+      t.join rescue nil
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupted?
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :never){
+      done = false
+      th = Thread.new{
+        q.push :e
+        begin
+          begin
+            Thread.pass until done
+          rescue
+            q.push :ng1
+          end
+          begin
+            Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :immediate){} if Thread.pending_interrupt?
+          rescue RuntimeError
+            q.push :ok
+          end
+        rescue
+          q.push :ng2
+        ensure
+          q.push :ng3
+        end
+      }
+      q.pop
+      th.raise
+      done = true
+      th.join
+      assert_equal(:ok, q.pop)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_timer_and_ensure
+    assert_normal_exit(<<_eom, 'r36492', timeout: 10)
+    flag = false
+    t = Thread.new do
+      begin
+        sleep
+      ensure
+        1 until flag
+      end
+    end
+
+    Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+
+    t.kill
+    t.alive? == true
+    flag = true
+    t.join
+_eom
+  end
+
+  def test_uninitialized
+    c = Class.new(Thread) {def initialize; end}
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) { c.new.start }
+
+    bug11959 = '[ruby-core:72732] [Bug #11959]'
+
+    c = Class.new(Thread) {def initialize; exit; end}
+    assert_raise(ThreadError, bug11959) { c.new }
+
+    c = Class.new(Thread) {def initialize; raise; end}
+    assert_raise(ThreadError, bug11959) { c.new }
+
+    c = Class.new(Thread) {
+      def initialize
+        pending = pending_interrupt?
+        super {pending}
+      end
+    }
+    assert_equal(false, c.new.value, bug11959)
+  end
+
+  def test_backtrace
+    Thread.new{
+      assert_equal(Array, Thread.main.backtrace.class)
+    }.join
+
+    t = Thread.new{}
+    t.join
+    assert_equal(nil, t.backtrace)
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_timer_and_interrupt
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    bug5757 = '[ruby-dev:44985]'
+    pid = nil
+    cmd = 'Signal.trap(:INT, "DEFAULT"); pipe=IO.pipe; Thread.start {Thread.pass until Thread.main.stop?; puts; STDOUT.flush}; pipe[0].read'
+    opt = {}
+    opt[:new_pgroup] = true if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    s, t, _err = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', cmd], "", true, true, **opt) do |in_p, out_p, err_p, cpid|
+      assert IO.select([out_p], nil, nil, 10), 'subprocess not ready'
+      out_p.gets
+      pid = cpid
+      t0 = Time.now.to_f
+      Process.kill(:SIGINT, pid)
+      begin
+        Timeout.timeout(10) { Process.wait(pid) }
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+        EnvUtil.terminate(pid)
+        raise
+      end
+      t1 = Time.now.to_f
+      [$?, t1 - t0, err_p.read]
+    end
+    assert_equal(pid, s.pid, bug5757)
+    assert_equal([false, true, false, Signal.list["INT"]],
+                 [s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.termsig],
+                 "[s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.termsig]")
+    assert_include(0..2, t, bug5757)
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_join_in_trap
+    assert_separately [], <<-'EOS'
+    Signal.trap(:INT, "DEFAULT")
+    t0 = Thread.current
+    assert_nothing_raised{
+      t = Thread.new {Thread.pass until t0.stop?; Process.kill(:INT, $$)}
+
+      Signal.trap :INT do
+        t.join
+      end
+
+      t.join
+    }
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_value_in_trap
+    assert_separately [], <<-'EOS'
+    Signal.trap(:INT, "DEFAULT")
+    t0 = Thread.current
+    t = Thread.new {Thread.pass until t0.stop?; Process.kill(:INT, $$); :normal_end}
+
+    Signal.trap :INT do
+      t.value
+    end
+    assert_equal(:normal_end, t.value)
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_join_current
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+      Thread.current.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_join_main_thread
+    Thread.new(Thread.current) {|t|
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        t.join
+      end
+    }.join
+  end
+
+  def test_main_thread_status_at_exit
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-'INPUT', ["false false aborting"], [])
+q = Thread::Queue.new
+Thread.new(Thread.current) {|mth|
+  begin
+    q.push nil
+    mth.run
+    Thread.pass until mth.stop?
+    p :mth_stopped # don't run if killed by rb_thread_terminate_all
+  ensure
+    puts "#{mth.alive?} #{mth.status} #{Thread.current.status}"
+  end
+}
+q.pop
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_status_in_trap
+    # when running trap handler, Thread#status must show "run"
+    # Even though interrupted from sleeping function
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(sleep run), [])
+      Signal.trap(:INT) {
+        puts Thread.current.status
+        exit
+      }
+      t = Thread.current
+
+      Thread.new(Thread.current) {|mth|
+        Thread.pass until t.stop?
+        puts mth.status
+        Process.kill(:INT, $$)
+      }
+      sleep
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  # Bug #7450
+  def test_thread_status_raise_after_kill
+    ary = []
+
+    t = Thread.new {
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+        begin
+          ary << Thread.current.status
+          sleep #1
+        ensure
+          begin
+            ary << Thread.current.status
+            sleep #2
+          ensure
+            ary << Thread.current.status
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    }
+
+    Thread.pass until ary.size >= 1
+    Thread.pass until t.stop?
+    t.kill  # wake up sleep #1
+    Thread.pass until ary.size >= 2
+    Thread.pass until t.stop?
+    t.raise "wakeup" # wake up sleep #2
+    Thread.pass while t.alive?
+    assert_equal(ary, ["run", "aborting", "aborting"])
+    t.join
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_owned
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+
+    assert_equal(mutex.owned?, false)
+    mutex.synchronize {
+      # Now, I have the mutex
+      assert_equal(mutex.owned?, true)
+    }
+    assert_equal(mutex.owned?, false)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_owned2
+    begin
+      mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+      th = Thread.new {
+        # lock forever
+        mutex.lock
+        sleep
+      }
+
+      # acquired by another thread.
+      Thread.pass until mutex.locked?
+      assert_equal(mutex.owned?, false)
+    ensure
+      th&.kill&.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mutex_unlock_on_trap
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(locked unlocked false), [])
+      m = Thread::Mutex.new
+
+      trapped = false
+      Signal.trap("INT") { |signo|
+        m.unlock
+        trapped = true
+        puts "unlocked"
+      }
+
+      m.lock
+      puts "locked"
+      Process.kill("INT", $$)
+      Thread.pass until trapped
+      puts m.locked?
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def invoke_rec script, vm_stack_size, machine_stack_size, use_length = true
+    env = {}
+    env['RUBY_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE'] = vm_stack_size.to_s if vm_stack_size
+    env['RUBY_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE'] = machine_stack_size.to_s if machine_stack_size
+    out, err, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby([env, '-e', script], '', true, true)
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?, err)
+
+    use_length ? out.length : out
+  end
+
+  def test_stack_size
+    h_default = eval(invoke_rec('p RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS', nil, nil, false))
+    h_0 = eval(invoke_rec('p RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS', 0, 0, false))
+    h_large = eval(invoke_rec('p RubyVM::DEFAULT_PARAMS', 1024 * 1024 * 10, 1024 * 1024 * 10, false))
+
+    assert_operator(h_default[:thread_vm_stack_size], :>, h_0[:thread_vm_stack_size],
+                    "0 thread_vm_stack_size")
+    assert_operator(h_default[:thread_vm_stack_size], :<, h_large[:thread_vm_stack_size],
+                    "large thread_vm_stack_size")
+    assert_operator(h_default[:thread_machine_stack_size], :>=, h_0[:thread_machine_stack_size],
+                    "0 thread_machine_stack_size")
+    assert_operator(h_default[:thread_machine_stack_size], :<=, h_large[:thread_machine_stack_size],
+                    "large thread_machine_stack_size")
+    assert_equal("ok", invoke_rec('print :ok', 1024 * 1024 * 100, nil, false))
+  end
+
+  def test_vm_machine_stack_size
+    script = 'def rec; print "."; STDOUT.flush; rec; end; rec'
+    size_default = invoke_rec script, nil, nil
+    assert_operator(size_default, :>, 0, "default size")
+    size_0 = invoke_rec script, 0, nil
+    assert_operator(size_default, :>, size_0, "0 size")
+    size_large = invoke_rec script, 1024 * 1024 * 10, nil
+    assert_operator(size_default, :<, size_large, "large size")
+  end
+
+  def test_machine_stack_size
+    # check machine stack size
+    # Note that machine stack size may not change size (depend on OSs)
+    script = 'def rec; print "."; STDOUT.flush; 1.times{1.times{1.times{rec}}}; end; Thread.new{rec}.join'
+    vm_stack_size = 1024 * 1024
+    size_default = invoke_rec script, vm_stack_size, nil
+    size_0 = invoke_rec script, vm_stack_size, 0
+    assert_operator(size_default, :>=, size_0, "0 size")
+    size_large = invoke_rec script, vm_stack_size, 1024 * 1024 * 10
+    assert_operator(size_default, :<=, size_large, "large size")
+  end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+  def test_blocking_mutex_unlocked_on_fork
+    bug8433 = '[ruby-core:55102] [Bug #8433]'
+
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    mutex.lock
+
+    th = Thread.new do
+      mutex.synchronize do
+        sleep
+      end
+    end
+
+    Thread.pass until th.stop?
+    mutex.unlock
+
+    pid = Process.fork do
+      exit(mutex.locked?)
+    end
+
+    th.kill
+
+    pid, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_equal(false, status.success?, bug8433)
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_fork_in_thread
+    bug9751 = '[ruby-core:62070] [Bug #9751]'
+    f = nil
+    th = Thread.start do
+      unless f = IO.popen("-")
+        STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+        exit
+      end
+      Process.wait2(f.pid)
+    end
+    unless th.join(EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(30))
+      Process.kill(:QUIT, f.pid)
+      Process.kill(:KILL, f.pid) unless th.join(EnvUtil.apply_timeout_scale(1))
+    end
+    _, status = th.value
+    output = f.read
+    f.close
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?, FailDesc[status, bug9751, output])
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?, bug9751)
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_fork_value
+    bug18902 = "[Bug #18902]"
+    th = Thread.start { sleep 2 }
+    begin
+      pid = fork do
+        th.value
+      end
+      _, status = Process.wait2(pid)
+      assert_predicate(status, :success?, bug18902)
+    ensure
+      th.kill
+      th.join
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_fork_while_locked
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    thrs = []
+    3.times do |i|
+      thrs << Thread.new { m.synchronize { Process.waitpid2(fork{})[1] } }
+    end
+    thrs.each do |t|
+      assert_predicate t.value, :success?, '[ruby-core:85940] [Bug #14578]'
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_fork_while_parent_locked
+    omit 'needs fork' unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    nr = 1
+    thrs = []
+    m.synchronize do
+      thrs = nr.times.map { Thread.new { m.synchronize {} } }
+      thrs.each { Thread.pass }
+      pid = fork do
+        m.locked? or exit!(2)
+        thrs = nr.times.map { Thread.new { m.synchronize {} } }
+        m.unlock
+        thrs.each { |t| t.join(1) == t or exit!(1) }
+        exit!(0)
+      end
+      _, st = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+      assert_predicate st, :success?, '[ruby-core:90312] [Bug #15383]'
+    end
+    thrs.each { |t| assert_same t, t.join(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_fork_while_mutex_locked_by_forker
+    omit 'needs fork' unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new
+    m.synchronize do
+      pid = fork do
+        exit!(2) unless m.locked?
+        m.unlock rescue exit!(3)
+        m.synchronize {} rescue exit!(4)
+        exit!(0)
+      end
+      _, st = Timeout.timeout(30) { Process.waitpid2(pid) }
+      assert_predicate st, :success?, '[ruby-core:90595] [Bug #15430]'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_subclass_no_initialize
+    t = Module.new do
+      break eval("class C\u{30b9 30ec 30c3 30c9} < Thread; self; end")
+    end
+    t.class_eval do
+      def initialize
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ThreadError, /C\u{30b9 30ec 30c3 30c9}/) do
+      t.new {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_name
+    t = Thread.start {sleep}
+    sleep 0.001 until t.stop?
+    assert_nil t.name
+    s = t.inspect
+    t.name = 'foo'
+    assert_equal 'foo', t.name
+    t.name = nil
+    assert_nil t.name
+    assert_equal s, t.inspect
+  ensure
+    t.kill
+    t.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_invalid_name
+    bug11756 = '[ruby-core:71774] [Bug #11756]'
+    t = Thread.start {}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug11756) {t.name = "foo\0bar"}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug11756) {t.name = "foo".encode(Encoding::UTF_32BE)}
+  ensure
+    t.kill
+    t.join
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_invalid_object
+    bug11756 = '[ruby-core:71774] [Bug #11756]'
+    t = Thread.start {}
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11756) {t.name = []}
+  ensure
+    t.kill
+    t.join
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_across_thread_through_enum
+    bug18649 = '[ruby-core:107980] [Bug #18649]'
+    @log = []
+
+    def self.p(arg)
+      @log << arg
+    end
+
+    def self.synchronize
+      yield
+    end
+
+    def self.execute(task)
+      success = true
+      value = reason = nil
+      end_sync = false
+
+      synchronize do
+        begin
+          p :before
+          value = task.call
+          p :never_reached
+          success = true
+        rescue StandardError => ex
+          ex = ex.class
+          p [:rescue, ex]
+          reason = ex
+          success = false
+        end
+
+        end_sync = true
+        p :end_sync
+      end
+
+      p :should_not_reach_here! unless end_sync
+      [success, value, reason]
+    end
+
+    def self.foo
+      Thread.new do
+        result = execute(-> { yield 42 })
+        p [:result, result]
+      end.join
+    end
+
+    value = to_enum(:foo).first
+    expected = [:before,
+      [:rescue, LocalJumpError],
+      :end_sync,
+      [:result, [false, nil, LocalJumpError]]]
+
+    assert_equal(expected, @log, bug18649)
+    assert_equal(42, value, bug18649)
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_setname_in_initialize
+    bug12290 = '[ruby-core:74963] [Bug #12290]'
+    c = Class.new(Thread) {def initialize() self.name = "foo"; super; end}
+    assert_equal("foo", c.new {Thread.current.name}.value, bug12290)
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_native_thread_id
+    omit "don't support native_thread_id" unless Thread.method_defined?(:native_thread_id)
+    assert_instance_of Integer, Thread.main.native_thread_id
+
+    th1 = Thread.start{sleep}
+
+    # newly created thread which doesn't run yet returns nil or integer
+    assert_include [NilClass, Integer], th1.native_thread_id.class
+
+    Thread.pass until th1.stop?
+
+    # After a thread starts (and execute `sleep`), it returns native_thread_id
+    native_tid = th1.native_thread_id
+    assert_instance_of Integer, native_tid if native_tid # it can be nil
+
+    th1.wakeup
+    Thread.pass while th1.alive?
+
+    # dead thread returns nil
+    assert_nil th1.native_thread_id
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_native_thread_id_across_fork_on_linux
+    begin
+      require '-test-/thread/id'
+    rescue LoadError
+      omit "this test is only for Linux"
+    else
+      extend Bug::ThreadID
+    end
+
+    parent_thread_id = Thread.main.native_thread_id
+    real_parent_thread_id = gettid
+
+    assert_equal real_parent_thread_id, parent_thread_id
+
+    child_lines = nil
+    IO.popen('-') do |pipe|
+      if pipe
+        # parent
+        child_lines = pipe.read.lines
+      else
+        # child
+        puts Thread.main.native_thread_id
+        puts gettid
+      end
+    end
+    child_thread_id = child_lines[0].chomp.to_i
+    real_child_thread_id = child_lines[1].chomp.to_i
+
+    assert_equal real_child_thread_id, child_thread_id
+    refute_equal parent_thread_id, child_thread_id
+  end
+
+  def test_thread_interrupt_for_killed_thread
+    pend "hang-up" if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    opts = { timeout: 5, timeout_error: nil }
+
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-_end, '[Bug #8996]', **opts)
+      Thread.report_on_exception = false
+      trap(:TERM){exit}
+      while true
+        t = Thread.new{sleep 0}
+        t.raise Interrupt
+        Thread.pass # allow t to finish
+      end
+    _end
+  end
+
+  def test_signal_at_join
+    if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      omit "can't trap a signal from another process on Windows"
+      # opt = {new_pgroup: true}
+    end
+
+    if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      omit "[Bug #18613]"
+    end
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"{#"}\n#{<<~'};'}", timeout: 120)
+    {#
+      n = 1000
+      sig = :INT
+      trap(sig) {}
+      IO.popen([EnvUtil.rubybin, "-e", "#{<<~"{#1"}\n#{<<~'};#1'}"], "r+") do |f|
+        tpid = #{$$}
+        sig = :#{sig}
+        {#1
+          STDOUT.sync = true
+          while gets
+            puts
+            Process.kill(sig, tpid)
+          end
+        };#1
+        assert_nothing_raised do
+          n.times do
+            w = Thread.start do
+              sleep 30
+            end
+            begin
+              f.puts
+              f.gets
+            ensure
+              w.kill
+              w.join
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        n.times do
+          w = Thread.start { sleep 30 }
+          begin
+            f.puts
+            f.gets
+          ensure
+            w.kill
+            t0 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+            w.join(30)
+            t1 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+            diff = t1 - t0
+            assert_operator diff, :<=, 2
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    };
+  end
+
+  def test_pending_interrupt?
+    t = Thread.handle_interrupt(Exception => :never) { Thread.new { Thread.stop } }
+    t.raise(StandardError)
+    assert_equal(true, t.pending_interrupt?)
+    assert_equal(true, t.pending_interrupt?(Exception))
+    assert_equal(false, t.pending_interrupt?(ArgumentError))
+  end
+
+  def test_deadlock_backtrace
+    bug21127 = '[ruby-core:120930] [Bug #21127]'
+
+    expected_stderr = [
+      /-:12:in 'Thread#join': No live threads left. Deadlock\? \(fatal\)\n/,
+      /2 threads, 2 sleeps current:\w+ main thread:\w+\n/,
+      /\* #<Thread:\w+ sleep_forever>\n/,
+      :*,
+      /^\s*-:6:in 'Object#frame_for_deadlock_test_2'/,
+      :*,
+      /\* #<Thread:\w+ -:10 sleep_forever>\n/,
+      :*,
+      /^\s*-:2:in 'Object#frame_for_deadlock_test_1'/,
+      :*,
+    ]
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], expected_stderr, bug21127)
+      def frame_for_deadlock_test_1
+        yield
+      end
+
+      def frame_for_deadlock_test_2
+        yield
+      end
+
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      t = Thread.new { frame_for_deadlock_test_1 { q.pop } }
+
+      frame_for_deadlock_test_2 { t.join }
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #21342]
+  def test_unlock_locked_mutex_with_collected_fiber
+    bug21127 = '[ruby-core:120930] [Bug #21127]'
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      5.times do
+        m = Mutex.new
+        Thread.new do
+          m.synchronize do
+          end
+        end.join
+        Fiber.new do
+          GC.start
+          m.lock
+        end.resume
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_unlock_locked_mutex_with_collected_fiber2
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      MUTEXES = []
+      5.times do
+        m = Mutex.new
+        Fiber.new do
+          GC.start
+          m.lock
+        end.resume
+        MUTEXES << m
+      end
+      10.times do
+        MUTEXES.clear
+        GC.start
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_mutexes_locked_in_fiber_dont_have_aba_issue_with_new_fibers
+    assert_ruby_status([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      mutexes = 1000.times.map do
+        Mutex.new
+      end
+
+      mutexes.map do |m|
+        Fiber.new do
+          m.lock
+        end.resume
+      end
+
+      GC.start
+
+      1000.times.map do
+        Fiber.new do
+          raise "FAILED!" if mutexes.any?(&:owned?)
+        end.resume
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_thread_cv.rb b/test/ruby/test_thread_cv.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81201f134f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_thread_cv.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+class TestThreadConditionVariable < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  ConditionVariable = Thread::ConditionVariable
+  Mutex = Thread::Mutex
+
+  def test_condvar_signal_and_wait
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    result = []
+    woken = nil
+    mutex.synchronize do
+      t = Thread.new do
+        mutex.synchronize do
+          result << 1
+          condvar.signal
+        end
+      end
+
+      result << 0
+      woken = condvar.wait(mutex)
+      result << 2
+      t.join
+    end
+    assert_equal([0, 1, 2], result)
+    assert(woken)
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_wait_exception_handling
+    # Calling wait in the only thread running should raise a ThreadError of
+    # 'stopping only thread'
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    locked = false
+    thread = Thread.new do
+      Thread.current.abort_on_exception = false
+      mutex.synchronize do
+        assert_raise(Interrupt) {
+          condvar.wait(mutex)
+        }
+        locked = mutex.locked?
+      end
+    end
+
+    until thread.stop?
+      sleep(0.1)
+    end
+
+    thread.raise Interrupt, "interrupt a dead condition variable"
+    thread.join
+    assert(locked)
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_wait_and_broadcast
+    nr_threads = 3
+    threads = Array.new
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    result = []
+
+    nr_threads.times do |i|
+      threads[i] = Thread.new do
+        mutex.synchronize do
+          result << "C1"
+          condvar.wait mutex
+          result << "C2"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    sleep 0.1
+    mutex.synchronize do
+      result << "P1"
+      condvar.broadcast
+      result << "P2"
+    end
+    Timeout.timeout(60) do
+      nr_threads.times do |i|
+        threads[i].join
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal ["C1", "C1", "C1", "P1", "P2", "C2", "C2", "C2"], result
+  ensure
+    threads.each(&:kill)
+    threads.each(&:join)
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_wait_deadlock
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, /\Afatal\nNo live threads left\. Deadlock/, [])
+      mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+      cv = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+      klass = nil
+      mesg = nil
+      begin
+        mutex.lock
+        cv.wait mutex
+        mutex.unlock
+      rescue Exception => e
+        klass = e.class
+        mesg = e.message
+      end
+      puts klass
+      print mesg
+INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_wait_deadlock_2
+    nr_threads = 3
+    threads = Array.new
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    nr_threads.times do |i|
+      if (i != 0)
+        mutex.unlock
+      end
+      threads[i] = Thread.new do
+        mutex.synchronize do
+          condvar.wait mutex
+        end
+      end
+      mutex.lock
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(Timeout::Error) do
+      Timeout.timeout(0.1) { condvar.wait mutex }
+    end
+    mutex.unlock
+    threads.each(&:kill)
+    threads.each(&:join)
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_timed_wait
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    timeout = 0.3
+    locked = false
+    woken = true
+
+    t0 = Time.now
+    mutex.synchronize do
+      begin
+        woken = condvar.wait(mutex, timeout)
+      ensure
+        locked = mutex.locked?
+      end
+    end
+    t1 = Time.now
+    t = t1-t0
+
+    assert_operator(timeout*0.9, :<, t)
+    assert(locked)
+    assert_nil(woken)
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_nolock
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    assert_raise(ThreadError) {condvar.wait(mutex)}
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_nolock_2
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    Thread.new do
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) {condvar.wait(mutex)}
+    end.join
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_nolock_3
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    Thread.new do
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) {condvar.wait(mutex, 0.1)}
+    end.join
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_empty_signal
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(Exception) { mutex.synchronize {condvar.signal} }
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_empty_broadcast
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(Exception) { mutex.synchronize {condvar.broadcast} }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    bug9440 = '[ruby-core:59961] [Bug #9440]'
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug9440) do
+      condvar.dup
+    end
+  end
+
+  (DumpableCV = ConditionVariable.dup).class_eval {remove_method :marshal_dump}
+
+  def test_dump
+    bug9674 = '[ruby-core:61677] [Bug #9674]'
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{ConditionVariable}/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(condvar)
+    end
+
+    condvar = DumpableCV.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(condvar)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_condvar_fork
+    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    condvar = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    thrs = (1..10).map do
+      Thread.new { mutex.synchronize { condvar.wait(mutex) } }
+    end
+    thrs.each { 3.times { Thread.pass } }
+    pid = fork do
+      th = Thread.new do
+        mutex.synchronize { condvar.wait(mutex) }
+        :ok
+      end
+      until th.join(0.01)
+        mutex.synchronize { condvar.broadcast }
+      end
+      exit!(th.value == :ok ? 0 : 1)
+    end
+    _, s = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_predicate s, :success?, 'no segfault [ruby-core:86316] [Bug #14634]'
+    until thrs.empty?
+      mutex.synchronize { condvar.broadcast }
+      thrs.delete_if { |t| t.join(0.01) }
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_thread_queue.rb b/test/ruby/test_thread_queue.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a41be8b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_thread_queue.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'timeout'
+
+class TestThreadQueue < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  Queue = Thread::Queue
+  SizedQueue = Thread::SizedQueue
+
+  def test_queue_initialized
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\bQueue.* not initialized/) {
+      Queue.allocate.push(nil)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_initialized
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /\bSizedQueue.* not initialized/) {
+      SizedQueue.allocate.push(nil)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_freeze
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      Queue.new.freeze
+    }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      SizedQueue.new(5).freeze
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_queue
+    grind(5, 1000, 15, Queue)
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue
+    grind(5, 1000, 15, SizedQueue, 1000)
+  end
+
+  def grind(num_threads, num_objects, num_iterations, klass, *args)
+    from_workers = klass.new(*args)
+    to_workers = klass.new(*args)
+
+    workers = (1..num_threads).map {
+      Thread.new {
+        while object = to_workers.pop
+          from_workers.push object
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+    Thread.new {
+      num_iterations.times {
+        num_objects.times { to_workers.push 99 }
+        num_objects.times { from_workers.pop }
+      }
+    }.join
+
+    # close the queue the old way to test for backwards-compatibility
+    num_threads.times { to_workers.push nil }
+    workers.each { |t| t.join }
+
+    assert_equal 0, from_workers.size
+    assert_equal 0, to_workers.size
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_initialize
+    e = Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      def initialize(list) @list = list end
+      def each(&block) @list.each(&block) end
+    end
+
+    all_assertions_foreach(nil,
+                           [Array, "Array"],
+                           [e, "Enumerable"],
+                           [Struct.new(:to_a), "Array-like"],
+                           ) do |a, type|
+      q = Thread::Queue.new(a.new([1,2,3]))
+      assert_equal(3, q.size, type)
+      assert_not_predicate(q, :empty?, type)
+      assert_equal(1, q.pop, type)
+      assert_equal(2, q.pop, type)
+      assert_equal(3, q.pop, type)
+      assert_predicate(q, :empty?, type)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_initialize
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    assert_equal 1, q.max
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Thread::SizedQueue.new(0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Thread::SizedQueue.new(-1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_assign_max
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(2)
+    assert_equal(2, q.max)
+    q.max = 1
+    assert_equal(1, q.max)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { q.max = 0 }
+    assert_equal(1, q.max)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { q.max = -1 }
+    assert_equal(1, q.max)
+
+    before = q.max
+    q.max.times { q << 1 }
+    t1 = Thread.new { q << 1 }
+    sleep 0.01 until t1.stop?
+    q.max = q.max + 1
+    assert_equal before + 1, q.max
+  ensure
+    t1.join if t1
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_pop_interrupt
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    t1 = Thread.new { q.pop }
+    sleep 0.01 until t1.stop?
+    t1.kill.join
+    assert_equal(0, q.num_waiting)
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_pop_timeout
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    q << 1
+    assert_equal 1, q.pop(timeout: 1)
+
+    t1 = Thread.new { q.pop(timeout: 1) }
+    assert_equal t1, t1.join(2)
+    assert_nil t1.value
+
+    t2 = Thread.new { q.pop(timeout: 0.1) }
+    assert_equal t2, t2.join(1)
+    assert_nil t2.value
+  ensure
+    t1&.kill&.join
+    t2&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_pop_non_block
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(ThreadError, /empty/) do
+      q.pop(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_pop_interrupt
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    t1 = Thread.new { q.pop }
+    sleep 0.01 until t1.stop?
+    t1.kill.join
+    assert_equal(0, q.num_waiting)
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_pop_timeout
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+
+    q << 1
+    assert_equal 1, q.pop(timeout: 1)
+
+    t1 = Thread.new { q.pop(timeout: 1) }
+    assert_equal t1, t1.join(2)
+    assert_nil t1.value
+
+    t2 = Thread.new { q.pop(timeout: 0.1) }
+    assert_equal t2, t2.join(1)
+    assert_nil t2.value
+  ensure
+    t1&.kill&.join
+    t2&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_pop_non_block
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ThreadError, /empty/) do
+      q.pop(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_push_timeout
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+
+    q << 1
+    assert_equal 1, q.size
+
+    t1 = Thread.new { q.push(2, timeout: 1) }
+    assert_equal t1, t1.join(2)
+    assert_nil t1.value
+
+    t2 = Thread.new { q.push(2, timeout: 0.1) }
+    assert_equal t2, t2.join(1)
+    assert_nil t2.value
+  ensure
+    t1&.kill&.join
+    t2&.kill&.join
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_push_interrupt
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    q.push(1)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ThreadError, /full/) do
+      q.push(2, true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_push_non_block
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    q.push(1)
+    t1 = Thread.new { q.push(2) }
+    sleep 0.01 until t1.stop?
+    t1.kill.join
+    assert_equal(0, q.num_waiting)
+  end
+
+  def test_thr_kill
+    omit "[Bug #18613]" if /freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    bug5343 = '[ruby-core:39634]'
+    Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
+      timeout = 60
+      total_count = 250
+      begin
+        assert_normal_exit(<<-"_eom", bug5343, timeout: timeout, chdir: d)
+          r, w = IO.pipe
+          #{total_count}.times do |i|
+            File.open("test_thr_kill_count", "w") {|f| f.puts i }
+            queue = Thread::Queue.new
+            th = Thread.start {
+              queue.push(nil)
+              r.read 1
+            }
+            queue.pop
+            th.kill
+            th.join
+          end
+        _eom
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+        # record load average:
+        uptime = `uptime` rescue nil
+        if uptime && /(load average: [\d.]+),/ =~ uptime
+          la = " (#{$1})"
+        end
+
+        count = File.read("#{d}/test_thr_kill_count").to_i
+        flunk "only #{count}/#{total_count} done in #{timeout} seconds.#{la}"
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_push_return_value
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    retval = q.push(1)
+    assert_same q, retval
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_clear_return_value
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    retval = q.clear
+    assert_same q, retval
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_clear
+    # Fill queue, then test that Thread::SizedQueue#clear wakes up all waiting threads
+    sq = Thread::SizedQueue.new(2)
+    2.times { sq << 1 }
+
+    t1 = Thread.new do
+      sq << 1
+    end
+
+    t2 = Thread.new do
+      sq << 1
+    end
+
+    t3 = Thread.new do
+      Thread.pass
+      sq.clear
+    end
+
+    [t3, t2, t1].each(&:join)
+    assert_equal sq.length, 2
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_push_return_value
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    retval = q.push(1)
+    assert_same q, retval
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_clear_return_value
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    retval = q.clear
+    assert_same q, retval
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_throttle
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    i = 0
+    consumer = Thread.new do
+      while q.pop
+        i += 1
+        Thread.pass
+      end
+    end
+    nprod = 4
+    npush = 100
+
+    producer = nprod.times.map do
+      Thread.new do
+        npush.times { q.push(true) }
+      end
+    end
+    producer.each(&:join)
+    q.push(nil)
+    consumer.join
+    assert_equal(nprod * npush, i)
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_thread_raise
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    th1 = Thread.new do
+      begin
+        q.pop
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        sleep
+      end
+    end
+    th2 = Thread.new do
+      sleep 0.1
+      q.pop
+    end
+    sleep 0.1
+    th1.raise
+    sleep 0.1
+    q << :s
+    assert_nothing_raised(Timeout::Error) do
+      Timeout.timeout(1) { th2.join }
+    end
+  ensure
+    [th1, th2].each do |th|
+      if th and th.alive?
+        th.wakeup
+        th.join
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dup
+    bug9440 = '[ruby-core:59961] [Bug #9440]'
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug9440) do
+      q.dup
+    end
+  end
+
+  (DumpableQueue = Queue.dup).class_eval {remove_method :marshal_dump}
+
+  def test_dump
+    bug9674 = '[ruby-core:61677] [Bug #9674]'
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{Queue}/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(q)
+    end
+
+    sq = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{SizedQueue}/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(sq)
+    end
+
+    q = DumpableQueue.new
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(q)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_close
+    [->{Thread::Queue.new}, ->{Thread::SizedQueue.new 3}].each do |qcreate|
+      q = qcreate.call
+      assert_equal false, q.closed?
+      q << :something
+      assert_equal q, q.close
+      assert_predicate q, :closed?
+      assert_raise_with_message(ClosedQueueError, /closed/){q << :nothing}
+      assert_equal q.pop, :something
+      assert_nil q.pop
+      assert_nil q.pop
+      # non-blocking
+      assert_raise_with_message(ThreadError, /queue empty/){q.pop(non_block=true)}
+    end
+  end
+
+  # test that waiting producers are woken up on close
+  def close_wakeup( num_items, num_threads, &qcreate )
+    raise "This test won't work with num_items(#{num_items}) >= num_threads(#{num_threads})" if num_items >= num_threads
+
+    # create the Queue
+    q = yield
+    threads = num_threads.times.map{Thread.new{q.pop}}
+    num_items.times{|i| q << i}
+
+    # wait until queue empty
+    (Thread.pass; sleep 0.01) until q.size == 0
+
+    # close the queue so remaining threads will wake up
+    q.close
+
+    # wait for them to go away
+    Thread.pass until threads.all?{|thr| thr.status == false}
+
+    # check that they've gone away. Convert nil to -1 so we can sort and do the comparison
+    expected_values = [-1] * (num_threads - num_items) + num_items.times.to_a
+    assert_equal expected_values, threads.map{|thr| thr.value || -1 }.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_close_wakeup
+    close_wakeup(15, 18){Thread::Queue.new}
+  end
+
+  def test_size_queue_close_wakeup
+    close_wakeup(5, 8){Thread::SizedQueue.new 9}
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_one_closed_interrupt
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 1
+    q << :one
+    t1 = Thread.new {
+      Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+      q << :two
+    }
+    sleep 0.01 until t1.stop?
+    q.close
+    assert_raise(ClosedQueueError) {t1.join}
+
+    assert_equal 1, q.size
+    assert_equal :one, q.pop
+    assert_empty q
+  end
+
+  # make sure that shutdown state is handled properly by empty? for the non-blocking case
+  def test_empty_non_blocking
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 3
+    3.times{|i| q << i}
+
+    # these all block cos the queue is full
+    prod_threads = 4.times.map {|i|
+      Thread.new {
+        Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+        q << 3+i
+      }
+    }
+    sleep 0.01 until prod_threads.all?{|thr| thr.stop?}
+
+    items = []
+    # sometimes empty? is false but pop will raise ThreadError('empty'),
+    # meaning a value is not immediately available but will be soon.
+    while prod_threads.any?(&:alive?) or !q.empty?
+      items << q.pop(true) rescue nil
+    end
+    assert_join_threads(prod_threads)
+    items.compact!
+
+    assert_equal 7.times.to_a, items.sort
+    assert q.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_closed_push_non_blocking
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 7
+    q.close
+    assert_raise_with_message(ClosedQueueError, /queue closed/){q.push(non_block=true)}
+  end
+
+  def test_blocked_pushers
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 3
+    prod_threads = 6.times.map do |i|
+      thr = Thread.new{
+        Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+        q << i
+      }
+      thr[:pc] = i
+      thr
+    end
+
+    # wait until some producer threads have finished, and the other 3 are blocked
+    sleep 0.01 while prod_threads.reject{|t| t.status}.count < 3
+    # this would ensure that all producer threads call push before close
+    # sleep 0.01 while prod_threads.select{|t| t.status == 'sleep'}.count < 3
+    q.close
+
+    # more than prod_threads
+    cons_threads = 10.times.map do |i|
+      thr = Thread.new{q.pop}; thr[:pc] = i; thr
+    end
+
+    # values that came from the queue
+    popped_values = cons_threads.map &:value
+
+    # wait untl all threads have finished
+    sleep 0.01 until prod_threads.find_all{|t| t.status}.count == 0
+
+    # pick only the producer threads that got in before close
+    successful_prod_threads = prod_threads.reject{|thr| thr.status == nil}
+    assert_nothing_raised{ successful_prod_threads.map(&:value) }
+
+    # the producer threads that tried to push after q.close should all fail
+    unsuccessful_prod_threads = prod_threads - successful_prod_threads
+    unsuccessful_prod_threads.each do |thr|
+      assert_raise(ClosedQueueError){ thr.value }
+    end
+
+    assert_equal cons_threads.size, popped_values.size
+    assert_equal 0, q.size
+
+    # check that consumer threads with values match producers that called push before close
+    assert_equal successful_prod_threads.map{|thr| thr[:pc]}, popped_values.compact.sort
+    assert_nil q.pop
+  end
+
+  def test_deny_pushers
+    [->{Thread::Queue.new}, ->{Thread::SizedQueue.new 3}].each do |qcreate|
+      q = qcreate[]
+      synq = Thread::Queue.new
+      prod_threads = 20.times.map do |i|
+        Thread.new {
+          synq.pop
+          assert_raise(ClosedQueueError) {
+            q << i
+          }
+        }
+      end
+      q.close
+      synq.close # start producer threads
+
+      prod_threads.each(&:join)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # size should account for waiting pushers during shutdown
+  def sized_queue_size_close
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 4
+    4.times{|i| q << i}
+    Thread.new{ q << 5 }
+    Thread.new{ q << 6 }
+    assert_equal 4, q.size
+    assert_equal 4, q.items
+    q.close
+    assert_equal 6, q.size
+    assert_equal 4, q.items
+  end
+
+  def test_blocked_pushers_empty
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 3
+    prod_threads = 6.times.map do |i|
+      Thread.new{
+        Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+        q << i
+      }
+    end
+
+    # this ensures that all producer threads call push before close
+    sleep 0.01 while prod_threads.select{|t| t.status == 'sleep'}.count < 3
+    q.close
+
+    ary = []
+    until q.empty?
+      ary << q.pop
+    end
+    assert_equal 0, q.size
+
+    assert_equal 3, ary.size
+    ary.each{|e| assert_include [0,1,2,3,4,5], e}
+    assert_nil q.pop
+
+    prod_threads.each{|t|
+      begin
+        t.join
+      rescue
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  # test thread wakeup on one-element SizedQueue with close
+  def test_one_element_sized_queue
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new 1
+    t = Thread.new{ q.pop }
+    q.close
+    assert_nil t.value
+  end
+
+  def test_close_twice
+    [->{Thread::Queue.new}, ->{Thread::SizedQueue.new 3}].each do |qcreate|
+      q = qcreate[]
+      q.close
+      assert_nothing_raised(ClosedQueueError){q.close}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_close_multi_multi
+    q = Thread::SizedQueue.new rand(800..1200)
+
+    count_items = rand(3000..5000)
+    count_producers = rand(10..20)
+
+    # ensure threads do not start running too soon and complete before we check status
+    mutex = Mutex.new
+    mutex.lock
+
+    producers = count_producers.times.map do
+      Thread.new do
+        mutex.lock
+        mutex.unlock
+        count_items.times{|i| q << [i,"#{i} for #{Thread.current.inspect}"]}
+      end
+    end
+
+    consumers = rand(7..12).times.map do
+      Thread.new do
+        count = 0
+        while e = q.pop
+          i, st = e
+          count += 1 if i.is_a?(Integer) && st.is_a?(String)
+        end
+        count
+      end
+    end
+
+    # No dead or finished threads, give up to 10 seconds to start running
+    t = Time.now
+    Thread.pass until Time.now - t > 10 || (consumers + producers).all?{|thr| thr.status.to_s =~ /\A(?:run|sleep)\z/}
+
+    assert (consumers + producers).all?{|thr| thr.status.to_s =~ /\A(?:run|sleep)\z/}, 'no threads running'
+
+    mutex.unlock
+
+    # just exercising the concurrency of the support methods.
+    counter = Thread.new do
+      until q.closed? && q.empty?
+        raise if q.size > q.max
+        # otherwise this exercise causes too much contention on the lock
+        sleep 0.01
+      end
+    end
+
+    producers.each &:join
+    q.close
+
+    # results not randomly distributed. Not sure why.
+    # consumers.map{|thr| thr.value}.each do |x|
+    #   assert_not_equal 0, x
+    # end
+
+    all_items_count = consumers.map{|thr| thr.value}.inject(:+)
+    assert_equal count_items * count_producers, all_items_count
+
+    # don't leak this thread
+    assert_nothing_raised{counter.join}
+  end
+
+  def test_queue_with_trap
+    if ENV['APPVEYOR'] == 'True' && RUBY_PLATFORM.match?(/mswin/)
+      omit 'This test fails too often on AppVeyor vs140'
+    end
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM.match?(/mingw/)
+      omit 'This test fails too often on MinGW'
+    end
+
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, %w(INT INT exit), [])
+      q = Thread::Queue.new
+      trap(:INT){
+        q.push 'INT'
+      }
+      Thread.new{
+        loop{
+          Process.kill :INT, $$
+          sleep 0.1
+        }
+      }
+      puts q.pop
+      puts q.pop
+      puts 'exit'
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_fork_while_queue_waiting
+    q = Thread::Queue.new
+    sq = Thread::SizedQueue.new(1)
+    thq = Thread.new { q.pop }
+    thsq = Thread.new { sq.pop }
+    Thread.pass until thq.stop? && thsq.stop?
+
+    pid = fork do
+      exit!(1) if q.num_waiting != 0
+      exit!(2) if sq.num_waiting != 0
+      exit!(6) unless q.empty?
+      exit!(7) unless sq.empty?
+      q.push :child_q
+      sq.push :child_sq
+      exit!(3) if q.pop != :child_q
+      exit!(4) if sq.pop != :child_sq
+      exit!(0)
+    end
+    _, s = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_predicate s, :success?, 'no segfault [ruby-core:86316] [Bug #14634]'
+
+    q.push :thq
+    sq.push :thsq
+    assert_equal :thq, thq.value
+    assert_equal :thsq, thsq.value
+
+    sq.push(1)
+    th = Thread.new { q.pop; sq.pop }
+    thsq = Thread.new { sq.push(2) }
+    Thread.pass until th.stop? && thsq.stop?
+    pid = fork do
+      exit!(1) if q.num_waiting != 0
+      exit!(2) if sq.num_waiting != 0
+      exit!(3) unless q.empty?
+      exit!(4) if sq.empty?
+      exit!(5) if sq.pop != 1
+      exit!(0)
+    end
+    _, s = Process.waitpid2(pid)
+    assert_predicate s, :success?, 'no segfault [ruby-core:86316] [Bug #14634]'
+
+    assert_predicate thsq, :stop?
+    assert_equal 1, sq.pop
+    assert_same sq, thsq.value
+    q.push('restart th')
+    assert_equal 2, th.value
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_threadgroup.rb b/test/ruby/test_threadgroup.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec95bd6419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_threadgroup.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestThreadGroup < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_thread_init
+    thgrp = ThreadGroup.new
+    th = Thread.new{
+      thgrp.add(Thread.current)
+      Thread.new{sleep 1}
+    }.value
+    assert_equal(thgrp, th.group)
+  ensure
+    th.join
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_thgroup
+    thgrp = ThreadGroup.new
+
+    t = Thread.new{1}
+    Thread.new{
+      thgrp.add(Thread.current)
+      thgrp.freeze
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        Thread.new{1}.join
+      end
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        thgrp.add(t)
+      end
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        ThreadGroup.new.add Thread.current
+      end
+    }.join
+    t.join
+  end
+
+  def test_enclosed_thgroup
+    thgrp = ThreadGroup.new
+    assert_equal(false, thgrp.enclosed?)
+
+    t = Thread.new{1}
+    Thread.new{
+      thgrp.add(Thread.current)
+      thgrp.enclose
+      assert_equal(true, thgrp.enclosed?)
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        Thread.new{1}.join
+      end
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        thgrp.add t
+      end
+      assert_raise(ThreadError) do
+        ThreadGroup.new.add Thread.current
+      end
+    }.join
+    t.join
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_time.rb b/test/ruby/test_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..333edb8021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1518 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'delegate'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'delegate'
+
+class TestTime < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  def in_timezone(zone)
+    orig_zone = ENV['TZ']
+
+    ENV['TZ'] = zone
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ENV['TZ'] = orig_zone
+  end
+
+  def no_leap_seconds?
+    # 1972-06-30T23:59:60Z is the first leap second.
+    Time.utc(1972, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0) - Time.utc(1972, 6, 30, 23, 59, 59) == 1
+  end
+
+  def get_t2000
+    if no_leap_seconds?
+      # Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 2000
+      Time.at(946684800).gmtime
+    else
+      Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_new
+    assert_equal(Time.new(2000,1,1,0,0,0), Time.new(2000))
+    assert_equal(Time.new(2000,2,1,0,0,0), Time.new("2000", "Feb"))
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000,2,10), Time.new(2000,2,10, 11,0,0, 3600*11))
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000,2,10), Time.new(2000,2,9, 13,0,0, -3600*11))
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000,2,29,23,0,0), Time.new(2000, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3600))
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000,2,10), Time.new(2000,2,10, 11,0,0, "+11:00"))
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,2), Time.new(2000,2,10, 11,0,5.5, "+11:00").subsec)
+    bug4090 = '[ruby-dev:42631]'
+    tm = [2001,2,28,23,59,30]
+    t = Time.new(*tm, "-12:00")
+    assert_equal([2001,2,28,23,59,30,-43200], [t.year, t.month, t.mday, t.hour, t.min, t.sec, t.gmt_offset], bug4090)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2000,1,1, 0,0,0, "+01:60") }
+    msg = /invalid value for Integer/
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, msg) { Time.new(2021, 1, 1, "+09:99") }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, msg) { Time.new(2021, 1, "+09:99") }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, msg) { Time.new(2021, "+09:99") }
+
+    assert_equal([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], Time.new(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "-00:00").to_a)
+    assert_equal([0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2000, 0, 2, false, "UTC"], Time.new(2000, 1, 1, 24, 0, 0, "-00:00").to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_from_string
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2021, 1, 1, "+09:99") }
+
+    t = Time.utc(2020, 12, 24, 15, 56, 17)
+    assert_equal(t, Time.new("2020-12-24T15:56:17Z"))
+    assert_equal(t, Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56:17 +09:00"))
+    assert_equal(t, Time.new("2020-12-25 00:57:47 +09:01:30"))
+    assert_equal(t, Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56:17 +0900"))
+    assert_equal(t, Time.new("2020-12-25 00:57:47 +090130"))
+    assert_equal(t, Time.new("2020-12-25T00:56:17+09:00"))
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing sec part/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56 +09:00")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing min part/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00 +09:00")
+    }
+
+    assert_equal(Time.new(2021), Time.new("2021"))
+    assert_equal(Time.new(2021, 12, 25, in: "+09:00"), Time.new("2021-12-25+09:00"))
+    assert_equal(Time.new(2021, 12, 25, in: "+09:00"), Time.new("2021-12-25+09:00", in: "-01:00"))
+
+    assert_equal(0.123456r, Time.new("2021-12-25 00:00:00.123456 +09:00").subsec)
+    assert_equal(0.123456789r, Time.new("2021-12-25 00:00:00.123456789876 +09:00").subsec)
+    assert_equal(0.123r, Time.new("2021-12-25 00:00:00.123456789876 +09:00", precision: 3).subsec)
+    assert_equal(0.123456789876r, Time.new("2021-12-25 00:00:00.123456789876 +09:00", precision: nil).subsec)
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, "subsecond expected after dot: 00:56:17. ") {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56:17. +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /year must be 4 or more/) {
+      Time.new("021-12-25 00:00:00.123456 +09:00")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /fraction min is.*56\./) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56. +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /fraction hour is.*00\./) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00. +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits sec.*:017\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56:017 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits sec.*:9\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56:9 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /sec out of range/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:56:64 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits min.*:056\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:056:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits min.*:5\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:5:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /min out of range/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:64:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits hour.*\b000\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 000:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits hour.*\b0\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 0:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /hour out of range/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 33:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits mday.*\b025\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-025 00:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits mday.*\b5\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-5 00:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /mday out of range/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-33 00:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits mon.*\b012\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-012-25 00:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /two digits mon.*\b1\b/) {
+      Time.new("2020-1-25 00:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /mon out of range/) {
+      Time.new("2020-17-25 00:56:17 +0900")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /no time information/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /no time information/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-02")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /can't parse/) {
+      Time.new(" 2020-12-02 00:00:00")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /can't parse/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-02 00:00:00 ")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /utc_offset/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:00:00 +0960")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /utc_offset/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:00:00 +09:60")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /utc_offset/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:00:00 +090060")
+    }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /utc_offset/) {
+      Time.new("2020-12-25 00:00:00 +09:00:60")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_time_add()
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 3, 30) + 3 * 3600,
+                 Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 6, 30))
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 3, 30) + (-3 * 3600),
+                 Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 0, 30))
+    assert_equal(0, (Time.at(1.1) + 0.9).usec)
+
+    assert_predicate((Time.utc(2000, 4, 1) + 24), :utc?)
+    assert_not_predicate((Time.local(2000, 4, 1) + 24), :utc?)
+
+    t = Time.new(2000, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, "+01:00") + 24
+    assert_not_predicate(t, :utc?)
+    assert_equal(3600, t.utc_offset)
+    t = Time.new(2000, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, "+02:00") + 24
+    assert_not_predicate(t, :utc?)
+    assert_equal(7200, t.utc_offset)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_subt()
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 3, 30) - 3 * 3600,
+                 Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 0, 30))
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 3, 30) - (-3 * 3600),
+                 Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 6, 30))
+    assert_equal(900000, (Time.at(1.1) - 0.2).usec)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_time()
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 3, 30)  \
+                -Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 0, 30), 3*3600)
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 0, 30)  \
+                -Time.utc(2000, 3, 21, 3, 30), -3*3600)
+  end
+
+  def negative_time_t?
+    begin
+      Time.at(-1)
+      true
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_timegm
+    if negative_time_t?
+      assert_equal(-0x80000000, Time.utc(1901, 12, 13, 20, 45, 52).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(-2, Time.utc(1969, 12, 31, 23, 59, 58).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(-1, Time.utc(1969, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59).tv_sec)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(0, Time.utc(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec) # the Epoch
+    assert_equal(1, Time.utc(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1).tv_sec)
+    assert_equal(31535999, Time.utc(1970, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59).tv_sec)
+    assert_equal(31536000, Time.utc(1971, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec)
+    assert_equal(78796799, Time.utc(1972, 6, 30, 23, 59, 59).tv_sec)
+
+    if no_leap_seconds?
+      assert_equal(78796800, Time.utc(1972, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(78796801, Time.utc(1972, 7, 1, 0, 0, 1).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(946684800, Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec)
+
+      # Giveup to try 2nd test because some state is changed.
+      omit if Test::Unit::Runner.current_repeat_count > 0
+
+      assert_equal(0x7fffffff, Time.utc(2038, 1, 19, 3, 14, 7).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(0x80000000, Time.utc(2038, 1, 19, 3, 14, 8).tv_sec)
+    else
+      assert_equal(2, Time.utc(1972, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0) - Time.utc(1972, 6, 30, 23, 59, 59))
+      assert_equal(78796800, Time.utc(1972, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(78796801, Time.utc(1972, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(78796802, Time.utc(1972, 7, 1, 0, 0, 1).tv_sec)
+      assert_equal(946684822, Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_strtime
+    t = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised { t = Time.utc("2000", "1", "2" , "3", "4", "5") }
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2000,1,2,3,4,5), t)
+  end
+
+  def test_huge_difference
+    if negative_time_t?
+      assert_equal(Time.at(-0x80000000), Time.at(0x7fffffff) - 0xffffffff, "[ruby-dev:22619]")
+      assert_equal(Time.at(-0x80000000), Time.at(0x7fffffff) + (-0xffffffff))
+      assert_equal(Time.at(0x7fffffff), Time.at(-0x80000000) + 0xffffffff, "[ruby-dev:22619]")
+      assert_equal(Time.at(0x7fffffff), Time.at(-0x80000000) - (-0xffffffff))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_big_minus
+    begin
+      bigtime0 = Time.at(2**60)
+      bigtime1 = Time.at(2**60+1)
+    rescue RangeError
+      return
+    end
+    assert_equal(1.0, bigtime1 - bigtime0)
+  end
+
+  def test_at
+    assert_equal(100000, Time.at("0.1".to_r).usec)
+    assert_equal(10000, Time.at("0.01".to_r).usec)
+    assert_equal(1000, Time.at("0.001".to_r).usec)
+    assert_equal(100, Time.at("0.0001".to_r).usec)
+    assert_equal(10, Time.at("0.00001".to_r).usec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at("0.000001".to_r).usec)
+    assert_equal(100000000, Time.at("0.1".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(10000000, Time.at("0.01".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1000000, Time.at("0.001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(100000, Time.at("0.0001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(10000, Time.at("0.00001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1000, Time.at("0.000001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(100, Time.at("0.0000001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(10, Time.at("0.00000001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at("0.000000001".to_r).nsec)
+    assert_equal(100000, Time.at(0.1).usec)
+    assert_equal(10000, Time.at(0.01).usec)
+    assert_equal(1000, Time.at(0.001).usec)
+    assert_equal(100, Time.at(0.0001).usec)
+    assert_equal(10, Time.at(0.00001).usec)
+    assert_equal(3, Time.at(0.000003).usec)
+    assert_equal(100000000, Time.at(0.1).nsec)
+    assert_equal(10000000, Time.at(0.01).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1000000, Time.at(0.001).nsec)
+    assert_equal(100000, Time.at(0.0001).nsec)
+    assert_equal(10000, Time.at(0.00001).nsec)
+    assert_equal(3000, Time.at(0.000003).nsec)
+    assert_equal(200, Time.at(0.0000002r).nsec)
+    assert_in_delta(200, Time.at(0.0000002).nsec, 1, "should be within FP error")
+    assert_equal(10, Time.at(0.00000001).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at(0.000000001).nsec)
+
+    assert_equal(0, Time.at(1e-10).nsec)
+    assert_equal(0, Time.at(4e-10).nsec)
+    assert_equal(0, Time.at(6e-10).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at(14e-10).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at(16e-10).nsec)
+    if negative_time_t?
+      assert_equal(999999999, Time.at(-1e-10).nsec)
+      assert_equal(999999999, Time.at(-4e-10).nsec)
+      assert_equal(999999999, Time.at(-6e-10).nsec)
+      assert_equal(999999998, Time.at(-14e-10).nsec)
+      assert_equal(999999998, Time.at(-16e-10).nsec)
+    end
+
+    t = Time.at(-4611686019).utc
+    assert_equal(1823, t.year)
+
+    t = Time.at(4611686018, 999999).utc
+    assert_equal(2116, t.year)
+    assert_equal("0.999999".to_r, t.subsec)
+
+    t = Time.at(2**40 + "1/3".to_r, 9999999999999).utc
+    assert_equal(36812, t.year)
+
+    t = Time.at(-0x3fff_ffff_ffff_ffff)
+    assert_equal(-146138510344, t.year)
+    t = Time.at(-0x4000_0000_0000_0000)
+    assert_equal(-146138510344, t.year)
+    t = Time.at(-0x4000_0000_0000_0001)
+    assert_equal(-146138510344, t.year)
+    t = Time.at(-0x5000_0000_0000_0001)
+    assert_equal(-182673138422, t.year)
+    t = Time.at(-0x6000_0000_0000_0000)
+    assert_equal(-219207766501, t.year)
+
+    t = Time.at(0).utc
+    assert_equal([1970,1,1, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+    t = Time.at(-86400).utc
+    assert_equal([1969,12,31, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+    t = Time.at(-86400 * (400 * 365 + 97)).utc
+    assert_equal([1970-400,1,1, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+    t = Time.at(-86400 * (400 * 365 + 97)*1000).utc
+    assert_equal([1970-400*1000,1,1, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+    t = Time.at(-86400 * (400 * 365 + 97)*2421).utc
+    assert_equal([1970-400*2421,1,1, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+    t = Time.at(-86400 * (400 * 365 + 97)*1000000).utc
+    assert_equal([1970-400*1000000,1,1, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+
+    t = Time.at(-30613683110400).utc
+    assert_equal([-968139,1,1, 0,0,0], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+    t = Time.at(-30613683110401).utc
+    assert_equal([-968140,12,31, 23,59,59], [t.year, t.mon, t.day, t.hour, t.min, t.sec])
+  end
+
+  def test_at2
+    assert_equal(100, Time.at(0, 0.1).nsec)
+    assert_equal(10, Time.at(0, 0.01).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at(0, 0.001).nsec)
+  end
+
+  def test_at_splat
+    assert_equal(Time.at(1, 2), Time.at(*[1, 2]))
+  end
+
+  def test_at_with_unit
+    assert_equal(123456789, Time.at(0, 123456789, :nanosecond).nsec)
+    assert_equal(123456789, Time.at(0, 123456789, :nsec).nsec)
+    assert_equal(123456000, Time.at(0, 123456, :microsecond).nsec)
+    assert_equal(123456000, Time.at(0, 123456, :usec).nsec)
+    assert_equal(123000000, Time.at(0, 123, :millisecond).nsec)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Time.at(0, 1, 2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Time.at(0, 1, :invalid) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Time.at(0, 1, nil) }
+  end
+
+  def test_at_rational
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at(Rational(1,1) / 1000000000).nsec)
+    assert_equal(1, Time.at(1167609600 + Rational(1,1) / 1000000000).nsec)
+  end
+
+  def test_utc_subsecond
+    assert_equal(500000, Time.utc(2007,1,1,0,0,1.5).usec)
+    assert_equal(100000, Time.utc(2007,1,1,0,0,Rational(11,10)).usec)
+  end
+
+  def test_eq_nsec
+    assert_equal(Time.at(0, 0.123), Time.at(0, 0.123))
+    assert_not_equal(Time.at(0, 0.123), Time.at(0, 0.124))
+  end
+
+  def assert_marshal_roundtrip(t)
+    iv_names = t.instance_variables
+    iv_vals1 = iv_names.map {|n| t.instance_variable_get n }
+    m = Marshal.dump(t)
+    t2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    iv_vals2 = iv_names.map {|n| t2.instance_variable_get n }
+    assert_equal(t, t2)
+    assert_equal(iv_vals1, iv_vals2)
+    t2
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_nsec
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.at(0, 0.123))
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.at(0, 0.120))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_nsec_191
+    # generated by ruby 1.9.1p376
+    m = "\x04\bIu:\tTime\r \x80\x11\x80@\xE2\x01\x00\x06:\rsubmicro\"\ax\x90"
+    t = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(Time.at(Rational(123456789, 1000000000)), t, "[ruby-dev:40133]")
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_rational
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.at(0, Rational(1,3)))
+    assert_not_match(/Rational/, Marshal.dump(Time.at(0, Rational(1,3))))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_ivar
+    t = Time.at(123456789, 987654.321)
+    t.instance_eval { @var = 135 }
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(t)
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(t)))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_timezone
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:40063]'
+
+    t1 = Time.gm(2000)
+    m = Marshal.dump(t1.getlocal("-02:00"))
+    t2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    assert_equal(-7200, t2.utc_offset, bug)
+    m = Marshal.dump(t1.getlocal("+08:15"))
+    t2 = Marshal.load(m)
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    assert_equal(29700, t2.utc_offset, bug)
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_zone
+    t = Time.utc(2013, 2, 24)
+    assert_equal('UTC', t.zone)
+    assert_equal('UTC', Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(t)).zone)
+
+    in_timezone('JST-9') do
+      t = Time.local(2013, 2, 24)
+      assert_equal('JST', Time.local(2013, 2, 24).zone)
+      t = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(t))
+      assert_equal('JST', t.zone)
+      assert_equal('JST', (t+1).zone, '[ruby-core:81892] [Bug #13710]')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_zone_gc
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;', timeout: 30)
+      ENV["TZ"] = "JST-9"
+      s = Marshal.dump(Time.now)
+      t = Marshal.load(s)
+      n = 0
+      done = 100000
+      while t.zone.dup == "JST" && n < done
+        n += 1
+      end
+      assert_equal done, n, "Bug #9652"
+      assert_equal "JST", t.zone, "Bug #9652"
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_to_s
+    t1 = Time.new(2011,11,8, 0,42,25, 9*3600)
+    t2 = Time.at(Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(t1)))
+    assert_equal("2011-11-08 00:42:25 +0900", t2.to_s,
+      "[ruby-dev:44827] [Bug #5586]")
+  end
+
+  Bug8795 = '[ruby-core:56648] [Bug #8795]'
+
+  def test_marshal_broken_offset
+    data = "\x04\bIu:\tTime\r\xEFF\x1C\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06:\voffset"
+    t1 = t2 = nil
+    in_timezone('UTC') do
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, ArgumentError, Bug8795) do
+        t1 = Marshal.load(data + "T")
+        t2 = Marshal.load(data + "\"\x0ebadoffset")
+      end
+      assert_equal(0, t1.utc_offset)
+      assert_equal(0, t2.utc_offset)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_broken_zone
+    data = "\x04\bIu:\tTime\r\xEFF\x1C\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06:\tzone"
+    t1 = t2 = nil
+    in_timezone('UTC') do
+      assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, ArgumentError, Bug8795) do
+        t1 = Marshal.load(data + "T")
+        t2 = Marshal.load(data + "\"\b\0\0\0")
+      end
+      assert_equal('UTC', t1.zone)
+      assert_equal('UTC', t2.zone)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_broken_month
+    data = "\x04\x08u:\tTime\r\x20\x7c\x1e\xc0\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+    assert_equal(Time.utc(2022, 4, 1), Marshal.load(data))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_distant_past
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.utc(1890, 1, 1))
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.utc(-4.5e9, 1, 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_marshal_distant_future
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.utc(30000, 1, 1))
+    assert_marshal_roundtrip(Time.utc(5.67e9, 4, 8))
+  end
+
+  def test_at3
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.at(t2000))
+#    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+#      Time.at(2**31-1, 1_000_000)
+#      Time.at(2**63-1, 1_000_000)
+#    end
+#    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+#      Time.at(-2**31, -1_000_000)
+#      Time.at(-2**63, -1_000_000)
+#    end
+  end
+
+  def test_utc_or_local
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(2000))
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, :foo, :bar, false, :baz))
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(2000, "jan"))
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(2000, "1"))
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "0"))
+    assert_equal(t2000, Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, "0", :foo, :foo))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1, :foo, :foo) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1.0, :foo, :foo) }
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 10_000_000_000_000_000_001.0, :foo, :foo)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, -(2**31), :foo, :foo) }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 0; end
+    def o.to_r; nil; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, o, :foo, :foo) }
+    class << o; remove_method(:to_r); end
+    def o.to_r; ""; end
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, o, :foo, :foo) }
+    class << o; remove_method(:to_r); end
+    def o.to_r; Rational(11); end
+    assert_equal(11, Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, o).sec)
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_int; 10; end
+    assert_equal(10, Time.gm(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, o).sec)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 13) }
+
+    t = Time.local(2000)
+    assert_equal(t.gmt_offset, t2000 - t)
+
+    assert_equal(-4427700000, Time.utc(-4427700000,12,1).year)
+    assert_equal(-2**30+10, Time.utc(-2**30+10,1,1).year)
+
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, -1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, 2**30 + 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.gm(2000, 1, -2**30 + 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_time_interval
+    m = Thread::Mutex.new.lock
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      Timeout.timeout(10) {
+        m.sleep(0)
+      }
+    }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { m.sleep(-1) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { m.sleep("") }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { sleep("") }
+    obj = eval("class C\u{1f5ff}; self; end").new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {m.sleep(obj)}
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /C\u{1f5ff}/) {sleep(obj)}
+  end
+
+  def test_to_f
+    t2000 = Time.at(946684800).gmtime
+    assert_equal(946684800.0, t2000.to_f)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_f_accuracy
+    # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10135#note-1
+    f = 1381089302.195
+    assert_equal(f, Time.at(f).to_f, "[ruby-core:64373] [Bug #10135] note-1")
+  end
+
+  def test_cmp
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal(-1, t2000 <=> Time.gm(2001))
+    assert_equal(1, t2000 <=> Time.gm(1999))
+    assert_nil(t2000 <=> 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_operator(t2000, :eql?, t2000)
+    assert_not_operator(t2000, :eql?, Time.gm(2001))
+  end
+
+  def test_utc_p
+    assert_predicate(Time.gm(2000), :gmt?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Time.local(2000), :gmt?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Time.at(0), :gmt?)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_kind_of(Integer, t2000.hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_reinitialize
+    bug8099 = '[ruby-core:53436] [Bug #8099]'
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug8099) {
+      t2000.send(:initialize, 2013, 03, 14)
+    }
+    assert_equal(get_t2000, t2000, bug8099)
+  end
+
+  def test_init_copy
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal(t2000, t2000.dup)
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      t2000.instance_eval { initialize_copy(nil) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_localtime_gmtime
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      t = Time.gm(2000)
+      assert_predicate(t, :gmt?)
+      t.localtime
+      assert_not_predicate(t, :gmt?)
+      t.localtime
+      assert_not_predicate(t, :gmt?)
+      t.gmtime
+      assert_predicate(t, :gmt?)
+      t.gmtime
+      assert_predicate(t, :gmt?)
+    end
+
+    t1 = Time.gm(2000)
+    t2 = t1.getlocal
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    t3 = t1.getlocal("-02:00")
+    assert_equal(t1, t3)
+    assert_equal(-7200, t3.utc_offset)
+    assert_equal([1999, 12, 31, 22, 0, 0], [t3.year, t3.mon, t3.mday, t3.hour, t3.min, t3.sec])
+    t1.localtime
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    assert_equal(t1.gmt?, t2.gmt?)
+    assert_equal(t1, t3)
+
+    t1 = Time.local(2000)
+    t2 = t1.getgm
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    t3 = t1.getlocal("-02:00")
+    assert_equal(t1, t3)
+    assert_equal(-7200, t3.utc_offset)
+    t1.gmtime
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+    assert_equal(t1.gmt?, t2.gmt?)
+    assert_equal(t1, t3)
+  end
+
+  def test_asctime
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("Sat Jan  1 00:00:00 2000", t2000.asctime)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, t2000.asctime.encoding)
+    assert_kind_of(String, Time.at(0).asctime)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", t2000.to_s)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, t2000.to_s.encoding)
+    assert_kind_of(String, Time.at(946684800).getlocal.to_s)
+    assert_equal(Time.at(946684800).getlocal.to_s, Time.at(946684800).to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", t2000.inspect)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, t2000.inspect.encoding)
+    assert_kind_of(String, Time.at(946684800).getlocal.inspect)
+    assert_equal(Time.at(946684800).getlocal.inspect, Time.at(946684800).inspect)
+
+    t2000 = get_t2000 + 1/10r
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 00:00:00.1 UTC", t2000.inspect)
+    t2000 = get_t2000 + 1/1000000000r
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 00:00:00.000000001 UTC", t2000.inspect)
+    t2000 = get_t2000 + 1/10000000000r
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 00:00:00 1/10000000000 UTC", t2000.inspect)
+    t2000 = get_t2000 + 0.1
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 00:00:00 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 UTC", t2000.inspect)
+
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    t2000 = t2000.localtime(9*3600)
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 09:00:00 +0900", t2000.inspect)
+
+    t2000 = get_t2000.localtime(9*3600) + 1/10r
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 09:00:00.1 +0900", t2000.inspect)
+
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 09:12:00 +0912", t2000.localtime(9*3600+12*60).inspect)
+    assert_equal("2000-01-01 09:12:34 +091234", t2000.localtime(9*3600+12*60+34).inspect)
+  end
+
+  def assert_zone_encoding(time)
+    zone = time.zone
+    assert_predicate(zone, :valid_encoding?)
+    if zone.ascii_only?
+      assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, zone.encoding)
+    else
+      enc = Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.find('locale')
+      assert_equal(enc, zone.encoding)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_zone
+    assert_zone_encoding Time.now
+    t = Time.now.utc
+    assert_equal("UTC", t.zone)
+    assert_nil(t.getlocal(0).zone)
+    assert_nil(t.getlocal("+02:00").zone)
+  end
+
+  def test_plus_minus
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    # assert_raise(RangeError) { t2000 + 10000000000 }
+    # assert_raise(RangeError)  t2000 - 3094168449 }
+    # assert_raise(RangeError) { t2000 + 1200798848 }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { t2000 + Time.now }
+  end
+
+  def test_plus_type
+    t0 = Time.utc(2000,1,1)
+    n0 = t0.to_i
+    n1 = n0+1
+    t1 = Time.at(n1)
+    assert_equal(t1, t0 + 1)
+    assert_equal(t1, t0 + 1.0)
+    assert_equal(t1, t0 + Rational(1,1))
+    assert_equal(t1, t0 + SimpleDelegator.new(1))
+    assert_equal(t1, t0 + SimpleDelegator.new(1.0))
+    assert_equal(t1, t0 + SimpleDelegator.new(Rational(1,1)))
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { t0 + nil }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { t0 + "1" }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { t0 + SimpleDelegator.new("1") }
+    assert_equal(0.5, (t0 + 1.5).subsec)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,3), (t0 + Rational(4,3)).subsec)
+    assert_equal(0.5, (t0 + SimpleDelegator.new(1.5)).subsec)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1,3), (t0 + SimpleDelegator.new(Rational(4,3))).subsec)
+  end
+
+  def test_minus
+    t = Time.at(-4611686018).utc - 100
+    assert_equal(1823, t.year)
+  end
+
+  def test_readers
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal(0, t2000.sec)
+    assert_equal(0, t2000.min)
+    assert_equal(0, t2000.hour)
+    assert_equal(1, t2000.mday)
+    assert_equal(1, t2000.mon)
+    assert_equal(2000, t2000.year)
+    assert_equal(6, t2000.wday)
+    assert_equal(1, t2000.yday)
+    assert_equal(false, t2000.isdst)
+    assert_equal("UTC", t2000.zone)
+    assert_zone_encoding(t2000)
+    assert_equal(0, t2000.gmt_offset)
+    assert_not_predicate(t2000, :sunday?)
+    assert_not_predicate(t2000, :monday?)
+    assert_not_predicate(t2000, :tuesday?)
+    assert_not_predicate(t2000, :wednesday?)
+    assert_not_predicate(t2000, :thursday?)
+    assert_not_predicate(t2000, :friday?)
+    assert_predicate(t2000, :saturday?)
+    assert_equal([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], t2000.to_a)
+
+    t = Time.at(946684800).getlocal
+    assert_equal(t.sec, Time.at(946684800).sec)
+    assert_equal(t.min, Time.at(946684800).min)
+    assert_equal(t.hour, Time.at(946684800).hour)
+    assert_equal(t.mday, Time.at(946684800).mday)
+    assert_equal(t.mon, Time.at(946684800).mon)
+    assert_equal(t.year, Time.at(946684800).year)
+    assert_equal(t.wday, Time.at(946684800).wday)
+    assert_equal(t.yday, Time.at(946684800).yday)
+    assert_equal(t.isdst, Time.at(946684800).isdst)
+    assert_equal(t.zone, Time.at(946684800).zone)
+    assert_zone_encoding(Time.at(946684800))
+    assert_equal(t.gmt_offset, Time.at(946684800).gmt_offset)
+    assert_equal(t.sunday?, Time.at(946684800).sunday?)
+    assert_equal(t.monday?, Time.at(946684800).monday?)
+    assert_equal(t.tuesday?, Time.at(946684800).tuesday?)
+    assert_equal(t.wednesday?, Time.at(946684800).wednesday?)
+    assert_equal(t.thursday?, Time.at(946684800).thursday?)
+    assert_equal(t.friday?, Time.at(946684800).friday?)
+    assert_equal(t.saturday?, Time.at(946684800).saturday?)
+    assert_equal(t.to_a, Time.at(946684800).to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    t = Time.at(946684800).getlocal
+    assert_equal("Sat", t2000.strftime("%a"))
+    assert_equal("Saturday", t2000.strftime("%A"))
+    assert_equal("Jan", t2000.strftime("%b"))
+    assert_equal("January", t2000.strftime("%B"))
+    assert_kind_of(String, t2000.strftime("%c"))
+    assert_equal("01", t2000.strftime("%d"))
+    assert_equal("00", t2000.strftime("%H"))
+    assert_equal("12", t2000.strftime("%I"))
+    assert_equal("001", t2000.strftime("%j"))
+    assert_equal("01", t2000.strftime("%m"))
+    assert_equal("00", t2000.strftime("%M"))
+    assert_equal("AM", t2000.strftime("%p"))
+    assert_equal("00", t2000.strftime("%S"))
+    assert_equal("00", t2000.strftime("%U"))
+    assert_equal("00", t2000.strftime("%W"))
+    assert_equal("6", t2000.strftime("%w"))
+    assert_equal("01/01/00", t2000.strftime("%x"))
+    assert_equal("00:00:00", t2000.strftime("%X"))
+    assert_equal("00", t2000.strftime("%y"))
+    assert_equal("2000", t2000.strftime("%Y"))
+    assert_equal("UTC", t2000.strftime("%Z"))
+    assert_equal("%", t2000.strftime("%%"))
+    assert_equal("0", t2000.strftime("%-S"))
+    assert_equal("12:00:00 AM", t2000.strftime("%r"))
+    assert_equal("Sat 2000-01-01T00:00:00", t2000.strftime("%3a %FT%T"))
+
+    assert_warning(/strftime called with empty format string/) do
+      assert_equal("", t2000.strftime(""))
+    end
+    assert_equal("foo\0bar\x0000\x0000\x0000", t2000.strftime("foo\0bar\0%H\0%M\0%S"))
+    assert_equal("foo" * 1000, t2000.strftime("foo" * 1000))
+
+    t = Time.mktime(2000, 1, 1)
+    assert_equal("Sat", t.strftime("%a"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_subsec
+    t = Time.at(946684800, 123456.789)
+    assert_equal("123", t.strftime("%3N"))
+    assert_equal("123456", t.strftime("%6N"))
+    assert_equal("123456789", t.strftime("%9N"))
+    assert_equal("1234567890", t.strftime("%10N"))
+    assert_equal("123456789", t.strftime("%0N"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_sec
+    t = get_t2000.getlocal
+    assert_equal("000", t.strftime("%3S"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_seconds_from_epoch
+    t = Time.at(946684800, 123456.789)
+    assert_equal("946684800", t.strftime("%s"))
+    assert_equal("946684800", t.utc.strftime("%s"))
+
+    t = Time.at(10000000000000000000000)
+    assert_equal("<<10000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%s>>"))
+    assert_equal("<<010000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%24s>>"))
+    assert_equal("<<010000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%024s>>"))
+    assert_equal("<< 10000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%_24s>>"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_zone
+    t = Time.mktime(2001, 10, 1)
+    assert_equal("2001-10-01", t.strftime("%F"))
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, t.strftime("\u3042%Z").encoding)
+    assert_equal(true, t.strftime("\u3042%Z").valid_encoding?)
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_flags
+    t = Time.mktime(2001, 10, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+    assert_equal("01", t.strftime("%d"))
+    assert_equal("01", t.strftime("%0d"))
+    assert_equal(" 1", t.strftime("%_d"))
+    assert_equal(" 1", t.strftime("%e"))
+    assert_equal("01", t.strftime("%0e"))
+    assert_equal(" 1", t.strftime("%_e"))
+    assert_equal("AM", t.strftime("%p"))
+    assert_equal("am", t.strftime("%#p"))
+    assert_equal("am", t.strftime("%P"))
+    assert_equal("AM", t.strftime("%#P"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%H"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%0H"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%_H"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%I"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%0I"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%_I"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%k"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%0k"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%_k"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%l"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%0l"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%_l"))
+    t = Time.mktime(2001, 10, 1, 14, 0, 0)
+    assert_equal("PM", t.strftime("%p"))
+    assert_equal("pm", t.strftime("%#p"))
+    assert_equal("pm", t.strftime("%P"))
+    assert_equal("PM", t.strftime("%#P"))
+    assert_equal("14", t.strftime("%H"))
+    assert_equal("14", t.strftime("%0H"))
+    assert_equal("14", t.strftime("%_H"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%I"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%0I"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%_I"))
+    assert_equal("14", t.strftime("%k"))
+    assert_equal("14", t.strftime("%0k"))
+    assert_equal("14", t.strftime("%_k"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%l"))
+    assert_equal("02", t.strftime("%0l"))
+    assert_equal(" 2", t.strftime("%_l"))
+    assert_equal("MON", t.strftime("%^a"))
+    assert_equal("OCT", t.strftime("%^b"))
+
+    t = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("UTC", t.strftime("%^Z"))
+    assert_equal("utc", t.strftime("%#Z"))
+    assert_equal("SAT JAN  1 00:00:00 2000", t.strftime("%^c"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_invalid_flags
+    t = Time.mktime(2001, 10, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+    assert_equal("%4^p", t.strftime("%4^p"), 'prec after flag')
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_year
+    t = Time.utc(1,1,4)
+    assert_equal("0001", t.strftime("%Y"))
+    assert_equal("0001", t.strftime("%G"))
+
+    t = Time.utc(0,1,4)
+    assert_equal("0000", t.strftime("%Y"))
+    assert_equal("0000", t.strftime("%G"))
+
+    t = Time.utc(-1,1,4)
+    assert_equal("-0001", t.strftime("%Y"))
+    assert_equal("-0001", t.strftime("%G"))
+
+    t = Time.utc(10000000000000000000000,1,1)
+    assert_equal("<<10000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%Y>>"))
+    assert_equal("<<010000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%24Y>>"))
+    assert_equal("<<010000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%024Y>>"))
+    assert_equal("<< 10000000000000000000000>>", t.strftime("<<%_24Y>>"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_weeknum
+    # [ruby-dev:37155]
+    t = Time.mktime(1970, 1, 18)
+    assert_equal("0", t.strftime("%w"))
+    assert_equal("7", t.strftime("%u"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_ctrlchar
+    # [ruby-dev:37160]
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("\t", t2000.strftime("%t"))
+    assert_equal("\t", t2000.strftime("%0t"))
+    assert_equal("\t", t2000.strftime("%1t"))
+    assert_equal("  \t", t2000.strftime("%3t"))
+    assert_equal("00\t", t2000.strftime("%03t"))
+    assert_equal("\n", t2000.strftime("%n"))
+    assert_equal("\n", t2000.strftime("%0n"))
+    assert_equal("\n", t2000.strftime("%1n"))
+    assert_equal("  \n", t2000.strftime("%3n"))
+    assert_equal("00\n", t2000.strftime("%03n"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_weekflags
+    # [ruby-dev:37162]
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    assert_equal("SAT", t2000.strftime("%#a"))
+    assert_equal("SATURDAY", t2000.strftime("%#A"))
+    assert_equal("JAN", t2000.strftime("%#b"))
+    assert_equal("JANUARY", t2000.strftime("%#B"))
+    assert_equal("JAN", t2000.strftime("%#h"))
+    assert_equal("FRIDAY", Time.local(2008,1,4).strftime("%#A"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_rational
+    t = Time.utc(2000,3,14, 6,53,"58.979323846".to_r) # Pi Day
+    assert_equal("03/14/2000  6:53:58.97932384600000000000000000000",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%29N"))
+    assert_equal("03/14/2000  6:53:58.9793238460",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%10N"))
+    assert_equal("03/14/2000  6:53:58.979323846",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%9N"))
+    assert_equal("03/14/2000  6:53:58.97932384",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%8N"))
+
+    t = Time.utc(1592,3,14, 6,53,"58.97932384626433832795028841971".to_r) # Pi Day
+    assert_equal("03/14/1592  6:53:58.97932384626433832795028841971",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%29N"))
+    assert_equal("03/14/1592  6:53:58.9793238462",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%10N"))
+    assert_equal("03/14/1592  6:53:58.979323846",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%9N"))
+    assert_equal("03/14/1592  6:53:58.97932384",
+                 t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %l:%M:%S.%8N"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_far_future
+    # [ruby-core:33985]
+    assert_equal("3000000000", Time.at(3000000000).strftime('%s'))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_too_wide
+    assert_equal(8192, Time.now.strftime('%8192z').size)
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_wide_precision
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    s = t2000.strftime("%28c")
+    assert_equal(28, s.size)
+    assert_equal(t2000.strftime("%c"), s.strip)
+  end
+
+  def test_strfimte_zoneoffset
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    t = t2000.getlocal("+09:00:00")
+    assert_equal("+0900", t.strftime("%z"))
+    assert_equal("+09:00", t.strftime("%:z"))
+    assert_equal("+09:00:00", t.strftime("%::z"))
+    assert_equal("+09", t.strftime("%:::z"))
+
+    t = t2000.getlocal("+09:00:01")
+    assert_equal("+0900", t.strftime("%z"))
+    assert_equal("+09:00", t.strftime("%:z"))
+    assert_equal("+09:00:01", t.strftime("%::z"))
+    assert_equal("+09:00:01", t.strftime("%:::z"))
+
+    assert_equal("+0000", t2000.strftime("%z"))
+    assert_equal("-0000", t2000.strftime("%-z"))
+    assert_equal("-00:00", t2000.strftime("%-:z"))
+    assert_equal("-00:00:00", t2000.strftime("%-::z"))
+
+    t = t2000.getlocal("+00:00")
+    assert_equal("+0000", t.strftime("%z"))
+    assert_equal("+0000", t.strftime("%-z"))
+    assert_equal("+00:00", t.strftime("%-:z"))
+    assert_equal("+00:00:00", t.strftime("%-::z"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_padding
+    bug4458 = '[ruby-dev:43287]'
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    t = t2000.getlocal("+09:00")
+    assert_equal("+0900", t.strftime("%z"))
+    assert_equal("+09:00", t.strftime("%:z"))
+    assert_equal("      +900", t.strftime("%_10z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("+000000900", t.strftime("%10z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("     +9:00", t.strftime("%_10:z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("+000009:00", t.strftime("%10:z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("  +9:00:00", t.strftime("%_10::z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("+009:00:00", t.strftime("%10::z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("+000000009", t.strftime("%10:::z"))
+    t = t2000.getlocal("-05:00")
+    assert_equal("-0500", t.strftime("%z"))
+    assert_equal("-05:00", t.strftime("%:z"))
+    assert_equal("      -500", t.strftime("%_10z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("-000000500", t.strftime("%10z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("     -5:00", t.strftime("%_10:z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("-000005:00", t.strftime("%10:z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("  -5:00:00", t.strftime("%_10::z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("-005:00:00", t.strftime("%10::z"), bug4458)
+    assert_equal("-000000005", t.strftime("%10:::z"))
+
+    bug6323 = '[ruby-core:44447]'
+    t = t2000.getlocal("+00:36")
+    assert_equal("      +036", t.strftime("%_10z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("+000000036", t.strftime("%10z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("     +0:36", t.strftime("%_10:z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("+000000:36", t.strftime("%10:z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("  +0:36:00", t.strftime("%_10::z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("+000:36:00", t.strftime("%10::z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("+000000:36", t.strftime("%10:::z"))
+    t = t2000.getlocal("-00:55")
+    assert_equal("      -055", t.strftime("%_10z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("-000000055", t.strftime("%10z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("     -0:55", t.strftime("%_10:z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("-000000:55", t.strftime("%10:z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("  -0:55:00", t.strftime("%_10::z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("-000:55:00", t.strftime("%10::z"), bug6323)
+    assert_equal("-000000:55", t.strftime("%10:::z"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_invalid_modifier
+    t2000 = get_t2000
+    t = t2000.getlocal("+09:00")
+    assert_equal("%:y", t.strftime("%:y"), 'invalid conversion after : modifier')
+    assert_equal("%:0z", t.strftime("%:0z"), 'flag after : modifier')
+    assert_equal("%:10z", t.strftime("%:10z"), 'prec after : modifier')
+    assert_equal("%Ob", t.strftime("%Ob"), 'invalid conversion after locale modifier')
+    assert_equal("%Eb", t.strftime("%Eb"), 'invalid conversion after locale modifier')
+    assert_equal("%O0y", t.strftime("%O0y"), 'flag after locale modifier')
+    assert_equal("%E0y", t.strftime("%E0y"), 'flag after locale modifier')
+    assert_equal("%O10y", t.strftime("%O10y"), 'prec after locale modifier')
+    assert_equal("%E10y", t.strftime("%E10y"), 'prec after locale modifier')
+  end
+
+  def test_delegate
+    d1 = SimpleDelegator.new(t1 = Time.utc(2000))
+    d2 = SimpleDelegator.new(t2 = Time.utc(2001))
+    assert_equal(-1, t1 <=> t2)
+    assert_equal(1, t2 <=> t1)
+    assert_equal(-1, d1 <=> d2)
+    assert_equal(1, d2 <=> d1)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_r
+    assert_kind_of(Rational, Time.new(2000,1,1,0,0,Rational(4,3)).to_r)
+    assert_kind_of(Rational, Time.utc(1970).to_r)
+  end
+
+  def test_round
+    t = Time.utc(1999,12,31, 23,59,59)
+    t2 = (t+0.4).round
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+0.49).round
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+0.5).round
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.4).round
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.49).round
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.5).round
+    assert_equal([1,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+
+    t2 = (t+0.123456789).round(4)
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1235,10000), t2.subsec)
+
+    off = 0.0
+    100.times {|i|
+      t2 = (t+off).round(1)
+      assert_equal(Rational(i % 10, 10), t2.subsec)
+      off += 0.1
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_floor
+    t = Time.utc(1999,12,31, 23,59,59)
+    t2 = (t+0.4).floor
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+0.49).floor
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+0.5).floor
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.4).floor
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.49).floor
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.5).floor
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+
+    t2 = (t+0.123456789).floor(4)
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1234,10000), t2.subsec)
+  end
+
+  def test_ceil
+    t = Time.utc(1999,12,31, 23,59,59)
+    t2 = (t+0.4).ceil
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+0.49).ceil
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+0.5).ceil
+    assert_equal([0,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.4).ceil
+    assert_equal([1,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.49).ceil
+    assert_equal([1,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+    t2 = (t+1.5).ceil
+    assert_equal([1,0,0, 1,1,2000, 6,1,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(0, t2.subsec)
+
+    t2 = (t+0.123456789).ceil(4)
+    assert_equal([59,59,23, 31,12,1999, 5,365,false,"UTC"], t2.to_a)
+    assert_equal(Rational(1235,10000), t2.subsec)
+
+    time = Time.utc(2016, 4, 23, 0, 0, 0.123456789r)
+    assert_equal(time, time.ceil(9))
+    assert_equal(time, time.ceil(10))
+    assert_equal(time, time.ceil(11))
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_dont_share_eigenclass
+    bug5012 = "[ruby-dev:44071]"
+
+    t0 = Time.now
+    class << t0; end
+    t1 = t0.getlocal
+
+    def t0.m
+      0
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug5012) { t1.m }
+  end
+
+  def test_sec_str
+    bug6193 = '[ruby-core:43569]'
+    t = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(bug6193) {t = Time.new(2012, 1, 2, 3, 4, "5")}
+    assert_equal(Time.new(2012, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), t, bug6193)
+  end
+
+  def test_past
+    [
+      [-(1 << 100), 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+      [-4000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+      [-3000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+    ].each {|year, mon, day, hour, min, sec|
+      t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
+      assert_equal(year, t.year)
+      assert_equal(mon, t.mon)
+      assert_equal(day, t.day)
+      assert_equal(hour, t.hour)
+      assert_equal(min, t.min)
+      assert_equal(sec, t.sec)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_1901
+    assert_equal(-0x80000001, Time.utc(1901, 12, 13, 20, 45, 51).tv_sec)
+    [
+      [1901, 12, 13, 20, 45, 50],
+      [1901, 12, 13, 20, 45, 51],
+      [1901, 12, 13, 20, 45, 52], # -0x80000000
+      [1901, 12, 13, 20, 45, 53],
+    ].each {|year, mon, day, hour, min, sec|
+      t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
+      assert_equal(year, t.year)
+      assert_equal(mon, t.mon)
+      assert_equal(day, t.day)
+      assert_equal(hour, t.hour)
+      assert_equal(min, t.min)
+      assert_equal(sec, t.sec)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_1970
+    assert_equal(0, Time.utc(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).tv_sec)
+    [
+      [1969, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59],
+      [1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+      [1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ].each {|year, mon, day, hour, min, sec|
+      t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
+      assert_equal(year, t.year)
+      assert_equal(mon, t.mon)
+      assert_equal(day, t.day)
+      assert_equal(hour, t.hour)
+      assert_equal(min, t.min)
+      assert_equal(sec, t.sec)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_2038
+    # Giveup to try 2nd test because some state is changed.
+    omit if Test::Unit::Runner.current_repeat_count > 0
+
+    if no_leap_seconds?
+      assert_equal(0x80000000, Time.utc(2038, 1, 19, 3, 14, 8).tv_sec)
+    end
+    [
+      [2038, 1, 19, 3, 14, 7],
+      [2038, 1, 19, 3, 14, 8],
+      [2038, 1, 19, 3, 14, 9],
+      [2039, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+    ].each {|year, mon, day, hour, min, sec|
+      t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
+      assert_equal(year, t.year)
+      assert_equal(mon, t.mon)
+      assert_equal(day, t.day)
+      assert_equal(hour, t.hour)
+      assert_equal(min, t.min)
+      assert_equal(sec, t.sec)
+    }
+    assert_equal(Time.local(2038,3,1), Time.local(2038,2,29))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(2038,3,2), Time.local(2038,2,30))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(2038,3,3), Time.local(2038,2,31))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(2040,2,29), Time.local(2040,2,29))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(2040,3,1), Time.local(2040,2,30))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(2040,3,2), Time.local(2040,2,31))
+    n = 2 ** 64
+    n += 400 - n % 400 # n is over 2^64 and multiple of 400
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,2,29),Time.local(n,2,29))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,1), Time.local(n,2,30))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,2), Time.local(n,2,31))
+    n += 100
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,1), Time.local(n,2,29))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,2), Time.local(n,2,30))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,3), Time.local(n,2,31))
+    n += 4
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,2,29),Time.local(n,2,29))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,1), Time.local(n,2,30))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,2), Time.local(n,2,31))
+    n += 1
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,1), Time.local(n,2,29))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,2), Time.local(n,2,30))
+    assert_equal(Time.local(n,3,3), Time.local(n,2,31))
+  end
+
+  def test_future
+    [
+      [3000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+      [4000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+      [1 << 100, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+    ].each {|year, mon, day, hour, min, sec|
+      t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
+      assert_equal(year, t.year)
+      assert_equal(mon, t.mon)
+      assert_equal(day, t.day)
+      assert_equal(hour, t.hour)
+      assert_equal(min, t.min)
+      assert_equal(sec, t.sec)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_utc
+    t = Time.gm(2000)
+    assert_equal [00, 00, 00,  1,  1, 2000], (t1 = t.getlocal("UTC")).to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_predicate t1, :utc?
+    assert_equal [00, 00, 00,  1,  1, 2000], (t1 = t.getlocal("-0000")).to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_predicate t1, :utc?
+    assert_equal [00, 00, 00,  1,  1, 2000], (t1 = t.getlocal("+0000")).to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_not_predicate t1, :utc?
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_utc_offset
+    t = Time.gm(2000)
+    assert_equal [00, 30, 21, 31, 12, 1999], t.getlocal("-02:30").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [00, 00,  9,  1,  1, 2000], t.getlocal("+09:00").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [20, 29, 21, 31, 12, 1999], t.getlocal("-02:30:40").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [35, 10,  9,  1,  1, 2000], t.getlocal("+09:10:35").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [00, 30, 21, 31, 12, 1999], t.getlocal("-0230").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [00, 00,  9,  1,  1, 2000], t.getlocal("+0900").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [20, 29, 21, 31, 12, 1999], t.getlocal("-023040").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_equal [35, 10,  9,  1,  1, 2000], t.getlocal("+091035").to_a[0, 6]
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {t.getlocal("-02:3040")}
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {t.getlocal("+0910:35")}
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_nil
+    now = Time.now
+    now2 = nil
+    now3 = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      now2 = now.getlocal
+      now3 = now.getlocal(nil)
+    }
+    assert_equal now2, now3
+    assert_equal now2.zone, now3.zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strftime_yearday_on_last_day_of_year
+    t = Time.utc(2015, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0)
+    assert_equal("365", t.strftime("%j"))
+    t = Time.utc(2016, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0)
+    assert_equal("366", t.strftime("%j"))
+
+    t = Time.utc(2015, 12, 30, 20, 0, 0).getlocal("+05:00")
+    assert_equal("365", t.strftime("%j"))
+    t = Time.utc(2016, 12, 30, 20, 0, 0).getlocal("+05:00")
+    assert_equal("366", t.strftime("%j"))
+
+    t = Time.utc(2016, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0).getlocal("-05:00")
+    assert_equal("365", t.strftime("%j"))
+    t = Time.utc(2017, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0).getlocal("-05:00")
+    assert_equal("366", t.strftime("%j"))
+  end
+
+  def test_num_exact_error
+    bad = EnvUtil.labeled_class("BadValue").new
+    x = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Inexact") do
+      def to_s; "Inexact"; end
+      define_method(:to_int) {bad}
+      define_method(:to_r) {bad}
+    end.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Inexact/) {Time.at(x)}
+  end
+
+  def test_memsize
+    # Time objects are common in some code, try to keep them small
+    omit "Time object size test" if /^(?:i.?86|x86_64)-linux/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    omit "GC is in debug" if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:RVALUE_OVERHEAD] > 0
+    omit "memsize is not accurate due to using malloc_usable_size" if GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] == 1
+    omit "Only run this test on 64-bit" if RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"] != 8
+
+    require 'objspace'
+    t = Time.at(0)
+    sizeof_timew =
+      if RbConfig::SIZEOF.key?("uint64_t") && RbConfig::SIZEOF["long"] * 2 <= RbConfig::SIZEOF["uint64_t"]
+        RbConfig::SIZEOF["uint64_t"]
+      else
+        RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"] # Same size as VALUE
+      end
+    sizeof_vtm = RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"] * 4 + 8
+    expect = GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE] + sizeof_timew + sizeof_vtm
+    assert_operator ObjectSpace.memsize_of(t), :<=, expect
+  rescue LoadError => e
+    omit "failed to load objspace: #{e.message}"
+  end
+
+  def test_deconstruct_keys
+    t = in_timezone('JST-9') { Time.local(2022, 10, 16, 14, 1, 30, 500) }
+    assert_equal(
+      {year: 2022, month: 10, day: 16, wday: 0, yday: 289,
+        hour: 14, min: 1, sec: 30, subsec: 1/2000r, dst: false, zone: 'JST'},
+      t.deconstruct_keys(nil)
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      {year: 2022, month: 10, sec: 30},
+      t.deconstruct_keys(%i[year month sec nonexistent])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_zero_bigint
+    assert_equal 0, Time.new("2020-10-28T16:48:07.000Z").nsec, '[Bug #19390]'
+  end
+
+  def test_xmlschema_encode
+    [:xmlschema, :iso8601].each do |method|
+      bug6100 = '[ruby-core:42997]'
+
+      t = Time.utc(2001, 4, 17, 19, 23, 17, 300000)
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17Z", t.__send__(method))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.3Z", t.__send__(method, 1))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.300000Z", t.__send__(method, 6))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.3000000Z", t.__send__(method, 7))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.3Z", t.__send__(method, 1.9), bug6100)
+
+      t = Time.utc(2001, 4, 17, 19, 23, 17, 123456)
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.1234560Z", t.__send__(method, 7))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.123456Z", t.__send__(method, 6))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.12345Z", t.__send__(method, 5))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.1Z", t.__send__(method, 1))
+      assert_equal("2001-04-17T19:23:17.1Z", t.__send__(method, 1.9), bug6100)
+
+      t = Time.at(2.quo(3)).getlocal("+09:00")
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.666+09:00", t.__send__(method, 3))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.6666666666+09:00", t.__send__(method, 10))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.66666666666666666666+09:00", t.__send__(method, 20))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.6+09:00", t.__send__(method, 1.1), bug6100)
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.666+09:00", t.__send__(method, 3.2), bug6100)
+
+      t = Time.at(123456789.quo(9999999999)).getlocal("+09:00")
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.012+09:00", t.__send__(method, 3))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.012345678+09:00", t.__send__(method, 9))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.0123456789+09:00", t.__send__(method, 10))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.0123456789012345678+09:00", t.__send__(method, 19))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.01234567890123456789+09:00", t.__send__(method, 20))
+      assert_equal("1970-01-01T09:00:00.012+09:00", t.__send__(method, 3.8), bug6100)
+
+      t = Time.utc(1)
+      assert_equal("0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", t.__send__(method))
+
+      begin
+        Time.at(-1)
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        # ignore
+      else
+        t = Time.utc(1960, 12, 31, 23, 0, 0, 123456)
+        assert_equal("1960-12-31T23:00:00.123456Z", t.__send__(method, 6))
+      end
+
+      t = get_t2000.getlocal("-09:30") # Pacific/Marquesas
+      assert_equal("1999-12-31T14:30:00-09:30", t.__send__(method))
+
+      assert_equal("10000-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(10000).__send__(method))
+      assert_equal("9999-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(9999).__send__(method))
+      assert_equal("0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(1).__send__(method)) # 1 AD
+      assert_equal("0000-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(0).__send__(method)) # 1 BC
+      assert_equal("-0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(-1).__send__(method)) # 2 BC
+      assert_equal("-0004-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(-4).__send__(method)) # 5 BC
+      assert_equal("-9999-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(-9999).__send__(method))
+      assert_equal("-10000-01-01T00:00:00Z", Time.utc(-10000).__send__(method))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb b/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..473c3cabcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,828 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestTimeTZ < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  has_right_tz = true
+  has_lisbon_tz = true
+  force_tz_test = ENV["RUBY_FORCE_TIME_TZ_TEST"] == "yes"
+  case RUBY_PLATFORM
+  when /darwin|linux/
+    force_tz_test = true
+  when /freebsd|openbsd/
+    has_lisbon_tz = false
+    force_tz_test = true
+  end
+
+  if force_tz_test
+    module Util
+      def with_tz(tz)
+        old = ENV["TZ"]
+        begin
+          ENV["TZ"] = tz
+          yield
+        ensure
+          ENV["TZ"] = old
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  else
+    module Util
+      def with_tz(tz)
+        if ENV["TZ"] == tz
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Util
+    def have_tz_offset?(tz)
+      with_tz(tz) {!Time.now.utc_offset.zero?}
+    end
+
+    def format_gmtoff(gmtoff, colon=false)
+      if gmtoff < 0
+        expected = "-"
+        gmtoff = -gmtoff
+      else
+        expected = "+"
+      end
+      gmtoff /= 60
+      expected << "%02d" % [gmtoff / 60]
+      expected << ":" if colon
+      expected << "%02d" % [gmtoff % 60]
+      expected
+    end
+
+    def format_gmtoff2(gmtoff)
+      if gmtoff < 0
+        expected = "-"
+        gmtoff = -gmtoff
+      else
+        expected = "+"
+      end
+      expected << "%02d:%02d:%02d" % [gmtoff / 3600, gmtoff % 3600 / 60, gmtoff % 60]
+      expected
+    end
+
+    def group_by(e, &block)
+      if e.respond_to? :group_by
+        e.group_by(&block)
+      else
+        h = {}
+        e.each {|o|
+          (h[yield(o)] ||= []) << o
+        }
+        h
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  include Util
+  extend Util
+
+  has_right_tz &&= have_tz_offset?("right/America/Los_Angeles")
+  has_lisbon_tz &&= have_tz_offset?("Europe/Lisbon")
+  CORRECT_TOKYO_DST_1951 = with_tz("Asia/Tokyo") {
+    if Time.local(1951, 5, 6, 12, 0, 0).dst? # noon, DST
+      if Time.local(1951, 5, 6, 1, 0, 0).dst? # DST with fixed tzdata
+        Time.local(1951, 9, 8, 23, 0, 0).dst? ? "2018f" : "2018e"
+      end
+    end
+  }
+  CORRECT_KIRITIMATI_SKIP_1994 = with_tz("Pacific/Kiritimati") {
+    Time.local(1994, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0).year == 1995
+  }
+  CORRECT_SINGAPORE_1982 = with_tz("Asia/Singapore") {
+    "2022g" if Time.local(1981, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59).utc_offset == 8*3600
+  }
+
+  def time_to_s(t)
+    t.to_s
+  end
+
+
+  def assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, method, args, message=nil)
+    m = message ? "#{message}\n" : ""
+    m << "TZ=#{tz} Time.#{method}(#{args.map {|arg| arg.inspect }.join(', ')})"
+    real = time_to_s(Time.send(method, *args))
+    assert_equal(expected, real, m)
+  end
+
+  def test_localtime_zone
+    t = with_tz("America/Los_Angeles") {
+      Time.local(2000, 1, 1)
+    }
+    omit "force_tz_test is false on this environment" unless t
+    z1 = t.zone
+    z2 = with_tz(tz="Asia/Singapore") {
+      t.localtime.zone
+    }
+    assert_equal(z2, z1)
+  end
+
+  def test_america_los_angeles
+    with_tz(tz="America/Los_Angeles") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-03-11 03:00:00 -0700", :local, [2007,3,11,2,0,0])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-03-11 03:59:59 -0700", :local, [2007,3,11,2,59,59])
+      assert_equal("PST", Time.new(0x1_0000_0000_0000_0000, 1).zone)
+      assert_equal("PDT", Time.new(0x1_0000_0000_0000_0000, 8).zone)
+      assert_equal(false, Time.new(0x1_0000_0000_0000_0000, 1).isdst)
+      assert_equal(true, Time.new(0x1_0000_0000_0000_0000, 8).isdst)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_america_managua
+    with_tz(tz="America/Managua") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1993-01-01 01:00:00 -0500", :local, [1993,1,1,0,0,0])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1993-01-01 01:59:59 -0500", :local, [1993,1,1,0,59,59])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_asia_singapore
+    with_tz(tz="Asia/Singapore") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1981-12-31 23:29:59 +0730", :local, [1981,12,31,23,29,59])
+      if CORRECT_SINGAPORE_1982
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1982-01-01 00:00:00 +0800", :local, [1981,12,31,23,30,00])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1982-01-01 00:00:00 +0800", :local, [1982,1,1,0,0,0])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1982-01-01 00:29:59 +0800", :local, [1982,1,1,0,29,59])
+      end
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1982-01-01 00:30:00 +0800", :local, [1982,1,1,0,30,0])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_asia_tokyo
+    with_tz(tz="Asia/Tokyo") {
+      h = CORRECT_TOKYO_DST_1951 ? 0 : 2
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1951-05-06 0#{h+1}:00:00 +1000", :local, [1951,5,6,h,0,0])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1951-05-06 0#{h+1}:59:59 +1000", :local, [1951,5,6,h,59,59])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2010-06-10 06:13:28 +0900", :local, [2010,6,10,6,13,28])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_asia_kuala_lumpur
+    with_tz(tz="Asia/Kuala_Lumpur") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1933-01-01 00:20:00 +0720", :local, [1933])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_canada_newfoundland
+    with_tz(tz="America/St_Johns") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-03 23:00:59 -0230", :new, [2007,11,3,23,0,59,:dst])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-03 23:01:00 -0230", :new, [2007,11,3,23,1,0,:dst])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-03 23:59:59 -0230", :new, [2007,11,3,23,59,59,:dst])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-04 00:00:00 -0230", :new, [2007,11,4,0,0,0,:dst])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-04 00:00:59 -0230", :new, [2007,11,4,0,0,59,:dst])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-03 23:01:00 -0330", :new, [2007,11,3,23,1,0,:std])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-03 23:59:59 -0330", :new, [2007,11,3,23,59,59,:std])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-04 00:00:59 -0330", :new, [2007,11,4,0,0,59,:std])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2007-11-04 00:01:00 -0330", :new, [2007,11,4,0,1,0,:std])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_europe_brussels
+    with_tz(tz="Europe/Brussels") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1916-04-30 23:59:59 +0100", :local, [1916,4,30,23,59,59])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1916-05-01 01:00:00 +0200", :local, [1916,5,1], "[ruby-core:30672] [Bug #3411]")
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1916-05-01 01:59:59 +0200", :local, [1916,5,1,0,59,59])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1916-05-01 01:00:00 +0200", :local, [1916,5,1,1,0,0])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1916-05-01 01:59:59 +0200", :local, [1916,5,1,1,59,59])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_europe_berlin
+    with_tz(tz="Europe/Berlin") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2011-10-30 02:00:00 +0100", :local, [2011,10,30,2,0,0], "[ruby-core:67345] [Bug #10698]")
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2011-10-30 02:00:00 +0100", :local, [0,0,2,30,10,2011,nil,nil,false,nil])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2011-10-30 02:00:00 +0200", :local, [0,0,2,30,10,2011,nil,nil,true,nil])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_europe_lisbon
+    with_tz("Europe/Lisbon") {
+      assert_include(%w"LMT CET", Time.new(-0x1_0000_0000_0000_0000).zone)
+    }
+  end if has_lisbon_tz
+
+  def test_pacific_kiritimati
+    with_tz(tz="Pacific/Kiritimati") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1994-12-30 00:00:00 -1000", :local, [1994,12,30,0,0,0])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1994-12-30 23:59:59 -1000", :local, [1994,12,30,23,59,59])
+      if CORRECT_KIRITIMATI_SKIP_1994
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1995-01-01 00:00:00 +1400", :local, [1994,12,31,0,0,0])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1995-01-01 23:59:59 +1400", :local, [1994,12,31,23,59,59])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1995-01-01 00:00:00 +1400", :local, [1995,1,1,0,0,0])
+      else
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1994-12-31 23:59:59 -1000", :local, [1994,12,31,23,59,59])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1995-01-02 00:00:00 +1400", :local, [1995,1,1,0,0,0])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "1995-01-02 23:59:59 +1400", :local, [1995,1,1,23,59,59])
+      end
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "1995-01-02 00:00:00 +1400", :local, [1995,1,2,0,0,0])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_right_utc
+    with_tz(tz="right/UTC") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 23:59:59 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,23,59,59])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 23:59:60 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,23,59,60])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,24,0,0])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2009,1,1,0,0,0])
+    }
+  end if has_right_tz
+
+  def test_right_utc_switching
+    with_tz("UTC") { # ensure no leap second timezone
+      assert_equal(4102444800, Time.utc(2100,1,1,0,0,0).to_i)
+      with_tz(tz="right/UTC") {
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 23:59:59 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,23,59,59])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 23:59:60 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,23,59,60])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,24,0,0])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2009,1,1,0,0,0])
+        assert_not_equal(4102444800, Time.utc(2100,1,1,0,0,0).to_i)
+      }
+    }
+    with_tz("right/UTC") {
+      assert_not_equal(4102444800, Time.utc(2100,1,1,0,0,0).to_i)
+      with_tz(tz="UTC") {
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 23:59:59 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,23,59,59])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,23,59,60])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2008,12,31,24,0,0])
+        assert_time_constructor(tz, "2009-01-01 00:00:00 UTC", :utc, [2009,1,1,0,0,0])
+        assert_equal(4102444800, Time.utc(2100,1,1,0,0,0).to_i)
+      }
+    }
+  end if has_right_tz
+
+  def test_right_america_los_angeles
+    with_tz(tz="right/America/Los_Angeles") {
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 15:59:59 -0800", :local, [2008,12,31,15,59,59])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 15:59:60 -0800", :local, [2008,12,31,15,59,60])
+      assert_time_constructor(tz, "2008-12-31 16:00:00 -0800", :local, [2008,12,31,16,0,0])
+    }
+  end if has_right_tz
+
+  def test_utc_names
+    assert_predicate(Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "UTC"), :utc?)
+    assert_predicate(Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "utc"), :utc?)
+    assert_predicate(Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "Z"), :utc?)
+    assert_predicate(Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "-00:00"), :utc?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "+00:00"), :utc?)
+  end
+
+  def test_military_names
+    assert_equal( +1*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "A").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +2*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "B").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +3*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "C").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +4*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "D").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +5*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "E").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +6*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "F").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +7*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "G").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +8*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "H").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +9*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "I").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(+10*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "K").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(+11*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "L").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(+12*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "M").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -1*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "N").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -2*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "O").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -3*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "P").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -4*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "Q").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -5*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "R").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -6*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "S").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -7*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "T").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -8*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "U").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -9*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "V").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(-10*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "W").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(-11*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "X").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(-12*3600, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "Y").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(       0, Time.new(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, "Z").gmtoff)
+
+    assert_equal( +1*3600, Time.at(0, in: "A").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +2*3600, Time.at(0, in: "B").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +3*3600, Time.at(0, in: "C").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +4*3600, Time.at(0, in: "D").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +5*3600, Time.at(0, in: "E").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +6*3600, Time.at(0, in: "F").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +7*3600, Time.at(0, in: "G").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +8*3600, Time.at(0, in: "H").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( +9*3600, Time.at(0, in: "I").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(+10*3600, Time.at(0, in: "K").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(+11*3600, Time.at(0, in: "L").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(+12*3600, Time.at(0, in: "M").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -1*3600, Time.at(0, in: "N").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -2*3600, Time.at(0, in: "O").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -3*3600, Time.at(0, in: "P").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -4*3600, Time.at(0, in: "Q").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -5*3600, Time.at(0, in: "R").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -6*3600, Time.at(0, in: "S").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -7*3600, Time.at(0, in: "T").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -8*3600, Time.at(0, in: "U").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal( -9*3600, Time.at(0, in: "V").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(-10*3600, Time.at(0, in: "W").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(-11*3600, Time.at(0, in: "X").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(-12*3600, Time.at(0, in: "Y").gmtoff)
+    assert_equal(       0, Time.at(0, in: "Z").gmtoff)
+  end
+
+  MON2NUM = {
+    "Jan" => 1, "Feb" => 2, "Mar" => 3, "Apr" => 4, "May" => 5, "Jun" => 6,
+    "Jul" => 7, "Aug" => 8, "Sep" => 9, "Oct" => 10, "Nov" => 11, "Dec" => 12
+  }
+
+  @testnum = 0
+  def self.gen_test_name(hint)
+    @testnum += 1
+    s = "test_gen_#{@testnum}"
+    s.sub(/gen_/) { "gen" + "_#{hint}_".gsub(/[^0-9A-Za-z]+/, '_') }
+  end
+
+  def self.parse_zdump_line(line)
+    return nil if /\A\#/ =~ line || /\A\s*\z/ =~ line
+    if /\A(\S+)\s+
+        \S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\s+(\d+)\s+UTC?
+        \s+=\s+
+        \S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\s+(\d+)\s+\S+
+        \s+isdst=\d+\s+gmtoff=(-?\d+)\n
+        \z/x !~ line
+      raise "unexpected zdump line: #{line.inspect}"
+    end
+    tz, u_mon, u_day, u_hour, u_min, u_sec, u_year,
+      l_mon, l_day, l_hour, l_min, l_sec, l_year, gmtoff = $~.captures
+    u_year = u_year.to_i
+    u_mon = MON2NUM[u_mon]
+    u_day = u_day.to_i
+    u_hour = u_hour.to_i
+    u_min = u_min.to_i
+    u_sec = u_sec.to_i
+    l_year = l_year.to_i
+    l_mon = MON2NUM[l_mon]
+    l_day = l_day.to_i
+    l_hour = l_hour.to_i
+    l_min = l_min.to_i
+    l_sec = l_sec.to_i
+    gmtoff = gmtoff.to_i
+    [tz,
+     [u_year, u_mon, u_day, u_hour, u_min, u_sec],
+     [l_year, l_mon, l_day, l_hour, l_min, l_sec],
+     gmtoff]
+  end
+
+  def self.gen_zdump_test(data)
+    sample = []
+    data.each_line {|line|
+      s = parse_zdump_line(line)
+      sample << s if s
+    }
+    sample.each {|tz, u, l, gmtoff|
+      expected_utc = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC" % u
+      expected = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s" % (l+[format_gmtoff(gmtoff)])
+      mesg_utc = "TZ=#{tz} Time.utc(#{u.map {|arg| arg.inspect }.join(', ')})"
+      mesg = "#{mesg_utc}.localtime"
+      define_method(gen_test_name(tz)) {
+        with_tz(tz) {
+          t = nil
+          assert_nothing_raised(mesg) { t = Time.utc(*u) }
+          assert_equal(expected_utc, time_to_s(t), mesg_utc)
+          assert_nothing_raised(mesg) { t.localtime }
+          assert_equal(expected, time_to_s(t), mesg)
+          assert_equal(gmtoff, t.gmtoff)
+          assert_equal(format_gmtoff(gmtoff), t.strftime("%z"))
+          assert_equal(format_gmtoff(gmtoff, true), t.strftime("%:z"))
+          assert_equal(format_gmtoff2(gmtoff), t.strftime("%::z"))
+          assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, t.zone.encoding)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    group_by(sample) {|tz, _, _, _| tz }.each {|tz, a|
+      a.each_with_index {|(_, _, l, gmtoff), i|
+        expected = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s" % (l+[format_gmtoff(gmtoff)])
+        monotonic_to_past = i == 0 || (a[i-1][2] <=> l) < 0
+        monotonic_to_future = i == a.length-1 || (l <=> a[i+1][2]) < 0
+        if monotonic_to_past && monotonic_to_future
+          define_method(gen_test_name(tz)) {
+            with_tz(tz) {
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :local, l)
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :local, l.reverse+[nil, nil, false, nil])
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :local, l.reverse+[nil, nil, true, nil])
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :new, l)
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :new, l+[:std])
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :new, l+[:dst])
+            }
+          }
+        elsif monotonic_to_past && !monotonic_to_future
+          define_method(gen_test_name(tz)) {
+            with_tz(tz) {
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :local, l.reverse+[nil, nil, true, nil])
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :new, l+[:dst])
+            }
+          }
+        elsif !monotonic_to_past && monotonic_to_future
+          define_method(gen_test_name(tz)) {
+            with_tz(tz) {
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :local, l.reverse+[nil, nil, false, nil])
+              assert_time_constructor(tz, expected, :new, l+[:std])
+            }
+          }
+        else
+          define_method(gen_test_name(tz)) {
+            flunk("time in reverse order: TZ=#{tz} #{expected}")
+          }
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  gen_zdump_test <<'End'
+America/Lima  Sun Apr  1 03:59:59 1990 UTC = Sat Mar 31 23:59:59 1990 PEST isdst=1 gmtoff=-14400
+America/Lima  Sun Apr  1 04:00:00 1990 UTC = Sat Mar 31 23:00:00 1990 PET isdst=0 gmtoff=-18000
+America/Lima  Sat Jan  1 04:59:59 1994 UTC = Fri Dec 31 23:59:59 1993 PET isdst=0 gmtoff=-18000
+America/Lima  Sat Jan  1 05:00:00 1994 UTC = Sat Jan  1 01:00:00 1994 PEST isdst=1 gmtoff=-14400
+America/Lima  Fri Apr  1 03:59:59 1994 UTC = Thu Mar 31 23:59:59 1994 PEST isdst=1 gmtoff=-14400
+America/Lima  Fri Apr  1 04:00:00 1994 UTC = Thu Mar 31 23:00:00 1994 PET isdst=0 gmtoff=-18000
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Apr  2 09:59:59 2006 UTC = Sun Apr  2 01:59:59 2006 PST isdst=0 gmtoff=-28800
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Apr  2 10:00:00 2006 UTC = Sun Apr  2 03:00:00 2006 PDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-25200
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Oct 29 08:59:59 2006 UTC = Sun Oct 29 01:59:59 2006 PDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-25200
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Oct 29 09:00:00 2006 UTC = Sun Oct 29 01:00:00 2006 PST isdst=0 gmtoff=-28800
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Mar 11 09:59:59 2007 UTC = Sun Mar 11 01:59:59 2007 PST isdst=0 gmtoff=-28800
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Mar 11 10:00:00 2007 UTC = Sun Mar 11 03:00:00 2007 PDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-25200
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Nov  4 08:59:59 2007 UTC = Sun Nov  4 01:59:59 2007 PDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-25200
+America/Los_Angeles  Sun Nov  4 09:00:00 2007 UTC = Sun Nov  4 01:00:00 2007 PST isdst=0 gmtoff=-28800
+America/Managua  Thu Sep 24 04:59:59 1992 UTC = Wed Sep 23 23:59:59 1992 EST isdst=0 gmtoff=-18000
+America/Managua  Thu Sep 24 05:00:00 1992 UTC = Wed Sep 23 23:00:00 1992 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
+America/Managua  Fri Jan  1 05:59:59 1993 UTC = Thu Dec 31 23:59:59 1992 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
+America/Managua  Fri Jan  1 06:00:00 1993 UTC = Fri Jan  1 01:00:00 1993 EST isdst=0 gmtoff=-18000
+America/Managua  Wed Jan  1 04:59:59 1997 UTC = Tue Dec 31 23:59:59 1996 EST isdst=0 gmtoff=-18000
+America/Managua  Wed Jan  1 05:00:00 1997 UTC = Tue Dec 31 23:00:00 1996 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
+Asia/Singapore  Sun Aug  8 16:30:00 1965 UTC = Mon Aug  9 00:00:00 1965 SGT isdst=0 gmtoff=27000
+Asia/Singapore  Thu Dec 31 15:59:59 1981 UTC = Thu Dec 31 23:29:59 1981 SGT isdst=0 gmtoff=27000
+Asia/Singapore  Thu Dec 31 16:30:00 1981 UTC = Fri Jan  1 00:30:00 1982 SGT isdst=0 gmtoff=28800
+End
+  gen_zdump_test <<'End' if CORRECT_SINGAPORE_1982
+Asia/Singapore  Thu Dec 31 16:00:00 1981 UTC = Fri Jan  1 00:00:00 1982 SGT isdst=0 gmtoff=28800
+End
+  gen_zdump_test CORRECT_TOKYO_DST_1951 ? <<'End' + (CORRECT_TOKYO_DST_1951 < "2018f" ? <<'2018e' : <<'2018f') : <<'End'
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat May  5 14:59:59 1951 UTC = Sat May  5 23:59:59 1951 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat May  5 15:00:00 1951 UTC = Sun May  6 01:00:00 1951 JDT isdst=1 gmtoff=36000
+End
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat Sep  8 13:59:59 1951 UTC = Sat Sep  8 23:59:59 1951 JDT isdst=1 gmtoff=36000
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat Sep  8 14:00:00 1951 UTC = Sat Sep  8 23:00:00 1951 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+2018e
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat Sep  8 14:59:59 1951 UTC = Sun Sep  9 00:59:59 1951 JDT isdst=1 gmtoff=36000
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat Sep  8 15:00:00 1951 UTC = Sun Sep  9 00:00:00 1951 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+2018f
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat May  5 16:59:59 1951 UTC = Sun May  6 01:59:59 1951 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+Asia/Tokyo  Sat May  5 17:00:00 1951 UTC = Sun May  6 03:00:00 1951 JDT isdst=1 gmtoff=36000
+Asia/Tokyo  Fri Sep  7 15:59:59 1951 UTC = Sat Sep  8 01:59:59 1951 JDT isdst=1 gmtoff=36000
+Asia/Tokyo  Fri Sep  7 16:00:00 1951 UTC = Sat Sep  8 01:00:00 1951 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+End
+  gen_zdump_test <<'End'
+America/St_Johns  Sun Mar 11 03:30:59 2007 UTC = Sun Mar 11 00:00:59 2007 NST isdst=0 gmtoff=-12600
+America/St_Johns  Sun Mar 11 03:31:00 2007 UTC = Sun Mar 11 01:01:00 2007 NDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-9000
+America/St_Johns  Sun Nov  4 02:30:59 2007 UTC = Sun Nov  4 00:00:59 2007 NDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-9000
+America/St_Johns  Sun Nov  4 02:31:00 2007 UTC = Sat Nov  3 23:01:00 2007 NST isdst=0 gmtoff=-12600
+Europe/Brussels  Sun Apr 30 22:59:59 1916 UTC = Sun Apr 30 23:59:59 1916 CET isdst=0 gmtoff=3600
+Europe/Brussels  Sun Apr 30 23:00:00 1916 UTC = Mon May  1 01:00:00 1916 CEST isdst=1 gmtoff=7200
+Europe/Brussels  Sat Sep 30 22:59:59 1916 UTC = Sun Oct  1 00:59:59 1916 CEST isdst=1 gmtoff=7200
+Europe/Brussels  Sat Sep 30 23:00:00 1916 UTC = Sun Oct  1 00:00:00 1916 CET isdst=0 gmtoff=3600
+Europe/London  Sun Mar 16 01:59:59 1947 UTC = Sun Mar 16 01:59:59 1947 GMT isdst=0 gmtoff=0
+Europe/London  Sun Mar 16 02:00:00 1947 UTC = Sun Mar 16 03:00:00 1947 BST isdst=1 gmtoff=3600
+Europe/London  Sun Apr 13 00:59:59 1947 UTC = Sun Apr 13 01:59:59 1947 BST isdst=1 gmtoff=3600
+Europe/London  Sun Apr 13 01:00:00 1947 UTC = Sun Apr 13 03:00:00 1947 BDST isdst=1 gmtoff=7200
+Europe/London  Sun Aug 10 00:59:59 1947 UTC = Sun Aug 10 02:59:59 1947 BDST isdst=1 gmtoff=7200
+Europe/London  Sun Aug 10 01:00:00 1947 UTC = Sun Aug 10 02:00:00 1947 BST isdst=1 gmtoff=3600
+Europe/London  Sun Nov  2 01:59:59 1947 UTC = Sun Nov  2 02:59:59 1947 BST isdst=1 gmtoff=3600
+Europe/London  Sun Nov  2 02:00:00 1947 UTC = Sun Nov  2 02:00:00 1947 GMT isdst=0 gmtoff=0
+End
+  if CORRECT_KIRITIMATI_SKIP_1994
+    gen_zdump_test <<'End'
+Pacific/Kiritimati  Sat Dec 31 09:59:59 1994 UTC = Fri Dec 30 23:59:59 1994 LINT isdst=0 gmtoff=-36000
+Pacific/Kiritimati  Sat Dec 31 10:00:00 1994 UTC = Sun Jan  1 00:00:00 1995 LINT isdst=0 gmtoff=50400
+End
+  else
+    gen_zdump_test <<'End'
+Pacific/Kiritimati  Sun Jan  1 09:59:59 1995 UTC = Sat Dec 31 23:59:59 1994 LINT isdst=0 gmtoff=-36000
+Pacific/Kiritimati  Sun Jan  1 10:00:00 1995 UTC = Mon Jan  2 00:00:00 1995 LINT isdst=0 gmtoff=50400
+End
+  end
+  gen_zdump_test <<'End' if has_right_tz
+right/America/Los_Angeles  Fri Jun 30 23:59:60 1972 UTC = Fri Jun 30 16:59:60 1972 PDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-25200
+right/America/Los_Angeles  Wed Dec 31 23:59:60 2008 UTC = Wed Dec 31 15:59:60 2008 PST isdst=0 gmtoff=-28800
+#right/Asia/Tokyo  Fri Jun 30 23:59:60 1972 UTC = Sat Jul  1 08:59:60 1972 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+#right/Asia/Tokyo  Sat Dec 31 23:59:60 2005 UTC = Sun Jan  1 08:59:60 2006 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
+right/Europe/Paris  Fri Jun 30 23:59:60 1972 UTC = Sat Jul  1 00:59:60 1972 CET isdst=0 gmtoff=3600
+right/Europe/Paris  Wed Dec 31 23:59:60 2008 UTC = Thu Jan  1 00:59:60 2009 CET isdst=0 gmtoff=3600
+End
+
+  def self.gen_variational_zdump_test(hint, data)
+    sample = []
+    data.each_line {|line|
+      s = parse_zdump_line(line)
+      sample << s if s
+    }
+
+    define_method(gen_test_name(hint)) {
+      results = []
+      sample.each {|tz, u, l, gmtoff|
+        expected_utc = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC" % u
+        expected = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s" % (l+[format_gmtoff(gmtoff)])
+        mesg_utc = "TZ=#{tz} Time.utc(#{u.map {|arg| arg.inspect }.join(', ')})"
+        mesg = "#{mesg_utc}.localtime"
+        with_tz(tz) {
+          t = nil
+          assert_nothing_raised(mesg) { t = Time.utc(*u) }
+          assert_equal(expected_utc, time_to_s(t), mesg_utc)
+          assert_nothing_raised(mesg) { t.localtime }
+
+          results << [
+            expected == time_to_s(t),
+            gmtoff == t.gmtoff,
+            format_gmtoff(gmtoff) == t.strftime("%z"),
+            format_gmtoff(gmtoff, true) == t.strftime("%:z"),
+            format_gmtoff2(gmtoff) == t.strftime("%::z")
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+      assert_include(results, [true, true, true, true, true])
+    }
+  end
+
+  # tzdata-2014g fixed the offset for lisbon from -0:36:32 to -0:36:45.
+  # [ruby-core:65058] [Bug #10245]
+  gen_variational_zdump_test "lisbon", <<'End' if has_lisbon_tz
+Europe/Lisbon  Mon Jan  1 00:36:31 1912 UTC = Sun Dec 31 23:59:59 1911 LMT isdst=0 gmtoff=-2192
+Europe/Lisbon  Mon Jan  1 00:36:44 1912 UT = Sun Dec 31 23:59:59 1911 LMT isdst=0 gmtoff=-2205
+Europe/Lisbon  Sun Dec 31 23:59:59 1911 UT = Sun Dec 31 23:23:14 1911 LMT isdst=0 gmtoff=-2205
+End
+
+  class TZ
+    attr_reader :name
+
+    def initialize(name, abbr, offset, abbr2 = nil, offset2 = nil)
+      @name = name
+      @abbr = abbr
+      @offset = offset
+      @abbr2 = abbr2
+      @offset2 = offset2
+    end
+
+    def dst?(t)
+      return false unless @offset2
+      case t when Integer
+        return nil
+      end
+      case t.mon
+      when 4..9
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def offset(t)
+      (dst?(t) ? @offset2 : @offset)
+    end
+
+    def local_to_utc(t)
+      t - offset(t)
+    end
+
+    def utc_to_local(t)
+      t + offset(t)
+    end
+
+    def abbr(t)
+      dst?(t) ? @abbr2 : @abbr
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      @name == other.name and abbr(0) == other.abbr(0) and offset(0) == other.offset(0)
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<TZ: #@name #@abbr #@offset>"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module TestTimeTZ::WithTZ
+  def subtest_new(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    abbr, abbr2 = *abbr
+    utc_offset, utc_offset2 = *utc_offset
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    utc_offset, abbr = utc_offset2, abbr2 if tz.dst?(t)
+    assert_equal([2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tz], [t.year, t.mon, t.mday, t.hour, t.min, t.sec, t.zone])
+    h, m = (-utc_offset / 60).divmod(60)
+    assert_equal(time_class.utc(2018, 9, 1, 12+h, m, 0).to_i, t.to_i)
+    assert_equal(6, t.wday)
+    assert_equal(244, t.yday)
+    assert_equal(t, time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, in: tzarg))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzarg, in: tzarg)}
+  end
+
+  def subtest_hour24(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.new(2000, 1, 1, 24, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    assert_equal([0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2000], [t.sec, t.min, t.hour, t.mday, t.mon, t.year])
+  end
+
+  def subtest_now(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.now(in: tzarg)
+    assert_equal(tz, t.zone)
+  end
+
+  def subtest_getlocal(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    abbr, abbr2 = *abbr
+    utc_offset, utc_offset2 = *utc_offset
+    utc = time_class.utc(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0)
+    utc_offset, abbr = utc_offset2, abbr2 if tz.dst?(utc)
+    t = utc.getlocal(tzarg)
+    h, m = (utc_offset / 60).divmod(60)
+    assert_equal([2018, 9, 1, 12+h, m, 0, tz], [t.year, t.mon, t.mday, t.hour, t.min, t.sec, t.zone])
+    assert_equal(time_class.utc(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0), t)
+  end
+
+  def subtest_strftime(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    abbr, abbr2 = *abbr
+    utc_offset, utc_offset2 = *utc_offset
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    utc_offset, abbr = utc_offset2, abbr2 if tz.dst?(t)
+    h, m = (utc_offset.abs / 60).divmod(60)
+    h = -h if utc_offset < 0
+    assert_equal("%+.2d%.2d %s" % [h, m, abbr], t.strftime("%z %Z"))
+    assert_equal("34 35 35", t.strftime("%U %V %W"))
+  end
+
+  def subtest_plus(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    abbr, abbr2 = *abbr
+    utc_offset, utc_offset2 = *utc_offset
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzarg) + 4000
+    utc_offset, abbr = utc_offset2, abbr2 if tz.dst?(t)
+    assert_equal([2018, 9, 1, 13, 6, 40, tz], [t.year, t.mon, t.mday, t.hour, t.min, t.sec, t.zone])
+    m, s = (4000-utc_offset).divmod(60)
+    h, m = m.divmod(60)
+    assert_equal(time_class.utc(2018, 9, 1, 12+h, m, s), t)
+  end
+
+  def subtest_at(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    abbr, abbr2 = *abbr
+    utc_offset, utc_offset2 = *utc_offset
+    utc = time_class.utc(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0)
+    utc_offset, abbr = utc_offset2, abbr2 if tz.dst?(utc)
+    h, m = (utc_offset / 60).divmod(60)
+    t = time_class.at(utc, in: tzarg)
+    assert_equal([2018, 9, 1, 12+h, m, 0, tz], [t.year, t.mon, t.mday, t.hour, t.min, t.sec, t.zone])
+    assert_equal(utc.to_i, t.to_i)
+    utc = utc.to_i
+    t = time_class.at(utc, in: tzarg)
+    assert_equal([2018, 9, 1, 12+h, m, 0, tz], [t.year, t.mon, t.mday, t.hour, t.min, t.sec, t.zone])
+    assert_equal(utc, t.to_i)
+  end
+
+  def subtest_to_a(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    ary = t.to_a
+    assert_equal(ary, [t.sec, t.min, t.hour, t.mday, t.mon, t.year, t.wday, t.yday, t.isdst, t.zone])
+  end
+
+  def subtest_marshal(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 9, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    t2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(t))
+    assert_equal(t, t2)
+    assert_equal(t.utc_offset, t2.utc_offset)
+    assert_equal(t.utc_offset, (t2+1).utc_offset)
+    assert_instance_of(t.zone.class, t2.zone)
+    assert_equal(t.dst?, t2.dst?)
+  end
+
+  def subtest_fractional_second(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.new(2024, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59.9r, tzarg)
+    assert_equal(utc_offset[t.dst? ? 1 : 0], t.utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.new(2024, 7, 1, 23, 59, 59.9r, tzarg)
+    assert_equal(utc_offset[t.dst? ? 1 : 0], t.utc_offset)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_zone
+    make_timezone("INVALID", "INV", 0)
+  rescue => e
+    assert_kind_of(StandardError, e)
+  else
+    assert false, "ArgumentError expected but nothing was raised."
+  end
+
+  def nametest_marshal_compatibility(time_class, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    data = [
+      "\x04\x08Iu:".b, Marshal.dump(time_class)[3..-1],
+      "\x0d""\xEF\xA7\x1D\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00".b,
+      Marshal.dump({offset: utc_offset, zone: abbr})[3..-1],
+    ].join('')
+    t = Marshal.load(data)
+    assert_equal(utc_offset, t.utc_offset)
+    assert_equal(utc_offset, (t+1).utc_offset)
+    # t.zone may be a mere String or timezone object.
+  end
+
+  ZONES = {
+    "Asia/Tokyo" => ["JST", +9*3600],
+    "America/Los_Angeles" => ["PST", -8*3600, "PDT", -7*3600],
+    "Africa/Ndjamena" => ["WAT", +1*3600],
+    "Etc/UTC" => ["UTC", 0],
+  }
+
+  def make_timezone(tzname, abbr, utc_offset, abbr2 = nil, utc_offset2 = nil)
+    self.class::TIME_CLASS.find_timezone(tzname)
+  end
+
+  def subtest_dst?(time_class, tz, tzarg, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 6, 22, 12, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    return unless tz.dst?(t)
+    assert_predicate t, :dst?
+    t = time_class.new(2018, 12, 22, 12, 0, 0, tzarg)
+    assert_not_predicate t, :dst?
+  end
+
+  instance_methods(false).grep(/\Asub(?=test_)/) do |subtest|
+    test = $'
+    ZONES.each_pair do |tzname, (abbr, utc_offset, abbr2, utc_offset2)|
+      define_method("#{test}@#{tzname}") do
+        tz = make_timezone(tzname, abbr, utc_offset, abbr2, utc_offset2)
+        time_class = self.class::TIME_CLASS
+        __send__(subtest, time_class, tz, tz, tzname, [abbr, abbr2], [utc_offset, utc_offset2])
+        __send__(subtest, time_class, tz, tzname, tzname, [abbr, abbr2], [utc_offset, utc_offset2])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  instance_methods(false).grep(/\Aname(?=test_)/) do |subtest|
+    test = $'
+    ZONES.each_pair do |tzname, (abbr, utc_offset)|
+      define_method("#{test}@#{tzname}") do
+        time_class = self.class::TIME_CLASS
+        __send__(subtest, time_class, tzname, abbr, utc_offset)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestTimeTZ::DummyTZ < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include TestTimeTZ::WithTZ
+
+  class TIME_CLASS < ::Time
+    ZONES = TestTimeTZ::WithTZ::ZONES
+    def self.find_timezone(tzname)
+      tz = ZONES[tzname] or raise ArgumentError, "Unknown timezone: #{name}"
+      TestTimeTZ::TZ.new(tzname, *tz)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.make_timezone(tzname, abbr, utc_offset, abbr2 = nil, utc_offset2 = nil)
+    TestTimeTZ::TZ.new(tzname, abbr, utc_offset, abbr2, utc_offset2)
+  end
+
+  def test_fractional_second
+    x = Object.new
+    def x.local_to_utc(t); t + 8*3600; end
+    def x.utc_to_local(t); t - 8*3600; end
+
+    t1 = Time.new(2020,11,11,12,13,14.124r, '-08:00')
+    t2 = Time.new(2020,11,11,12,13,14.124r, x)
+    assert_equal(t1, t2)
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  require "tzinfo"
+rescue LoadError
+else
+  class TestTimeTZ::GemTZInfo < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include TestTimeTZ::WithTZ
+
+    class TIME_CLASS < ::Time
+      def self.find_timezone(tzname)
+        TZInfo::Timezone.get(tzname)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def tz
+      @tz ||= TZInfo::Timezone.get(tzname)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  require "timezone"
+rescue LoadError
+else
+  class TestTimeTZ::GemTimezone < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    include TestTimeTZ::WithTZ
+
+    class TIME_CLASS < ::Time
+      def self.find_timezone(name)
+        Timezone.fetch(name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def tz
+      @tz ||= Timezone[tzname]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_trace.rb b/test/ruby/test_trace.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5842f11aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_trace.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestTrace < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_trace
+    $x = 1234
+    $y = 0
+    trace_var :$x, proc{$y = $x}
+    $x = 40414
+    assert_equal($x, $y)
+
+    untrace_var :$x
+    $x = 19660208
+    assert_not_equal($x, $y)
+
+    trace_var :$x, proc{$x *= 2}
+    $x = 5
+    assert_equal(10, $x)
+
+    untrace_var :$x
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_proc_that_raises_exception
+    $x = 1234
+    trace_var :$x, proc { raise }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { $x = 42 }
+  ensure
+    untrace_var :$x
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_string
+    $x = 1234
+    trace_var :$x, "$y = :bar"
+    $x = 42
+    assert_equal(:bar, $y)
+  ensure
+    untrace_var :$x
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_break
+    bug2722 = '[ruby-core:31783]'
+    a = Object.new.extend(Enumerable)
+    def a.each
+      yield
+    end
+    assert(Thread.start {
+             Thread.current.add_trace_func(proc{})
+             a.any? {true}
+           }.value, bug2722)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb b/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99b5ee8d43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2439 @@
+# encoding: ASCII-8BIT   # make sure this runs in binary mode
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# some of the comments are in UTF-8
+
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestTranscode < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_errors
+    assert_raise(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError) { 'abc'.encode('foo', 'bar') }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError) { 'abc'.encode!('foo', 'bar') }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError) { 'abc'.force_encoding('utf-8').encode('foo') }
+    assert_raise(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError) { 'abc'.force_encoding('utf-8').encode!('foo') }
+    assert_undefined_in("\x80", 'ASCII-8BIT')
+    assert_invalid_in("\x80", 'US-ASCII')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA5", 'iso-8859-3')
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { 'hello'.freeze.encode!('iso-8859-1') }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { '\u3053\u3093\u306b\u3061\u306f'.freeze.encode!('iso-8859-1') } # �ん���
+  end
+
+  def test_arguments
+    assert_equal('abc', 'abc'.force_encoding('utf-8').encode('iso-8859-1'))
+    # check that encoding is kept when no conversion is done
+    assert_equal('abc'.force_encoding('Shift_JIS'), 'abc'.force_encoding('Shift_JIS').encode('Shift_JIS'))
+    assert_equal('abc'.force_encoding('Shift_JIS'), 'abc'.force_encoding('Shift_JIS').encode!('Shift_JIS'))
+    # assert that encoding is correctly set
+    assert_equal("D\u00FCrst".encoding, "D\xFCrst".force_encoding('iso-8859-1').encode('utf-8').encoding)
+    # check that Encoding can be used as parameter
+    assert_equal("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst".encode('utf-8', Encoding.find('ISO-8859-1')))
+    assert_equal("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst".encode(Encoding.find('utf-8'), 'ISO-8859-1'))
+    assert_equal("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst".encode(Encoding.find('utf-8'), Encoding.find('ISO-8859-1')))
+  end
+
+  def test_noargument
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(nil) do
+      assert_equal("\u3042".encode, "\u3042")
+      assert_equal("\xE3\x81\x82\x81".force_encoding("utf-8").encode,
+                   "\xE3\x81\x82\x81".force_encoding("utf-8"))
+    end
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal('EUC-JP') do
+      assert_equal("\u3042".encode, "\xA4\xA2".force_encoding('EUC-JP'))
+      assert_equal("\xE3\x81\x82\x81".force_encoding("utf-8").encode,
+                   "\xA4\xA2?".force_encoding('EUC-JP'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_length
+    assert_equal("\u20AC"*20, ("\xA4"*20).encode('utf-8', 'iso-8859-15'))
+    assert_equal("\u20AC"*20, ("\xA4"*20).encode!('utf-8', 'iso-8859-15'))
+    assert_equal("\u20AC"*2000, ("\xA4"*2000).encode('utf-8', 'iso-8859-15'))
+    assert_equal("\u20AC"*2000, ("\xA4"*2000).encode!('utf-8', 'iso-8859-15'))
+    assert_equal("\u20AC"*200000, ("\xA4"*200000).encode('utf-8', 'iso-8859-15'))
+    assert_equal("\u20AC"*200000, ("\xA4"*200000).encode!('utf-8', 'iso-8859-15'))
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_of_ascii_originating_from_binary
+    binary_string = [0x82, 0x74, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20,
+                     0x61, 0x20, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x79, 0x20, 0x6c, 0x6f,
+                     0x6e, 0x67, 0x20, 0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67]
+    class << binary_string
+      # create a copy on write substring that contains
+      # just the ascii characters (i.e. this is...), in JRuby
+      # the underlying string have the same buffer backing
+      # it up, but the offset of the string will be 1 instead
+      # of 0.
+      def make_cow_substring
+        pack('C27').slice(1, 26)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ascii_string  = binary_string.make_cow_substring
+    assert_equal("this is a very long string", ascii_string)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, ascii_string.encoding)
+    utf8_string = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised("JRUBY-6764") do
+      utf8_string = ascii_string.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+    end
+    assert_equal("this is a very long string", utf8_string)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, utf8_string.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_encodings
+    check_both_ways("\u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D",
+        "\x82\xdc\x82\xc2\x82\xe0\x82\xc6 \x82\xe4\x82\xab\x82\xd0\x82\xeb", 'shift_jis') # ��も� ゆ���
+    check_both_ways("\u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D",
+        "\xa4\xde\xa4\xc4\xa4\xe2\xa4\xc8 \xa4\xe6\xa4\xad\xa4\xd2\xa4\xed", 'euc-jp')
+    check_both_ways("\u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D",
+        "\xa4\xde\xa4\xc4\xa4\xe2\xa4\xc8 \xa4\xe6\xa4\xad\xa4\xd2\xa4\xed", 'euc-jis-2004')
+    check_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\x8f\xbc\x96\x7b\x8d\x73\x8d\x4f", 'shift_jis') # �本行弘
+    check_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\xbe\xbe\xcb\xdc\xb9\xd4\xb9\xb0", 'euc-jp')
+    check_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\xbe\xbe\xcb\xdc\xb9\xd4\xb9\xb0", 'euc-jis-2004')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-1') # Dürst
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-2')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-3')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-4')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-9')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-10')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-13')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-14')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "D\xFCrst", 'iso-8859-15')
+    check_both_ways("r\u00E9sum\u00E9", "r\xE9sum\xE9", 'iso-8859-1') # résumé
+    check_both_ways("\u0065\u006C\u0151\u00ED\u0072\u00E1\u0073", "el\xF5\xEDr\xE1s", 'iso-8859-2') # előírás
+    check_both_ways("\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0434",
+         "\xDF\xD5\xE0\xD5\xD2\xDE\xD4", 'iso-8859-5') # перевод
+    check_both_ways("\u0643\u062A\u0628", "\xE3\xCA\xC8", 'iso-8859-6') # كتب
+    check_both_ways("\u65E5\u8A18", "\x93\xFA\x8BL", 'shift_jis') # 日記
+    check_both_ways("\u65E5\u8A18", "\xC6\xFC\xB5\xAD", 'euc-jp')
+    check_both_ways("\u65E5\u8A18", "\xC6\xFC\xB5\xAD", 'euc-jis-2004')
+    check_both_ways("\uC560\uC778\uAD6C\uD568\u0020\u6734\uC9C0\uC778",
+         "\xBE\xD6\xC0\xCE\xB1\xB8\xC7\xD4\x20\xDA\xD3\xC1\xF6\xC0\xCE", 'euc-kr') # 애�구함 朴지�
+    check_both_ways("\uC544\uD58F\uD58F\u0020\uB620\uBC29\uD6BD\uB2D8\u0020\uC0AC\uB791\uD716",
+         "\xBE\xC6\xC1\x64\xC1\x64\x20\x8C\x63\xB9\xE6\xC4\x4F\xB4\xD4\x20\xBB\xE7\xB6\xFB\xC5\x42", 'cp949') # 아�� 똠방횽님 사랑휖
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ISO_8859_1, "D\xFCrst".force_encoding('iso-8859-2').encode('iso-8859-1', 'iso-8859-1').encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_twostep
+    assert_equal("D\xFCrst".force_encoding('iso-8859-2'), "D\xFCrst".encode('iso-8859-2', 'iso-8859-1'))
+  end
+
+  def test_encode_xml_multibyte
+    encodings = %w'UTF-8 UTF-16LE UTF-16BE UTF-32LE UTF-32BE'
+    encodings.each do |src_enc|
+      encodings.each do |dst_enc|
+        escaped = "<>".encode(src_enc).encode(dst_enc, :xml=>:text)
+        assert_equal("&lt;&gt;", escaped.encode('UTF-8'), "failed encoding #{src_enc} to #{dst_enc} with xml: :text")
+
+        escaped = '<">'.encode(src_enc).encode(dst_enc, :xml=>:attr)
+        assert_equal('"&lt;&quot;&gt;"', escaped.encode('UTF-8'), "failed encoding #{src_enc} to #{dst_enc} with xml: :attr")
+
+        escaped = "<>".encode(src_enc).force_encoding("UTF-8").encode(dst_enc, src_enc, :xml=>:text)
+        assert_equal("&lt;&gt;", escaped.encode('UTF-8'), "failed encoding #{src_enc} to #{dst_enc} with xml: :text")
+
+        escaped = '<">'.encode(src_enc).force_encoding("UTF-8").encode(dst_enc, src_enc, :xml=>:attr)
+        assert_equal('"&lt;&quot;&gt;"', escaped.encode('UTF-8'), "failed encoding #{src_enc} to #{dst_enc} with xml: :attr")
+      end
+    end
+    # regression test; U+6E7F (湿) uses the same bytes in ISO-2022-JP as "<>"
+    assert_equal(  "&lt;&gt;\u6E7F",   "<>\u6E7F".encode("ISO-2022-JP").encode("ISO-2022-JP", :xml=>:text).encode("UTF-8"))
+    assert_equal("\"&lt;&gt;\u6E7F\"", "<>\u6E7F".encode("ISO-2022-JP").encode("ISO-2022-JP", :xml=>:attr).encode("UTF-8"))
+  end
+
+  def test_ascii_range
+    encodings = [
+      'US-ASCII', 'ASCII-8BIT',
+      'ISO-8859-1', 'ISO-8859-2', 'ISO-8859-3',
+      'ISO-8859-4', 'ISO-8859-5', 'ISO-8859-6',
+      'ISO-8859-7', 'ISO-8859-8', 'ISO-8859-9',
+      'ISO-8859-10', 'ISO-8859-11', 'ISO-8859-13',
+      'ISO-8859-14', 'ISO-8859-15',
+      'EUC-JP', 'SHIFT_JIS', 'EUC-KR'
+    ]
+    all_ascii = (0..127).to_a.pack 'C*'
+    encodings.each do |enc|
+      test_start = all_ascii
+      assert_equal(test_start, test_start.encode('UTF-8',enc).encode(enc).force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_all_bytes
+    encodings_8859 = [
+      'ISO-8859-1', 'ISO-8859-2',
+      #'ISO-8859-3', # not all bytes used
+      'ISO-8859-4', 'ISO-8859-5',
+      #'ISO-8859-6', # not all bytes used
+      #'ISO-8859-7', # not all bytes used
+      #'ISO-8859-8', # not all bytes used
+      'ISO-8859-9', 'ISO-8859-10',
+      #'ISO-8859-11', # not all bytes used
+      #'ISO-8859-12', # not available
+      'ISO-8859-13','ISO-8859-14','ISO-8859-15',
+      #'ISO-8859-16', # not available
+    ]
+    all_bytes = (0..255).to_a.pack 'C*'
+    encodings_8859.each do |enc|
+      test_start = all_bytes
+      assert_equal(test_start, test_start.encode('UTF-8',enc).encode(enc).force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_874
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-874') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-874')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x84", 'windows-874')
+    check_both_ways("\u2026", "\x85", 'windows-874') # …
+    assert_undefined_in("\x86", 'windows-874')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'windows-874')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-874')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-874') # ‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2014", "\x97", 'windows-874') # —
+    assert_undefined_in("\x98", 'windows-874')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9F", 'windows-874')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-874') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u0E0F", "\xAF", 'windows-874') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E10", "\xB0", 'windows-874') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E1F", "\xBF", 'windows-874') # ฟ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E20", "\xC0", 'windows-874') # ภ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E2F", "\xCF", 'windows-874') # ฯ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E30", "\xD0", 'windows-874') # ะ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E3A", "\xDA", 'windows-874') # ฺ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xDB", 'windows-874')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xDE", 'windows-874')
+    check_both_ways("\u0E3F", "\xDF", 'windows-874') # ฿
+    check_both_ways("\u0E40", "\xE0", 'windows-874') # เ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E4F", "\xEF", 'windows-874') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E50", "\xF0", 'windows-874') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E5B", "\xFB", 'windows-874') # ๛
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC", 'windows-874')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFF", 'windows-874')
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1250
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1250') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-1250')
+    check_both_ways("\u201A", "\x82", 'windows-1250') # ‚
+    assert_undefined_in("\x83", 'windows-1250')
+    check_both_ways("\u201E", "\x84", 'windows-1250') # „
+    check_both_ways("\u2021", "\x87", 'windows-1250') # ‡
+    assert_undefined_in("\x88", 'windows-1250')
+    check_both_ways("\u2030", "\x89", 'windows-1250') # ‰
+    check_both_ways("\u0179", "\x8F", 'windows-1250') # Ź
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-1250')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-1250') # ‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2014", "\x97", 'windows-1250') # —
+    assert_undefined_in("\x98", 'windows-1250')
+    check_both_ways("\u2122", "\x99", 'windows-1250') # â„¢
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1250') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u017B", "\xAF", 'windows-1250') # Å»
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1250') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u017C", "\xBF", 'windows-1250') # ż
+    check_both_ways("\u0154", "\xC0", 'windows-1250') # Å”
+    check_both_ways("\u010E", "\xCF", 'windows-1250') # ÄŽ
+    check_both_ways("\u0110", "\xD0", 'windows-1250') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00DF", "\xDF", 'windows-1250') # ß
+    check_both_ways("\u0155", "\xE0", 'windows-1250') # Å•
+    check_both_ways("\u010F", "\xEF", 'windows-1250') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0111", "\xF0", 'windows-1250') # Ä‘
+    check_both_ways("\u02D9", "\xFF", 'windows-1250') # Ë™
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1251
+    check_both_ways("\u0402", "\x80", 'windows-1251') # Ђ
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x88", 'windows-1251') # €
+    check_both_ways("\u040F", "\x8F", 'windows-1251') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0452", "\x90", 'windows-1251') # Ñ’
+    assert_undefined_in("\x98", 'windows-1251')
+    check_both_ways("\u045F", "\x9F", 'windows-1251') # ÑŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1251') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u0407", "\xAF", 'windows-1251') # Ї
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1251') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u0457", "\xBF", 'windows-1251') # Ñ—
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\xC0", 'windows-1251') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u041F", "\xCF", 'windows-1251') # П
+    check_both_ways("\u0420", "\xD0", 'windows-1251') # Р
+    check_both_ways("\u042F", "\xDF", 'windows-1251') # Я
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xE0", 'windows-1251') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u043F", "\xEF", 'windows-1251') # п
+    check_both_ways("\u0440", "\xF0", 'windows-1251') # р
+    check_both_ways("\u044F", "\xFF", 'windows-1251') # �
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1252
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1252') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-1252')
+    check_both_ways("\u201A", "\x82", 'windows-1252') # ‚
+    check_both_ways("\u0152", "\x8C", 'windows-1252') # >Å’
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8D", 'windows-1252')
+    check_both_ways("\u017D", "\x8E", 'windows-1252') # Ž
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'windows-1252')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-1252')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-1252') #‘
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\x9C", 'windows-1252') # Å“
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9D", 'windows-1252')
+    check_both_ways("\u017E", "\x9E", 'windows-1252') # ž
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1252') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u00AF", "\xAF", 'windows-1252') # ¯
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1252') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xBF", 'windows-1252') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u00C0", "\xC0", 'windows-1252') # À
+    check_both_ways("\u00CF", "\xCF", 'windows-1252') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00D0", "\xD0", 'windows-1252') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00DF", "\xDF", 'windows-1252') # ß
+    check_both_ways("\u00E0", "\xE0", 'windows-1252') # à
+    check_both_ways("\u00EF", "\xEF", 'windows-1252') # ï
+    check_both_ways("\u00F0", "\xF0", 'windows-1252') # ð
+    check_both_ways("\u00FF", "\xFF", 'windows-1252') # ÿ
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1253
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1253') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u201A", "\x82", 'windows-1253') # ‚
+    check_both_ways("\u2021", "\x87", 'windows-1253') # ‡
+    assert_undefined_in("\x88", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u2030", "\x89", 'windows-1253') # ‰
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8A", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u2039", "\x8B", 'windows-1253') # ‹
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8C", 'windows-1253')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'windows-1253')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-1253') # ‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2014", "\x97", 'windows-1253') # —
+    assert_undefined_in("\x98", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u2122", "\x99", 'windows-1253') # â„¢
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9A", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u203A", "\x9B", 'windows-1253') # ›
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9C", 'windows-1253')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9F", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1253') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u2015", "\xAF", 'windows-1253') # ―
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1253') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u038F", "\xBF", 'windows-1253') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0390", "\xC0", 'windows-1253') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u039F", "\xCF", 'windows-1253') # Ο
+    check_both_ways("\u03A0", "\xD0", 'windows-1253') # Π
+    check_both_ways("\u03A1", "\xD1", 'windows-1253') # Ρ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xD2", 'windows-1253')
+    check_both_ways("\u03A3", "\xD3", 'windows-1253') # Σ
+    check_both_ways("\u03AF", "\xDF", 'windows-1253') # ί
+    check_both_ways("\u03B0", "\xE0", 'windows-1253') # ΰ
+    check_both_ways("\u03BF", "\xEF", 'windows-1253') # ο
+    check_both_ways("\u03C0", "\xF0", 'windows-1253') # π
+    check_both_ways("\u03CE", "\xFE", 'windows-1253') # ÏŽ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFF", 'windows-1253')
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1254
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1254') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-1254')
+    check_both_ways("\u201A", "\x82", 'windows-1254') # ‚
+    check_both_ways("\u0152", "\x8C", 'windows-1254') # Å’
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8D", 'windows-1254')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'windows-1254')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-1254')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-1254') # ‘
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\x9C", 'windows-1254') # Å“
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9D", 'windows-1254')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9E", 'windows-1254')
+    check_both_ways("\u0178", "\x9F", 'windows-1254') # Ÿ
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1254') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u00AF", "\xAF", 'windows-1254') # ¯
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1254') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xBF", 'windows-1254') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u00C0", "\xC0", 'windows-1254') # À
+    check_both_ways("\u00CF", "\xCF", 'windows-1254') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u011E", "\xD0", 'windows-1254') # Äž
+    check_both_ways("\u00DF", "\xDF", 'windows-1254') # ß
+    check_both_ways("\u00E0", "\xE0", 'windows-1254') # à
+    check_both_ways("\u00EF", "\xEF", 'windows-1254') # ï
+    check_both_ways("\u011F", "\xF0", 'windows-1254') # ÄŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u00FF", "\xFF", 'windows-1254') # ÿ
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1255
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1255') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u201A", "\x82", 'windows-1255') # ‚
+    check_both_ways("\u2030", "\x89", 'windows-1255') # ‰
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8A", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u2039", "\x8B", 'windows-1255') # ‹
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8C", 'windows-1255')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'windows-1255')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-1255') # ‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2122", "\x99", 'windows-1255') # â„¢
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9A", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u203A", "\x9B", 'windows-1255') # ›
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9C", 'windows-1255')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9F", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1255') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u00A1", "\xA1", 'windows-1255') # ¡
+    check_both_ways("\u00D7", "\xAA", 'windows-1255') # ×
+    check_both_ways("\u00AF", "\xAF", 'windows-1255') # ¯
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1255') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u00B8", "\xB8", 'windows-1255') # ¸
+    check_both_ways("\u00F7", "\xBA", 'windows-1255') # ÷
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xBF", 'windows-1255') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u05B0", "\xC0", 'windows-1255') # Ö°
+    check_both_ways("\u05B9", "\xC9", 'windows-1255') # Ö¹
+    check_both_ways("\u05BA", "\xCA", 'windows-1255') # Öº
+    check_both_ways("\u05BB", "\xCB", 'windows-1255') # Ö»
+    check_both_ways("\u05BF", "\xCF", 'windows-1255') # Ö¿
+    check_both_ways("\u05C0", "\xD0", 'windows-1255') # ×€
+    check_both_ways("\u05F3", "\xD7", 'windows-1255') # ׳
+    check_both_ways("\u05F4", "\xD8", 'windows-1255') # ×´
+    assert_undefined_in("\xD9", 'windows-1255')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xDF", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u05D0", "\xE0", 'windows-1255') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u05DF", "\xEF", 'windows-1255') # ן
+    check_both_ways("\u05E0", "\xF0", 'windows-1255') # × 
+    check_both_ways("\u05EA", "\xFA", 'windows-1255') # ת
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFB", 'windows-1255')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC", 'windows-1255')
+    check_both_ways("\u200E", "\xFD", 'windows-1255') # left-to-right mark
+    check_both_ways("\u200F", "\xFE", 'windows-1255') # right-to-left mark
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFF", 'windows-1255')
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1256
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1256') # €
+    check_both_ways("\u0679", "\x8A", 'windows-1256') # Ù¹
+    check_both_ways("\u0688", "\x8F", 'windows-1256') # Úˆ
+    check_both_ways("\u06AF", "\x90", 'windows-1256') # Ú¯
+    check_both_ways("\u06A9", "\x98", 'windows-1256') # Ú©
+    check_both_ways("\u0691", "\x9A", 'windows-1256') # Ú‘
+    check_both_ways("\u06BA", "\x9F", 'windows-1256') # Úº
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1256') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\u06BE", "\xAA", 'windows-1256') # Ú¾
+    check_both_ways("\u00AF", "\xAF", 'windows-1256') # ¯
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1256') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u061F", "\xBF", 'windows-1256') # ØŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u06C1", "\xC0", 'windows-1256') # Û�
+    check_both_ways("\u062F", "\xCF", 'windows-1256') # د
+    check_both_ways("\u0630", "\xD0", 'windows-1256') # Ø°
+    check_both_ways("\u0643", "\xDF", 'windows-1256') # Ùƒ
+    check_both_ways("\u00E0", "\xE0", 'windows-1256') # à
+    check_both_ways("\u00EF", "\xEF", 'windows-1256') # ï
+    check_both_ways("\u064B", "\xF0", 'windows-1256') #  ًً
+    check_both_ways("\u06D2", "\xFF", 'windows-1256') # Û’
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_1257
+    check_both_ways("\u20AC", "\x80", 'windows-1257') # €
+    assert_undefined_in("\x81", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u201A", "\x82", 'windows-1257') # ‚
+    assert_undefined_in("\x83", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u201E", "\x84", 'windows-1257') # „
+    check_both_ways("\u2021", "\x87", 'windows-1257') # ‡
+    assert_undefined_in("\x88", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u2030", "\x89", 'windows-1257') # ‰
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8A", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u2039", "\x8B", 'windows-1257') # ‹
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8C", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A8", "\x8D", 'windows-1257') # ¨
+    check_both_ways("\u02C7", "\x8E", 'windows-1257') # ˇ
+    check_both_ways("\u00B8", "\x8F", 'windows-1257') # ¸
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u2018", "\x91", 'windows-1257') # ‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2014", "\x97", 'windows-1257') # —
+    assert_undefined_in("\x98", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u2122", "\x99", 'windows-1257') # â„¢
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9A", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u203A", "\x9B", 'windows-1257') # ›
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9C", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u00AF", "\x9D", 'windows-1257') # ¯
+    check_both_ways("\u02DB", "\x9E", 'windows-1257') # Ë›
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9F", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'windows-1257') # non-breaking space
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA1", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A2", "\xA2", 'windows-1257') # ¢
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xA4", 'windows-1257') # ¤
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA5", 'windows-1257')
+    check_both_ways("\u00A6", "\xA6", 'windows-1257') # ¦
+    check_both_ways("\u00C6", "\xAF", 'windows-1257') # Æ
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\xB0", 'windows-1257') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u00E6", "\xBF", 'windows-1257') # æ
+    check_both_ways("\u0104", "\xC0", 'windows-1257') # Ä„
+    check_both_ways("\u013B", "\xCF", 'windows-1257') # Ä»
+    check_both_ways("\u0160", "\xD0", 'windows-1257') # Å 
+    check_both_ways("\u00DF", "\xDF", 'windows-1257') # ß
+    check_both_ways("\u0105", "\xE0", 'windows-1257') # Ä…
+    check_both_ways("\u013C", "\xEF", 'windows-1257') # ļ
+    check_both_ways("\u0161", "\xF0", 'windows-1257') # Å¡
+    check_both_ways("\u02D9", "\xFF", 'windows-1257') # Ë™
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM437
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM437') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00C5", "\x8F", 'IBM437') # Ã…
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM437') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u0192", "\x9F", 'IBM437') # Æ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM437') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM437') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM437') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM437') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM437') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM437') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM437') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM437') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xE0", 'IBM437') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u2229", "\xEF", 'IBM437') # ∩
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM437') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM437') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM720
+    assert_undefined_in("\x80", 'IBM720')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'IBM720')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'IBM720')
+    check_both_ways("\u0627", "\x9F", 'IBM720') # ا
+    check_both_ways("\u0628", "\xA0", 'IBM720') # ب
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM720') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM720') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM720') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM720') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM720') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM720') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM720') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u0636", "\xE0", 'IBM720') # ض
+    check_both_ways("\u064A", "\xEF", 'IBM720') # ÙŠ
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM720') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM720') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM775
+    check_both_ways("\u0106", "\x80", 'IBM775') # Ć
+    check_both_ways("\u00C5", "\x8F", 'IBM775') # Ã…
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM775') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\x9F", 'IBM775') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u0100", "\xA0", 'IBM775') # Ā
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM775') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM775') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM775') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM775') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u017D", "\xCF", 'IBM775') # Ž
+    check_both_ways("\u0105", "\xD0", 'IBM775') # Ä…
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM775') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u00D3", "\xE0", 'IBM775') # Ó
+    check_both_ways("\u2019", "\xEF", 'IBM775') # ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'IBM775') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM775') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM852
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM852') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u0106", "\x8F", 'IBM852') # Ć
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM852') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u010D", "\x9F", 'IBM852') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM852') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM852') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM852') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM852') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM852') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xCF", 'IBM852') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u0111", "\xD0", 'IBM852') # Ä‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM852') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u00D3", "\xE0", 'IBM852') # Ó
+    check_both_ways("\u00B4", "\xEF", 'IBM852') # ´
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'IBM852') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM852') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM855
+    check_both_ways("\u0452", "\x80", 'IBM855') # Ñ’
+    check_both_ways("\u0408", "\x8F", 'IBM855') # Ј
+    check_both_ways("\u0459", "\x90", 'IBM855') # Ñ™
+    check_both_ways("\u042A", "\x9F", 'IBM855') # Ъ
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xA0", 'IBM855') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM855') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM855') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM855') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM855') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xCF", 'IBM855') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u043B", "\xD0", 'IBM855') # л
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM855') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u042F", "\xE0", 'IBM855') # Я
+    check_both_ways("\u2116", "\xEF", 'IBM855') # â„–
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'IBM855') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM855') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM857
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM857') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00C5", "\x8F", 'IBM857') # Ã…
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM857') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u015F", "\x9F", 'IBM857') # ÅŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM857') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM857') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM857') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM857') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM857') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xCF", 'IBM857') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u00BA", "\xD0", 'IBM857') # º
+    check_both_ways("\u00C8", "\xD4", 'IBM857') # È
+    assert_undefined_in("\xD5", 'IBM857')
+    check_both_ways("\u00CD", "\xD6", 'IBM857') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM857') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u00D3", "\xE0", 'IBM857') # Ó
+    check_both_ways("\u00B5", "\xE6", 'IBM857') # µ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xE7", 'IBM857')
+    check_both_ways("\u00D7", "\xE8", 'IBM857') # ×
+    check_both_ways("\u00B4", "\xEF", 'IBM857') # ´
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'IBM857') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00B1", "\xF1", 'IBM857') # ±
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF2", 'IBM857')
+    check_both_ways("\u00BE", "\xF3", 'IBM857') # ¾
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM857') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM860
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM860') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00C2", "\x8F", 'IBM860') # Â
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM860') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u00D3", "\x9F", 'IBM860') # Ó
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM860') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM860') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM860') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM860') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM860') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM860') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM860') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM860') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xE0", 'IBM860') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u2229", "\xEF", 'IBM860') # ∩
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM860') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM860') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM861
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM861') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00C5", "\x8F", 'IBM861') # Ã…
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM861') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u0192", "\x9F", 'IBM861') # Æ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM861') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM861') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM861') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM861') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM861') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM861') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM861') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM861') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xE0", 'IBM861') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u2229", "\xEF", 'IBM861') # ∩
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM861') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM861') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM862
+    check_both_ways("\u05D0", "\x80", 'IBM862') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u05DF", "\x8F", 'IBM862') # ן
+    check_both_ways("\u05E0", "\x90", 'IBM862') # × 
+    check_both_ways("\u0192", "\x9F", 'IBM862') # Æ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM862') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM862') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM862') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM862') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM862') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM862') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM862') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM862') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xE0", 'IBM862') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u2229", "\xEF", 'IBM862') # ∩
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM862') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM862') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM863
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM863') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00A7", "\x8F", 'IBM863') # §
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM863') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u0192", "\x9F", 'IBM863') # Æ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00A6", "\xA0", 'IBM863') # ¦
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM863') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM863') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM863') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM863') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM863') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM863') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM863') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xE0", 'IBM863') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u2229", "\xEF", 'IBM863') # ∩
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM863') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM863') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM864
+    check_both_ways("\u00B0", "\x80", 'IBM864') # °
+    check_both_ways("\u2518", "\x8F", 'IBM864') # ┘
+    check_both_ways("\u03B2", "\x90", 'IBM864') # β
+    check_both_ways("\uFE73", "\x9F", 'IBM864') # ï¹³
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xA0", 'IBM864') # non-breaking space
+    check_both_ways("\uFEA5", "\xAF", 'IBM864') # ﺥ
+    check_both_ways("\u0660", "\xB0", 'IBM864') # Ù 
+    check_both_ways("\u061F", "\xBF", 'IBM864') # ØŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u00A2", "\xC0", 'IBM864') # ¢
+    check_both_ways("\uFEA9", "\xCF", 'IBM864') # ﺩ
+    check_both_ways("\uFEAB", "\xD0", 'IBM864') # ﺫ
+    check_both_ways("\uFEC9", "\xDF", 'IBM864') # ﻉ
+    check_both_ways("\u0640", "\xE0", 'IBM864') # Ù€
+    check_both_ways("\uFEE1", "\xEF", 'IBM864') # ﻡ
+    check_both_ways("\uFE7D", "\xF0", 'IBM864') # ï¹½
+    check_both_ways("\u25A0", "\xFE", 'IBM864') # â– 
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM865
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'IBM865') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00C5", "\x8F", 'IBM865') # Ã…
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'IBM865') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u0192", "\x9F", 'IBM865') # Æ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'IBM865') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xAF", 'IBM865') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM865') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM865') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM865') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM865') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM865') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM865') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xE0", 'IBM865') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u2229", "\xEF", 'IBM865') # ∩
+    check_both_ways("\u2261", "\xF0", 'IBM865') # ≡
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM865') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM866
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\x80", 'IBM866') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u041F", "\x8F", 'IBM866') # П
+    check_both_ways("\u0420", "\x90", 'IBM866') # Р
+    check_both_ways("\u042F", "\x9F", 'IBM866') # Я
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xA0", 'IBM866') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u043F", "\xAF", 'IBM866') # п
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM866') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM866') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM866') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u2567", "\xCF", 'IBM866') # ╧
+    check_both_ways("\u2568", "\xD0", 'IBM866') # ╨
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM866') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u0440", "\xE0", 'IBM866') # р
+    check_both_ways("\u044F", "\xEF", 'IBM866') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0401", "\xF0", 'IBM866') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM866') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_IBM869
+    assert_undefined_in("\x80", 'IBM869')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x85", 'IBM869')
+    check_both_ways("\u0386", "\x86", 'IBM869') # Ά
+    assert_undefined_in("\x87", 'IBM869')
+    check_both_ways("\u00B7", "\x88", 'IBM869') # ·
+    check_both_ways("\u0389", "\x8F", 'IBM869') # Ή
+    check_both_ways("\u038A", "\x90", 'IBM869') # Ί
+    check_both_ways("\u038C", "\x92", 'IBM869') # Ό
+    assert_undefined_in("\x93", 'IBM869')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x94", 'IBM869')
+    check_both_ways("\u038E", "\x95", 'IBM869') # ÎŽ
+    check_both_ways("\u03AF", "\x9F", 'IBM869') # ί
+    check_both_ways("\u03CA", "\xA0", 'IBM869') # ÏŠ
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'IBM869') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'IBM869') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'IBM869') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'IBM869') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u03A3", "\xCF", 'IBM869') # Σ
+    check_both_ways("\u03A4", "\xD0", 'IBM869') # Τ
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'IBM869') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u03B6", "\xE0", 'IBM869') # ζ
+    check_both_ways("\u0384", "\xEF", 'IBM869') # ΄
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'IBM869') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'IBM869') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_macCroatian
+    check_both_ways("\u00C4", "\x80", 'macCroatian') # Ä
+    check_both_ways("\u00E8", "\x8F", 'macCroatian') # è
+    check_both_ways("\u00EA", "\x90", 'macCroatian') # ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00FC", "\x9F", 'macCroatian') # ü
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macCroatian') # †
+    check_both_ways("\u00D8", "\xAF", 'macCroatian') # Ø
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macCroatian') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u00F8", "\xBF", 'macCroatian') # ø
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xC0", 'macCroatian') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\xCF", 'macCroatian') # Å“
+    check_both_ways("\u0110", "\xD0", 'macCroatian') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00A9", "\xD9", 'macCroatian') # ©
+    check_both_ways("\u2044", "\xDA", 'macCroatian') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u203A", "\xDD", 'macCroatian') # ›
+    check_both_ways("\u00C6", "\xDE", 'macCroatian') # Æ
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xDF", 'macCroatian') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xE0", 'macCroatian') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u00B7", "\xE1", 'macCroatian') # ·
+    check_both_ways("\u00C2", "\xE5", 'macCroatian') # Â
+    check_both_ways("\u0107", "\xE6", 'macCroatian') # ć
+    check_both_ways("\u00C1", "\xE7", 'macCroatian') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u010D", "\xE8", 'macCroatian') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00C8", "\xE9", 'macCroatian') # È
+    check_both_ways("\u00D4", "\xEF", 'macCroatian') # Ô
+    check_both_ways("\u0111", "\xF0", 'macCroatian') # Ä‘
+    check_both_ways("\u00D2", "\xF1", 'macCroatian') # Ã’
+    check_both_ways("\u00AF", "\xF8", 'macCroatian') # ¯
+    check_both_ways("\u03C0", "\xF9", 'macCroatian') # π
+    check_both_ways("\u00CB", "\xFA", 'macCroatian') # Ë
+    check_both_ways("\u00CA", "\xFD", 'macCroatian') # Ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00E6", "\xFE", 'macCroatian') # æ
+    check_both_ways("\u02C7", "\xFF", 'macCroatian') # ˇ
+  end
+
+  def test_macCyrillic
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\x80", 'macCyrillic') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u041F", "\x8F", 'macCyrillic') # П
+    check_both_ways("\u0420", "\x90", 'macCyrillic') # Р
+    check_both_ways("\u042F", "\x9F", 'macCyrillic') # Я
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macCyrillic') # †
+    check_both_ways("\u0453", "\xAF", 'macCyrillic') # Ñ“
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macCyrillic') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u045A", "\xBF", 'macCyrillic') # Ñš
+    check_both_ways("\u0458", "\xC0", 'macCyrillic') # ј
+    check_both_ways("\u0455", "\xCF", 'macCyrillic') # Ñ•
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macCyrillic') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u044F", "\xDF", 'macCyrillic') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xE0", 'macCyrillic') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u043F", "\xEF", 'macCyrillic') # п
+    check_both_ways("\u0440", "\xF0", 'macCyrillic') # р
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xFF", 'macCyrillic') # ¤
+  end
+
+  def test_macGreek
+    check_both_ways("\u00C4", "\x80", 'macGreek') # Ä
+    check_both_ways("\u00E8", "\x8F", 'macGreek') # è
+    check_both_ways("\u00EA", "\x90", 'macGreek') # ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00FC", "\x9F", 'macGreek') # ü
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macGreek') # †
+    check_both_ways("\u0393", "\xA1", 'macGreek') # Γ
+    check_both_ways("\u0387", "\xAF", 'macGreek') # ·
+    check_both_ways("\u0391", "\xB0", 'macGreek') # Α
+    check_both_ways("\u03A9", "\xBF", 'macGreek') # Ω
+    check_both_ways("\u03AC", "\xC0", 'macGreek') # ά
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\xCF", 'macGreek') # Å“
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macGreek') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u038F", "\xDF", 'macGreek') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u03CD", "\xE0", 'macGreek') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u03BF", "\xEF", 'macGreek') # ο
+    check_both_ways("\u03C0", "\xF0", 'macGreek') # π
+    check_both_ways("\u03B0", "\xFE", 'macGreek') # ΰ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFF", 'macGreek')
+  end
+
+  def test_macIceland
+    check_both_ways("\u00C4", "\x80", 'macIceland') # Ä
+    check_both_ways("\u00E8", "\x8F", 'macIceland') # è
+    check_both_ways("\u00EA", "\x90", 'macIceland') # ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00FC", "\x9F", 'macIceland') # ü
+    check_both_ways("\u00DD", "\xA0", 'macIceland') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00D8", "\xAF", 'macIceland') # Ø
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macIceland') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u00F8", "\xBF", 'macIceland') # ø
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xC0", 'macIceland') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\xCF", 'macIceland') # Å“
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macIceland') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u00FE", "\xDF", 'macIceland') # þ
+    check_both_ways("\u00FD", "\xE0", 'macIceland') # ý
+    check_both_ways("\u00D4", "\xEF", 'macIceland') # Ô
+    #check_both_ways("\uF8FF", "\xF0", 'macIceland') # Apple logo
+    check_both_ways("\u02C7", "\xFF", 'macIceland') # ˇ
+  end
+
+  def test_macRoman
+    check_both_ways("\u00C4", "\x80", 'macRoman') # Ä
+    check_both_ways("\u00E8", "\x8F", 'macRoman') # è
+    check_both_ways("\u00EA", "\x90", 'macRoman') # ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00FC", "\x9F", 'macRoman') # ü
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macRoman') # †
+    #check_both_ways("\u00DB", "\xAF", 'macRoman') # Ø
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macRoman') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u00F8", "\xBF", 'macRoman') # ø
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xC0", 'macRoman') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\xCF", 'macRoman') # Å“
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macRoman') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xDB", 'macRoman') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\uFB02", "\xDF", 'macRoman') # fl
+    check_both_ways("\u2021", "\xE0", 'macRoman') # ‡
+    check_both_ways("\u00D4", "\xEF", 'macRoman') # Ô
+    #check_both_ways("\uF8FF", "\xF0", 'macRoman') # Apple logo
+    check_both_ways("\u02C7", "\xFF", 'macRoman') # ˇ
+  end
+
+  def test_macRomania
+    check_both_ways("\u00C4", "\x80", 'macRomania') # Ä
+    check_both_ways("\u00E8", "\x8F", 'macRomania') # è
+    check_both_ways("\u00EA", "\x90", 'macRomania') # ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00FC", "\x9F", 'macRomania') # ü
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macRomania') # †
+    check_both_ways("\u015E", "\xAF", 'macRomania') # Åž
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macRomania') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u015F", "\xBF", 'macRomania') # ÅŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xC0", 'macRomania') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\xCF", 'macRomania') # Å“
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macRomania') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xDB", 'macRomania') # €
+    check_both_ways("\u0163", "\xDF", 'macRomania') # ţ
+    check_both_ways("\u2021", "\xE0", 'macRomania') # ‡
+    check_both_ways("\u00D4", "\xEF", 'macRomania') # Ô
+    #check_both_ways("\uF8FF", "\xF0", 'macRomania') # Apple logo
+    check_both_ways("\u02C7", "\xFF", 'macRomania') # ˇ
+  end
+
+  def test_macTurkish
+    check_both_ways("\u00C4", "\x80", 'macTurkish') # Ä
+    check_both_ways("\u00E8", "\x8F", 'macTurkish') # è
+    check_both_ways("\u00EA", "\x90", 'macTurkish') # ê
+    check_both_ways("\u00FC", "\x9F", 'macTurkish') # ü
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macTurkish') # †
+    check_both_ways("\u00D8", "\xAF", 'macTurkish') # Ø
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macTurkish') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u00F8", "\xBF", 'macTurkish') # ø
+    check_both_ways("\u00BF", "\xC0", 'macTurkish') # ¿
+    check_both_ways("\u0153", "\xCF", 'macTurkish') # Å“
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macTurkish') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u015F", "\xDF", 'macTurkish') # ÅŸ
+    check_both_ways("\u2021", "\xE0", 'macTurkish') # ‡
+    check_both_ways("\u00D4", "\xEF", 'macTurkish') # Ô
+    #check_both_ways("\uF8FF", "\xF0", 'macTurkish') # Apple logo
+    check_both_ways("\u00D9", "\xF4", 'macTurkish') # Ù
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF5", 'macTurkish')
+    check_both_ways("\u02C6", "\xF6", 'macTurkish') # ˆ
+    check_both_ways("\u02C7", "\xFF", 'macTurkish') # ˇ
+  end
+
+  def test_macUkraine
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\x80", 'macUkraine') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u041F", "\x8F", 'macUkraine') # П
+    check_both_ways("\u0420", "\x90", 'macUkraine') # Р
+    check_both_ways("\u042F", "\x9F", 'macUkraine') # Я
+    check_both_ways("\u2020", "\xA0", 'macUkraine') # †
+    check_both_ways("\u0453", "\xAF", 'macUkraine') # Ñ“
+    check_both_ways("\u221E", "\xB0", 'macUkraine') # ∞
+    check_both_ways("\u045A", "\xBF", 'macUkraine') # Ñš
+    check_both_ways("\u0458", "\xC0", 'macUkraine') # ј
+    check_both_ways("\u0455", "\xCF", 'macUkraine') # Ñ•
+    check_both_ways("\u2013", "\xD0", 'macUkraine') # –
+    check_both_ways("\u044F", "\xDF", 'macUkraine') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xE0", 'macUkraine') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u043F", "\xEF", 'macUkraine') # п
+    check_both_ways("\u0440", "\xF0", 'macUkraine') # р
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xFF", 'macUkraine') # ¤
+  end
+
+  def test_koi8_u
+    check_both_ways("\u2500", "\x80", 'KOI8-U') # ─
+    check_both_ways("\u2590", "\x8F", 'KOI8-U') # â–�
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\x90", 'KOI8-U') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u00F7", "\x9F", 'KOI8-U') # ÷
+    check_both_ways("\u2550", "\xA0", 'KOI8-U') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0454", "\xA4", 'KOI8-U') # Ñ”
+    check_both_ways("\u0456", "\xA6", 'KOI8-U') # Ñ–
+    check_both_ways("\u0457", "\xA7", 'KOI8-U') # Ñ—
+    check_both_ways("\u0491", "\xAD", 'KOI8-U') # Ò‘
+    check_both_ways("\u255E", "\xAF", 'KOI8-U') # â•ž
+    check_both_ways("\u255F", "\xB0", 'KOI8-U') # â•Ÿ
+    check_both_ways("\u0404", "\xB4", 'KOI8-U') # Є
+    check_both_ways("\u0406", "\xB6", 'KOI8-U') # І
+    check_both_ways("\u0407", "\xB7", 'KOI8-U') # Ї
+    check_both_ways("\u0490", "\xBD", 'KOI8-U') # Ò�
+    check_both_ways("\u00A9", "\xBF", 'KOI8-U') # ©
+    check_both_ways("\u044E", "\xC0", 'KOI8-U') # ÑŽ
+    check_both_ways("\u043E", "\xCF", 'KOI8-U') # о
+    check_both_ways("\u043F", "\xD0", 'KOI8-U') # п
+    check_both_ways("\u044A", "\xDF", 'KOI8-U') # ÑŠ
+    check_both_ways("\u042E", "\xE0", 'KOI8-U') # Ю
+    check_both_ways("\u041E", "\xEF", 'KOI8-U') # О
+    check_both_ways("\u041F", "\xF0", 'KOI8-U') # П
+    check_both_ways("\u042A", "\xFF", 'KOI8-U') # Ъ
+  end
+
+  def test_koi8_r
+    check_both_ways("\u2500", "\x80", 'KOI8-R') # ─
+    check_both_ways("\u2590", "\x8F", 'KOI8-R') # â–�
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\x90", 'KOI8-R') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u00F7", "\x9F", 'KOI8-R') # ÷
+    check_both_ways("\u2550", "\xA0", 'KOI8-R') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u255E", "\xAF", 'KOI8-R') # â•ž
+    check_both_ways("\u255F", "\xB0", 'KOI8-R') # â•Ÿ
+    check_both_ways("\u00A9", "\xBF", 'KOI8-R') # ©
+    check_both_ways("\u044E", "\xC0", 'KOI8-R') # ÑŽ
+    check_both_ways("\u043E", "\xCF", 'KOI8-R') # о
+    check_both_ways("\u043F", "\xD0", 'KOI8-R') # п
+    check_both_ways("\u044A", "\xDF", 'KOI8-R') # ÑŠ
+    check_both_ways("\u042E", "\xE0", 'KOI8-R') # Ю
+    check_both_ways("\u041E", "\xEF", 'KOI8-R') # О
+    check_both_ways("\u041F", "\xF0", 'KOI8-R') # П
+    check_both_ways("\u042A", "\xFF", 'KOI8-R') # Ъ
+  end
+
+  def test_TIS_620
+    assert_undefined_in("\x80", 'TIS-620')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x8F", 'TIS-620')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x90", 'TIS-620')
+    assert_undefined_in("\x9F", 'TIS-620')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA0", 'TIS-620')
+    check_both_ways("\u0E01", "\xA1", 'TIS-620') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E0F", "\xAF", 'TIS-620') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E10", "\xB0", 'TIS-620') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E1F", "\xBF", 'TIS-620') # ฟ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E20", "\xC0", 'TIS-620') # ภ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E2F", "\xCF", 'TIS-620') # ฯ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E30", "\xD0", 'TIS-620') # ะ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E3A", "\xDA", 'TIS-620') #  ฺ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xDB", 'TIS-620')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xDE", 'TIS-620')
+    check_both_ways("\u0E3F", "\xDF", 'TIS-620') # ฿
+    check_both_ways("\u0E40", "\xE0", 'TIS-620') # เ
+    check_both_ways("\u0E4F", "\xEF", 'TIS-620') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E50", "\xF0", 'TIS-620') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0E5B", "\xFB", 'TIS-620') # ๛
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC", 'TIS-620')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFF", 'TIS-620')
+  end
+
+  def test_CP850
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'CP850') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u00C5", "\x8F", 'CP850') # Ã…
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'CP850') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u0192", "\x9F", 'CP850') # Æ’
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'CP850') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'CP850') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'CP850') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'CP850') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'CP850') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xCF", 'CP850') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u00F0", "\xD0", 'CP850') # ð
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'CP850') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u00D3", "\xE0", 'CP850') # Ó
+    check_both_ways("\u00B4", "\xEF", 'CP850') # ´
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'CP850') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'CP850') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_CP852
+    check_both_ways("\u00C7", "\x80", 'CP852') # Ç
+    check_both_ways("\u0106", "\x8F", 'CP852') # Ć
+    check_both_ways("\u00C9", "\x90", 'CP852') # É
+    check_both_ways("\u010D", "\x9F", 'CP852') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u00E1", "\xA0", 'CP852') # á
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'CP852') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'CP852') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'CP852') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'CP852') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xCF", 'CP852') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u0111", "\xD0", 'CP852') # Ä‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'CP852') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u00D3", "\xE0", 'CP852') # Ó
+    check_both_ways("\u00B4", "\xEF", 'CP852') # ´
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'CP852') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'CP852') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_CP855
+    check_both_ways("\u0452", "\x80", 'CP855') # Ñ’
+    check_both_ways("\u0408", "\x8F", 'CP855') # Ј
+    check_both_ways("\u0459", "\x90", 'CP855') # Ñ™
+    check_both_ways("\u042A", "\x9F", 'CP855') # Ъ
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xA0", 'CP855') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u00BB", "\xAF", 'CP855') # »
+    check_both_ways("\u2591", "\xB0", 'CP855') # â–‘
+    check_both_ways("\u2510", "\xBF", 'CP855') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u2514", "\xC0", 'CP855') # â””
+    check_both_ways("\u00A4", "\xCF", 'CP855') # ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u043B", "\xD0", 'CP855') # л
+    check_both_ways("\u2580", "\xDF", 'CP855') # â–€
+    check_both_ways("\u042F", "\xE0", 'CP855') # Я
+    check_both_ways("\u2116", "\xEF", 'CP855') # â„–
+    check_both_ways("\u00AD", "\xF0", 'CP855') # soft hyphen
+    check_both_ways("\u00A0", "\xFF", 'CP855') # non-breaking space
+  end
+
+  def test_ill_formed_utf_8_replace
+    fffd1 = "\uFFFD".encode 'UTF-16BE'
+    fffd2 = "\uFFFD\uFFFD".encode 'UTF-16BE'
+    fffd3 = "\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD".encode 'UTF-16BE'
+    fffd4 = "\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD".encode 'UTF-16BE'
+    fffd5 = "\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD".encode 'UTF-16BE'
+    fffd6 = "\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD".encode 'UTF-16BE'
+
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xC3".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xDF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xE0".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xE0\xA0".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xE0\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xE1".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xEC".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xE1\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xEC\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xC0\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xC0\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xC1\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xC1\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xE0\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xE0\x9F".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xE0\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xE0\x9F\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xED\xA0".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xED\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xED\xA0\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xED\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF0\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF0\x8F".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF0\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF0\x8F\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF0\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF0\x8F\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF4\x90".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF4\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF4\x90\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF4\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF4\x90\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF4\xBF\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF5\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF7\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF5\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF7\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF5\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF7\xBF\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xF8".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xFB".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xF8\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xFB\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xF8\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xFB\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xF8\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xFB\xBF\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd5, "\xF8\x80\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd5, "\xFB\xBF\xBF\xBF\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xFC".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xFD".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xFC\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xFD\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xFC\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xFD\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xFC\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xFD\xBF\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd5, "\xFC\x80\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd5, "\xFD\xBF\xBF\xBF\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd6, "\xFC\x80\x80\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd6, "\xFD\xBF\xBF\xBF\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xFE".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd1, "\xFF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xFE\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd2, "\xFF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xFE\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd3, "\xFF\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xFE\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd4, "\xFF\xBF\xBF\xBF".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd5, "\xFE\x80\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd5, "\xFF\xBF\xBF\xBF\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd6, "\xFE\x80\x80\x80\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+    assert_equal fffd6, "\xFF\xBF\xBF\xBF\x80\x80".encode("utf-16be", "utf-8", invalid: :replace)
+  end
+
+  def check_utf_16_both_ways(utf8, raw)
+    copy = raw.dup
+    0.step(copy.length-1, 2) { |i| copy[i+1], copy[i] = copy[i], copy[i+1] }
+    check_both_ways(utf8, raw, 'utf-16be')
+    check_both_ways(utf8, copy, 'utf-16le')
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_16
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("abc", "\x00a\x00b\x00c")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u00E9", "\x00\xE9");
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u00E9\u0070\u00E9\u0065", "\x00\xE9\x00\x70\x00\xE9\x00\x65") # épée
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\x67\x7E\x67\x2C\x88\x4C\x5F\x18") # �本行弘
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\x97\x52\x5C\x71\x5B\x66\x96\x62\x59\x27\x5B\x66") # �山学院大学
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("Martin D\u00FCrst", "\x00M\x00a\x00r\x00t\x00i\x00n\x00 \x00D\x00\xFC\x00r\x00s\x00t") # Martin Dürst
+    # BMP
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u0000", "\x00\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u007F", "\x00\x7F")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u0080", "\x00\x80")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u0555", "\x05\x55")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u04AA", "\x04\xAA")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u0333", "\x03\x33")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u04CC", "\x04\xCC")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u00F0", "\x00\xF0")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u070F", "\x07\x0F")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u07FF", "\x07\xFF")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u0800", "\x08\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uD7FF", "\xD7\xFF")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uE000", "\xE0\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uFFFF", "\xFF\xFF")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u5555", "\x55\x55")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uAAAA", "\xAA\xAA")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u3333", "\x33\x33")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uCCCC", "\xCC\xCC")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uF0F0", "\xF0\xF0")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u0F0F", "\x0F\x0F")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\uFF00", "\xFF\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u00FF", "\x00\xFF")
+    # outer planes
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{10000}", "\xD8\x00\xDC\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{FFFFF}", "\xDB\xBF\xDF\xFF")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{100000}", "\xDB\xC0\xDC\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{10FFFF}", "\xDB\xFF\xDF\xFF")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{105555}", "\xDB\xD5\xDD\x55")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{55555}", "\xD9\x15\xDD\x55")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{AAAAA}", "\xDA\x6A\xDE\xAA")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{33333}", "\xD8\x8C\xDF\x33")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{CCCCC}", "\xDA\xF3\xDC\xCC")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{8F0F0}", "\xD9\xFC\xDC\xF0")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{F0F0F}", "\xDB\x83\xDF\x0F")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{8FF00}", "\xD9\xFF\xDF\x00")
+    check_utf_16_both_ways("\u{F00FF}", "\xDB\x80\xDC\xFF")
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_16_bom
+    expected = "\u{3042}\u{3044}\u{20bb7}"
+    assert_equal(expected, %w/fffe4230443042d8b7df/.pack("H*").encode("UTF-8","UTF-16"))
+    check_both_ways(expected, %w/feff30423044d842dfb7/.pack("H*"), "UTF-16")
+    assert_invalid_in(%w/feffdfb7/.pack("H*"), "UTF-16")
+    assert_invalid_in(%w/fffeb7df/.pack("H*"), "UTF-16")
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_32_bom
+    expected = "\u{3042}\u{3044}\u{20bb7}"
+    assert_equal(expected, %w/fffe00004230000044300000b70b0200/.pack("H*").encode("UTF-8","UTF-32"))
+    check_both_ways(expected, %w/0000feff000030420000304400020bb7/.pack("H*"), "UTF-32")
+    assert_invalid_in(%w/0000feff00110000/.pack("H*"), "UTF-32")
+  end
+
+  def check_utf_32_both_ways(utf8, raw)
+    copy = raw.dup
+    0.step(copy.length-1, 4) do |i|
+      copy[i+3], copy[i+2], copy[i+1], copy[i] = copy[i], copy[i+1], copy[i+2], copy[i+3]
+    end
+    check_both_ways(utf8, raw, 'utf-32be')
+    #check_both_ways(utf8, copy, 'utf-32le')
+  end
+
+  def test_utf_32
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("abc", "\x00\x00\x00a\x00\x00\x00b\x00\x00\x00c")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u00E9", "\x00\x00\x00\xE9");
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u00E9\u0070\u00E9\u0065",
+      "\x00\x00\x00\xE9\x00\x00\x00\x70\x00\x00\x00\xE9\x00\x00\x00\x65") # épée
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18",
+      "\x00\x00\x67\x7E\x00\x00\x67\x2C\x00\x00\x88\x4C\x00\x00\x5F\x18") # �本行弘
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66",
+      "\x00\x00\x97\x52\x00\x00\x5C\x71\x00\x00\x5B\x66\x00\x00\x96\x62\x00\x00\x59\x27\x00\x00\x5B\x66") # �山学院大学
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("Martin D\u00FCrst",
+      "\x00\x00\x00M\x00\x00\x00a\x00\x00\x00r\x00\x00\x00t\x00\x00\x00i\x00\x00\x00n\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x00\x00D\x00\x00\x00\xFC\x00\x00\x00r\x00\x00\x00s\x00\x00\x00t") # Martin Dürst
+    # BMP
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u0000", "\x00\x00\x00\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u007F", "\x00\x00\x00\x7F")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u0080", "\x00\x00\x00\x80")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u0555", "\x00\x00\x05\x55")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u04AA", "\x00\x00\x04\xAA")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u0333", "\x00\x00\x03\x33")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u04CC", "\x00\x00\x04\xCC")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u00F0", "\x00\x00\x00\xF0")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u070F", "\x00\x00\x07\x0F")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u07FF", "\x00\x00\x07\xFF")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u0800", "\x00\x00\x08\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uD7FF", "\x00\x00\xD7\xFF")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uE000", "\x00\x00\xE0\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uFFFF", "\x00\x00\xFF\xFF")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u5555", "\x00\x00\x55\x55")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uAAAA", "\x00\x00\xAA\xAA")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u3333", "\x00\x00\x33\x33")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uCCCC", "\x00\x00\xCC\xCC")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uF0F0", "\x00\x00\xF0\xF0")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u0F0F", "\x00\x00\x0F\x0F")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\uFF00", "\x00\x00\xFF\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u00FF", "\x00\x00\x00\xFF")
+    # outer planes
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{10000}", "\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{FFFFF}", "\x00\x0F\xFF\xFF")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{100000}","\x00\x10\x00\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{10FFFF}","\x00\x10\xFF\xFF")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{105555}","\x00\x10\x55\x55")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{55555}", "\x00\x05\x55\x55")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{AAAAA}", "\x00\x0A\xAA\xAA")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{33333}", "\x00\x03\x33\x33")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{CCCCC}", "\x00\x0C\xCC\xCC")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{8F0F0}", "\x00\x08\xF0\xF0")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{F0F0F}", "\x00\x0F\x0F\x0F")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{8FF00}", "\x00\x08\xFF\x00")
+    check_utf_32_both_ways("\u{F00FF}", "\x00\x0F\x00\xFF")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_ignore
+    # arguments only
+    assert_nothing_raised { 'abc'.encode('utf-8', invalid: :replace, replace: "") }
+    # check handling of UTF-8 ill-formed subsequences
+    assert_equal("\x00\x41\x00\x3E\x00\x42".force_encoding('UTF-16BE'),
+      "\x41\xC2\x3E\x42".encode('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+    assert_equal("\x00\x41\x00\xF1\x00\x42".force_encoding('UTF-16BE'),
+      "\x41\xC2\xC3\xB1\x42".encode('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+    assert_equal("\x00\x42".force_encoding('UTF-16BE'),
+      "\xF0\x80\x80\x42".encode('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+    assert_equal(''.force_encoding('UTF-16BE'),
+      "\x82\xAB".encode('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      "\xA1\xA1\xFF".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+    assert_equal("\e$B\x24\x22\x24\x24\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      "\xA4\xA2\xFF\xA4\xA4".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+    assert_equal("\e$B\x24\x22\x24\x24\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      "\xA4\xA2\xFF\xFF\xA4\xA4".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace, replace: ""))
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_replace
+    # arguments only
+    assert_nothing_raised { 'abc'.encode('UTF-8', invalid: :replace) }
+    assert_equal("\xEF\xBF\xBD".force_encoding("UTF-8"),
+      "\x80".encode("UTF-8", "UTF-16BE", invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\xFF\xFD".force_encoding("UTF-16BE"),
+      "\x80".encode("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8", invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\xFD\xFF".force_encoding("UTF-16LE"),
+      "\x80".encode("UTF-16LE", "UTF-8", invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\x00\x00\xFF\xFD".force_encoding("UTF-32BE"),
+      "\x80".encode("UTF-32BE", "UTF-8", invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\xFD\xFF\x00\x00".force_encoding("UTF-32LE"),
+      "\x80".encode("UTF-32LE", "UTF-8", invalid: :replace))
+
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\xdc\x00\x00!".encode("utf-8", "utf-16be", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\xd8\x00\x00!".encode("utf-8", "utf-16be", :invalid=>:replace))
+
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\xdc!\x00".encode("utf-8", "utf-16le", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\xd8!\x00".encode("utf-8", "utf-16le", :invalid=>:replace))
+
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00!".encode("utf-8", "utf-32be", :invalid=>:replace), "[ruby-dev:35726]")
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\xff\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00!".encode("utf-8", "utf-32be", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\x00\xd8\x00\x00\x00\x00!".encode("utf-8", "utf-32be", :invalid=>:replace))
+
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\x00\x00\xff!\x00\x00\x00".encode("utf-8", "utf-32le", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\x00\xff\x00!\x00\x00\x00".encode("utf-8", "utf-32le", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x00\xd8\x00\x00!\x00\x00\x00".encode("utf-8", "utf-32le", :invalid=>:replace))
+
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\xff!".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\xff!".encode("utf-8", "euc-jis-2004", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\xa1!".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\xa1!".encode("utf-8", "euc-jis-2004", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x8f\xa1!".encode("utf-8", "euc-jp", :invalid=>:replace))
+    assert_equal("\uFFFD!",
+      "\x8f\xa1!".encode("utf-8", "euc-jis-2004", :invalid=>:replace))
+
+    assert_equal("?",
+      "\xdc\x00".encode("EUC-JP", "UTF-16BE", :invalid=>:replace), "[ruby-dev:35776]")
+    assert_equal("ab?cd?ef",
+      "\0a\0b\xdc\x00\0c\0d\xdf\x00\0e\0f".encode("EUC-JP", "UTF-16BE", :invalid=>:replace))
+
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B?".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      "\xA1\xA1\xFF".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\e$B\x24\x22\e(B?\e$B\x24\x24\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      "\xA4\xA2\xFF\xA4\xA4".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\e$B\x24\x22\e(B??\e$B\x24\x24\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+      "\xA4\xA2\xFF\xFF\xA4\xA4".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP", invalid: :replace))
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_replace_string
+    assert_equal("a<x>A", "a\x80A".encode("us-ascii", "euc-jp", :invalid=>:replace, :replace=>"<x>"))
+    assert_equal("a<x>A", "a\x80A".encode("us-ascii", "euc-jis-2004", :invalid=>:replace, :replace=>"<x>"))
+    s = "abcd\u{c1}"
+    r = s.b.encode("UTF-8", "UTF-8", invalid: :replace, replace: "\u{fffd}")
+    assert_equal(s, r)
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_replace
+    assert_equal("?", "\u20AC".encode("EUC-JP", :undef=>:replace), "[ruby-dev:35709]")
+  end
+
+  def test_undef_replace_string
+    assert_equal("a<x>A", "a\u3042A".encode("us-ascii", :undef=>:replace, :replace=>"<x>"))
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_jis
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\x81\x40", 'shift_jis') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\u00D7", "\x81\x7E", 'shift_jis') # ×
+    check_both_ways("\u00F7", "\x81\x80", 'shift_jis') # ÷
+    check_both_ways("\u25C7", "\x81\x9E", 'shift_jis') # â—‡
+    check_both_ways("\u25C6", "\x81\x9F", 'shift_jis') # â—†
+    check_both_ways("\u25EF", "\x81\xFC", 'shift_jis') # â—¯
+    check_both_ways("\u6A97", "\x9F\x40", 'shift_jis') # 檗
+    check_both_ways("\u6BEF", "\x9F\x7E", 'shift_jis') # 毯
+    check_both_ways("\u9EBE", "\x9F\x80", 'shift_jis') # 麾
+    check_both_ways("\u6CBE", "\x9F\x9E", 'shift_jis') # æ²¾
+    check_both_ways("\u6CBA", "\x9F\x9F", 'shift_jis') # 沺
+    check_both_ways("\u6ECC", "\x9F\xFC", 'shift_jis') # 滌
+    check_both_ways("\u6F3E", "\xE0\x40", 'shift_jis') # æ¼¾
+    check_both_ways("\u70DD", "\xE0\x7E", 'shift_jis') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u70D9", "\xE0\x80", 'shift_jis') # 烙
+    check_both_ways("\u71FC", "\xE0\x9E", 'shift_jis') # 燼
+    check_both_ways("\u71F9", "\xE0\x9F", 'shift_jis') # 燹
+    check_both_ways("\u73F1", "\xE0\xFC", 'shift_jis') # �
+    assert_undefined_in("\xEF\x40", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xEF\x7E", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xEF\x80", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xEF\x9E", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xEF\x9F", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xEF\xFC", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF0\x40", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF0\x7E", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF0\x80", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF0\x9E", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF0\x9F", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF0\xFC", 'shift_jis')
+    #check_both_ways("\u9ADC", "\xFC\x40", 'shift_jis') # 髜 (IBM extended)
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC\x7E", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC\x80", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC\x9E", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC\x9F", 'shift_jis')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFC\xFC", 'shift_jis')
+    check_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\x8f\xbc\x96\x7b\x8d\x73\x8d\x4f", 'shift_jis') # �本行弘
+    check_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\x90\xC2\x8E\x52\x8A\x77\x89\x40\x91\xE5\x8A\x77", 'shift_jis') # �山学院大学
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\x90\x5F\x97\xD1\x8B\x60\x94\x8E", 'shift_jis') # 神林義�
+  end
+
+  def test_windows_31j
+    check_both_ways("\u222A", "\x81\xBE", 'Windows-31J') # Union
+    check_both_ways("\uFFE2", "\x81\xCA", 'Windows-31J') # Fullwidth Not Sign
+    check_both_ways("\u2235", "\x81\xE6", 'Windows-31J') # Because
+    check_both_ways("\u2160", "\x87\x54", 'Windows-31J') # Roman Numeral One
+    check_both_ways("\u2170", "\xFA\x40", 'Windows-31J') # Small Roman Numeral One
+  end
+
+  def test_euc_jp
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\xA1", 'euc-jp') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\u00D7", "\xA1\xDF", 'euc-jp') # ×
+    check_both_ways("\u00F7", "\xA1\xE0", 'euc-jp') # ÷
+    check_both_ways("\u25C7", "\xA1\xFE", 'euc-jp') # â—‡
+    check_both_ways("\u25C6", "\xA2\xA1", 'euc-jp') # â—†
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xAF", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xB9", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xC2", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xC9", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xD1", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xDB", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xEB", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xF1", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xFA", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xFD", 'euc-jp')
+    check_both_ways("\u25EF", "\xA2\xFE", 'euc-jp') # â—¯
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xAF", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xBA", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xC0", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xDB", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xE0", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xFB", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA4\xF4", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA5\xF7", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA6\xB9", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA6\xC0", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA6\xD9", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA7\xC2", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA7\xD0", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA7\xF2", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xC1", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xCF\xD4", 'euc-jp')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xCF\xFE", 'euc-jp')
+    check_both_ways("\u6A97", "\xDD\xA1", 'euc-jp') # 檗
+    check_both_ways("\u6BEF", "\xDD\xDF", 'euc-jp') # 毯
+    check_both_ways("\u9EBE", "\xDD\xE0", 'euc-jp') # 麾
+    check_both_ways("\u6CBE", "\xDD\xFE", 'euc-jp') # æ²¾
+    check_both_ways("\u6CBA", "\xDE\xA1", 'euc-jp') # 沺
+    check_both_ways("\u6ECC", "\xDE\xFE", 'euc-jp') # 滌
+    check_both_ways("\u6F3E", "\xDF\xA1", 'euc-jp') # æ¼¾
+    check_both_ways("\u70DD", "\xDF\xDF", 'euc-jp') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u70D9", "\xDF\xE0", 'euc-jp') # 烙
+    check_both_ways("\u71FC", "\xDF\xFE", 'euc-jp') # 燼
+    check_both_ways("\u71F9", "\xE0\xA1", 'euc-jp') # 燹
+    check_both_ways("\u73F1", "\xE0\xFE", 'euc-jp') # �
+    assert_undefined_in("\xF4\xA7", 'euc-jp')
+    #check_both_ways("\u9ADC", "\xFC\xE3", 'euc-jp') # 髜 (IBM extended)
+
+    check_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\xBE\xBE\xCB\xDC\xB9\xD4\xB9\xB0", 'euc-jp') # �本行弘
+    check_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\xC0\xC4\xBB\xB3\xB3\xD8\xB1\xA1\xC2\xE7\xB3\xD8", 'euc-jp') # �山学院大学
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\xBF\xC0\xCE\xD3\xB5\xC1\xC7\xEE", 'euc-jp') # 神林義�
+  end
+
+  def test_euc_jis_2004
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\xA1", 'euc-jis-2004') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\u00D7", "\xA1\xDF", 'euc-jis-2004') # ×
+    check_both_ways("\u00F7", "\xA1\xE0", 'euc-jis-2004') # ÷
+    check_both_ways("\u25C7", "\xA1\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # â—‡
+    check_both_ways("\u25C6", "\xA2\xA1", 'euc-jis-2004') # â—†
+    check_both_ways("\uFF07", "\xA2\xAF", 'euc-jis-2004') # ＇
+    check_both_ways("\u309F", "\xA2\xB9", 'euc-jis-2004') # ã‚Ÿ
+    check_both_ways("\u2284", "\xA2\xC2", 'euc-jis-2004') # ⊄
+    check_both_ways("\u2306", "\xA2\xC9", 'euc-jis-2004') # ⌆
+    check_both_ways("\u2295", "\xA2\xD1", 'euc-jis-2004') # ⊕
+    check_both_ways("\u3017", "\xA2\xDB", 'euc-jis-2004') # 〗
+    check_both_ways("\u2262", "\xA2\xEB", 'euc-jis-2004') # ≢
+    check_both_ways("\u2194", "\xA2\xF1", 'euc-jis-2004') # ↔
+    check_both_ways("\u266E", "\xA2\xFA", 'euc-jis-2004') # â™®
+    check_both_ways("\u2669", "\xA2\xFD", 'euc-jis-2004') # ♩
+    check_both_ways("\u25EF", "\xA2\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # â—¯
+    check_both_ways("\u2935", "\xA3\xAF", 'euc-jis-2004') # ⤵
+    check_both_ways("\u29BF", "\xA3\xBA", 'euc-jis-2004') # ⦿
+    check_both_ways("\u2022", "\xA3\xC0", 'euc-jis-2004') # •
+    check_both_ways("\u2213", "\xA3\xDB", 'euc-jis-2004') # ∓
+    check_both_ways("\u2127", "\xA3\xE0", 'euc-jis-2004') # ℧
+    check_both_ways("\u30A0", "\xA3\xFB", 'euc-jis-2004') # ã‚ 
+    check_both_ways("\uFF54", "\xA3\xF4", 'euc-jis-2004') # ï½”
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA5\xF7", 'euc-jis-2004')
+    check_both_ways("\u2664", "\xA6\xB9", 'euc-jis-2004') # ♤
+    check_both_ways("\u2663", "\xA6\xC0", 'euc-jis-2004') # ♣
+    check_both_ways("\u03C2", "\xA6\xD9", 'euc-jis-2004') # Ï‚
+    check_both_ways("\u23BE", "\xA7\xC2", 'euc-jis-2004') # ⎾
+    check_both_ways("\u23CC", "\xA7\xD0", 'euc-jis-2004') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u30F7", "\xA7\xF2", 'euc-jis-2004') # ヷ
+    check_both_ways("\u3251", "\xA8\xC1", 'euc-jis-2004') # ㉑
+    check_both_ways("\u{20B9F}", "\xCF\xD4", 'euc-jis-2004') # ð ®‘
+    check_both_ways("\u541E", "\xCF\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u6A97", "\xDD\xA1", 'euc-jis-2004') # 檗
+    check_both_ways("\u6BEF", "\xDD\xDF", 'euc-jis-2004') # 毯
+    check_both_ways("\u9EBE", "\xDD\xE0", 'euc-jis-2004') # 麾
+    check_both_ways("\u6CBE", "\xDD\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # æ²¾
+    check_both_ways("\u6CBA", "\xDE\xA1", 'euc-jis-2004') # 沺
+    check_both_ways("\u6ECC", "\xDE\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # 滌
+    check_both_ways("\u6F3E", "\xDF\xA1", 'euc-jis-2004') # æ¼¾
+    check_both_ways("\u70DD", "\xDF\xDF", 'euc-jis-2004') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u70D9", "\xDF\xE0", 'euc-jis-2004') # 烙
+    check_both_ways("\u71FC", "\xDF\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # 燼
+    check_both_ways("\u71F9", "\xE0\xA1", 'euc-jis-2004') # 燹
+    check_both_ways("\u73F1", "\xE0\xFE", 'euc-jis-2004') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u5653", "\xF4\xA7", 'euc-jis-2004') # 噓
+    #check_both_ways("\u9ADC", "\xFC\xE3", 'euc-jp') # 髜 (IBM extended)
+
+    check_both_ways("\u9DD7", "\xFE\xE5", 'euc-jis-2004') # é·—
+    check_both_ways("\u{2000B}", "\xAE\xA2", 'euc-jis-2004') # 𠀋
+    check_both_ways("\u{2A6B2}", "\x8F\xFE\xF6", 'euc-jis-2004') # 𪚲
+
+    check_both_ways("\u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18", "\xBE\xBE\xCB\xDC\xB9\xD4\xB9\xB0", 'euc-jis-2004') # �本行弘
+    check_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\xC0\xC4\xBB\xB3\xB3\xD8\xB1\xA1\xC2\xE7\xB3\xD8", 'euc-jis-2004') # �山学院大学
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\xBF\xC0\xCE\xD3\xB5\xC1\xC7\xEE", 'euc-jis-2004') # 神林義�
+  end
+
+  def test_eucjp_ms
+    check_both_ways("\u2116", "\xAD\xE2", 'eucJP-ms') # NUMERO SIGN
+    check_both_ways("\u221A", "\xA2\xE5", 'eucJP-ms') # SQUARE ROOT
+    check_both_ways("\u3231", "\xAD\xEA", 'eucJP-ms') # PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK
+    check_both_ways("\uFF5E", "\xA1\xC1", 'eucJP-ms') # WAVE DASH
+  end
+
+  def test_eucjp_sjis
+    check_both_ways2("\xa1\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\x81\x40", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xa1\xdf", "EUC-JP", "\x81\x7e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xa1\xe0", "EUC-JP", "\x81\x80", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xa1\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\x81\x9e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xa2\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\x81\x9f", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xa2\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\x81\xfc", "Shift_JIS")
+
+    check_both_ways2("\xdd\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\x9f\x40", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xdd\xdf", "EUC-JP", "\x9f\x7e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xdd\xe0", "EUC-JP", "\x9f\x80", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xdd\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\x9f\x9e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xde\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\x9f\x9f", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xde\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\x9f\xfc", "Shift_JIS")
+
+    check_both_ways2("\xdf\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xe0\x40", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xdf\xdf", "EUC-JP", "\xe0\x7e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xdf\xe0", "EUC-JP", "\xe0\x80", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xdf\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\xe0\x9e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xe0\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xe0\x9f", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xe0\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\xe0\xfc", "Shift_JIS")
+
+    check_both_ways2("\xf4\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xea\x9f", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xf4\xa2", "EUC-JP", "\xea\xa0", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xf4\xa3", "EUC-JP", "\xea\xa1", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xf4\xa4", "EUC-JP", "\xea\xa2", "Shift_JIS") # end of JIS X 0208 1983
+    check_both_ways2("\xf4\xa5", "EUC-JP", "\xea\xa3", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xf4\xa6", "EUC-JP", "\xea\xa4", "Shift_JIS") # end of JIS X 0208 1990
+
+    check_both_ways2("\x8e\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xa1", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\x8e\xdf", "EUC-JP", "\xdf", "Shift_JIS")
+  end
+
+  def test_eucjp_sjis_unassigned
+    check_both_ways2("\xfd\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xef\x40", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xfd\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xef\x40", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xfd\xdf", "EUC-JP", "\xef\x7e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xfd\xe0", "EUC-JP", "\xef\x80", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xfd\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\xef\x9e", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xfe\xa1", "EUC-JP", "\xef\x9f", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways2("\xfe\xfe", "EUC-JP", "\xef\xfc", "Shift_JIS")
+  end
+
+  def test_eucjp_sjis_undef
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\x8e\xe0", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\x8e\xfe", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\x8f\xa1\xa1", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\x8f\xa1\xfe", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\x8f\xfe\xa1", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\x8f\xfe\xfe", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP")
+
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xf0\x40", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xf0\x7e", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xf0\x80", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xf0\xfc", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xfc\x40", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xfc\x7e", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xfc\x80", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\xfc\xfc", "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS")
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_2022_jp
+    assert_invalid_in("\x1b(A", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_invalid_in("\x1b$(A", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_invalid_in("\x1b$C", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_invalid_in("\x0e", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_invalid_in("\x80", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_invalid_in("\x1b$(Dd!\x1b(B", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u9299", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\uff71\uff72\uff73\uff74\uff75", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_invalid_in("\x1b(I12345\x1b(B", "iso-2022-jp")
+    assert_equal("\xA1\xA1".force_encoding("euc-jp"),
+                 "\e$B!!\e(B".encode("EUC-JP", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\e$B!!\e(B".force_encoding("ISO-2022-JP"),
+                 "\xA1\xA1".encode("ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP"))
+  end
+
+  def test_from_cp50221
+    assert_equal("!", "\e(B\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("!", "\e(J\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\uFF71",     "\xB1".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\uFF71", "\e(B\xB1".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\uFF71", "\e(J\xB1".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\uFF71", "\e(I\xB1".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\uFF71", "\e(I\x31".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\uFF71", "\x0E\xB1".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u3000", "\e$@\x21\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u3000", "\e$B\x21\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u2460", "\e$B\x2D\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u7e8a", "\e$B\x79\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u5fde", "\e$B\x7A\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u72be", "\e$B\x7B\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\u91d7", "\e$B\x7C\x21".encode("utf-8", "cp50221"))
+    assert_equal("\xA1\xDF".force_encoding("sjis"),
+                 "\e(I!_\e(B".encode("sjis","cp50220"))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_cp50221
+    assert_equal("\e$B!#!,\e(B".force_encoding("cp50220"),
+                 "\xA1\xDF".encode("cp50220","sjis"))
+    assert_equal("\e$B%*!+%,%I%J!+%N!+%P%\\%^!+%Q%]%\"\e(B".force_encoding("cp50220"),
+        "\xB5\xDE\xB6\xDE\xC4\xDE\xC5\xDE\xC9\xDE\xCA\xDE\xCE\xDE\xCF\xDE\xCA\xDF\xCE\xDF\xB1".
+                 encode("cp50220", "sjis"))
+    assert_equal("\e$B\x21\x23\e(I\x7E\e(B".force_encoding("cp50220"),
+                 "\x8E\xA1\x8E\xFE".encode("cp50220", "cp51932"))
+  end
+
+  def test_iso_2022_jp_1
+    # check_both_ways("\u9299", "\x1b$(Dd!\x1b(B", "iso-2022-jp-1") # JIS X 0212 区68 点01 銙
+  end
+
+  def test_unicode_public_review_issue_121 # see http://www.unicode.org/review/pr-121.html
+    assert_equal("\x00\x61\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\x00\x62".force_encoding('UTF-16BE'),
+      "\x61\xF1\x80\x80\xE1\x80\xC2\x62".encode('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace)) # option 2
+    assert_equal("\x61\x00\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\x62\x00".force_encoding('UTF-16LE'),
+      "\x61\xF1\x80\x80\xE1\x80\xC2\x62".encode('UTF-16LE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace)) # option 2
+
+    # additional clarification
+    assert_equal("\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD".force_encoding('UTF-16BE'),
+      "\xF0\x80\x80\x80".encode('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace))
+    assert_equal("\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF\xFD\xFF".force_encoding('UTF-16LE'),
+      "\xF0\x80\x80\x80".encode('UTF-16LE', 'UTF-8', invalid: :replace))
+  end
+
+  def test_yen_sign
+    check_both_ways("\u005C", "\x5C", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways("\u005C", "\x5C", "Windows-31J")
+    check_both_ways("\u005C", "\x5C", "EUC-JP")
+    check_both_ways("\u005C", "\x5C", "eucJP-ms")
+    check_both_ways("\u005C", "\x5C", "CP51932")
+    check_both_ways("\u005C", "\x5C", "ISO-2022-JP")
+    assert_equal("\u005C", "\e(B\x5C\e(B".encode("UTF-8", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\u005C", "\e(J\x5C\e(B".encode("UTF-8", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\u005C", "\x5C".encode("stateless-ISO-2022-JP", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\u005C", "\e(J\x5C\e(B".encode("stateless-ISO-2022-JP", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u00A5", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u00A5", "Windows-31J")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u00A5", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u00A5", "eucJP-ms")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u00A5", "CP51932")
+
+    # FULLWIDTH REVERSE SOLIDUS
+    check_both_ways("\uFF3C", "\x81\x5F", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways("\uFF3C", "\x81\x5F", "Windows-31J")
+    check_both_ways("\uFF3C", "\xA1\xC0", "EUC-JP")
+    check_both_ways("\uFF3C", "\xA1\xC0", "eucJP-ms")
+    check_both_ways("\uFF3C", "\xA1\xC0", "CP51932")
+  end
+
+  def test_tilde_overline
+    check_both_ways("\u007E", "\x7E", "Shift_JIS")
+    check_both_ways("\u007E", "\x7E", "Windows-31J")
+    check_both_ways("\u007E", "\x7E", "EUC-JP")
+    check_both_ways("\u007E", "\x7E", "eucJP-ms")
+    check_both_ways("\u007E", "\x7E", "CP51932")
+    check_both_ways("\u007E", "\x7E", "ISO-2022-JP")
+    assert_equal("\u007E", "\e(B\x7E\e(B".encode("UTF-8", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\u007E", "\e(J\x7E\e(B".encode("UTF-8", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\u007E", "\x7E".encode("stateless-ISO-2022-JP", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_equal("\u007E", "\e(J\x7E\e(B".encode("stateless-ISO-2022-JP", "ISO-2022-JP"))
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u203E", "Shift_JIS")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u203E", "Windows-31J")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u203E", "EUC-JP")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u203E", "eucJP-ms")
+    assert_undefined_conversion("\u203E", "CP51932")
+  end
+
+  def test_gb2312
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\xA1", 'GB2312') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\u3013", "\xA1\xFE", 'GB2312') # 〓
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xB0", 'GB2312')
+    check_both_ways("\u2488", "\xA2\xB1", 'GB2312') # â’ˆ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xE4", 'GB2312')
+    check_both_ways("\u3220", "\xA2\xE5", 'GB2312') # ㈠
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xF0", 'GB2312')
+    check_both_ways("\u2160", "\xA2\xF1", 'GB2312') # â… 
+    check_both_ways("\uFF01", "\xA3\xA1", 'GB2312') # �
+    check_both_ways("\uFFE3", "\xA3\xFE", 'GB2312') # ï¿£
+    check_both_ways("\u3041", "\xA4\xA1", 'GB2312') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u30A1", "\xA5\xA1", 'GB2312') # ã‚¡
+    check_both_ways("\u0391", "\xA6\xA1", 'GB2312') # Α
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xA6\xC1", 'GB2312') # α
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\xA7\xA1", 'GB2312') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xA7\xD1", 'GB2312') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u0101", "\xA8\xA1", 'GB2312') # �
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xC4", 'GB2312')
+    check_both_ways("\u3105", "\xA8\xC5", 'GB2312') # ã„…
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA9\xA3", 'GB2312')
+    check_both_ways("\u2500", "\xA9\xA4", 'GB2312') # ─
+    check_both_ways("\u554A", "\xB0\xA1", 'GB2312') # å•Š
+    check_both_ways("\u5265", "\xB0\xFE", 'GB2312') # 剥
+    check_both_ways("\u4FCA", "\xBF\xA1", 'GB2312') # ä¿Š
+    check_both_ways("\u5080", "\xBF\xFE", 'GB2312') # å‚€
+    check_both_ways("\u9988", "\xC0\xA1", 'GB2312') # 馈
+    check_both_ways("\u4FD0", "\xC0\xFE", 'GB2312') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u7A00", "\xCF\xA1", 'GB2312') # 稀
+    check_both_ways("\u6653", "\xCF\xFE", 'GB2312') # 晓
+    check_both_ways("\u5C0F", "\xD0\xA1", 'GB2312') # å°�
+    check_both_ways("\u7384", "\xD0\xFE", 'GB2312') # 玄
+    check_both_ways("\u4F4F", "\xD7\xA1", 'GB2312') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u5EA7", "\xD7\xF9", 'GB2312') # 座
+    assert_undefined_in("\xD7\xFA", 'GB2312')
+    check_both_ways("\u647A", "\xDF\xA1", 'GB2312') # 摺
+    check_both_ways("\u553C", "\xDF\xFE", 'GB2312') # 唼
+    check_both_ways("\u5537", "\xE0\xA1", 'GB2312') # å”·
+    check_both_ways("\u5E3C", "\xE0\xFE", 'GB2312') # 帼
+    check_both_ways("\u94E9", "\xEF\xA1", 'GB2312') # é“©
+    check_both_ways("\u7A14", "\xEF\xFE", 'GB2312') # 稔
+    check_both_ways("\u7A39", "\xF0\xA1", 'GB2312') # 稹
+    check_both_ways("\u7619", "\xF0\xFE", 'GB2312') # 瘙
+    check_both_ways("\u9CCC", "\xF7\xA1", 'GB2312') # 鳌
+    check_both_ways("\u9F44", "\xF7\xFE", 'GB2312') # 齄
+    check_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\xC7\xE0\xC9\xBD\xD1\xA7\xD4\xBA\xB4\xF3\xD1\xA7", 'GB2312') # �山学院大学
+  end
+
+  def test_gbk
+    check_both_ways("\u4E02", "\x81\x40", 'GBK') # 丂
+    check_both_ways("\u4E8A", "\x81\x7E", 'GBK') # 亊
+    check_both_ways("\u4E90", "\x81\x80", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u4FA2", "\x81\xFE", 'GBK') # ä¾¢
+    check_both_ways("\u5EC6", "\x8F\x40", 'GBK') # 廆
+    check_both_ways("\u5F24", "\x8F\x7E", 'GBK') # 弤
+    check_both_ways("\u5F28", "\x8F\x80", 'GBK') # 弨
+    check_both_ways("\u6007", "\x8F\xFE", 'GBK') # 怇
+    check_both_ways("\u6008", "\x90\x40", 'GBK') # 怈
+    check_both_ways("\u6080", "\x90\x7E", 'GBK') # æ‚€
+    check_both_ways("\u6081", "\x90\x80", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u6146", "\x90\xFE", 'GBK') # æ…†
+    check_both_ways("\u70DC", "\x9F\x40", 'GBK') # 烜
+    check_both_ways("\u7134", "\x9F\x7E", 'GBK') # ç„´
+    check_both_ways("\u7135", "\x9F\x80", 'GBK') # 焵
+    check_both_ways("\u71D3", "\x9F\xFE", 'GBK') # 燓
+    check_both_ways("\u71D6", "\xA0\x40", 'GBK') # 燖
+    check_both_ways("\u721A", "\xA0\x7E", 'GBK') # 爚
+    check_both_ways("\u721B", "\xA0\x80", 'GBK') # 爛
+    check_both_ways("\u72DB", "\xA0\xFE", 'GBK') # ç‹›
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\xA1", 'GBK') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\u3001", "\xA1\xA2", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u3013", "\xA1\xFE", 'GBK') # 〓
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xA0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u2170", "\xA2\xA1", 'GBK') # â…°
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xB0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u2488", "\xA2\xB1", 'GBK') # â’ˆ
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xE4", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u3220", "\xA2\xE5", 'GBK') # ㈠
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xF0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u2160", "\xA2\xF1", 'GBK') # â… 
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xA0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\uFF01", "\xA3\xA1", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\uFFE3", "\xA3\xFE", 'GBK') # ï¿£
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA4\xA0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u3041", "\xA4\xA1", 'GBK') # �
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA5\xA0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u30A1", "\xA5\xA1", 'GBK') # ã‚¡
+    check_both_ways("\u0391", "\xA6\xA1", 'GBK') # Α
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xA6\xC1", 'GBK') # α
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA6\xED", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\uFE3B", "\xA6\xEE", 'GBK') # ︻
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\xA7\xA1", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xA7\xD1", 'GBK') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u02CA", "\xA8\x40", 'GBK') # ËŠ
+    check_both_ways("\u2587", "\xA8\x7E", 'GBK') # â–‡
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA8\x96", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u0101", "\xA8\xA1", 'GBK') # �
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xBC", 'GBK')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xBF", 'GBK')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xC4", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u3105", "\xA8\xC5", 'GBK') # ã„…
+    check_both_ways("\u3021", "\xA9\x40", 'GBK') # 〡
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA9\x58", 'GBK')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA9\x5B", 'GBK')
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA9\x5D", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u3007", "\xA9\x96", 'GBK') # 〇
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA9\xA3", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u2500", "\xA9\xA4", 'GBK') # ─
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA9\xF0", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u7588", "\xAF\x40", 'GBK') # ç–ˆ
+    check_both_ways("\u7607", "\xAF\x7E", 'GBK') # 瘇
+    check_both_ways("\u7608", "\xAF\x80", 'GBK') # 瘈
+    check_both_ways("\u7644", "\xAF\xA0", 'GBK') # 癄
+    assert_undefined_in("\xAF\xA1", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u7645", "\xB0\x40", 'GBK') # ç™…
+    check_both_ways("\u769B", "\xB0\x7E", 'GBK') # çš›
+    check_both_ways("\u769C", "\xB0\x80", 'GBK') # 皜
+    check_both_ways("\u5265", "\xB0\xFE", 'GBK') # 剥
+    check_both_ways("\u7DFB", "\xBF\x40", 'GBK') # ç·»
+    check_both_ways("\u7E39", "\xBF\x7E", 'GBK') # 縹
+    check_both_ways("\u7E3A", "\xBF\x80", 'GBK') # 縺
+    check_both_ways("\u5080", "\xBF\xFE", 'GBK') # å‚€
+    check_both_ways("\u7E5E", "\xC0\x40", 'GBK') # 繞
+    check_both_ways("\u7E9E", "\xC0\x7E", 'GBK') # 纞
+    check_both_ways("\u7EAE", "\xC0\x80", 'GBK') # 纮
+    check_both_ways("\u4FD0", "\xC0\xFE", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u87A5", "\xCF\x40", 'GBK') # 螥
+    check_both_ways("\u87F8", "\xCF\x7E", 'GBK') # 蟸
+    check_both_ways("\u87FA", "\xCF\x80", 'GBK') # 蟺
+    check_both_ways("\u6653", "\xCF\xFE", 'GBK') # 晓
+    check_both_ways("\u8824", "\xD0\x40", 'GBK') # è ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u887A", "\xD0\x7E", 'GBK') # 衺
+    check_both_ways("\u887B", "\xD0\x80", 'GBK') # è¡»
+    check_both_ways("\u7384", "\xD0\xFE", 'GBK') # 玄
+    check_both_ways("\u9019", "\xDF\x40", 'GBK') # 這
+    check_both_ways("\u9081", "\xDF\x7E", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u9084", "\xDF\x80", 'GBK') # é‚„
+    check_both_ways("\u553C", "\xDF\xFE", 'GBK') # 唼
+    check_both_ways("\u90C2", "\xE0\x40", 'GBK') # 郂
+    check_both_ways("\u911C", "\xE0\x7E", 'GBK') # 鄜
+    check_both_ways("\u911D", "\xE0\x80", 'GBK') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u5E3C", "\xE0\xFE", 'GBK') # 帼
+    check_both_ways("\u986F", "\xEF\x40", 'GBK') # 顯
+    check_both_ways("\u98E4", "\xEF\x7E", 'GBK') # 飤
+    check_both_ways("\u98E5", "\xEF\x80", 'GBK') # 飥
+    check_both_ways("\u7A14", "\xEF\xFE", 'GBK') # 稔
+    check_both_ways("\u9908", "\xF0\x40", 'GBK') # 餈
+    check_both_ways("\u9949", "\xF0\x7E", 'GBK') # 饉
+    check_both_ways("\u994A", "\xF0\x80", 'GBK') # 饊
+    check_both_ways("\u7619", "\xF0\xFE", 'GBK') # 瘙
+    check_both_ways("\u9F32", "\xFD\x40", 'GBK') # é¼²
+    check_both_ways("\u9F78", "\xFD\x7E", 'GBK') # 齸
+    check_both_ways("\u9F79", "\xFD\x80", 'GBK') # é½¹
+    check_both_ways("\uF9F1", "\xFD\xA0", 'GBK') # 隣
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFD\xA1", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\uFA0C", "\xFE\x40", 'GBK') # 兀
+    check_both_ways("\uFA29", "\xFE\x4F", 'GBK') # 﨩
+    assert_undefined_in("\xFE\x50", 'GBK')
+    check_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\xC7\xE0\xC9\xBD\xD1\xA7\xD4\xBA\xB4\xF3\xD1\xA7", 'GBK') # �山学院大学
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\xC9\xF1\xC1\xD6\xC1\x78\xB2\xA9", 'GBK') # 神林義�
+  end
+
+  def test_gb18030
+    # overall roundtrip test
+    all_unicode = (0x0..0xD7FF).to_a.pack 'U*' #追加
+    all_unicode << (0xE000..0xFFFF).to_a.pack("U*") #追加
+
+    assert_equal(all_unicode, all_unicode.encode("gb18030").encode("UTF-8")) #追加
+
+    # tests from GBK
+    check_both_ways("\u4E02", "\x81\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u4E8A", "\x81\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u4E90", "\x81\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u4FA2", "\x81\xFE", 'GB18030') # ä¾¢
+    check_both_ways("\u5EC6", "\x8F\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u5F24", "\x8F\x7E", 'GB18030') # 弤
+    check_both_ways("\u5F28", "\x8F\x80", 'GB18030') # 弨
+    check_both_ways("\u6007", "\x8F\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u6008", "\x90\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u6080", "\x90\x7E", 'GB18030') # æ‚€
+    check_both_ways("\u6081", "\x90\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u6146", "\x90\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u70DC", "\x9F\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7134", "\x9F\x7E", 'GB18030') # ç„´
+    check_both_ways("\u7135", "\x9F\x80", 'GB18030') # 焵
+    check_both_ways("\u71D3", "\x9F\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u71D6", "\xA0\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u721A", "\xA0\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u721B", "\xA0\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u72DB", "\xA0\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\xA1", 'GB18030') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\u3001", "\xA1\xA2", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u3013", "\xA1\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xA0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u2170", "\xA2\xA1", 'GB18030') # â…°
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xB0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u2488", "\xA2\xB1", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xE4", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u3220", "\xA2\xE5", 'GB18030') # ㈠
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA2\xF0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u2160", "\xA2\xF1", 'GB18030') # â… 
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xA0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\uFF01", "\xA3\xA1", 'GB18030') # E
+    check_both_ways("\uFFE3", "\xA3\xFE", 'GB18030') # E
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA4\xA0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u3041", "\xA4\xA1", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA5\xA0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u30A1", "\xA5\xA1", 'GB18030') # ã‚¡
+    check_both_ways("\u0391", "\xA6\xA1", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u03B1", "\xA6\xC1", 'GB18030') # α
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA6\xED", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\uFE3B", "\xA6\xEE", 'GB18030') # E
+    check_both_ways("\u0410", "\xA7\xA1", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u0430", "\xA7\xD1", 'GB18030') # а
+    check_both_ways("\u02CA", "\xA8\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u2587", "\xA8\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA8\x96", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u0101", "\xA8\xA1", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xBC", 'GB18030')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xBF", 'GB18030')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA8\xC4", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u3105", "\xA8\xC5", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u3021", "\xA9\x40", 'GB18030') # 〡
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA9\x58", 'GB18030')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA9\x5B", 'GB18030')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA9\x5D", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u3007", "\xA9\x96", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA9\xA3", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u2500", "\xA9\xA4", 'GB18030') # ─
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA9\xF0", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u7588", "\xAF\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7607", "\xAF\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7608", "\xAF\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7644", "\xAF\xA0", 'GB18030') #
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xAF\xA1", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u7645", "\xB0\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u769B", "\xB0\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u769C", "\xB0\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u5265", "\xB0\xFE", 'GB18030') # 剥
+    check_both_ways("\u7DFB", "\xBF\x40", 'GB18030') # ç·»
+    check_both_ways("\u7E39", "\xBF\x7E", 'GB18030') # 縹
+    check_both_ways("\u7E3A", "\xBF\x80", 'GB18030') # 縺
+    check_both_ways("\u5080", "\xBF\xFE", 'GB18030') # å‚€
+    check_both_ways("\u7E5E", "\xC0\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7E9E", "\xC0\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7EAE", "\xC0\x80", 'GB18030') # 纮
+    check_both_ways("\u4FD0", "\xC0\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u87A5", "\xCF\x40", 'GB18030') # 螥
+    check_both_ways("\u87F8", "\xCF\x7E", 'GB18030') # 蟸
+    check_both_ways("\u87FA", "\xCF\x80", 'GB18030') # 蟺
+    check_both_ways("\u6653", "\xCF\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u8824", "\xD0\x40", 'GB18030') # è ¤
+    check_both_ways("\u887A", "\xD0\x7E", 'GB18030') # 衺
+    check_both_ways("\u887B", "\xD0\x80", 'GB18030') # è¡»
+    check_both_ways("\u7384", "\xD0\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u9019", "\xDF\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u9081", "\xDF\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u9084", "\xDF\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u553C", "\xDF\xFE", 'GB18030') # 唼
+    check_both_ways("\u90C2", "\xE0\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u911C", "\xE0\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u911D", "\xE0\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u5E3C", "\xE0\xFE", 'GB18030') # 帼
+    check_both_ways("\u986F", "\xEF\x40", 'GB18030') # 顯
+    check_both_ways("\u98E4", "\xEF\x7E", 'GB18030') # 飤
+    check_both_ways("\u98E5", "\xEF\x80", 'GB18030') # 飥
+    check_both_ways("\u7A14", "\xEF\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u9908", "\xF0\x40", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u9949", "\xF0\x7E", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u994A", "\xF0\x80", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u7619", "\xF0\xFE", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u9F32", "\xFD\x40", 'GB18030') # é¼²
+    check_both_ways("\u9F78", "\xFD\x7E", 'GB18030') # 齸
+    check_both_ways("\u9F79", "\xFD\x80", 'GB18030') # é½¹
+    check_both_ways("\uF9F1", "\xFD\xA0", 'GB18030') # E
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xFD\xA1", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\uFA0C", "\xFE\x40", 'GB18030') # E
+    check_both_ways("\uFA29", "\xFE\x4F", 'GB18030') # E
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xFE\x50", 'GB18030')
+    check_both_ways("\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66", "\xC7\xE0\xC9\xBD\xD1\xA7\xD4\xBA\xB4\xF3\xD1\xA7", 'GB18030') # �山学院大学
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\xC9\xF1\xC1\xD6\xC1\x78\xB2\xA9", 'GB18030') # 神林義
+
+    # new tests for GB18030
+    check_both_ways("\u9FA6", "\x82\x35\x8F\x33", 'GB18030') # 龦
+    check_both_ways("\uD7FF", "\x83\x36\xC7\x38", 'GB18030') # No name ()
+
+    check_both_ways("\u0452", "\x81\x30\xD3\x30", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u200F", "\x81\x36\xA5\x31", 'GB18030') # RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
+
+    check_both_ways("\uE865", "\x83\x36\xD0\x30", 'GB18030') # No name (Private Use Area)
+    check_both_ways("\uF92B", "\x84\x30\x85\x34", 'GB18030') # E
+
+    check_both_ways("\u2643", "\x81\x37\xA8\x39", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u2E80", "\x81\x38\xFD\x38", 'GB18030') # ⺀
+
+    check_both_ways("\uFA2A", "\x84\x30\x9C\x38", 'GB18030') # E
+    check_both_ways("\uFE2F", "\x84\x31\x85\x37", 'GB18030') # No name (Combining Half Marks)
+
+    check_both_ways("\u3CE1", "\x82\x31\xD4\x38", 'GB18030') # 㳡
+    check_both_ways("\u4055", "\x82\x32\xAF\x32", 'GB18030') #
+
+    check_both_ways("\u361B", "\x82\x30\xA6\x33", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u3917", "\x82\x30\xF2\x37", 'GB18030') #
+
+    check_both_ways("\u49B8", "\x82\x34\xA1\x31", 'GB18030') # 䦸
+    check_both_ways("\u4C76", "\x82\x34\xE7\x33", 'GB18030') # 䱶
+
+    check_both_ways("\u4160", "\x82\x32\xC9\x37", 'GB18030') # ä… 
+    check_both_ways("\u4336", "\x82\x32\xF8\x37", 'GB18030') # 䌶
+
+    check_both_ways("\u478E", "\x82\x33\xE8\x38", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u4946", "\x82\x34\x96\x38", 'GB18030') #
+
+    check_both_ways("\u44D7", "\x82\x33\xA3\x39", 'GB18030') #
+    check_both_ways("\u464B", "\x82\x33\xC9\x31", 'GB18030') #
+
+    check_both_ways("\uFFE6", "\x84\x31\xA2\x34", 'GB18030') # E
+    check_both_ways("\uFFFF", "\x84\x31\xA4\x39", 'GB18030') # not a character
+
+    check_both_ways("\u{10000}", "\x90\x30\x81\x30", 'GB18030') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u{10FFFE}", "\xE3\x32\x9A\x34", 'GB18030') # No name (Not a character)
+    check_both_ways("\u{10FFFF}", "\xE3\x32\x9A\x35", 'GB18030') # No name (Not a character)
+  end
+
+  def test_Big5
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\x40", 'Big5') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\uFE5A", "\xA1\x7E", 'Big5') # ﹚
+    check_both_ways("\uFE5B", "\xA1\xA1", 'Big5') # ï¹›
+    #check_both_ways("\uFF0F", "\xA1\xFE", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\uFF57", "\xA3\x40", 'Big5') # ï½—
+    check_both_ways("\u310F", "\xA3\x7E", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u3110", "\xA3\xA1", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u02CB", "\xA3\xBF", 'Big5') # Ë‹
+    assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xC0", 'Big5')
+    check_both_ways("\u6D6C", "\xAF\x40", 'Big5') # 浬
+    check_both_ways("\u7837", "\xAF\x7E", 'Big5') # ç ·
+    check_both_ways("\u7825", "\xAF\xA1", 'Big5') # ç ¥
+    check_both_ways("\u8343", "\xAF\xFE", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u8654", "\xB0\x40", 'Big5') # è™”
+    check_both_ways("\u9661", "\xB0\x7E", 'Big5') # 陡
+    check_both_ways("\u965B", "\xB0\xA1", 'Big5') # é™›
+    check_both_ways("\u5A40", "\xB0\xFE", 'Big5') # å©€
+    check_both_ways("\u6FC3", "\xBF\x40", 'Big5') # 濃
+    check_both_ways("\u7E0A", "\xBF\x7E", 'Big5') # 縊
+    check_both_ways("\u7E11", "\xBF\xA1", 'Big5') # 縑
+    check_both_ways("\u931A", "\xBF\xFE", 'Big5') # 錚
+    check_both_ways("\u9310", "\xC0\x40", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u5687", "\xC0\x7E", 'Big5') # 嚇
+    check_both_ways("\u568F", "\xC0\xA1", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u77AC", "\xC0\xFE", 'Big5') # 瞬
+    check_both_ways("\u8B96", "\xC6\x40", 'Big5') # è®–
+    check_both_ways("\u7C72", "\xC6\x7E", 'Big5') # ç±²
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xC6\xA1", 'Big5')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xC7\x40", 'Big5')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xC8\x40", 'Big5')
+    check_both_ways("\u4E42", "\xC9\x40", 'Big5') # 乂
+    check_both_ways("\u6C15", "\xC9\x7E", 'Big5') # æ°•
+    check_both_ways("\u6C36", "\xC9\xA1", 'Big5') # æ°¶
+    check_both_ways("\u6C4B", "\xC9\xFE", 'Big5') # 汋
+    check_both_ways("\u67DC", "\xCF\x40", 'Big5') # 柜
+    check_both_ways("\u6D42", "\xCF\x7E", 'Big5') # 浂
+    check_both_ways("\u6D01", "\xCF\xA1", 'Big5') # æ´�
+    check_both_ways("\u7A80", "\xCF\xFE", 'Big5') # 窀
+    check_both_ways("\u7A7E", "\xD0\x40", 'Big5') # 穾
+    check_both_ways("\u82EA", "\xD0\x7E", 'Big5') # 苪
+    check_both_ways("\u82E4", "\xD0\xA1", 'Big5') # 苤
+    check_both_ways("\u54F1", "\xD0\xFE", 'Big5') # 哱
+    check_both_ways("\u7A1B", "\xDF\x40", 'Big5') # 稛
+    check_both_ways("\u816F", "\xDF\x7E", 'Big5') # è…¯
+    check_both_ways("\u8144", "\xDF\xA1", 'Big5') # è…„
+    check_both_ways("\u89E4", "\xDF\xFE", 'Big5') # 觤
+    check_both_ways("\u89E1", "\xE0\x40", 'Big5') # 觡
+    check_both_ways("\u903F", "\xE0\x7E", 'Big5') # 逿
+    check_both_ways("\u9044", "\xE0\xA1", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u50E0", "\xE0\xFE", 'Big5') # 僠
+    check_both_ways("\u979E", "\xEF\x40", 'Big5') # éžž
+    check_both_ways("\u9D30", "\xEF\x7E", 'Big5') # é´°
+    check_both_ways("\u9D45", "\xEF\xA1", 'Big5') # éµ…
+    check_both_ways("\u7376", "\xEF\xFE", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u74B8", "\xF0\x40", 'Big5') # ç’¸
+    check_both_ways("\u81D2", "\xF0\x7E", 'Big5') # 臒
+    check_both_ways("\u81D0", "\xF0\xA1", 'Big5') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u8E67", "\xF0\xFE", 'Big5') # 蹧
+    check_both_ways("\u7E98", "\xF9\x40", 'Big5') # 纘
+    check_both_ways("\u9F0A", "\xF9\x7E", 'Big5') # 鼊
+    check_both_ways("\u9FA4", "\xF9\xA1", 'Big5') # 龤
+    check_both_ways("\u9F98", "\xF9\xD5", 'Big5') # 龘
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xF9\xD6", 'Big5')
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\xAF\xAB\xAA\x4C\xB8\x71\xB3\xD5", 'Big5') # 神林義�
+  end
+
+  def test_Big5_Hkscs
+    check_both_ways("\u3000", "\xA1\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # full-width space
+    check_both_ways("\uFE5A", "\xA1\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ﹚
+    check_both_ways("\uFE5B", "\xA1\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ï¹›
+    #check_both_ways("\uFF0F", "\xA1\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\uFF57", "\xA3\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ï½—
+    check_both_ways("\u310F", "\xA3\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u3110", "\xA3\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u02CB", "\xA3\xBF", 'Big5-HKSCS') # Ë‹
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xA3\xC0", 'Big5-HKSCS')
+    check_both_ways("\u6D6C", "\xAF\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 浬
+    check_both_ways("\u7837", "\xAF\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ç ·
+    check_both_ways("\u7825", "\xAF\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ç ¥
+    check_both_ways("\u8343", "\xAF\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u8654", "\xB0\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # è™”
+    check_both_ways("\u9661", "\xB0\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 陡
+    check_both_ways("\u965B", "\xB0\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # é™›
+    check_both_ways("\u5A40", "\xB0\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # å©€
+    check_both_ways("\u6FC3", "\xBF\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 濃
+    check_both_ways("\u7E0A", "\xBF\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 縊
+    check_both_ways("\u7E11", "\xBF\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 縑
+    check_both_ways("\u931A", "\xBF\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 錚
+    check_both_ways("\u9310", "\xC0\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u5687", "\xC0\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 嚇
+    check_both_ways("\u568F", "\xC0\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u77AC", "\xC0\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 瞬
+    check_both_ways("\u8B96", "\xC6\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # è®–
+    check_both_ways("\u7C72", "\xC6\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ç±²
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xC6\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xC7\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS')
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xC8\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS')
+    check_both_ways("\u4E42", "\xC9\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 乂
+    check_both_ways("\u6C15", "\xC9\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # æ°•
+    check_both_ways("\u6C36", "\xC9\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # æ°¶
+    check_both_ways("\u6C4B", "\xC9\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 汋
+    check_both_ways("\u67DC", "\xCF\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 柜
+    check_both_ways("\u6D42", "\xCF\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 浂
+    check_both_ways("\u6D01", "\xCF\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # æ´�
+    check_both_ways("\u7A80", "\xCF\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 窀
+    check_both_ways("\u7A7E", "\xD0\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 穾
+    check_both_ways("\u82EA", "\xD0\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 苪
+    check_both_ways("\u82E4", "\xD0\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 苤
+    check_both_ways("\u54F1", "\xD0\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 哱
+    check_both_ways("\u7A1B", "\xDF\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 稛
+    check_both_ways("\u816F", "\xDF\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # è…¯
+    check_both_ways("\u8144", "\xDF\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # è…„
+    check_both_ways("\u89E4", "\xDF\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 觤
+    check_both_ways("\u89E1", "\xE0\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 觡
+    check_both_ways("\u903F", "\xE0\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 逿
+    check_both_ways("\u9044", "\xE0\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u50E0", "\xE0\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 僠
+    check_both_ways("\u979E", "\xEF\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # éžž
+    check_both_ways("\u9D30", "\xEF\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # é´°
+    check_both_ways("\u9D45", "\xEF\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # éµ…
+    check_both_ways("\u7376", "\xEF\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u74B8", "\xF0\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # ç’¸
+    check_both_ways("\u81D2", "\xF0\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 臒
+    check_both_ways("\u81D0", "\xF0\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # �
+    check_both_ways("\u8E67", "\xF0\xFE", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 蹧
+    check_both_ways("\u7E98", "\xF9\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 纘
+    check_both_ways("\u9F0A", "\xF9\x7E", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 鼊
+    check_both_ways("\u9FA4", "\xF9\xA1", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 龤
+    check_both_ways("\u9F98", "\xF9\xD5", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 龘
+    #check_both_ways("\u{23ED7}", "\x8E\x40", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 𣻗
+    #assert_undefined_in("\xF9\xD6", 'Big5-HKSCS')
+    check_both_ways("\u795E\u6797\u7FA9\u535A", "\xAF\xAB\xAA\x4C\xB8\x71\xB3\xD5", 'Big5-HKSCS') # 神林義�
+  end
+
+  def test_Big5_UAO
+    check_both_ways("\u4e17", "\x81\x40", 'Big5-UAO') # 丗
+  end
+
+  def test_EBCDIC
+    check_both_ways("abcdeABCDE", "\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5", 'IBM037')
+    check_both_ways("aijrszAIJRSZ09", "\x81\x89\x91\x99\xA2\xA9\xC1\xC9\xD1\xD9\xE2\xE9\xF0\xF9", 'IBM037')
+    check_both_ways("Matz", "\xD4\x81\xA3\xA9", 'IBM037')
+    check_both_ways("D\u00FCrst", "\xC4\xDC\x99\xA2\xA3", 'IBM037') # Dürst
+  end
+
+  def test_CESU_8
+    check_both_ways("aijrszAIJRSZ09", "aijrszAIJRSZ09", 'CESU-8') # single bytes
+
+    # check NULL explicitly
+    # this is different in CESU-8 and in Java modified UTF-8 strings
+    check_both_ways("\0", "\0", 'CESU-8')
+
+    # U+0080 U+00FC U+00FF U+0100 U+0400 U+0700 U+07FF
+    two_byte_chars = "\xC2\x80\x20\xC3\xBC\x20\xC3\xBF\x20\xC4\x80\x20\xD0\x80\x20\xDC\x80\x20\xDF\xBF"
+    check_both_ways(two_byte_chars, two_byte_chars, 'CESU-8')
+
+    # U+0800 U+2200 U+4E00 U+D7FF U+E000 U+FFFF
+    three_byte_chars = "\xE0\xA0\x80\x20\xE2\x88\x80\x20\xE4\xB8\x80\x20\xED\x9F\xBF\x20\xEE\x80\x80\x20\xEF\xBF\xBF"
+    check_both_ways(three_byte_chars, three_byte_chars, 'CESU-8')
+
+    # characters outside BMP (double surrogates in CESU-8)
+    # U+10000 U+20000 U+50000 U+10FFFF
+    utf8 = "\xF0\x90\x80\x80 \xF0\xA0\x80\x80 \xF1\x90\x80\x80 \xF4\x8F\xBF\xBF"
+    cesu = "\xED\xA0\x80\xED\xB0\x80 \xED\xA1\x80\xED\xB0\x80 \xED\xA4\x80\xED\xB0\x80 \xED\xAF\xBF\xED\xBF\xBF"
+    check_both_ways(utf8, cesu, 'CESU-8')
+  end
+
+  def test_nothing_changed
+    a = "James".force_encoding("US-ASCII")
+    b = a.encode("Shift_JIS")
+    assert_equal(Encoding::US_ASCII, a.encoding)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::Shift_JIS, b.encoding)
+  end
+
+  def test_utf8_mac
+    # composition exclusion
+    assert_equal("\u05DB\u05BF", "\u05DB\u05BF".encode("UTF-8", "UTF8-MAC")) #"\u{fb4d}"
+
+    assert_equal("\u{1ff7}", "\u03C9\u0342\u0345".encode("UTF-8", "UTF8-MAC"))
+
+    assert_equal("\u05DB\u05BF", "\u{fb4d}".encode("UTF8-MAC").force_encoding("UTF-8"))
+    assert_equal("\u03C9\u0342\u0345", "\u{1ff7}".encode("UTF8-MAC").force_encoding("UTF-8"))
+
+    check_both_ways("\u{e9 74 e8}", "e\u0301te\u0300", 'UTF8-MAC')
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback
+    assert_equal("\u3042".encode("EUC-JP"), "\u{20000}".encode("EUC-JP",
+        fallback: {"\u{20000}" => "\u3042".encode("EUC-JP")}))
+    assert_equal("\u3042".encode("EUC-JP"), "\u{20000}".encode("EUC-JP",
+        fallback: {"\u{20000}" => "\u3042"}))
+    assert_equal("[ISU]", "\u{1F4BA}".encode("SJIS-KDDI",
+        fallback: {"\u{1F4BA}" => "[ISU]"}))
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback_hash_default
+    fallback = Hash.new {|h, x| "U+%.4X" % x.unpack("U")}
+    assert_equal("U+3042", "\u{3042}".encode("US-ASCII", fallback: fallback))
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback_proc
+    fallback = proc {|x| "U+%.4X" % x.unpack("U")}
+    assert_equal("U+3042", "\u{3042}".encode("US-ASCII", fallback: fallback))
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback_method
+    def (fallback = "U+%.4X").escape(x)
+      self % x.unpack("U")
+    end
+    assert_equal("U+3042", "\u{3042}".encode("US-ASCII", fallback: fallback.method(:escape)))
+  end
+
+  def test_fallback_aref
+    fallback = Object.new
+    def fallback.[](x)
+      "U+%.4X" % x.unpack("U")
+    end
+    assert_equal("U+3042", "\u{3042}".encode("US-ASCII", fallback: fallback))
+  end
+
+  def test_pseudo_encoding_inspect
+    s = 'aaa'.encode "UTF-16"
+    assert_equal '"\xFE\xFF\x00\x61\x00\x61\x00\x61"', s.inspect
+
+    s = 'aaa'.encode "UTF-32"
+    assert_equal '"\x00\x00\xFE\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x61\x00\x00\x00\x61\x00\x00\x00\x61"', s.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_encode_with_invalid_chars
+    bug8995 = '[ruby-dev:47747]'
+    EnvUtil.with_default_internal(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      str = "\xff".force_encoding('utf-8')
+      assert_equal str, str.encode, bug8995
+      assert_equal "\ufffd", str.encode(invalid: :replace), bug8995
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_valid_dummy_encoding
+    bug9314 = '[ruby-core:59354] [Bug #9314]'
+    assert_separately(%W[- -- #{bug9314}], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      result = assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug) {break "test".encode(Encoding::UTF_16)}
+      assert_equal("\xFE\xFF\x00t\x00e\x00s\x00t", result.b, bug)
+      result = assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug) {break "test".encode(Encoding::UTF_32)}
+      assert_equal("\x00\x00\xFE\xFF\x00\x00\x00t\x00\x00\x00e\x00\x00\x00s\x00\x00\x00t", result.b, bug)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_race
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      bug11277 = '[ruby-dev:49106] [Bug #11277]'
+      num = 2
+      th = (0...num).map do |i|
+        Thread.new {"\u3042".encode("EUC-JP")}
+      end
+      result = nil
+      assert_warning("", bug11277) do
+        assert_nothing_raised(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError, bug11277) do
+          result = th.map(&:value)
+        end
+      end
+      expected = "\xa4\xa2".dup.force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
+      assert_equal([expected]*num, result, bug11277)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_scrub_encode_with_coderange
+    bug = '[ruby-core:82674] [Bug #13874]'
+    s = "\xe5".b
+    u = Encoding::UTF_8
+    assert_equal("?", s.encode(u, u, invalid: :replace, replace: "?"),
+                 "should replace invalid byte")
+    assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "any char is valid in binary")
+    assert_equal("?", s.encode(u, u, invalid: :replace, replace: "?"),
+                 "#{bug} coderange should not have side effects")
+  end
+
+  def test_newline_options
+    bug11324 = '[ruby-core:69841] [Bug #11324]'
+    usascii = Encoding::US_ASCII
+    s = "A\nB\r\nC".force_encoding(usascii)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, universal_newline: true), bug11324)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, universal_newline: true, undef: :replace), bug11324)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, universal_newline: true, undef: :replace, replace: ''), bug11324)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, newline: :universal))
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, newline: :universal, undef: :replace))
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, newline: :universal, undef: :replace, replace: ''))
+    assert_equal("A\rB\r\rC", s.encode(usascii, cr_newline: true))
+    assert_equal("A\rB\r\rC", s.encode(usascii, newline: :cr))
+    assert_equal("A\r\nB\r\r\nC", s.encode(usascii, crlf_newline: true))
+    assert_equal("A\r\nB\r\r\nC", s.encode(usascii, newline: :crlf))
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, lf_newline: true))
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, newline: :lf))
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_lazy_load_encoding
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      rs = []
+      autoload_encodings = Encoding.list.select { |e| e.inspect.include?("(autoload)") }.freeze
+      7.times do
+        rs << Ractor.new(autoload_encodings) do |encodings|
+          str = "\u0300"
+          encodings.each do |enc|
+            str.encode(enc) rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      while rs.any?
+        r, _obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+        rs.delete(r)
+      end
+      assert_empty rs
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_lazy_load_encoding_random
+    omit 'unstable on s390x and windows' if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x|mswin/
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      rs = []
+      100.times do
+        rs << Ractor.new do
+          "\u0300".encode(Encoding.list.sample) rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        end
+      end
+
+      while rs.any?
+        r, _obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+        rs.delete(r)
+      end
+      assert_empty rs
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_asciicompat_encoding_exists
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+    begin;
+      rs = []
+      7.times do
+        rs << Ractor.new do
+          string = "ISO-2022-JP"
+          encoding = Encoding.find(string)
+          20_000.times do
+            Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(string)
+            Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(encoding)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      while rs.any?
+        r, _obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+        rs.delete(r)
+      end
+      assert_empty rs
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_ractor_asciicompat_encoding_doesnt_exist
+    assert_ractor("#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      rs = []
+      NO_EXIST = "I".freeze
+      7.times do
+        rs << Ractor.new do
+          50.times do
+            if (val = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(NO_EXIST))
+              raise "Got #{val}, expected nil"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      while rs.any?
+        r, _obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+        rs.delete(r)
+      end
+      assert_empty rs
+    end;
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_conversion_both_ways_utf8(utf8, raw, encoding)
+    assert_conversion_both_ways(utf8, 'utf-8', raw, encoding)
+  end
+  alias check_both_ways assert_conversion_both_ways_utf8
+
+  def assert_conversion_both_ways(str1, enc1, str2, enc2)
+    message = str1.dump+str2.dump
+    assert_equal(str1.force_encoding(enc1), str2.encode(enc1, enc2), message)
+    assert_equal(str2.force_encoding(enc2), str1.encode(enc2, enc1), message)
+  end
+  alias check_both_ways2 assert_conversion_both_ways
+
+  def assert_undefined_conversion(str, to, from = nil)
+    assert_raise(Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) { str.encode(to, from) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_undefined_in(str, encoding)
+    assert_undefined_conversion(str, 'utf-8', encoding)
+  end
+
+  def assert_invalid_byte_sequence(str, to, from = nil)
+    assert_raise(Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError) { str.encode(to, from) }
+  end
+
+  def assert_invalid_in(str, encoding)
+    assert_invalid_byte_sequence(str, 'utf-8', encoding)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_undef.rb b/test/ruby/test_undef.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..074b92be55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_undef.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestUndef < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Undef0
+    def foo
+      "foo"
+    end
+    undef foo
+  end
+
+  class Undef1
+    def bar
+      "bar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Undef2 < Undef1
+    undef bar
+  end
+
+  def test_undef
+    x = Undef0.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { x.foo }
+    y = Undef1.new
+    assert_equal "bar", y.bar
+    z = Undef2.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { z.bar }
+  end
+
+  def test_special_const_undef
+    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      1.instance_eval do
+        undef to_s
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_undef
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        :ok
+      end
+    end
+
+    klass.new.foo
+
+    klass.new.instance_eval do
+      undef foo
+    end
+
+    klass.new.foo
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_unicode_escape.rb b/test/ruby/test_unicode_escape.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5913bb0130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_unicode_escape.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestUnicodeEscape < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_basic
+    assert_equal('Matz - �本行弘',
+      "Matz - \u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18")
+    assert_equal('Matz - ��も� ゆ���',
+      "Matz - \u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D")
+    assert_equal('Matz - ��も� ゆ���',
+                 "Matz - \u{307E}\u{3064}\u{3082}\u{3068} \u{3086}\u{304D}\u{3072}\u{308D}")
+    assert_equal('Matz - ��も� ゆ���',
+                 "Matz - \u{307E 3064 3082 3068 20 3086 304D 3072 308D}")
+    assert_equal("Aoyama Gakuin University - \xE9\x9D\x92\xE5\xB1\xB1\xE5\xAD\xA6\xE9\x99\xA2\xE5\xA4\xA7\xE5\xAD\xA6",
+      "Aoyama Gakuin University - \u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66")
+    assert_equal('Aoyama Gakuin University - �山学院大学',
+      "Aoyama Gakuin University - \u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66")
+    assert_equal('�山学院大学', "\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66")
+    assert_equal("Martin D\xC3\xBCrst", "Martin D\u00FCrst")
+    assert_equal('Martin Dürst', "Martin D\u00FCrst")
+    assert_equal('ü', "\u00FC")
+    assert_equal("Martin D\xC3\xBCrst", "Martin D\u{FC}rst")
+    assert_equal('Martin Dürst', "Martin D\u{FC}rst")
+    assert_equal('ü', "\u{FC}")
+    assert_equal('ü', %Q|\u{FC}|)
+    assert_equal('ü', %W{\u{FC}}[0])
+
+    # \u escapes in here documents
+    assert_equal('Matz - ��も� ゆ���', <<EOS.chop)
+Matz - \u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D
+EOS
+
+    assert_equal('Matz - ��も� ゆ���', <<"EOS".chop)
+Matz - \u{307E 3064 3082 3068} \u{3086 304D 3072 308D}
+EOS
+    assert_not_equal('Matz - ��も� ゆ���', <<'EOS'.chop)
+Matz - \u{307E 3064 3082 3068} \u{3086 304D 3072 308D}
+EOS
+
+    # single-quoted things don't expand \u
+    assert_not_equal('ü', '\u{FC}')
+    assert_not_equal('ü', %q|\u{FC}|)
+    assert_not_equal('ü', %w{\u{FC}}[0])
+    assert_equal('\u00fc', "\\" + "u00fc")
+
+    # \u in %x strings
+    assert_match(/^("?)A\1$/, `echo "\u0041"`) #"
+    assert_match(/^("?)A\1$/, %x{echo "\u0041"}) #"
+    assert_match(/^("?)ü\1$/,
+      `#{EnvUtil.rubybin} -e "#coding:utf-8\nputs \\"\\u{FC}\\""`.force_encoding("utf-8")) #"
+
+    # \u in quoted symbols
+    assert_equal(:A, :"\u0041")
+    assert_equal(:a, :"\u0061")
+    assert_equal(:�, :�)
+    assert_equal(:ü, :ü)
+    assert_equal(:"\u{41}", :"\u0041")
+    assert_equal(:ü, :"\u{fc}")
+
+    # the NUL character is allowed in symbols
+    bug = '[ruby-dev:41447]'
+    sym = "\0".to_sym
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) {assert_equal(sym, eval(%q(:"\u{0}")))}
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) {assert_equal(sym, eval(%q(:"\u0000")))}
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) {assert_equal("\u{fc}\0A".to_sym, eval(%q(:"\u{fc 0 0041}")))}
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) {assert_equal(sym, eval(%q(:"\x00")))}
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug) {assert_equal(sym, eval(%q(:"\0")))}
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp
+
+    # Compare regexps to regexps
+    assert_not_equal(/Yukihiro Matsumoto - �本行弘/,
+      /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18/)
+    assert_not_equal(/Yukihiro Matsumoto - �本行弘/,
+      /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u{677E 672C 884C 5F18}/)
+    assert_not_equal(/Matz - ��も� ゆ���/,
+      /Matz - \u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D/)
+    assert_not_equal(/Aoyama Gakuin University - �山学院大学/,
+      /Aoyama Gakuin University - \u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66/)
+    assert_not_equal(/�山学院大学/, /\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66/)
+    assert_not_equal(/Martin Dürst/, /Martin D\u00FCrst/)
+    assert_not_equal(/ü/, /\u00FC/)
+    assert_not_equal(/Martin Dürst/, /Martin D\u{FC}rst/)
+    assert_not_equal(/ü/, /\u{FC}/)
+    assert_not_equal(/ü/, %r{\u{FC}})
+    assert_not_equal(/ü/i, %r{\u00FC}i)
+
+    assert_equal('Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18',
+      /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18/.source)
+    assert_equal('Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u{677E 672C 884C 5F18}',
+      /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u{677E 672C 884C 5F18}/.source)
+    assert_equal('Matz - \u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D',
+      /Matz - \u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D/.source)
+    assert_equal('Aoyama Gakuin University - \u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66',
+      /Aoyama Gakuin University - \u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66/.source)
+    assert_equal('\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66',
+      /\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66/.source)
+    assert_equal('Martin D\u00FCrst', /Martin D\u00FCrst/.source)
+    assert_equal('\u00FC', /\u00FC/.source)
+    assert_equal('Martin D\u{FC}rst', /Martin D\u{FC}rst/.source)
+    assert_equal('\u{FC}', /\u{FC}/.source)
+    assert_equal('\u{FC}', %r{\u{FC}}.source)
+    assert_equal('\u00FC', %r{\u00FC}i.source)
+
+    # match strings to regexps
+    assert_equal(0, "Yukihiro Matsumoto - �本行弘" =~ /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18/)
+    assert_equal(0, "Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u677E\u672C\u884C\u5F18" =~ /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u677E\u672C\u884C/)
+    assert_equal(0, "Yukihiro Matsumoto - �本行弘" =~            /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u{677E 672C 884C 5F18}/)
+    assert_equal(0, %Q{Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u{677E 672C 884C 5F18}} =~ /Yukihiro Matsumoto - \u{677E 672C 884C 5F18}/)
+    assert_equal(0, "Matz - ��も� ゆ���" =~ /Matz - \u307E\u3064\u3082\u3068 \u3086\u304D\u3072\u308D/)
+    assert_equal(0, "Aoyama Gakuin University - �山学院大学" =~ /Aoyama Gakuin University - \u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66/)
+    assert_equal(0, "�山学院大学" =~ /\u9752\u5C71\u5B66\u9662\u5927\u5B66/)
+    assert_equal(0, "Martin Dürst" =~ /Martin D\u00FCrst/)
+    assert_equal(0, "ü" =~ /\u00FC/)
+    assert_equal(0, "Martin Dürst" =~ /Martin D\u{FC}rst/)
+    assert_equal(0, "ü" =~ %r{\u{FC}})
+    assert_equal(0, "ü" =~ %r{\u00FC}i)
+
+    # Flip order of the two operands
+    assert_equal(0, /Martin D\u00FCrst/ =~ "Martin Dürst")
+    assert_equal(4, /\u00FC/ =~ "testü")
+    assert_equal(3, /Martin D\u{FC}rst/ =~ "fooMartin Dürstbar")
+    assert_equal(3, %r{\u{FC}} =~ "fooübar")
+
+    # Put \u in strings, literal character in regexp
+    assert_equal(0, "Martin D\u00FCrst" =~ /Martin Dürst/)
+    assert_equal(4, "test\u00FC" =~ /ü/)
+    assert_equal(3, "fooMartin D\u{FC}rstbar" =~ /Martin Dürst/)
+    assert_equal(3, %Q{foo\u{FC}bar} =~ %r<ü>)
+
+    assert_match(eval('/\u{2a}/'), "*")
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\u{6666}/n') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\u{6666}/e') }
+    assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval('/\u{6666}/s') }
+    assert_nothing_raised { eval('/\u{6666}/u') }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_regexp
+    assert_match(Regexp.new("Martin D\\u{FC}rst"), "Martin Dürst")
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_variants
+    # all hex digits
+    assert_equal("\xC4\xA3\xE4\x95\xA7\xE8\xA6\xAB\xEC\xB7\xAF", "\u0123\u4567\u89AB\uCDEF")
+    assert_equal("\xC4\xA3\xE4\x95\xA7\xE8\xA6\xAB\xEC\xB7\xAF", "\u0123\u4567\u89AB\uCDEF")
+    assert_equal("\xC4\xA3\xE4\x95\xA7\xE8\xA6\xAB\xEC\xB7\xAF", "\u0123\u4567\u89ab\ucdef")
+    assert_equal("\xC4\xA3\xE4\x95\xA7\xE8\xA6\xAB\xEC\xB7\xAF", "\u0123\u4567\u89ab\ucdef")
+    assert_equal("\xC4\xA3\xE4\x95\xA7\xE8\xA6\xAB\xEC\xB7\xAF", "\u0123\u4567\u89aB\uCdEf")
+    assert_equal("\xC4\xA3\xE4\x95\xA7\xE8\xA6\xAB\xEC\xB7\xAF", "\u0123\u4567\u89aB\ucDEF")
+  end
+
+  def test_fulton
+    # examples from Hal Fulton's book (second edition), chapter 4
+    # precomposed e'pe'e
+    assert_equal('épée', "\u00E9\u0070\u00E9\u0065")
+    assert_equal('épée', "\u00E9p\u00E9e")
+    assert_equal("\xC3\xA9\x70\xC3\xA9\x65", "\u00E9\u0070\u00E9\u0065")
+    assert_equal("\xC3\xA9\x70\xC3\xA9\x65", "\u00E9p\u00E9e")
+    # decomposed e'pe'e
+    assert_equal('e�pe�e', "\u0065\u0301\u0070\u0065\u0301\u0065")
+    assert_equal('e�pe�e', "e\u0301pe\u0301e")
+    assert_equal("\x65\xCC\x81\x70\x65\xCC\x81\x65", "\u0065\u0301\u0070\u0065\u0301\u0065")
+    assert_equal("\x65\xCC\x81\x70\x65\xCC\x81\x65", "e\u0301pe\u0301e")
+    # combinations of NFC/D, NFKC/D
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "\u00F6\u0066\u0066\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal("\xC3\xB6ffnen", "\u00F6\u0066\u0066\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "\u00F6ffnen")
+    assert_equal("\xC3\xB6ffnen", "\u00F6ffnen")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "\u006F\u0308\u0066\u0066\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal("\x6F\xCC\x88ffnen", "\u006F\u0308\u0066\u0066\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "o\u0308ffnen")
+    assert_equal("\x6F\xCC\x88ffnen", "o\u0308ffnen")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "\u00F6\uFB00\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal("\xC3\xB6\xEF\xAC\x80nen", "\u00F6\uFB00\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "\u00F6\uFB00nen")
+    assert_equal("\xC3\xB6\xEF\xAC\x80nen", "\u00F6\uFB00nen")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "\u006F\u0308\uFB00\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal("\x6F\xCC\x88\xEF\xAC\x80nen", "\u006F\u0308\uFB00\u006E\u0065\u006E")
+    assert_equal('öffnen', "o\u0308\uFB00nen")
+    assert_equal("\x6F\xCC\x88\xEF\xAC\x80nen", "o\u0308\uFB00nen")
+    # German sharp s (sz)
+    assert_equal('Straße', "\u0053\u0074\u0072\u0061\u00DF\u0065")
+    assert_equal("\x53\x74\x72\x61\xC3\x9F\x65", "\u0053\u0074\u0072\u0061\u00DF\u0065")
+    assert_equal('Straße', "Stra\u00DFe")
+    assert_equal("\x53\x74\x72\x61\xC3\x9F\x65", "Stra\u00DFe")
+    assert_equal('Straße', "\u{53}\u{74}\u{72}\u{61}\u{DF}\u{65}")
+    assert_equal("\x53\x74\x72\x61\xC3\x9F\x65", "\u{53}\u{74}\u{72}\u{61}\u{DF}\u{65}")
+    assert_equal("\x53\x74\x72\x61\xC3\x9F\x65", "\u{53 74 72 61 DF 65}")
+    assert_equal('Straße', "Stra\u{DF}e")
+    assert_equal("\x53\x74\x72\x61\xC3\x9F\x65", "Stra\u{DF}e")
+  end
+
+  def test_edge_cases
+    # start and end of each outer plane
+    assert_equal("\xF4\x8F\xBF\xBF", "\u{10FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF4\x80\x80\x80", "\u{100000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\xBF\xBF\xBF", "\u{FFFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\xB0\x80\x80", "\u{F0000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\xAF\xBF\xBF", "\u{EFFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\xA0\x80\x80", "\u{E0000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\x9F\xBF\xBF", "\u{DFFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\x90\x80\x80", "\u{D0000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\x8F\xBF\xBF", "\u{CFFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF3\x80\x80\x80", "\u{C0000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\xBF\xBF\xBF", "\u{BFFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\xB0\x80\x80", "\u{B0000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\xAF\xBF\xBF", "\u{AFFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\xA0\x80\x80", "\u{A0000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\x9F\xBF\xBF", "\u{9FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\x90\x80\x80", "\u{90000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\x8F\xBF\xBF", "\u{8FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF2\x80\x80\x80", "\u{80000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\xBF\xBF\xBF", "\u{7FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\xB0\x80\x80", "\u{70000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\xAF\xBF\xBF", "\u{6FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\xA0\x80\x80", "\u{60000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\x9F\xBF\xBF", "\u{5FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\x90\x80\x80", "\u{50000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\x8F\xBF\xBF", "\u{4FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF1\x80\x80\x80", "\u{40000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF0\xBF\xBF\xBF", "\u{3FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF0\xB0\x80\x80", "\u{30000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF0\xAF\xBF\xBF", "\u{2FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF0\xA0\x80\x80", "\u{20000}")
+    assert_equal("\xF0\x9F\xBF\xBF", "\u{1FFFF}")
+    assert_equal("\xF0\x90\x80\x80", "\u{10000}")
+    # BMP
+    assert_equal("\xEF\xBF\xBF", "\uFFFF")
+    assert_equal("\xEE\x80\x80", "\uE000")
+    assert_equal("\xED\x9F\xBF", "\uD7FF")
+    assert_equal("\xE0\xA0\x80", "\u0800")
+    assert_equal("\xDF\xBF", "\u07FF")
+    assert_equal("\xC2\x80", "\u0080")
+    assert_equal("\x7F", "\u007F")
+    assert_equal("\x00", "\u0000")
+  end
+
+  def test_chars
+    assert_equal(?\u0041, ?A)
+    assert_equal(?\u{79}, ?\x79)
+    assert_equal(?\u{0}, ?\000)
+    assert_equal(?\u0000, ?\000)
+  end
+
+  # Tests to make sure that disallowed cases fail
+  def test_fail
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\uabc") }        # too short
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\uab") }         # too short
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\ua") }          # too short
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u") }           # too short
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{110000}") }   # too high
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{abcdeff}") }  # too long
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\ughij") }       # bad hex digits
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{ghij}") }     # bad hex digits
+
+     assert_raise_with_message(SyntaxError, /invalid/) {
+       eval %q("\u{123.}")  # bad char
+     }
+
+     # assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{123 456 }")}  # extra space
+     # assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{ 123 456}")}  # extra space
+     # assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\u{123  456}")}  # extra space
+
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\uD800") }       # surrogate block
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\uDCBA") }       # surrogate block
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\uDFFF") }       # surrogate block
+     assert_raise(SyntaxError) { eval %q("\uD847\uDD9A") } # surrogate pair
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_variable.rb b/test/ruby/test_variable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13b8a7905f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_variable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestVariable < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Gods
+    @@rule = "Uranus"
+    def ruler0
+      @@rule
+    end
+
+    def self.ruler1		# <= per method definition style
+      @@rule
+    end
+    class << self			# <= multiple method definition style
+      def ruler2
+	@@rule
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Olympians
+    @@rule ="Zeus"
+    def ruler3
+      @@rule
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Titans < Gods
+    @@rule = "Cronus"			# modifies @@rule in Gods
+    include Olympians
+    def ruler4
+      @@rule
+    end
+  end
+
+  Athena = Gods.clone
+
+  def test_cloned_classes_copy_cvar_cache
+    assert_equal "Cronus", Athena.new.ruler0
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_class_variable_on_module_through_inheritance
+    mod = Module.new
+    mod.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 1)
+    mod.freeze
+    c = Class.new { include(mod) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { c.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 2) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { c.class_eval("@@foo = 2") }
+    assert_equal(1, c.class_variable_get(:@@foo))
+  end
+
+  Zeus = Gods.clone
+
+  def test_cloned_allows_setting_cvar
+    Zeus.class_variable_set(:@@rule, "Athena")
+
+    god = Gods.new.ruler0
+    zeus = Zeus.new.ruler0
+
+    assert_equal "Cronus", god
+    assert_equal "Athena", zeus
+    assert_not_equal god.object_id, zeus.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_included_class_variable
+    c = Class.new
+    c.extend(Olympians)
+    assert_empty(c.singleton_class.class_variables)
+    assert_raise(NameError){ c.singleton_class.class_variable_get(:@@rule) }
+    c.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 1)
+    assert_equal([:@@foo], c.singleton_class.class_variables)
+    assert_equal(1, c.singleton_class.class_variable_get(:@@foo))
+
+    c = Class.new
+    c.extend(Olympians)
+    sc = Class.new(c)
+    assert_empty(sc.singleton_class.class_variables)
+    assert_raise(NameError){ sc.singleton_class.class_variable_get(:@@rule) }
+    c.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 1)
+    assert_equal([:@@foo], sc.singleton_class.class_variables)
+    assert_equal(1, sc.singleton_class.class_variable_get(:@@foo))
+
+    c = Class.new
+    o = c.new
+    o.extend(Olympians)
+    assert_equal([:@@rule], o.singleton_class.class_variables)
+    assert_equal("Zeus", o.singleton_class.class_variable_get(:@@rule))
+    c.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 1)
+    assert_equal([:@@foo, :@@rule], o.singleton_class.class_variables.sort)
+    assert_equal(1, o.singleton_class.class_variable_get(:@@foo))
+  end
+
+  def test_cvar_overtaken_by_parent_class
+    error = eval <<~EORB
+      class Parent
+      end
+
+      class Child < Parent
+        @@cvar = 1
+
+        def self.cvar
+          @@cvar
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 1, Child.cvar
+
+      class Parent
+        @@cvar = 2
+      end
+
+      assert_raise RuntimeError do
+        Child.cvar
+      end
+    EORB
+
+    assert_equal "class variable @@cvar of TestVariable::Child is overtaken by TestVariable::Parent", error.message
+  ensure
+    TestVariable.send(:remove_const, :Child) rescue nil
+    TestVariable.send(:remove_const, :Parent) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def test_cvar_overtaken_by_module
+    error = eval <<~EORB
+      class ParentForModule
+        @@cvar = 1
+
+        def self.cvar
+          @@cvar
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 1, ParentForModule.cvar
+
+      module Mixin
+        @@cvar = 2
+      end
+
+      class ParentForModule
+        include Mixin
+      end
+
+      assert_raise RuntimeError do
+        ParentForModule.cvar
+      end
+    EORB
+
+    assert_equal "class variable @@cvar of TestVariable::ParentForModule is overtaken by TestVariable::Mixin", error.message
+  ensure
+    TestVariable.send(:remove_const, :Mixin) rescue nil
+    TestVariable.send(:remove_const, :ParentForModule) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  class IncludeRefinedModuleClassVariableNoWarning
+    module Mod
+      @@_test_include_refined_module_class_variable = true
+    end
+
+    module Mod2
+      refine Mod do
+      end
+    end
+
+    include Mod
+
+    def t
+      @@_test_include_refined_module_class_variable
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include_refined_module_class_variable
+    assert_warning('') do
+      IncludeRefinedModuleClassVariableNoWarning.new.t
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_set_class_variable_on_frozen_object
+    set_cvar = EnvUtil.labeled_class("SetCVar")
+    set_cvar.class_eval "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}"
+    begin;
+      def self.set(val)
+        @@a = val # inline cache
+      end
+    end;
+    set_cvar.set(1) # fill write cache
+    set_cvar.freeze
+    assert_raise(FrozenError, "[Bug #19341]") do
+      set_cvar.set(2) # hit write cache, but should check frozen status
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_variable
+    assert_instance_of(Integer, $$)
+
+    # read-only variable
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      $$ = 5
+    end
+    assert_normal_exit("$*=0; $*", "[ruby-dev:36698]")
+
+    foobar = "foobar"
+    $_ = foobar
+    assert_equal(foobar, $_)
+
+    assert_equal("Cronus", Gods.new.ruler0)
+    assert_equal("Cronus", Gods.ruler1)
+    assert_equal("Cronus", Gods.ruler2)
+    assert_equal("Cronus", Titans.ruler1)
+    assert_equal("Cronus", Titans.ruler2)
+    atlas = Titans.new
+    assert_equal("Cronus", atlas.ruler0)
+    assert_equal("Zeus", atlas.ruler3)
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { atlas.ruler4 }
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      class << Gods
+        defined?(@@rule) && @@rule
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables
+    lvar = 1
+    assert_instance_of(Symbol, local_variables[0], "[ruby-dev:34008]")
+    lvar
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables2
+    x = 1
+    proc do |y|
+      assert_equal([:x, :y], local_variables.sort)
+    end.call
+    x
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables3
+    x = 1
+    proc do |y|
+      1.times do |z|
+        assert_equal([:x, :y, :z], local_variables.sort)
+      end
+    end.call
+    x
+  end
+
+  def test_shadowing_local_variables
+    bug9486 = '[ruby-core:60501] [Bug #9486]'
+    assert_equal([:x, :bug9486], tap {|x| break local_variables}, bug9486)
+  end
+
+  def test_shadowing_block_local_variables
+    bug9486 = '[ruby-core:60501] [Bug #9486]'
+    assert_equal([:x, :bug9486], tap {|;x| x = x; break local_variables}, bug9486)
+  end
+
+  def test_global_variables
+    gv = global_variables
+    assert_empty(gv.grep(/\A(?!\$)/))
+    assert_nil($~)
+    assert_not_include(gv, :$1)
+    /(\w)(\d)?(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(\d)?(.)/ =~ "globalglobalglobal"
+    assert_not_nil($~)
+    gv = global_variables - gv
+    assert_include(gv, :$1)
+    assert_not_include(gv, :$2)
+    assert_not_include(gv, :$11)
+    assert_include(gv, :$12)
+  end
+
+  def prepare_klass_for_test_svar_with_ifunc
+    Class.new do
+      include Enumerable
+      def each(&b)
+        @b = b
+      end
+
+      def check1
+        check2.merge({check1: $1})
+      end
+
+      def check2
+        @b.call('foo')
+        {check2: $1}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_svar_with_ifunc
+    c = prepare_klass_for_test_svar_with_ifunc
+
+    expected_check1_result = {
+      check1: nil, check2: nil
+    }.freeze
+
+    obj = c.new
+    result = nil
+    obj.grep(/(f..)/){
+      result = $1
+    }
+    assert_equal nil, result
+    assert_equal nil, $1
+    assert_equal expected_check1_result, obj.check1
+    assert_equal 'foo', result
+    assert_equal 'foo', $1
+
+    # this frame was escaped so try it again
+    $~ = nil
+    obj = c.new
+    result = nil
+    obj.grep(/(f..)/){
+      result = $1
+    }
+    assert_equal nil, result
+    assert_equal nil, $1
+    assert_equal expected_check1_result, obj.check1
+    assert_equal 'foo', result
+    assert_equal 'foo', $1
+
+    # different context
+    result = nil
+    Fiber.new{
+      obj = c.new
+      obj.grep(/(f..)/){
+        result = $1
+      }
+    }.resume # obj is created in antoher Fiber
+    assert_equal nil, result
+    assert_equal expected_check1_result, obj.check1
+    assert_equal 'foo', result
+    assert_equal 'foo', $1
+
+    # different thread context
+    result = nil
+    Thread.new{
+      obj = c.new
+      obj.grep(/(f..)/){
+        result = $1
+      }
+    }.join # obj is created in another Thread
+
+    assert_equal nil, result
+    assert_equal expected_check1_result, obj.check1
+    assert_equal 'foo', result
+    assert_equal 'foo', $1
+  end
+
+
+  def test_global_variable_0
+    assert_in_out_err(["-e", "$0='t'*1000;print $0"], "", /\At+\z/, [])
+  end
+
+  def test_global_variable_popped
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {
+        eval("$foo; 1")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_popped
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      EnvUtil.suppress_warning {
+        eval("TestVariable::Gods; 1")
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_special_constant_ivars
+    [ true, false, :symbol, "dsym#{rand(9999)}".to_sym, 1, 1.0 ].each do |v|
+      assert_empty v.instance_variables
+      msg = "can't modify frozen #{v.class}: #{v.inspect}"
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, msg) do
+        v.instance_variable_set(:@foo, :bar)
+      end
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, msg, "[Bug #19339]") do
+        v.instance_eval do
+          @a = 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_nil EnvUtil.suppress_warning {v.instance_variable_get(:@foo)}
+      assert_not_send([v, :instance_variable_defined?, :@foo])
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(FrozenError, msg) do
+        v.remove_instance_variable(:@foo)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RemoveIvar
+    class << self
+      attr_reader :ivar
+
+      def add_ivar
+        @ivar = 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :ivar
+
+    def add_ivar
+      @ivar = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def add_and_remove_ivar(obj)
+    assert_nil obj.ivar
+    assert_equal 1, obj.add_ivar
+    assert_equal 1, obj.instance_variable_get(:@ivar)
+    assert_equal 1, obj.ivar
+
+    obj.remove_instance_variable(:@ivar)
+    assert_nil obj.ivar
+
+    assert_raise NameError do
+      obj.remove_instance_variable(:@ivar)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variables_object
+    obj = RemoveIvar.new
+    add_and_remove_ivar(obj)
+    add_and_remove_ivar(obj)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variables_class
+    add_and_remove_ivar(RemoveIvar)
+    add_and_remove_ivar(RemoveIvar)
+  end
+
+  class RemoveIvarGeneric < Array
+    attr_reader :ivar
+
+    def add_ivar
+      @ivar = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_instance_variables_generic
+    obj = RemoveIvarGeneric.new
+    add_and_remove_ivar(obj)
+    add_and_remove_ivar(obj)
+  end
+
+  class ExIvar < Hash
+    def initialize
+      @a = 1
+      @b = 2
+      @c = 3
+    end
+
+    def ivars
+      [@a, @b, @c]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_external_ivars
+    3.times{
+      # check inline cache for external ivar access
+      assert_equal [1, 2, 3], ExIvar.new.ivars
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_exivar_resize_with_compaction_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    objs = 10_000.times.map do
+      ExIvar.new
+    end
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress do
+      10.times do
+        x = ExIvar.new
+        x.instance_variable_set(:@resize, 1)
+        x
+      end
+    end
+    objs or flunk
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables_with_kwarg
+    bug11674 = '[ruby-core:71437] [Bug #11674]'
+    v = with_kwargs_11(v1:1,v2:2,v3:3,v4:4,v5:5,v6:6,v7:7,v8:8,v9:9,v10:10,v11:11)
+    assert_equal(%i(v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 v7 v8 v9 v10 v11), v, bug11674)
+  end
+
+  def test_many_instance_variables
+    objects = [Object.new, Hash.new, Module.new]
+    objects.each do |obj|
+      1000.times do |i|
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@var#{i}", i)
+      end
+      1000.times do |i|
+        assert_equal(i, obj.instance_variable_get("@var#{i}"))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_local_variables_encoding
+    α = 1 or flunk
+    b = binding
+    b.eval("".encode("us-ascii"))
+    assert_equal(%i[α b], b.local_variables)
+  end
+
+  def test_genivar_cache
+    bug21547 = '[Bug #21547]'
+    klass = Class.new(Array)
+    instance = klass.new
+    instance.instance_variable_set(:@a1, 1)
+    instance.instance_variable_set(:@a2, 2)
+    Fiber.new do
+      instance.instance_variable_set(:@a3, 3)
+      instance.instance_variable_set(:@a4, 4)
+    end.resume
+    assert_equal 4, instance.instance_variable_get(:@a4), bug21547
+  end
+
+  def test_genivar_cache_free
+    str = +"hello"
+    str.instance_variable_set(:@x, :old_value)
+
+    str.instance_variable_get(:@x) # populate cache
+
+    Fiber.new {
+      str.remove_instance_variable(:@x)
+      str.instance_variable_set(:@x, :new_value)
+    }.resume
+
+    assert_equal :new_value, str.instance_variable_get(:@x)
+  end
+
+  def test_genivar_cache_invalidated_by_gc
+    str = +"hello"
+    str.instance_variable_set(:@x, :old_value)
+
+    str.instance_variable_get(:@x) # populate cache
+
+    Fiber.new {
+      str.remove_instance_variable(:@x)
+      str.instance_variable_set(:@x, :new_value)
+    }.resume
+
+    GC.start
+
+    assert_equal :new_value, str.instance_variable_get(:@x)
+  end
+
+  private
+  def with_kwargs_11(v1:, v2:, v3:, v4:, v5:, v6:, v7:, v8:, v9:, v10:, v11:)
+    local_variables
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_vm_dump.rb b/test/ruby/test_vm_dump.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d183e03391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_vm_dump.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'test/unit'
+
+return unless /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+class TestVMDump < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_darwin_vm_dump_works(args, timeout=nil)
+    args.unshift({"RUBY_ON_BUG" => nil, "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT" => nil})
+    assert_in_out_err(args, "", [], /^\[IMPORTANT\]/, timeout: timeout || 300)
+  end
+
+  def test_darwin_invalid_call
+    assert_darwin_vm_dump_works(['-r-test-/fatal', '-eBug.invalid_call(1)'])
+  end
+
+  def test_darwin_segv_in_syscall
+    assert_darwin_vm_dump_works(['-e1.times{Process.kill :SEGV,$$}'])
+  end
+
+  def test_darwin_invalid_access
+    assert_darwin_vm_dump_works(['-r-test-/fatal', '-eBug.invalid_access(100)'])
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_warning.rb b/test/ruby/test_warning.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd220ff00f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_warning.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestWarning < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_warn_called_only_when_category_enabled
+    # Assert that warn is called when the category is enabled
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        Warning[:deprecated] = true
+        $warnings = []
+        def Warning.warn(msg, category:)
+          $warnings << [msg, category]
+        end
+        assert_equal(0, $warnings.length)
+        "" << 12
+        assert_equal(1, $warnings.length)
+      end;
+
+    assert_separately([], "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}")
+      begin;
+        Warning[:deprecated] = false
+        $warnings = []
+        def Warning.warn(msg, category:)
+          $warnings << [msg, category]
+        end
+        assert_equal(0, $warnings.length)
+        "" << 12
+        assert_equal(0, $warnings.length, $warnings.join)
+      end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_weakkeymap.rb b/test/ruby/test_weakkeymap.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91c1538076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_weakkeymap.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestWeakKeyMap < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @wm = ObjectSpace::WeakKeyMap.new
+  end
+
+  def test_map
+    x = Object.new
+    k = "foo"
+    @wm[k] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[k])
+    assert_same(x, @wm["FOO".downcase])
+  end
+
+  def test_aset_const
+    x = Object.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[true] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[false] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[nil] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[42] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[2**128] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[1.23] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm[:foo] = x }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @wm["foo#{rand}".to_sym] = x }
+  end
+
+  def test_getkey
+    k = "foo"
+    @wm[k] = true
+    assert_same(k, @wm.getkey("FOO".downcase))
+  end
+
+  def test_key?
+    assert_weak_include(:key?, "foo")
+    assert_not_send([@wm, :key?, "bar"])
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    k1 = "foo"
+    x1 = Object.new
+    @wm[k1] = x1
+    assert_equal x1, @wm[k1]
+    assert_equal x1, @wm.delete(k1)
+    assert_nil @wm[k1]
+    assert_nil @wm.delete(k1)
+
+    fallback =  @wm.delete(k1) do |key|
+      assert_equal k1, key
+      42
+    end
+    assert_equal 42, fallback
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    k = "foo"
+    @wm[k] = true
+    assert @wm[k]
+    assert_same @wm, @wm.clear
+    refute @wm[k]
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_bug_20691
+    assert_normal_exit(<<~RUBY)
+      map = ObjectSpace::WeakKeyMap.new
+
+      1_000.times do
+        1_000.times do
+          map[Object.new] = nil
+        end
+
+        map.clear
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    x = Object.new
+    k = Object.new
+    @wm[k] = x
+    assert_match(/\A\#<#{@wm.class.name}:[\dxa-f]+ size=\d+>\z/, @wm.inspect)
+
+    1000.times do |i|
+      @wm[i.to_s] = Object.new
+      @wm.inspect
+    end
+    assert_match(/\A\#<#{@wm.class.name}:[\dxa-f]+ size=\d+>\z/, @wm.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_no_hash_method
+    k = BasicObject.new
+    assert_raise NoMethodError do
+      @wm[k] = 42
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_object
+    o = Object.new.freeze
+    assert_nothing_raised(FrozenError) {@wm[o] = 'foo'}
+    assert_nothing_raised(FrozenError) {@wm['foo'] = o}
+  end
+
+  def test_inconsistent_hash_key_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak [], '', <<~RUBY
+      class BadHash
+        def initialize
+          @hash = 0
+        end
+
+        def hash
+          @hash += 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      k = BadHash.new
+      wm = ObjectSpace::WeakKeyMap.new
+
+      100_000.times do |i|
+        wm[k] = i
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_compaction
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    assert_separately(%w(-robjspace), <<-'end;')
+      wm = ObjectSpace::WeakKeyMap.new
+      key = Object.new
+      val = Object.new
+      wm[key] = val
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_equal(val, wm[key])
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress { ObjectSpace::WeakKeyMap.new }
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_weak_include(m, k, n = 100)
+    if n > 0
+      return assert_weak_include(m, k, n-1)
+    end
+    1.times do
+      x = Object.new
+      @wm[k] = x
+      assert_send([@wm, m, k])
+      assert_send([@wm, m, "FOO".downcase])
+      x = Object.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_weakmap.rb b/test/ruby/test_weakmap.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f5823ecf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_weakmap.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestWeakMap < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @wm = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+  end
+
+  def test_map
+    x = Object.new
+    k = "foo"
+    @wm[k] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[k])
+    assert_not_same(x, @wm["FOO".downcase])
+  end
+
+  def test_aset_const
+    x = Object.new
+    @wm[true] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[true])
+    @wm[false] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[false])
+    @wm[nil] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[nil])
+    @wm[42] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[42])
+    @wm[:foo] = x
+    assert_same(x, @wm[:foo])
+
+    @wm[x] = true
+    assert_same(true, @wm[x])
+    @wm[x] = false
+    assert_same(false, @wm[x])
+    @wm[x] = nil
+    assert_same(nil, @wm[x])
+    @wm[x] = 42
+    assert_same(42, @wm[x])
+    @wm[x] = :foo
+    assert_same(:foo, @wm[x])
+  end
+
+  def assert_weak_include(m, k, n = 100)
+    if n > 0
+      return assert_weak_include(m, k, n-1)
+    end
+    1.times do
+      x = Object.new
+      @wm[k] = x
+      assert_send([@wm, m, k])
+      assert_not_send([@wm, m, "FOO".downcase])
+      x = Object.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include?
+    m = __callee__[/test_(.*)/, 1]
+    k = "foo"
+    1.times do
+      assert_weak_include(m, k)
+    end
+    GC.start
+    pend('TODO: failure introduced from 837fd5e494731d7d44786f29e7d6e8c27029806f')
+    assert_not_send([@wm, m, k])
+  end
+  alias test_member? test_include?
+  alias test_key? test_include?
+
+  def test_inspect
+    x = Object.new
+    k = BasicObject.new
+    @wm[k] = x
+    assert_match(/\A\#<#{@wm.class.name}:[^:]+:\s\#<BasicObject:[^:]*>\s=>\s\#<Object:[^:]*>>\z/,
+                 @wm.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_garbage
+    1000.times do |i|
+      @wm[i] = Object.new
+      @wm.inspect
+    end
+    assert_match(/\A\#<#{@wm.class.name}:0x[\da-f]+(?::(?: \d+ => \#<(?:Object|collected):0x[\da-f]+>,?)+)?>\z/,
+                 @wm.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete
+    k1 = "foo"
+    x1 = Object.new
+    @wm[k1] = x1
+    assert_equal x1, @wm[k1]
+    assert_equal x1, @wm.delete(k1)
+    assert_nil @wm[k1]
+    assert_nil @wm.delete(k1)
+
+    fallback =  @wm.delete(k1) do |key|
+      assert_equal k1, key
+      42
+    end
+    assert_equal 42, fallback
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    m = __callee__[/test_(.*)/, 1]
+    x1 = Object.new
+    k1 = "foo"
+    @wm[k1] = x1
+    x2 = Object.new
+    k2 = "bar"
+    @wm[k2] = x2
+    n = 0
+    @wm.__send__(m) do |k, v|
+      assert_match(/\A(?:foo|bar)\z/, k)
+      case k
+      when /foo/
+        assert_same(k1, k)
+        assert_same(x1, v)
+      when /bar/
+        assert_same(k2, k)
+        assert_same(x2, v)
+      end
+      n += 1
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, n)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_key
+    x1 = Object.new
+    k1 = "foo"
+    @wm[k1] = x1
+    x2 = Object.new
+    k2 = "bar"
+    @wm[k2] = x2
+    n = 0
+    @wm.each_key do |k|
+      assert_match(/\A(?:foo|bar)\z/, k)
+      case k
+      when /foo/
+        assert_same(k1, k)
+      when /bar/
+        assert_same(k2, k)
+      end
+      n += 1
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, n)
+  end
+
+  def test_each_value
+    x1 = "foo"
+    k1 = Object.new
+    @wm[k1] = x1
+    x2 = "bar"
+    k2 = Object.new
+    @wm[k2] = x2
+    n = 0
+    @wm.each_value do |v|
+      assert_match(/\A(?:foo|bar)\z/, v)
+      case v
+      when /foo/
+        assert_same(x1, v)
+      when /bar/
+        assert_same(x2, v)
+      end
+      n += 1
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, n)
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    m = __callee__[/test_(.*)/, 1]
+    assert_equal(0, @wm.__send__(m))
+    x1 = "foo"
+    k1 = Object.new
+    @wm[k1] = x1
+    assert_equal(1, @wm.__send__(m))
+    x2 = "bar"
+    k2 = Object.new
+    @wm[k2] = x2
+    assert_equal(2, @wm.__send__(m))
+  end
+  alias test_length test_size
+
+  def test_frozen_object
+    o = Object.new.freeze
+    assert_nothing_raised(FrozenError) {@wm[o] = 'foo'}
+    assert_nothing_raised(FrozenError) {@wm['foo'] = o}
+  end
+
+  def test_no_memory_leak
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], '', "#{<<~"begin;"}\n#{<<~'end;'}", "[Bug #19398]", rss: true, limit: 1.5, timeout: 60)
+    begin;
+      1_000_000.times do
+        ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_compaction
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    # [Bug #19529]
+    obj = Object.new
+    100.times do |i|
+      GC.compact
+      @wm[i] = obj
+    end
+
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-'end;')
+      wm = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+      obj = Object.new
+      100.times do
+        wm[Object.new] = obj
+        GC.start
+      end
+      GC.compact
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately(%w(-robjspace), <<-'end;')
+      wm = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+      key = Object.new
+      val = Object.new
+      wm[key] = val
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+
+      assert_equal(val, wm[key])
+    end;
+
+    assert_ruby_status(["-W0"], <<-'end;')
+      wm = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+
+      ary = 10_000.times.map do
+        o = Object.new
+        wm[o] = 1
+        o
+      end
+
+      GC.verify_compaction_references(expand_heap: true, toward: :empty)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_compact_stress
+    omit "compaction doesn't work well on s390x" if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /s390x/ # https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5077
+    EnvUtil.under_gc_compact_stress { ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_replaced_values_bug_19531
+    a = "A".dup
+    b = "B".dup
+
+    @wm[1] = a
+    @wm[1] = a
+    @wm[1] = a
+
+    @wm[1] = b
+    assert_equal b, @wm[1]
+
+    a = nil
+    GC.start
+
+    assert_equal b, @wm[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_use_after_free_bug_20688
+    assert_normal_exit(<<~RUBY)
+      weakmap = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+      10_000.times { weakmap[Object.new] = Object.new }
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_generational_gc
+    EnvUtil.without_gc do
+      wmap = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+
+      (GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:RVALUE_OLD_AGE] - 1).times { GC.start }
+
+      retain = []
+      50.times do
+        k = Object.new
+        wmap[k] = true
+        retain << k
+      end
+
+      GC.start # WeakMap promoted, other objects still young
+
+      retain.clear
+
+      GC.start(full_mark: false)
+
+      wmap.keys.each(&:itself) # call method on keys to cause crash
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_whileuntil.rb b/test/ruby/test_whileuntil.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff6d29ac4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_whileuntil.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+class TestWhileuntil < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_while
+    Dir.mktmpdir("ruby_while_tmp") {|tmpdir|
+      tmpfilename = "#{tmpdir}/ruby_while_tmp.#{$$}"
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "w")
+      tmp.print "tvi925\n";
+      tmp.print "tvi920\n";
+      tmp.print "vt100\n";
+      tmp.print "Amiga\n";
+      tmp.print "paper\n";
+      tmp.close
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "r")
+      assert_instance_of(File, tmp)
+
+      while line = tmp.gets()
+        break if /vt100/ =~ line
+      end
+
+      assert_not_predicate(tmp, :eof?)
+      assert_match(/vt100/, line)
+      tmp.close
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "r")
+      while line = tmp.gets()
+        next if /vt100/ =~ line
+        assert_no_match(/vt100/, line)
+      end
+      assert_predicate(tmp, :eof?)
+      assert_no_match(/vt100/, line)
+      tmp.close
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "r")
+      while line = tmp.gets()
+        lastline = line
+        line = line.gsub(/vt100/, 'VT100')
+        if lastline != line
+          line.gsub!('VT100', 'Vt100')
+          redo
+        end
+        assert_no_match(/vt100/, line)
+        assert_no_match(/VT100/, line)
+      end
+      assert_predicate(tmp, :eof?)
+      tmp.close
+
+      sum=0
+      for i in 1..10
+        sum += i
+        i -= 1
+        if i > 0
+          redo
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(220, sum)
+
+      tmp = open(tmpfilename, "r")
+      while line = tmp.gets()
+        break if $. == 3
+        assert_no_match(/vt100/, line)
+        assert_no_match(/Amiga/, line)
+        assert_no_match(/paper/, line)
+      end
+      tmp.close
+
+      File.unlink tmpfilename or `/bin/rm -f "#{tmpfilename}"`
+      assert_file.not_exist?(tmpfilename)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_begin_while
+    i = 0
+    sum = 0
+    begin
+      i += 1
+      sum += i
+    end while i < 10
+    assert_equal([10, 55], [i, sum])
+
+    i = 0
+    sum = 0
+    (
+      i += 1
+      sum += i
+    ) while false
+    assert_equal([0, 0], [i, sum])
+  end
+
+  def test_until
+    i = 0
+    until i>4
+      i+=1
+    end
+    assert_operator(i, :>, 4)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_yield.rb b/test/ruby/test_yield.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7e65fce9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_yield.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'stringio'
+
+class TestRubyYield < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_ary_each
+    ary = [1]
+    ary.each {|a, b, c, d| assert_equal [1,nil,nil,nil], [a,b,c,d] }
+    ary.each {|a, b, c| assert_equal [1,nil,nil], [a,b,c] }
+    ary.each {|a, b| assert_equal [1,nil], [a,b] }
+    ary.each {|a| assert_equal 1, a }
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_each
+    h = {:a => 1}
+    h.each do |k, v|
+      assert_equal :a, k
+      assert_equal 1, v
+    end
+    h.each do |kv|
+      assert_equal [:a, 1], kv
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_0
+    assert_equal 1, iter0 { 1 }
+    assert_equal 2, iter0 { 2 }
+  end
+
+  def iter0
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_1
+    iter1([]) {|a, b| assert_equal [nil,nil], [a, b] }
+    iter1([1]) {|a, b| assert_equal [1,nil], [a, b] }
+    iter1([1, 2]) {|a, b| assert_equal [1,2], [a,b] }
+    iter1([1, 2, 3]) {|a, b| assert_equal [1,2], [a,b] }
+
+    iter1([]) {|a| assert_equal [], a }
+    iter1([1]) {|a| assert_equal [1], a }
+    iter1([1, 2]) {|a| assert_equal [1,2], a }
+    iter1([1, 2, 3]) {|a| assert_equal [1,2,3], a }
+  end
+
+  def iter1(args)
+    yield args
+  end
+
+  def test_yield2
+    def iter2_1() yield 1, *[2, 3] end
+    iter2_1 {|a, b, c| assert_equal [1,2,3], [a,b,c] }
+    def iter2_2() yield 1, *[] end
+    iter2_2 {|a, b, c| assert_equal [1,nil,nil], [a,b,c] }
+    def iter2_3() yield 1, *[2] end
+    iter2_3 {|a, b, c| assert_equal [1,2,nil], [a,b,c] }
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_nested
+    [[1, [2, 3]]].each {|a, (b, c)|
+      assert_equal [1,2,3], [a,b,c]
+    }
+    [[1, [2, 3]]].map {|a, (b, c)|
+      assert_equal [1,2,3], [a,b,c]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_with_enum
+    obj = Object.new
+    def obj.each
+      yield(*[])
+    end
+    obj.each{|*v| assert_equal([], [], '[ruby-dev:32392]')}
+    obj.to_enum.each{|*v| assert_equal([], [], '[ruby-dev:32392]')}
+  end
+
+  def block_args_unleashed
+    yield(1,2,3,4,5)
+  end
+
+  def test_block_args_unleashed
+    r = block_args_unleashed {|a,b=1,*c,d,e|
+      [a,b,c,d,e]
+    }
+    assert_equal([1,2,[3],4,5], r, "[ruby-core:19485]")
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative 'sentence'
+class TestRubyYieldGen < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  Syntax = {
+    :exp => [["0"],
+             ["nil"],
+             ["false"],
+             ["[]"],
+             ["[",:exps,"]"]],
+    :exps => [[:exp],
+              [:exp,",",:exps]],
+    :opt_block_param => [[],
+                         [:block_param_def]],
+    :block_param_def => [['|', '|'],
+                         ['|', :block_param, '|']],
+    :block_param => [[:f_arg, ",", :f_rest_arg, :opt_f_block_arg],
+                     [:f_arg, ","],
+                     [:f_arg, ',', :f_rest_arg, ",", :f_arg, :opt_f_block_arg],
+                     [:f_arg, :opt_f_block_arg],
+                     [:f_rest_arg, :opt_f_block_arg],
+                     [:f_rest_arg, ',', :f_arg, :opt_f_block_arg],
+                     [:f_block_arg]],
+    :f_arg => [[:f_arg_item],
+               [:f_arg, ',', :f_arg_item]],
+    :f_rest_arg => [['*', "var"],
+                    ['*']],
+    :opt_f_block_arg => [[',', :f_block_arg],
+                         []],
+    :f_block_arg => [['&', 'var']],
+    :f_arg_item => [[:f_norm_arg],
+                    ['(', :f_margs, ')']],
+    :f_margs => [[:f_marg_list],
+                 [:f_marg_list, ',', '*', :f_norm_arg],
+                 [:f_marg_list, ',', '*', :f_norm_arg, ',', :f_marg_list],
+                 [:f_marg_list, ',', '*'],
+                 [:f_marg_list, ',', '*',              ',', :f_marg_list],
+                 [                   '*', :f_norm_arg],
+                 [                   '*', :f_norm_arg, ',', :f_marg_list],
+                 [                   '*'],
+                 [                   '*',              ',', :f_marg_list]],
+    :f_marg_list => [[:f_marg],
+                     [:f_marg_list, ',', :f_marg]],
+    :f_marg => [[:f_norm_arg],
+                ['(', :f_margs, ')']],
+    :f_norm_arg => [['var']],
+
+    :command_args => [[:open_args]],
+    :open_args => [[' ',:call_args],
+                   ['(', ')'],
+                   ['(', :call_args2, ')']],
+    :call_args =>  [[:command],
+                    [           :args,               :opt_block_arg],
+                    [                       :assocs, :opt_block_arg],
+                    [           :args, ',', :assocs, :opt_block_arg],
+                    [                                    :block_arg]],
+    :call_args2 => [[:arg, ',', :args,               :opt_block_arg],
+                    [:arg, ',',                          :block_arg],
+                    [                       :assocs, :opt_block_arg],
+                    [:arg, ',',             :assocs, :opt_block_arg],
+                    [:arg, ',', :args, ',', :assocs, :opt_block_arg],
+                    [                                    :block_arg]],
+
+    :command_args_noblock => [[:open_args_noblock]],
+    :open_args_noblock => [[' ',:call_args_noblock],
+                   ['(', ')'],
+                   ['(', :call_args2_noblock, ')']],
+    :call_args_noblock =>  [[:command],
+                    [           :args],
+                    [                       :assocs],
+                    [           :args, ',', :assocs]],
+    :call_args2_noblock => [[:arg, ',', :args],
+                            [                       :assocs],
+                            [:arg, ',',             :assocs],
+                            [:arg, ',', :args, ',', :assocs]],
+
+    :command => [],
+    :args => [[:arg],
+              ["*",:arg],
+              [:args,",",:arg],
+              [:args,",","*",:arg]],
+    :arg => [[:exp]],
+    :assocs => [[:assoc],
+                [:assocs, ',', :assoc]],
+    :assoc => [[:arg, '=>', :arg],
+               ['label', ':', :arg]],
+    :opt_block_arg => [[',', :block_arg],
+                       []],
+    :block_arg => [['&', :arg]],
+    #:test => [['def m() yield', :command_args_noblock, ' end; r = m {', :block_param_def, 'vars', '}; undef m; r']]
+    :test_proc => [['def m() yield', :command_args_noblock, ' end; r = m {', :block_param_def, 'vars', '}; undef m; r']],
+    :test_lambda => [['def m() yield', :command_args_noblock, ' end; r = m(&lambda {', :block_param_def, 'vars', '}); undef m; r']],
+    :test_enum => [['o = Object.new; def o.each() yield', :command_args_noblock, ' end; r1 = r2 = nil; o.each {|*x| r1 = x }; o.to_enum.each {|*x| r2 = x }; [r1, r2]']]
+  }
+
+  def rename_var(obj)
+    vars = []
+    r = obj.subst('var') {
+      var = "v#{vars.length}"
+      vars << var
+      var
+    }
+    return r, vars
+  end
+
+  def split_by_comma(ary)
+    return [] if ary.empty?
+    result = [[]]
+    ary.each {|e|
+      if e == ','
+        result << []
+      else
+        result.last << e
+      end
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  def emu_return_args(*vs)
+    vs
+  end
+
+  def emu_eval_args(args)
+    if args.last == []
+      args = args[0...-1]
+    end
+    code = "emu_return_args(#{args.map {|a| a.join('') }.join(",")})"
+    eval code, nil, 'generated_code_in_emu_eval_args'
+  end
+
+  def emu_bind_single(arg, param, result_binding)
+    #p [:emu_bind_single, arg, param]
+    if param.length == 1 && String === param[0] && /\A[a-z0-9]+\z/ =~ param[0]
+      result_binding[param[0]] = arg
+    elsif param.length == 1 && Array === param[0] && param[0][0] == '(' && param[0][-1] == ')'
+      arg = [arg] unless Array === arg
+      emu_bind_params(arg, split_by_comma(param[0][1...-1]), false, result_binding)
+    else
+      raise "unexpected param: #{param.inspect}"
+    end
+    result_binding
+  end
+
+  def emu_bind_params(args, params, islambda, result_binding={})
+    #p [:emu_bind_params, args, params]
+    if params.last == [] # extra comma
+      params.pop
+    end
+
+    star_index = nil
+    params.each_with_index {|par, i|
+      star_index = i if par[0] == '*'
+    }
+
+    if islambda
+      if star_index
+        if args.length < params.length - 1
+          throw :emuerror, ArgumentError
+        end
+      else
+        if args.length != params.length
+          throw :emuerror, ArgumentError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # TRICK #2 : adjust mismatch on number of arguments
+    if star_index
+      pre_params = params[0...star_index]
+      rest_param = params[star_index]
+      post_params = params[(star_index+1)..-1]
+      pre_params.each {|par| emu_bind_single(args.shift, par, result_binding) }
+      if post_params.length <= args.length
+        post_params.reverse_each {|par| emu_bind_single(args.pop, par, result_binding) }
+      else
+        post_params.each {|par| emu_bind_single(args.shift, par, result_binding) }
+      end
+      if rest_param != ['*']
+        emu_bind_single(args, rest_param[1..-1], result_binding)
+      end
+    else
+      params.each_with_index {|par, i|
+        emu_bind_single(args[i], par, result_binding)
+      }
+    end
+
+    #p [args, params, result_binding]
+
+    result_binding
+  end
+
+  def emu_bind(t, islambda)
+    #puts
+    #p t
+    command_args_noblock = t[1]
+    block_param_def = t[3]
+    command_args_noblock = command_args_noblock.expand {|a| !(a[0] == '[' && a[-1] == ']') }
+    block_param_def = block_param_def.expand {|a| !(a[0] == '(' && a[-1] == ')') }
+
+    if command_args_noblock.to_a[0] == ' '
+      args = command_args_noblock.to_a[1..-1]
+    elsif command_args_noblock.to_a[0] == '(' && command_args_noblock.to_a[-1] == ')'
+      args = command_args_noblock.to_a[1...-1]
+    else
+      raise "unexpected command_args_noblock: #{command_args_noblock.inspect}"
+    end
+    args = emu_eval_args(split_by_comma(args))
+
+    params = block_param_def.to_a[1...-1]
+    params = split_by_comma(params)
+
+    #p [:emu0, args, params]
+
+    result_binding = {}
+
+    if params.last && params.last[0] == '&'
+      result_binding[params.last[1]] = nil
+      params.pop
+    end
+
+    if !islambda
+      # TRICK #1 : single array argument is expanded if there are two or more params.
+      # * block parameter is not counted.
+      # * extra comma after single param forces the expansion.
+      if args.length == 1 && Array === args[0] && 1 < params.length
+        args = args[0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    emu_bind_params(args, params, islambda, result_binding)
+    #p result_binding
+    result_binding
+  end
+
+  def emu(t, vars, islambda)
+    catch(:emuerror) {
+      emu_binding = emu_bind(t, islambda)
+      vars.map {|var| emu_binding.fetch(var, "NOVAL") }
+    }
+  end
+
+  def disable_stderr
+    begin
+      save_stderr = $stderr
+      $stderr = StringIO.new
+      yield
+    ensure
+      $stderr = save_stderr
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check_nofork(t, islambda=false)
+    t, vars = rename_var(t)
+    t = t.subst('vars') { " [#{vars.join(",")}]" }
+    emu_values = emu(t, vars, islambda)
+    s = t.to_s
+    o = Object.new
+    #print "#{s}\t\t"
+    #STDOUT.flush
+    eval_values = disable_stderr {
+      begin
+        o.instance_eval(s, 'generated_code_in_check_nofork')
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        ArgumentError
+      end
+    }
+    #success = emu_values == eval_values ? 'succ' : 'fail'
+    #puts "eval:#{vs_ev.inspect[1...-1].delete(' ')}\temu:#{vs_emu.inspect[1...-1].delete(' ')}\t#{success}"
+    assert_equal(emu_values, eval_values, s)
+  end
+
+  def assert_all_sentences(syntax, *args)
+    syntax = Sentence.expand_syntax(syntax)
+    all_assertions do |a|
+      Sentence.each(syntax, *args) {|t|
+        a.for(t) {yield t}
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yield
+    assert_all_sentences(Syntax, :test_proc, 4) {|t|
+      check_nofork(t)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_lambda
+    assert_all_sentences(Syntax, :test_lambda, 4) {|t|
+      check_nofork(t, true)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_enum
+    assert_all_sentences(Syntax, :test_enum, 4) {|t|
+      code = t.to_s
+      r1, r2 = disable_stderr {
+        eval(code, nil, 'generated_code_in_test_yield_enum')
+      }
+      assert_equal(r1, r2, "#{t}")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_block_with_mock
+    y = Object.new
+    def y.s(a)
+      yield(a)
+    end
+    m = Object.new
+    def m.method_missing(*a)
+      super
+    end
+    assert_equal [m, nil], y.s(m){|a,b|[a,b]}
+  end
+
+  def test_block_cached_argc
+    # [Bug #11451]
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-"end;")
+      class Yielder
+        def each
+          yield :x, :y, :z
+        end
+      end
+      class Getter1
+        include Enumerable
+        def each(&block)
+          Yielder.new.each(&block)
+        end
+      end
+      class Getter2
+        include Enumerable
+        def each
+          Yielder.new.each { |a, b, c, d| yield(a) }
+        end
+      end
+      Getter1.new.map{Getter2.new.each{|x|}}
+    end;
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_yjit.rb b/test/ruby/test_yjit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6b9b75648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_yjit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1985 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# This set of tests can be run with:
+# make test-all TESTS='test/ruby/test_yjit.rb'
+
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'envutil'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require_relative '../lib/jit_support'
+
+return unless JITSupport.yjit_supported?
+
+require 'stringio'
+
+# Tests for YJIT with assertions on compilation and side exits
+# insipired by the RJIT tests in test/ruby/test_rjit.rb
+class TestYJIT < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  running_with_yjit = defined?(RubyVM::YJIT) && RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+
+  def test_yjit_in_ruby_description
+    assert_includes(RUBY_DESCRIPTION, '+YJIT')
+  end if running_with_yjit
+
+  # Check that YJIT is in the version string
+  def test_yjit_in_version
+    [
+      %w(--version --yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable-yjit --yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable-yjit --enable-yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable-yjit --enable=yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable=yjit --yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable=yjit --enable-yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable=yjit --enable=yjit),
+      %w(--version --jit),
+      %w(--version --disable-jit --jit),
+      %w(--version --disable-jit --enable-jit),
+      %w(--version --disable-jit --enable=jit),
+      %w(--version --disable=jit --yjit),
+      %w(--version --disable=jit --enable-jit),
+      %w(--version --disable=jit --enable=jit),
+    ].each do |version_args|
+      assert_in_out_err(version_args) do |stdout, stderr|
+        assert_equal(RUBY_DESCRIPTION, stdout.first)
+        assert_equal([], stderr)
+      end
+    end
+  end if running_with_yjit
+
+  def test_command_line_switches
+    assert_in_out_err('--yjit-', '', [], /invalid option --yjit-/)
+    assert_in_out_err('--yjithello', '', [], /invalid option --yjithello/)
+    #assert_in_out_err('--yjit-call-threshold', '', [], /--yjit-call-threshold needs an argument/)
+    #assert_in_out_err('--yjit-call-threshold=', '', [], /--yjit-call-threshold needs an argument/)
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable
+    args = []
+    args << "--disable=yjit" if RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+    assert_separately(args, <<~'RUBY')
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::YJIT, :enabled?
+      refute_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+YJIT"
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::YJIT, :enabled?
+      assert_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+YJIT"
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_disable
+    assert_separately(["--yjit", "--yjit-disable"], <<~'RUBY')
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::YJIT, :enabled?
+      refute_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+YJIT"
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::YJIT, :enabled?
+      assert_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+YJIT"
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_stats_false
+    assert_separately(["--yjit-disable", "--yjit-stats"], <<~RUBY, ignore_stderr: true)
+      assert_false RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+      assert_nil RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+      assert_true RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+      assert_true RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:all_stats]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_stats_true
+    args = []
+    args << "--disable=yjit" if RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+    assert_separately(args, <<~RUBY, ignore_stderr: true)
+      assert_false RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+      assert_nil RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable(stats: true)
+
+      assert_true RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+      assert_true RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:all_stats]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_stats_quiet
+    assert_in_out_err(['--yjit-disable', '-e', 'RubyVM::YJIT.enable(stats: true)']) do |_stdout, stderr, _status|
+      assert_not_empty stderr
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err(['--yjit-disable', '-e', 'RubyVM::YJIT.enable(stats: :quiet)']) do |_stdout, stderr, _status|
+      assert_empty stderr
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_with_call_threshold
+    assert_separately(%w[--yjit-disable --yjit-call-threshold=1], <<~RUBY)
+      def not_compiled = nil
+      def will_compile = nil
+      def compiled_counts = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats&.dig(:compiled_iseq_count)
+
+      not_compiled
+      assert_nil compiled_counts
+      assert_false RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+      will_compile
+      assert compiled_counts > 0
+      assert_true RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_with_monkey_patch
+    assert_ruby_status(%w[--yjit-disable], <<~RUBY)
+      # This lets rb_method_entry_at(rb_mKernel, ...) return NULL
+      Kernel.prepend(Module.new)
+
+      # This must not crash with "undefined optimized method!"
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_with_valid_runtime_call_threshold_option
+    assert_in_out_err(['--yjit-disable', '-e',
+                       'RubyVM::YJIT.enable(call_threshold: 1); puts RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?']) do |stdout, stderr, _status|
+      assert_empty stderr
+      assert_include stdout.join, "true"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_with_invalid_runtime_call_threshold_option
+    assert_in_out_err(['--yjit-disable', '-e', 'RubyVM::YJIT.enable(mem_size: 0)']) do |stdout, stderr, status|
+      assert_not_empty stderr
+      assert_match(/ArgumentError/, stderr.join)
+      assert_equal 1, status.exitstatus
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_with_invalid_runtime_mem_size_option
+    assert_in_out_err(['--yjit-disable', '-e', 'RubyVM::YJIT.enable(mem_size: 0)']) do |stdout, stderr, status|
+      assert_not_empty stderr
+      assert_match(/ArgumentError/, stderr.join)
+      assert_equal 1, status.exitstatus
+    end
+  end
+
+  if JITSupport.zjit_supported?
+    def test_yjit_enable_with_zjit_enabled
+      assert_in_out_err(['--zjit'], 'puts RubyVM::YJIT.enable', ['false'], ['Only one JIT can be enabled at the same time.'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_stats_and_v_no_error
+    _stdout, stderr, _status = invoke_ruby(%w(-v --yjit-stats), '', true, true)
+    refute_includes(stderr, "NoMethodError")
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_from_env_var
+    yjit_child_env = {'RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE' => '1'}
+    assert_in_out_err([yjit_child_env, '--version'], '') do |stdout, stderr|
+      assert_equal(RUBY_DESCRIPTION, stdout.first)
+      assert_equal([], stderr)
+    end
+    assert_in_out_err([yjit_child_env, '-e puts RUBY_DESCRIPTION'], '', [RUBY_DESCRIPTION])
+    assert_in_out_err([yjit_child_env, '-e p RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?'], '', ['true'])
+  end if running_with_yjit
+
+  def test_compile_setclassvariable
+    script = 'class Foo; def self.foo; @@foo = 1; end; end; Foo.foo'
+    assert_compiles(script, insns: %i[setclassvariable], result: 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_getclassvariable
+    script = 'class Foo; @@foo = 1; def self.foo; @@foo; end; end; Foo.foo'
+    assert_compiles(script, insns: %i[getclassvariable], result: 1)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_putnil
+    assert_compiles('nil', insns: %i[putnil], result: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_putobject
+    assert_compiles('true', insns: %i[putobject], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('123', insns: %i[putobject], result: 123)
+    assert_compiles(':foo', insns: %i[putobject], result: :foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_succ
+    assert_compiles('1.succ', insns: %i[opt_succ], result: 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_not
+    assert_compiles('!false', insns: %i[opt_not], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('!nil', insns: %i[opt_not], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('!true', insns: %i[opt_not], result: false)
+    assert_compiles('![]', insns: %i[opt_not], result: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_newarray
+    assert_compiles('[]', insns: %i[newarray], result: [])
+    assert_compiles('[1+1]', insns: %i[newarray opt_plus], result: [2])
+    assert_compiles('[1,1+1,3,4,5,6]', insns: %i[newarray opt_plus], result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_duparray
+    assert_compiles('[1]', insns: %i[duparray], result: [1])
+    assert_compiles('[1, 2, 3]', insns: %i[duparray], result: [1, 2, 3])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_newrange
+    assert_compiles('s = 1; (s..5)', insns: %i[newrange], result: 1..5)
+    assert_compiles('s = 1; e = 5; (s..e)', insns: %i[newrange], result: 1..5)
+    assert_compiles('s = 1; (s...5)', insns: %i[newrange], result: 1...5)
+    assert_compiles('s = 1; (s..)', insns: %i[newrange], result: 1..)
+    assert_compiles('e = 5; (..e)', insns: %i[newrange], result: ..5)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_duphash
+    assert_compiles('{ two: 2 }', insns: %i[duphash], result: { two: 2 })
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_newhash
+    assert_compiles('{}', insns: %i[newhash], result: {})
+    assert_compiles('{ two: 1 + 1 }', insns: %i[newhash], result: { two: 2 })
+    assert_compiles('{ 1 + 1 => :two }', insns: %i[newhash], result: { 2 => :two })
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_nil_p
+    assert_compiles('nil.nil?', insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('false.nil?', insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: false)
+    assert_compiles('true.nil?', insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: false)
+    assert_compiles('(-"").nil?', insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: false)
+    assert_compiles('123.nil?', insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_eq_fixnum
+    assert_compiles('123 == 123', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('123 == 456', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_eq_string
+    assert_compiles('-"" == -""', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('-"foo" == -"foo"', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: true)
+    assert_compiles('-"foo" == -"bar"', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_eq_symbol
+    assert_compiles(':foo == :foo', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: true)
+    assert_compiles(':foo == :bar', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: false)
+    assert_compiles(':foo == "foo".to_sym', insns: %i[opt_eq], result: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_eq_object
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_eq], result: false)
+      def eq(a, b)
+        a == b
+      end
+
+      eq(Object.new, Object.new)
+    RUBY
+
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_eq], result: true)
+      def eq(a, b)
+        a == b
+      end
+
+      obj = Object.new
+      eq(obj, obj)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_eq_arbitrary_class
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_eq], result: "yes")
+      def eq(a, b)
+        a == b
+      end
+
+      class Foo
+        def ==(other)
+          "yes"
+        end
+      end
+
+      eq(Foo.new, Foo.new)
+      eq(Foo.new, Foo.new)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_lt
+    assert_compiles('1 < 2', insns: %i[opt_lt])
+    assert_compiles('"a" < "b"', insns: %i[opt_lt])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_le
+    assert_compiles('1 <= 2', insns: %i[opt_le])
+    assert_compiles('"a" <= "b"', insns: %i[opt_le])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_gt
+    assert_compiles('1 > 2', insns: %i[opt_gt])
+    assert_compiles('"a" > "b"', insns: %i[opt_gt])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_ge
+    assert_compiles('1 >= 2', insns: %i[opt_ge])
+    assert_compiles('"a" >= "b"', insns: %i[opt_ge])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_plus
+    assert_compiles('1 + 2', insns: %i[opt_plus])
+    assert_compiles('"a" + "b"', insns: %i[opt_plus])
+    assert_compiles('[:foo] + [:bar]', insns: %i[opt_plus])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_minus
+    assert_compiles('1 - 2', insns: %i[opt_minus])
+    assert_compiles('[:foo, :bar] - [:bar]', insns: %i[opt_minus])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_or
+    assert_compiles('1 | 2', insns: %i[opt_or])
+    assert_compiles('[:foo] | [:bar]', insns: %i[opt_or])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_and
+    assert_compiles('1 & 2', insns: %i[opt_and])
+    assert_compiles('[:foo, :bar] & [:bar]', insns: %i[opt_and])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_set_and_get_global
+    assert_compiles('$foo = 123; $foo', insns: %i[setglobal], result: 123)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_putspecialobject
+    assert_compiles('-> {}', insns: %i[putspecialobject])
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_tostring
+    assert_no_exits('"i am a string #{true}"')
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_aset
+    assert_compiles('[1,2,3][2] = 4', insns: %i[opt_aset], frozen_string_literal: false)
+    assert_compiles('{}[:foo] = :bar', insns: %i[opt_aset], frozen_string_literal: false)
+    assert_compiles('[1,2,3][0..-1] = []', insns: %i[opt_aset], frozen_string_literal: false)
+    assert_compiles('"foo"[3] = "d"', insns: %i[opt_aset], frozen_string_literal: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_attr_set
+    assert_no_exits(<<~EORB)
+    class Foo
+      attr_accessor :bar
+    end
+
+    foo = Foo.new
+    foo.bar = 3
+    foo.bar = 3
+    foo.bar = 3
+    foo.bar = 3
+    EORB
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_regexp
+    assert_no_exits('/#{true}/')
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_dynamic_symbol
+    assert_compiles(':"#{"foo"}"', insns: %i[intern])
+    assert_compiles('s = "bar"; :"foo#{s}"', insns: %i[intern])
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_with_level
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[getlocal opt_plus], result: [[7]])
+      def foo(foo, bar)
+        [1].map do |x|
+          [1].map do |y|
+            foo + bar
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      foo(5, 2)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_setlocal_with_level
+    assert_no_exits(<<~RUBY)
+      def sum(arr)
+        sum = 0
+        arr.each do |x|
+          sum += x
+        end
+        sum
+      end
+
+      sum([1,2,3])
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_string_then_nil
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: true)
+      def foo(val)
+        val.nil?
+      end
+
+      foo("foo")
+      foo(nil)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_then_string
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_nil_p], result: false)
+      def foo(val)
+        val.nil?
+      end
+
+      foo(nil)
+      foo("foo")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_string_concat_utf8
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, frozen_string_literal: true, result: true)
+      def str_cat_utf8
+        s = String.new
+        10.times { s << "✅" }
+        s
+      end
+
+      str_cat_utf8 == "✅" * 10
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_string_concat_ascii
+    # Constant-get for classes (e.g. String, Encoding) can cause a side-exit in getinlinecache. For now, ignore exits.
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, exits: :any)
+      str_arg = "b".encode(Encoding::ASCII)
+      def str_cat_ascii(arg)
+        s = String.new(encoding: Encoding::ASCII)
+        10.times { s << arg }
+        s
+      end
+
+      str_cat_ascii(str_arg) == str_arg * 10
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_length_in_method
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_length], result: 5)
+      def foo(str)
+        str.length
+      end
+
+      foo("hello, ")
+      foo("world")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_regexpmatch2
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_regexpmatch2], result: 0)
+      def foo(str)
+        str =~ /foo/
+      end
+
+      foo("foobar")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_expandarray
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[expandarray], result: [1, 2])
+      a, b = [1, 2]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_expandarray_nil
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[expandarray], result: [nil, nil])
+      a, b = nil
+      [a, b]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_backref
+    assert_compiles("'foo' =~ /(o)./; $&", insns: %i[getspecial], result: "oo")
+    assert_compiles("'foo' =~ /(o)./; $`", insns: %i[getspecial], result: "f")
+    assert_compiles("'foo' =~ /(o)./; $'", insns: %i[getspecial], result: "")
+    assert_compiles("'foo' =~ /(o)./; $+", insns: %i[getspecial], result: "o")
+    assert_compiles("'foo' =~ /(o)./; $1", insns: %i[getspecial], result: "o")
+    assert_compiles("'foo' =~ /(o)./; $2", insns: %i[getspecial], result: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_getconstant
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[getconstant], result: [], call_threshold: 1)
+      def get_argv(klass)
+        klass::ARGV
+      end
+
+      get_argv(Object)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_getconstant_with_sp_offset
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[getconstant], result: 2, call_threshold: 1)
+      class Foo
+        Bar = 1
+      end
+
+      2.times do
+        s = Foo # this opt_getconstant_path needs warmup, so 2.times is needed
+        Class.new(Foo).const_set(:Bar, s::Bar)
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_compile_opt_getconstant_path
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_getconstant_path], result: 123, call_threshold: 2)
+      def get_foo
+        FOO
+      end
+
+      FOO = 123
+
+      get_foo # warm inline cache
+      get_foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_getconstant_path_slowpath
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, exits: { opt_getconstant_path: 1 }, result: [42, 42, 1, 1], call_threshold: 2)
+      class A
+        FOO = 42
+        class << self
+          def foo
+            _foo = nil
+            FOO
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      result = []
+
+      result << A.foo
+      result << A.foo
+
+      class << A
+        FOO = 1
+      end
+
+      result << A.foo
+      result << A.foo
+
+      result
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_getconstant_path_general
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: [1, 1])
+      module Base
+        Const = 1
+      end
+
+      class Sub
+        def const
+          _const = nil # make a non-entry block for opt_getconstant_path
+          Const
+        end
+
+        def self.const_missing(n)
+          Base.const_get(n)
+        end
+      end
+
+
+      sub = Sub.new
+      result = []
+      result << sub.const # generate the general case
+      result << sub.const # const_missing does not invalidate the block
+      result
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_string_interpolation
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[objtostring anytostring concatstrings], result: "foobar", call_threshold: 2)
+      def make_str(foo, bar)
+        "#{foo}#{bar}"
+      end
+
+      make_str("foo", "bar")
+      make_str("foo", "bar")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_string_interpolation_cast
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[objtostring anytostring concatstrings], result: "123")
+      def make_str(foo, bar)
+        "#{foo}#{bar}"
+      end
+
+      make_str(1, 23)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_checkkeyword
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[checkkeyword], result: [2, 5])
+      def foo(foo: 1+1)
+        foo
+      end
+
+      [foo, foo(foo: 5)]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_aref
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY)
+      def foo(obj)
+        obj.foo
+        obj.bar
+      end
+
+      Foo = Struct.new(:foo, :bar)
+      foo(Foo.new(123))
+      foo(Foo.new(123))
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_aset
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY)
+      def foo(obj)
+        obj.foo = 123
+        obj.bar = 123
+      end
+
+      Foo = Struct.new(:foo, :bar)
+      foo(Foo.new(123))
+      foo(Foo.new(123))
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_aset_guards_recv_is_not_frozen
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: :ok, exits: { opt_send_without_block: 1 })
+      def foo(obj)
+        obj.foo = 123
+      end
+
+      Foo = Struct.new(:foo)
+      obj = Foo.new(123)
+      100.times do
+        foo(obj)
+      end
+      obj.freeze
+      begin
+        foo(obj)
+      rescue FrozenError
+        :ok
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_getblockparam
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: [:getblockparam])
+      def foo &blk
+        2.times do
+          blk
+        end
+      end
+
+      foo {}
+      foo {}
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_getblockparamproxy
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: [:getblockparamproxy], exits: {})
+      def foo &blk
+        p blk.call
+        p blk.call
+      end
+
+      foo { 1 }
+      foo { 2 }
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_ifunc_getblockparamproxy
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: [:getblockparamproxy], exits: {})
+      class Foo
+        include Enumerable
+
+        def each(&block)
+          block.call 1
+          block.call 2
+          block.call 3
+        end
+      end
+
+      foo = Foo.new
+      foo.map { _1 * 2 }
+      foo.map { _1 * 2 }
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_blockarg
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: [:getblockparamproxy, :send], exits: {})
+      def bar
+      end
+
+      def foo &blk
+        bar(&blk)
+        bar(&blk)
+      end
+
+      foo
+      foo
+
+      foo { }
+      foo { }
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_splat
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "3#1,2,3/P", exits: {})
+      def internal_method(*args)
+        "#{args.size}##{args.join(",")}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:internal_method, *[1, 2, 3]) + "/P"
+      end
+
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_multiarg
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "3#1,2,3/Q")
+      def internal_method(*args)
+        "#{args.size}##{args.join(",")}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:internal_method, 1, 2, 3) + "/Q"
+      end
+
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwargs
+    # For now, this side-exits when calls include keyword args
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "2#a:1,b:2/A")
+      def internal_method(**kw)
+        "#{kw.size}##{kw.keys.map { |k| "#{k}:#{kw[k]}" }.join(",")}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:internal_method, a: 1, b: 2) + "/A"
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwargs_in_receiver_only
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "0/RK", exits: {})
+      def internal_method(**kw)
+        "#{kw.size}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:internal_method) + "/RK"
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_underscores
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "0/RK", exits: {})
+      def internal_method(**kw)
+        "#{kw.size}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        __send__(:internal_method) + "/RK"
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwargs_splat
+    # For now, this side-exits when calling with a splat
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "2#a:1,b:2/B")
+      def internal_method(**kw)
+        "#{kw.size}##{kw.keys.map { |k| "#{k}:#{kw[k]}" }.join(",")}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:internal_method, **{ a: 1, b: 2 }) + "/B"
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_block
+    # Setlocal_wc_0 sometimes side-exits on write barrier
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "b:n/b:y/b:y/b:n")
+      def internal_method(&b)
+        "b:#{block_given? ? "y" : "n"}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        b7 = proc { 7 }
+        [
+          send(:internal_method),
+          send(:internal_method, &b7),
+          send(:internal_method) { 7 },
+          send(:internal_method, &nil),
+        ].join("/")
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_block_calling
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "1a2", exits: {})
+      def internal_method
+        out = yield
+        "1" + out + "2"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        __send__(:internal_method) { "a" }
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_block_only_receiver
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "b:n", exits: {})
+      def internal_method(&b)
+        "b:#{block_given? ? "y" : "n"}"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:internal_method)
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_block_only_sender
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "Y/Y/Y/Y", exits: {})
+      def internal_method
+        "Y"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        b7 = proc { 7 }
+        [
+          send(:internal_method),
+          send(:internal_method, &b7),
+          send(:internal_method) { 7 },
+          send(:internal_method, &nil),
+        ].join("/")
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_multisend
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "77")
+      def internal_method
+        "7"
+      end
+
+      def jit_method
+        send(:send, :internal_method) + send(:send, :send, :internal_method)
+      end
+      jit_method
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_getivar_opt_plus
+    assert_no_exits(<<~RUBY)
+      class TheClass
+        def initialize
+            @levar = 1
+        end
+
+        def get_sum
+            sum = 0
+            # The type of levar is unknown,
+            # but this still should not exit
+            sum += @levar
+            sum
+        end
+      end
+
+      obj = TheClass.new
+      obj.get_sum
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_super_iseq
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[invokesuper opt_plus opt_mult], result: 15)
+      class A
+        def foo
+          1 + 2
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          super * 5
+        end
+      end
+
+      B.new.foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_super_with_alias
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[invokesuper opt_plus opt_mult], result: 15)
+      class A
+        def foo = 1 + 2
+      end
+
+      module M
+        def foo = super() * 5
+        alias bar foo
+
+        def foo = :bad
+      end
+
+      A.prepend M
+
+      A.new.bar
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_super_cfunc
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[invokesuper], result: "Hello")
+      class Gnirts < String
+        def initialize
+          super(-"olleH")
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          super().reverse
+        end
+      end
+
+      Gnirts.new.to_s
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  # Tests calling a variadic cfunc with many args
+  def test_build_large_struct
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, insns: %i[opt_send_without_block], call_threshold: 2)
+      ::Foo = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h)
+
+      def build_foo
+        ::Foo.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h)
+      end
+
+      build_foo
+      build_foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_fib_recursion
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', insns: %i[opt_le opt_minus opt_plus opt_send_without_block], result: 34)
+      def fib(n)
+        return n if n <= 1
+        fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+      end
+
+      fib(9)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_optarg_and_kwarg
+    assert_no_exits(<<~'RUBY')
+      def opt_and_kwarg(a, b=nil, c: nil)
+      end
+
+      2.times do
+        opt_and_kwarg(1, 2, c: 3)
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_cfunc_kwarg
+    assert_no_exits('{}.store(:value, foo: 123)')
+    assert_no_exits('{}.store(:value, foo: 123, bar: 456, baz: 789)')
+    assert_no_exits('{}.merge(foo: 123)')
+    assert_no_exits('{}.merge(foo: 123, bar: 456, baz: 789)')
+  end
+
+  # regression test simplified from URI::Generic#hostname=
+  def test_ctx_different_mappings
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: true)
+      def foo(v)
+        !(v&.start_with?('[')) && v&.index(':')
+      end
+
+      foo(nil)
+      foo("example.com")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_no_excessive_opt_getinlinecache_invalidation
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      objects = [Object.new, Object.new]
+
+      objects.each do |o|
+        class << o
+          def foo
+            Object
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      9000.times {
+        objects[0].foo
+        objects[1].foo
+      }
+
+      stats = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
+      return :ok unless stats[:all_stats]
+      return :ok if stats[:invalidation_count] < 10
+
+      :fail
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_int_equal
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: [true, false, true, false, true, false, true, false])
+      def eq(a, b)
+        a == b
+      end
+
+      def eqq(a, b)
+        a === b
+      end
+
+      big1 = 2 ** 65
+      big2 = big1 + 1
+      [eq(1, 1), eq(1, 2), eq(big1, big1), eq(big1, big2), eqq(1, 1), eqq(1, 2), eqq(big1, big1), eqq(big1, big2)]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_case_dispatch
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: [:"1", "2", 3])
+      def case_dispatch(val)
+        case val
+        when 1
+          :"#{val}"
+        when 2
+          "#{val}"
+        else
+          val
+        end
+      end
+
+      [case_dispatch(1), case_dispatch(2), case_dispatch(3)]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_code_gc
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      return :not_paged unless add_pages(100) # prepare freeable pages
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc # first code GC
+      return :not_compiled1 unless compiles { nil } # should be JITable again
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc # second code GC
+      return :not_compiled2 unless compiles { nil } # should be JITable again
+
+      code_gc_count = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]
+      return :"code_gc_#{code_gc_count}" if code_gc_count != 2
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_on_stack_code_gc_call
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      fiber = Fiber.new {
+        # Loop to call the same basic block again after Fiber.yield
+        while true
+          Fiber.yield(nil.to_i)
+        end
+      }
+
+      return :not_paged1 unless add_pages(400) # go to a page without initial ocb code
+      return :broken_resume1 if fiber.resume != 0 # JIT the fiber
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc # first code GC, which should not free the fiber page
+      return :broken_resume2 if fiber.resume != 0 # The code should be still callable
+
+      code_gc_count = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]
+      return :"code_gc_#{code_gc_count}" if code_gc_count != 1
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_on_stack_code_gc_twice
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      fiber = Fiber.new {
+        # Loop to call the same basic block again after Fiber.yield
+        while Fiber.yield(nil.to_i); end
+      }
+
+      return :not_paged1 unless add_pages(400) # go to a page without initial ocb code
+      return :broken_resume1 if fiber.resume(true) != 0 # JIT the fiber
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc # first code GC, which should not free the fiber page
+
+      return :not_paged2 unless add_pages(300) # add some stuff to be freed
+      # Not calling fiber.resume here to test the case that the YJIT payload loses some
+      # information at the previous code GC. The payload should still be there, and
+      # thus we could know the fiber ISEQ is still on stack on this second code GC.
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc # second code GC, which should still not free the fiber page
+
+      return :not_paged3 unless add_pages(200) # attempt to overwrite the fiber page (it shouldn't)
+      return :broken_resume2 if fiber.resume(true) != 0 # The fiber code should be still fine
+
+      return :broken_resume3 if fiber.resume(false) != nil # terminate the fiber
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc # third code GC, freeing a page that used to be on stack
+
+      return :not_paged4 unless add_pages(100) # check everything still works
+
+      code_gc_count = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]
+      return :"code_gc_#{code_gc_count}" if code_gc_count != 3
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_code_gc_with_many_iseqs
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok, mem_size: 1, code_gc: false)
+      fiber = Fiber.new {
+        # Loop to call the same basic block again after Fiber.yield
+        while true
+          Fiber.yield(nil.to_i)
+        end
+      }
+
+      return :not_paged1 unless add_pages(250) # use some pages
+      return :broken_resume1 if fiber.resume != 0 # leave an on-stack code as well
+
+      add_pages(2000) # use a whole lot of pages to run out of 1MiB
+      return :broken_resume2 if fiber.resume != 0 # on-stack code should be callable
+
+      code_gc_count = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]
+      return :"code_gc_#{code_gc_count}" if code_gc_count != 0
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_code_gc_with_many_iseqs
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok, mem_size: 1, code_gc: true)
+      fiber = Fiber.new {
+        # Loop to call the same basic block again after Fiber.yield
+        while true
+          Fiber.yield(nil.to_i)
+        end
+      }
+
+      return :not_paged1 unless add_pages(250) # use some pages
+      return :broken_resume1 if fiber.resume != 0 # leave an on-stack code as well
+
+      add_pages(2000) # use a whole lot of pages to run out of 1MiB
+      return :broken_resume2 if fiber.resume != 0 # on-stack code should be callable
+
+      code_gc_count = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]
+      return :"code_gc_#{code_gc_count}" if code_gc_count == 0
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_code_gc_with_auto_compact
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    assert_compiles((code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY'), exits: :any, result: :ok, mem_size: 1, code_gc: true)
+      # Test ISEQ moves in the middle of code GC
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+
+      fiber = Fiber.new {
+        # Loop to call the same basic block again after Fiber.yield
+        while true
+          Fiber.yield(nil.to_i)
+        end
+      }
+
+      return :not_paged1 unless add_pages(250) # use some pages
+      return :broken_resume1 if fiber.resume != 0 # leave an on-stack code as well
+
+      add_pages(2000) # use a whole lot of pages to run out of 1MiB
+      return :broken_resume2 if fiber.resume != 0 # on-stack code should be callable
+
+      code_gc_count = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]
+      return :"code_gc_#{code_gc_count}" if code_gc_count == 0
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_code_gc_partial_last_page
+    # call_threshold: 2 to avoid JIT-ing code_gc itself. If code_gc were JITed right before
+    # code_gc is called, the last page would be on stack.
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok, call_threshold: 2)
+      # Leave a bunch of off-stack pages
+      i = 0
+      while i < 1000
+        eval("x = proc { 1.to_s }; x.call; x.call")
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      # On Linux, memory page size != code page size. So the last code page could be partially
+      # mapped. This call tests that assertions and other things work fine under the situation.
+      RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_script_compiled # not ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      @eval_counter = 0
+      def eval_script
+        eval('@eval_counter += 1')
+      end
+
+      @trace_counter = 0
+      trace = TracePoint.new(:script_compiled) do |t|
+        @trace_counter += 1
+      end
+
+      eval_script # JIT without TracePoint
+      trace.enable
+      eval_script # call with TracePoint
+      trace.disable
+
+      return :"eval_#{@eval_counter}" if @eval_counter != 2
+      return :"trace_#{@trace_counter}" if @trace_counter != 1
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_b_call # ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      @call_counter = 0
+      def block_call
+        1.times { @call_counter += 1 }
+      end
+
+      @trace_counter = 0
+      trace = TracePoint.new(:b_call) do |t|
+        @trace_counter += 1
+      end
+
+      block_call # JIT without TracePoint
+      trace.enable
+      block_call # call with TracePoint
+      trace.disable
+
+      return :"call_#{@call_counter}" if @call_counter != 2
+      return :"trace_#{@trace_counter}" if @trace_counter != 1
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_to_call
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: :ok)
+      ->{ :ok }.send(:call)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_invokeblock_many_locals
+    # [Bug #19299]
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: :ok)
+      def foo
+        yield
+      end
+
+      foo do
+        a1=a2=a3=a4=a5=a6=a7=a8=a9=a10=a11=a12=a13=a14=a15=a16=a17=a18=a19=a20=a21=a22=a23=a24=a25=a26=a27=a28=a29=a30 = :ok
+        a30
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_bug_19316
+    n = 2 ** 64
+    # foo's extra param and the splats are relevant
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: [[n, -n], [n, -n]], exits: :any)
+      def foo(_, a, b, c)
+        [a & b, ~c]
+      end
+
+      n = 2 ** 64
+      args = [0, -n, n, n-1]
+
+      GC.stress = true
+      [foo(*args), foo(*args)]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_gc_compact_cyclic_branch
+    omit "compaction is not supported on this platform" unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
+
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: 2)
+      def foo
+        i = 0
+        while i < 2
+          i += 1
+        end
+        i
+      end
+
+      foo
+      GC.compact
+      foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_invalidate_cyclic_branch
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: 2, exits: { opt_plus: 1 })
+      def foo
+        i = 0
+        while i < 2
+          i += 1
+        end
+        i
+      end
+
+      foo
+      class Integer
+        def +(x) = self - -x
+      end
+      foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_tracing_str_uplus
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, frozen_string_literal: true, result: :ok, exits: { putspecialobject: 1 })
+      def str_uplus
+        _ = 1
+        _ = 2
+        ret = [+"frfr", __LINE__]
+        _ = 3
+        _ = 4
+
+        ret
+      end
+
+      str_uplus
+      require 'objspace'
+      ObjectSpace.trace_object_allocations_start
+
+      str, expected_line = str_uplus
+      alloc_line = ObjectSpace.allocation_sourceline(str)
+
+      if expected_line == alloc_line
+        :ok
+      else
+        [expected_line, alloc_line]
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_str_uplus_subclass
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, frozen_string_literal: true, result: :subclass)
+      class S < String
+        def encoding
+          :subclass
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(str)
+        (+str).encoding
+      end
+
+      test ""
+      test S.new
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_return_to_invalidated_block
+    # [Bug #19463]
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: [1, 1, :ugokanai], exits: { definesmethod: 1, getlocal_WC_0: 1 })
+      klass = Class.new do
+        def self.lookup(hash, key) = hash[key]
+
+        def self.foo(a, b) = []
+
+        def self.test(hash, key)
+          [lookup(hash, key), key, "".freeze]
+          # 05 opt_send_without_block :lookup
+          # 07 getlocal_WC_0          :hash
+          # 09 opt_str_freeze         ""
+          # 12 newarray               3
+          # 14 leave
+          #
+          # YJIT will put instructions (07..14) into a block.
+          # When String#freeze is redefined from within lookup(),
+          # the return address to the block is still on-stack. We rely
+          # on invalidation patching the code at the return address
+          # to service this situation correctly.
+        end
+      end
+
+      # get YJIT to compile test()
+      hash = { 1 => [] }
+      31.times { klass.test(hash, 1) }
+
+      # inject invalidation into lookup()
+      evil_hash = Hash.new do |_, key|
+        class String
+          undef :freeze
+          def freeze = :ugokanai
+        end
+
+        key
+      end
+      klass.test(evil_hash, 1)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_return_to_invalidated_frame
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~RUBY, exits: :any, result: :ok)
+      def jump
+        [] # something not inlined
+      end
+
+      def entry(code_gc)
+        jit_exception(code_gc)
+        jump # faulty jump after code GC. #jit_exception should not come back.
+      end
+
+      def jit_exception(code_gc)
+        if code_gc
+          tap do
+            RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc
+            break # jit_exec_exception catches TAG_BREAK and re-enters JIT code
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      add_pages(100)
+      jump           # Compile #jump in a non-first page
+      add_pages(100)
+      entry(false)   # Compile #entry and its call to #jump in another page
+      entry(true)    # Free #jump but not #entry
+
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_setivar_on_class
+    # Bug in https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/8152
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: :ok)
+      class Base
+        def self.or_equal
+          @or_equal ||= Object.new
+        end
+      end
+
+      Base.or_equal # ensure compiled
+
+      class Child < Base
+      end
+
+      200.times do |iv| # Need to be more than MAX_IVAR
+        Child.instance_variable_set("@_iv_\#{iv}", Object.new)
+      end
+
+      Child.or_equal
+      :ok
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_send
+    #[Bug #19464]
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: [:ok, :ok], exits: { defineclass: 1 })
+      klass = Class.new do
+        class << self
+          alias_method :my_send, :send
+
+          def bar = :ok
+
+          def foo = bar
+        end
+      end
+
+      with_break = -> { break klass.send(:my_send, :foo) }
+      wo_break = -> { klass.send(:my_send, :foo) }
+
+      [with_break[], wo_break[]]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_str_concat_encoding_mismatch
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: "incompatible character encodings: BINARY (ASCII-8BIT) and EUC-JP")
+      def bar(a, b)
+        a << b
+      rescue => e
+        e.message
+      end
+
+      def foo(a, b, h)
+        h[nil]
+        bar(a, b) # Ruby call, not set cfp->pc
+      end
+
+      h = Hash.new { nil }
+      foo("\x80".b, "\xA1A1".dup.force_encoding("EUC-JP"), h)
+      foo("\x80".b, "\xA1A1".dup.force_encoding("EUC-JP"), h)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_io_reopen_clobbering_singleton_class
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: [:ok, :ok], exits: { definesmethod: 1, opt_eq: 2 })
+      def $stderr.to_i = :i
+
+      def test = $stderr.to_i
+
+      [test, test]
+      $stderr.reopen($stderr.dup)
+      [test, test].map { :ok unless _1 == :i }
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_block_arg
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: [:proc, :no_block])
+      def yield_if_given = block_given? ? yield : :no_block
+
+      def call(block_arg = nil) = yield_if_given(&block_arg)
+
+      [call(-> { :proc }), call]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_mult_overflow
+    assert_no_exits('0xfff_ffff_ffff_ffff * 0x10')
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_stats
+    assert_in_out_err(%w[--yjit-stats --yjit-disable])
+  end
+
+  def test_odd_calls_to_attr_reader
+    # Use of delegate from ActiveSupport use these kind of calls to getter methods.
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: [1, 1, 1], no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      class One
+        attr_reader :one
+        def initialize
+          @one = 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      def calls(obj, empty, &)
+        [obj.one(*empty), obj.one(&), obj.one(*empty, &)]
+      end
+
+      calls(One.new, [])
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_kwrest
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: true, no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      def req_rest(r1:, **kwrest) = [r1, kwrest]
+      def opt_rest(r1: 1.succ, **kwrest) = [r1, kwrest]
+      def kwrest(**kwrest) = kwrest
+
+      def calls
+        [
+          [1, {}] == req_rest(r1: 1),
+          [1, {:r2=>2, :r3=>3}] == req_rest(r1: 1, r2: 2, r3: 3),
+          [1, {:r2=>2, :r3=>3}] == req_rest(r2: 2, r1:1, r3: 3),
+          [1, {:r2=>2, :r3=>3}] == req_rest(r2: 2, r3: 3, r1: 1),
+
+          [2, {}] == opt_rest,
+          [2, { r2: 2, r3: 3 }] == opt_rest(r2: 2, r3: 3),
+          [0, { r2: 2, r3: 3 }] == opt_rest(r1: 0, r3: 3, r2: 2),
+          [0, { r2: 2, r3: 3 }] == opt_rest(r2: 2, r1: 0, r3: 3),
+          [1, { r2: 2, r3: 3 }] == opt_rest(r2: 2, r3: 3, r1: 1),
+
+          {} == kwrest,
+          { r0: 88, r1: 99 } == kwrest(r0: 88, r1: 99),
+        ]
+      end
+
+      calls.all?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_polymorphic_method_name
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: %i[ok ok], no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      mid = "dynamic_mid_#{rand(100..200)}"
+      mid_dsym = mid.to_sym
+
+      define_method(mid) { :ok }
+
+      define_method(:send_site) { send(_1) }
+
+      [send_site(mid), send_site(mid_dsym)]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_kw_splat_nil
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: %i[ok ok], no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      def id(x) = x
+      def kw_fw(arg, **) = id(arg, **)
+      def use = [kw_fw(:ok), :ok.itself(**nil)]
+
+      use
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_splat
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: :ok, no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      def foo = :ok
+      def use(empty) = foo(*empty)
+
+      use([])
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_byteslice_sp_invalidation
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', result: 'ok', no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      "okng".itself.byteslice(0, 2)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_leaf_builtin
+    assert_compiles(code_gc_helpers + <<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: 1)
+      before = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:num_send_iseq_leaf]
+      return 1 if before.nil?
+
+      def entry = self.class
+      entry
+
+      after = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:num_send_iseq_leaf]
+      after - before
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_runtime_stats_types
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: true)
+      def test = :ok
+      3.times { test }
+
+      stats = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
+      return true unless stats[:all_stats]
+
+      [
+        stats[:object_shape_count].is_a?(Integer),
+        stats[:ratio_in_yjit].nil? || stats[:ratio_in_yjit].is_a?(Float),
+      ].all?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_runtime_stats_key_arg
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: true)
+      def test = :ok
+      3.times { test }
+
+      # Collect single stat.
+      stat = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats(:yjit_alloc_size)
+
+      # Ensure this invocation had stats.
+      return true unless RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:all_stats]
+
+      stat > 0.0
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_runtime_stats_arg_error
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: true)
+      begin
+        RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats(Object.new)
+        :no_error
+      rescue TypeError => e
+        e.message == "non-symbol given"
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_runtime_stats_unknown_key
+    assert_compiles(<<~'RUBY', exits: :any, result: true)
+      def test = :ok
+      3.times { test }
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats(:some_key_unlikely_to_exist).nil?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_option_uses_array_each_in_ruby
+    assert_separately(["--yjit"], <<~'RUBY')
+      # Array#each should be implemented in Ruby for YJIT
+      assert_equal "<internal:array>", Array.instance_method(:each).source_location.first
+
+      # The backtrace, however, should not be `from <internal:array>:XX:in 'Array#each'`
+      begin
+        [nil].each { raise }
+      rescue => e
+        assert_equal "-:11:in 'Array#each'", e.backtrace[1]
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_replaces_array_each
+    assert_separately([*("--disable=yjit" if RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?)], <<~'RUBY')
+      # Array#each should be implemented in C for the interpreter
+      assert_nil Array.instance_method(:each).source_location
+
+      # The backtrace should not be `from <internal:array>:XX:in 'Array#each'`
+      begin
+        [nil].each { raise }
+      rescue => e
+        assert_equal "-:11:in 'Array#each'", e.backtrace[1]
+      end
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+      # Array#each should be implemented in Ruby for YJIT
+      assert_equal "<internal:array>", Array.instance_method(:each).source_location.first
+
+      # However, the backtrace should still not be `from <internal:array>:XX:in 'Array#each'`
+      begin
+        [nil].each { raise }
+      rescue => e
+        assert_equal "-:23:in 'Array#each'", e.backtrace[1]
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_enable_preserves_array_each_monkey_patch
+    assert_separately([*("--disable=yjit" if RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?)], <<~'RUBY')
+      # Array#each should be implemented in C initially
+      assert_nil Array.instance_method(:each).source_location
+
+      # Override Array#each
+      $called = false
+      Array.prepend(Module.new {
+        def each
+          $called = true
+          super
+        end
+      })
+
+      RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+      # The monkey-patch should still be alive
+      [].each {}
+      assert_true $called
+
+      # YJIT should not replace Array#each with the "<internal:array>" one
+      assert_equal "-", Array.instance_method(:each).source_location.first
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_kwargs
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: 3, no_send_fallbacks: true)
+      def req2kws = yield a: 1, b: 2
+
+      req2kws { |a:, b:| a + b }
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_block_with_kwrest
+    # When the bug was present this required --yjit-stats to trigger.
+    assert_compiles(<<~RUBY, result: {extra: 5})
+      def foo = bar(w: 1, x: 2, y: 3, z: 4, extra: 5, &proc { _1 })
+      def bar(w:, x:, y:, z:, **kwrest) = yield kwrest
+
+      GC.stress = true
+      foo
+      foo
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_yjit_dump_insns
+    # Testing that this undocumented debugging feature doesn't crash
+    args = [
+      '--yjit-call-threshold=1',
+      '--yjit-dump-insns',
+      '-e def foo(case:) = {case:}[:case]',
+      '-e foo(case:0)',
+    ]
+    _out, _err, status = invoke_ruby(args, '', true, true)
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def code_gc_helpers
+    <<~'RUBY'
+      def compiles(&block)
+        failures = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:compilation_failure]
+        block.call
+        failures == RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:compilation_failure]
+      end
+
+      def add_pages(num_jits)
+        pages = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:live_page_count]
+        num_jits.times { return false unless eval('compiles { nil.to_i }') }
+        pages.nil? || pages < RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:live_page_count]
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def assert_no_exits(script)
+    assert_compiles(script)
+  end
+
+  ANY = Object.new
+  def assert_compiles(
+    test_script, insns: [],
+    call_threshold: 1,
+    stdout: nil,
+    exits: {},
+    result: ANY,
+    frozen_string_literal: nil,
+    mem_size: nil,
+    code_gc: false,
+    no_send_fallbacks: false
+  )
+    reset_stats = <<~RUBY
+      RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
+      RubyVM::YJIT.reset_stats!
+    RUBY
+
+    write_results = <<~RUBY
+      stats = RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
+
+      def collect_insns(iseq)
+        insns = RubyVM::YJIT.insns_compiled(iseq)
+        iseq.each_child { |c| insns.concat collect_insns(c) }
+        insns
+      end
+
+      iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(_test_proc)
+      IO.open(3).write Marshal.dump({
+        result: #{result == ANY ? "nil" : "result"},
+        stats: stats,
+        insns: collect_insns(iseq),
+        disasm: iseq.disasm
+      })
+    RUBY
+
+    script = <<~RUBY
+      #{"# frozen_string_literal: " + frozen_string_literal.to_s unless frozen_string_literal.nil?}
+      _test_proc = -> {
+        #{test_script}
+      }
+      #{reset_stats}
+      result = _test_proc.call
+      #{write_results}
+    RUBY
+
+    status, out, err, stats = eval_with_jit(script, call_threshold:, mem_size:, code_gc:)
+
+    assert status.success?, "exited with status #{status.to_i}, stderr:\n#{err}"
+
+    assert_equal stdout.chomp, out.chomp if stdout
+
+    unless ANY.equal?(result)
+      assert_equal result, stats[:result]
+    end
+
+    runtime_stats = stats[:stats]
+    insns_compiled = stats[:insns]
+    disasm = stats[:disasm]
+
+    # Check that exit counts are as expected
+    # Full stats are only available when --enable-yjit=dev
+    if runtime_stats[:all_stats]
+      recorded_exits = runtime_stats.select { |k, v| k.to_s.start_with?("exit_") }
+      recorded_exits = recorded_exits.reject { |k, v| v == 0 }
+
+      recorded_exits.transform_keys! { |k| k.to_s.gsub("exit_", "").to_sym }
+      # Exits can be specified as a hash of stat-name symbol to integer for exact exits.
+      # or stat-name symbol to range if the number of side exits might vary (e.g. write
+      # barriers, cache misses.)
+      if exits != :any &&
+        exits != recorded_exits &&
+        (exits.keys != recorded_exits.keys || !exits.all? { |k, v| v === recorded_exits[k] }) # triple-equal checks range membership or integer equality
+        stats_reasons = StringIO.new
+        ::RubyVM::YJIT.send(:_print_stats_reasons, runtime_stats, stats_reasons)
+        stats_reasons = stats_reasons.string
+        flunk <<~EOM
+          Expected #{exits.empty? ? "no" : exits.inspect} exits, but got:
+          #{recorded_exits.inspect}
+          Reasons:
+          #{stats_reasons}
+        EOM
+      end
+    end
+
+    if no_send_fallbacks
+      assert_equal(0, runtime_stats[:num_send_dynamic], "Expected no use of fallback implementation")
+    end
+
+    # Only available when --enable-yjit=dev
+    if runtime_stats[:all_stats]
+      missed_insns = insns.dup
+
+      insns_compiled.each do |op|
+        if missed_insns.include?(op)
+          # This instruction was compiled
+          missed_insns.delete(op)
+        end
+      end
+
+      unless missed_insns.empty?
+        flunk "Expected to compile instructions #{missed_insns.join(", ")} but didn't.\niseq:\n#{disasm}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def script_shell_encode(s)
+    # We can't pass utf-8-encoded characters directly in a shell arg. But we can use Ruby \u constants.
+    s.chars.map { |c| c.ascii_only? ? c : "\\u%x" % c.codepoints[0] }.join
+  end
+
+  def eval_with_jit(script, call_threshold: 1, timeout: 1000, mem_size: nil, code_gc: false)
+    args = [
+      "--disable-gems",
+      "--yjit-call-threshold=#{call_threshold}",
+      "--yjit-stats=quiet"
+    ]
+    args << "--yjit-exec-mem-size=#{mem_size}" if mem_size
+    args << "--yjit-code-gc" if code_gc
+    args << "-e" << script_shell_encode(script)
+    stats_r, stats_w = IO.pipe
+    # Separate thread so we don't deadlock when
+    # the child ruby blocks writing the stats to fd 3
+    stats = ''
+    stats_reader = Thread.new do
+      stats = stats_r.read
+      stats_r.close
+    end
+    out, err, status = invoke_ruby(args, '', true, true, timeout: timeout, ios: { 3 => stats_w })
+    stats_w.close
+    stats_reader.join(timeout)
+    stats = Marshal.load(stats) if !stats.empty?
+    [status, out, err, stats]
+  ensure
+    stats_reader&.kill
+    stats_reader&.join(timeout)
+    stats_r&.close
+    stats_w&.close
+  end
+
+  # A wrapper of EnvUtil.invoke_ruby that uses RbConfig.ruby instead of EnvUtil.ruby
+  # that might use a wrong Ruby depending on your environment.
+  def invoke_ruby(*args, **kwargs)
+    EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(*args, rubybin: RbConfig.ruby, **kwargs)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_yjit_exit_locations.rb b/test/ruby/test_yjit_exit_locations.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..816ab457ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_yjit_exit_locations.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# This set of tests can be run with:
+# make test-all TESTS='test/ruby/test_yjit_exit_locations.rb'
+
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'envutil'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require_relative '../lib/jit_support'
+
+return unless JITSupport.yjit_supported?
+
+# Tests for YJIT with assertions on tracing exits
+# insipired by the RJIT tests in test/ruby/test_yjit.rb
+class TestYJITExitLocations < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_yjit_trace_exits_and_v_no_error
+    _stdout, stderr, _status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(%w(-v --yjit-trace-exits), '', true, true)
+    refute_includes(stderr, "NoMethodError")
+  end
+
+  def test_trace_exits_expandarray_splat
+    assert_exit_locations('*arr = []')
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_exit_locations(test_script)
+    write_results = <<~RUBY
+      IO.open(3).write Marshal.dump({
+        enabled: RubyVM::YJIT.trace_exit_locations_enabled?,
+        exit_locations: RubyVM::YJIT.exit_locations
+      })
+    RUBY
+
+    script = <<~RUBY
+      _test_proc = -> {
+        #{test_script}
+      }
+      result = _test_proc.call
+      #{write_results}
+    RUBY
+
+    run_script = eval_with_jit(script)
+    # If stats are disabled when configuring, --yjit-exit-locations
+    # can't be true. We don't want to check if exit_locations hash
+    # is not empty because that could indicate a bug in the exit
+    # locations collection.
+    return unless run_script[:enabled]
+    exit_locations = run_script[:exit_locations]
+
+    assert exit_locations.key?(:raw)
+    assert exit_locations.key?(:frames)
+    assert exit_locations.key?(:lines)
+    assert exit_locations.key?(:samples)
+    assert exit_locations.key?(:missed_samples)
+    assert exit_locations.key?(:gc_samples)
+
+    assert_equal 0, exit_locations[:missed_samples]
+    assert_equal 0, exit_locations[:gc_samples]
+
+    assert_not_empty exit_locations[:raw]
+    assert_not_empty exit_locations[:frames]
+    assert_not_empty exit_locations[:lines]
+
+    exit_locations[:frames].each do |frame_id, frame|
+      assert frame.key?(:name)
+      assert frame.key?(:file)
+      assert frame.key?(:samples)
+      assert frame.key?(:total_samples)
+      assert frame.key?(:edges)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def eval_with_jit(script)
+    args = [
+      "--disable-gems",
+      "--yjit-call-threshold=1",
+      "--yjit-trace-exits"
+    ]
+    args << "-e" << script_shell_encode(script)
+    stats_r, stats_w = IO.pipe
+    _out, _err, _status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(args,
+                                              '', true, true, timeout: 1000, ios: { 3 => stats_w }
+                                             )
+    stats_w.close
+    stats = stats_r.read
+    stats = Marshal.load(stats) if !stats.empty?
+    stats_r.close
+    stats
+  end
+
+  def script_shell_encode(s)
+    # We can't pass utf-8-encoded characters directly in a shell arg. But we can use Ruby \u constants.
+    s.chars.map { |c| c.ascii_only? ? c : "\\u%x" % c.codepoints[0] }.join
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_zjit.rb b/test/ruby/test_zjit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e347986abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/test_zjit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4858 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# This set of tests can be run with:
+# make test-all TESTS=test/ruby/test_zjit.rb
+
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'envutil'
+require_relative '../lib/jit_support'
+return unless JITSupport.zjit_supported?
+
+class TestZJIT < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_enabled
+    assert_runs 'false', <<~RUBY, zjit: false
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.enabled?
+    RUBY
+    assert_runs 'true', <<~RUBY, zjit: true
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.enabled?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_stats_enabled
+    assert_runs 'false', <<~RUBY, stats: false
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.stats_enabled?
+    RUBY
+    assert_runs 'true', <<~RUBY, stats: true
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.stats_enabled?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_stats_quiet
+    # Test that --zjit-stats-quiet collects stats but doesn't print them
+    script = <<~RUBY
+      def test = 42
+      test
+      test
+      puts RubyVM::ZJIT.stats_enabled?
+    RUBY
+
+    stats_header = "***ZJIT: Printing ZJIT statistics on exit***"
+
+    # With --zjit-stats, stats should be printed to stderr
+    out, err, status = eval_with_jit(script, stats: true)
+    assert_success(out, err, status)
+    assert_includes(err, stats_header)
+    assert_equal("true\n", out)
+
+    # With --zjit-stats-quiet, stats should NOT be printed but still enabled
+    out, err, status = eval_with_jit(script, stats: :quiet)
+    assert_success(out, err, status)
+    refute_includes(err, stats_header)
+    assert_equal("true\n", out)
+
+    # With --zjit-stats=<path>, stats should be printed to the path
+    Tempfile.create("zjit-stats-") {|tmp|
+      stats_file = tmp.path
+      tmp.puts("Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, ...")
+      tmp.close
+
+      out, err, status = eval_with_jit(script, stats: stats_file)
+      assert_success(out, err, status)
+      refute_includes(err, stats_header)
+      assert_equal("true\n", out)
+      assert_equal stats_header, File.open(stats_file) {|f| f.gets(chomp: true)}, "should be overwritten"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_through_env
+    child_env = {'RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE' => nil, 'RUBY_ZJIT_ENABLE' => '1'}
+    assert_in_out_err([child_env, '-v'], '') do |stdout, stderr|
+      assert_includes(stdout.first, '+ZJIT')
+      assert_equal([], stderr)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_zjit_enable
+    # --disable-all is important in case the build/environment has YJIT enabled by
+    # default through e.g. -DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE. Can't enable ZJIT when YJIT is on.
+    assert_separately(["--disable-all"], <<~'RUBY')
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :enabled?
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :stats_enabled?
+      refute_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+ZJIT"
+
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.enable
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :enabled?
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :stats_enabled?
+      assert_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+ZJIT"
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_zjit_disable
+    assert_separately(["--zjit", "--zjit-disable"], <<~'RUBY')
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :enabled?
+      refute_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+ZJIT"
+
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.enable
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :enabled?
+      assert_includes RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "+ZJIT"
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_zjit_enable_respects_existing_options
+    assert_separately(['--zjit-disable', '--zjit-stats-quiet'], <<~RUBY)
+      refute_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :enabled?
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :stats_enabled?
+
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.enable
+
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :enabled?
+      assert_predicate RubyVM::ZJIT, :stats_enabled?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_call_itself
+    assert_compiles '42', <<~RUBY, call_threshold: 2
+      def test = 42.itself
+      test
+      test
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_nil
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test = nil
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_putobject
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      def test = 1
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_putstring
+    assert_compiles '""', %q{
+      def test = "#{""}"
+      test
+    }, insns: [:putstring]
+  end
+
+  def test_putchilldedstring
+    assert_compiles '""', %q{
+      def test = ""
+      test
+    }, insns: [:putchilledstring]
+  end
+
+  def test_leave_param
+    assert_compiles '5', %q{
+      def test(n) = n
+      test(5)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getglobal_with_warning
+    assert_compiles('"rescued"', %q{
+      Warning[:deprecated] = true
+
+      module Warning
+        def warn(message)
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        $=
+      rescue
+        "rescued"
+      end
+
+      $VERBOSE = true
+      test
+    }, insns: [:getglobal])
+  end
+
+  def test_setglobal
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      def test
+        $a = 1
+        $a
+      end
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:setglobal]
+  end
+
+  def test_string_intern
+    assert_compiles ':foo123', %q{
+      def test
+        :"foo#{123}"
+      end
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:intern]
+  end
+
+  def test_duphash
+    assert_compiles '{a: 1}', %q{
+      def test
+        {a: 1}
+      end
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:duphash]
+  end
+
+  def test_pushtoarray
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def test
+        [*[], 1, 2, 3]
+      end
+      test
+    }, insns: [:pushtoarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_splatarray_new_array
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def test a
+        [*a, 3]
+      end
+      test [1, 2]
+    }, insns: [:splatarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_splatarray_existing_array
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def foo v
+        [1, 2, v]
+      end
+      def test a
+        foo(*a)
+      end
+      test [3]
+    }, insns: [:splatarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_concattoarray
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def test(*a)
+        [1, 2, *a]
+      end
+      test 3
+    }, insns: [:concattoarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_definedivar
+    assert_compiles '[nil, "instance-variable", nil]', %q{
+      def test
+        v0 = defined?(@a)
+        @a = nil
+        v1 = defined?(@a)
+        remove_instance_variable :@a
+        v2 = defined?(@a)
+        [v0, v1, v2]
+      end
+      test
+    }, insns: [:definedivar]
+  end
+
+  def test_setglobal_with_trace_var_exception
+    assert_compiles '"rescued"', %q{
+      def test
+        $a = 1
+      rescue
+        "rescued"
+      end
+
+      trace_var(:$a) { raise }
+      test
+    }, insns: [:setglobal]
+  end
+
+  def test_toplevel_binding
+    # Not using assert_compiles, which doesn't use the toplevel frame for `test_script`.
+    out, err, status = eval_with_jit(%q{
+      a = 1
+      b = 2
+      TOPLEVEL_BINDING.local_variable_set(:b, 3)
+      c = 4
+      print [a, b, c]
+    })
+    assert_success(out, err, status)
+    assert_equal "[1, 3, 4]", out
+  end
+
+  def test_toplevel_local_after_eval
+    # Not using assert_compiles, which doesn't use the toplevel frame for `test_script`.
+    out, err, status = eval_with_jit(%q{
+      a = 1
+      b = 2
+      eval('b = 3')
+      c = 4
+      print [a, b, c]
+    })
+    assert_success(out, err, status)
+    assert_equal "[1, 3, 4]", out
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_after_eval
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      def test
+        a = 1
+        eval('a = 2')
+        a
+      end
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_after_instance_eval
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      def test
+        a = 1
+        instance_eval('a = 2')
+        a
+      end
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_after_module_eval
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      def test
+        a = 1
+        Kernel.module_eval('a = 2')
+        a
+      end
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getlocal_after_class_eval
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      def test
+        a = 1
+        Kernel.class_eval('a = 2')
+        a
+      end
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_setlocal
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        m = n
+        m
+      end
+      test(3)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_return_nonparam_local
+    # Use dead code (if false) to create a local without initialization instructions.
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def foo(a)
+        if false
+          x = nil
+        end
+        x
+      end
+      def test = foo(1)
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_nonparam_local_nil_in_jit_call
+    # Non-parameter locals must be initialized to nil in JIT-to-JIT calls.
+    # Use dead code (if false) to create locals without initialization instructions.
+    # Then eval a string that accesses the uninitialized locals.
+    assert_compiles '["x", "x", "x", "x"]', %q{
+      def f(a)
+        a ||= 1
+        if false; b = 1; end
+        eval("-> { p 'x#{b}' }")
+      end
+
+      4.times.map { f(1).call }
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_kwargs_with_exit_and_local_invalidation
+    assert_compiles ':ok', %q{
+      def a(b:, c:)
+        if c == :b
+          return -> {}
+        end
+        Class # invalidate locals
+
+        raise "c is :b!" if c == :b
+      end
+
+      def test
+        # note opposite order of kwargs
+        a(c: :c, b: :b)
+      end
+
+      4.times { test }
+      :ok
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_kwargs_with_max_direct_send_arg_count
+    # Ensure that we only reorder the args when we _can_ use direct send (< 6 args).
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]]', %q{
+      def kwargs(five, six, a:, b:, c:, d:, e:, f:)
+        [a, b, c, d, five, six, e, f]
+      end
+
+      5.times.flat_map do
+        [
+          kwargs(5, 6, d: 4, c: 3, a: 1, b: 2, e: 7, f: 8),
+          kwargs(5, 6, d: 4, c: 3, b: 2, a: 1, e: 7, f: 8)
+        ]
+      end.uniq
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_setlocal_on_eval
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      @b = binding
+      eval('a = 1', @b)
+      eval('a', @b)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_arguments
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3], [10, 20, 3], [100, 200, 300]]', %q{
+      def test(a, b = 2, c = 3)
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+      [test(1), test(10, 20), test(100, 200, 300)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_arguments_setlocal
+    assert_compiles '[[2, 2], [1, nil]]', %q{
+      def test(a = (b = 2))
+        [a, b]
+      end
+      [test, test(1)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_arguments_cyclic
+    assert_compiles '[nil, 1]', %q{
+      test = proc { |a=a| a }
+      [test.call, test.call(1)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_arguments_side_exit
+    # This leads to FailedOptionalArguments, so not using assert_compiles
+    assert_runs '[:foo, nil, 1]', %q{
+      def test(a = (def foo = nil)) = a
+      [test, (undef :foo), test(1)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getblockparamproxy
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      def test(&block)
+        0.then(&block)
+      end
+      test { 1 }
+    }, insns: [:getblockparamproxy]
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_method_call_proc_call
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      p = proc { |x| x * 2 }
+      def test(p)
+        p.call(1)
+      end
+      test(p)
+      test(p)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_method_call_proc_aref
+    assert_compiles '4', %q{
+      p = proc { |x| x * 2 }
+      def test(p)
+        p[2]
+      end
+      test(p)
+      test(p)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aref]
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_method_call_proc_yield
+    assert_compiles '6', %q{
+      p = proc { |x| x * 2 }
+      def test(p)
+        p.yield(3)
+      end
+      test(p)
+      test(p)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_method_call_proc_kw_splat
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      p = proc { |**kw| kw[:a] + kw[:b] }
+      def test(p, h)
+        p.call(**h)
+      end
+      h = { a: 1, b: 2 }
+      test(p, h)
+      test(p, h)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_method_call_proc_call_splat
+    assert_compiles '43', %q{
+      p = proc { |x| x + 1 }
+      def test(p)
+        ary = [42]
+        p.call(*ary)
+      end
+      test(p)
+      test(p)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_optimized_method_call_proc_call_kwarg
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      p = proc { |a:| a }
+      def test(p)
+        p.call(a: 1)
+      end
+      test(p)
+      test(p)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_call_a_forwardable_method
+    assert_runs '[]', %q{
+      def test_root = forwardable
+      def forwardable(...) = Array.[](...)
+      test_root
+      test_root
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_setlocal_on_eval_with_spill
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      @b = binding
+      eval('a = 1; itself', @b)
+      eval('a', @b)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_local_access
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      1.times do |l2|
+        1.times do |l1|
+          define_method(:test) do
+            l1 = 1
+            l2 = 2
+            l3 = 3
+            [l1, l2, l3]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 3, insns: [:getlocal, :setlocal, :getlocal_WC_0, :setlocal_WC_1]
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_local_written_by_blockiseq
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2]', %q{
+      def test
+        l1 = nil
+        l2 = nil
+        tap do |_|
+          l1 = 1
+          tap do |_|
+            l2 = 2
+          end
+        end
+
+        [l1, l2]
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_without_block
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def foo = 1
+      def bar(a) = a - 1
+      def baz(a, b) = a - b
+
+      def test1 = foo
+      def test2 = bar(3)
+      def test3 = baz(4, 1)
+
+      [test1, test2, test3]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_six_args
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]', %q{
+      def foo(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6)
+        [a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6]
+      end
+
+      def test
+        foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+      end
+
+      test # profile send
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_on_heap_object_in_spilled_arg
+    # This leads to a register spill, so not using `assert_compiles`
+    assert_runs 'Hash', %q{
+      def entry(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9)
+        a9.itself.class
+      end
+
+      entry(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, {}) # profile
+      entry(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, {})
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_exit_with_uninitialized_locals
+    assert_runs 'nil', %q{
+      def entry(init)
+        function_stub_exit(init)
+      end
+
+      def function_stub_exit(init)
+        uninitialized_local = 1 if init
+        uninitialized_local
+      end
+
+      entry(true) # profile and set 1 to the local slot
+      entry(false)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, allowed_iseqs: 'entry@-e:2'
+  end
+
+  def test_send_optional_arguments
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2], [3, 4]]', %q{
+      def test(a, b = 2) = [a, b]
+      def entry = [test(1), test(3, 4)]
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_nil_block_arg
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test = block_given?
+      def entry = test(&nil)
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_send_symbol_block_arg
+    assert_compiles '["1", "2"]', %q{
+      def test = [1, 2].map(&:to_s)
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_send_variadic_with_block
+    assert_compiles '[[1, "a"], [2, "b"], [3, "c"]]', %q{
+      A = [1, 2, 3]
+      B = ["a", "b", "c"]
+
+      def test
+        result = []
+        A.zip(B) { |x, y| result << [x, y] }
+        result
+      end
+
+      test; test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_splat
+    assert_runs '[1, 2]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = [a, b]
+      def entry(arr) = test(*arr)
+      entry([1, 2])
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg
+    assert_runs '[1, 2]', %q{
+      def test(a:, b:) = [a, b]
+      def entry = test(b: 2, a: 1) # change order
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_optional
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2]', %q{
+      def test(a: 1, b: 2) = [a, b]
+      def entry = test
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_optional_too_many
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]', %q{
+      def test(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9, j: 10) = [a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j]
+      def entry = test
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_required_and_optional
+    assert_compiles '[3, 2]', %q{
+      def test(a:, b: 2) = [a, b]
+      def entry = test(a: 3)
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_to_hash
+    assert_compiles '{a: 3}', %q{
+      def test(hash) = hash
+      def entry = test(a: 3)
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_to_ccall
+    assert_compiles '["a", "b", "c"]', %q{
+      def test(s) = s.each_line(chomp: true).to_a
+      def entry = test(%(a\nb\nc))
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_and_block_to_ccall
+    assert_compiles '["a", "b", "c"]', %q{
+      def test(s)
+        a = []
+        s.each_line(chomp: true) { |l| a << l }
+        a
+      end
+      def entry = test(%(a\nb\nc))
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_with_too_many_args_to_c_call
+    assert_compiles '"a b c d {kwargs: :e}"', %q{
+      def test(a:, b:, c:, d:, e:) = sprintf("%s %s %s %s %s", a, b, c, d, kwargs: e)
+      def entry = test(e: :e, d: :d, c: :c, a: :a, b: :b)
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwsplat
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(a:) = a
+      def entry = test(**{a: 3})
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwrest
+    assert_compiles '{a: 3}', %q{
+      def test(**kwargs) = kwargs
+      def entry = test(a: 3)
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_req_kwreq
+    assert_compiles '[1, 3]', %q{
+      def test(a, c:) = [a, c]
+      def entry = test(1, c: 3)
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_req_opt_kwreq
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3], [-1, -2, -3]]', %q{
+      def test(a, b = 2, c:) = [a, b, c]
+      def entry = [test(1, c: 3), test(-1, -2, c: -3)] # specify all, change kw order
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_req_opt_kwreq_kwopt
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, -2, -3, -4]]', %q{
+      def test(a, b = 2, c:, d: 4) = [a, b, c, d]
+      def entry = [test(1, c: 3), test(-1, -2, d: -4, c: -3)] # specify all, change kw order
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_unexpected_keyword
+    assert_compiles ':error', %q{
+      def test(a: 1) = a*2
+      def entry
+        test(z: 2)
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        :error
+      end
+
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_pos_optional_with_maybe_too_many_args
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], [10, 20, 30, 4, 5, 6], [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]]', %q{
+      def target(a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, e = 5, f:) = [a, b, c, d, e, f]
+      def test = [target(f: 6), target(10, 20, 30, f: 6), target(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, f: 60)]
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_partial_optional
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3], [1, 20, 3], [10, 2, 30]]', %q{
+      def test(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) = [a, b, c]
+      def entry = [test, test(b: 20), test(c: 30, a: 10)]
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_optional_a_lot
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], [1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9], [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]]', %q{
+      def test(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6) = [a, b, c, d, e, f]
+      def entry = [test, test(d: 7, f: 9, e: 8), test(f: 12, e: 10, d: 8, c: 6, b: 4, a: 2)]
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_non_constant_default
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2], [10, 2]]', %q{
+      def make_default = 2
+      def test(a: 1, b: make_default) = [a, b]
+      def entry = [test, test(a: 10)]
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_kwarg_optional_static_with_side_exit
+    # verify frame reconstruction with synthesized keyword defaults is correct
+    assert_compiles '[10, 2, 10]', %q{
+      def callee(a: 1, b: 2)
+        # use binding to force side-exit
+        x = binding.local_variable_get(:a)
+        [a, b, x]
+      end
+
+      def entry
+        callee(a: 10) # b should get default value
+      end
+
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_all_arg_types
+    assert_compiles '[:req, :opt, :post, :kwr, :kwo, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b = :opt, c, d:, e: :kwo) = [a, b, c, d, e, block_given?]
+      def entry = test(:req, :post, d: :kwr) {}
+      entry
+      entry
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_ccall_variadic_with_different_receiver_classes
+    assert_compiles '[true, true]', %q{
+      def test(obj) = obj.start_with?("a")
+      [test("abc"), test(:abc)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_forwardable_iseq
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      def test(...) = 1
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sendforward
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2]', %q{
+      def callee(a, b) = [a, b]
+      def test(...) = callee(...)
+      test(1, 2)
+    }, insns: [:sendforward]
+  end
+
+  def test_iseq_with_optional_arguments
+    assert_compiles '[[1, 2], [3, 4]]', %q{
+      def test(a, b = 2) = [a, b]
+      [test(1), test(3, 4)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper
+    assert_compiles '[6, 60]', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def foo(a) = a + 1
+        def bar(a) = a + 10
+      end
+
+      class Bar < Foo
+        def foo(a) = super(a) + 2
+        def bar(a) = super + 20
+      end
+
+      bar = Bar.new
+      [bar.foo(3), bar.bar(30)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_local_written_by_blockiseq
+    # Using `assert_runs` because we don't compile invokeblock yet
+    assert_runs '3', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def test
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Bar < Foo
+        def test
+          a = 1
+          super do
+            a += 2
+          end
+          a
+        end
+      end
+
+      Bar.new.test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_to_iseq
+    assert_compiles '["B", "A"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          "A"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_args
+    assert_compiles '["B", 11]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(x)
+          x * 2
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(x)
+          ["B", super(x) + 1]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo(5)
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test super with explicit args when callee has rest parameter.
+  # This should fall back to dynamic dispatch since we can't handle rest params yet.
+  def test_invokesuper_with_args_to_rest_param
+    assert_compiles '["B", "a", ["b", "c"]]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(x, *rest)
+          [x, rest]
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(x, y, z)
+          ["B", *super(x, y, z)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo("a", "b", "c")
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_block
+    assert_compiles '["B", "from_block"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          block_given? ? yield : "no_block"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super { "from_block" }]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_to_cfunc
+    assert_compiles '["MyArray", 3]', %q{
+      class MyArray < Array
+        def length
+          ["MyArray", super]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        MyArray.new([1, 2, 3]).length
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_multilevel
+    assert_compiles '["C", ["B", "A"]]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          "A"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]
+        end
+      end
+
+      class C < B
+        def foo
+          ["C", super]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        C.new.foo
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test implicit block forwarding - super without explicit block should forward caller's block
+  # Note: We call test twice to ensure ZJIT compiles it before the final call that we check
+  def test_invokesuper_forwards_block_implicitly
+    assert_compiles '["B", "forwarded_block"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          block_given? ? yield : "no_block"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]  # should forward the block from caller
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo { "forwarded_block" }
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test implicit block forwarding with explicit arguments
+  def test_invokesuper_forwards_block_implicitly_with_args
+    assert_compiles '["B", ["arg_value", "forwarded"]]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(x)
+          [x, (block_given? ? yield : "no_block")]
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(x)
+          ["B", super(x)]  # explicit args, but block should still be forwarded
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo("arg_value") { "forwarded" }
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test implicit block forwarding when no block is given (should not fail)
+  def test_invokesuper_forwards_block_implicitly_no_block_given
+    assert_compiles '["B", "no_block"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          block_given? ? yield : "no_block"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]  # no block given by caller
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo  # called without a block
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test implicit block forwarding through multiple inheritance levels
+  def test_invokesuper_forwards_block_implicitly_multilevel
+    assert_compiles '["C", ["B", "deep_block"]]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          block_given? ? yield : "no_block"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]  # forwards block to A
+        end
+      end
+
+      class C < B
+        def foo
+          ["C", super]  # forwards block to B, which forwards to A
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        C.new.foo { "deep_block" }
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test implicit block forwarding with block parameter syntax
+  def test_invokesuper_forwards_block_param
+    assert_compiles '["B", "block_param_forwarded"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          block_given? ? yield : "no_block"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(&block)
+          ["B", super]  # should forward &block implicitly
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo { "block_param_forwarded" }
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_blockarg
+    assert_compiles '["B", "different block"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          block_given? ? yield : "no block"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(&blk)
+          other_block = proc { "different block" }
+          ["B", super(&other_block)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo { "passed block" }
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_symbol_to_proc
+    assert_compiles '["B", [3, 5, 7]]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(items, &blk)
+          items.map(&blk)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(items)
+          ["B", super(items, &:succ)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo([2, 4, 6])
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_splat
+    assert_compiles '["B", 6]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(a, b, c)
+          a + b + c
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(*args)
+          ["B", super(*args)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo(1, 2, 3)
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_kwargs
+    assert_compiles '["B", "x=1, y=2"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(x:, y:)
+          "x=#{x}, y=#{y}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(x:, y:)
+          ["B", super(x: x, y: y)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo(x: 1, y: 2)
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_kw_splat
+    assert_compiles '["B", "x=1, y=2"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(x:, y:)
+          "x=#{x}, y=#{y}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(**kwargs)
+          ["B", super(**kwargs)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo(x: 1, y: 2)
+      end
+
+      test  # profile
+      test  # compile + run compiled code
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test that including a module after compilation correctly changes the super target.
+  # The included module's method should be called, not the original super target.
+  def test_invokesuper_with_include
+    assert_compiles '["B", "M"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          "A"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper (super -> A#foo)
+      test  # compile with super -> A#foo
+
+      # Now include a module in B that defines foo - super should go to M#foo instead
+      module M
+        def foo
+          "M"
+        end
+      end
+      B.include(M)
+
+      test  # should call M#foo, not A#foo
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test that prepending a module after compilation correctly changes the super target.
+  # The prepended module's method should be called, not the original super target.
+  def test_invokesuper_with_prepend
+    assert_compiles '["B", "M"]', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo
+          "A"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo
+          ["B", super]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo
+      end
+
+      test  # profile invokesuper (super -> A#foo)
+      test  # compile with super -> A#foo
+
+      # Now prepend a module that defines foo - super should go to M#foo instead
+      module M
+        def foo
+          "M"
+        end
+      end
+      A.prepend(M)
+
+      test  # should call M#foo, not A#foo
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test super with positional and keyword arguments (pattern from chunky_png)
+  def test_invokesuper_with_keyword_args
+    assert_compiles '{content: "image data"}', %q{
+      class A
+        def foo(attributes = {})
+          @attributes = attributes
+        end
+      end
+
+      class B < A
+        def foo(content = '')
+          super(content: content)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        B.new.foo("image data")
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokesuper_with_optional_keyword_args
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      class Parent
+        def foo(a, b: 2, c: 3) = [a, b, c]
+      end
+
+      class Child < Parent
+        def foo(a) = super(a)
+      end
+
+      def test = Child.new.foo(1)
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_non_constant_keyword_default
+    assert_compiles '[[2, 4, 16], [10, 4, 16], [2, 20, 16], [2, 4, 30], [10, 20, 30]]', %q{
+      def dbl(x = 1) = x * 2
+
+      def foo(a: dbl, b: dbl(2), c: dbl(2 ** 3))
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+
+      def test
+        [
+          foo,
+          foo(a: 10),
+          foo(b: 20),
+          foo(c: 30),
+          foo(a: 10, b: 20, c: 30)
+        ]
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_non_constant_keyword_default_not_evaluated_when_provided
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def foo(a: raise, b: raise, c: raise)
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+
+      def test
+        foo(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_non_constant_keyword_default_evaluated_when_not_provided
+    assert_compiles '["a", "b", "c"]', %q{
+      def raise_a = raise "a"
+      def raise_b = raise "b"
+      def raise_c = raise "c"
+
+      def foo(a: raise_a, b: raise_b, c: raise_c)
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+
+      def test_a
+        foo(b: 2, c: 3)
+      rescue RuntimeError => e
+        e.message
+      end
+
+      def test_b
+        foo(a: 1, c: 3)
+      rescue RuntimeError => e
+        e.message
+      end
+
+      def test_c
+        foo(a: 1, b: 2)
+      rescue RuntimeError => e
+        e.message
+      end
+
+      def test
+        [test_a, test_b, test_c]
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_non_constant_keyword_default_jit_to_jit
+    # Test that kw_bits passing works correctly in JIT-to-JIT calls
+    assert_compiles '[2, 4, 6]', %q{
+      def make_default(x) = x * 2
+
+      def callee(a: make_default(1), b: make_default(2), c: make_default(3))
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+
+      def caller_method
+        callee
+      end
+
+      # Warm up callee first so it gets JITted
+      callee
+      callee
+
+      # Now warm up caller - this creates JIT-to-JIT call
+      caller_method
+      caller_method
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_non_constant_keyword_default_side_exit
+    # Verify frame reconstruction includes correct values for non-constant defaults
+    assert_compiles '[10, 2, 30]', %q{
+      def make_b = 2
+
+      def callee(a: 1, b: make_b, c: 3)
+        x = binding.local_variable_get(:a)
+        y = binding.local_variable_get(:b)
+        z = binding.local_variable_get(:c)
+        [x, y, z]
+      end
+
+      def test
+        callee(a: 10, c: 30)
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_non_constant_keyword_default_evaluation_order
+    # Verify defaults are evaluated left-to-right and only when not provided
+    assert_compiles '[["a", "b", "c"], ["b", "c"], ["a", "c"], ["a", "b"]]', %q{
+      def log(x)
+        $order << x
+        x
+      end
+
+      def foo(a: log("a"), b: log("b"), c: log("c"))
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+
+      def test
+        results = []
+
+        $order = []
+        foo
+        results << $order.dup
+
+        $order = []
+        foo(a: "A")
+        results << $order.dup
+
+        $order = []
+        foo(b: "B")
+        results << $order.dup
+
+        $order = []
+        foo(c: "C")
+        results << $order.dup
+
+        results
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_send_with_too_many_non_constant_keyword_defaults
+    assert_compiles '35', %q{
+      def many_kwargs( k1: 1, k2: 2, k3: 3, k4: 4, k5: 5, k6: 6, k7: 7, k8: 8, k9: 9, k10: 10, k11: 11, k12: 12, k13: 13, k14: 14, k15: 15, k16: 16, k17: 17, k18: 18, k19: 19, k20: 20, k21: 21, k22: 22, k23: 23, k24: 24, k25: 25, k26: 26, k27: 27, k28: 28, k29: 29, k30: 30, k31: 31, k32: 32, k33: 33, k34: k33 + 1) = k1 + k34
+      def t = many_kwargs
+      t
+      t
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokebuiltin
+    # Not using assert_compiles due to register spill
+    assert_runs '["."]', %q{
+      def test = Dir.glob(".")
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_invokebuiltin_delegate
+    assert_compiles '[[], true]', %q{
+      def test = [].clone(freeze: true)
+      r = test
+      [r, r.frozen?]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_const
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test = 1 + 2
+      test # profile opt_plus
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_fixnum
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a + b
+      test(0, 1) # profile opt_plus
+      test(1, 2)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_chain
+    assert_compiles '6', %q{
+      def test(a, b, c) = a + b + c
+      test(0, 1, 2) # profile opt_plus
+      test(1, 2, 3)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_left_imm
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(a) = 1 + a
+      test(1) # profile opt_plus
+      test(2)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_type_guard_exit
+    assert_compiles '[3, 3.0]', %q{
+      def test(a) = 1 + a
+      test(1) # profile opt_plus
+      [test(2), test(2.0)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_type_guard_exit_with_locals
+    assert_compiles '[6, 6.0]', %q{
+      def test(a)
+        local = 3
+        1 + a + local
+      end
+      test(1) # profile opt_plus
+      [test(2), test(2.0)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_type_guard_nested_exit
+    assert_compiles '[4, 4.0]', %q{
+      def side_exit(n) = 1 + n
+      def jit_frame(n) = 1 + side_exit(n)
+      def entry(n) = jit_frame(n)
+      entry(2) # profile send
+      [entry(2), entry(2.0)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_plus_type_guard_nested_exit_with_locals
+    assert_compiles '[9, 9.0]', %q{
+      def side_exit(n)
+        local = 2
+        1 + n + local
+      end
+      def jit_frame(n)
+        local = 3
+        1 + side_exit(n) + local
+      end
+      def entry(n) = jit_frame(n)
+      entry(2) # profile send
+      [entry(2), entry(2.0)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # Test argument ordering
+  def test_opt_minus
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a - b
+      test(2, 1) # profile opt_minus
+      test(6, 4)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_mult
+    assert_compiles '6', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a * b
+      test(1, 2) # profile opt_mult
+      test(2, 3)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_mult_overflow
+    assert_compiles '[6, -6, 9671406556917033397649408, -9671406556917033397649408, 21267647932558653966460912964485513216]', %q{
+      def test(a, b)
+        a * b
+      end
+      test(1, 1) # profile opt_mult
+
+      r1 = test(2, 3)
+      r2 = test(2, -3)
+      r3 = test(2 << 40, 2 << 41)
+      r4 = test(2 << 40, -2 << 41)
+      r5 = test(1 << 62, 1 << 62)
+
+      [r1, r2, r3, r4, r5]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_eq
+    assert_compiles '[true, false]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a == b
+      test(0, 2) # profile opt_eq
+      [test(1, 1), test(0, 1)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_eq], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_eq_with_minus_one
+    assert_compiles '[false, true]', %q{
+      def test(a) = a == -1
+      test(1) # profile opt_eq
+      [test(0), test(-1)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_eq], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_neq_dynamic
+    # TODO(max): Don't split this test; instead, run all tests with and without
+    # profiling.
+    assert_compiles '[false, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a != b
+      test(0, 2) # profile opt_neq
+      [test(1, 1), test(0, 1)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_neq], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_neq_fixnum
+    assert_compiles '[false, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a != b
+      test(0, 2) # profile opt_neq
+      [test(1, 1), test(0, 1)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_lt
+    assert_compiles '[true, false, false]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a < b
+      test(2, 3) # profile opt_lt
+      [test(0, 1), test(0, 0), test(1, 0)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_lt], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_lt_with_literal_lhs
+    assert_compiles '[false, false, true]', %q{
+      def test(n) = 2 < n
+      test(2) # profile opt_lt
+      [test(1), test(2), test(3)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_lt], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_le
+    assert_compiles '[true, true, false]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a <= b
+      test(2, 3) # profile opt_le
+      [test(0, 1), test(0, 0), test(1, 0)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_le], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_gt
+    assert_compiles '[false, false, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a > b
+      test(2, 3) # profile opt_gt
+      [test(0, 1), test(0, 0), test(1, 0)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_gt], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_empty_p
+    assert_compiles('[false, false, true]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:opt_empty_p])
+      def test(x) = x.empty?
+      return test([1]), test("1"), test({})
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_succ
+    assert_compiles('[0, "B"]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:opt_succ])
+      def test(obj) = obj.succ
+      return test(-1), test("A")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_and
+    assert_compiles('[1, [3, 2, 1]]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:opt_and])
+      def test(x, y) = x & y
+      return test(0b1101, 3), test([3, 2, 1, 4], [8, 1, 2, 3])
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_or
+    assert_compiles('[11, [3, 2, 1]]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:opt_or])
+      def test(x, y) = x | y
+      return test(0b1000, 3), test([3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3])
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_and
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 4]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a & b
+      [
+        test(5, 3),
+        test(0b011, 0b110),
+        test(-0b011, 0b110)
+      ]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_and]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_and_side_exit
+    assert_compiles '[2, 2, false]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a & b
+      [
+        test(2, 2),
+        test(0b011, 0b110),
+        test(true, false)
+      ]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_and]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_or
+    assert_compiles '[7, 3, -3]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a | b
+      [
+        test(5, 3),
+        test(1, 2),
+        test(1, -4)
+      ]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_or]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_or_side_exit
+    assert_compiles '[3, 2, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a | b
+      [
+        test(1, 2),
+        test(2, 2),
+        test(true, false)
+      ]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_or]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_xor
+    assert_compiles '[6, -8, 3]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a ^ b
+      [
+        test(5, 3),
+        test(-5, 3),
+        test(1, 2)
+      ]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_xor_side_exit
+    assert_compiles '[6, 6, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a ^ b
+      [
+        test(5, 3),
+        test(5, 3),
+        test(true, false)
+      ]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_mul
+    assert_compiles '12', %q{
+      C = 3
+      def test(n) = C * n
+      test(4)
+      test(4)
+      test(4)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_mult]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_div
+    assert_compiles '12', %q{
+      C = 48
+      def test(n) = C / n
+      test(4)
+      test(4)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_div]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_floor
+    assert_compiles '0', %q{
+      C = 3
+      def test(n) = C / n
+      test(4)
+      test(4)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_div]
+  end
+
+  def test_fixnum_div_zero
+    assert_runs '"divided by 0"', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        n / 0
+      rescue ZeroDivisionError => e
+        e.message
+      end
+
+      test(0)
+      test(0)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_div]
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_not
+    assert_compiles('[true, true, false]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:opt_not])
+      def test(obj) = !obj
+      return test(nil), test(false), test(0)
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_regexpmatch2
+    assert_compiles('[1, nil]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:opt_regexpmatch2])
+      def test(haystack) = /needle/ =~ haystack
+      return test("kneedle"), test("")
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_ge
+    assert_compiles '[false, true, true]', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a >= b
+      test(2, 3) # profile opt_ge
+      [test(0, 1), test(0, 0), test(1, 0)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_ge], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new_does_not_push_frame
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      class Foo
+        attr_reader :backtrace
+
+        def initialize
+          @backtrace = caller
+        end
+      end
+      def test = Foo.new
+
+      foo = test
+      foo.backtrace.find do |frame|
+        frame.include?('Class#new')
+      end
+    }, insns: [:opt_new]
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new_with_redefined
+    assert_compiles '"foo"', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.new = "foo"
+
+        def initialize = raise("unreachable")
+      end
+      def test = Foo.new
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_new]
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new_invalidate_new
+    assert_compiles '["Foo", "foo"]', %q{
+      class Foo; end
+      def test = Foo.new
+      test; test
+      result = [test.class.name]
+      def Foo.new = "foo"
+      result << test
+      result
+    }, insns: [:opt_new], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new_with_custom_allocator
+    assert_compiles '"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"', %q{
+      require "digest"
+      def test = Digest::SHA256.new.hexdigest
+      test; test
+    }, insns: [:opt_new], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_new_with_custom_allocator_raises
+    assert_compiles '[42, 42]', %q{
+      require "digest"
+      class C < Digest::Base; end
+      def test
+        begin
+          Digest::Base.new
+        rescue NotImplementedError
+          42
+        end
+      end
+      [test, test]
+    }, insns: [:opt_new], call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_include_p
+    assert_compiles '[true, false]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        [:y, 1, Object.new].include?(x)
+      end
+      [test(1), test("n")]
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_include_p_redefined
+    assert_compiles '[:true, :false]', %q{
+      class Array
+        alias_method :old_include?, :include?
+        def include?(x)
+          old_include?(x) ? :true : :false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(x)
+        [:y, 1, Object.new].include?(x)
+      end
+      [test(1), test("n")]
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_duparray_send_include_p
+    assert_compiles '[true, false]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        [:y, 1].include?(x)
+      end
+      [test(1), test("n")]
+    }, insns: [:opt_duparray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_duparray_send_include_p_redefined
+    assert_compiles '[:true, :false]', %q{
+      class Array
+        alias_method :old_include?, :include?
+        def include?(x)
+          old_include?(x) ? :true : :false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(x)
+        [:y, 1].include?(x)
+      end
+      [test(1), test("n")]
+    }, insns: [:opt_duparray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_pack_buffer
+    assert_compiles '["ABC", "ABC", "ABC", "ABC"]', %q{
+      def test(num, buffer)
+        [num].pack('C', buffer:)
+      end
+      buf = ""
+      [test(65, buf), test(66, buf), test(67, buf), buf]
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_pack_buffer_redefined
+    assert_compiles '["b", "A"]', %q{
+      class Array
+        alias_method :old_pack, :pack
+        def pack(fmt, buffer: nil)
+          old_pack(fmt, buffer: buffer)
+          "b"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(num, buffer)
+        [num].pack('C', buffer:)
+      end
+      buf = ""
+      [test(65, buf), buf]
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_hash
+    assert_compiles 'Integer', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        [1, 2, x].hash
+      end
+      test(20).class
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_hash_redefined
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      Array.class_eval { def hash = 42 }
+
+      def test(x)
+        [1, 2, x].hash
+      end
+      test(20)
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_max
+    assert_compiles '[20, 40]', %q{
+      def test(a,b) = [a,b].max
+      [test(10, 20), test(40, 30)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_newarray_send_max_redefined
+    assert_compiles '[60, 90]', %q{
+      class Array
+        alias_method :old_max, :max
+        def max
+          old_max * 2
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(a,b) = [a,b].max
+      [test(15, 30), test(45, 35)]
+    }, insns: [:opt_newarray_send], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_empty
+    assert_compiles '{}', %q{
+      def test = {}
+      test
+    }, insns: [:newhash]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_nonempty
+    assert_compiles '{"key" => "value", 42 => 100}', %q{
+      def test
+        key = "key"
+        value = "value"
+        num = 42
+        result = 100
+        {key => value, num => result}
+      end
+      test
+    }, insns: [:newhash]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_single_key_value
+    assert_compiles '{"key" => "value"}', %q{
+      def test = {"key" => "value"}
+      test
+    }, insns: [:newhash]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_with_computation
+    assert_compiles '{"sum" => 5, "product" => 6}', %q{
+      def test(a, b)
+        {"sum" => a + b, "product" => a * b}
+      end
+      test(2, 3)
+    }, insns: [:newhash]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_with_user_defined_hash_method
+    assert_runs 'true', %q{
+      class CustomKey
+        attr_reader :val
+
+        def initialize(val)
+          @val = val
+        end
+
+        def hash
+          @val.hash
+        end
+
+        def eql?(other)
+          other.is_a?(CustomKey) && @val == other.val
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        key = CustomKey.new("key")
+        hash = {key => "value"}
+        hash[key] == "value"
+      end
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_with_user_hash_method_exception
+    assert_runs 'RuntimeError', %q{
+      class BadKey
+        def hash
+          raise "Hash method failed!"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        key = BadKey.new
+        {key => "value"}
+      end
+
+      begin
+        test
+      rescue => e
+        e.class
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_hash_with_user_eql_method_exception
+    assert_runs 'RuntimeError', %q{
+      class BadKey
+        def hash
+          42
+        end
+
+        def eql?(other)
+          raise "Eql method failed!"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        key1 = BadKey.new
+        key2 = BadKey.new
+        {key1 => "value1", key2 => "value2"}
+      end
+
+      begin
+        test
+      rescue => e
+        e.class
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_hash_freeze
+    assert_compiles "[{}, 5]", %q{
+      def test = {}.freeze
+      result = [test]
+      class Hash
+        def freeze = 5
+      end
+      result << test
+    }, insns: [:opt_hash_freeze], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_hash_freeze_rewritten
+    assert_compiles "5", %q{
+      class Hash
+        def freeze = 5
+      end
+      def test = {}.freeze
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_hash_freeze], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_aset_hash
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      def test(h, k, v)
+        h[k] = v
+      end
+      h = {}
+      test(h, :key, 42)
+      test(h, :key, 42)
+      h[:key]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aset]
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_aset_hash_returns_value
+    assert_compiles '100', %q{
+      def test(h, k, v)
+        h[k] = v
+      end
+      test({}, :key, 100)
+      test({}, :key, 100)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_aset_hash_string_key
+    assert_compiles '"bar"', %q{
+      def test(h, k, v)
+        h[k] = v
+      end
+      h = {}
+      test(h, "foo", "bar")
+      test(h, "foo", "bar")
+      h["foo"]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_aset_hash_subclass
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class MyHash < Hash; end
+      def test(h, k, v)
+        h[k] = v
+      end
+      h = MyHash.new
+      test(h, :key, 42)
+      test(h, :key, 42)
+      h[:key]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_aset_hash_too_few_args
+    assert_compiles '"ArgumentError"', %q{
+      def test(h)
+        h.[]= 123
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        "ArgumentError"
+      end
+      test({})
+      test({})
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_aset_hash_too_many_args
+    assert_compiles '"ArgumentError"', %q{
+      def test(h)
+        h[:a, :b] = :c
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        "ArgumentError"
+      end
+      test({})
+      test({})
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_ary_freeze
+    assert_compiles "[[], 5]", %q{
+      def test = [].freeze
+      result = [test]
+      class Array
+        def freeze = 5
+      end
+      result << test
+    }, insns: [:opt_ary_freeze], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_ary_freeze_rewritten
+    assert_compiles "5", %q{
+      class Array
+        def freeze = 5
+      end
+      def test = [].freeze
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_ary_freeze], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_str_freeze
+    assert_compiles "[\"\", 5]", %q{
+      def test = ''.freeze
+      result = [test]
+      class String
+        def freeze = 5
+      end
+      result << test
+    }, insns: [:opt_str_freeze], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_str_freeze_rewritten
+    assert_compiles "5", %q{
+      class String
+        def freeze = 5
+      end
+      def test = ''.freeze
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_str_freeze], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_str_uminus
+    assert_compiles "[\"\", 5]", %q{
+      def test = -''
+      result = [test]
+      class String
+        def -@ = 5
+      end
+      result << test
+    }, insns: [:opt_str_uminus], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_str_uminus_rewritten
+    assert_compiles "5", %q{
+      class String
+        def -@ = 5
+      end
+      def test = -''
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_str_uminus], call_threshold: 1
+  end
+
+  def test_new_array_empty
+    assert_compiles '[]', %q{
+      def test = []
+      test
+    }, insns: [:newarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_array_nonempty
+    assert_compiles '[5]', %q{
+      def a = 5
+      def test = [a]
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_array_order
+    assert_compiles '[3, 2, 1]', %q{
+      def a = 3
+      def b = 2
+      def c = 1
+      def test = [a, b, c]
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_array_dup
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def test = [1,2,3]
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aref
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(x) = [1,2,3][x]
+      test(2)
+      test(2)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aref]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aref_negative_index
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(x) = [1,2,3][x]
+      test(-1)
+      test(-1)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aref]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aref_out_of_bounds_positive
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test(x) = [1,2,3][x]
+      test(10)
+      test(10)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aref]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aref_out_of_bounds_negative
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test(x) = [1,2,3][x]
+      test(-10)
+      test(-10)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aref]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aref_array_subclass
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      class MyArray < Array; end
+      def test(arr, idx) = arr[idx]
+      arr = MyArray[1,2,3]
+      test(arr, 2)
+      arr = MyArray[1,2,3]
+      test(arr, 2)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aref]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_aref_non_fixnum_index
+    assert_compiles 'TypeError', %q{
+      def test(arr, idx) = arr[idx]
+      test([1,2,3], 1)
+      test([1,2,3], 1)
+      begin
+        test([1,2,3], "1")
+      rescue => e
+        e.class
+      end
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 7]', %q{
+      def test(arr, idx)
+        arr[idx] = 7
+      end
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr, 2)
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr, 2)
+      arr
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aset]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset_returns_value
+    assert_compiles '7', %q{
+      def test(arr, idx)
+        arr[idx] = 7
+      end
+      test([1,2,3], 2)
+      test([1,2,3], 2)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aset]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset_out_of_bounds
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 3, nil, nil, 7]', %q{
+      def test(arr)
+        arr[5] = 7
+      end
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr)
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr)
+      arr
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset_negative_index
+    assert_compiles '[1, 2, 7]', %q{
+      def test(arr)
+        arr[-1] = 7
+      end
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr)
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr)
+      arr
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset_shared
+    assert_compiles '[10, 999, -1, -2]', %q{
+      def test(arr, idx, val)
+        arr[idx] = val
+      end
+      arr = (0..50).to_a
+      test(arr, 0, -1)
+      test(arr, 1, -2)
+      shared = arr[10, 20]
+      test(shared, 0, 999)
+      [arr[10], shared[0], arr[0], arr[1]]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset_frozen
+    assert_compiles 'FrozenError', %q{
+      def test(arr, idx, val)
+        arr[idx] = val
+      end
+      arr = [1,2,3]
+      test(arr, 1, 9)
+      test(arr, 1, 9)
+      arr.freeze
+      begin
+        test(arr, 1, 9)
+      rescue => e
+        e.class
+      end
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_fixnum_aset_array_subclass
+    assert_compiles '7', %q{
+      class MyArray < Array; end
+      def test(arr, idx)
+        arr[idx] = 7
+      end
+      arr = MyArray.new
+      test(arr, 0)
+      arr = MyArray.new
+      test(arr, 0)
+      arr[0]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_aset]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_aset_non_fixnum_index
+    assert_compiles 'TypeError', %q{
+      def test(arr, idx)
+        arr[idx] = 7
+      end
+      test([1,2,3], 0)
+      test([1,2,3], 0)
+      begin
+        test([1,2,3], "0")
+      rescue => e
+        e.class
+      end
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_array_pop
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test(arr) = arr.pop
+      test([])
+      test([])
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_pop_no_arg
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      def test(arr) = arr.pop
+      test([32, 33, 42])
+      test([32, 33, 42])
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_array_pop_arg
+    assert_compiles '[33, 42]', %q{
+      def test(arr) = arr.pop(2)
+      test([32, 33, 42])
+      test([32, 33, 42])
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_inclusive
+    assert_compiles '1..5', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a..b
+      test(1, 5)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_exclusive
+    assert_compiles '1...5', %q{
+      def test(a, b) = a...b
+      test(1, 5)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_with_literal
+    assert_compiles '3..10', %q{
+      def test(n) = n..10
+      test(3)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_fixnum_both_literals_inclusive
+    assert_compiles '1..2', %q{
+      def test()
+        a = 2
+        (1..a)
+      end
+      test; test
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:newrange]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_fixnum_both_literals_exclusive
+    assert_compiles '1...2', %q{
+      def test()
+        a = 2
+        (1...a)
+      end
+      test; test
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:newrange]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_fixnum_low_literal_inclusive
+    assert_compiles '1..3', %q{
+      def test(a)
+        (1..a)
+      end
+      test(2); test(3)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:newrange]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_fixnum_low_literal_exclusive
+    assert_compiles '1...3', %q{
+      def test(a)
+        (1...a)
+      end
+      test(2); test(3)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:newrange]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_fixnum_high_literal_inclusive
+    assert_compiles '3..10', %q{
+      def test(a)
+        (a..10)
+      end
+      test(2); test(3)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:newrange]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_fixnum_high_literal_exclusive
+    assert_compiles '3...10', %q{
+      def test(a)
+        (a...10)
+      end
+      test(2); test(3)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:newrange]
+  end
+
+  def test_if
+    assert_compiles '[0, nil]', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        if n < 5
+          0
+        end
+      end
+      [test(3), test(7)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_if_else
+    assert_compiles '[0, 1]', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        if n < 5
+          0
+        else
+          1
+        end
+      end
+      [test(3), test(7)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_if_else_params
+    assert_compiles '[1, 20]', %q{
+      def test(n, a, b)
+        if n < 5
+          a
+        else
+          b
+        end
+      end
+      [test(3, 1, 2), test(7, 10, 20)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_if_else_nested
+    assert_compiles '[3, 8, 9, 14]', %q{
+      def test(a, b, c, d, e)
+        if 2 < a
+          if a < 4
+            b
+          else
+            c
+          end
+        else
+          if a < 0
+            d
+          else
+            e
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      [
+        test(-1,  1,  2,  3,  4),
+        test( 0,  5,  6,  7,  8),
+        test( 3,  9, 10, 11, 12),
+        test( 5, 13, 14, 15, 16),
+      ]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_if_else_chained
+    assert_compiles '[12, 11, 21]', %q{
+      def test(a)
+        (if 2 < a then 1 else 2 end) + (if a < 4 then 10 else 20 end)
+      end
+      [test(0), test(3), test(5)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_if_elsif_else
+    assert_compiles '[0, 2, 1]', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        if n < 5
+          0
+        elsif 8 < n
+          1
+        else
+          2
+        end
+      end
+      [test(3), test(7), test(9)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ternary_operator
+    assert_compiles '[1, 20]', %q{
+      def test(n, a, b)
+        n < 5 ? a : b
+      end
+      [test(3, 1, 2), test(7, 10, 20)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ternary_operator_nested
+    assert_compiles '[2, 21]', %q{
+      def test(n, a, b)
+        (n < 5 ? a : b) + 1
+      end
+      [test(3, 1, 2), test(7, 10, 20)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_while_loop
+    assert_compiles '10', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        i = 0
+        while i < n
+          i = i + 1
+        end
+        i
+      end
+      test(10)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_while_loop_chain
+    assert_compiles '[135, 270]', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        i = 0
+        while i < n
+          i = i + 1
+        end
+        while i < n * 10
+          i = i * 3
+        end
+        i
+      end
+      [test(5), test(10)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_while_loop_nested
+    assert_compiles '[0, 4, 12]', %q{
+      def test(n, m)
+        i = 0
+        while i < n
+          j = 0
+          while j < m
+            j += 2
+          end
+          i += j
+        end
+        i
+      end
+      [test(0, 0), test(1, 3), test(10, 5)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_while_loop_if_else
+    assert_compiles '[9, -1]', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        i = 0
+        while i < n
+          if n >= 10
+            return -1
+          else
+            i = i + 1
+          end
+        end
+        i
+      end
+      [test(9), test(10)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_if_while_loop
+    assert_compiles '[9, 12]', %q{
+      def test(n)
+        i = 0
+        if n < 10
+          while i < n
+            i += 1
+          end
+        else
+          while i < n
+            i += 3
+          end
+        end
+        i
+      end
+      [test(9), test(10)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_live_reg_past_ccall
+    assert_compiles '2', %q{
+      def callee = 1
+      def test = callee + callee
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_method_call
+    assert_compiles '12', %q{
+      def callee(a, b)
+        a - b
+      end
+
+      def test
+        callee(4, 2) + 10
+      end
+
+      test # profile test
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_fact
+    assert_compiles '[1, 6, 720]', %q{
+      def fact(n)
+        if n == 0
+          return 1
+        end
+        return n * fact(n-1)
+      end
+      [fact(0), fact(3), fact(6)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_profiled_fact
+    assert_compiles '[1, 6, 720]', %q{
+      def fact(n)
+        if n == 0
+          return 1
+        end
+        return n * fact(n-1)
+      end
+      fact(1) # profile fact
+      [fact(0), fact(3), fact(6)]
+    }, call_threshold: 3, num_profiles: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_fib
+    assert_compiles '[0, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def fib(n)
+        if n < 2
+          return n
+        end
+        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+      end
+      [fib(0), fib(3), fib(4)]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_profiled_fib
+    assert_compiles '[0, 2, 3]', %q{
+      def fib(n)
+        if n < 2
+          return n
+        end
+        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+      end
+      fib(3) # profile fib
+      [fib(0), fib(3), fib(4)]
+    }, call_threshold: 5, num_profiles: 3
+  end
+
+  def test_spilled_basic_block_args
+    assert_compiles '55', %q{
+      def test(n1, n2)
+        n3 = 3
+        n4 = 4
+        n5 = 5
+        n6 = 6
+        n7 = 7
+        n8 = 8
+        n9 = 9
+        n10 = 10
+        if n1 < n2
+          n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 + n6 + n7 + n8 + n9 + n10
+        end
+      end
+      test(1, 2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_spilled_method_args
+    assert_runs '55', %q{
+      def foo(n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10)
+        n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 + n6 + n7 + n8 + n9 + n10
+      end
+
+      def test
+        foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
+      end
+
+      test
+    }
+
+    # TODO(Shopify/ruby#716): Support spills and change to assert_compiles
+    assert_runs '1', %q{
+      def a(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8,n9) = n1+n9
+      a(2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1)
+    }
+
+    # TODO(Shopify/ruby#716): Support spills and change to assert_compiles
+    assert_runs '0', %q{
+      def a(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8) = n8
+      a(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0)
+    }
+
+    # TODO(Shopify/ruby#716): Support spills and change to assert_compiles
+    # self param with spilled param
+    assert_runs '"main"', %q{
+      def a(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8) = self
+      a(1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0).to_s
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_spilled_param_new_arary
+    # TODO(Shopify/ruby#716): Support spills and change to assert_compiles
+    assert_runs '[:ok]', %q{
+      def a(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8) = [n8]
+      a(0,0,0,0,0,0,0, :ok)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_forty_param_method
+    # This used to a trigger a miscomp on A64 due
+    # to a memory displacement larger than 9 bits.
+    # Using assert_runs again due to register spill.
+    # TODO: It should be fixed by register spill support.
+    assert_runs '1', %Q{
+      def foo(#{'_,' * 39} n40) = n40
+
+      foo(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_putself
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      class Integer
+        def minus(a)
+          self - a
+        end
+      end
+      5.minus(2)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getinstancevariable
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test() = @foo
+
+      test()
+    }
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      @foo = 3
+      def test() = @foo
+
+      test()
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getinstancevariable_miss
+    assert_compiles '[1, 1, 4]', %q{
+      class C
+        def foo
+          @foo
+        end
+
+        def foo_then_bar
+          @foo = 1
+          @bar = 2
+        end
+
+        def bar_then_foo
+          @bar = 3
+          @foo = 4
+        end
+      end
+
+      o1 = C.new
+      o1.foo_then_bar
+      result = []
+      result << o1.foo
+      result << o1.foo
+      o2 = C.new
+      o2.bar_then_foo
+      result << o2.foo
+      result
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_setinstancevariable
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      def test() = @foo = 1
+
+      test()
+      @foo
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getclassvariable
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.test = @@x
+      end
+
+      Foo.class_variable_set(:@@x, 42)
+      Foo.test()
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_getclassvariable_raises
+    assert_compiles '"uninitialized class variable @@x in Foo"', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.test = @@x
+      end
+
+      begin
+        Foo.test
+      rescue NameError => e
+        e.message
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_setclassvariable
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.test = @@x = 42
+      end
+
+      Foo.test()
+      Foo.class_variable_get(:@@x)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_setclassvariable_raises
+    assert_compiles '"can\'t modify frozen Class: Foo"', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.test = @@x = 42
+        freeze
+      end
+
+      begin
+        Foo.test
+      rescue FrozenError => e
+        e.message
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_reader
+    assert_compiles '[4, 4]', %q{
+      class C
+        attr_reader :foo
+
+        def initialize
+          @foo = 4
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(c) = c.foo
+      c = C.new
+      [test(c), test(c)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_accessor_getivar
+    assert_compiles '[4, 4]', %q{
+      class C
+        attr_accessor :foo
+
+        def initialize
+          @foo = 4
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(c) = c.foo
+      c = C.new
+      [test(c), test(c)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_accessor_setivar
+    assert_compiles '[5, 5]', %q{
+      class C
+        attr_accessor :foo
+
+        def initialize
+          @foo = 4
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(c)
+        c.foo = 5
+        c.foo
+      end
+
+      c = C.new
+      [test(c), test(c)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_attr_writer
+    assert_compiles '[5, 5]', %q{
+      class C
+        attr_writer :foo
+
+        def initialize
+          @foo = 4
+        end
+
+        def get_foo = @foo
+      end
+
+      def test(c)
+        c.foo = 5
+        c.get_foo
+      end
+      c = C.new
+      [test(c), test(c)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_uncached_getconstant_path
+    assert_compiles RUBY_COPYRIGHT.dump, %q{
+      def test = RUBY_COPYRIGHT
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 1, insns: [:opt_getconstant_path]
+  end
+
+  def test_expandarray_no_splat
+    assert_compiles '[3, 4]', %q{
+      def test(o)
+        a, b = o
+        [a, b]
+      end
+      test [3, 4]
+    }, call_threshold: 1, insns: [:expandarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_expandarray_splat
+    assert_compiles '[3, [4]]', %q{
+      def test(o)
+        a, *b = o
+        [a, b]
+      end
+      test [3, 4]
+    }, call_threshold: 1, insns: [:expandarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_expandarray_splat_post
+    assert_compiles '[3, [4], 5]', %q{
+      def test(o)
+        a, *b, c = o
+        [a, b, c]
+      end
+      test [3, 4, 5]
+    }, call_threshold: 1, insns: [:expandarray]
+  end
+
+  def test_getconstant_path_autoload
+    # A constant-referencing expression can run arbitrary code through Kernel#autoload.
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') do |tmpdir|
+      autoload_path = File.join(tmpdir, 'test_getconstant_path_autoload.rb')
+      File.write(autoload_path, 'X = RUBY_COPYRIGHT')
+
+      assert_compiles RUBY_COPYRIGHT.dump, %Q{
+        Object.autoload(:X, #{File.realpath(autoload_path).inspect})
+        def test = X
+        test
+      }, call_threshold: 1, insns: [:opt_getconstant_path]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_invalidation
+    assert_compiles '123', <<~RUBY, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_getconstant_path]
+      class C; end
+      def test = C
+      test
+      test
+
+      C = 123
+      test
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_constant_path_invalidation
+    assert_compiles '["Foo::C", "Foo::C", "Bar::C"]', <<~RUBY, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_getconstant_path]
+      module A
+        module B; end
+      end
+
+      module Foo
+        C = "Foo::C"
+      end
+
+      module Bar
+        C = "Bar::C"
+      end
+
+      A::B = Foo
+
+      def test = A::B::C
+
+      result = []
+
+      result << test
+      result << test
+
+      A::B = Bar
+
+      result << test
+      result
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_single_ractor_mode_invalidation
+    # Without invalidating the single-ractor mode, the test would crash
+    assert_compiles '"errored but not crashed"', <<~RUBY, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_getconstant_path]
+      C = Object.new
+
+      def test
+        C
+      rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+        "errored but not crashed"
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+
+      Ractor.new {
+        test
+      }.value
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_dupn
+    assert_compiles '[[1], [1, 1], :rhs, [nil, :rhs]]', <<~RUBY, insns: [:dupn]
+      def test(array) = (array[1, 2] ||= :rhs)
+
+      one = [1, 1]
+      start_empty = []
+      [test(one), one, test(start_empty), start_empty]
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def test_send_backtrace
+    backtrace = [
+      "-e:2:in 'Object#jit_frame1'",
+      "-e:3:in 'Object#entry'",
+      "-e:5:in 'block in <main>'",
+      "-e:6:in '<main>'",
+    ]
+    assert_compiles backtrace.inspect, %q{
+      def jit_frame2 = caller     # 1
+      def jit_frame1 = jit_frame2 # 2
+      def entry = jit_frame1      # 3
+      entry # profile send        # 4
+      entry                       # 5
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_bop_invalidation
+    assert_compiles '100', %q{
+      def test
+        eval(<<~RUBY)
+          class Integer
+            def +(_) = 100
+          end
+        RUBY
+        1 + 2
+      end
+      test
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_with_defined_values
+    assert_compiles '["constant", "method", "global-variable"]', %q{
+      class Foo; end
+      def bar; end
+      $ruby = 1
+
+      def test = return defined?(Foo), defined?(bar), defined?($ruby)
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:defined]
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_with_undefined_values
+    assert_compiles '[nil, nil, nil]', %q{
+      def test = return defined?(Foo), defined?(bar), defined?($ruby)
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:defined]
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_with_method_call
+    assert_compiles '["method", nil]', %q{
+      def test = return defined?("x".reverse(1)), defined?("x".reverse(1).reverse)
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:defined]
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_method_raise
+    assert_compiles '[nil, nil, nil]', %q{
+      class C
+        def assert_equal expected, actual
+          if expected != actual
+            raise "NO"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_defined_method
+          assert_equal(nil, defined?("x".reverse(1).reverse))
+        end
+      end
+
+      c = C.new
+      result = []
+      result << c.test_defined_method
+      result << c.test_defined_method
+      result << c.test_defined_method
+      result
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_yield
+    assert_compiles "nil", "defined?(yield)"
+    assert_compiles '[nil, nil, "yield"]', %q{
+      def test = defined?(yield)
+      [test, test, test{}]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:defined]
+  end
+
+  def test_defined_yield_from_block
+    # This will do some EP hopping to find the local EP,
+    # so it's slightly different than doing it outside of a block.
+
+    assert_compiles '[nil, nil, "yield"]', %q{
+      def test
+        yield_self { yield_self { defined?(yield) } }
+      end
+
+      [test, test, test{}]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given_p
+    assert_compiles "false", "block_given?"
+    assert_compiles '[false, false, true]', %q{
+      def test = block_given?
+      [test, test, test{}]
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_block_given_p_from_block
+    # This will do some EP hopping to find the local EP,
+    # so it's slightly different than doing it outside of a block.
+
+    assert_compiles '[false, false, true]', %q{
+      def test
+        yield_self { yield_self { block_given? } }
+      end
+
+      [test, test, test{}]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokeblock_without_block_after_jit_call
+    assert_compiles '"no block given (yield)"', %q{
+      def test(*arr, &b)
+        arr.class
+        yield
+      end
+      begin
+        test
+      rescue => e
+        e.message
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_putspecialobject_vm_core_and_cbase
+    assert_compiles '10', %q{
+      def test
+        alias bar test
+        10
+      end
+
+      test
+      bar
+    }, insns: [:putspecialobject]
+  end
+
+  def test_putspecialobject_const_base
+    assert_compiles '1', %q{
+      Foo = 1
+
+      def test = Foo
+
+      # First call: populates the constant cache
+      test
+      # Second call: triggers ZJIT compilation with warm cache
+      # RubyVM::ZJIT.assert_compiles will panic if this fails to compile
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_branchnil
+    assert_compiles '[2, nil]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        x&.succ
+      end
+      [test(1), test(nil)]
+    }, call_threshold: 1, insns: [:branchnil]
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_nil
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test = nil.nil?
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_non_nil_nil
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test = 1.nil?
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_last_match
+    assert_compiles '"hello"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /hello/
+        $&
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_match_pre
+    assert_compiles '"hello "', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /world/
+        $`
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_match_post
+    assert_compiles '" world"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /hello/
+        $'
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_match_last_group
+    assert_compiles '"world"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /(hello) (world)/
+        $+
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_numbered_match_1
+    assert_compiles '"hello"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /(hello) (world)/
+        $1
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_numbered_match_2
+    assert_compiles '"world"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /(hello) (world)/
+        $2
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_numbered_match_nonexistent
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /(hello)/
+        $2
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_no_match
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /xyz/
+        $&
+      end
+      test("hello world")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_complex_pattern
+    assert_compiles '"123"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /(\d+)/
+        $1
+      end
+      test("abc123def")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  def test_getspecial_multiple_groups
+    assert_compiles '"456"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str =~ /(\d+)-(\d+)/
+        $2
+      end
+      test("123-456")
+    }, insns: [:getspecial]
+  end
+
+  # tool/ruby_vm/views/*.erb relies on the zjit instructions a) being contiguous and
+  # b) being reliably ordered after all the other instructions.
+  def test_instruction_order
+    insn_names = RubyVM::INSTRUCTION_NAMES
+    zjit, others = insn_names.map.with_index.partition { |name, _| name.start_with?('zjit_') }
+    zjit_indexes = zjit.map(&:last)
+    other_indexes = others.map(&:last)
+    zjit_indexes.product(other_indexes).each do |zjit_index, other_index|
+      assert zjit_index > other_index, "'#{insn_names[zjit_index]}' at #{zjit_index} "\
+        "must be defined after '#{insn_names[other_index]}' at #{other_index}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_rubygems
+    assert_runs 'true', %q{
+      require 'rubygems'
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_require_rubygems_with_auto_compact
+    omit("GC.auto_compact= support is required for this test") unless GC.respond_to?(:auto_compact=)
+    assert_runs 'true', %q{
+      GC.auto_compact = true
+      require 'rubygems'
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_stats_availability
+    assert_runs '[true, true]', %q{
+      def test = 1
+      test
+      [
+        RubyVM::ZJIT.stats[:zjit_insn_count] > 0,
+        RubyVM::ZJIT.stats(:zjit_insn_count) > 0,
+      ]
+    }, stats: true
+  end
+
+  def test_stats_consistency
+    assert_runs '[]', %q{
+      def test = 1
+      test # increment some counters
+
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.stats.to_a.filter_map do |key, value|
+        # The value may be incremented, but the class should stay the same
+        other_value = RubyVM::ZJIT.stats(key)
+        if value.class != other_value.class
+          [key, value, other_value]
+        end
+      end
+    }, stats: true
+  end
+
+  def test_reset_stats
+    assert_runs 'true', %q{
+      def test = 1
+      100.times { test }
+
+      # Get initial stats and verify they're non-zero
+      initial_stats = RubyVM::ZJIT.stats
+
+      # Reset the stats
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.reset_stats!
+
+      # Get stats after reset
+      reset_stats = RubyVM::ZJIT.stats
+
+      [
+        # After reset, counters should be zero or at least much smaller
+        # (some instructions might execute between reset and reading stats)
+        :zjit_insn_count.then { |s| initial_stats[s] > 0 && reset_stats[s] < initial_stats[s] },
+        :compiled_iseq_count.then { |s| initial_stats[s] > 0 && reset_stats[s] < initial_stats[s] }
+      ].all?
+    }, stats: true
+  end
+
+  def test_zjit_option_uses_array_each_in_ruby
+    omit 'ZJIT wrongly compiles Array#each, so it is disabled for now'
+    assert_runs '"<internal:array>"', %q{
+      Array.instance_method(:each).source_location&.first
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_profile_under_nested_jit_call
+    assert_compiles '[nil, nil, 3]', %q{
+      def profile
+        1 + 2
+      end
+
+      def jit_call(flag)
+        if flag
+          profile
+        end
+      end
+
+      def entry(flag)
+        jit_call(flag)
+      end
+
+      [entry(false), entry(false), entry(true)]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_bop_redefined
+    assert_runs '[3, :+, 100]', %q{
+      def test
+        1 + 2
+      end
+
+      test # profile opt_plus
+      [test, Integer.class_eval { def +(_) = 100 }, test]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_bop_redefined_with_adjacent_patch_points
+    assert_runs '[15, :+, 100]', %q{
+      def test
+        1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
+      end
+
+      test # profile opt_plus
+      [test, Integer.class_eval { def +(_) = 100 }, test]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  # ZJIT currently only generates a MethodRedefined patch point when the method
+  # is called on the top-level self.
+  def test_method_redefined_with_top_self
+    assert_runs '["original", "redefined"]', %q{
+      def foo
+        "original"
+      end
+
+      def test = foo
+
+      test; test
+
+      result1 = test
+
+      # Redefine the method
+      def foo
+        "redefined"
+      end
+
+      result2 = test
+
+      [result1, result2]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_method_redefined_with_module
+    assert_runs '["original", "redefined"]', %q{
+      module Foo
+        def self.foo = "original"
+      end
+
+      def test = Foo.foo
+      test
+      result1 = test
+
+      def Foo.foo = "redefined"
+      result2 = test
+
+      [result1, result2]
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_module_name_with_guard_passes
+    assert_compiles '"Integer"', %q{
+      def test(mod)
+        mod.name
+      end
+
+      test(String)
+      test(Integer)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_module_name_with_guard_side_exit
+    # This test demonstrates that the guard side exit works correctly
+    # In this case, when we call with a non-Class object, it should fall back to interpreter
+    assert_compiles '["String", "Integer", "Bar"]', %q{
+      class MyClass
+        def name = "Bar"
+      end
+
+      def test(mod)
+        mod.name
+      end
+
+      results = []
+      results << test(String)
+      results << test(Integer)
+      results << test(MyClass.new)
+
+      results
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_calls_to_s_on_non_strings
+    assert_compiles '["foo", "foo"]', %q{
+      results = []
+
+      class Foo
+        def to_s
+          "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+
+      results << test(Foo.new)
+      results << test(Foo.new)
+
+      results
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_rewrite_does_not_call_to_s_on_strings
+    assert_compiles '["foo", "foo"]', %q{
+      results = []
+
+      class String
+        def to_s
+          "bad"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test(foo)
+        "#{foo}"
+      end
+
+      results << test("foo")
+      results << test("foo")
+
+      results
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_rewrite_does_not_call_to_s_on_string_subclasses
+    assert_compiles '["foo", "foo"]', %q{
+      results = []
+
+      class StringSubclass < String
+        def to_s
+          "bad"
+        end
+      end
+
+      foo = StringSubclass.new("foo")
+
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+
+      results << test(foo)
+      results << test(foo)
+
+      results
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_profiled_string_fastpath
+    assert_compiles '"foo"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+      test('foo'); test('foo') # profile as string
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_profiled_string_subclass_fastpath
+    assert_compiles '"foo"', %q{
+      class MyString < String; end
+
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+
+      foo = MyString.new("foo")
+      test(foo); test(foo) # still profiles as string
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_profiled_string_fastpath_exits_on_nonstring
+    assert_compiles '"1"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+
+      test('foo') # profile as string
+      test(1)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_profiled_nonstring_calls_to_s
+    assert_compiles '"[1, 2, 3]"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+
+      test([1,2,3]); # profile as nonstring
+      test([1,2,3]);
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_objtostring_profiled_nonstring_guard_exits_when_string
+    assert_compiles '"foo"', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        "#{str}"
+      end
+
+      test([1,2,3]); # profiles as nonstring
+      test('foo');
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_string_bytesize_with_guard
+    assert_compiles '5', %q{
+      def test(str)
+        str.bytesize
+      end
+
+      test('hello')
+      test('world')
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_string_bytesize_multibyte
+    assert_compiles '4', %q{
+      def test(s)
+        s.bytesize
+      end
+
+      test("💎")
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_value_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(nil)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_value_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(nil)
+      test(nil)
+      test(1)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_true_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(true)
+      test(true)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_true_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(true)
+      test(true)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_false_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(false)
+      test(false)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_false_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(false)
+      test(false)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(1)
+      test(2)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_integer_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(1)
+      test(2)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_float_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(1.0)
+      test(2.0)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_float_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(1.0)
+      test(2.0)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(:foo)
+      test(:bar)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(:foo)
+      test(:bar)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_class_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(String)
+      test(Integer)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_class_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(String)
+      test(Integer)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_module_nil_opt_with_guard
+    assert_compiles 'false', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(Enumerable)
+      test(Kernel)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_module_nil_opt_with_guard_side_exit
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def test(val) = val.nil?
+
+      test(Enumerable)
+      test(Kernel)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_nil_p]
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_object_guard_works_with_immediate
+    assert_compiles 'NilClass', %q{
+      class Foo; end
+
+      def test(val) = val.class
+
+      test(Foo.new)
+      test(Foo.new)
+      test(nil)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_object_guard_works_with_false
+    assert_compiles 'FalseClass', %q{
+      class Foo; end
+
+      def test(val) = val.class
+
+      test(Foo.new)
+      test(Foo.new)
+      test(false)
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_string_concat
+    assert_compiles '"123"', %q{
+      def test = "#{1}#{2}#{3}"
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:concatstrings]
+  end
+
+  def test_string_concat_empty
+    assert_compiles '""', %q{
+      def test = "#{}"
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:concatstrings]
+  end
+
+  def test_regexp_interpolation
+    assert_compiles '/123/', %q{
+      def test = /#{1}#{2}#{3}/
+
+      test
+    }, insns: [:toregexp]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_range_non_leaf
+    assert_compiles '(0/1)..1', %q{
+      def jit_entry(v) = make_range_then_exit(v)
+
+      def make_range_then_exit(v)
+        range = (v..1)
+        super rescue range # TODO(alan): replace super with side-exit intrinsic
+      end
+
+      jit_entry(0)    # profile
+      jit_entry(0)    # compile
+      jit_entry(0/1r) # run without stub
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_in_second_argument
+    assert_compiles '{ok: true}', %q{
+      def write(hash, key)
+        hash[key] = raise rescue true
+        hash
+      end
+
+      write({}, :ok)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_attr_reader_optimization_with_multi_ractor_mode
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class Foo
+        class << self
+          attr_accessor :bar
+
+          def get_bar
+            bar
+          rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+            42
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.bar = [] # needs to be a ractor unshareable object
+
+      def test
+        Foo.get_bar
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+
+      Ractor.new { test }.value
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_get_with_multi_ractor_mode
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.set_bar
+          @bar = [] # needs to be a ractor unshareable object
+        end
+
+        def self.bar
+          @bar
+        rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+          42
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.set_bar
+
+      def test
+        Foo.bar
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+
+      Ractor.new { test }.value
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_get_with_already_multi_ractor_mode
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.set_bar
+          @bar = [] # needs to be a ractor unshareable object
+        end
+
+        def self.bar
+          @bar
+        rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+          42
+        end
+      end
+
+      Foo.set_bar
+      r = Ractor.new {
+        Ractor.receive
+        Foo.bar
+      }
+
+      Foo.bar
+      Foo.bar
+
+      r << :go
+      r.value
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_ivar_set_with_multi_ractor_mode
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      class Foo
+        def self.bar
+          _foo = 1
+          _bar = 2
+          begin
+            @bar = _foo + _bar
+          rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+            42
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test
+        Foo.bar
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+
+      Ractor.new { test }.value
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_set
+    assert_compiles '[42, 42, :frozen_error]', %q{
+      C = Struct.new(:foo).new(1)
+
+      def test
+        C.foo = Object.new
+        42
+      end
+
+      r = [test, test]
+      C.freeze
+      r << begin
+        test
+      rescue FrozenError
+        :frozen_error
+      end
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_global_tracepoint
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def foo = 1
+
+      foo
+      foo
+
+      called = false
+
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:return) { |event|
+        if event.method_id == :foo
+          called = true
+        end
+      }
+      tp.enable do
+        foo
+      end
+      called
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_local_tracepoint
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      def foo = 1
+
+      foo
+      foo
+
+      called = false
+
+      tp = TracePoint.new(:return) { |_| called = true }
+      tp.enable(target: method(:foo)) do
+        foo
+      end
+      called
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_line_tracepoint_on_c_method
+    assert_compiles '"[[:line, true]]"', %q{
+      events = []
+      events.instance_variable_set(
+        :@tp,
+        TracePoint.new(:line) { |tp| events << [tp.event, tp.lineno] if tp.path == __FILE__ }
+      )
+      def events.to_str
+        @tp.enable; ''
+      end
+
+      # Stay in generated code while enabling tracing
+      def events.compiled(obj)
+        String(obj)
+        @tp.disable; __LINE__
+      end
+
+      line = events.compiled(events)
+      events[0][-1] = (events[0][-1] == line)
+
+      events.to_s # can't dump events as it's a singleton object AND it has a TracePoint instance variable, which also can't be dumped
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_targeted_line_tracepoint_in_c_method_call
+    assert_compiles '"[true]"', %q{
+      events = []
+      events.instance_variable_set(:@tp, TracePoint.new(:line) { |tp| events << tp.lineno })
+      def events.to_str
+        @tp.enable(target: method(:compiled))
+        ''
+      end
+
+      # Stay in generated code while enabling tracing
+      def events.compiled(obj)
+        String(obj)
+        __LINE__
+      end
+
+      line = events.compiled(events)
+      events[0] = (events[0] == line)
+
+      events.to_s # can't dump events as it's a singleton object AND it has a TracePoint instance variable, which also can't be dumped
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_opt_case_dispatch
+    assert_compiles '[true, false]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        case x
+        when :foo
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      results = []
+      results << test(:foo)
+      results << test(1)
+      results
+    }, insns: [:opt_case_dispatch]
+  end
+
+  def test_stack_overflow
+    assert_compiles 'nil', %q{
+      def recurse(n)
+        return if n == 0
+        recurse(n-1)
+        nil # no tail call
+      end
+
+      recurse(2)
+      recurse(2)
+      begin
+        recurse(20_000)
+      rescue SystemStackError
+        # Not asserting an exception is raised here since main
+        # thread stack size is environment-sensitive. Only
+        # that we don't crash or infinite loop.
+      end
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_invokeblock
+    assert_compiles '42', %q{
+      def test
+        yield
+      end
+      test { 42 }
+    }, insns: [:invokeblock]
+  end
+
+  def test_invokeblock_with_args
+    assert_compiles '3', %q{
+      def test(x, y)
+        yield x, y
+      end
+      test(1, 2) { |a, b| a + b }
+    }, insns: [:invokeblock]
+  end
+
+  def test_invokeblock_no_block_given
+    assert_compiles ':error', %q{
+      def test
+        yield rescue :error
+      end
+      test
+    }, insns: [:invokeblock]
+  end
+
+  def test_invokeblock_multiple_yields
+    assert_compiles "[1, 2, 3]", %q{
+      results = []
+      def test
+        yield 1
+        yield 2
+        yield 3
+      end
+      test { |x| results << x }
+      results
+    }, insns: [:invokeblock]
+  end
+
+  def test_ccall_variadic_with_multiple_args
+    assert_compiles "[1, 2, 3]", %q{
+      def test
+        a = []
+        a.push(1, 2, 3)
+        a
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_ccall_variadic_with_no_args
+    assert_compiles "[1]", %q{
+      def test
+        a = [1]
+        a.push
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_ccall_variadic_with_no_args_causing_argument_error
+    assert_compiles ":error", %q{
+      def test
+        format
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        :error
+      end
+
+      test
+      test
+    }, insns: [:opt_send_without_block]
+  end
+
+  def test_allocating_in_hir_c_method_is
+    assert_compiles ":k", %q{
+      # Put opt_new in a frame JIT code sets up that doesn't set cfp->pc
+      def a(f) = test(f)
+      def test(f) = (f.new if f)
+      # A parallel couple methods that will set PC at the same stack height
+      def second = third
+      def third = nil
+
+      a(nil)
+      a(nil)
+
+      class Foo
+        def self.new = :k
+      end
+
+      second
+
+      a(Foo)
+    }, call_threshold: 2, insns: [:opt_new]
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_invalidation_annotated_ccall
+    assert_compiles '[false, true]', %q{
+      def define_singleton(obj, define)
+        if define
+          # Wrap in C method frame to avoid exiting JIT on defineclass
+          [nil].reverse_each do
+            class << obj
+              def ==(_)
+                true
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        false
+      end
+
+      def test(define)
+        obj = BasicObject.new
+        # This == call gets compiled to a CCall
+        obj == define_singleton(obj, define)
+      end
+
+      result = []
+      result << test(false)  # Compiles BasicObject#==
+      result << test(true)   # Should use singleton#== now
+      result
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_class_invalidation_optimized_variadic_ccall
+    assert_compiles '[1, 1000]', %q{
+      def define_singleton(arr, define)
+        if define
+          # Wrap in C method frame to avoid exiting JIT on defineclass
+          [nil].reverse_each do
+            class << arr
+              def push(x)
+                super(x * 1000)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        1
+      end
+
+      def test(define)
+        arr = []
+        val = define_singleton(arr, define)
+        arr.push(val)  # This CCall should be invalidated if singleton was defined
+        arr[0]
+      end
+
+      result = []
+      result << test(false)  # Compiles Array#push as CCall
+      result << test(true)   # Singleton defined, CCall should be invalidated
+      result
+    }, call_threshold: 2
+  end
+
+  def test_regression_cfp_sp_set_correctly_before_leaf_gc_call
+    assert_compiles ':ok', %q{
+      def check(l, r)
+        return 1 unless l
+        1 + check(*l) + check(*r)
+      end
+
+      def tree(depth)
+        # This duparray is our leaf-gc target.
+        return [nil, nil] unless depth > 0
+
+        # Modify the local and pass it to the following calls.
+        depth -= 1
+        [tree(depth), tree(depth)]
+      end
+
+      def test
+        GC.stress = true
+        2.times do
+          t = tree(11)
+          check(*t)
+        end
+        :ok
+      end
+
+      test
+    }, call_threshold: 14, num_profiles: 5
+  end
+
+  def test_is_a_string_special_case
+    assert_compiles '[true, false, false, false, false, false]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        x.is_a?(String)
+      end
+      test("foo")
+      [test("bar"), test(1), test(false), test(:foo), test([]), test({})]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_is_a_array_special_case
+    assert_compiles '[true, true, false, false, false, false, false]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        x.is_a?(Array)
+      end
+      test([])
+      [test([1,2,3]), test([]), test(1), test(false), test(:foo), test("foo"), test({})]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_is_a_hash_special_case
+    assert_compiles '[true, true, false, false, false, false, false]', %q{
+      def test(x)
+        x.is_a?(Hash)
+      end
+      test({})
+      [test({:a => "b"}), test({}), test(1), test(false), test(:foo), test([]), test("foo")]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_is_a_hash_subclass
+    assert_compiles 'true', %q{
+      class MyHash < Hash
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        x.is_a?(Hash)
+      end
+      test({})
+      test(MyHash.new)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_is_a_normal_case
+    assert_compiles '[true, false]', %q{
+      class MyClass
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        x.is_a?(MyClass)
+      end
+      test("a")
+      [test(MyClass.new), test("a")]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_exit_tracing
+    # This is a very basic smoke test. The StackProf format
+    # this option generates is external to us.
+    Dir.mktmpdir("zjit_test_exit_tracing") do |tmp_dir|
+      assert_compiles('true', <<~RUBY, extra_args: ['-C', tmp_dir, '--zjit-trace-exits'])
+        def test(object) = object.itself
+
+        # induce an exit just for good measure
+        array = []
+        test(array)
+        test(array)
+        def array.itself = :not_itself
+        test(array)
+
+        RubyVM::ZJIT.exit_locations.is_a?(Hash)
+      RUBY
+      dump_files = Dir.glob('zjit_exits_*.dump', base: tmp_dir)
+      assert_equal(1, dump_files.length)
+      refute(File.empty?(File.join(tmp_dir, dump_files.first)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Assert that every method call in `test_script` can be compiled by ZJIT
+  # at a given call_threshold
+  def assert_compiles(expected, test_script, insns: [], **opts)
+    assert_runs(expected, test_script, insns:, assert_compiles: true, **opts)
+  end
+
+  # Assert that `test_script` runs successfully with ZJIT enabled.
+  # Unlike `assert_compiles`, `assert_runs(assert_compiles: false)`
+  # allows ZJIT to skip compiling methods.
+  def assert_runs(expected, test_script, insns: [], assert_compiles: false, **opts)
+    pipe_fd = 3
+    disasm_method = :test
+
+    script = <<~RUBY
+      ret_val = (_test_proc = -> { #{('RubyVM::ZJIT.assert_compiles; ' if assert_compiles)}#{test_script.lstrip} }).call
+      result = {
+        ret_val:,
+        #{ unless insns.empty?
+           "insns: RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(#{disasm_method.inspect})).to_a"
+        end}
+      }
+      IO.open(#{pipe_fd}).write(Marshal.dump(result))
+    RUBY
+
+    out, err, status, result = eval_with_jit(script, pipe_fd:, **opts)
+    assert_success(out, err, status)
+
+    result = Marshal.load(result)
+    assert_equal(expected, result.fetch(:ret_val).inspect)
+
+    unless insns.empty?
+      iseq = result.fetch(:insns)
+      assert_equal(
+        "YARVInstructionSequence/SimpleDataFormat",
+        iseq.first,
+        "Failed to get ISEQ disassembly. " \
+        "Make sure to put code directly under the '#{disasm_method}' method."
+      )
+      iseq_insns = iseq.last
+
+      expected_insns = Set.new(insns)
+      iseq_insns.each do
+        next unless it.is_a?(Array)
+        expected_insns.delete(it.first)
+      end
+      assert(expected_insns.empty?, -> { "Not present in ISeq: #{expected_insns.to_a}" })
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Run a Ruby process with ZJIT options and a pipe for writing test results
+  def eval_with_jit(
+    script,
+    call_threshold: 1,
+    num_profiles: 1,
+    zjit: true,
+    stats: false,
+    debug: true,
+    allowed_iseqs: nil,
+    extra_args: nil,
+    timeout: 1000,
+    pipe_fd: nil
+  )
+    args = ["--disable-gems", *extra_args]
+    if zjit
+      args << "--zjit-call-threshold=#{call_threshold}"
+      args << "--zjit-num-profiles=#{num_profiles}"
+      case stats
+      when true
+        args << "--zjit-stats"
+      when :quiet
+        args << "--zjit-stats-quiet"
+      else
+        args << "--zjit-stats=#{stats}" if stats
+      end
+      args << "--zjit-debug" if debug
+      if allowed_iseqs
+        jitlist = Tempfile.new("jitlist")
+        jitlist.write(allowed_iseqs)
+        jitlist.close
+        args << "--zjit-allowed-iseqs=#{jitlist.path}"
+      end
+    end
+    args << "-e" << script_shell_encode(script)
+    ios = {}
+    if pipe_fd
+      pipe_r, pipe_w = IO.pipe
+      # Separate thread so we don't deadlock when
+      # the child ruby blocks writing the output to pipe_fd
+      pipe_out = nil
+      pipe_reader = Thread.new do
+        pipe_out = pipe_r.read
+        pipe_r.close
+      end
+      ios[pipe_fd] = pipe_w
+    end
+    result = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(args, '', true, true, rubybin: RbConfig.ruby, timeout: timeout, ios:)
+    if pipe_fd
+      pipe_w.close
+      pipe_reader.join(timeout)
+      result << pipe_out
+    end
+    result
+  ensure
+    pipe_reader&.kill
+    pipe_reader&.join(timeout)
+    pipe_r&.close
+    pipe_w&.close
+    jitlist&.unlink
+  end
+
+  def assert_success(out, err, status)
+    message = "exited with status #{status.to_i}"
+    message << "\nstdout:\n```\n#{out}```\n" unless out.empty?
+    message << "\nstderr:\n```\n#{err}```\n" unless err.empty?
+    assert status.success?, message
+  end
+
+  def script_shell_encode(s)
+    # We can't pass utf-8-encoded characters directly in a shell arg. But we can use Ruby \u constants.
+    s.chars.map { |c| c.ascii_only? ? c : "\\u%x" % c.codepoints[0] }.join
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/ruby/ut_eof.rb b/test/ruby/ut_eof.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcd7a63988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/ruby/ut_eof.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'test/unit'
+
+module TestEOF
+  def test_eof_0
+    open_file("") {|f|
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+    }
+    open_file("") {|f|
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+    }
+    open_file("") {|f|
+      s = "x"
+      assert_equal("", f.read(nil, s))
+      assert_equal("", s)
+    }
+    open_file("") {|f|
+      s = "x"
+      assert_nil(f.read(10, s))
+      assert_equal("", s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eof_0_rw
+    return unless respond_to? :open_file_rw
+    open_file_rw("") {|f|
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_equal(0, f.syswrite(""))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eof_1
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("a", f.read(1))
+      assert_equal("" , f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("" , f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      assert_equal("a", f.read(1))
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      assert_equal("a", f.read(2))
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      assert_equal("a", f.read)
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_nil(f.read(1))
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      assert_equal("a", f.read(2))
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      assert_equal("a", f.read)
+      assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      s = "x"
+      assert_equal("a", f.read(nil, s))
+      assert_equal("a", s)
+    }
+    open_file("a") {|f|
+      s = "x"
+      assert_equal("a", f.read(10, s))
+      assert_equal("a", s)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eof_2
+    open_file("") {|f|
+      assert_equal("", f.read)
+      assert_predicate(f, :eof?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_eof_3
+    open_file("") {|f|
+      assert_predicate(f, :eof?)
+    }
+  end
+
+  module Seek
+    def open_file_seek(content, pos)
+      open_file(content) do |f|
+        f.seek(pos)
+        yield f
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_eof_0_seek
+      open_file_seek("", 10) {|f|
+        assert_equal(10, f.pos)
+        assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+        assert_equal("", f.read)
+        assert_equal("", f.read(0))
+        assert_equal("", f.read)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_eof_1_seek
+      open_file_seek("a", 10) {|f|
+        assert_equal("", f.read)
+        assert_equal("", f.read)
+      }
+      open_file_seek("a", 1) {|f|
+        assert_equal("", f.read)
+        assert_equal("", f.read)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+end