21 files changed, 430 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/body_permitted_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/body_permitted_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68965de4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/body_permitted_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse.body_permitted?" do
+  it "returns true if this response type can have a response body" do
+    Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.should.body_permitted?
+    Net::HTTPInformation.should_not.body_permitted?
+    Net::HTTPSuccess.should.body_permitted?
+    Net::HTTPRedirection.should.body_permitted?
+    Net::HTTPClientError.should.body_permitted?
+    Net::HTTPServerError.should.body_permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/body_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/body_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddfcd834c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/body_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+require_relative 'shared/body'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#body" do
+  it_behaves_like :net_httpresponse_body, :body
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/code_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/code_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..699062ad97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/code_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#code" do
+  it "returns the result code string" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.code.should == "???"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPInformation.new("1.0", "1xx", "test response")
+    res.code.should == "1xx"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.0", "2xx", "test response")
+    res.code.should == "2xx"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPRedirection.new("1.0", "3xx", "test response")
+    res.code.should == "3xx"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPClientError.new("1.0", "4xx", "test response")
+    res.code.should == "4xx"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPServerError.new("1.0", "5xx", "test response")
+    res.code.should == "5xx"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/code_type_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/code_type_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..beb661cbbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/code_type_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#code_type" do
+  it "returns self's class" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.code_type.should == Net::HTTPUnknownResponse
+
+    res = Net::HTTPInformation.new("1.0", "1xx", "test response")
+    res.code_type.should == Net::HTTPInformation
+
+    res = Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.0", "2xx", "test response")
+    res.code_type.should == Net::HTTPSuccess
+
+    res = Net::HTTPRedirection.new("1.0", "3xx", "test response")
+    res.code_type.should == Net::HTTPRedirection
+
+    res = Net::HTTPClientError.new("1.0", "4xx", "test response")
+    res.code_type.should == Net::HTTPClientError
+
+    res = Net::HTTPServerError.new("1.0", "5xx", "test response")
+    res.code_type.should == Net::HTTPServerError
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/entity_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/entity_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca8c4b29c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/entity_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+require_relative 'shared/body'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#entity" do
+  it_behaves_like :net_httpresponse_body, :entity
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/error_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/error_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e194df95af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/error_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#error!" do
+  it "raises self's class 'EXCEPTION_TYPE' Exception" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    -> { res.error! }.should.raise(Net::HTTPError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPInformation.new("1.0", "1xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.error! }.should.raise(Net::HTTPError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.0", "2xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.error! }.should.raise(Net::HTTPError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPRedirection.new("1.0", "3xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.error! }.should.raise(Net::HTTPRetriableError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPClientError.new("1.0", "4xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.error! }.should.raise(Net::HTTPClientException)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPServerError.new("1.0", "5xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.error! }.should.raise(Net::HTTPFatalError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/error_type_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/error_type_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3969621a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/error_type_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#error_type" do
+  it "returns self's class 'EXCEPTION_TYPE' constant" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.error_type.should == Net::HTTPError
+
+    res = Net::HTTPInformation.new("1.0", "1xx", "test response")
+    res.error_type.should == Net::HTTPError
+
+    res = Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.0", "2xx", "test response")
+    res.error_type.should == Net::HTTPError
+
+    res = Net::HTTPRedirection.new("1.0", "3xx", "test response")
+    res.error_type.should == Net::HTTPRetriableError
+
+    res = Net::HTTPClientError.new("1.0", "4xx", "test response")
+    res.error_type.should == Net::HTTPClientException
+
+    res = Net::HTTPServerError.new("1.0", "5xx", "test response")
+    res.error_type.should == Net::HTTPFatalError
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/exception_type_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/exception_type_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd2761a744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/exception_type_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse.exception_type" do
+  it "returns self's 'EXCEPTION_TYPE' constant" do
+    Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.exception_type.should == Net::HTTPError
+    Net::HTTPInformation.exception_type.should == Net::HTTPError
+    Net::HTTPSuccess.exception_type.should == Net::HTTPError
+    Net::HTTPRedirection.exception_type.should == Net::HTTPRetriableError
+    Net::HTTPClientError.exception_type.should == Net::HTTPClientException
+    Net::HTTPServerError.exception_type.should == Net::HTTPFatalError
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/header_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/header_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ddadfb8e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/header_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#header" do
+  it "returns self" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.response.should.equal?(res)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/http_version_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/http_version_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3e413a360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/http_version_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#http_version" do
+  it "returns self's http version" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.http_version.should == "1.0"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.1", "???", "test response")
+    res.http_version.should == "1.1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/initialize_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/initialize_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..673c11a245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/initialize_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#initialize when passed http_version, response_code, response_message" do
+  it "sets self http_version, response_code and response_message to the passed values" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.http_version.should == "1.0"
+    res.code.should == "???"
+    res.message.should == "test response"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/inspect_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/inspect_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43071ec8cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/inspect_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+require "stringio"
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#inspect" do
+  it "returns a String representation of self" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.inspect.should == "#<Net::HTTPUnknownResponse ??? test response readbody=false>"
+
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    socket = Net::BufferedIO.new(StringIO.new("test body"))
+    res.reading_body(socket, true) {}
+    res.inspect.should == "#<Net::HTTPUnknownResponse ??? test response readbody=true>"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/message_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/message_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ba73bb449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/message_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#message" do
+  it "returns self's response message" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.message.should == "test response"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/msg_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/msg_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04f5836d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/msg_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#msg" do
+  it "returns self's response message" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.message.should == "test response"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_body_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_body_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8b2418624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_body_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+require 'stringio'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#read_body" do
+  before :each do
+    @res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    @socket = Net::BufferedIO.new(StringIO.new("test body"))
+  end
+
+  describe "when passed no arguments" do
+    it "returns the read body" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        @res.read_body.should == "test body"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "returns the previously read body if called a second time" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        @res.read_body.should.equal?(@res.read_body)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when passed a buffer" do
+    it "reads the body to the passed buffer" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        buffer = +""
+        @res.read_body(buffer)
+        buffer.should == "test body"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "returns the passed buffer" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        buffer = +""
+        @res.read_body(buffer).should.equal?(buffer)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "raises an IOError if called a second time" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        @res.read_body(+"")
+        -> { @res.read_body(+"") }.should.raise(IOError)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when passed a block" do
+    it "reads the body and yields it to the passed block (in chunks)" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        yielded = false
+
+        buffer = +""
+        @res.read_body do |body|
+          yielded = true
+          buffer << body
+        end
+
+        yielded.should == true
+        buffer.should == "test body"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "returns the ReadAdapter" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        @res.read_body { nil }.should.is_a?(Net::ReadAdapter)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "raises an IOError if called a second time" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        @res.read_body {}
+        -> { @res.read_body {} }.should.raise(IOError)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when passed buffer and block" do
+    it "raises an ArgumentError" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        -> { @res.read_body(+"") {} }.should.raise(ArgumentError)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_header_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_header_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70ce988502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_header_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#read_header" do
+  it "returns self" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.response.should.equal?(res)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_new_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_new_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3795e29d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/read_new_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+require 'stringio'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse.read_new" do
+  it "creates a HTTPResponse object based on the response read from the passed socket" do
+    socket = Net::BufferedIO.new(StringIO.new(<<EOS))
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+
+test-body
+EOS
+    response = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(socket)
+
+    response.should.is_a?(Net::HTTPOK)
+    response.code.should == "200"
+    response["Content-Type"].should == "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+
+    response.reading_body(socket, true) do
+      response.body.should == "test-body\n"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/reading_body_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/reading_body_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3671d6eb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/reading_body_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+require "stringio"
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#reading_body" do
+  before :each do
+    @res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    @socket = Net::BufferedIO.new(StringIO.new("test body"))
+  end
+
+  describe "when body_allowed is true" do
+    it "reads and returns the response body for self from the passed socket" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) {}.should == "test body"
+      @res.body.should == "test body"
+    end
+
+    it "yields the passed block before reading the body" do
+      yielded = false
+
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+        @res.inspect.should == "#<Net::HTTPUnknownResponse ??? test response readbody=false>"
+        yielded = true
+      end
+
+      yielded.should == true
+    end
+
+    describe "but the response type is not allowed to have a body" do
+      before :each do
+        @res = Net::HTTPInformation.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+      end
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        @res.reading_body(@socket, false) {}.should == nil
+        @res.body.should == nil
+      end
+
+      it "yields the passed block" do
+        yielded = false
+        @res.reading_body(@socket, true) { yielded = true }
+        yielded.should == true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when body_allowed is false" do
+    it "returns nil" do
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, false) {}.should == nil
+      @res.body.should == nil
+    end
+
+    it "yields the passed block" do
+      yielded = false
+      @res.reading_body(@socket, true) { yielded = true }
+      yielded.should == true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/response_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/response_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..440c33c168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/response_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#response" do
+  it "returns self" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    res.response.should.equal?(res)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/shared/body.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/shared/body.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..368774fb52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/shared/body.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'stringio'
+
+describe :net_httpresponse_body, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    @socket = Net::BufferedIO.new(StringIO.new("test body"))
+  end
+
+  it "returns the read body" do
+    @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+      @res.send(@method).should == "test body"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns the previously read body if called a second time" do
+    @res.reading_body(@socket, true) do
+      @res.send(@method).should.equal?(@res.send(@method))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/value_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/value_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e32d37500a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/library/net-http/httpresponse/value_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../../spec_helper'
+require 'net/http'
+
+describe "Net::HTTPResponse#value" do
+  it "raises an HTTP error for non 2xx HTTP Responses" do
+    res = Net::HTTPUnknownResponse.new("1.0", "???", "test response")
+    -> { res.value }.should.raise(Net::HTTPError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPInformation.new("1.0", "1xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.value }.should.raise(Net::HTTPError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.0", "2xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.value }.should_not.raise(Net::HTTPError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPRedirection.new("1.0", "3xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.value }.should.raise(Net::HTTPRetriableError)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPClientError.new("1.0", "4xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.value }.should.raise(Net::HTTPClientException)
+
+    res = Net::HTTPServerError.new("1.0", "5xx", "test response")
+    -> { res.value }.should.raise(Net::HTTPFatalError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/.document b/.document
index 0665d415b9..753d6f9892 100644
--- a/.document
+++ b/.document
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@ array.rb
 ast.rb
 dir.rb
 gc.rb
+hash.rb
 io.rb
 kernel.rb
 marshal.rb
-rjit.rb
 numeric.rb
 nilclass.rb
 pack.rb
+pathname_builtin.rb
 ractor.rb
 string.rb
 symbol.rb
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ thread_sync.rb
 trace_point.rb
 warning.rb
 yjit.rb
+zjit.rb
 
 # Errno::*
 known_errors.inc
@@ -40,6 +42,9 @@ lib
 # and some of the ext/ directory (which has its own .document file)
 ext
 
+# For `prism`, ruby code is in lib and c in the prism folder
+prism
+
 # rdoc files
 NEWS.md
 
diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
index 7dd3336e28..4457f6f12b 100644
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -1,23 +1,7 @@
-set startup-with-shell off
-
-define hook-run
-  set $color_type = 0
-  set $color_highlite = 0
-  set $color_end = 0
-end
-
 define ruby_gdb_init
-  if !$color_type
-    set $color_type = "\033[31m"
-  end
-  if !$color_highlite
-    set $color_highlite = "\033[36m"
-  end
-  if !$color_end
-    set $color_end = "\033[m"
-  end
-  if ruby_dummy_gdb_enums.special_consts
-  end
+  init-if-undefined $color_type = "\033[31m"
+  init-if-undefined $color_highlite = "\033[36m"
+  init-if-undefined $color_end = "\033[m"
 end
 
 # set prompt \033[36m(gdb)\033[m\040
@@ -67,7 +51,7 @@ define rp
     printf "%sT_OBJECT%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
     print ((struct RObject *)($arg0))->basic
     if ($flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)
-      print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ (rb_shape_get_shape($arg0)->capacity)
+      print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ (RSHAPE_CAPACITY(rb_obj_shape_id($arg0)))
     else
       print (((struct RObject *)($arg0))->as.heap)
       if (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv) > 0
@@ -99,13 +83,11 @@ define rp
     set $regsrc = ((struct RRegexp*)($arg0))->src
     set $rsflags = ((struct RBasic*)$regsrc)->flags
     printf "%sT_REGEXP%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
-    set $len = ($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
-            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.len : \
-            (($rsflags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+    set $len = ((struct RString*)($arg0))->len
     set print address off
     output *(char *)(($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
             ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.ptr : \
-            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.ary) @ $len
+            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.embed.ary) @ $len
     set print address on
     printf " len:%ld ", $len
     if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER6
@@ -157,13 +139,15 @@ define rp
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_HASH
     printf "%sT_HASH%s: ", $color_type, $color_end,
     if (((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)
-      printf "st len=%ld ", ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->as.st->num_entries
+      set $st = (struct st_table *)((uintptr_t)($arg0) + sizeof(struct RHash))
+      printf "st len=%ld ", $st->num_entries
+      print $st
     else
       printf "li len=%ld bound=%ld ", \
         ((((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK) >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SHIFT), \
         ((((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK) >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT)
+	print (struct ar_table_struct *)((uintptr_t)($arg0) + sizeof(struct RHash))
     end
-    print (struct RHash *)($arg0)
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_STRUCT
     set $len = (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
@@ -201,12 +185,14 @@ define rp
     print (struct RBasic *)($arg0)
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_DATA
-    if ((struct RTypedData *)($arg0))->typed_flag == 1
-      printf "%sT_DATA%s(%s): ", $color_type, $color_end, ((struct RTypedData *)($arg0))->type->wrap_struct_name
-      print (struct RTypedData *)($arg0)
+    set $data = (struct RTypedData *)($arg0)
+    set $type = (const rb_data_type_t *)($data->type & ~1)
+    printf "%sT_DATA%s(%s): ", $color_type, $color_end, $type->wrap_struct_name
+    print *$type
+    if ($data->type & 1)
+      print (void *)&$data->data
     else
-      printf "%sT_DATA%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
-      print (struct RData *)($arg0)
+      print $data
     end
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_MATCH
@@ -440,13 +426,11 @@ end
 
 define output_string
   set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
-  set $len = ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
-          ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.len : \
-          (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+  set $len = ((struct RString*)($arg0))->len
   if $len > 0
     output *(char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
             ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
-            ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+            ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.embed.ary) @ $len
   else
     output ""
   end
@@ -454,13 +438,11 @@ end
 
 define print_string
   set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
-  set $len = ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
-          ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.len : \
-          (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+  set $len = ((struct RString*)($arg0))->len
   if $len > 0
     printf "%s", *(char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
             ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
-            ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+            ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.embed.ary) @ $len
   end
 end
 
@@ -543,14 +525,14 @@ document rp_bignum
 end
 
 define rp_class
+  set $class_and_classext = (struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t *)($arg0)
   printf "(struct RClass *) %p", (void*)$arg0
-  if RCLASS_ORIGIN((struct RClass *)($arg0)) != $arg0
-    printf " -> %p", RCLASS_ORIGIN((struct RClass *)($arg0))
+  if $class_and_classext->classext->origin_ != (VALUE)$arg0
+    printf " -> %p", $class_and_classext->classext->origin_
   end
   printf "\n"
   rb_classname $arg0
-  print/x *(struct RClass *)($arg0)
-  print *RCLASS_EXT((struct RClass *)($arg0))
+  print/x *$class_and_classext
 end
 document rp_class
   Print the content of a Class/Module.
@@ -916,10 +898,10 @@ document rb_method_entry
 end
 
 define rb_classname
-  # up to 128bit int
-  set $rb_classname = rb_mod_name($arg0)
-  if $rb_classname != RUBY_Qnil
-    rp $rb_classname
+  set $rb_classname = ((struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t*)$arg0)->classext->classpath
+  if $rb_classname != RUBY_Qfalse
+    print_string $rb_classname
+    printf "\n"
   else
     echo anonymous class/module\n
   end
@@ -992,7 +974,7 @@ end
 
 define print_lineno
   set $cfp = $arg0
-  set $iseq = $cfp->iseq
+  set $iseq = rb_get_cfp_iseq($cfp)
   set $pos = $cfp->pc - $iseq->body->iseq_encoded
   if $pos != 0
     set $pos = $pos - 1
@@ -1073,7 +1055,7 @@ define print_id
   else
     set $serial = (rb_id_serial_t)$id
   end
-  if $serial && $serial <= ruby_global_symbols.last_id
+  if $serial && $serial < ruby_global_symbols.next_id
     set $idx = $serial / ID_ENTRY_UNIT
     set $ids = (struct RArray *)ruby_global_symbols.ids
     set $flags = $ids->basic.flags
@@ -1096,7 +1078,7 @@ define print_id
           set $aryptr = $ary->as.heap.ptr
           set $arylen = $ary->as.heap.len
         end
-        set $result = $aryptr[($serial % ID_ENTRY_UNIT) * ID_ENTRY_SIZE + $t]
+        set $result = $aryptr[($serial % ID_ENTRY_UNIT) + $t]
         if $result != RUBY_Qnil
           print_string $result
         else
@@ -1126,20 +1108,21 @@ define rb_ps_thread
   set $ps_thread = (struct RTypedData*)$arg0
   set $ps_thread_th = (rb_thread_t*)$ps_thread->data
   printf "* #<Thread:%p rb_thread_t:%p native_thread:%p>\n", \
-    $ps_thread, $ps_thread_th, $ps_thread_th->thread_id
+    $ps_thread, $ps_thread_th, $ps_thread_th->nt
   set $cfp = $ps_thread_th->ec->cfp
   set $cfpend = (rb_control_frame_t *)($ps_thread_th->ec->vm_stack + $ps_thread_th->ec->vm_stack_size)-1
   while $cfp < $cfpend
-    if $cfp->iseq
-      if !((VALUE)$cfp->iseq & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK) && (((imemo_ifunc << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_IMEMO)==$cfp->iseq->flags & ((RUBY_IMEMO_MASK << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_MASK))
+    if $cfp->_iseq
+      set $iseq = rb_get_cfp_iseq($cfp)
+      if !((VALUE)$iseq & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK) && (((imemo_ifunc << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_IMEMO)==$iseq->flags & ((RUBY_IMEMO_MASK << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_MASK))
         printf "%d:ifunc ", $cfpend-$cfp
         set print symbol-filename on
-        output/a $cfp->iseq.body
+        output/a $iseq.body
         set print symbol-filename off
         printf "\n"
       else
       if $cfp->pc
-        set $location = $cfp->iseq->body->location
+        set $location = $iseq->body->location
         printf "%d:", $cfpend-$cfp
         print_pathobj $location.pathobj
         printf ":"
@@ -1311,13 +1294,12 @@ define dump_node
   set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($str))->flags
   printf "%s", (char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
                         ((struct RString*)$str)->as.heap.ptr : \
-                        ((struct RString*)$str)->as.ary)
+                        ((struct RString*)$str)->as.embed.ary)
 end
 
 define print_flags
   printf "RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED: %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED ? "1" : "0"
-  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0 ? "1" : "0"
-  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED    : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED ? "1" : "0"
   printf "RUBY_FL_FINALIZE    : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_FINALIZE ? "1" : "0"
   printf "RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE ? "1" : "0"
   printf "RUBY_FL_EXIVAR      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_EXIVAR ? "1" : "0"
@@ -1344,4 +1326,7 @@ define print_flags
   printf "RUBY_FL_USER18      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER18 ? "1" : "0"
 end
 
-source misc/gdb.py
+source -s misc/gdb.py
+
+# Moved from beginning, since it fails on older gdbs
+set startup-with-shell off
diff --git a/.git-blame-ignore-revs b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
index 1cafd3df75..d752612085 100644
--- a/.git-blame-ignore-revs
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -6,6 +6,15 @@
 # Expand tabs
 5b21e94bebed90180d8ff63dad03b8b948361089
 c5e9af9c9d890578182a21e7b71b50334cd5579e
+e63a2115f64433b21cb5dd67c5bf8b30f87ef293
+712ac99e4d0384a941c80a9f48f62943ba7d97c0
+d1474affa8e105bece209cc9d594bb0a989859e1
+2da92388b948821269b18d6b178a680f17e41750
+5062c0c621d887367af8a054e5e5d83d7ec57dd3
+
+# Indentation
+0e4bad888e605d424b9222ae0ca43f85c1634e5e
+61aa46c41648c6d1e9b0daa1a292de551fde78df
 
 # Enable Style/StringLiterals cop for RubyGems/Bundler
 d7ffd3fea402239b16833cc434404a7af82d44f3
@@ -30,3 +39,16 @@ d2c5867357ed88eccc28c2b3bd4a46e206e7ff85
 # Miss-and-revived commits
 a0f7de814ae5c299d6ce99bed5fb308a05d50ba0
 d4e24021d39e1f80f0055b55d91f8d5f22e15084
+7a56c316418980b8a41fcbdc94067b2bda2ad112
+e90282be7ba1bc8e3119f6e1a2c80356ceb3f80a
+26a9e0b4e31f7b5a9cbd755e0a15823a8fa51bae
+2f53985da9ee593fe524d408256835667938c7d7
+bf01f6ae89a95d8f5572e050facfe311c8c28aaf
+7480cd8d37fd71a41ce12b759090051c7e14fb5a
+
+# Win32: EOL code of batch files
+23f9a0d655c4d405bb2397a147a1523436205486
+b839989fd22fef85e2af19de1bc83aa72a5b22bd
+
+# ZJIT cargo-insta snapshot raw string literals
+b78e0a6ddf7df8a7568ea71284f593423c739551
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index d0c2d266b4..f98c091e3f 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 *.gemspec diff=ruby
 *.rb diff=ruby
+*.inc.rs linguist-generated=true
 bin svn-properties=svn:ignore=ruby
 bin/* diff=ruby
 tool/update-deps diff=ruby
 tool/make-snapshot diff=ruby
 tool/format-release diff=ruby
 tool/leaked-globals diff=ruby
+
+# To strip CR from the batch files, set the `diff.dos.textconv` filter
+# like as `git config diff.dos.textconv $'sed \'s/\r$//\''`.
+*.bat diff=dos
+*.cmd diff=dos
diff --git a/.github/actions/capiext/action.yml b/.github/actions/capiext/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed69c8ac5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/capiext/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+name: rubyspec C-API extensions
+
+inputs:
+  builddir:
+    required: false
+    default: '.'
+  make:
+    required: false
+    default: 'make -s'
+
+outputs:
+  key:
+    value: >-
+      ${{
+      !steps.restore.outputs.cache-hit &&
+      github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' &&
+      steps.config.outputs.key
+      }}
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+
+  steps:
+    - id: config
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        eval $(grep -e '^arch *=' -e '^ruby_version *=' -e '^DLEXT *=' Makefile |
+            sed 's/ *= */=/')
+        case "${ruby_version}" in
+        *+*) key=capiexts-${arch}-${ruby_version}-${{ hashFiles('src/spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.[ch]') }};;
+        *)   key=;;
+        esac
+        echo version=$ruby_version >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo key="$key" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo DLEXT=$DLEXT >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+
+    - name: Restore previous CAPI extensions
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+      id: cache
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.builddir }}/spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/
+        key: ${{ steps.config.outputs.key }}
+      if: ${{ steps.config.outputs.key }}
+
+    - name: Run test-spec with previous CAPI extension binaries
+      id: check
+      shell: bash
+      run: | # zizmor: ignore[template-injection]
+        touch spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.$DLEXT
+        [ ! -f spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/\*.$DLEXT ]
+        ${{ inputs.make }} SPECOPTS=optional/capi test-spec
+      env:
+        DLEXT: ${{ steps.config.outputs.DLEXT }}
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+      if: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit }}
+
+    - name: Strip CAPI extensions
+      id: strip
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        rm -f spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.c
+        [ "$DLEXT" = bundle ] || # separated to .dSYM directories
+        strip spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.$DLEXT
+      env:
+        DLEXT: ${{ steps.config.outputs.DLEXT }}
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+      if: >-
+        ${{true
+        && ! steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit
+        && github.ref_name == 'master'
+        }}
+
+    - name: Save CAPI extensions
+      uses: actions/cache/save@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.builddir }}/spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/
+        key: ${{ steps.config.outputs.key }}
+      if: ${{ steps.strip.outcome == 'success' }}
+
+    - shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::error::Change from ${prev} detected; bump up ABI version"
+      env:
+        prev: ${{ steps.config.outputs.version }}
+      if: ${{ always() && steps.check.outcome == 'failure' }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml b/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c700bbfe9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+name: Compiles ruby in a container
+description: >-
+  Makes ruby using a dedicated container
+
+inputs:
+  tag:
+    required: false
+    default: clang-20
+    description: >-
+      container image tag to use in this run.
+
+  with_gcc:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      override compiler path & flags.
+
+  CFLAGS:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      C compiler flags to override.
+
+  CXXFLAGS:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      C++ compiler flags to override.
+
+  optflags:
+    required: false
+    # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests... Majority of time are consumed trying
+    # to optimize binaries.  Also GitHub Actions run on relatively modern CPUs
+    # compared to, say, GCC 4 or Clang 3.  We don't specify `-march=native`
+    # because compilers tend not understand what the CPU is.
+    default: '-O1'
+    description: >-
+      Compiler flags for optimisations.
+
+  cppflags:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      Additional preprocessor flags.
+
+  append_configure:
+    required: false
+    default: >-
+      --without-valgrind
+      --without-jemalloc
+      --without-gmp
+    description: >-
+      flags to append to configure.
+
+  enable_shared:
+    required: false
+    default: true
+    description: >-
+      Whether to build libruby.so.
+
+  check:
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+    description: >-
+      Whether to run `make check`
+
+  test_all:
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+    description: >-
+      Whether to run `make test-all` with options for test-all.
+
+  test_spec:
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+    description: >-
+      Whether to run `make test-spec` with options for mspec.
+
+  static_exts:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      whitespace separated list of extensions that need be linked statically.
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - shell: bash
+      run: docker pull --quiet "ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${INPUT_TAG}"
+      env:
+        INPUT_TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
+
+    - name: Enable Launchable conditionally
+      id: enable-launchable
+      run: echo "enable-launchable=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      shell: bash
+      if: >-
+        ${{
+        github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' ||
+        (github.repository != 'ruby/ruby' && env.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN)
+        }}
+
+    - name: compile
+      shell: bash
+      run: >-
+        docker run
+        --rm
+        --user=root
+        --volume "${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}:/github/workspace:ro"
+        --workdir=/github/workspace
+        --entrypoint=/github/workspace/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh
+        --env CI
+        --env GITHUB_ACTION
+        --env INPUT_WITH_GCC
+        --env INPUT_CFLAGS
+        --env INPUT_CXXFLAGS
+        --env INPUT_OPTFLAGS
+        --env INPUT_CPPFLAGS
+        --env INPUT_APPEND_CONFIGURE
+        --env INPUT_CHECK
+        --env INPUT_TEST_ALL
+        --env INPUT_TEST_SPEC
+        --env INPUT_ENABLE_SHARED
+        --env INPUT_STATIC_EXTS
+        --env LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION
+        --env LAUNCHABLE_WORKSPACE
+        --env LAUNCHABLE_ENABLED
+        --env GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA
+        --env GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL
+        --env GITHUB_REF
+        --env GITHUB_ACTIONS
+        --env GITHUB_RUN_ID
+        --env GITHUB_REPOSITORY
+        --env GITHUB_WORKFLOW
+        --env GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER
+        --env GITHUB_EVENT_NAME
+        --env GITHUB_SHA
+        --env GITHUB_HEAD_REF
+        --env GITHUB_SERVER_URL
+        "ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${INPUT_TAG}"
+      env:
+        INPUT_TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
+        INPUT_WITH_GCC: ${{ inputs.with_gcc || inputs.tag }}
+        INPUT_CFLAGS: ${{ inputs.CFLAGS }}
+        INPUT_CXXFLAGS: ${{ inputs.CXXFLAGS }}
+        INPUT_OPTFLAGS: ${{ inputs.OPTFLAGS }}
+        INPUT_CPPFLAGS: ${{ inputs.cppflags }}
+        INPUT_APPEND_CONFIGURE: ${{ inputs.append_configure }}
+        INPUT_CHECK: ${{ inputs.check }}
+        INPUT_TEST_ALL: ${{ inputs.test_all }}
+        INPUT_TEST_SPEC: ${{ inputs.test_spec }}
+        INPUT_ENABLE_SHARED: ${{ inputs.enable_shared }}
+        INPUT_STATIC_EXTS: ${{ inputs.static_exts }}
+        LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
+        LAUNCHABLE_WORKSPACE: ${{ github.event.repository.name }}
+        LAUNCHABLE_ENABLED: ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable || false }}
+        GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+        GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL: ${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}
+        GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+
+    # Clean up non-default docker images to save disk space.
+    # The default image (clang-20) is reused across multiple steps
+    # within the same job, so we keep it to avoid redundant pulls.
+    - name: clean up docker image
+      shell: bash
+      run: docker rmi "ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${INPUT_TAG}" || true
+      if: ${{ always() && inputs.tag != 'clang-20' }}
+      env:
+        INPUT_TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh b/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..b554151091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#! /bin/bash
+
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Ruby developers.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
+# granted, to  either redistribute and/or  modify this file, provided  that the
+# conditions  mentioned in  the file  COPYING are  met.  Consult  the file  for
+# details.
+
+grouped()
+{
+    echo "::group::${@}"
+    "${@}"
+    echo "::endgroup::"
+}
+
+set -e
+set -u
+set -o pipefail
+
+srcdir="/github/workspace/src"
+builddir="$(mktemp -dt)"
+
+export GITHUB_WORKFLOW='Compilations'
+export CONFIGURE_TTY='never'
+export RUBY_DEBUG='ci rgengc'
+export RUBY_TESTOPTS='-q --color=always --tty=no'
+export RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_DISABLE='1'
+export GNUMAKEFLAGS="-j$((1 + $(nproc)))"
+
+case "x${INPUT_ENABLE_SHARED}" in
+x | xno | xfalse )
+    enable_shared='--disable-shared'
+    ;;
+*)
+    enable_shared='--enable-shared'
+    ;;
+esac
+
+pushd ${builddir}
+
+grouped git config --global --add safe.directory ${srcdir}
+
+grouped ${srcdir}/configure        \
+    -C                             \
+    --with-gcc="${INPUT_WITH_GCC}" \
+    --enable-debug-env             \
+    --disable-install-doc          \
+    --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+ \
+    --without-git                  \
+    ${enable_shared}               \
+    ${INPUT_APPEND_CONFIGURE}      \
+    CFLAGS="${INPUT_CFLAGS}"       \
+    CXXFLAGS="${INPUT_CXXFLAGS}"   \
+    optflags="${INPUT_OPTFLAGS}"   \
+    cppflags="${INPUT_CPPFLAGS}"   \
+    debugflags='-ggdb3' # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV.  Do not set that.
+
+popd
+
+if [[ -n "${INPUT_STATIC_EXTS}" ]]; then
+    echo "::group::ext/Setup"
+    set -x
+    mkdir ${builddir}/ext
+    (
+        for ext in ${INPUT_STATIC_EXTS}; do
+            echo "${ext}"
+        done
+    ) >> ${builddir}/ext/Setup
+    set +x
+    echo "::endgroup::"
+fi
+
+if [ -n "$INPUT_TEST_ALL" ]; then
+  tests=" -- $INPUT_TEST_ALL"
+else
+  tests=" -- ruby -ext-"
+fi
+
+pushd ${builddir}
+
+grouped make showflags
+grouped make all
+# grouped make install
+
+# Run only `make test` by default. Run other tests if specified.
+grouped make test
+if [[ -n "$INPUT_CHECK" ]]; then grouped make test-tool; fi
+if [[ -n "$INPUT_CHECK" || -n "$INPUT_TEST_ALL" ]]; then grouped make test-all TESTS="$tests"; fi
+if [[ -n "$INPUT_CHECK" || -n "$INPUT_TEST_SPEC" ]]; then grouped env CHECK_LEAKS=true make test-spec MSPECOPT="$INPUT_TEST_SPEC"; fi
diff --git a/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml b/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml
index 6d50318ded..305878492c 100644
--- a/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml
@@ -3,11 +3,6 @@ description: >-
   Install the required dependencies and execute the necessary Launchable commands for test recording
 
 inputs:
-  report-path:
-    default: launchable_reports.json
-    required: true
-    description: The file path of the test report for uploading to Launchable
-
   os:
     required: true
     description: The operating system that CI runs on. This value is used in Launchable flavor.
@@ -35,9 +30,48 @@ inputs:
     required: false
     default: ${{ github.workspace }}
     description: >-
-      Directory to (re-)checkout source codes. Launchable retrives the commit information
+      Directory to (re-)checkout source codes. Launchable retrieves the commit information
       from the directory.
 
+  test-task:
+    required: false
+    default: ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+    description: >-
+      Specifies a single test task to be executed.
+      This value is used in the Launchable flavor.
+      Either 'test-task' or 'multi-test-tasks' must be configured.
+
+  test-tasks:
+    required: false
+    default: '[]'
+    description: >-
+      Specifies an array of multiple test tasks to be executed.
+      For example: '["test", "test-all"]'.
+      If you want to run a single test task, use the 'test-task' input instead.
+
+  is-yjit:
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
+    description: >-
+      Whether this workflow is executed on YJIT.
+
+  is-zjit:
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
+    description: >-
+      Whether this workflow is executed on ZJIT.
+
+outputs:
+  stdout_report_path:
+    value: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+    description: >-
+      Report file path for standard output.
+
+  stderr_report_path:
+    value: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+    description: >-
+      Report file path for standard error.
+
 runs:
   using: composite
 
@@ -48,97 +82,256 @@ runs:
       shell: bash
       if: >-
         ${{
-        (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' ||
-        (github.repository != 'ruby/ruby' && env.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN)) &&
-        (matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-all')
+        (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby'
+          || (github.repository != 'ruby/ruby'
+          && env.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN))
+        && (inputs.test-task == 'check'
+          || inputs.test-task == 'test-all'
+          || inputs.test-task == 'test'
+          || contains(fromJSON(inputs.test-tasks), 'test-all')
+          || contains(fromJSON(inputs.test-tasks), 'test'))
         }}
 
     # Launchable CLI requires Python and Java.
     # https://www.launchableinc.com/docs/resources/cli-reference/
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@871daa956ca9ea99f3c3e30acb424b7960676734 # v5.0.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-      if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && !endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le') && !endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x') }}
 
     - name: Set up Java
-      uses: actions/setup-java@7a445ee88d4e23b52c33fdc7601e40278616c7f8 # v4.0.0
+      uses: actions/setup-java@c1e323688fd81a25caa38c78aa6df2d33d3e20d9 # v4.8.0
       with:
         distribution: 'temurin'
         java-version: '17'
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && !endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le') && !endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x') }}
+
+    - name: Set up Java ppc64le
+      uses: actions/setup-java@c1e323688fd81a25caa38c78aa6df2d33d3e20d9 # v4.8.0
+      with:
+        distribution: 'semeru'
+        architecture: 'ppc64le'
+        java-version: '17'
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le') }}
+
+    - name: Set up Java s390x
+      uses: actions/setup-java@c1e323688fd81a25caa38c78aa6df2d33d3e20d9 # v4.8.0
+      with:
+        distribution: 'semeru'
+        architecture: 's390x'
+        java-version: '17'
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x') }}
+
+    - name: Set global vars
+      id: global
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test_all_enabled="${{ inputs.test-task == 'check' ||  inputs.test-task == 'test-all' || contains(fromJSON(inputs.test-tasks), 'test-all') }}"
+        btest_enabled="${{ inputs.test-task == 'check' ||  inputs.test-task == 'test' || contains(fromJSON(inputs.test-tasks), 'test') }}"
+        test_spec_enabled="${{ inputs.test-task == 'check' ||  inputs.test-task == 'test-spec' || contains(fromJSON(inputs.test-tasks), 'test-spec') }}"
+        echo test_all_enabled="${test_all_enabled}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo btest_enabled="${btest_enabled}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo test_spec_enabled="${test_spec_enabled}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo test_all_report_file='launchable_test_all_report.json' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo btest_report_file='launchable_btest_report.json' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo test_spec_report_dir='launchable_test_spec_report' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo stdout_report_path="launchable_stdout.log" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo stderr_report_path="launchable_stderr.log" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
 
     - name: Set environment variables for Launchable
       shell: bash
-      run: |
+      run: | # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
         : # GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL are used for commenting test reports in Launchable Github App.
         : # https://github.com/launchableinc/cli/blob/v1.80.1/launchable/utils/link.py#L42
-        echo "GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL=${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL=${INPUT_PR_HTML_URL}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         : # The following envs are necessary in Launchable tokenless authentication.
         : # https://github.com/launchableinc/cli/blob/v1.80.1/launchable/utils/authentication.py#L20
-        echo "LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION=${{ github.repository_owner }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "LAUNCHABLE_WORKSPACE=${{ github.event.repository.name }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION=${INPUT_REPOSITORY_OWNER}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "LAUNCHABLE_WORKSPACE=${INPUT_REPOSITORY_NAME}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         : # https://github.com/launchableinc/cli/blob/v1.80.1/launchable/utils/authentication.py#L71
-        echo "GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN=${{ inputs.launchable-token }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA=${INPUT_PR_HEAD_SHA}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN=${INPUT_LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        : # To prevent a slowdown in CI, disable request retries when the Launchable server is unstable.
+        echo "LAUNCHABLE_SKIP_TIMEOUT_RETRY=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "LAUNCHABLE_COMMIT_TIMEOUT=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      env:
+        INPUT_PR_HTML_URL: ${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}
+        INPUT_REPOSITORY_OWNER: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
+        INPUT_REPOSITORY_NAME: ${{ github.event.repository.name }}
+        INPUT_PR_HEAD_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+        INPUT_LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN: ${{ inputs.launchable-token }}
       if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
 
+    - name: Set up path
+      shell: bash
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+      # Since updated PATH variable will be available in only subsequent actions, we need to add the path beforehand.
+      # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#adding-a-system-path
+      run: echo "$(python -msite --user-base)/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
+      if: >-
+        ${{
+        steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && (startsWith(inputs.os, 'macos')
+          || endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le')
+          || endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x'))
+        }}
+
     - name: Set up Launchable
+      id: setup-launchable
       shell: bash
       working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-      run: |
+      run: | # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
         set -x
-        PATH=$PATH:$(python -msite --user-base)/bin
-        echo "PATH=$PATH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         pip install --user launchable
-        launchable verify || true
         : # The build name cannot include a slash, so we replace the string here.
-        github_ref="${{ github.ref }}"
+        github_ref="${INPUT_GITHUB_REF}"
         github_ref="${github_ref//\//_}"
         : # With the --name option, we need to configure a unique identifier for this build.
         : # To avoid setting the same build name as the CI which runs on other branches, we use the branch name here.
-        : #
-        : # FIXME: Need to fix `WARNING: Failed to process a change to a file`.
-        : # https://github.com/launchableinc/cli/issues/786
-        launchable record build --name ${github_ref}_${GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA}
-        echo "TESTS=${TESTS} --launchable-test-reports=${{ inputs.report-path }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
-
-    - name: Variables to report Launchable
-      id: variables
-      shell: bash
-      run: |
-        set -x
-        : # flavor
-        test_opts="${{ inputs.test-opts }}"
+        build_name="${github_ref}_${GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA}"
+        test_opts="${INPUT_TEST_OPTS}"
         test_opts="${test_opts// /}"
         test_opts="${test_opts//=/:}"
-        echo test-opts="$test_opts" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        : # report-path from srcdir
-        if [ "${srcdir}" = "${{ github.workspace }}" ]; then
-          dir=
-        else
-          # srcdir must be equal to or under workspace
-          dir=$(echo ${srcdir:+${srcdir}/} | sed 's:[^/][^/]*/:../:g')
+        test_all_test_suite='test-all'
+        btest_test_suite='btest'
+        test_spec_test_suite='test-spec'
+        if [ "${INPUT_IS_YJIT}" = "true" ]; then
+          test_all_test_suite="yjit-${test_all_test_suite}"
+          btest_test_suite="yjit-${btest_test_suite}"
+          test_spec_test_suite="yjit-${test_spec_test_suite}"
+        fi
+        if [ "${INPUT_IS_ZJIT}" = "true" ]; then
+          test_all_test_suite="zjit-${test_all_test_suite}"
+          btest_test_suite="zjit-${btest_test_suite}"
+          test_spec_test_suite="zjit-${test_spec_test_suite}"
         fi
-        report_path="${dir}${builddir:+${builddir}/}${report_path}"
-        echo report-path="${report_path}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        # launchable_setup target var -- refers ${target} prefixed variables
+        launchable_setup() {
+          local target=$1 session
+          eval [ "\${${target}_enabled}" = "true" ] || return
+          eval local suite=\${${target}_test_suite}
+          session=$(launchable record session \
+            --build "${build_name}" \
+            --observation \
+            --flavor os="${INPUT_OS}" \
+            --flavor test_task="${INPUT_TEST_TASK}" \
+            --flavor test_opts="${test_opts}" \
+            --flavor workflow="${INPUT_WORKFLOW}" \
+            --test-suite ${suite} \
+            )
+          echo "${target}_session=${session}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        }
+
+        launchable record build --name "${build_name}"
+        if launchable_setup test_all; then
+          echo "TESTS=${TESTS:+$TESTS }--launchable-test-reports=${test_all_report_file}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        fi
+        if launchable_setup btest; then
+          echo "BTESTS=${BTESTS:+$BTESTS }--launchable-test-reports=${btest_report_file}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        fi
+        if launchable_setup test_spec; then
+          echo "SPECOPTS=${SPECOPTS:$SPECOPTS }--launchable-test-reports=${test_spec_report_dir}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo test_spec_enabled=true >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        fi
+
+        echo launchable_setup_dir=$(pwd) >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
       env:
-        srcdir: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-        builddir: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
-        report_path: ${{ inputs.report-path }}
+        INPUT_GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+        INPUT_TEST_OPTS: ${{ inputs.test-opts }}
+        INPUT_IS_YJIT: ${{ inputs.is-yjit }}
+        INPUT_IS_ZJIT: ${{ inputs.is-zjit }}
+        INPUT_OS: ${{ inputs.os }}
+        INPUT_TEST_TASK: ${{ inputs.test-task }}
+        INPUT_WORKFLOW: ${{ github.workflow }}
+        test_all_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_enabled }}
+        btest_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_enabled }}
+        test_spec_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_enabled }}
+        test_all_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_report_file }}
+        btest_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_report_file }}
+        test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
+
+    - name: make test-spec report directory in build directory
+      shell: bash
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+      run: mkdir "${test_spec_report_dir}"
+      if: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.test_spec_enabled == 'true' }}
+      env:
+        test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
+
+    - name: Clean up test results in Launchable
+      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@81b6ce503cde93862cec047c54652e45c5dca991 # v1.4.3
+      with:
+        shell: bash
+        working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+        post: |
+          rm -f "${test_all_report_file}"
+          rm -f "${btest_report_file}"
+          rm -fr "${test_spec_report_dir}"
+          rm -f launchable_stdout.log
+          rm -f launchable_stderr.log
+      if: always() && steps.setup-launchable.outcome == 'success'
+      env:
+        test_all_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_report_file }}
+        btest_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_report_file }}
+        test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
 
     - name: Record test results in Launchable
-      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@674528335da98a7afc80915ff2b4b860a0b3553a # v1.4.0
+      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@81b6ce503cde93862cec047c54652e45c5dca991 # v1.4.3
       with:
         shell: bash
-        working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
         post: |
-          : # record
-          launchable record tests --flavor os=${{ inputs.os }} --flavor test_task=${{ matrix.test_task }} --flavor test_opts=${test_opts} raw ${report_path}
-          rm -f ${report_path}
-      if: ${{ always() && steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable }}
+          if [[ "${test_all_enabled}" = "true" ]]; then \
+            launchable record attachment \
+              --session "${test_all_session}" \
+              "${stdout_report_path}" \
+              "${stderr_report_path}"; \
+            launchable record tests \
+              --session "${test_all_session}" \
+              raw "${test_all_report_file}" || true; \
+          fi
+
+          if [[ "${btest_enabled}" = "true" ]]; then \
+            launchable record attachment \
+              --session "${btest_session}" \
+              "${stdout_report_path}" \
+              "${stderr_report_path}"; \
+            launchable record tests \
+              --session "${btest_session}" \
+              raw "${btest_report_file}" || true; \
+          fi
+
+          if [[ "${test_spec_enabled}" = "true" ]]; then \
+            launchable record attachment \
+              --session "${test_spec_session}" \
+              "${stdout_report_path}" \
+              "${stderr_report_path}"; \
+            launchable record tests \
+              --session "${test_spec_session}" \
+              raw ${test_spec_report_dir}/* || true; \
+          fi
+      if: ${{ always() && steps.setup-launchable.outcome == 'success' }}
       env:
-        test_opts: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.test-opts }}
-        report_path: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.report-path }}
+        test_all_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_report_file }}
+        btest_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_report_file }}
+        test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
+        test_all_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_enabled }}
+        btest_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_enabled }}
+        test_spec_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_enabled }}
+        test_all_session: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.test_all_session }}
+        btest_session: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.btest_session }}
+        test_spec_session: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.test_spec_session }}
+        stdout_report_path: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+        stderr_report_path: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+        LAUNCHABLE_SETUP_DIR: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.launchable_setup_dir }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/make-snapshot/action.yml b/.github/actions/make-snapshot/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4552f0e067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/make-snapshot/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: 'make-snapshot'
+description: 'Make snapshot tarballs'
+inputs:
+  archname:
+    description: 'archname passed to tool/make-snapshot (e.g. snapshot-master)'
+    required: true
+  version:
+    description: 'Target Version'
+    required: false
+  shallow-since:
+    description: 'git fetch --shallow-since'
+    required: true
+    default: '2018-12-25 00:00:00'
+  fetch-branch:
+    description: 'fetch branch'
+    required: false
+  srcdir:
+    description: 'srcdir for tool/make-snapshot. Empty = clone ruby/ruby into ./ruby.'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+  upload-artifact:
+    description: 'Upload Packages and Info as workflow artifacts. Pass "false" when callers run in a matrix that would collide on artifact names.'
+    required: false
+    default: 'true'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Install libraries
+      run: |
+        set -x
+        sudo apt-get update -q || :
+        sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential git bison autoconf ruby p7zip-full curl
+      shell: bash
+    - name: Checkout ruby/ruby for tool/make-snapshot
+      if: inputs.srcdir == ''
+      run: git clone --single-branch --depth=1 https://github.com/ruby/ruby ruby
+      shell: bash
+    - name: Fetch branches and notes (clone mode)
+      if: inputs.srcdir == ''
+      env:
+        SHALLOW_SINCE: ${{ inputs.shallow-since }}
+        FETCH_BRANCH: ${{ inputs.fetch-branch }}
+      run: |
+        set -x
+        cd ruby
+        git fetch --shallow-since="$SHALLOW_SINCE"
+        [ -n "$FETCH_BRANCH" ] && git fetch origin "+$FETCH_BRANCH:$FETCH_BRANCH"
+        git fetch origin '+refs/notes/commits:refs/notes/commits'
+        git fetch origin '+refs/notes/log-fix:refs/notes/log-fix'
+      shell: bash
+    - name: Fetch notes (local srcdir mode)
+      if: inputs.srcdir != ''
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+      run: |
+        git fetch origin '+refs/notes/commits:refs/notes/commits' || :
+        git fetch origin '+refs/notes/log-fix:refs/notes/log-fix' || :
+      shell: bash
+    - name: Make snapshot
+      env:
+        ARCHNAME: ${{ inputs.archname }}
+        SRCDIR: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        VERSION: ${{ inputs.version }}
+      run: |
+        [ -z "$SRCDIR" ] && SRCDIR=ruby
+        ruby "$SRCDIR/tool/make-snapshot" "-archname=$ARCHNAME" -srcdir="$SRCDIR" -packages=gzip,xz,zip pkg $VERSION
+      shell: bash
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+      with:
+        name: Packages
+        path: pkg
+      if: ${{ inputs.upload-artifact == 'true' }}
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+      with:
+        name: Info
+        path: pkg/info
+      if: ${{ inputs.upload-artifact == 'true' }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/baseruby/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/baseruby/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76fe068897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/baseruby/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+name: Setup directories etc.
+description: >-
+  Build baseruby for cross-compiling
+
+inputs:
+  srcdir:
+    required: true
+    default: ${{ github.workspace }}
+    description: >-
+      Directory of source codes.
+
+  builddir:
+    required: false
+    default: ${{ github.workspace }}/baseruby
+    description: >-
+      Where baseruby will be built.
+
+  installdir:
+    required: false
+    default: install
+    description: >-
+      The path where the baseruby will be installed to.
+      This is relative from the workspace.
+
+outputs:
+  ruby:
+    value: ${{ steps.build.outputs.installdir }}/bin/ruby
+    description: >-
+      The path of the executable baseruby.
+  dump_ast:
+    value: ${{ steps.build.outputs.installdir }}/bin/dump_ast
+    description: >-
+      The path of the executable dump_ast.
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+
+  steps:
+    - name: Build baseruby
+      shell: bash
+      id: build
+      run: |
+        case "$installdir" in /*) ;; *) installdir="$PWD/$installdir";; esac
+        mkdir "$builddir"
+        ln -sr "$srcdir" "$builddir/.src"
+        pushd "$builddir"
+        .src/configure "--prefix=${installdir}" --disable-install-doc
+        CONFIGURE_ARGS=--with-out-ext=-test- make install
+        install dump_ast "${installdir}/bin"
+        {
+          echo "${installdir}/bin/dump_ast"
+          echo "${installdir}/.installed.list"
+          echo "${installdir}/"
+        } >> .installed.list
+        cp .installed.list "${installdir}/"
+        make distclean
+        rm .src
+        popd
+        rmdir "$builddir"
+        {
+          echo "installdir=${installdir}"
+        } | tee -a "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      env:
+        srcdir: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        builddir: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+        installdir: ${{ inputs.installdir }}
+
+    - name: clean
+      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@598d7a875d5620e0457490555b5e18e46082aa47 # v1.4.4
+      with:
+        working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        post: |
+          ruby tool/rbuninstall.rb "${{ steps.build.outputs.installdir }}/.installed.list" > /dev/null
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml
index a59f575c99..15dc097b6e 100644
--- a/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml
@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ inputs:
       Where binaries and other generated contents go.  This will be
       created if absent.
 
+  make-command:
+    required: false
+    type: string
+    default: 'make'
+    description: >-
+      The command of `make`.
+
   makeup:
     required: false
     type: boolean
@@ -67,8 +74,11 @@ runs:
     # their bash manually installed.
     - shell: bash
       run: |
-        mkdir -p ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-        mkdir -p ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+        mkdir -p "${INPUT_SRCDIR}"
+        mkdir -p "${INPUT_BUILDDIR}"
+      env:
+        INPUT_SRCDIR: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        INPUT_BUILDDIR: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
 
     # Did you know that actions/checkout works without git(1)?  We are
     # checking that here.
@@ -76,7 +86,7 @@ runs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         echo "git=`command -v git`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        echo "sudo=`command -v sudo`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        echo "sudo=`sudo true && command -v sudo`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
         echo "autoreconf=`command -v autoreconf`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
     - if: steps.which.outputs.git
@@ -88,57 +98,70 @@ runs:
         git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
 
     - if: inputs.checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
       with:
         path: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
         fetch-depth: ${{ inputs.fetch-depth }}
+        persist-credentials: false
 
-    - uses: actions/cache@0c45773b623bea8c8e75f6c82b208c3cf94ea4f9 # v4.0.2
+    - uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
       with:
         path: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}/.downloaded-cache
-        key: downloaded-cache
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-downloaded-cache
 
     - if: steps.which.outputs.autoreconf
       shell: bash
       working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-      run: ./autogen.sh
+      run: ./autogen.sh --install
 
     # This is for MinGW.
     - if: runner.os == 'Windows'
       shell: bash
-      run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((2 * NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((2 * NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS))" >> $GITHUB_ENV # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
 
     - if: runner.os == 'Linux'
       shell: bash
-      run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-sj$((1 + $(nproc)))" >> "$GITHUB_ENV" # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
 
     # macOS' GNU make is so old that they doesn't understand `GNUMAKEFLAGS`.
     - if: runner.os == 'macOS'
       shell: bash
-      run: echo "MAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      run: echo "MAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> "$GITHUB_ENV" # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
 
     - if: inputs.makeup
       shell: bash
       working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
       run: |
-        touch config.status
-        touch .rbconfig.time
-        sed -f tool/prereq.status template/Makefile.in > Makefile
-        sed -f tool/prereq.status template/GNUmakefile.in > GNUmakefile
+        touch config.status .rbconfig.time
+        for mk in Makefile GNUmakefile; do
+          sed -f tool/prereq.status template/$mk.in > $mk
+        done
         make up
 
     # Cleanup, runs even on failure
     - if: always() && inputs.makeup
       shell: bash
       working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-      run: rm -f config.status Makefile rbconfig.rb .rbconfig.time
+      run: |
+        rm -f config.status .rbconfig.time \
+          Makefile GNUmakefile uncommon.mk enc.mk noarch-fake.rb
+        rm -f prism/.time prism/util/.time
 
     - if: steps.which.outputs.sudo
       shell: bash
       run: |
         sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
         chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config || :
-        sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+        declare -a dirs # -A is not supported by old bash, e.g. macos
+        SAVE_IFS="$IFS" IFS=:; set $PATH
+        for d do
+          while [ -d "$d" ]; do
+            case "$IFS${dirs[*]}$IFS" in *"$IFS$d$IFS"*) ;; *) dirs+=("$d");; esac
+            d="${d%/*}"
+          done
+        done
+        IFS="$SAVE_IFS"
+        sudo chmod -v go-w "${dirs[@]}" || :
 
     - if: inputs.dummy-files == 'true'
       shell: bash
@@ -152,19 +175,25 @@ runs:
         done
         # drop {a..z}.rb if case-insensitive filesystem
         grep -F A.rb a.rb > /dev/null && set "${@:27}"
-        echo clean="cd ${{ inputs.builddir }} && rm $*" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo clean="cd ${INPUT_BUILDDIR} && rm $*" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      env:
+        INPUT_BUILDDIR: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
 
     - if: inputs.clean == 'true'
       shell: bash
       id: clean
       run: |
-        echo distclean='make -C ${{ inputs.builddir }} distclean' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        echo remained-files='find ${{ inputs.builddir }} -ls' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        [ "${{ inputs.builddir }}" = "${{ inputs.srcdir }}" ] ||
-        echo final='rmdir ${{ inputs.builddir }}' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo distclean="cd ${INPUT_BUILDDIR} && ${INPUT_MAKE_COMMAND} distclean" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo remained-files="find ${INPUT_BUILDDIR} -ls" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        [ "${INPUT_BUILDDIR}" = "${INPUT_SRCDIR}" ] ||
+        echo final="rmdir ${INPUT_BUILDDIR}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      env:
+        INPUT_BUILDDIR: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+        INPUT_SRCDIR: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        INPUT_MAKE_COMMAND: ${{ inputs.make-command }}
 
     - name: clean
-      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@7aec950f3b114c4fcf6012070c3709ecff0eb6f8 # v1.4.0
+      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@598d7a875d5620e0457490555b5e18e46082aa47 # v1.4.4
       with:
         working-directory:
         post: |
@@ -172,3 +201,5 @@ runs:
           ${{ steps.clean.outputs.distclean }}
           ${{ steps.clean.outputs.remained-files }}
           ${{ steps.clean.outputs.final }}
+      # rmdir randomly fails due to launchable files
+      continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml
index 896930de84..9cd37a9b12 100644
--- a/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml
@@ -13,12 +13,17 @@ runs:
     - name: brew
       shell: bash
       run: |
-        brew install --quiet gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool
+        brew install --quiet jemalloc gmp libffi openssl@3 zlib autoconf automake libtool
 
     - name: Set ENV
       shell: bash
-      run: |
-        for lib in openssl@1.1 gmp; do
-          CONFIGURE_ARGS="${CONFIGURE_ARGS:+$CONFIGURE_ARGS }--with-${lib%@*}-dir=$(brew --prefix $lib)"
-        done
-        echo CONFIGURE_ARGS="${CONFIGURE_ARGS}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      run: | # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
+        dir_config() {
+          local args=() lib var="$1"; shift
+          for lib in "$@"; do
+            args+=("--with-${lib%@*}-dir=$(brew --prefix $lib)")
+          done
+          echo "$var=${args[*]}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        }
+        dir_config ruby_configure_args gmp
+        dir_config CONFIGURE_ARGS openssl@3
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/ubuntu/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/ubuntu/action.yml
index a9e5b41951..5209ccc03f 100644
--- a/.github/actions/setup/ubuntu/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/ubuntu/action.yml
@@ -24,18 +24,38 @@ runs:
   using: composite
 
   steps:
+    - id: uname
+      name: uname
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        arch: ${{ inputs.arch }}
+      run: |
+        setarch="${arch:+setarch $arch --}"
+        # normalize `uname`
+        if uname=$(${setarch} uname -m 2> /dev/null); then
+          # `setarch` works, `$arch` is a valid architecture name.
+          echo "setarch=${setarch}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        else
+          # if `setarch` failed, take the given `arch` as-is.
+          uname="${arch}"
+          setarch=""
+        fi
+        echo "uname=$uname" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        echo "dpkg=${uname/686/386}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
     - name: set SETARCH
       shell: bash
-      run: echo "SETARCH=${setarch}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      run: echo "SETARCH=${setarch}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV" # zizmor: ignore[github-env]
       env:
-        setarch: ${{ inputs.arch && format('setarch {0} --', inputs.arch) }}
+        setarch: ${{ steps.uname.outputs.setarch }} # validated
 
-    - id: uname
-      name: uname
+    - name: dpkg setup
       shell: bash
-      run: |
-        echo uname=`${SETARCH} uname -m` >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        echo dpkg=`${SETARCH} uname -m | sed s/686/386/` >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      run: sudo dpkg --add-architecture "${dpkg}"
+      # `dpkg` is valid, also `uname`.
+      if: ${{ inputs.arch }}
+      env:
+        dpkg: ${{ steps.uname.outputs.dpkg }}
 
     - name: apt-get
       shell: bash
@@ -43,7 +63,6 @@ runs:
         arch: ${{ inputs.arch && format(':{0}', steps.uname.outputs.dpkg) || '' }}
       run: |
         set -x
-        ${arch:+sudo dpkg --add-architecture ${arch#:}}
         sudo apt-get update -qq || :
         sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -qq -y -o=Dpkg::Use-Pty=0 \
         ${arch:+cross}build-essential${arch/:/-} \
diff --git a/.github/actions/slack/action.yml b/.github/actions/slack/action.yml
index c98be085a8..6f89bef11a 100644
--- a/.github/actions/slack/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/slack/action.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ inputs:
     required: true
     description: >-
       The URL to post the payload.  This is an input because it tends
-      to be stored in a secrets valut and a composite action cannot
+      to be stored in a secrets vault and a composite action cannot
       look into one.
 
   label:
@@ -18,13 +18,24 @@ inputs:
       Human-readable description of the run, something like "DEBUG=1".
       This need not be unique among runs.
 
+  event_name:
+    required: false
+    default: 'push'
+    description: >-
+      Target event to trigger notification. Notify only push by default.
+
+  extra_channel_id:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      Slack channel ID to notify besides #alerts and #alerts-emoji.
+
 outputs: {} # Nothing?
 
 runs:
   using: composite
 
   steps:
-    - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+    - uses: ruby/action-slack@d260b61aa817726d5bedd22dd6cc305787fa4cdd # v4.0.0
       with:
         payload: |
           {
@@ -33,7 +44,8 @@ runs:
             "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
             "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
             "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            ${{ inputs.extra_channel_id && format(', "extra_channel_id": "{0}"', inputs.extra_channel_id) }}
           }
       env:
         SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ inputs.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
-      if: ${{github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.repository, 'ruby/')}}
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == inputs.event_name && startsWith(github.repository, 'ruby/') }}
diff --git a/.github/auto_request_review.yml b/.github/auto_request_review.yml
index 8726df577d..9e20cb7459 100644
--- a/.github/auto_request_review.yml
+++ b/.github/auto_request_review.yml
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 files:
-  'yjit*': [team:yjit]
-  'yjit/**/*': [team:yjit]
+  'yjit*': [team:jit]
+  'yjit/**/*': [team:jit]
   'yjit/src/cruby_bindings.inc.rs': []
-  'doc/yjit/*': [team:yjit]
-  'bootstraptest/test_yjit*': [team:yjit]
-  'test/ruby/test_yjit*': [team:yjit]
+  'bootstraptest/test_yjit*': [team:jit]
+  'test/ruby/test_yjit*': [team:jit]
+  'zjit*': [team:jit]
+  'zjit/**/*': [team:jit]
+  'zjit/src/cruby_bindings.inc.rs': []
+  'test/ruby/test_zjit*': [team:jit]
+  'defs/jit.mk': [team:jit]
+  'tool/zjit_bisect.rb': [team:jit]
+  'doc/jit/*': [team:jit]
+  # Skip files updated by dependabot. It's noisy in notifications, and they're auto-merged anyway.
+  'yjit/Cargo.lock': []
+  'zjit/Cargo.lock': []
+  '.github/workflows/yjit-*.yml': []
+  '.github/workflows/zjit-*.yml': []
 options:
   ignore_draft: true
-  # This currently doesn't work as intended. We want to skip reviews when only
-  # cruby_bingings.inc.rs is modified, but this skips reviews even when other
-  # yjit files are modified as well. To be enabled after fixing the behavior.
-  #last_files_match_only: true
+  last_files_match_only: true
diff --git a/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml b/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5d33545c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+paths-ignore:
+  - benchmark
+  - sample
+  - spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures
+  - spec/ruby/core/enumerable/shared/inject.rb
+  - spec/ruby/core/exception/fixtures
+  - spec/ruby/core/proc/parameters_spec.rb
+  - spec/ruby/core/proc/ruby2_keywords_spec.rb
+  - spec/ruby/core/range/reverse_each_spec.rb
+  - spec/ruby/language/fixtures
+  - spec/ruby/language/lambda_spec.rb
+  - spec/ruby/language/method_spec.rb
+  - spec/ruby/language/string_spec.rb
+  - test/error_highlight/test_error_highlight.rb
+  - test/prism/result/named_capture_test.rb
+  - test/ruby/test_call.rb
+  - test/ruby/test_signal.rb
+  - test/ruby/test_super.rb
+  - test/ruby/test_syntax.rb
+  - test/ruby/test_unicode_escape.rb
+  - test/rubygems/specifications/foo-0.0.1-x86-mswin32.gemspec
+  - trace_point.rb
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index 426893be2a..57da742e5c 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -1,18 +1,29 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
   - package-ecosystem: 'github-actions'
-    directory: '/'
-    schedule:
-      interval: 'daily'
-  - package-ecosystem: 'github-actions'
-    directory: '/.github/actions/slack'
-    schedule:
-      interval: 'daily'
-  - package-ecosystem: 'github-actions'
-    directory: '/.github/actions/setup/directories'
+    directories:
+      - '/'
+      - '/.github/actions/slack'
+      - '/.github/actions/setup/directories'
     schedule:
       interval: 'daily'
+    groups:
+      github-actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
   - package-ecosystem: 'cargo'
-    directory: '/yjit'
+    directories:
+      - '/yjit'
+      - '/zjit'
+    exclude-paths:
+      - 'gc/mmtk/**'
+    schedule:
+      interval: 'monthly'
+    groups:
+      jit:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+  - package-ecosystem: 'vcpkg'
+    directory: '/'
     schedule:
       interval: 'daily'
diff --git a/.github/labeler.yml b/.github/labeler.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f39fcec386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/labeler.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Documentation:
+- changed-files:
+  - all-globs-to-all-files: doc/**
+
+Backport:
+- base-branch: 'ruby_3_\d'
+- base-branch: 'ruby_4_\d'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml b/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml
index 589672b4bb..5991165d43 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -39,11 +39,9 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     env:
@@ -63,10 +61,11 @@ jobs:
       - run: id
         working-directory:
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
@@ -74,9 +73,9 @@ jobs:
           builddir: build
           makeup: true
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.0'
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
 
       # Minimal flags to pass the check.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml b/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml
index ca27244b46..80f2517eb5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ name: Auto Request Review
 on:
   pull_request_target:
     types: [opened, ready_for_review, reopened]
+    branches: [master]
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && github.base_ref == 'master' }}
     steps:
       - name: Request review based on files changes and/or groups the author belongs to
-        uses: necojackarc/auto-request-review@e89da1a8cd7c8c16d9de9c6e763290b6b0e3d424 # v0.13.0
+        uses: necojackarc/auto-request-review@035f049cb68460341ab744f19aa9f31aae685e36 # master
         with:
           # scope: public_repo
-          token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_REQUEST_REVIEW_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/auto_review_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/auto_review_pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb84a51573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/auto_review_pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Auto Review PR
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, ready_for_review, reopened]
+    branches: [master]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      pr_number:
+        description: 'PR number to review'
+        required: true
+        type: number
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  auto-review-pr:
+    name: Auto Review PR
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && (github.base_ref == 'master' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch') }}
+
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
+      contents: read
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.4'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - name: Auto Review PR
+        run: ruby tool/auto_review_pr.rb "$GITHUB_PR_NUMBER"
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GITHUB_PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.event.inputs.pr_number }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
index ac0d5f967f..9e7720f659 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -30,33 +30,32 @@ jobs:
   baseruby:
     name: BASERUBY
 
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
         ruby:
-          - ruby-3.0
           - ruby-3.1
           - ruby-3.2
           - ruby-3.3
 
     steps:
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
index fcc005239b..d329ee9b4b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 name: bundled_gems
 
+env:
+  UPDATE_ENABLED: true
+
 on:
   push:
     branches: ['master']
@@ -31,13 +34,17 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
-          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          ruby-version: 4.0
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
-          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN
+          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN
           checkout: '' # false (ref: https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/2238)
 
       - name: Set ENV
@@ -46,26 +53,23 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Download previous gems list
         run: |
-          data=bundled_gems.json
           mkdir -p .downloaded-cache
-          ln -s .downloaded-cache/$data .
-          curl -O -R -z ./$data https://stdgems.org/$data
+          for data in bundled_gems.json default_gems.json; do
+            ln -s .downloaded-cache/$data .
+            curl --retry 5 --retry-connrefused --retry-delay 2 --retry-max-time 60 -O -R -z ./$data https://stdgems.org/$data
+          done
 
       - name: Update bundled gems list
         id: bundled_gems
         run: |
           ruby -i~ tool/update-bundled_gems.rb gems/bundled_gems >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Update spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
-        run: |
-          #!ruby
-          rake_version = File.read("gems/bundled_gems")[/^rake\s+(\S+)/, 1]
-          print ARGF.read.sub(/^ *def rake_version\s*\K".*?"/) {rake_version.dump}
-        shell: ruby -i~ {0} spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
+        if: ${{ env.UPDATE_ENABLED == 'true' }}
 
       - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
         run: |
           ruby tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb bundled
+          ruby tool/update-NEWS-github-release.rb --update
+        if: ${{ env.UPDATE_ENABLED == 'true' }}
 
       - name: Check diffs
         id: diff
@@ -76,11 +80,71 @@ jobs:
           git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code -- gems/bundled_gems ||
           gems=true
           git add -- NEWS.md gems/bundled_gems
-          git add -- spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
           echo news=$news >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo gems=$gems >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo update=${news:-$gems} >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
+      - name: Commit
+        id: commit
+        run: |
+          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+          message="Update bundled gems list"
+          if [ -z "${gems}" ]; then
+            git commit --message="[DOC] ${message} at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30}"
+          else
+            git commit --message="${message} as of ${TODAY}"
+          fi
+        env:
+          TODAY: ${{ steps.bundled_gems.outputs.latest_date || env.TODAY }}
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          gems: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
+        if: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.update }}
+
+      - name: Development revision of bundled gems
+        run: |
+          #!ruby
+          file = "gems/bundled_gems"
+
+          SECONDS_IN_DAY = 86400
+          today = Time.new("#{ENV['TODAY']}Z")
+          if !(december = today.month == 12)
+            days = 30
+          elsif (days = 26 - today.day).positive?
+            days += 4
+          else
+            puts "::info:: just after released"
+            exit
+          end
+
+          since = "#{today.year-1}-12-26"
+          ref = ENV['GITHUB_REF']
+          puts "::group::\e[94mfetching \e[1m#{file}\e[22m since \e[1m#{since}\e[22m from \e[1m#{ref}\e[m"
+          system(*%W[git fetch --shallow-since=#{since} --no-tags origin #{ref}], exception: true)
+          puts "::endgroup::"
+
+          puts "\e[94mchecking development version bundled gems older than \e[1m#{days}\e[22m days\e[m"
+          limit = today.to_i - days * SECONDS_IN_DAY
+          old = 0
+          IO.popen(%W"git blame --line-porcelain -- #{file}") do |blame|
+            while head = blame.gets("\n\t") and s = blame.gets
+              next unless (gem = s.split(/\s+|#.*/)).size > 3
+              time = head[/^committer-time \K\d+/].to_i
+              next if (d = limit - time) <= 0
+              d /= SECONDS_IN_DAY
+              line = head[/\A\h+ \d+ \K\d+/].to_i
+              level = if d < days; 'warning'; else old += 1; 'error'; end
+              d += days
+              puts "::#{level} file=#{file},line=#{line},title=Older than #{d} days::#{gem[0]} #{gem[3]}"
+            end
+          end
+          abort "::error title=Too long-standing gems::The release comes soon." if december and old.nonzero?
+        shell: ruby {0}
+        env:
+          file: ${{ steps.logs.outputs.file }}
+          days: ${{ steps.logs.outputs.days }}
+
       - name: Install libraries
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
         if: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
@@ -106,27 +170,14 @@ jobs:
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
         if: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
 
-      - name: Commit
+      - name: Push
         run: |
-          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-          message="Update bundled gems list"
-          if [ -z "${gems}" ]; then
-            git commit --message="${message} at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30} [ci skip]"
-          else
-            git commit --message="${message} as of ${TODAY}"
-          fi
           git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-        env:
-          TODAY: ${{ steps.bundled_gems.outputs.latest_date || env.TODAY }}
-          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
-          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
-          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
-          gems: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
         if: >-
           ${{
           github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' &&
           !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') &&
-          steps.diff.outputs.update
+          steps.commit.outcome == 'success'
           }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
index 076af08aed..a120dde7e5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
@@ -3,19 +3,12 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
       - '.*.yml'
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '.*.yml'
   merge_group:
 
 concurrency:
@@ -27,25 +20,19 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   update-deps:
+    name: Dependency checks
+
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
       fail-fast: true
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
 
-    if: >-
-      ${{!(false
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )}}
-
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
@@ -55,19 +42,17 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.0'
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
 
       - name: Run configure
         run: ./configure -C --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems --with-gcc 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
 
-      - run: make all golf
-
-      - run: ruby tool/update-deps --fix
+      - run: make fix-depends
 
-      - run: git diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
+      - run: git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
index 48434a47a9..cb1642b9e2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
@@ -18,24 +18,49 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
-          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: head
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
           makeup: true
-          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN
+          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN
           checkout: '' # false (ref: https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/2238)
 
-      - name: Check if C-sources are US-ASCII
+      - name: Re-generate Makefiles
+        run: |
+          # config.status needs to run as a shell script
+          { echo ':&&exit'; cat tool/prereq.status; } > config.status
+          : # same as actions/setup/directories/action.yml
+          for mk in Makefile GNUmakefile; do
+            sed -f tool/prereq.status template/$mk.in > $mk
+          done
+
+      - name: Check for code styles
         run: |
-          grep -r -n --include='*.[chyS]' --include='*.asm' $'[^\t-~]' -- . && exit 1 || :
+          set -x
+          ruby tool/auto-style.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA"
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.merge_commit_sha }}
+        # Skip 'push' events because post_push.yml fixes them on push
+        if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
-      - name: Check for trailing spaces
+      - name: Check if date in man pages is up-to-date
         run: |
-          git grep -I -n $'[\t ]$' -- '*.rb' '*.[chy]' '*.rs' '*.yml' && exit 1 || :
-          git grep -n $'^[\t ][\t ]*$' -- '*.md' && exit 1 || :
+          git fetch origin --depth=1 "${GITHUB_OLD_SHA}"
+          git diff --exit-code --name-only "${GITHUB_OLD_SHA}" HEAD -- man ||
+          make V=1 GIT=git BASERUBY=ruby update-man-date
+          git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code -- man
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+        if: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
       - name: Check for bash specific substitution in configure.ac
         run: |
@@ -52,65 +77,74 @@ jobs:
           exit $fail
         working-directory: include
 
-      - id: gems
-        run: true
-        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
-
-      - name: Download previous gems list
+      - id: now
         run: |
-          data=default_gems.json
-          mkdir -p .downloaded-cache
-          ln -s .downloaded-cache/$data .
-          curl -O -R -z ./$data https://stdgems.org/$data
-        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+          date +"mon=%-m"%n"day=%-d" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        env:
+          TZ: Asia/Tokyo
 
-      - name: Make default gems list
+      - id: deprecation
         run: |
-          #!ruby
-          require 'rubygems'
-          $:.unshift "lib"
-          rgver = File.foreach("lib/rubygems.rb") do |line|
-            break $1 if /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/ =~ line
-          end
-          gems = Dir.glob("{ext,lib}/**/*.gemspec").map do |f|
-            spec = Gem::Specification.load(f)
-            "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
-          end.sort
-          File.open("gems/default_gems", "w") do |f|
-            f.puts "RubyGems #{rgver}"
-            f.puts gems
-          end
-        shell: ruby --disable=gems {0}
-        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
-
-      - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
+          eval $(sed -n 's/^#define RUBY_API_VERSION_\(MAJOR\|MINOR\) /\1=/p' include/ruby/version.h)
+          if git --no-pager grep --color -o 'rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove_at('$MAJOR'\.'$MINOR',.*' -- '*.c' >&2; then
+              false
+          else
+              true
+          fi
+        continue-on-error: ${{ steps.now.outputs.mon < 12 }}
+
+      - name: Check if to generate documents
+        id: rdoc
         run: |
-          ruby tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb default
-        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+          set -- $(sed 's/#.*//;/^rdoc /!d' gems/bundled_gems)
+          { echo version=$2; echo ref=$4; } >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      - name: Checkout rdoc
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/rdoc
+          ref: ${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.ref }}
+          path: .bundle/gems/rdoc-${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.version }}
+          persist-credentials: false
+        if: ${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.ref != '' }}
 
-      - name: Check diffs
-        id: diff
+      - name: Generate rdoc scripts
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          gempath=$(ruby -e 'print Gem.user_dir, "/bin"')
+          PATH=$gempath:$PATH
+          gem install --user bundler
+          bundle config --local path vendor/bundle
+          bundle install --jobs 4
+          bundle exec rake generate
+        working-directory: .bundle/gems/rdoc-${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.version }}
+        if: ${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.ref != '' }}
+
+      - name: Core docs coverage
         run: |
-          git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code NEWS.md ||
-          echo update=true >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+          make XRUBY=ruby RDOC_DEPENDS= RBCONFIG=update-rbconfig rdoc-coverage
 
-      - name: Commit
+      - name: Generate docs
+        id: docs
         run: |
-          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-          git commit --message="Update default gems list at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30} [ci skip]" NEWS.md
-          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-        env:
-          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
-          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
-          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          make XRUBY=ruby RDOC_DEPENDS= RBCONFIG=update-rbconfig HTMLOUT=html html
+          echo htmlout=ruby-html-${GITHUB_SHA:0:10} >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        # Generate only when document commit/PR
         if: >-
-          ${{
-          github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' &&
-          !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') &&
-          steps.diff.outputs.update
+          ${{false
+          || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ruby/rdoc]')
+          || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+          || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+          || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
           }}
 
+      - name: Upload docs
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          path: html
+          name: ${{ steps.docs.outputs.htmlout }}
+        if: ${{ steps.docs.outcome == 'success' }}
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_sast.yml b/.github/workflows/check_sast.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c8db1103ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_sast.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+name: 'Check SAST tool'
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ['master']
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 12 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions: # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    name: zizmor
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      security-events: write
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Run zizmor
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@5f14fd08f7cf1cb1609c1e344975f152c7ee938d # v0.5.6
+        continue-on-error: true
+
+  analyze:
+    name: Analyze
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
+      contents: read # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      security-events: write # for github/codeql-action/upload-sarif to send a status report
+    # CodeQL fails to run pull requests from dependabot due to missing write access to upload results.
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - language: cpp
+          - language: ruby
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Initialize CodeQL
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+        with:
+          languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
+          build-mode: none
+          config-file: .github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
+
+      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+        with:
+          category: '/language:${{ matrix.language }}'
+          upload: False
+          output: sarif-results
+
+      - name: filter-sarif
+        uses: advanced-security/filter-sarif@2da736ff05ef065cb2894ac6892e47b5eac2c3c0 # v1.1
+        with:
+          patterns: |
+            +**/*.rb
+            -lib/uri/mailto.rb:rb/overly-large-range
+            -lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb:rb/overly-large-range
+            -lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/mailto.rb:rb/overly-large-range
+            -lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb:rb/overly-large-range
+            -spec/ruby/core/regexp/timeout_spec.rb:rb/redos
+            -test/ruby/test_io.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -test/open-uri/test_open-uri.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -test/open-uri/test_ssl.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -spec/ruby/core/io/binread_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -spec/ruby/core/io/readlines_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -spec/ruby/core/io/foreach_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -spec/ruby/core/io/write_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -spec/ruby/core/io/read_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+            -spec/ruby/core/kernel/open_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
+          input: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
+          output: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
+        if: ${{ matrix.language == 'ruby' }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+
+      - name: filter-sarif
+        uses: advanced-security/filter-sarif@2da736ff05ef065cb2894ac6892e47b5eac2c3c0 # v1.1
+        with:
+          patterns: |
+            +**/*.c
+            +**/*.h
+          input: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
+          output: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
+        if: ${{ matrix.language == 'cpp' }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+
+      - name: Upload SARIF
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+        with:
+          sarif_file: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
+        continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index c7d0def7ae..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-name: 'CodeQL'
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: ['master']
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '0 12 * * *'
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
-
-permissions: # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  analyze:
-    name: Analyze
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    permissions:
-      actions: read # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
-      contents: read # for actions/checkout to fetch code
-      security-events: write # for github/codeql-action/autobuild to send a status report
-    # CodeQL fails to run pull requests from dependabot due to missing write access to upload results.
-    if: >-
-      ${{!(false
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )}}
-
-    env:
-      enable_install_doc: no
-
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - language: cpp
-            os: ubuntu-latest
-          # ruby analysis used large memory. We need to use a larger runner.
-          - language: ruby
-            os: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
-
-      - name: Install libraries
-        if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
-        uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
-
-      - name: Install libraries
-        if : ${{ matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' }}
-        uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
-
-      - name: Remove an obsolete rubygems vendored file
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' }}
-        run: sudo rm /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
-
-      - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@d39d31e687223d841ef683f52467bd88e9b21c14 # v3.25.3
-        with:
-          languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
-
-      - name: Autobuild
-        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@d39d31e687223d841ef683f52467bd88e9b21c14 # v3.25.3
-
-      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@d39d31e687223d841ef683f52467bd88e9b21c14 # v3.25.3
-        with:
-          category: '/language:${{ matrix.language }}'
-          upload: False
-          output: sarif-results
-
-      - name: filter-sarif
-        uses: advanced-security/filter-sarif@f3b8118a9349d88f7b1c0c488476411145b6270d # v1.0.1
-        with:
-          patterns: |
-            +**/*.rb
-            -lib/uri/mailto.rb:rb/overly-large-range
-            -lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb:rb/overly-large-range
-            -lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/mailto.rb:rb/overly-large-range
-            -lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb:rb/overly-large-range
-            -test/ruby/test_io.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -test/open-uri/test_open-uri.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -test/open-uri/test_ssl.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -spec/ruby/core/io/binread_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -spec/ruby/core/io/readlines_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -spec/ruby/core/io/foreach_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -spec/ruby/core/io/write_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -spec/ruby/core/io/read_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-            -spec/ruby/core/kernel/open_spec.rb:rb/non-constant-kernel-open
-          input: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
-          output: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
-        if: ${{ matrix.language == 'ruby' }}
-        continue-on-error: true
-
-      - name: Upload SARIF
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@d39d31e687223d841ef683f52467bd88e9b21c14 # v3.25.3
-        with:
-          sarif_file: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
-        continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
index 659e4e61c9..f747b7fd03 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+# Some tests depending on this name 'Compilations' via $GITHUB_WORKFLOW. Make sure to update such tests when renaming this workflow.
 name: Compilations
 
 on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -23,281 +24,309 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
-# GitHub actions does not support YAML anchors.  This creative use of
-# environment variables (plus the "echo $GITHUB_ENV" hack) is to reroute that
-# restriction.
-env:
-  default_cc: clang-18
-  append_cc: ''
-
-  # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests... Majority of time are consumed trying
-  # to optimize binaries.  Also GitHub Actions run on relatively modern CPUs
-  # compared to, say, GCC 4 or Clang 3.  We don't specify `-march=native`
-  # because compilers tend not understand what the CPU is.
-  optflags: '-O1'
-
-  # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV.  Do not set that.
-  debugflags: '-ggdb3'
-
-  default_configure: >-
-    --enable-debug-env
-    --disable-install-doc
-    --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+
-  append_configure: >-
-    --without-valgrind
-    --without-jemalloc
-    --without-gmp
-
-  CONFIGURE_TTY: never
-  GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-  RUBY_DEBUG: ci rgengc
-  RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
-    -q
-    --color=always
-    --tty=no
-
 permissions:
   contents: read
 
+# Each job is split so that they roughly take 30min to run through.
 jobs:
-  compile:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        env:
-          - {}
-        entry:
-          - { name: gcc-13,    env: { default_cc: gcc-13 } }
-          - { name: gcc-12,    env: { default_cc: gcc-12 } }
-          - { name: gcc-11,    env: { default_cc: gcc-11 } }
-          - { name: gcc-10,    env: { default_cc: gcc-10 } }
-          - { name: gcc-9,     env: { default_cc: gcc-9 } }
-          - { name: gcc-8,     env: { default_cc: gcc-8 } }
-          - { name: gcc-7,     env: { default_cc: gcc-7 } }
-          - name: 'gcc-13 LTO'
-            container: gcc-13
-            env:
-              default_cc: 'gcc-13 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -Werror=lto-type-mismatch'
-              optflags: '-O2'
-            shared: disable
-            # check: true
-          - { name: clang-19,  env: { default_cc: clang-19 } }
-          - { name: clang-18,  env: { default_cc: clang-18 } }
-          - { name: clang-17,  env: { default_cc: clang-17 } }
-          - { name: clang-16,  env: { default_cc: clang-16 } }
-          - { name: clang-15,  env: { default_cc: clang-15 } }
-          - { name: clang-14,  env: { default_cc: clang-14 } }
-          - { name: clang-13,  env: { default_cc: clang-13 } }
-          - { name: clang-12,  env: { default_cc: clang-12 } }
-          - { name: clang-11,  env: { default_cc: clang-11 } }
-          - { name: clang-10,  env: { default_cc: clang-10 } }
-          # llvm-objcopy<=9 doesn't have --wildcard. It compiles, but leaves Rust symbols in libyjit.o.
-          - { name: clang-9,   env: { default_cc: clang-9,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-          - { name: clang-8,   env: { default_cc: clang-8,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-          - { name: clang-7,   env: { default_cc: clang-7,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-          - { name: clang-6.0, env: { default_cc: clang-6.0, append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-          - name: 'clang-16 LTO'
-            container: clang-16
-            env:
-              default_cc: 'clang-16 -flto=auto'
-              optflags: '-O2'
-            shared: disable
-            # check: true
-
-          - { name: ext/Setup, static-exts: 'etc,json/*,*/escape' }
-
-#         - { name: aarch64-linux-gnu,     crosshost: aarch64-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-arm64 }
-#         - { name: arm-linux-gnueabi,     crosshost: arm-linux-gnueabi }
-#         - { name: arm-linux-gnueabihf,   crosshost: arm-linux-gnueabihf }
-#         - { name: i686-w64-mingw32,      crosshost: i686-w64-mingw32 }
-#         - { name: powerpc-linux-gnu,     crosshost: powerpc-linux-gnu }
-#         - { name: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, crosshost: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-ppc64el }
-#         - { name: s390x-linux-gnu,       crosshost: s390x-linux-gnu, container: crossbuild-essential-s390x }
-#         - { name: x86_64-w64-mingw32,    crosshost: x86_64-w64-mingw32, container: mingw-w64 }
-
-          # -Wno-strict-prototypes is necessary with current clang-15 since
-          # older autoconf generate functions without prototype and -pedantic
-          # now implies strict-prototypes. Disabling the error but leaving the
-          # warning generates a lot of noise from use of ANYARGS in
-          # rb_define_method() and friends.
-          # See: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/11da1b53d8cd3507959022cd790d5a7ad4573d94
-          - { name: c99,   env: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c99   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-#         - { name: c11,   env: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-#         - { name: c17,   env: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-          - { name: c23,   env: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-          - { name: c++98, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-#         - { name: c++11, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-#         - { name: c++14, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-#         - { name: c++17, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-#         - { name: c++20, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++20 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-#         - { name: c++23, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++23 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-          - { name: c++26, env: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++26 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-
-          - { name: '-O0', env: { optflags: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' } }
-#         - { name: '-O3', env: { optflags: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }, check: true }
-
-          - { name: gmp,                  env: { append_configure: '--with-gmp' } }
-          - { name: jemalloc,             env: { append_configure: '--with-jemalloc' } }
-          - { name: valgrind,             env: { append_configure: '--with-valgrind' } }
-          - { name: 'coroutine=ucontext', env: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' } }
-          - { name: 'coroutine=pthread',  env: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=pthread' } }
-          - { name: disable-jit,          env: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-rjit' } }
-          - { name: disable-dln,          env: { append_configure: '--disable-dln' } }
-          - { name: enable-mkmf-verbose,  env: { append_configure: '--enable-mkmf-verbose' } }
-          - { name: disable-rubygems,     env: { append_configure: '--disable-rubygems' } }
-          - { name: RUBY_DEVEL,           env: { append_configure: '--enable-devel' } }
-
-          - { name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=1,            env: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' } }
-          - { name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=2,            env: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' } }
-          - { name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=3,            env: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=3' } }
-
-          - { name: NDEBUG,                         env: { cppflags: '-DNDEBUG' } }
-          - { name: RUBY_DEBUG,                     env: { cppflags: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: ARRAY_DEBUG,                    env: { cppflags: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: BIGNUM_DEBUG,                   env: { cppflags: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: CCAN_LIST_DEBUG,                env: { cppflags: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: CPDEBUG=-1,                     env: { cppflags: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' } }
-#         - { name: ENC_DEBUG,                      env: { cppflags: '-DENC_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: GC_DEBUG,                       env: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: HASH_DEBUG,                     env: { cppflags: '-DHASH_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: ID_TABLE_DEBUG,                 env: { cppflags: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' } }
-#         - { name: RGENGC_DEBUG=-1,                env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' } }
-#         - { name: SYMBOL_DEBUG,                   env: { cppflags: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' } }
-
-#         - { name: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE,              env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' } }
-#         - { name: VM_CHECK_MODE,                  env: { cppflags: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' } }
-
-#         - { name: USE_EMBED_CI=0,                 env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' } }
-          - name: USE_FLONUM=0
-            env:
-              cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0'
-              # yjit requires FLONUM for the pointer tagging scheme
-              append_configure: '--disable-yjit'
-#         - { name: USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS, env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS' } }
-#         - { name: USE_LAZY_LOAD,                  env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' } }
-#         - { name: USE_SYMBOL_GC=0,                env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' } }
-#         - { name: USE_THREAD_CACHE=0,             env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' } }
-          - { name: USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1,           env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' } }
-#         - { name: USE_DEBUG_COUNTER,              env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_DEBUG_COUNTER=1', RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_DISABLE: '1' } }
-          - { name: SHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING,      env: { cppflags: '-DSHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING=1' } }
-
-#         - { name: DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS,       env: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' } }
-#         - { name: DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK,             env: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' } }
-#         - { name: ENABLE_PATH_CHECK,              env: { cppflags: '-DENABLE_PATH_CHECK' } }
-
-#         - { name: GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS,       env: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' } }
-#         - { name: GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0,         env: { cppflags: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' } }
-#         - { name: GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY,       env: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY' } }
-#         - { name: GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL,         env: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' } }
-
-#         - { name: CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE,         env: { cppflags: '-DCALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE' } }
-#         - { name: MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK,    env: { cppflags: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' } }
-
-#         - { name: IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER,   env: { cppflags: '-DIBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER' } }
-
-#         - { name: RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC,      env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' } }
-#         - { name: RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC,          env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC' } }
-#         - { name: RGENGC_OBJ_INFO,                env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_OBJ_INFO' } }
-#         - { name: RGENGC_PROFILE,                 env: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' } }
-
-#         - { name: VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK,              env: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' } }
-#         - { name: VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE,   env: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' } }
-
-          - { name: enable-yjit,                    env: { append_configure: '--enable-yjit --disable-rjit' } }
-          - { name: enable-rjit,                    env: { append_configure: '--enable-rjit --disable-yjit' } }
-          - { name: YJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              env: { cppflags: '-DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' } }
-#         - { name: RJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              env: { cppflags: '-DRJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' } }
-          - { name: UNIVERSAL_PARSER,               env: { cppflags: '-DUNIVERSAL_PARSER' } }
-
-    name: ${{ matrix.entry.name }}
-
+  compile-if:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, trigger'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${{ matrix.entry.container || matrix.entry.env.default_cc || 'clang-18' }}
-      options: --user root
-
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
-
-    env: ${{ matrix.entry.env || matrix.env }}
-
     steps:
-      - run: id
+      - run: true
         working-directory:
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
-        with:
-          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
-          sparse-checkout: /.github
+  compile1:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #1'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - name: 'clang 22 LTO'
+        uses: './.github/actions/compilers'
         with:
-          srcdir: src
-          builddir: build
-          makeup: true
-          clean: true
+          tag: clang-22
+          with_gcc: 'clang-22 -flto=auto'
+          optflags: '-O2'
+          enable_shared: false
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: '-O0', with: { optflags: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      # - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: '-O3', with: { optflags: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic', check: true } }
+
+  compile2:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #2'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - name: Run configure
-        run: >
-          ../src/configure -C ${default_configure} ${append_configure}
-          --${{
-            matrix.entry.crosshost && 'host' || 'with-gcc'
-          }}=${{
-            matrix.entry.crosshost || '"${default_cc}${append_cc:+ $append_cc}"'
-          }}
-          --${{ matrix.entry.shared || 'enable' }}-shared
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - name: 'GCC 15 LTO'
+        uses: './.github/actions/compilers'
+        with:
+          tag: gcc-15
+          with_gcc: 'gcc-15 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -Werror=lto-type-mismatch'
+          optflags: '-O2'
+          enable_shared: false
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ext/Setup', with: { static_exts: 'etc json/* */escape' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 15', with: { tag: 'gcc-15' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 14', with: { tag: 'gcc-14' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 13', with: { tag: 'gcc-13' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 12', with: { tag: 'gcc-12' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 11', with: { tag: 'gcc-11' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 10', with: { tag: 'gcc-10' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 9',  with: { tag: 'gcc-9'  }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile3:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #3'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - name: Add to ext/Setup
-        id: ext-setup
-        run: |
-          mkdir ext
-          cd ext
-          for ext in {${{ matrix.entry.static-exts }}}; do
-            echo "${ext}"
-          done >> Setup
-        if: ${{ (matrix.entry.static-exts || '') != '' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 20', with: { tag: 'clang-20' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 19', with: { tag: 'clang-19' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 18', with: { tag: 'clang-18' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 17', with: { tag: 'clang-17' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 16', with: { tag: 'clang-16' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 15', with: { tag: 'clang-15' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 14', with: { tag: 'clang-14' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile4:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #4'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - name: Clean up ext/Setup
-        uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@7aec950f3b114c4fcf6012070c3709ecff0eb6f8 # v1.4.0
-        with:
-          shell: bash
-          working-directory: build
-          post: rm ext/Setup
-        if: ${{ steps.ext-setup.outcome == 'success' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 13', with: { tag: 'clang-13' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 12', with: { tag: 'clang-12' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 11', with: { tag: 'clang-11' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 10', with: { tag: 'clang-10' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+        # llvm-objcopy<=9 doesn't have --wildcard. It compiles, but leaves Rust symbols in libyjit.o and fail `make test-leaked-globals`.
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 9',  with: { tag: 'clang-9',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 8',  with: { tag: 'clang-8',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 7',  with: { tag: 'clang-7',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 6',  with: { tag: 'clang-6.0', append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile5:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #5'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make showflags
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      # -Wno-strict-prototypes is necessary with current clang-15 since
+      # older autoconf generate functions without prototype and -pedantic
+      # now implies strict-prototypes. Disabling the error but leaving the
+      # warning generates a lot of noise from use of ANYARGS in
+      # rb_define_method() and friends.
+      # See: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/11da1b53d8cd3507959022cd790d5a7ad4573d94
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C99',      with: { CFLAGS: '-std=c99 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C11',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C17',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C23',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++98', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++11', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++14', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++17', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile6:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #6'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++20', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++20 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++23', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++23 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++26', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++26 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'gmp',                 with: { append_configure: '--with-gmp', test_all: 'ruby/test_bignum.rb', test_spec: "/github/workspace/src/spec/ruby/core/integer" }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'jemalloc',            with: { append_configure: '--with-jemalloc' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'valgrind',            with: { append_configure: '--with-valgrind' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'coroutine=ucontext',  with: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'coroutine=pthread',   with: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=pthread' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile7:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #7'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make test
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-jit',         with: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-yjit',        with: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-zjit',        with: { append_configure: '--disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-dln',         with: { append_configure: '--disable-dln' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'enable-mkmf-verbose', with: { append_configure: '--enable-mkmf-verbose' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-rubygems',    with: { append_configure: '--disable-rubygems' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RUBY_DEVEL',          with: { append_configure: '--enable-devel' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=0',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile8:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #8'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make install
-        if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'NDEBUG',                         with: { cppflags: '-DNDEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RUBY_DEBUG',                     with: { cppflags: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ARRAY_DEBUG',                    with: { cppflags: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'CCAN_LIST_DEBUG',                with: { cppflags: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'CPDEBUG=-1',                     with: { cppflags: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ENC_DEBUG',                      with: { cppflags: '-DENC_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_DEBUG',                       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compile9:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #9'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make test-tool
-        if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'HASH_DEBUG',                     with: { cppflags: '-DHASH_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ID_TABLE_DEBUG',                 with: { cppflags: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_DEBUG=-1',                with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'SYMBOL_DEBUG',                   with: { cppflags: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_CHECK_MODE',              with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_CHECK_MODE',                  with: { cppflags: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_EMBED_CI=0',                 with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_FLONUM=0',                   with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0', append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compileX:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #10'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make test-all TESTS='-- ruby -ext-'
-        if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_LAZY_LOAD',                  with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1',           with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_DEBUG_COUNTER',              with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_DEBUG_COUNTER=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'SHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING',      with: { cppflags: '-DSHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS',       with: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK',             with: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=1',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=2',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 21', with: { tag: 'clang-21' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compileB:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #11'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
-      - run: make test-spec
-        env:
-          CHECK_LEAKS: true
-        if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS',       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0',         with: { cppflags: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY',       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL',         with: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK',    with: { cppflags: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC',      with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_PROFILE',                 with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compileC:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, #12'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: compile-if
+    if: ${{ needs.compile-if.result == 'success' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60
 
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK',              with: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE',   with: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'YJIT_FORCE_ENABLE',              with: { cppflags: '-DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'UNIVERSAL_PARSER',               with: { cppflags: '-DUNIVERSAL_PARSER' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 23', with: { tag: 'clang-23' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 22', with: { tag: 'clang-22' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 8',  with: { tag: 'gcc-8'  }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 7',  with: { tag: 'gcc-7'  }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+
+  compilemax:
+    name: 'omnibus compilations, result'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ always() }}
+    needs:
+      - 'compile1'
+      - 'compile2'
+      - 'compile3'
+      - 'compile4'
+      - 'compile5'
+      - 'compile6'
+      - 'compile7'
+      - 'compile8'
+      - 'compile9'
+      - 'compileX'
+      - 'compileB'
+      - 'compileC'
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github, persist-credentials: false }
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
-          label: ${{ matrix.entry.name }}
+          label: 'omnibus'
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
-        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
+      - run: false
+        working-directory:
+        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
 
 defaults:
   run:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/crosscompile.yml b/.github/workflows/crosscompile.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ed6429a1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/crosscompile.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+name: Cross compile
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    name: make (${{ matrix.host }} host on ${{ matrix.build }})
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - host: aarch64-linux-gnu
+            arch: arm64
+            build: x86_64-linux-gnu
+            runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+            file_arch: ARM aarch64
+          - host: x86_64-linux-gnu
+            arch: amd64
+            build: aarch64-linux-gnu
+            runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+            file_arch: x86-64
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Setup cross-compilation toolchain sources
+        run: |
+          native_arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture)
+          # Restrict existing sources to native arch
+          sudo sed -i '/^Architectures:/d' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources
+          sudo sed -i "/^Types:/a Architectures: ${native_arch}" /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources
+          # Add cross-arch sources
+          if [ "${{ matrix.arch }}" = "arm64" ]; then
+            cross_uri="http://ports.ubuntu.com/"
+          else
+            cross_uri="http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/"
+          fi
+          printf '%s\n' \
+            "Types: deb" \
+            "URIs: ${cross_uri}" \
+            "Suites: noble noble-updates noble-security" \
+            "Components: main universe" \
+            "Architectures: ${{ matrix.arch }}" \
+            | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cross-${{ matrix.arch }}.sources
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+        with:
+          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/baseruby
+        id: baseruby
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: >-
+          ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc
+          --prefix=/usr
+          --build=${{ matrix.build }}
+          --host=${{ matrix.host }}
+          --with-baseruby="$baseruby"
+        env:
+          baseruby: ${{ steps.baseruby.outputs.ruby }}
+
+      - run: make
+
+      - run: make install DESTDIR=$PWD/install
+
+      - name: Verify cross-compiled binary
+        run: |
+          file install/usr/bin/ruby
+          file install/usr/bin/ruby | grep -q '${{ matrix.file_arch }}'
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: cross ${{ matrix.host }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml b/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1a6f79587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+name: Cygwin
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - run: git config --global core.autocrlf input
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Setup Cygwin
+        uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@711d29f3da23c9f4a1798e369a6f01198c13b11a # v6.1
+        with:
+          packages: ruby gcc-core make autoconf libtool libssl-devel libyaml-devel libffi-devel zlib-devel rubygems
+          site: |
+            https://cygwin.osuosl.org/
+
+      - name: configure
+        run: |
+          ./autogen.sh
+          ./configure --disable-install-doc
+        shell: C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE --noprofile --norc -e -o igncr -o pipefail {0}
+
+      - name: Extract bundled gems
+        run: |
+          make ruby -j5
+          make extract-gems
+        shell: C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE --noprofile --norc -e -o igncr -o pipefail {0}
+
+      - name: make all
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+        run: make -j4 V=1
+        shell: C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE --noprofile --norc -e -o igncr -o pipefail {0}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: Cygwin
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/default_gems_list.yml b/.github/workflows/default_gems_list.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68f2d18dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/default_gems_list.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+name: Update default gems list
+on: [push, pull_request, merge_group]
+
+env:
+  UPDATE_NEWS_ENABLED: true
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  update_default_gems_list:
+    name: Update default gems list
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # for Git to git push
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - id: gems
+        run: true
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          makeup: true
+          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN
+          checkout: '' # false (ref: https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/2238)
+        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+
+      - name: Download previous gems list
+        run: |
+          data=default_gems.json
+          mkdir -p .downloaded-cache
+          ln -s .downloaded-cache/$data .
+          curl --retry 5 --retry-connrefused --retry-delay 2 --retry-max-time 60 -O -R -z ./$data https://stdgems.org/$data
+        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+
+      - name: Make default gems list
+        run: |
+          #!ruby
+          require 'rubygems'
+          $:.unshift "lib"
+          rgver = File.foreach("lib/rubygems.rb") do |line|
+            break $1 if /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/ =~ line
+          end
+          gems = Dir.glob("{ext,lib}/**/*.gemspec").map do |f|
+            spec = Gem::Specification.load(f)
+            "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
+          end.sort
+          File.open("gems/default_gems", "w") do |f|
+            f.puts "RubyGems #{rgver}"
+            f.puts gems
+          end
+        shell: ruby --disable=gems {0}
+        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+
+      - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
+        run: |
+          ruby tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb default
+        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' && env.UPDATE_NEWS_ENABLED == 'true' }}
+
+      - name: Check diffs
+        id: diff
+        run: |
+          git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code NEWS.md ||
+          echo update=true >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+
+      - name: Commit
+        run: |
+          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+          git commit --message="Update default gems list at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30} [ci skip]" NEWS.md
+          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+        env:
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+        if: >-
+          ${{
+          github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' &&
+          !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') &&
+          steps.diff.outputs.update
+          }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml b/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
index 80112a0af3..2e4dc8d7a2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
@@ -1,23 +1,25 @@
 # from https://github.com/gofiber/swagger/blob/main/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
 name: Dependabot auto-merge
 on:
-  pull_request_target:
+  pull_request:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+  pull-requests: write
 
 jobs:
   automerge:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    if: ${{ github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' }}
-
+    if: github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && github.repository == 'ruby/ruby'
     steps:
       - name: Dependabot metadata
-        uses: dependabot/fetch-metadata@5e5f99653a5b510e8555840e80cbf1514ad4af38 # v2.1.0
+        uses: dependabot/fetch-metadata@25dd0e34f4fe68f24cc83900b1fe3fe149efef98 # v3.1.0
         id: metadata
 
       - name: Wait for status checks
-        uses: lewagon/wait-on-check-action@ccfb013c15c8afb7bf2b7c028fb74dc5a068cccc # v1.3.4
+        uses: lewagon/wait-on-check-action@9312864dfbc9fd208e9c0417843430751c042800 # v1.7.0
         with:
-          repo-token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
           check-regexp: 'make \(check, .*\)'
           wait-interval: 30
@@ -27,4 +29,4 @@ jobs:
         run: gh pr merge --auto --rebase "$PR_URL"
         env:
           PR_URL: ${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_DEPENDABOT_MERGE_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/labeler.yml b/.github/workflows/labeler.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0a8024b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/labeler.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name: "Pull Request Labeler"
+on:
+- pull_request_target
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  labeler:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: write
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/labeler@f27b608878404679385c85cfa523b85ccb86e213 # v6.1.0
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
index 54e30129e4..4f1807121f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -26,36 +26,50 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - test_task: check
+            os: macos-26
+          - test_task: check
+            os: macos-15
+            configure_args: '--with-gcc=gcc-14'
+          - test_task: check
+            os: macos-26
+            configure_args: '--with-jemalloc --with-opt-dir=$(brew --prefix jemalloc)'
+          - test_task: check
+            os: macos-26
+            configure_args: '--with-gmp'
           - test_task: test-all
             test_opts: --repeat-count=2
+            os: macos-26
           - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+            os: macos-26
           - test_task: test-bundled-gems
+            os: macos-26
           - test_task: check
-            os: macos-12
+            os: macos-15
           - test_task: check
-            os: macos-13
+            os: macos-15-intel
+          - test_task: check
+            os: macos-14
       fail-fast: false
 
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
 
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os || (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'macos-14')}}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Install libraries
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
@@ -70,14 +84,34 @@ jobs:
           # Set fetch-depth: 0 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
           fetch-depth: 10
 
+      - name: make sure that kern.coredump=1
+        run: |
+          sysctl -n kern.coredump
+          sudo sysctl -w kern.coredump=1
+          sudo chmod -R +rwx /cores/
+
+      - name: Delete unused SDKs
+        # To free up disk space to not run out during the run
+        run: |
+          sudo rm -rf ~/.dotnet
+          sudo rm -rf /Library/Android
+          sudo rm -rf /Library/Developer/CoreSimulator
+        continue-on-error: true
+
       - name: Run configure
-        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${ruby_configure_args} ${{ matrix.configure_args }}
 
       - run: make prepare-gems
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
 
       - run: make
 
+      - run: make hello
+
+      - name: runirb
+        run: |
+          echo IRB::VERSION | make runirb RUNOPT="-- -f"
+
       - name: Set test options for skipped tests
         run: |
           set -x
@@ -86,27 +120,37 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
-          os: ${{ matrix.os || (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'macos-14')}}
+          os: ${{ matrix.os }}
           test-opts: ${{ matrix.test_opts }}
           launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: Set extra test options
-        run: echo "TESTS=$TESTS ${{ matrix.test_opts }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "TESTS=$TESTS ${{ matrix.test_opts }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "RUBY_TEST_TIMEOUT_SCALE=10" >> $GITHUB_ENV # With --repeat-count=2, flaky test by timeout occurs frequently for some reason
         if: matrix.test_opts
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          ulimit -c unlimited
           make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
-        timeout-minutes: 60
+        timeout-minutes: 90
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
         run: |
@@ -118,6 +162,14 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
 
+      - name: CAPI extensions
+        uses: ./.github/actions/capiext
+        with:
+          builddir: build
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.extra_checks, 'capi') }}
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
           label: ${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}
@@ -127,7 +179,7 @@ jobs:
   result:
     if: ${{ always() }}
     name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
-    runs-on: macos-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [make]
     steps:
       - run: exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
index 75cdfbab65..9a47e70f8c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -30,16 +30,32 @@ permissions:
 #
 jobs:
   make:
-    runs-on: windows-2022
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
 
     name: ${{ github.workflow }} (${{ matrix.msystem }})
 
     env:
       MSYSTEM: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
-      MSYS2_ARCH: x86_64
-      CHOST: 'x86_64-w64-mingw32'
-      CFLAGS: '-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
-      CXXFLAGS: '-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
+      MSYS2_ARCH: >-
+        ${{ case(
+        contains(matrix.msystem, 'arm64'), 'aarch64',
+        contains(matrix.msystem, '64'), 'x86_64',
+        'i686'
+        ) }}
+      MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX: >-
+        mingw-w${{
+        case(endsWith(matrix.msystem, '64'), '64', '32')
+        }}-${{ case(
+        startsWith(matrix.msystem, 'clang'), 'clang',
+        startsWith(matrix.msystem, 'ucrt'), 'ucrt',
+        'mingw'
+        ) }}-${{ case(
+        contains(matrix.msystem, 'arm64'), 'aarch64',
+        endsWith(matrix.msystem, '64'), 'x86_64',
+        'i686'
+        ) }}
+      CFLAGS: '-mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
+      CXXFLAGS: '-mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
       CPPFLAGS: '-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -DFD_SETSIZE=2048'
       LDFLAGS: '-pipe'
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
@@ -48,82 +64,153 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           # To mitigate flakiness of MinGW CI, we test only one runtime that newer MSYS2 uses.
+          # Ruby 3.2 is the first Windows Ruby to use OpenSSL 3.x
           - msystem: 'UCRT64'
-            baseruby: '3.0'
+            os: 2022
             test_task: 'check'
             test-all-opts: '--name=!/TestObjSpace#test_reachable_objects_during_iteration/'
+          - msystem: 'CLANGARM64'
+            os: 11-arm
+            test_task: 'check'
       fail-fast: false
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/vcpkg'))
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - name: Set up Ruby & MSYS2
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@e9898307ac31d1a803454791be09ab9973336e1c # v2.31.1
+        id: msys2
         with:
-          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.baseruby }}
-
-      - name: where check
-        run: |
-          # show where
-          mv /c/Windows/System32/libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll /c/Windows/System32/libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll_
-          mv /c/Windows/System32/libssl-1_1-x64.dll    /c/Windows/System32/libssl-1_1-x64.dll_
-          result=true
-          for e in gcc.exe ragel.exe make.exe libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll libssl-1_1-x64.dll; do
-            echo ::group::$'\033[93m'$e$'\033[m'
-            where $e || result=false
-            echo ::endgroup::
-          done
-          $result
+          msystem: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
+          update: true
+          install: >-
+            git
+            make
+            ruby
+            autoconf
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-gcc
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-ragel
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-openssl
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-libyaml
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-libffi
+
+      - name: Set up env
+        id: setup-env
         working-directory:
-
-      - name: version check
         run: |
-          # show version
-          result=true
-          for e in gcc ragel make "openssl version"; do
-            case "$e" in *" "*) ;; *) e="$e --version";; esac
-            echo ::group::$'\033[93m'$e$'\033[m'
-            $e || result=false
-            echo ::endgroup::
-          done
-          $result
+          $msys2 = ${env:MSYS2_LOCATION}
+          $msystem = ${env:MSYSTEM}.ToLower()
+          echo $msys2\usr\bin $msys2\$msystem\bin |
+            Tee-Object ${env:GITHUB_PATH} -Append -Encoding utf-8
+
+          # Use the fast device for the temporary directory.
+          # %TEMP% is inconsistent with %TMP% and test-all expects they are consistent.
+          # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
+          $tmp = ${env:RUNNER_TEMP}
+          echo HOME=$home TMP=$tmp TEMP=$tmp TMPDIR=$tmp |
+            Tee-Object ${env:GITHUB_ENV} -Append -Encoding utf-8
+        shell: pwsh             # cmd.exe does not strip spaces before `|`.
+        env:
+          MSYS2_LOCATION: ${{ steps.msys2.outputs.msys2-location }}
+          MSYSTEM: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
+
+      - name: Remove Strawberry Perl pkg-config
         working-directory:
+        # `pkg-config.bat` included in Strawberry Perl is written in
+        # Perl and doesn't work when another msys2 `perl` precede its
+        # own `perl`.
+        #
+        # ```
+        # Can't find C:\Strawberry\perl\bin\pkg-config.bat on PATH, '.' not in PATH.
+        # ```
+        run: |
+          Get-Command pkg-config.bat | % { ren $_.path ($_.path + "~") }
+        shell: pwsh
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - name: Misc system & package info
+        working-directory:
+        run: |
+          group() { echo ::group::$'\e[94;1m'"$*"$'\e[m'; }
+          endgroup() { echo ::endgroup::; }
+
+          group Path
+          cygpath -wa / . $(type -p cygpath bash sh)
+          endgroup
+
+          I() {
+              group $1
+              run Where type -pa $1 && { [ $# -eq 1 ] || run Version "$@"; } ||
+                  failed+=($1)
+              endgroup
+          }
+          run() { local w m=$1; shift; w="$("$@")" && show "$m" && indent "$w"; }
+          indent() { [ -z "$1" ] || echo "$1" | /bin/sed '/^$/!s/^/  /'; }
+          show() { echo $'\e[96m'"$*"$'\e[m'; }
+
+          failed=()
+
+          I gcc.exe --version
+          I ragel.exe --version
+          I make.exe --version
+          I openssl.exe version
+          I libcrypto-3-x64.dll
+          I libssl-3-x64.dll
+
+          group Packages
+          pacman -Qs $MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX-* | /bin/sed -n "s,local/$MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX-,,p"
+          endgroup
+
+          [ ${#failed[@]} -eq 0 ]
+        shell: sh
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
           srcdir: src
           builddir: build
           makeup: true
+          # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
+          fetch-depth: 10
 
       - name: configure
         run: >
           ../src/configure --disable-install-doc --prefix=/.
           --build=$CHOST --host=$CHOST --target=$CHOST
+        shell: sh
+        env:
+          CHOST: ${{ env.MSYS2_ARCH }}-w64-mingw32
 
       - name: make all
         timeout-minutes: 30
-        run: make
+        run: make -j4
 
       - name: make install
         run: make DESTDIR=../install install-nodoc
 
+      - name: Set up Launchable
+        uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
+        with:
+          os: windows-2022
+          launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
+          builddir: build
+          srcdir: src
+          test-tasks: '["test", "test-all", "test-spec"]'
+        continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
+
       - name: test
         timeout-minutes: 30
-        run: make test
-        shell: cmd
+        run: make test test-tool
         env:
           GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
@@ -131,13 +218,13 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: test-all
         timeout-minutes: 45
-        shell: cmd
         run: |
           make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-all' }}
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
-            --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5
+            --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5 -j4
             ${{ matrix.test-all-opts }}
+            ${{ env.TESTS }}
           BUNDLER_VERSION:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-all' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/') }}
 
@@ -145,7 +232,6 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: 10
         run: |
           make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-spec' }}
-        shell: cmd
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-spec' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/') }}
 
       - uses: ./src/.github/actions/slack
@@ -157,4 +243,4 @@ jobs:
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
-    shell: sh
+    shell: cmd
diff --git a/.github/workflows/modgc.yml b/.github/workflows/modgc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..218127aad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/modgc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+name: ModGC
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        gc:
+          - name: default
+          - name: mmtk
+            mmtk_build: release
+        os: [macos-26, ubuntu-latest]
+        include:
+          - test_task: check
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Install libraries (macOS)
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
+
+      - name: Install libraries (Ubuntu)
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+          bundler: none
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+          clean: true
+          dummy-files: false
+          # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
+          fetch-depth: 10
+
+      - name: make sure that kern.coredump=1
+        run: |
+          sysctl -n kern.coredump
+          sudo sysctl -w kern.coredump=1
+          sudo chmod -R +rwx /cores/
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
+
+      - name: Delete unused SDKs
+        # To free up disk space to not run out during the run
+        run: |
+          sudo rm -rf ~/.dotnet
+          sudo rm -rf /Library/Android
+          sudo rm -rf /Library/Developer/CoreSimulator
+        continue-on-error: true
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
+
+      - name: Setup Ruby GC Directory
+        run: |
+          echo "MODULAR_GC_DIR=$HOME/ruby_gc" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        env:
+          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+        run: |
+          ${SETARCH} ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-modular-gc="${MODULAR_GC_DIR}" \
+          ${arch:+--target=$arch-$OSTYPE --host=$arch-$OSTYPE}
+
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@46268bd060767258de96ed93c1251119784f2ab6 # v1.16.1
+        with:
+          cache-bin: false
+      - name: Set MMTk environment variables
+        run: |
+          echo 'EXCLUDES=../src/test/.excludes-mmtk' >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo 'MSPECOPT=-B../src/spec/mmtk.mspec' >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if: ${{ matrix.gc.name == 'mmtk' }}
+
+      - run: ${SETARCH} make
+
+      - name: Build Modular  GC
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_GC_LIBRARY=${{ matrix.gc.name }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          make install-modular-gc MODULAR_GC=${{ matrix.gc.name }} MMTK_BUILD=${{ matrix.gc.mmtk_build }}
+          make distclean-modular-gc MODULAR_GC=${{ matrix.gc.name }}
+
+      - run: ${SETARCH} make hello
+
+      - name: Set test options for skipped tests
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          TESTS="$(echo "${{ matrix.skipped_tests }}" | sed 's| |$$/ -n!/|g;s|^|-n!/|;s|$|$$/|')"
+          echo "TESTS=${TESTS}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
+
+      - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
+        uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
+        with:
+          os: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
+          test-opts: ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
+          builddir: build
+          srcdir: src
+        continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
+
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          ${SETARCH} make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} \
+            ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            ${{ !contains(matrix.test_task, 'bundle') && 'RUBYOPT=-w' || '' }}
+        timeout-minutes: ${{ matrix.gc.timeout || 40 }}
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
+          PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+
+      - name: make skipped tests
+        run: |
+          ${SETARCH} make -s test-all TESTS="${TESTS//-n!\//-n/}"
+        env:
+          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml b/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c26e87e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+name: parse.y
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - test_task: check
+          - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+          - test_task: test-bundled-gems
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
+      SETARCH: ${{ matrix.arch && format('setarch {0}', matrix.arch) }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+          clean: true
+          dummy-files: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG --with-parser=parse.y
+
+      - run: make
+
+      - run: make TESTRUN_SCRIPT='-renvutil -v -e "exit EnvUtil.current_parser == %[parse.y]"' run
+        env:
+          RUNOPT0: -I$(tooldir)/lib
+
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: ${{ matrix.testopts }}
+          EXCLUDES: '../src/test/.excludes-parsey'
+          RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts || '--parser=parse.y' }}
+          SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts || '-T --parser=parse.y' }}
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/post_push.yml b/.github/workflows/post_push.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e351c8c286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/post_push.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+name: Post-push
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+      - 'ruby_*_*'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  hooks:
+    name: Post-push hooks
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Sync git.ruby-lang.org
+        id: sync-git
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p ~/.ssh
+          (umask 066; printenv RUBY_GIT_SYNC_PRIVATE_KEY > ~/.ssh/id_ed25519)
+          ssh-keyscan -t ed25519 git.ruby-lang.org >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
+          ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 git-sync@git.ruby-lang.org "sudo -u git /home/git/git.ruby-lang.org/bin/update-ruby.sh $GITHUB_REF"
+        env:
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+          RUBY_GIT_SYNC_PRIVATE_KEY: ${{ secrets.RUBY_GIT_SYNC_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/ruby_') }}
+
+      - name: Fetch changesets on bugs.ruby-lang.org
+        run: |
+          curl "https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/sys/fetch_changesets?key=${REDMINE_SYS_API_KEY}" -s --fail-with-body -w '* status: %{http_code}\n'
+        env:
+          REDMINE_SYS_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.REDMINE_SYS_API_KEY }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/ruby_') }}
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 500 # for notify-slack-commits
+          token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Notify commit to Slack
+        run: ruby tool/notify-slack-commits.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" refs/heads/master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_ALERTS: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_ALERTS }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_COMMITS: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_COMMITS }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_RUBY_JP: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_RUBY_JP }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - name: Notify commit to ruby-cvs
+        run: |
+          SENDMAIL="ssh -i ${HOME}/.ssh/id_ed25519 git-sync@git.ruby-lang.org /usr/sbin/sendmail" \
+            ruby tool/commit-email.rb . ruby-cvs@g.ruby-lang.org \
+            "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" "$GITHUB_REF" \
+            --viewer-uri "https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/" \
+            --error-to cvs-admin@ruby-lang.org
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/ruby_') }}
+
+      - name: Auto-correct code styles
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          ruby tool/auto-style.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" refs/heads/master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - name: Push PR notes to GitHub
+        id: pr-notes
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: ruby tool/notes-github-pr.rb "$(pwd)/.git" "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" refs/heads/master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - name: Check for failures
+        run: exit 1
+        if: ${{ steps.sync-git.outcome == 'failure' || steps.pr-notes.outcome == 'failure' }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml b/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml
index cc06006142..dc4f075a38 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ on:
     workflows: ["WebAssembly"]
     types: [completed]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  actions: read
+
 jobs:
   post-summary:
     name: Post Playground link
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
         && github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request')
       }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/github-script@60a0d83039c74a4aee543508d2ffcb1c3799cdea # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           script: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/prism.yml b/.github/workflows/prism.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 95a36f1634..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/prism.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-name: Prism
-on:
-  push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '**.[1-8]'
-      - '**.ronn'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '**.[1-8]'
-      - '**.ronn'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  merge_group:
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  make:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        # main variables included in the job name
-        test_task: [check]
-        run_opts: ['--parser=prism']
-        arch: ['']
-      fail-fast: false
-
-    env:
-      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-      SETARCH: ${{ matrix.arch && format('setarch {0}', matrix.arch) }}
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-
-    if: >-
-      ${{!(false
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )}}
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
-        with:
-          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
-          sparse-checkout: /.github
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
-        with:
-          srcdir: src
-          builddir: build
-          makeup: true
-
-      - name: Run configure
-        env:
-          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-        run: >-
-          $SETARCH ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG
-          ${arch:+--target=$arch-$OSTYPE --host=$arch-$OSTYPE}
-
-      - run: $SETARCH make
-
-      - name: make test
-        run: |
-          $SETARCH make -s test RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 30
-        env:
-          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
-          RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-
-      - name: make test-all
-        run: |
-          $SETARCH make -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 40
-        env:
-          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no --excludes-dir="../src/test/.excludes-prism" --exclude="test_ast.rb" --exclude="error_highlight/test_error_highlight.rb" --exclude="prism/encoding_test.rb" --exclude="prism/locals_test.rb" --exclude="prism/newline_test.rb"'
-          RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-
-      - name: make test-prism-spec
-        run: |
-          $SETARCH make -s test-prism-spec SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 10
-        env:
-          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
-          SPECOPTS: "-T -W:no-experimental -T --parser=prism"
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
-        with:
-          label: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
-        if: ${{ failure() }}
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d4a31d287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+name: Publish Ruby packages
+
+on:
+  repository_dispatch:
+    types:
+      - release
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      version:
+        description: 'Version of the Ruby package to release'
+        required: true
+        default: '4.0.0'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: 3.3.4
+
+      - name: Store Ruby version
+        env:
+          RUBY_VERSION: ${{ github.event.client_payload.version || github.event.inputs.version }}
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_VERSION=${RUBY_VERSION}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Store ABI version
+        run: echo "ABI_VERSION=$(echo ${RUBY_VERSION} | cut -d '.' -f 1-2)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Copy draft package `/tmp` to `/pub` directory
+        run: tool/release.sh ${RUBY_VERSION}
+        env:
+          AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.FTP_R_L_O_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+          AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.FTP_R_L_O_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+          AWS_DEFAULT_REGION: us-west-2
+
+      - name: Purge URLs of release package
+        run: |
+          curl -X POST \
+            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
+            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${ABI_VERSION}/ruby-${RUBY_VERSION}.tar.gz
+          curl -X POST \
+            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
+            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${ABI_VERSION}/ruby-${RUBY_VERSION}.tar.xz
+          curl -X POST \
+            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
+            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${ABI_VERSION}/ruby-${RUBY_VERSION}.zip
+
+      - name: Create a release on GitHub
+        run: |
+          RELEASE_TAG=$(ruby tool/ruby-version.rb tag "${RUBY_VERSION}")
+          echo $RELEASE_TAG
+          PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG=$(ruby tool/ruby-version.rb previous-tag "${RUBY_VERSION}")
+          echo $PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG
+          tool/gen-github-release.rb $PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG $RELEASE_TAG --no-dry-run
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Update versions index
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/actions/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "update_index"}'
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker images
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/docker-images/dispatches \
+            -d "{\"event_type\": \"build\", \"client_payload\": {\"ruby_version\": \"${RUBY_VERSION}\"}}"
+
+      - name: Build snapcraft packages
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/snap.ruby/dispatches \
+            -d "{\"event_type\": \"build\", \"client_payload\": {\"ruby_version\": \"${RUBY_VERSION}\"}}"
+
+      - name: Store the latest LTS version of OpenSSL
+        run: |
+          echo "OPENSSL_VERSION=`curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/openssl/openssl/releases | jq -r '.[].tag_name | select(startswith("openssl-3.0"))' | sort -Vr | head -n1 | cut -d'-' -f2`" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Update ruby-build definition
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.RUBY_BUILD_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/rbenv/ruby-build/dispatches \
+            -d "{\"event_type\": \"update-ruby\", \"client_payload\": {\"ruby_version\": \"${RUBY_VERSION}\", \"openssl_version\": \"${OPENSSL_VERSION}\"}}"
+
+      - name: Update all-ruby definition
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/all-ruby/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "update"}'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a35bcff99a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+name: Start release workflow
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - '*'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  notify:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Build release package
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/actions/dispatches \
+            -d "{\"event_type\": \"$GITHUB_REF\"}"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rjit-bindgen.yml b/.github/workflows/rjit-bindgen.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1263c20505..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/rjit-bindgen.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-name: RJIT bindgen
-on:
-  push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  merge_group:
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  make:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - task: rjit-bindgen
-      fail-fast: false
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-
-    if: >-
-      ${{!(false
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )}}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Set up Ruby
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
-        with:
-          ruby-version: '3.1'
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
-        with:
-          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
-          sparse-checkout: /.github
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
-        with:
-          srcdir: src
-          builddir: build
-          makeup: true
-
-      - name: Run configure
-        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install --enable-yjit=dev_nodebug
-
-      - run: make
-
-      - run: make install
-
-      - run: make ${{ matrix.task }}
-
-      - run: git diff --exit-code
-        working-directory: src
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
-        with:
-          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
-        if: ${{ failure() }}
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rjit.yml b/.github/workflows/rjit.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a5e6cf7c0..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/rjit.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-name: RJIT
-on:
-  push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '**.[1-8]'
-      - '**.ronn'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '**.[1-8]'
-      - '**.ronn'
-      - '.*.yml'
-  merge_group:
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  make:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        # main variables included in the job name
-        test_task: [check]
-        run_opts: ['--rjit-call-threshold=1']
-        arch: ['']
-      fail-fast: false
-
-    env:
-      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-      SETARCH: ${{ matrix.arch && format('setarch {0}', matrix.arch) }}
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-
-    if: >-
-      ${{!(false
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )}}
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
-        with:
-          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
-          sparse-checkout: /.github
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
-        with:
-          srcdir: src
-          builddir: build
-          makeup: true
-
-      - name: Run configure
-        env:
-          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-        run: >-
-          $SETARCH ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG
-          ${arch:+--target=$arch-$OSTYPE --host=$arch-$OSTYPE}
-
-      - run: $SETARCH make
-
-      - name: make test
-        run: |
-          $SETARCH make -s test RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 30
-        env:
-          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
-          RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-
-      - name: make test-all
-        run: |
-          $SETARCH make -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 40
-        env:
-          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-
-      - name: make test-spec
-        run: |
-          $SETARCH make -s test-spec RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 10
-        env:
-          GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
-          RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
-        with:
-          label: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
-          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
-        if: ${{ failure() }}
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-warnings.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-warnings.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ea7d0c950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-warnings.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Surface Rust warnings on PRs that touch any Rust code.
+# Not a required check so we never block people over new warnings
+# that might come from a new Rust version being released.
+name: Rust warnings
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+    paths:
+      - '**.rs'
+      - '!**.inc.rs'
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  rust-warnings:
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        run: rustup default beta
+
+      - name: Rust warnings
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -eu
+          cargo check --quiet --all-features --message-format=json \
+            | jq -r 'select(.message.level | IN("warning", "error")) | .message.rendered' \
+            | tee messages.txt
+          (exit "${PIPESTATUS[0]}") && ! grep --quiet '[^[:space:]]' messages.txt
+
+      - name: "📜 `rustdoc` warnings"
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -eu
+          cargo doc --document-private-items --all --no-deps --message-format=json \
+            | jq -r 'select(.message.level | IN("warning", "error")) | .message.rendered' \
+            | tee messages.txt
+          (exit "${PIPESTATUS[0]}") && ! grep --quiet '[^[:space:]]' messages.txt
diff --git a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
index 00a0638e96..6dc4a7c6ad 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # by a third-party and are governed by separate terms of service, privacy
 # policy, and support documentation.
 
-name: Scorecards supply-chain security
+name: Scorecard supply-chain security
 on:
   # For Branch-Protection check. Only the default branch is supported. See
   # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#branch-protection
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
   # To guarantee Maintained check is occasionally updated. See
   # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#maintained
   schedule:
-    - cron: '22 4 * * 2'
+    - cron: '39 3 * * 5'
   # push:
   #   branches: [ "master" ]
 
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ permissions: read-all
 
 jobs:
   analysis:
-    name: Scorecards analysis
+    name: Scorecard analysis
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # `publish_results: true` only works when run from the default branch. conditional can be removed if disabled.
+    if: github.event.repository.default_branch == github.ref_name || github.event_name == 'pull_request'
     permissions:
       # Needed to upload the results to code-scanning dashboard.
       security-events: write
@@ -31,21 +33,21 @@ jobs:
       # actions: read
 
     steps:
-      - name: 'Checkout code'
-        uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - name: "Checkout code"
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
-      - name: 'Run analysis'
-        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@0864cf19026789058feabb7e87baa5f140aac736 # v2.3.1
+      - name: "Run analysis"
+        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@4eaacf0543bb3f2c246792bd56e8cdeffafb205a # v2.4.3
         with:
           results_file: results.sarif
           results_format: sarif
-          # (Optional) Read-only PAT token. Uncomment the `repo_token` line below if:
+          # (Optional) "write" PAT token. Uncomment the `repo_token` line below if:
           # - you want to enable the Branch-Protection check on a *public* repository, or
-          # - you are installing Scorecards on a *private* repository
-          # To create the PAT, follow the steps in https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action#authentication-with-pat.
-          repo_token: ${{ secrets.SCORECARD_READ_TOKEN }}
+          # - you are installing Scorecard on a *private* repository
+          # To create the PAT, follow the steps in https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action?tab=readme-ov-file#authentication-with-fine-grained-pat-optional.
+          # repo_token: ${{ secrets.SCORECARD_TOKEN }}
 
           # Public repositories:
           #   - Publish results to OpenSSF REST API for easy access by consumers
@@ -56,17 +58,21 @@ jobs:
           #     of the value entered here.
           publish_results: true
 
+          # (Optional) Uncomment file_mode if you have a .gitattributes with files marked export-ignore
+          # file_mode: git
+
       # Upload the results as artifacts (optional). Commenting out will disable uploads of run results in SARIF
       # format to the repository Actions tab.
-      # - name: "Upload artifact"
-      #   uses: actions/upload-artifact@0b7f8abb1508181956e8e162db84b466c27e18ce # v3.1.2
-      #   with:
-      #     name: SARIF file
-      #     path: results.sarif
-      #     retention-days: 5
+      - name: "Upload artifact"
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          name: SARIF file
+          path: results.sarif
+          retention-days: 5
 
-      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
-      - name: 'Upload to code-scanning'
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@d39d31e687223d841ef683f52467bd88e9b21c14 # v2.1.27
+      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard (optional).
+      # Commenting out will disable upload of results to your repo's Code Scanning dashboard
+      - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
         with:
           sarif_file: results.sarif
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
index 165a0150b5..39714b13a4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ name: Rubyspec Version Guards Check
 on:
   push:
     paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml'
       - 'spec/**'
       - '!spec/*.md'
   pull_request:
     paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml'
       - 'spec/**'
       - '!spec/*.md'
   merge_group:
@@ -22,16 +24,14 @@ jobs:
   rubyspec:
     name: Rubyspec
 
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     strategy:
@@ -39,15 +39,17 @@ jobs:
         # Specs from ruby/spec should still run on all supported Ruby versions.
         # This also ensures the needed ruby_version_is guards are there, see spec/README.md.
         ruby:
-          - ruby-3.0
-          - ruby-3.1
-          - ruby-3.2
           - ruby-3.3
+          - ruby-3.4
+          - ruby-4.0
+      fail-fast: false
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sync_default_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/sync_default_gems.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3aaae5864f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync_default_gems.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+name: Sync default gems
+
+env:
+  DEFAULT_GEM_SYNC_ENABLED: true
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      gem:
+        required: true
+        description: 'Name of the gem to be synchronized'
+        type: string
+      before:
+        required: true
+        description: 'Gem commit SHA before sync'
+        type: string
+      after:
+        required: true
+        description: 'Gem commit SHA after sync'
+        type: string
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  sync_default_gems:
+    name: Sync default gem ${{ github.event.inputs.gem }}
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # for Git to git push
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        name: Check out ruby/ruby
+        with:
+          token: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.4'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - name: Run tool/sync_default_gems.rb
+        id: sync
+        run: |
+          ruby_before=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
+          set -x
+          ruby tool/sync_default_gems.rb "${gem_name}" "${gem_before}..${gem_after}"
+          if [[ "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" != "$ruby_before" ]]; then
+            echo update=true >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+        env:
+          gem_name: ${{ github.event.inputs.gem }}
+          gem_before: ${{ github.event.inputs.before }}
+          gem_after: ${{ github.event.inputs.after }}
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+
+      - name: Push
+        run: |
+          git pull --rebase origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+        if: ${{ steps.sync.outputs.update && env.DEFAULT_GEM_SYNC_ENABLED == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+          label: "${{ github.event.inputs.gem }} (<https://github.com/${{ github.event.inputs.gem == 'rubygems' && 'rubygems' || 'ruby' }}/${{ github.event.inputs.gem }}/compare/${{ github.event.inputs.before }}...${{ github.event.inputs.after }}|diff>)"
+          event_name: workflow_dispatch
+          extra_channel_id: C05FPKAU743 # alerts-sync
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-macos.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-macos.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d02cf6ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-macos.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+name: tarball-macos (reusable)
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      archname:
+        description: 'archname (e.g. snapshot-master, snapshot-ruby_3_3)'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      notify-release-channel:
+        description: 'Also send failure notifications to SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL (schedule/release builds).'
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+    secrets:
+      SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL:
+        required: false
+      SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL:
+        required: false
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  macos:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [check, test-bundled-gems, test-bundler-parallel]
+        os: [macos-26, macos-15, macos-14]
+        include:
+          - os: macos-15-intel
+            test_task: check
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    env:
+      ARCHNAME: ${{ inputs.archname }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: Packages
+          path: pkg
+      - name: Extract
+        run: tar xf pkg/*.tar.xz
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          with_retry () {
+            "$@" || { sleep 5 && "$@"; } || { sleep 60 && "$@"; }
+          }
+          set -x
+          with_retry brew install gmp libffi openssl zlib autoconf automake libtool libyaml
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: configure
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && ./configure --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl) --with-libyaml-dir=$(brew --prefix libyaml)
+      - name: make
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make $JOBS
+      - name: Tests
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make $JOBS -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+          RUBY_DEBUG_TEST_NO_REMOTE: "1"
+      # leaked-globals since 2.7
+      - name: Leaked Globals
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make -s leaked-globals
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: make install without root privilege
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make $JOBS install DESTDIR="/tmp/destdir"
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: make install
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && sudo make $JOBS install
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: Verify installed binaries
+        run: |
+          /usr/local/bin/ruby -v
+          /usr/local/bin/gem -v
+          /usr/local/bin/bundle -v
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout: .github/actions/slack
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          persist-credentials: false
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}"
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@d260b61aa817726d5bedd22dd6cc305787fa4cdd # v4.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "attachments": [{
+                "text": "${{ job.status }}: ${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} <https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|${{ inputs.archname }}>",
+                "color": "danger"
+              }]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+        if: failure() && inputs.notify-release-channel
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-non-development.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-non-development.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db6230b301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-non-development.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+name: tarball-non-development (reusable)
+
+on:
+  workflow_call: {}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  non_development:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - { variant: default,     remove_ruby: false, configure_extra: '' }
+          - { variant: no-ruby,     remove_ruby: true,  configure_extra: '' }
+          - { variant: baseruby-no, remove_ruby: false, configure_extra: '--with-baseruby=no' }
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    env:
+      ruby_prefix: /tmp/ruby-snapshot
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: Packages
+          path: pkg
+      - name: Extract
+        run: tar xf pkg/*.tar.xz
+      - name: Substitute patchlevel
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          cd snapshot-*/
+          sed -i.orig 's/^\( *# *define  *RUBY_PATCHLEVEL\)  *-.*/\1 0/' version.h
+          diff -u version.h.orig version.h || :
+          rm -f version.h.orig
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libgmp-dev bison- autoconf-
+      - name: Remove host ruby
+        if: matrix.remove_ruby
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get purge -y -q 'ruby*' || :
+          sudo rm -rf /opt/hostedtoolcache/Ruby
+          ! command -v ruby
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: configure
+        run: cd snapshot-*/ && ./configure --prefix="${ruby_prefix}" ${{ matrix.configure_extra }}
+      - name: make
+        run: cd snapshot-*/ && make $JOBS
+      - name: Leaked Globals
+        run: cd snapshot-*/ && make -s leaked-globals
+      - name: make install
+        run: cd snapshot-*/ && make $JOBS install
+      - name: Set PATH
+        run: echo "PATH=${ruby_prefix}/bin:$PATH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Check patchlevel
+        id: check-patchlevel
+        run: |
+          exec "${ruby_prefix}/bin/ruby" -vx "$0"
+          #!ruby
+          puts "RUBY_PATCHLEVEL=#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.inspect}"
+          abort unless RUBY_PATCHLEVEL >= 0
+        working-directory: ${{ env.ruby_prefix }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+      - name: Check LOADPATH
+        id: check-loadpath
+        run: |
+          exec ${ruby_prefix}/bin/ruby -vx "$0"
+          #!ruby
+          paths = $:.grep(/\+/)
+          pp paths
+          abort unless paths.empty?
+        working-directory: ${{ env.ruby_prefix }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+      - name: Check pathnames
+        id: check-pathnames
+        run: |
+          ! find -name '*+*' | grep +
+        working-directory: ${{ env.ruby_prefix }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+      - name: result
+        run: false
+        if: ${{ contains(steps.*.outcome, 'failure') }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-test-schedule.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-test-schedule.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6684b09edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-test-schedule.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: tarball-test-schedule
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '30 18 * * *' # Daily at 18:30 UTC
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  dispatch:
+    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        branch:
+          - master
+          - ruby_4_0
+          - ruby_3_4
+          - ruby_3_3
+    steps:
+      - name: Trigger tarball-test on ${{ matrix.branch }}
+        run: gh workflow run tarball-test.yml --ref "$BRANCH" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" -f notify-release-channel=true
+        env:
+          BRANCH: ${{ matrix.branch }}
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_ACTION_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f75d76761a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+name: tarball-test
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
+  merge_group:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      notify-release-channel:
+        description: 'Also send failure notifications to SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL (set by tarball-test-schedule).'
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  tarball:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # Cherry-pick to maintenance branches by changing only env.BRANCH below;
+    # archname / branch-label / Materialize all derive from it.
+    env:
+      BRANCH: master
+    outputs:
+      branch: ${{ env.BRANCH }}
+      skip: ${{ steps.skipping.outputs.skip }}
+    steps:
+      - id: skipping
+        run: echo 'skip=true' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        if: >-
+          ${{(false
+          || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+          || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+          || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+          || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+          )}}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 1 # actions/checkout fetches all heads/tags unless > 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      # tool/make-snapshot derives the branch name from HEAD and looks up
+      # the upstream during ChangeLog generation. Detached checkouts
+      # (pull_request, merge_group) lack a local branch with tracking, so
+      # pin one to HEAD and connect it to the matching origin ref.
+      - name: Materialize local branch
+        run: |
+          git fetch --no-tags --depth=1 origin "+refs/heads/$BASE:refs/remotes/origin/$BASE"
+          git checkout -B "$BRANCH" HEAD
+          git branch --set-upstream-to="origin/$BASE" "$BRANCH"
+        env:
+          BASE: ${{ github.base_ref || env.BRANCH }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/make-snapshot
+        with:
+          archname: snapshot-${{ env.BRANCH }}
+          srcdir: '.'
+
+  ubuntu:
+    needs: tarball
+    if: ${{ ! needs.tarball.outputs.skip }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml
+    with:
+      archname: snapshot-${{ needs.tarball.outputs.branch }}
+      notify-release-channel: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.notify-release-channel || false }}
+    secrets:
+      SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }}
+      SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+
+  macos:
+    needs: tarball
+    if: ${{ ! needs.tarball.outputs.skip }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/tarball-macos.yml
+    with:
+      archname: snapshot-${{ needs.tarball.outputs.branch }}
+      notify-release-channel: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.notify-release-channel || false }}
+    secrets:
+      SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }}
+      SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+
+  windows:
+    needs: tarball
+    if: ${{ ! needs.tarball.outputs.skip }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/tarball-windows.yml
+    with:
+      archname: snapshot-${{ needs.tarball.outputs.branch }}
+      notify-release-channel: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.notify-release-channel || false }}
+    secrets:
+      SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }}
+      SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+
+  non_development:
+    needs: tarball
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/tarball-non-development.yml
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0482db3c7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+name: tarball-ubuntu (reusable)
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      archname:
+        description: 'archname (e.g. snapshot-master, snapshot-ruby_3_3)'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      notify-release-channel:
+        description: 'Also send failure notifications to SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL (schedule/release builds).'
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+    secrets:
+      SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL:
+        required: false
+      SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL:
+        required: false
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  ubuntu:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [check, test-bundler-parallel, test-bundled-gems]
+        os: [ubuntu-24.04, ubuntu-22.04]
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    env:
+      ARCHNAME: ${{ inputs.archname }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: Packages
+          path: pkg
+      - name: Extract
+        run: tar xf pkg/*.tar.xz
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libgmp-dev bison- autoconf-
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.2'
+        # test-bundled-gems requires executable host ruby
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems'
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p $HOME/.local/share
+          mkdir -p $HOME/.cache/gem/specs
+          mkdir -p $HOME/.bundle/cache
+          mkdir -p $HOME/.ssh
+          chmod a-w $HOME/.bundle
+          # chmod a-w $HOME
+          # allow to write $HOME and check stats of HOME around tests (see below)
+          chmod -v a-w $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R a-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v a-w $d; done' || :
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: configure
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && ./configure
+      - name: make
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make $JOBS
+      - name: Save stats of HOME
+        run: |
+          set -euxo pipefail
+          cat >"$ARCHNAME/save-stats.rb" <<'EOF'
+          require 'pathname'
+          require 'digest'
+          out = []
+          [
+            Dir.home,
+          ].each do |dir|
+            Dir.each_child(dir) do |name|
+              pn = File.join(dir, name)
+              st = File.stat(pn)
+              if st.file?
+                content = Digest::SHA1.file(pn).hexdigest
+              elsif st.directory? && st.nlink <= 10
+                content = Dir.children(pn).sort
+              end
+              out << [pn, "%o"%st.mode, st.nlink, st.uid, st.gid, st.size, content].to_s
+            rescue
+              out << [pn, $!.inspect].to_s
+            end
+          end
+          File.open(ARGV.shift, "w") do |io|
+            io.puts out.sort
+          end
+          EOF
+          make -C "$ARCHNAME" TESTRUN_SCRIPT=save-stats.rb RUNOPT=/tmp/stat-before-tests.txt runruby
+      - name: Tests
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make $JOBS -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+      # test_sync_default_gems triggers gpg, whose agent processes leave
+      # $HOME/.gnupg around even when GNUPGHOME points elsewhere.
+      - name: Forcibly remove ~/.gnupg
+        run: rm -rf $HOME/.gnupg
+      - name: Diff stats of HOME
+        run: |
+          make -C "$ARCHNAME" TESTRUN_SCRIPT=save-stats.rb RUNOPT=/tmp/stat-after-tests.txt runruby
+          rm -f "$ARCHNAME/save-stats.rb"
+          diff -u /tmp/stat-before-tests.txt /tmp/stat-after-tests.txt
+      # leaked-globals since 2.7
+      - name: Leaked Globals
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make -s leaked-globals
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: make install without root privilege
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && make $JOBS install DESTDIR="/tmp/destdir"
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: make install
+        run: cd "$ARCHNAME/" && sudo make $JOBS install
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: Verify installed binaries
+        run: |
+          /usr/local/bin/ruby -v
+          /usr/local/bin/gem -v
+          /usr/local/bin/bundle -v
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: Show .local
+        run: find $HOME/.local -ls
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout: .github/actions/slack
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          persist-credentials: false
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}"
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@d260b61aa817726d5bedd22dd6cc305787fa4cdd # v4.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "attachments": [{
+                "text": "${{ job.status }}: ${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} <https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|${{ inputs.archname }}>",
+                "color": "danger"
+              }]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+        if: failure() && inputs.notify-release-channel
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-windows.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-windows.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a66cdf729d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-windows.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+name: tarball-windows (reusable)
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      archname:
+        description: 'archname (e.g. snapshot-master)'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      notify-release-channel:
+        description: 'Also send failure notifications to SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL (schedule/release builds).'
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+    secrets:
+      SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL:
+        required: false
+      SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL:
+        required: false
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  windows:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: '2022'
+            test_task: check
+          - os: '2025-vs2026'
+            test_task: check
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: cmd
+        working-directory: build
+    name: Windows ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.test_task }})
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+      PATCH: C:\msys64\usr\bin\patch.exe
+      OS_VER: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
+      # see https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/9ff4399decef0036897d3cfb9ac2c710dea913ca
+      OPENSSL_MODULES: C:\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\bin
+    steps:
+      - run: md build
+        working-directory:
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.2'
+          bundler: none
+          windows-toolchain: none
+
+      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@e9898307ac31d1a803454791be09ab9973336e1c # v2.31.1
+        id: setup-msys2
+        with:
+          update: true
+          install: >-
+            patch
+      - name: patch path
+        shell: msys2 {0}
+        run: echo PATCH=$(cygpath -wa $(command -v patch)) >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if: ${{ steps.setup-msys2.outcome == 'success' }}
+      - uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        with:
+          path: C:\vcpkg\installed
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-
+      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
+        run: |
+          vcpkg --triplet x64-windows install gmp libffi libyaml openssl zlib
+
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: Packages
+          path: pkg
+      - name: Extract
+        run: 7z x pkg/*.zip
+        working-directory:
+
+      - uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        with:
+          path: snapshot-*/.downloaded-cache
+          key: downloaded-cache
+
+      - name: setup env
+        # %TEMP% is inconsistent with %TMP% and test-all expects they are consistent.
+        # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
+        env:
+          ARCHNAME: ${{ inputs.archname }}
+        run: |
+          set > old.env
+          call ..\%ARCHNAME%\win32\vssetup.cmd
+          set TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
+          set TEMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
+          set /a TEST_JOBS=(15 * %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% / 10) > nul
+          set > new.env
+
+      - name: update env
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $old = (Get-Content old.env); $new = (Get-Content new.env)
+          del *.env
+          Compare-Object $old $new |
+            Where-Object { $_.SideIndicator -eq '=>' } |
+            Select-Object -ExpandProperty InputObject |
+            Add-Content -Path $env:GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: link libraries
+        run: |
+          for %%I in (C:\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\bin\*.dll) do (
+            mklink %%~nxI %%I
+          )
+      - name: Configure
+        env:
+          ARCHNAME: ${{ inputs.archname }}
+        run: >-
+          ../%ARCHNAME%/win32/configure.bat --disable-install-doc
+          --with-opt-dir=C:/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows
+      - run: nmake incs
+      - run: nmake extract-extlibs
+      - run: nmake
+        env:
+          YACC: win_bison
+
+      - name: ruby -v
+        run: .\ruby -v
+
+      - run: nmake test
+        timeout-minutes: 5
+
+      - run: nmake ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: -j${{env.TEST_JOBS}}
+        timeout-minutes: 70
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error || false }}
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout: .github/actions/slack
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          persist-credentials: false
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: "${{ env.OS_VER }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}"
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@d260b61aa817726d5bedd22dd6cc305787fa4cdd # v4.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "attachments": [{
+                "text": "${{ job.status }}: ${{ env.OS_VER }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} <https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}|${{ inputs.archname }}>",
+                "color": "danger"
+              }]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SNAPSHOT_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+        if: failure() && inputs.notify-release-channel
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
index b6f989a03d..c887ae3811 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
+        # We enumerate every job in matrix.include to save build time
         include:
           - test_task: check
             configure: 'cppflags=-DVM_CHECK_MODE'
@@ -33,15 +34,18 @@ jobs:
             configure: '--disable-yjit'
           - test_task: check
             configure: '--enable-shared --enable-load-relative'
-          - test_task: check
-            configure: '--with-shared-gc'
           - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+            timeout: 50
           - test_task: test-bundled-gems
           - test_task: check
-            os: ubuntu-20.04
+            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            extra_checks: [capi]
+          # ubuntu-24.04-arm jobs don't start on ruby/ruby as of 2025-10-29
+          #- test_task: check
+          #  os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
       fail-fast: false
 
-    env:
+    env: &make-env
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
 
@@ -50,27 +54,29 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+    steps: &make-steps
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
         with:
           arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.0'
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
+        if: >-
+          ${{ !endsWith(matrix.os, 'arm')
+          && !endsWith(matrix.os, 'ppc64le') && !endsWith(matrix.os, 's390x') }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
           arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
           configure: ${{ matrix.configure }}
         run: >-
-          $SETARCH ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${configure:-cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG}
+          $SETARCH ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${configure:- --enable-debug-env cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG}
           ${arch:+--target=$arch-$OSTYPE --host=$arch-$OSTYPE}
 
       - run: $SETARCH make prepare-gems
@@ -95,6 +101,12 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: $SETARCH make
 
+      - run: $SETARCH make hello
+
+      - name: runirb
+        run: |
+          echo IRB::VERSION | $SETARCH make runirb RUNOPT="-- -f"
+
       - name: Set test options for skipped tests
         run: |
           set -x
@@ -103,6 +115,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
           os: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
@@ -111,17 +124,30 @@ jobs:
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
+
+      # Avoid possible test failures with the zlib applying the following patch
+      # on s390x CPU architecture.
+      # https://github.com/madler/zlib/pull/410
+      - name: Disable DFLTCC
+        run: echo "DFLTCC=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if: ${{ endsWith(matrix.os, 's390x') }}
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
-        run: >-
-          $SETARCH make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
-          ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
+        run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          $SETARCH make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} \
+          ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
           ${{ !contains(matrix.test_task, 'bundle') && 'RUBYOPT=-w' || '' }}
-        timeout-minutes: 40
+        timeout-minutes: ${{ matrix.timeout || 40 }}
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
         run: |
@@ -132,9 +158,105 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
 
+      - name: test-pc
+        run: |
+          DESTDIR=${RUNNER_TEMP-${TMPDIR-/tmp}}/installed
+          $SETARCH make test-pc "DESTDIR=$DESTDIR"
+
+      - name: CAPI extensions
+        uses: ./.github/actions/capiext
+        with:
+          builddir: build
+          make: '$SETARCH make'
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.extra_checks, 'capi') }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}${{ matrix.os }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+  make-ibm:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - test_task: check
+            os: ubuntu-24.04-ppc64le
+          - test_task: check
+            os: ubuntu-24.04-s390x
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    env: *make-env
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{github.repository == 'ruby/ruby'
+      && !(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps: *make-steps
+
+  # Separated from `make` job to avoid making it a required status check
+  ruby-bench:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Using the same setup as ZJIT jobs
+          - bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=shipit'
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix="$(pwd)/install"
+
+      - run: make install
+
+      - name: Checkout ruby-bench
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/ruby-bench
+          persist-credentials: false
+          path: ruby-bench
+
+      # If you want to skip failing benchmark, consider using `--excludes`.
+      # e.g. `bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=railsbench,lobsters'`
+      - name: Run ruby-bench
+        run: ruby run_benchmarks.rb -e "ruby::../build/install/bin/ruby" ${{ matrix.bench_opts }}
+        working-directory: ruby-bench
+        env:
+          BUNDLER_VERSION: 0
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
-          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}
+          label: ruby-bench ${{ matrix.bench_opts }} ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
         if: ${{ failure() }}
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
index e0b67496ac..f0263de5ef 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -43,28 +43,32 @@ jobs:
     env:
       RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-      WASI_SDK_VERSION_MAJOR: 20
+      WASI_SDK_VERSION_MAJOR: 25
       WASI_SDK_VERSION_MINOR: 0
       BINARYEN_VERSION: 113
       WASMTIME_VERSION: v15.0.0
 
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+          bundler: none
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get update -q || :
           sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y ruby make autoconf git wget
 
-          wasi_sdk_deb="wasi-sdk_${WASI_SDK_VERSION_MAJOR}.${WASI_SDK_VERSION_MINOR}_amd64.deb"
+          wasi_sdk_deb="wasi-sdk-${WASI_SDK_VERSION_MAJOR}.${WASI_SDK_VERSION_MINOR}-x86_64-linux.deb"
           wget "https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-sdk/releases/download/wasi-sdk-${WASI_SDK_VERSION_MAJOR}/${wasi_sdk_deb}"
           sudo dpkg -i "$wasi_sdk_deb"
           rm -f "$wasi_sdk_deb"
@@ -100,34 +104,50 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "WASI_SDK_PATH=/opt/wasi-sdk" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/baseruby
+        id: baseruby
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.0'
-          bundler: none
+          srcdir: src
 
-      - name: Build baseruby
+      - name: Download config.guess with wasi version
         run: |
-          set -ex
-          mkdir ../baseruby
-          pushd ../baseruby
-          ../src/configure --prefix=$PWD/install
-          make
-          make install
+          rm tool/config.guess tool/config.sub
+          ruby tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub
+        working-directory: src
 
       - name: Run configure
-        run: |
-          ../src/configure \
-            --host wasm32-unknown-wasi \
-            --with-baseruby=$PWD/../baseruby/install/bin/ruby \
-            --with-static-linked-ext \
-            --with-ext=cgi/escape,continuation,coverage,date,digest/bubblebabble,digest,digest/md5,digest/rmd160,digest/sha1,digest/sha2,etc,fcntl,json,json/generator,json/parser,objspace,pathname,rbconfig/sizeof,ripper,stringio,strscan,monitor \
-            LDFLAGS=" \
-              -Xlinker --stack-first \
-              -Xlinker -z -Xlinker stack-size=16777216 \
-            " \
-            optflags="${{ matrix.entry.optflags }}" \
-            debugflags="${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}" \
-            wasmoptflags="${{ matrix.entry.wasmoptflags }} ${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}"
+        run: >-
+          ../src/configure
+          --host wasm32-unknown-wasi
+          --with-baseruby="${{ steps.baseruby.outputs.ruby }}"
+          --with-dump-ast="${{ steps.baseruby.outputs.dump_ast }}"
+          --with-static-linked-ext
+          --with-ext=${EXTS// /,}
+          LDFLAGS="
+          -Xlinker --stack-first
+          -Xlinker -z -Xlinker stack-size=16777216
+          "
+          optflags="${{ matrix.entry.optflags }}"
+          debugflags="${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}"
+          wasmoptflags="${{ matrix.entry.wasmoptflags }} ${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}"
+        env:
+          EXTS:
+            cgi/escape
+            continuation
+            coverage
+            date
+            digest
+            digest/*
+            erb/escape
+            etc
+            fcntl
+            json
+            json/*
+            objspace
+            rbconfig/sizeof
+            ripper
+            stringio
+            strscan
 
       # miniruby may not be built when cross-compling
       - run: make mini ruby
@@ -136,7 +156,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: tar cfz ../install.tar.gz -C ../install .
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@65462800fd760344b1a7b4382951275a0abb4808 # v4.3.3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
           name: ruby-wasm-install
           path: ${{ github.workspace }}/install.tar.gz
@@ -164,7 +184,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Save Pull Request number
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
         run: echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}" >> ${{ github.workspace }}/github-pr-info.txt
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@65462800fd760344b1a7b4382951275a0abb4808 # v4.3.3
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
         with:
           name: github-pr-info
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
index 67cca44fa6..03e75ad445 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -3,19 +3,14 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
       - '.*.yml'
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-      - '.*.yml'
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
   merge_group:
 
 concurrency:
@@ -30,127 +25,122 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-          - vc: 2015
-            vs: 2019
-            vcvars: '10.0.14393.0 -vcvars_ver=14.0' # The oldest Windows 10 SDK w/ VC++ 2015 toolset (v140)
-          - vs: 2019
-          - vs: 2022
+          - os: 2022
+            test_task: check
+          - os: 2022
+            test_task: test-bundled-gems
+          - os: 2025-vs2026
+            test_task: check
+          - os: 2025-vs2026
+            test_task: test-bundled-gems
+          - os: 11-arm
+            test_task: 'btest test-basic test-tool' # check and test-spec are broken yet.
+            target: arm64
       fail-fast: false
 
-    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.vs < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.vs }}
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/vcpkg'))
       )}}
 
-    name: VisualStudio ${{ matrix.vc || matrix.vs }}
+    name: Windows ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.test_task }})
 
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-      OS_VER: windows-${{ matrix.vs < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.vs }}
-      # FIXME: This is a workaround for the vcpkg's issue present as of openssl 3.1.1
-      # where OpenSSL's default modules directory is incorrectly set to C:\vcpkg\packages\openssl_x64-windows\bin
-      # cf. https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/635#issuecomment-1596833720
-      OPENSSL_MODULES: C:\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\bin
+      VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: ${{ matrix.target || 'x64' }}-windows
 
     steps:
       - run: md build
         working-directory:
 
-      - name: find tools
-        id: find-tools
-        run: |
-          ::- find needed tools
-          set NEEDS=
-          for %%I in (%NEEDED_TOOLS%) do if "%%~$PATH:I" == "" (
-            call set NEEDS=%%NEEDS%% %%~nI
-          ) else (
-            echo %%I: %%~$PATH:I
-          )
-          echo.needs=%NEEDS%>>%GITHUB_OUTPUT%
-          if "%NEEDS%" == "" (
-            echo [debug] All needed tools found
-          ) else (
-            echo [warning^]Needs%NEEDS%
-          )
-        env:
-          NEEDED_TOOLS: >-
-            patch.exe
-
-      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@d40200dc2db4c351366b048a9565ad82919e1c24 # v2
-        id: setup-msys2
-        with:
-          update: true
-          install: >-
-            ${{ steps.find-tools.outputs.needs }}
-        if: ${{ steps.find-tools.outputs.needs != '' }}
-
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.0'
+          # windows-11-arm has only 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, head
+          ruby-version: ${{ !endsWith(matrix.os, 'arm') && '3.1' || '3.4' }}
           bundler: none
           windows-toolchain: none
 
-      - uses: actions/cache@0c45773b623bea8c8e75f6c82b208c3cf94ea4f9 # v4.0.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
-          path: C:\vcpkg\downloads
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-
+          persist-credentials: false
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
 
-      - uses: actions/cache@0c45773b623bea8c8e75f6c82b208c3cf94ea4f9 # v4.0.2
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
-          path: C:\vcpkg\installed
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-
-
-      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
-        run: |
-          vcpkg --triplet x64-windows install libffi libyaml openssl readline zlib
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          make-command: nmake
+          clean: true
 
-      - name: Install libraries with scoop
+      - name: Install tools with scoop
         run: |
-          iex "& {$(irm get.scoop.sh)} -RunAsAdmin"
+          if ((vcpkg.exe help install) -match "manifest") { exit }
+          Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope CurrentUser
+          iwr -useb get.scoop.sh | iex
           Join-Path (Resolve-Path ~).Path "scoop\shims" >> $Env:GITHUB_PATH
+          scoop install vcpkg
         shell: pwsh
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - name: Restore vcpkg artifact
+        id: restore-vcpkg
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
         with:
-          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
-          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          path: src\vcpkg_installed
+          key: windows-${{ matrix.os }}-vcpkg-${{ hashFiles('src/vcpkg.json') }}
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
+        id: build-vcpkg
+        run: |
+          git -C "%VCPKG_INSTALLATION_ROOT%" pull --quiet
+          vcpkg install
+        working-directory: src
+        if: ${{ ! steps.restore-vcpkg.outputs.cache-hit }}
+
+      - name: Save vcpkg artifact
+        uses: actions/cache/save@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
         with:
-          srcdir: src
-          builddir: build
+          path: src\vcpkg_installed
+          key: windows-${{ matrix.os }}-vcpkg-${{ hashFiles('src/vcpkg.json') }}
+        if: >-
+          steps.build-vcpkg.outcome == 'success' &&
+          (  github.ref_name == 'master'
+          || startsWith(github.ref_name, 'ruby_')
+          || ( github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]'
+          &&   startsWith(github.head_ref || github.ref_name, 'dependabot/vcpkg'))
+          )
 
       - name: setup env
         # Available Ruby versions: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/blob/main/images/windows/Windows2019-Readme.md#ruby
         # %TEMP% is inconsistent with %TMP% and test-all expects they are consistent.
         # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
         run: |
-          set VS=${{ matrix.vs }}
-          set VCVARS="C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\%VS%\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-          if not exist %VCVARS% set VCVARS="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\%VS%\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-          set | C:\msys64\usr\bin\sort > old.env
-          call %VCVARS% ${{ matrix.vcvars || '' }}
+          set > old.env
+          call ..\src\win32\vssetup.cmd ^
+            -arch=${{ matrix.target || 'amd64' }} ^
+            ${{ matrix.vcvars && '-vcvars_ver=' || '' }}${{ matrix.vcvars }}
           nmake -f nul
-          set TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
-          set TEMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
+          set TMP=%RUNNER_TEMP%
+          set TEMP=%RUNNER_TEMP%
           set MAKEFLAGS=l
           set /a TEST_JOBS=(15 * %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% / 10) > nul
-          set | C:\msys64\usr\bin\sort > new.env
-          C:\msys64\usr\bin\comm -13 old.env new.env >> %GITHUB_ENV%
+          set RUBY_OPT_DIR=%GITHUB_WORKSPACE:\=/%/src/vcpkg_installed/%VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET%
+          set > new.env
+
+      - name: update env
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $old = (Get-Content old.env); $new = (Get-Content new.env)
           del *.env
+          Compare-Object $old $new |
+            Where-Object { $_.SideIndicator -eq '=>' } |
+            Select-Object -ExpandProperty InputObject |
+            Add-Content -Path $env:GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: baseruby version
         run: ruby -v
@@ -158,24 +148,18 @@ jobs:
       - name: compiler version
         run: cl
 
-      - name: link libraries
-        run: |
-          for %%I in (C:\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\bin\*.dll) do (
-            if not %%~nI == readline mklink %%~nxI %%I
-          )
-      # We use OpenSSL instealled by vcpkg instead
-      - name: disable system OpenSSL
-        run: |
-          for %%I in (libcrypto-1_1-x64 libssl-1_1-x64) do (
-            ren c:\Windows\System32\%%I.dll %%I.dll_
-          )
-        # windows-2019 image doesn't have OpenSSL as of 2023/9/14
-        if: ${{ matrix.vs != 2019 }}
+      - name: volume info
+        run: Get-Volume
+        shell: pwsh
 
+      # TODO: We should use `../src` instead of `D:/a/ruby/ruby/src`
       - name: Configure
         run: >-
           ../src/win32/configure.bat --disable-install-doc
-          --with-opt-dir=C:/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows
+          --with-opt-dir=%RUBY_OPT_DIR%
+          --with-gmp
+
+      - run: nmake prepare-vcpkg
 
       - run: nmake incs
 
@@ -185,25 +169,48 @@ jobs:
       # But not for this Visual Studio workflow. So here we extract gems before building.
       - run: nmake extract-gems
 
-      - run: nmake
+      # windows-11-arm runner cannot run `ruby tool/file2lastrev.rb --revision.h --output=revision.h`
+      - name: make revision.h
+        run: |
+          win32\lastrev.bat | win32\ifchange.bat --timestamp=.revision.time revision.h -
+          type revision.h
+        working-directory: src
 
-      - run: nmake test
-        timeout-minutes: 5
+      - run: nmake
 
-      - run: nmake test-spec
-        timeout-minutes: 10
+      - name: Set up Launchable
+        uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
+        with:
+          os: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
+          launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
+          builddir: build
+          srcdir: src
+          test-task: ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task != 'test-bundled-gems' }}
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
-      - run: nmake test-all
+      - run: nmake ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}
         env:
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: -j${{ env.TEST_JOBS || 4 }} --job-status=normal
-        timeout-minutes: 60
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: -j${{ env.TEST_JOBS || 4 }}
+        timeout-minutes: 70
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
-          label: VS${{ matrix.vc || matrix.vs }} / ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}
+          label: Windows ${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
         if: ${{ failure() }}
 
+  result:
+    if: ${{ always() }}
+    name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
+    runs-on: windows-2025-vs2026
+    needs: [make]
+    steps:
+      - run: exit 1
+        working-directory:
+        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
+
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wsl.yml b/.github/workflows/wsl.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..470b68fe66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/wsl.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+name: Ubuntu on WSL
+
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
+  merge_group:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  wsl:
+    runs-on: windows-2025-vs2026
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Install or update WSL
+        uses: Ubuntu/WSL/.github/actions/wsl-install@main
+        with:
+          distro: Ubuntu-24.04
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        uses: Ubuntu/WSL/.github/actions/wsl-bash@main
+        with:
+         distro: Ubuntu-24.04
+         working-dir: /tmp/github/
+         exec: |
+            DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive sudo apt update
+            DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive sudo apt install -y ruby build-essential autoconf libssl-dev libyaml-dev zlib1g-dev libgmp-dev libffi-dev
+
+      - name: Check out the repository
+        uses: Ubuntu/WSL/.github/actions/wsl-checkout@main
+        with:
+          distro: Ubuntu-24.04
+          working-dir: /tmp/github/
+          submodules: true
+
+      - name: Build
+        uses: Ubuntu/WSL/.github/actions/wsl-bash@main
+        with:
+         distro: Ubuntu-24.04
+         working-dir: /tmp/github/
+         exec: |
+            ./autogen.sh
+            ./configure --disable-install-doc
+            make ruby -j4
+            make extract-gems
+            make -j4
+
+      - name: Test
+        uses: Ubuntu/WSL/.github/actions/wsl-bash@main
+        with:
+         distro: Ubuntu-24.04
+         working-dir: /tmp/github/
+         exec: |
+            ./ruby -v
+            # make check TESTS="-j4" MSPECOPT="-j"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml b/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml
index 948644d06e..e11de6bc51 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
-name: YJIT macOS Arm64
+name: YJIT macOS
 on:
   push:
+    branches:
+      - master
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
       - '.*.yml'
   pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
     # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
     # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
   merge_group:
@@ -24,20 +30,20 @@ jobs:
   cargo:
     name: cargo test
 
-    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'macos-14' }}
+    runs-on: macos-26
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - run: RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo test
         working-directory: yjit
@@ -60,29 +66,30 @@ jobs:
           - test_task: 'check'
             configure: '--enable-yjit=dev'
             yjit_opts: '--yjit-call-threshold=1 --yjit-verify-ctx --yjit-code-gc'
+            specopts: '-T --yjit-call-threshold=1 -T --yjit-verify-ctx -T --yjit-code-gc'
       fail-fast: false
 
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
       RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
+      SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
 
-    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'macos-14' }}
+    runs-on: macos-26
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Install libraries
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
@@ -104,8 +111,17 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: make
 
-      - name: Enable YJIT through ENV
-        run: echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Verify that --yjit-dump-disasm works
+        run: |
+          ./miniruby --yjit-call-threshold=1 --yjit-dump-disasm -e0 | \
+          wc -l | \
+          ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
+
+      - name: Set ENV for YJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Set test options for skipped tests
         run: |
@@ -115,24 +131,35 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
-          os: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'macos-14' }}
+          os: macos-26
           test-opts: ${{ matrix.configure }}
           launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
+          is-yjit: true
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
-        run: >-
-          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
-          RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          set -x
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" \
+            SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
+          SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '5'
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
@@ -145,6 +172,13 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
 
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
           label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }} ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
@@ -154,10 +188,11 @@ jobs:
   result:
     if: ${{ always() }}
     name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
-    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && 'macos-arm-oss' || 'macos-14' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [make]
     steps:
-      - run: exit 1
+      - name: ${{ github.workflow }} jobs have failed
+        run: exit 1
         working-directory:
         if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
index fd3bbd8a65..ab816940f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**/man'
+      - '**/man/*'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -25,18 +25,20 @@ jobs:
     name: cargo test
 
     # GitHub Action's image seems to already contain a Rust 1.58.0.
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       # For now we can't run cargo test --offline because it complains about the
       # capstone dependency, even though the dependency is optional
@@ -57,18 +59,20 @@ jobs:
     name: cargo clippy
 
     # GitHub Action's image seems to already contain a Rust 1.58.0.
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       # Check that we don't have linting errors in release mode, too
       - run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features
@@ -81,7 +85,9 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - test_task: 'yjit-bindgen'
             hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
-            configure: '--with-gcc=clang-12 --enable-yjit=dev'
+            # Build with YJIT+ZJIT for output that works in the most number of configurations
+            configure: '--with-gcc=clang-14 --enable-yjit=dev --enable-zjit'
+            libclang_path: '/usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/libclang.so.1'
 
           - test_task: 'check'
             # YJIT should be automatically built in release mode on x86-64 Linux with rustc present
@@ -95,43 +101,43 @@ jobs:
           - test_task: 'check'
             configure: '--enable-yjit=dev'
             yjit_opts: '--yjit-call-threshold=1 --yjit-verify-ctx --yjit-code-gc'
+            specopts: '-T --yjit-call-threshold=1 -T --yjit-verify-ctx -T --yjit-code-gc'
 
           - test_task: 'test-bundled-gems'
             configure: '--enable-yjit=dev'
 
-          - test_task: 'yjit-bench'
-            configure: '--enable-yjit=dev'
-            yjit_bench_opts: '--yjit-stats'
-            continue-on-test_task: true
-
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
       RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
       YJIT_BENCH_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_bench_opts }}
+      SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-      BUNDLE_JOBS: 8 # for yjit-bench
       RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
 
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
-      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
 
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+          bundler: none
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
           srcdir: src
@@ -145,10 +151,11 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
         run: rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@70da3bbf44ac06db1b0547ce2acc9380a5270d1e # v1.175.0
-        with:
-          ruby-version: '3.0'
-          bundler: none
+      - name: Remove cargo
+        # Since this tests a `rustc` build for release, remove `cargo` to ensure
+        # that only `rustc` is used.
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'rustc') }}
+        run: sudo rm $(which -a cargo | uniq)
 
       - name: Run configure
         run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install ${{ matrix.configure }}
@@ -160,43 +167,62 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: make
 
-      - name: Enable YJIT through ENV
-        run: echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Verify that --yjit-dump-disasm works
+        run: |
+          ./miniruby --yjit-call-threshold=1 --yjit-dump-disasm -e0 | \
+          wc -l | \
+          ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
+
+      - name: Set ENV for YJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       # Check that the binary was built with YJIT
       - name: Check YJIT enabled
         run: ./miniruby --yjit -v | grep "+YJIT"
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
           test-opts: ${{ matrix.configure }}
           launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
+          is-yjit: true
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
-        run: >-
-          make -s -j ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
-          RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" MSPECOPT=--debug
-          YJIT_BENCH_OPTS="$YJIT_BENCH_OPTS" YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS="$YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS"
+        run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          set -x
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" MSPECOPT=--debug SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS" \
+            YJIT_BENCH_OPTS="$YJIT_BENCH_OPTS" YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS="$YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 90
         env:
-          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
           SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '5'
           YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS: '--exit-code'
+          LIBCLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.libclang_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
 
-      - name: Show ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }} GitHub URL for yjit-bench comparison
-        run: echo "https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/commit/${BASE_SHA}"
-        env:
-          BASE_REPO: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.repo.full_name }}
-          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'yjit-bench' && startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml b/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..707e50e36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+name: ZJIT macOS
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-disable-hir-opt --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-disable-hir-opt -T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'zjit-check' # zjit-test + quick feedback of test_zjit.rb
+            configure: '--enable-yjit=dev --enable-zjit'
+            rust_version: "1.85.0"
+
+          - test_task: 'ruby'
+            hint: 'combo build test'
+            configure: '--enable-yjit --enable-zjit'
+
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+      RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
+      SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
+      TESTOPTS: ${{ matrix.testopts }}
+      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
+      ZJIT_RB_BUG: 1
+
+    runs-on: macos-26
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Install libraries
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+          dummy-files: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
+          # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
+          fetch-depth: 10
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+        run: |
+          rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
+          rustup default ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@4bc351f7f2614e48088386e2a0ad917ca3a7e4ba # v2.81.5
+        with:
+          tool: nextest@0.9
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-check' }}
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${{ matrix.configure }}
+
+      - run: make
+
+      - name: Verify that --zjit-dump-disasm works
+        run: |
+          ./miniruby --zjit-call-threshold=1 --zjit-dump-disasm -e0 | \
+          wc -l | \
+          ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
+
+      - name: Set ENV for ZJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
+        uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
+        with:
+          os: macos-26
+          test-opts: ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
+          builddir: build
+          srcdir: src
+          is-zjit: true
+        continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
+
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          set -x
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" \
+            SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS" \
+            TESTOPTS="$TESTOPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
+          EXCLUDES: '../src/test/.excludes-zjit'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
+          SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '30'
+          PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
+
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+  result:
+    if: ${{ always() }}
+    name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [make]
+    steps:
+      - run: exit 1
+        working-directory:
+        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
+
+  # Separated from `make` job to avoid making it a required status check for now
+  ruby-bench:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Test --call-threshold=2 with 2 iterations in total
+          - ruby_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=2'
+            bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=shipit'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev_nodebug' # --enable-zjit=dev is too slow
+
+    runs-on: macos-26
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix="$(pwd)/install" ${{ matrix.configure }}
+
+      - run: make install
+
+      # setup/directories set MAKEFLAGS=-j4 for macOS, which randomly fails sqlite3.gem builds
+      - name: Unset MAKEFLAGS
+        run: echo "MAKEFLAGS=" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: Checkout ruby-bench
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+          repository: ruby/ruby-bench
+          path: ruby-bench
+
+      # If you want to skip failing benchmark, consider using `--excludes`.
+      # e.g. `bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=railsbench,lobsters'`
+      - name: Run ruby-bench
+        run: ruby run_benchmarks.rb -e "zjit::../build/install/bin/ruby ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}" ${{ matrix.bench_opts }}
+        working-directory: ruby-bench
+        env:
+          BUNDLER_VERSION: 0
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ruby-bench ${{ matrix.bench_opts }} ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c3e3f6531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+name: ZJIT Ubuntu
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man/*'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '.*.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+    # Do not use paths-ignore for required status checks
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/collaborating-on-repositories-with-code-quality-features/troubleshooting-required-status-checks#handling-skipped-but-required-checks
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    name: cargo clippy
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features
+        working-directory: zjit
+
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-disable-hir-opt --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-disable-hir-opt -T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+            # The optimizer benefits from at least 1 iteration of profiling. Also, many
+            # regression tests in bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb assume call-threshold=2.
+          - test_task: 'btest'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=2'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'zjit-check' # zjit-test + quick feedback of test_zjit.rb
+            configure: '--enable-yjit --enable-zjit=dev'
+            rust_version: '1.85.0'
+
+          - test_task: 'zjit-bindgen'
+            hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
+            # Build with YJIT+ZJIT for output that works in the most number of configurations
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev --enable-yjit --with-gcc=clang-16'
+            clang_path: '/usr/bin/clang-16'
+            runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04' # for clang-16
+
+          - test_task: 'test-bundled-gems'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=1'
+
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+      RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
+      YJIT_BENCH_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_bench_opts }}
+      SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
+      TESTOPTS: ${{ matrix.testopts }}
+      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
+      BUNDLE_JOBS: 8 # for yjit-bench
+      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
+      ZJIT_RB_BUG: 1
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@afeafc3d1ab54a631816aba4c914a0081c12ff2f # v1.310.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@4bc351f7f2614e48088386e2a0ad917ca3a7e4ba # v2.81.5
+        with:
+          tool: nextest@0.9
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-check' }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+          dummy-files: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
+          # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
+          fetch-depth: 10
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+        run: |
+          rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
+          rustup default ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+
+      - name: Install rustfmt
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-bindgen' }}
+        run: rustup component add rustfmt
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install ${{ matrix.configure }}
+
+      - run: make incs
+
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
+
+      - run: make
+
+      - name: Verify that --zjit-dump-disasm works
+        run: |
+          ./miniruby --zjit-call-threshold=1 --zjit-dump-disasm -e0 | \
+          wc -l | \
+          ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
+
+      # Check that the binary was built with ZJIT
+      - name: Check ZJIT enabled
+        run: ./miniruby --zjit -v | grep "+ZJIT"
+        if: ${{ matrix.configure != '--disable-zjit' }}
+
+      - name: Set ENV for ZJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
+        uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
+        with:
+          os: ${{ matrix.runs-on || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
+          test-opts: ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
+          builddir: build
+          srcdir: src
+          is-zjit: true
+        continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
+
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: |
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
+
+          set -x
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" MSPECOPT=--debug SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS" \
+            TESTOPTS="$TESTOPTS" \
+            ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS="$ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 90
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
+          EXCLUDES: '../src/test/.excludes-zjit'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
+          PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '30'
+          ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS: '--exit-code'
+          CLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.clang_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
+
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+  result:
+    if: ${{ always() }}
+    name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs: [make]
+    steps:
+      - name: ${{ github.workflow }} jobs have failed
+        run: exit 1
+        working-directory:
+        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
+
+  # Separated from `make` job to avoid making it a required status check for now
+  ruby-bench:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Test --call-threshold=2 with 2 iterations in total
+          - ruby_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=2'
+            bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=shipit'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev_nodebug' # --enable-zjit=dev is too slow
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && !startsWith(github.head_ref, 'dependabot/cargo'))
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix="$(pwd)/install" ${{ matrix.configure }}
+
+      - run: make install
+
+      - name: Checkout ruby-bench
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/ruby-bench
+          persist-credentials: false
+          path: ruby-bench
+
+      # If you want to skip failing benchmark, consider using `--excludes`.
+      # e.g. `bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=railsbench,lobsters'`
+      - name: Run ruby-bench
+        run: ruby run_benchmarks.rb -e "zjit::../build/install/bin/ruby ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}" ${{ matrix.bench_opts }}
+        working-directory: ruby-bench
+        env:
+          BUNDLER_VERSION: 0
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ruby-bench ${{ matrix.bench_opts }} ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/zizmor.yml b/.github/zizmor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a8cad1d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/zizmor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Ignore existing findings (baseline)
+# Composite action findings are suppressed inline with # zizmor: ignore
+rules:
+  artipacked:
+    # These jobs push back to the repo and need persisted credentials.
+    ignore:
+      - bundled_gems.yml
+      - default_gems_list.yml
+      - post_push.yml
+      - sync_default_gems.yml
+  dangerous-triggers:
+    ignore:
+      - auto_request_review.yml
+      - auto_review_pr.yml
+      - labeler.yml
+      - pr-playground.yml
+  dependabot-cooldown:
+    ignore:
+      - dependabot.yml
+  misfeature:
+    ignore:
+      - mingw.yml
+      - tarball-windows.yml
+      - windows.yml
+  unpinned-images:
+    ignore:
+      - compilers.yml
+  secrets-outside-env:
+    # All committers with write access are trusted; no need for environment-scoped secrets.
+    disable: true
+  unpinned-uses:
+    ignore:
+      - wsl.yml
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index d7a8b978c9..7ead3a81f5 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 *.pch
 *.pdb
 *.rbinc
+*.rbbin
 *.rej
 *.s
 *.sav
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@ lcov*.info
 /enc.mk
 /encdb.h
 /exts.mk
+/gc/*/exts.mk
 /goruby
 /id.[ch]
 /largefile.h
@@ -144,7 +146,6 @@ lcov*.info
 /verconf.h
 /verconf.mk
 /web
-/yasmdata.rb
 
 # /bin/
 
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ lcov*.info
 
 # /coroutine/
 !/coroutine/**/*.s
+!/coroutine/**/*.S
 
 # /enc/trans/
 /enc/trans/*.c
@@ -233,7 +235,6 @@ lcov*.info
 
 # for `make test-bundler`
 /.rspec_status
-/tool/bundler/*.lock
 
 # /tool/
 /tool/config.guess
@@ -242,17 +243,14 @@ lcov*.info
 # /win32/
 /win32/*.ico
 
-# RJIT
-/include/ruby-*/*/rb_rjit_min_header-*.h
-/lib/ruby_vm/rjit/instruction.rb
-/lib/ruby_vm/rjit/instruction.rb
-/rjit_config.h
-/rb_rjit_header.h*
 
 # YJIT
 /yjit-bench
 /yjit_exit_locations.dump
 
+# Rust
+/target
+
 # /wasm/
 /wasm/tests/*.wasm
 
@@ -267,16 +265,27 @@ lcov*.info
 /lib/prism/reflection.rb
 /lib/prism/serialize.rb
 /lib/prism/visitor.rb
+/prism/internal/diagnostic.h
 /prism/api_node.c
 /prism/ast.h
 /prism/diagnostic.c
-/prism/diagnostic.h
+/prism/json.c
 /prism/node.c
 /prism/prettyprint.c
 /prism/serialize.c
+/prism/tokens.c
+/prism/srcs.mk
+/dump_ast
+
+# prism (old file)
 /prism/token_type.c
 
 # tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb
 /bundled_gems.json
 /default_gems.json
 /gems/default_gems
+
+# AI agents
+/.claude
+/AGENTS.md
+/CLAUDE.md
diff --git a/.rdoc_options b/.rdoc_options
index 57e03c9dd7..5172911e16 100644
--- a/.rdoc_options
+++ b/.rdoc_options
@@ -1,7 +1,37 @@
 ---
 page_dir: doc
-charset: UTF-8
-encoding: UTF-8
-main_page: README.md
+main_page: index.md
 title: Documentation for Ruby development version
 visibility: :private
+rdoc_include:
+- doc
+
+exclude:
+- \.gemspec\z
+- lib/set/subclass_compatible.rb
+
+autolink_excluded_words:
+- Box
+- Class
+- Method
+- Module
+- Process
+- RDoc
+- Ruby
+- Set
+- ZJIT
+- YJIT
+
+canonical_root: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master
+
+footer_content:
+  Ruby:
+    Documentation: index.html
+    Official Website: https://www.ruby-lang.org/
+    Playground: https://ruby.github.io/play-ruby/
+  Resources:
+    GitHub: https://github.com/ruby/ruby
+    Issue Tracker: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/issues
+    RubyGems: https://rubygems.org/
+  Community:
+    X: https://x.com/rubylangorg
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 06de3dd493..0000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-# -*- YAML -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2011 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
-# granted,  to either  redistribute  or  modify this  file,  provided that  the
-# conditions  mentioned in  the file  COPYING are  met.  Consult  the  file for
-# details.
-
-# When you see Travis CI issues, or you are interested in understanding how to
-# manage, please check the link below.
-# https://github.com/ruby/ruby/wiki/CI-Servers#travis-ci
-
-# We enable Travis on the specific branches or forked repositories here.
-if: >-
-  (repo != ruby/ruby OR branch = master OR branch =~ /^ruby_\d_\d$/)
-  AND (commit_message !~ /\[DOC\]/)
-
-language: c
-
-os: linux
-
-dist: jammy
-
-git:
-  quiet: true
-
-env:
-  global:
-    - NPROC="$(nproc)"
-    - JOBS="-j${NPROC}"
-    # SETARCH are overridden when necessary. See below.
-    - SETARCH=
-    # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/e411371dda21430a60f61b8f3f57943d2fe4d344/lib/travis/build/bash/travis_apt_get_options.bash#L7
-    - travis_apt_get_options='--allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-change-held-packages'
-    - travis_apt_get_options="-yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends $travis_apt_get_options"
-    # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV. Do not set that.
-    - debugflags=-ggdb3
-    - RUBY_TESTOPTS="$JOBS -q --tty=no"
-
-.org.ruby-lang.ci.matrix-definitions:
-  - &gcc-11
-    compiler: gcc-11
-    before_install:
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        gcc-11
-        g++-11
-        libffi-dev
-        libncurses-dev
-        libncursesw5-dev
-        libreadline-dev
-        libssl-dev
-        libyaml-dev
-        openssl
-        zlib1g-dev
-      - gcc-11 --version
-  - &arm64-linux
-    name: arm64-linux
-    arch: arm64
-    <<: *gcc-11
-  - &ppc64le-linux
-    name: ppc64le-linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    <<: *gcc-11
-  - &s390x-linux
-    name: s390x-linux
-    arch: s390x
-    <<: *gcc-11
-    env:
-      # Avoid possible test failures with the zlib applying the following patch
-      # on s390x CPU architecture.
-      # https://github.com/madler/zlib/pull/410
-      - DFLTCC=0
-  - &arm32-linux
-    name: arm32-linux
-    arch: arm64
-    # https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/crossbuild-essential-armhf
-    compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
-    env:
-      - SETARCH='setarch linux32 --verbose --32bit'
-      # Still keep the -O1 for only arm32, while we want to test with the
-      # default optflags -O3.
-      # Because bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb fails with segfualt with the
-      # default -O3.
-      # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19981
-      - optflags=-O1
-    before_install:
-      - sudo dpkg --add-architecture armhf
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        crossbuild-essential-armhf
-        libc6:armhf
-        libstdc++-10-dev:armhf
-        libffi-dev:armhf
-        libncurses-dev:armhf
-        libncursesw5-dev:armhf
-        libreadline-dev:armhf
-        libssl-dev:armhf
-        libyaml-dev:armhf
-        linux-libc-dev:armhf
-        zlib1g-dev:armhf
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - <<: *arm64-linux
-    - <<: *ppc64le-linux
-    - <<: *s390x-linux
-    # FIXME: lib/rubygems/util.rb:104 glob_files_in_dir -
-    # <internal:dir>:411:in glob: File name too long - (Errno::ENAMETOOLONG)
-    # https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/7132
-    - <<: *arm32-linux
-  allow_failures:
-    # Allow failures for the unstable jobs.
-    # - name: arm64-linux
-    - name: ppc64le-linux
-    - name: s390x-linux
-    # The 2nd arm64 pipeline may be unstable.
-    # - name: arm32-linux
-  fast_finish: true
-
-before_script:
-  - lscpu
-  - ./autogen.sh
-  - mkdir build
-  - cd build
-  - $SETARCH ../configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install
-  - $SETARCH make -s $JOBS
-  - make -s $JOBS install
-  # Useful info to report issues to the Ruby.
-  - $SETARCH $(pwd)/install/bin/ruby -v
-  # Useful info To report issues to the RubyGems.
-  - $SETARCH $(pwd)/install/bin/gem env
-
-script:
-  - $SETARCH make -s test
-  - ../tool/travis_wait.sh $SETARCH make -s test-all RUBYOPT="-w"
-  - ../tool/travis_wait.sh $SETARCH make -s test-spec
-
-# We want to be notified when something happens.
-notifications:
-  webhooks:
-    urls:
-      # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot (travis)
-      - secure: mRsoS/UbqDkKkW5p3AEqM27d4SZnV6Gsylo3bm8T/deltQzTsGzZwrm7OIBXZv0UFZdE68XmPlyHfZFLSP2V9QZ7apXMf9/vw0GtcSe1gchtnjpAPF6lYBn7nMCbVPPx9cS0dwL927fjdRM1vj7IKZ2bk4F0lAJ25R25S6teqdk=
-    on_success: never
-    on_failure: always
-  email:
-    recipients:
-      - jaruga@ruby-lang.org
-    on_success: never
-    on_failure: always
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 13df6087ca..35e79dd3b9 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1 +1 @@
-See ["Contributing to Ruby"](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/contributing_md.html), which includes setup and build instructions.
+See ["Contributing to Ruby"](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/contributing/contributing_md.html), which includes setup and build instructions.
diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
index 48e5a96de7..428ce03ed7 100644
--- a/COPYING
+++ b/COPYING
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{日本語}[rdoc-ref:COPYING.ja]
+
 Ruby is copyrighted free software by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
 You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the
 2-clause BSDL (see the file BSDL), or the conditions below:
diff --git a/COPYING.ja b/COPYING.ja
index 230376bc60..5de2dbcc8f 100644
--- a/COPYING.ja
+++ b/COPYING.ja
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{English}[rdoc-ref:COPYING]
+
 本プログラムはフリーソフトウェアです．2-clause BSDL
 または以下に示す条件で本プログラムを再配布できます
 2-clause BSDLについてはBSDLファイルを参照して下さい．
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2108276e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.100"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a23eb6b1614318a8071c9b2521f36b424b2c83db5eb3a0fead4a6c0809af6e61"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+
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+
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+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
+
+[[package]]
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+
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+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.46.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f17a85883d4e6d00e8a97c586de764dabcc06133f7f1d55dce5cdc070ad7fe59"
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen-rust-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-core"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ea61de684c3ea68cb082b7a88508a8b27fcc8b797d738bfc99a82facf1d752dc"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "heck",
+ "wit-parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rust"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b7c566e0f4b284dd6561c786d9cb0142da491f46a9fbed79ea69cdad5db17f21"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "heck",
+ "indexmap",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-metadata",
+ "wit-bindgen-core",
+ "wit-component",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rust-macro"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c0f9bfd77e6a48eccf51359e3ae77140a7f50b1e2ebfe62422d8afdaffab17a"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wit-bindgen-core",
+ "wit-bindgen-rust",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-component"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "indexmap",
+ "log",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "wasm-encoder",
+ "wasm-metadata",
+ "wasmparser",
+ "wit-parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-parser"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ecc8ac4bc1dc3381b7f59c34f00b67e18f910c2c0f50015669dde7def656a736"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "id-arena",
+ "indexmap",
+ "log",
+ "semver",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "unicode-xid",
+ "wasmparser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yjit"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "capstone",
+ "jit",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zjit"
+version = "0.0.1"
+dependencies = [
+ "capstone",
+ "insta",
+ "jit",
+ "rand",
+ "yjit",
+]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..33010e65fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# This is the root Cargo [workspace](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)
+# and the root package for all the rust code that are statically linked into ruby. Rust tooling
+# limitations means all Rust code need to share a single archive library (staticlib) at the
+# integration point with non-rust code. (See rustlang/rust#44322 and #104707 for a taste of
+# the linking challenges.)
+#
+# Do not add required dependencies. This is a policy that helps downstream consumers and give
+# us tight control over what we ship. All of the optional dependencies are used exclusively
+# during development.
+#
+# Release builds avoid Cargo entirely because offline builds can fail even when none of the
+# optional dependencies are built (rust-lang/cargo#10352).
+
+[workspace]
+members = ["zjit", "yjit", "jit"]
+
+[package]
+name = "ruby"
+version = "0.0.0"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.85.0"
+publish = false # Don't publish to crates.io
+
+[dependencies]
+yjit = { path = "yjit", optional = true }
+zjit = { path = "zjit", optional = true }
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+path = "ruby.rs"
+
+[features]
+disasm = ["yjit?/disasm", "zjit?/disasm"]
+runtime_checks = ["yjit?/runtime_checks", "zjit?/runtime_checks"]
+yjit = [ "dep:yjit" ]
+zjit = [ "dep:zjit" ]
+
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 1 # On 0, functions use so much stack space that we get stray `SystemStackError`s
+debug = true
+debug-assertions = true
+overflow-checks = true
+
+[profile.test]
+inherits = "dev"
+opt-level = 0
+
+[profile.dev_nodebug]
+inherits = "dev"
+
+[profile.stats]
+inherits = "release"
+
+[profile.release]
+# NOTE: --enable-yjit and zjit builds use `rustc` without going through Cargo. You
+# might want to update the `rustc` invocation if you change this profile.
+opt-level = 3
+# The extra robustness that comes from checking for arithmetic overflow is
+# worth the performance cost for the compiler.
+overflow-checks = true
+# Generate debug info
+debug = true
+# Use ThinLTO. Much smaller output for a small amount of build time increase.
+lto = "thin"
diff --git a/LEGAL b/LEGAL
index c931291c8a..2777aa2c14 100644
--- a/LEGAL
+++ b/LEGAL
@@ -702,48 +702,22 @@ mentioned below.
     OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-[ext/json/generator/generator.c]
+[ext/json/vendor/fpconv.c]
 
-  The file contains the following copyright notice.
+  This file is under the {Boost Software License}[rdoc-ref:@Boost+Software+License+1.0].
 
-  >>>
-    Copyright 2001-2004:: Unicode, Inc.
-
-    Disclaimer::
-
-      This source code is provided as is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are
-      made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any
-      kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine
-      applicability of information provided. If this file has been
-      purchased on magnetic or optical media from Unicode, Inc., the
-      sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media
-      within 90 days of receipt.
-
-    Limitations on Rights to Redistribute This Code::
-
-      Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
-      supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
-      Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form
-      for internal or external distribution as long as this notice
-      remains attached.
-
-[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/config.h]
-[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c]
-[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c]
-
-  These files are under the following license.  So to speak, it is
-  copyrighted semi-public-domain software.
+[ext/json/vendor/jeaiii-ltoa.h]
 
   >>>
-    Copyright (C) 1987:: Fujitsu LTD. (Itaru ICHIKAWA)
+    Copyright (c) 2024,2025 Enrico Thierbach - https://github.com/radiospiel
+    Copyright (c) 2022 James Edward Anhalt III - https://github.com/jeaiii/itoa
 
-    Everyone is permitted to do anything on this program
-    including copying, modifying, improving,
-    as long as you don't try to pretend that you wrote it.
-    i.e., the above copyright notice has to appear in all copies.
-    Binary distribution requires original version messages.
-    You don't have to ask before copying, redistribution or publishing.
-    THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE.
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-ref:@MIT+License]
+
+[ext/json/vendor/ryu.h]
+  This file is adapted from the Ryu algorithm by Ulf Adams https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu.
+  It is dual-licensed under {Apache License 2.0}[rdoc-ref:@Apache+License+2.0] OR
+  {Boost Software License 1.0}[rdoc-ref:@Boost+Software+License+1.0].
 
 [ext/psych]
 [test/psych]
@@ -1091,3 +1065,236 @@ mentioned below.
 
       From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
       paragraph 3 above is now null and void.
+
+== Boost Software License 1.0
+
+>>>
+      Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
+
+      Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
+      obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
+      this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
+      execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
+      Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
+      do so, all subject to the following:
+
+      The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
+      the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
+      must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
+      all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
+      works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
+      a source language processor.
+
+      THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+      IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+      FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+      SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
+      FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+      ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+      DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+== Apache License 2.0
+
+>>>
+      Apache License
+      Version 2.0, January 2004
+      http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+      TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+      1. Definitions.
+
+         "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+         and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+         "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+         the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+         "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+         other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+         control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+         "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+         direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+         otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+         outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+         "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+         exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+         "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+         including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+         source, and configuration files.
+
+         "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+         transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+         not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+         and conversions to other media types.
+
+         "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+         Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+         copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+         (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+         "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+         form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+         editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+         represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+         of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+         separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+         the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+         "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+         the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+         to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+         submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+         or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+         the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+         means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+         to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+         communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+         and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+         Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+         excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+         designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+         "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+         on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+         subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+      2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+         this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+         worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+         copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+         publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+         Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+      3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+         this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+         worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+         (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+         use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+         where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+         by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+         Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+         with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+         institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+         cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+         or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+         or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+         granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+         as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+      4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+         Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+         modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+         meet the following conditions:
+
+         a.  You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+             Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+         b.  You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+             stating that You changed the files; and
+
+         c.  You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+             that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+             attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+             excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+             the Derivative Works; and
+
+         d.  If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+             distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+             include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+             within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+             pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+             of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+             as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+             documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+             within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+             wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+             of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+             do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+             notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+             or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+             that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+             as modifying the License.
+
+         You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+         may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+         for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+         for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+         reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+         the conditions stated in this License.
+
+      5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+         any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+         by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+         this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+         Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+         the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+         with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+      6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+         names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+         except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+         origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+      7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+         agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+         Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+         WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+         implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+         of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+         PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+         appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+         risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+      8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+         whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+         unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+         negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+         liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+         incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+         result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+         Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+         work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+         other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+         has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+      9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+         the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+         and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+         or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+         License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+         on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+         of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+         defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+         incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+         of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+      APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      >>>
+         To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+         boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+         replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+         the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+         comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+         file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+         same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+         identification within third-party archives.
+
+      Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+      you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+      You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+      See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+      limitations under the License.
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index aec92fffb1..9ff290ad75 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,143 +1,269 @@
-# NEWS for Ruby 3.4.0
+# NEWS for Ruby 4.1.0
 
 This document is a list of user-visible feature changes
-since the **3.3.0** release, except for bug fixes.
+since the **4.0.0** release, except for bug fixes.
 
 Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
 
 ## Language changes
 
-* String literals in files without a `frozen_string_literal` comment now behave
-  as if they were frozen. If they are mutated a deprecation warning is emitted.
-  These warnings can be enabled with `-W:deprecated` or by setting `Warning[:deprecated] = true`.
-  To disable this change, you can run Ruby with the `--disable-frozen-string-literal`
-  command line argument. [[Feature #20205]]
+* `Module#clone` and `Module#dup` no longer rewrite the lexical scope of
+  copied methods. Constants and class variables resolve through the
+  original class, consistent with inheritance and mixins.
+  [[Feature #21981]]
 
-* `it` is added to reference a block parameter. [[Feature #18980]]
+## Core classes updates
 
-* Keyword splatting `nil` when calling methods is now supported.
-  `**nil` is treated similarly to `**{}`, passing no keywords,
-  and not calling any conversion methods.  [[Bug #20064]]
+Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
 
-* Block passing is no longer allowed in index.  [[Bug #19918]]
+* Array
 
-* Keyword arguments are no longer allowed in index.  [[Bug #20218]]
+    * `Array#pack` accepts a new format `R` and `r` for unpacking unsigned
+      and signed LEB128 encoded integers. [[Feature #21785]]
+    * `Array#pack` accepts a new format `^` that returns the current offset.
+      Useful when combined with variable width formats like LEB128. [[Feature #21796]]
 
-## Core classes updates
+* ENV
 
-Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
+    * `ENV.fetch_values` is added. It returns an array of values for the
+      given names, raising `KeyError` for missing names unless a block is
+      given. [[Feature #21781]]
+
+* Kernel
 
-* Exception
+    * `Kernel#autoload_relative` and `Module#autoload_relative` are added.
+      These methods work like `autoload`, but resolve the file path relative
+      to the file where the method is called, similar to `require_relative`.
+      This makes it easier to autoload constants from files in the same
+      directory without hardcoding absolute paths or manipulating `$LOAD_PATH`.
+      [[Feature #15330]]
 
-  * Exception#set_backtrace now accepts arrays of `Thread::Backtrace::Location`.
-    `Kernel#raise`, `Thread#raise` and `Fiber#raise` also accept this new format. [[Feature #13557]]
+* MatchData
 
-* Range
+    * `MatchData#integer_at` is added.  It converts the matched substring to
+      integer and return the result.  [[Feature #21932]]
 
-  * Range#size now raises TypeError if the range is not iterable. [[Misc #18984]]
+* Regexp
+
+    * All instances of `Regexp` are now frozen, not just literals.
+      Subclasses of `Regexp` are not frozen for compatibility.
+      [[Feature #8948]]
+
+* Set
+
+    * A deprecated behavior, `Set#to_set`, `Range#to_set`, and
+      `Enumerable#to_set` accepting arguments, was removed.  [[Feature #21390]]
 
 ## Stdlib updates
 
-The following default gems are updated.
-
-* RubyGems 3.6.0.dev
-* bundler 2.6.0.dev
-* erb 4.0.4
-* fiddle 1.1.3
-* io-console 0.7.2
-* irb 1.12.0
-* json 2.7.2
-* net-http 0.4.1
-* optparse 0.5.0
-* prism 0.27.0
-* rdoc 6.6.3.1
-* reline 0.5.3
-* resolv 0.4.0
-* stringio 3.1.1
-* strscan 3.1.1
-
-The following bundled gems are updated.
-
-* minitest 5.22.3
-* rake 13.2.1
-* test-unit 3.6.2
-* net-ftp 0.3.4
-* net-imap 0.4.10
-* net-smtp 0.5.0
-* rbs 3.4.4
-* typeprof 0.21.11
-* debug 1.9.2
-
-The following bundled gems are promoted from default gems.
-
-* mutex_m 0.2.0
-* getoptlong 0.2.1
-* base64 0.2.0
-* bigdecimal 3.1.7
-* observer 0.1.2
-* abbrev 0.1.2
-* resolv-replace 0.1.1
-* rinda 0.2.0
-* drb 2.2.1
-* nkf 0.2.0
-* syslog 0.1.2
-* csv 3.3.0
-
-See GitHub releases like [GitHub Releases of Logger](https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases) or changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
+### The following bundled gems are added.
+
+
+We only list stdlib changes that are notable feature changes.
+
+Other changes are listed in the following sections. We also listed release
+history from the previous bundled version that is Ruby 3.4.0 if it has GitHub
+releases.
+
+### The following bundled gems are promoted from default gems.
+
+* tsort 0.2.0
+* win32-registry 0.1.2
+
+### The following default gem is added.
+
+### The following default gems are updated.
+
+* RubyGems 4.1.0.dev
+  * 4.0.3 to [v4.0.4][RubyGems-v4.0.4], [v4.0.5][RubyGems-v4.0.5], [v4.0.6][RubyGems-v4.0.6], [v4.0.7][RubyGems-v4.0.7], [v4.0.8][RubyGems-v4.0.8], [v4.0.9][RubyGems-v4.0.9], [v4.0.10][RubyGems-v4.0.10], [v4.0.11][RubyGems-v4.0.11], [v4.0.12][RubyGems-v4.0.12], [v4.0.13][RubyGems-v4.0.13]
+* bundler 4.1.0.dev
+  * 4.0.3 to [v4.0.4][bundler-v4.0.4], [v4.0.5][bundler-v4.0.5], [v4.0.6][bundler-v4.0.6], [v4.0.7][bundler-v4.0.7], [v4.0.8][bundler-v4.0.8], [v4.0.9][bundler-v4.0.9], [v4.0.10][bundler-v4.0.10], [v4.0.11][bundler-v4.0.11], [v4.0.12][bundler-v4.0.12], [v4.0.13][bundler-v4.0.13]
+* erb 6.0.4
+  * 6.0.1 to [v6.0.1.1][erb-v6.0.1.1], [v6.0.2][erb-v6.0.2], [v6.0.3][erb-v6.0.3], [v6.0.4][erb-v6.0.4]
+* ipaddr 1.2.9
+  * 1.2.8 to [v1.2.9][ipaddr-v1.2.9]
+* json 2.19.8
+  * 2.18.0 to [v2.18.1][json-v2.18.1], [v2.19.0][json-v2.19.0], [v2.19.1][json-v2.19.1], [v2.19.2][json-v2.19.2], [v2.19.3][json-v2.19.3], [v2.19.4][json-v2.19.4], [v2.19.5][json-v2.19.5], [v2.19.6][json-v2.19.6], [v2.19.7][json-v2.19.7]
+* openssl 4.0.2
+  * 4.0.0 to [v4.0.1][openssl-v4.0.1], [v4.0.2][openssl-v4.0.2]
+* prism 1.9.0
+  * 1.7.0 to [v1.8.0][prism-v1.8.0], [v1.8.1][prism-v1.8.1], [v1.9.0][prism-v1.9.0]
+* psych 5.4.0
+* resolv 0.7.1
+  * 0.7.0 to [v0.7.1][resolv-v0.7.1]
+* stringio 3.2.1.dev
+* strscan 3.1.9.dev
+  * 3.1.6 to [v3.1.7][strscan-v3.1.7], [v3.1.8][strscan-v3.1.8]
+* syntax_suggest 3.0.0
+* timeout 0.6.1
+  * 0.6.0 to [v0.6.1][timeout-v0.6.1]
+* zlib 3.2.3
+  * 3.2.2 to [v3.2.3][zlib-v3.2.3]
+
+### The following bundled gems are updated.
+
+* minitest 6.0.6
+* rake 13.4.2
+  * 13.3.1 to [v13.4.0][rake-v13.4.0], [v13.4.1][rake-v13.4.1], [v13.4.2][rake-v13.4.2]
+* test-unit 3.7.8
+  * 3.7.5 to [3.7.6][test-unit-3.7.6], [3.7.7][test-unit-3.7.7], [3.7.8][test-unit-3.7.8]
+* net-imap 0.6.4
+  * 0.6.2 to [v0.6.3][net-imap-v0.6.3], [v0.6.4][net-imap-v0.6.4]
+* rbs 4.0.2
+  * 3.10.0 to [v3.10.1][rbs-v3.10.1], [v3.10.2][rbs-v3.10.2], [v3.10.3][rbs-v3.10.3], [v3.10.4][rbs-v3.10.4], [v4.0.0.dev.5][rbs-v4.0.0.dev.5], [v4.0.0][rbs-v4.0.0], [v4.0.2][rbs-v4.0.2]
+* typeprof 0.32.0
+* mutex_m 0.3.0
+* bigdecimal 4.1.2
+  * 4.0.1 to [v4.1.0][bigdecimal-v4.1.0], [v4.1.1][bigdecimal-v4.1.1], [v4.1.2][bigdecimal-v4.1.2]
+* resolv-replace 0.2.0
+  * 0.1.1 to [v0.2.0][resolv-replace-v0.2.0]
+* syslog 0.4.0
+  * 0.3.0 to [v0.4.0][syslog-v0.4.0]
+* repl_type_completor 0.1.15
+  * 0.1.12 to [v0.1.13][repl_type_completor-v0.1.13], [v0.1.14][repl_type_completor-v0.1.14], [v0.1.15][repl_type_completor-v0.1.15]
+* pstore 0.2.1
+  * 0.2.0 to [v0.2.1][pstore-v0.2.1]
+* rdoc 7.2.0
+  * 7.0.3 to [v7.0.4][rdoc-v7.0.4], [v7.1.0][rdoc-v7.1.0], [v7.2.0][rdoc-v7.2.0]
+* win32ole 1.9.3
+  * 1.9.2 to [v1.9.3][win32ole-v1.9.3]
+* irb 1.18.0
+  * 1.16.0 to [v1.17.0][irb-v1.17.0], [v1.18.0][irb-v1.18.0]
+
+### RubyGems and Bundler
+
+Ruby 4.0 bundled RubyGems and Bundler version 4. see the following links for details.
 
 ## Supported platforms
 
 ## Compatibility issues
 
-* Error messages and backtrace displays have been changed.
-  * Use a single quote instead of a backtick as a opening quote. [[Feature #16495]]
-  * Display a class name before a method name (only when the class has a permanent name). [[Feature #19117]]
-  * `Kernel#caller`, `Thread::Backtrace::Location`'s methods, etc. are also changed accordingly.
-  ```
-  Old:
-  test.rb:1:in `foo': undefined method `time' for an instance of Integer
-          from test.rb:2:in `<main>'
-
-  New:
-  test.rb:1:in 'Object#foo': undefined method 'time' for an instance of Integer
-          from test.rb:2:in `<main>'
-  ```
-
 ## Stdlib compatibility issues
 
 ## C API updates
 
-* `rb_newobj` and `rb_newobj_of` (and corresponding macros `RB_NEWOBJ`, `RB_NEWOBJ_OF`, `NEWOBJ`, `NEWOBJ_OF`) have been removed. [[Feature #20265]]
-* Removed deprecated function `rb_gc_force_recycle`. [[Feature #18290]]
+### Embedded TypedData
+
+* The `RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE` flag is now public and documented and can be used by C extensions.
+  It allows allocating C structs directly into Ruby object slots, which reduces pointer chasing,
+  and in some case memory usage.
+  See the C extension documentation for details. [[Feature #21853]]
+
+* Added new C23 inspired allocator functions, that takes the previous memory size.
+  This allow the Ruby GC to better keep track of memory usage, improving its heuristics.
+  It also improves the performance of system allocators that support C23 `free_sized`.
+
+  However, it is important to note that passing an incorrect size to these function is undefined
+  behavior and may result in crashes or memory leaks.
+
+  - `ruby_xfree_sized(void *ptr, size_t size)`
+  - `ruby_xrealloc_sized(void *ptr, size_t newsiz, size_t oldsiz)`
+  - `ruby_xrealloc2_sized(void *ptr, size_t newelems, size_t newsiz, size_t oldelems)`
+
+  [[Feature #21861]]
+
+### Removed APIs
+
+The following APIs, which have been deprecated for many years, are removed.
+[[Feature #21768]]
+
+* old postponed job functions,
+* untyped data object type/functions,
+* old APIs to allocate a data object,
+* taintedness/trustedness enums/macros,
+* `rb_gc_force_recycle` function,
+* `rb_iterate` function,
+* and some functions and constants for internal use.
 
 ## Implementation improvements
 
-* `Array#each` is rewritten in Ruby for better performance [[Feature #20182]].
+### Ractor
+
+A lot of work has gone into making Ractors more stable, performant, and usable. These improvements bring Ractor implementation closer to leaving experimental status.
 
 ## JIT
 
-## Miscellaneous changes
-
-* Passing a block to a method which doesn't use the passed block will show
-  a warning on verbose mode (`-w`).
-  [[Feature #15554]]
-
-* Redefining some core methods that are specially optimized by the interpeter
-  and JIT like `String.freeze` or `Integer#+` now emits a performance class
-  warning (`-W:performance` or `Warning[:performance] = true`).
-  [[Feature #20429]]
-
-[Feature #13557]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13557
-[Feature #15554]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15554
-[Feature #16495]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16495
-[Feature #18290]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18290
-[Feature #18980]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18980
-[Misc #18984]:    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18984
-[Feature #19117]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19117
-[Bug #19918]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19918
-[Bug #20064]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20064
-[Feature #20182]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20182
-[Feature #20205]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20205
-[Bug #20218]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20218
-[Feature #20265]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20265
-[Feature #20429]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20429
+[Feature #8948]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8948
+[Feature #15330]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15330
+[Feature #21390]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21390
+[Feature #21768]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21768
+[Feature #21785]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21785
+[Feature #21796]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21796
+[Feature #21853]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21853
+[Feature #21861]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21861
+[Feature #21932]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21932
+[Feature #21981]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21981
+[RubyGems-v4.0.4]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.4
+[RubyGems-v4.0.5]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.5
+[RubyGems-v4.0.6]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.6
+[RubyGems-v4.0.7]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.7
+[RubyGems-v4.0.8]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.8
+[RubyGems-v4.0.9]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.9
+[RubyGems-v4.0.10]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.10
+[RubyGems-v4.0.11]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.11
+[RubyGems-v4.0.12]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.12
+[RubyGems-v4.0.13]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.13
+[bundler-v4.0.4]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.4
+[bundler-v4.0.5]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.5
+[bundler-v4.0.6]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.6
+[bundler-v4.0.7]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.7
+[bundler-v4.0.8]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.8
+[bundler-v4.0.9]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.9
+[bundler-v4.0.10]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.10
+[bundler-v4.0.11]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.11
+[bundler-v4.0.12]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.12
+[bundler-v4.0.13]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.13
+[erb-v6.0.1.1]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.1.1
+[erb-v6.0.2]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.2
+[erb-v6.0.3]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.3
+[erb-v6.0.4]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.4
+[ipaddr-v1.2.9]: https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr/releases/tag/v1.2.9
+[json-v2.18.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.18.1
+[json-v2.19.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.0
+[json-v2.19.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.1
+[json-v2.19.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.2
+[json-v2.19.3]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.3
+[json-v2.19.4]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.4
+[json-v2.19.5]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.5
+[json-v2.19.6]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.6
+[json-v2.19.7]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.7
+[openssl-v4.0.1]: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/releases/tag/v4.0.1
+[openssl-v4.0.2]: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/releases/tag/v4.0.2
+[prism-v1.8.0]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.8.0
+[prism-v1.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.8.1
+[prism-v1.9.0]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.9.0
+[resolv-v0.7.1]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.7.1
+[strscan-v3.1.7]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.7
+[strscan-v3.1.8]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.8
+[timeout-v0.6.1]: https://github.com/ruby/timeout/releases/tag/v0.6.1
+[zlib-v3.2.3]: https://github.com/ruby/zlib/releases/tag/v3.2.3
+[rake-v13.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rake/releases/tag/v13.4.0
+[rake-v13.4.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rake/releases/tag/v13.4.1
+[rake-v13.4.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rake/releases/tag/v13.4.2
+[test-unit-3.7.6]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.6
+[test-unit-3.7.7]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.7
+[test-unit-3.7.8]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.8
+[net-imap-v0.6.3]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.3
+[net-imap-v0.6.4]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4
+[rbs-v3.10.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.1
+[rbs-v3.10.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.2
+[rbs-v3.10.3]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.3
+[rbs-v3.10.4]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.4
+[rbs-v4.0.0.dev.5]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v4.0.0.dev.5
+[rbs-v4.0.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v4.0.0
+[rbs-v4.0.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v4.0.2
+[bigdecimal-v4.1.0]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v4.1.0
+[bigdecimal-v4.1.1]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v4.1.1
+[bigdecimal-v4.1.2]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v4.1.2
+[resolv-replace-v0.2.0]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv-replace/releases/tag/v0.2.0
+[syslog-v0.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/syslog/releases/tag/v0.4.0
+[repl_type_completor-v0.1.13]: https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor/releases/tag/v0.1.13
+[repl_type_completor-v0.1.14]: https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor/releases/tag/v0.1.14
+[repl_type_completor-v0.1.15]: https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor/releases/tag/v0.1.15
+[pstore-v0.2.1]: https://github.com/ruby/pstore/releases/tag/v0.2.1
+[rdoc-v7.0.4]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.0.4
+[rdoc-v7.1.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.1.0
+[rdoc-v7.2.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.2.0
+[win32ole-v1.9.3]: https://github.com/ruby/win32ole/releases/tag/v1.9.3
+[irb-v1.17.0]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.17.0
+[irb-v1.18.0]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.18.0
diff --git a/README.EXT b/README.EXT
deleted file mode 100644
index 48b8d964c4..0000000000
--- a/README.EXT
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Moved to doc/extension.rdoc
diff --git a/README.EXT.ja b/README.EXT.ja
deleted file mode 100644
index f884ecbb0e..0000000000
--- a/README.EXT.ja
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-doc/extension.ja.rdocに移動しました
diff --git a/README.ja.md b/README.ja.md
index 0d2d309fb8..9bbc3a83a5 100644
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 [![Actions Status: MinGW](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MinGW/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MinGW")
-[![Actions Status: RJIT](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/RJIT/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"RJIT")
 [![Actions Status: Ubuntu](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Ubuntu")
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
-[![Cirrus Status](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby.svg)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/master)
+
+[English](rdoc-ref:README.md)
 
 # Rubyとは
 
@@ -41,11 +41,15 @@ https://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/downloads/
 
 ミラーをGitHubに公開しています． 以下のコマンドでリポジトリを取得できます．
 
-    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+```console
+$ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+```
 
 他のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
 
-    $ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+```console
+$ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+```
 
 Rubyリポジトリの本来のmasterは https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git にあります．
 コミッタはこちらを使います．
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index eb24a73ee3..02435b419e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 [![Actions Status: MinGW](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MinGW/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MinGW")
-[![Actions Status: RJIT](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/RJIT/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"RJIT")
 [![Actions Status: Ubuntu](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Ubuntu")
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
 
+[日本語](rdoc-ref:README.ja.md)
+
 # What is Ruby?
 
 Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read ["Reporting Issues"]
 
 ## Contributing
 
-See ["Contributing to Ruby"](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/contributing_md.html), which includes setup and build instructions.
+See ["Contributing to Ruby"](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/contributing/contributing_md.html), which includes setup and build instructions.
 
 ## The Author
 
diff --git a/addr2line.c b/addr2line.c
index 02a3e617a6..19a6a425c1 100644
--- a/addr2line.c
+++ b/addr2line.c
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@
 #  ifdef _AIX
 #pragma alloca
 #  else
-#   ifndef alloca		/* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
+#   ifndef alloca                /* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
 void *alloca();
 #   endif
 #  endif /* AIX */
-# endif	/* HAVE_ALLOCA_H */
+# endif        /* HAVE_ALLOCA_H */
 # ifndef UNREACHABLE
 #  define UNREACHABLE __builtin_unreachable()
 # endif
@@ -220,13 +220,13 @@ uleb128(const char **p)
     unsigned long r = 0;
     int s = 0;
     for (;;) {
-	unsigned char b = (unsigned char)*(*p)++;
-	if (b < 0x80) {
-	    r += (unsigned long)b << s;
-	    break;
-	}
-	r += (b & 0x7f) << s;
-	s += 7;
+        unsigned char b = (unsigned char)*(*p)++;
+        if (b < 0x80) {
+            r += (unsigned long)b << s;
+            break;
+        }
+        r += (b & 0x7f) << s;
+        s += 7;
     }
     return r;
 }
@@ -237,18 +237,18 @@ sleb128(const char **p)
     long r = 0;
     int s = 0;
     for (;;) {
-	unsigned char b = (unsigned char)*(*p)++;
-	if (b < 0x80) {
-	    if (b & 0x40) {
-		r -= (0x80 - b) << s;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		r += (b & 0x3f) << s;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	}
-	r += (b & 0x7f) << s;
-	s += 7;
+        unsigned char b = (unsigned char)*(*p)++;
+        if (b < 0x80) {
+            if (b & 0x40) {
+                r -= (0x80 - b) << s;
+            }
+            else {
+                r += (b & 0x3f) << s;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        r += (b & 0x7f) << s;
+        s += 7;
     }
     return r;
 }
@@ -257,16 +257,16 @@ static const char *
 get_nth_dirname(unsigned long dir, const char *p, FILE *errout)
 {
     if (!dir--) {
-	return "";
+        return "";
     }
     while (dir--) {
-	while (*p) p++;
-	p++;
-	if (!*p) {
-	    kprintf("Unexpected directory number %lu in %s\n",
-		    dir, binary_filename);
-	    return "";
-	}
+        while (*p) p++;
+        p++;
+        if (!*p) {
+            kprintf("Unexpected directory number %lu in %s\n",
+                    dir, binary_filename);
+            return "";
+        }
     }
     return p;
 }
@@ -296,9 +296,11 @@ fill_filename(int file, uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_di
         for (i = 1; i <= file; i++) {
             filename = p;
             if (!*p) {
+#ifndef __APPLE__
                 /* Need to output binary file name? */
                 kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
                         file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
+#endif
                 return;
             }
             while (*p) p++;
@@ -319,19 +321,19 @@ fill_filename(int file, uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_di
 
 static void
 fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
-	  uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames,
-	  obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
+          uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames,
+          obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     int i;
     addr += obj->base_addr - obj->vmaddr;
     for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
-	uintptr_t a = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
-	/* We assume one line code doesn't result >100 bytes of native code.
+        uintptr_t a = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
+        /* We assume one line code doesn't result >100 bytes of native code.
        We may want more reliable way eventually... */
-	if (addr < a && a < addr + 100) {
-	    fill_filename(file, format, version, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj, errout);
-	    lines[i].line = line;
-	}
+        if (addr < a && a < addr + 100) {
+            fill_filename(file, format, version, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj, errout);
+            lines[i].line = line;
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -362,8 +364,8 @@ parse_debug_line_header(obj_info_t *obj, const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgr
 
     header->format = 4;
     if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
-	header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
-	p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+        p += sizeof(uint64_t);
         header->format = 8;
     }
 
@@ -427,7 +429,7 @@ parse_debug_line_header(obj_info_t *obj, const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgr
 
 static int
 parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, const char **debug_line,
-		obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
+                obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     const char *p = (const char *)*debug_line;
     struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
@@ -448,105 +450,105 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, const char **debug_line,
         return -1;
     is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 
-#define FILL_LINE()						    \
-    do {							    \
-	fill_line(num_traces, traces, addr, file, line,		    \
+#define FILL_LINE()                                                 \
+    do {                                                            \
+        fill_line(num_traces, traces, addr, file, line,             \
                   header.format,                                    \
                   header.version,                                   \
                   header.include_directories,                       \
                   header.filenames,                                 \
-		  obj, lines, offset, errout);                      \
-	/*basic_block = prologue_end = epilogue_begin = 0;*/	    \
+                  obj, lines, offset, errout);                      \
+        /*basic_block = prologue_end = epilogue_begin = 0;*/        \
     } while (0)
 
     while (p < header.cu_end) {
-	unsigned long a;
-	unsigned char op = *p++;
-	switch (op) {
-	case DW_LNS_copy:
-	    FILL_LINE();
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_advance_pc:
-	    a = uleb128(&p) * header.minimum_instruction_length;
-	    addr += a;
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_advance_line: {
-	    long a = sleb128(&p);
-	    line += a;
-	    break;
-	}
-	case DW_LNS_set_file:
-	    file = (unsigned int)uleb128(&p);
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_set_column:
-	    /*column = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_negate_stmt:
-	    is_stmt = !is_stmt;
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_set_basic_block:
-	    /*basic_block = 1; */
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_const_add_pc:
-	    a = ((255UL - header.opcode_base) / header.line_range) *
-		header.minimum_instruction_length;
-	    addr += a;
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc:
-	    a = *(uint16_t *)p;
-	    p += sizeof(uint16_t);
-	    addr += a;
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_set_prologue_end:
-	    /* prologue_end = 1; */
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin:
-	    /* epilogue_begin = 1; */
-	    break;
-	case DW_LNS_set_isa:
-	    /* isa = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
-	    break;
-	case 0:
-	    a = uleb128(&p);
-	    op = *p++;
-	    switch (op) {
-	    case DW_LNE_end_sequence:
-		/* end_sequence = 1; */
-		FILL_LINE();
-		addr = 0;
-		file = 1;
-		line = 1;
-		/* column = 0; */
-		is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
-		/* end_sequence = 0; */
-		/* isa = 0; */
-		break;
-	    case DW_LNE_set_address:
-		addr = *(unsigned long *)p;
-		p += sizeof(unsigned long);
-		break;
-	    case DW_LNE_define_file:
-		kprintf("Unsupported operation in %s\n",
-			binary_filename);
-		break;
-	    case DW_LNE_set_discriminator:
-		/* TODO:currently ignore */
-		uleb128(&p);
-		break;
-	    default:
-		kprintf("Unknown extended opcode: %d in %s\n",
-			op, binary_filename);
-	    }
-	    break;
-	default: {
+        unsigned long a;
+        unsigned char op = *p++;
+        switch (op) {
+        case DW_LNS_copy:
+            FILL_LINE();
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_advance_pc:
+            a = uleb128(&p) * header.minimum_instruction_length;
+            addr += a;
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_advance_line: {
+            long a = sleb128(&p);
+            line += a;
+            break;
+        }
+        case DW_LNS_set_file:
+            file = (unsigned int)uleb128(&p);
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_set_column:
+            /*column = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_negate_stmt:
+            is_stmt = !is_stmt;
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_set_basic_block:
+            /*basic_block = 1; */
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_const_add_pc:
+            a = ((255UL - header.opcode_base) / header.line_range) *
+                header.minimum_instruction_length;
+            addr += a;
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc:
+            a = *(uint16_t *)p;
+            p += sizeof(uint16_t);
+            addr += a;
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_set_prologue_end:
+            /* prologue_end = 1; */
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin:
+            /* epilogue_begin = 1; */
+            break;
+        case DW_LNS_set_isa:
+            /* isa = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
+            break;
+        case 0:
+            a = uleb128(&p);
+            op = *p++;
+            switch (op) {
+            case DW_LNE_end_sequence:
+                /* end_sequence = 1; */
+                FILL_LINE();
+                addr = 0;
+                file = 1;
+                line = 1;
+                /* column = 0; */
+                is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
+                /* end_sequence = 0; */
+                /* isa = 0; */
+                break;
+            case DW_LNE_set_address:
+                addr = *(unsigned long *)p;
+                p += sizeof(unsigned long);
+                break;
+            case DW_LNE_define_file:
+                kprintf("Unsupported operation in %s\n",
+                        binary_filename);
+                break;
+            case DW_LNE_set_discriminator:
+                /* TODO:currently ignore */
+                uleb128(&p);
+                break;
+            default:
+                kprintf("Unknown extended opcode: %d in %s\n",
+                        op, binary_filename);
+            }
+            break;
+        default: {
             uint8_t adjusted_opcode = op - header.opcode_base;
             uint8_t operation_advance = adjusted_opcode / header.line_range;
             /* NOTE: this code doesn't support VLIW */
             addr += operation_advance * header.minimum_instruction_length;
             line += header.line_base + (adjusted_opcode % header.line_range);
-	    FILL_LINE();
-	}
-	}
+            FILL_LINE();
+        }
+        }
     }
     *debug_line = (char *)p;
     return 0;
@@ -554,17 +556,17 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, const char **debug_line,
 
 static int
 parse_debug_line(int num_traces, void **traces,
-		 const char *debug_line, unsigned long size,
-		 obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
+                 const char *debug_line, unsigned long size,
+                 obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     const char *debug_line_end = debug_line + size;
     while (debug_line < debug_line_end) {
-	if (parse_debug_line_cu(num_traces, traces, &debug_line, obj, lines, offset, errout))
-	    return -1;
+        if (parse_debug_line_cu(num_traces, traces, &debug_line, obj, lines, offset, errout))
+            return -1;
     }
     if (debug_line != debug_line_end) {
-	kprintf("Unexpected size of .debug_line in %s\n",
-		binary_filename);
+        kprintf("Unexpected size of .debug_line in %s\n",
+                binary_filename);
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -572,7 +574,7 @@ parse_debug_line(int num_traces, void **traces,
 /* read file and fill lines */
 static uintptr_t
 fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
-	   obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout);
+           obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout);
 
 static void
 append_obj(obj_info_t **objp)
@@ -600,7 +602,7 @@ append_obj(obj_info_t **objp)
 // check the path pattern of "/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ruby.debug"
 static void
 follow_debuglink(const char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
-		 obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
+                 obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug";
     const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
@@ -610,13 +612,13 @@ follow_debuglink(const char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
 
     p = strrchr(binary_filename, '/');
     if (!p) {
-	return;
+        return;
     }
     p[1] = '\0';
 
     len = strlen(binary_filename);
     if (len >= PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len)
-	len = PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len - 1;
+        len = PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len - 1;
     memmove(binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len, binary_filename, len);
     memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
     len += global_debug_dir_len;
@@ -635,12 +637,13 @@ follow_debuglink_build_id(const char *build_id, size_t build_id_size, int num_tr
                           obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/";
+    static const char debug_suffix[] = ".debug";
     const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
     char *p;
     obj_info_t *o1 = *objp, *o2;
     size_t i;
 
-    if (PATH_MAX < global_debug_dir_len + 1 + build_id_size * 2 + 6) return;
+    if (PATH_MAX < global_debug_dir_len + build_id_size * 2 + sizeof(debug_suffix)) return;
 
     memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
     p = binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len;
@@ -651,7 +654,7 @@ follow_debuglink_build_id(const char *build_id, size_t build_id_size, int num_tr
         *p++ = tbl[n % 16];
         if (i == 0) *p++ = '/';
     }
-    strcpy(p, ".debug");
+    memcpy(p, debug_suffix, sizeof(debug_suffix));
 
     append_obj(objp);
     o2 = *objp;
@@ -2029,14 +2032,14 @@ uncompress_debug_section(ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, char *file, char **ptr)
     int ret = 0;
 
     if (chdr->ch_type != ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB) {
-	/* unsupported compression type */
-	return 0;
+        /* unsupported compression type */
+        return 0;
     }
 
     *ptr = malloc(destsize);
     if (!*ptr) return 0;
     ret = uncompress((Bytef *)*ptr, &destsize,
-	    (const Bytef*)chdr + sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)),
+            (const Bytef*)chdr + sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)),
             shdr->sh_size - sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)));
     if (ret != Z_OK) goto fail;
     return destsize;
@@ -2051,7 +2054,7 @@ fail:
 /* read file and fill lines */
 static uintptr_t
 fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
-	   obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
+           obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     int i, j;
     char *shstr;
@@ -2069,40 +2072,40 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 
     fd = open(binary_filename, O_RDONLY);
     if (fd < 0) {
-	goto fail;
+        goto fail;
     }
     filesize = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
     if (filesize < 0) {
-	int e = errno;
-	close(fd);
-	kprintf("lseek: %s\n", strerror(e));
-	goto fail;
+        int e = errno;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("lseek: %s\n", strerror(e));
+        goto fail;
     }
 #if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_SIZE_T
     if (filesize > (off_t)SIZE_MAX) {
-	close(fd);
-	kprintf("Too large file %s\n", binary_filename);
-	goto fail;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("Too large file %s\n", binary_filename);
+        goto fail;
     }
 #endif
     lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
     /* async-signal unsafe */
     file = (char *)mmap(NULL, (size_t)filesize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
     if (file == MAP_FAILED) {
-	int e = errno;
-	close(fd);
-	kprintf("mmap: %s\n", strerror(e));
-	goto fail;
+        int e = errno;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("mmap: %s\n", strerror(e));
+        goto fail;
     }
     close(fd);
 
     ehdr = (ElfW(Ehdr) *)file;
     if (memcmp(ehdr->e_ident, "\177ELF", 4) != 0) {
-	/*
-	 * Huh? Maybe filename was overridden by setproctitle() and
-	 * it match non-elf file.
-	 */
-	goto fail;
+        /*
+         * Huh? Maybe filename was overridden by setproctitle() and
+         * it match non-elf file.
+         */
+        goto fail;
     }
     obj->mapped = file;
     obj->mapped_size = (size_t)filesize;
@@ -2114,32 +2117,32 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 
     for (i = 0; i < ehdr->e_shnum; i++) {
         char *section_name = shstr + shdr[i].sh_name;
-	switch (shdr[i].sh_type) {
-	  case SHT_STRTAB:
-	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".strtab")) {
-		strtab_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    }
-	    else if (!strcmp(section_name, ".dynstr")) {
-		dynstr_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	  case SHT_SYMTAB:
-	    /* if (!strcmp(section_name, ".symtab")) */
-	    symtab_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    break;
-	  case SHT_DYNSYM:
-	    /* if (!strcmp(section_name, ".dynsym")) */
-	    dynsym_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    break;
+        switch (shdr[i].sh_type) {
+          case SHT_STRTAB:
+            if (!strcmp(section_name, ".strtab")) {
+                strtab_shdr = shdr + i;
+            }
+            else if (!strcmp(section_name, ".dynstr")) {
+                dynstr_shdr = shdr + i;
+            }
+            break;
+          case SHT_SYMTAB:
+            /* if (!strcmp(section_name, ".symtab")) */
+            symtab_shdr = shdr + i;
+            break;
+          case SHT_DYNSYM:
+            /* if (!strcmp(section_name, ".dynsym")) */
+            dynsym_shdr = shdr + i;
+            break;
           case SHT_NOTE:
             if (!strcmp(section_name, ".note.gnu.build-id")) {
                 note_gnu_build_id = shdr + i;
             }
             break;
-	  case SHT_PROGBITS:
-	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".gnu_debuglink")) {
-		gnu_debuglink_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    }
+          case SHT_PROGBITS:
+            if (!strcmp(section_name, ".gnu_debuglink")) {
+                gnu_debuglink_shdr = shdr + i;
+            }
             else {
                 const char *debug_section_names[] = {
                     ".debug_abbrev",
@@ -2169,17 +2172,16 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
                     break;
                 }
             }
-	    break;
-	}
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
-    if (offset == -1) {
-	/* main executable */
-	offset = 0;
-	if (dynsym_shdr && dynstr_shdr) {
-	    char *strtab = file + dynstr_shdr->sh_offset;
-	    ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + dynsym_shdr->sh_offset);
-	    int symtab_count = (int)(dynsym_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
+    if (offset == 0) {
+        /* main executable */
+        if (dynsym_shdr && dynstr_shdr) {
+            char *strtab = file + dynstr_shdr->sh_offset;
+            ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + dynsym_shdr->sh_offset);
+            int symtab_count = (int)(dynsym_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
             void *handle = dlopen(NULL, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_LOCAL);
             if (handle) {
                 for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
@@ -2196,14 +2198,14 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
                 }
                 dlclose(handle);
             }
-	    if (ehdr->e_type == ET_EXEC) {
-		obj->base_addr = 0;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		/* PIE (position-independent executable) */
-		obj->base_addr = dladdr_fbase;
-	    }
-	}
+            if (ehdr->e_type == ET_EXEC) {
+                obj->base_addr = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                /* PIE (position-independent executable) */
+                obj->base_addr = dladdr_fbase;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if (obj->debug_info.ptr && obj->debug_abbrev.ptr) {
@@ -2249,21 +2251,21 @@ use_symtab:
     }
 
     if (!obj->debug_line.ptr) {
-	/* This file doesn't have .debug_line section,
-	   let's check .gnu_debuglink section instead. */
-	if (gnu_debuglink_shdr && check_debuglink) {
-	    follow_debuglink(file + gnu_debuglink_shdr->sh_offset,
-			     num_traces, traces,
-			     objp, lines, offset, errout);
-	}
+        /* This file doesn't have .debug_line section,
+           let's check .gnu_debuglink section instead. */
+        if (gnu_debuglink_shdr && check_debuglink) {
+            follow_debuglink(file + gnu_debuglink_shdr->sh_offset,
+                             num_traces, traces,
+                             objp, lines, offset, errout);
+        }
         if (note_gnu_build_id && check_debuglink) {
             ElfW(Nhdr) *nhdr = (ElfW(Nhdr)*) (file + note_gnu_build_id->sh_offset);
             const char *build_id = (char *)(nhdr + 1) + nhdr->n_namesz;
             follow_debuglink_build_id(build_id, nhdr->n_descsz,
-			       num_traces, traces,
+                               num_traces, traces,
                                objp, lines, offset, errout);
         }
-	goto finish;
+        goto finish;
     }
 
     if (parse_debug_line(num_traces, traces,
@@ -2426,7 +2428,17 @@ found_mach_header:
                         for (int j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
                             struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, j);
 
-                            if (strcmp(sect->sectname, debug_section_names[j]) != 0)
+                            if (strcmp(sect->sectname, debug_section_names[j]) != 0
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+                                    /* macOS clang 16 generates DWARF5, which have Mach-O
+                                     * section names that are limited to 16 characters,
+                                     * which causes sections with long names to be truncated
+                                     * and not match above.
+                                     * See: https://wiki.dwarfstd.org/Best_Practices.md#Mach-2d-O
+                                     */
+                                    && strncmp(sect->sectname, debug_section_names[j], 16) != 0
+#endif
+                                )
                                 continue;
 
                             s->ptr = file + sect->offset;
@@ -2533,8 +2545,8 @@ main_exe_path(FILE *errout)
     size_t len = PATH_MAX;
     int err = sysctl(mib, 4, binary_filename, &len, NULL, 0);
     if (err) {
-	kprintf("Can't get the path of ruby");
-	return -1;
+        kprintf("Can't get the path of ruby");
+        return -1;
     }
     len--; /* sysctl sets strlen+1 */
     return len;
@@ -2616,79 +2628,79 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, FILE *errout)
     char *main_path = NULL; /* used on printing backtrace */
     ssize_t len;
     if ((len = main_exe_path(errout)) > 0) {
-	main_path = (char *)alloca(len + 1);
-	if (main_path) {
-	    uintptr_t addr;
-	    memcpy(main_path, binary_filename, len+1);
-	    append_obj(&obj);
-	    obj->path = main_path;
-	    addr = fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, -1, errout);
-	    if (addr != (uintptr_t)-1) {
-		dladdr_fbases[0] = (void *)addr;
-	    }
-	}
+        main_path = (char *)alloca(len + 1);
+        if (main_path) {
+            uintptr_t addr;
+            memcpy(main_path, binary_filename, len+1);
+            append_obj(&obj);
+            obj->path = main_path;
+            addr = fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, 0, errout);
+            if (addr != (uintptr_t)-1) {
+                dladdr_fbases[0] = (void *)addr;
+            }
+        }
     }
 #endif
 
     /* fill source lines by reading dwarf */
     for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
-	Dl_info info;
-	if (lines[i].line) continue;
-	if (dladdr(traces[i], &info)) {
-	    const char *path;
-	    void **p;
-
-	    /* skip symbols which is in already checked objects */
-	    /* if the binary is strip-ed, this may effect */
-	    for (p=dladdr_fbases; *p; p++) {
-		if (*p == info.dli_fbase) {
-		    if (info.dli_fname) lines[i].path = info.dli_fname;
-		    if (info.dli_sname) lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
-		    goto next_line;
-		}
-	    }
-	    *p = info.dli_fbase;
-
-	    append_obj(&obj);
-	    obj->base_addr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
-	    path = info.dli_fname;
-	    obj->path = path;
-	    if (path) lines[i].path = path;
+        Dl_info info;
+        if (lines[i].line) continue;
+        if (dladdr(traces[i], &info)) {
+            const char *path;
+            void **p;
+
+            /* skip symbols which is in already checked objects */
+            /* if the binary is strip-ed, this may effect */
+            for (p=dladdr_fbases; *p; p++) {
+                if (*p == info.dli_fbase) {
+                    if (info.dli_fname) lines[i].path = info.dli_fname;
+                    if (info.dli_sname) lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
+                    goto next_line;
+                }
+            }
+            *p = info.dli_fbase;
+
+            append_obj(&obj);
+            obj->base_addr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
+            path = info.dli_fname;
+            obj->path = path;
+            if (path) lines[i].path = path;
             if (info.dli_sname) {
                 lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
                 lines[i].saddr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_saddr;
             }
-	    strlcpy(binary_filename, path, PATH_MAX);
-	    if (fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, i, errout) == (uintptr_t)-1)
-		break;
-	}
+            strlcpy(binary_filename, path, PATH_MAX);
+            if (fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, i, errout) == (uintptr_t)-1)
+                break;
+        }
 next_line:
-	continue;
+        continue;
     }
 
     /* output */
     for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
         print_line(&lines[i], traces[i], errout);
 
-	/* FreeBSD's backtrace may show _start and so on */
-	if (lines[i].sname && strcmp("main", lines[i].sname) == 0)
-	    break;
+        /* FreeBSD's backtrace may show _start and so on */
+        if (lines[i].sname && strcmp("main", lines[i].sname) == 0)
+            break;
     }
 
     /* free */
     while (obj) {
-	obj_info_t *o = obj;
+        obj_info_t *o = obj;
         for (i=0; i < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; i++) {
             struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, i);
             if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
                 free(s->ptr);
             }
         }
-	if (obj->mapped_size) {
-	    munmap(obj->mapped, obj->mapped_size);
-	}
-	obj = o->next;
-	free(o);
+        if (obj->mapped_size) {
+            munmap(obj->mapped, obj->mapped_size);
+        }
+        obj = o->next;
+        free(o);
     }
     for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
         line_info_t *line = lines[i].next;
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index 56f3584e1d..db4c2c4802 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@
 #include "probes.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
+#include "shape.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 
@@ -38,15 +41,16 @@
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cArray;
+VALUE rb_cArray_empty_frozen;
 
 /* Flags of RArray
  *
+ * 0:   RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG (equal to ELTS_SHARED)
+ *          The array is shared. The buffer this array points to is owned by
+ *          another array (the shared root).
  * 1:   RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG
  *          The array is embedded (its contents follow the header, rather than
  *          being on a separately allocated buffer).
- * 2:   RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG (equal to ELTS_SHARED)
- *          The array is shared. The buffer this array points to is owned by
- *          another array (the shared root).
  * 3-9: RARRAY_EMBED_LEN
  *          The length of the array when RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG is set.
  * 12:  RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG
@@ -105,10 +109,12 @@ should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
 } while (0)
 #define FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG)
 
+#define ARY_SET_PTR_FORCE(ary, p) \
+    (RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = (p))
 #define ARY_SET_PTR(ary, p) do { \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
-    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = (p); \
+    ARY_SET_PTR_FORCE(ary, p); \
 } while (0)
 #define ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, n) do { \
     long tmp_n = (n); \
@@ -146,11 +152,13 @@ should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
 
 #define ARY_CAPA(ary) (ARY_EMBED_P(ary) ? ary_embed_capa(ary) : \
                        ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary))
+#define ARY_SET_CAPA_FORCE(ary, n) \
+    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n);
 #define ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, n) do { \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary)); \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
-    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n); \
+    ARY_SET_CAPA_FORCE(ary, n); \
 } while (0)
 
 #define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary) (!OBJ_FROZEN(ary) && ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) == 1)
@@ -187,7 +195,9 @@ ary_embed_capa(VALUE ary)
 static size_t
 ary_embed_size(long capa)
 {
-    return offsetof(struct RArray, as.ary) + (sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
+    size_t size = offsetof(struct RArray, as.ary) + (sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
+    if (size < sizeof(struct RArray)) size = sizeof(struct RArray);
+    return size;
 }
 
 static bool
@@ -262,12 +272,6 @@ ary_verify_(VALUE ary, const char *file, int line)
 
     return ary;
 }
-
-void
-rb_ary_verify(VALUE ary)
-{
-    ary_verify(ary);
-}
 #else
 #define ary_verify(ary) ((void)0)
 #endif
@@ -350,7 +354,7 @@ ary_memcpy(VALUE ary, long beg, long argc, const VALUE *argv)
 }
 
 static VALUE *
-ary_heap_alloc(size_t capa)
+ary_heap_alloc_buffer(size_t capa)
 {
     return ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
 }
@@ -358,7 +362,7 @@ ary_heap_alloc(size_t capa)
 static void
 ary_heap_free_ptr(VALUE ary, const VALUE *ptr, long size)
 {
-    ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ptr, size);
+    ruby_xfree_sized((void *)ptr, size);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -370,6 +374,7 @@ ary_heap_free(VALUE ary)
 static size_t
 ary_heap_realloc(VALUE ary, size_t new_capa)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary));
     SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, new_capa, ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary));
     ary_verify(ary);
 
@@ -383,13 +388,14 @@ rb_ary_make_embedded(VALUE ary)
     if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
         const VALUE *buf = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
         long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+        long capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
 
         FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
 
         MEMCPY((void *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), (void *)buf, VALUE, len);
 
-        ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, buf, len * sizeof(VALUE));
+        ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, buf, capa * sizeof(VALUE));
     }
 }
 
@@ -404,7 +410,7 @@ ary_resize_capa(VALUE ary, long capacity)
         size_t new_capa = capacity;
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
             long len = ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary);
-            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(capacity);
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc_buffer(capacity);
 
             MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
@@ -424,7 +430,7 @@ ary_resize_capa(VALUE ary, long capacity)
 
             if (len > capacity) len = capacity;
             MEMCPY((VALUE *)RARRAY(ary)->as.ary, ptr, VALUE, len);
-            ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, ptr, old_capa);
+            ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, ptr, old_capa * sizeof(VALUE));
 
             FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
             ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
@@ -441,7 +447,10 @@ ary_shrink_capa(VALUE ary)
     long old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
     RUBY_ASSERT(old_capa >= capacity);
-    if (old_capa > capacity) ary_heap_realloc(ary, capacity);
+    if (old_capa > capacity) {
+        size_t new_capa = ary_heap_realloc(ary, capacity);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, new_capa);
+    }
 
     ary_verify(ary);
 }
@@ -522,6 +531,8 @@ rb_ary_set_shared(VALUE ary, VALUE shared_root)
 static inline void
 rb_ary_modify_check(VALUE ary)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(ruby_thread_has_gvl_p());
+
     rb_check_frozen(ary);
     ary_verify(ary);
 }
@@ -555,11 +566,11 @@ rb_ary_cancel_sharing(VALUE ary)
             rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
         }
         else {
-            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(len);
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc_buffer(len);
             MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             rb_ary_unshare(ary);
-            ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
-            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
+            ARY_SET_CAPA_FORCE(ary, len);
+            ARY_SET_PTR_FORCE(ary, ptr);
         }
 
         rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(ary);
@@ -624,21 +635,32 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.freeze -> self
+ *    freeze -> self
  *
- *  Freezes +self+; returns +self+:
+ *  Freezes +self+ (if not already frozen); returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = []
  *    a.frozen? # => false
  *    a.freeze
  *    a.frozen? # => true
  *
- *  An attempt to modify a frozen +Array+ raises FrozenError.
+ *  No further changes may be made to +self+;
+ *  raises FrozenError if a change is attempted.
+ *
+ *  Related: Kernel#frozen?.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_freeze(VALUE ary)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY));
+
+    if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) return ary;
+
+    if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary) && !ARY_SHARED_P(ary) && !ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
+        ary_shrink_capa(ary);
+    }
+
     return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 }
 
@@ -666,22 +688,22 @@ ary_alloc_embed(VALUE klass, long capa)
 {
     size_t size = ary_embed_size(capa);
     RUBY_ASSERT(rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size));
-    NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass,
-                     T_ARRAY | RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
-                     size, 0);
-    /* Created array is:
-     *   FL_SET_EMBED((VALUE)ary);
-     *   ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN((VALUE)ary, 0);
-     */
-    return (VALUE)ary;
+   /* Created array is:
+    *   FL_SET_EMBED((VALUE)ary);
+    *   ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN((VALUE)ary, 0);
+    */
+    return rb_newobj_of(klass, T_ARRAY | RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG, size);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ary_alloc_heap(VALUE klass)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass,
-                     T_ARRAY | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
-                     sizeof(struct RArray), 0);
+    NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass, T_ARRAY, sizeof(struct RArray));
+
+    ary->as.heap.len = 0;
+    ary->as.heap.aux.capa = 0;
+    ary->as.heap.ptr = NULL;
+
     return (VALUE)ary;
 }
 
@@ -695,6 +717,8 @@ empty_ary_alloc(VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(ruby_thread_has_gvl_p());
+
     VALUE ary;
 
     if (capa < 0) {
@@ -714,7 +738,7 @@ ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
         ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
 
-        ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ary_heap_alloc(capa));
+        ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ary_heap_alloc_buffer(capa));
         ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
 
@@ -777,23 +801,21 @@ ec_ary_alloc_embed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
 {
     size_t size = ary_embed_size(capa);
     RUBY_ASSERT(rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size));
-    NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass,
-            T_ARRAY | RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
-            size, ec);
-    /* Created array is:
-     *   FL_SET_EMBED((VALUE)ary);
-     *   ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN((VALUE)ary, 0);
-     */
-    return (VALUE)ary;
+   /* Created array is:
+    *   FL_SET_EMBED((VALUE)ary);
+    *   ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN((VALUE)ary, 0);
+    */
+    return rb_ec_newobj_of(ec, klass, T_ARRAY | RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG, size);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ec_ary_alloc_heap(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass,
-            T_ARRAY | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
-            sizeof(struct RArray), ec);
-    return (VALUE)ary;
+    VALUE ary = rb_ec_newobj_of(ec, klass, T_ARRAY, sizeof(struct RArray));
+    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.len = 0;
+    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = 0;
+    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = NULL;
+    return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -818,7 +840,7 @@ ec_ary_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
         ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
 
-        ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ary_heap_alloc(capa));
+        ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ary_heap_alloc_buffer(capa));
         ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
 
@@ -880,6 +902,32 @@ rb_ary_free(VALUE ary)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE fake_ary_flags;
+
+static VALUE
+init_fake_ary_flags(void)
+{
+    struct RArray fake_ary = {0};
+    fake_ary.basic.flags = T_ARRAY;
+    VALUE ary = (VALUE)&fake_ary;
+    RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(ary, ROOT_SHAPE_ID | SHAPE_ID_LAYOUT_OTHER);
+    rb_ary_freeze(ary);
+    return fake_ary.basic.flags;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_setup_fake_ary(struct RArray *fake_ary, const VALUE *list, long len)
+{
+    fake_ary->basic.flags = fake_ary_flags;
+    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS((VALUE)fake_ary);
+
+    // bypass frozen checks
+    fake_ary->as.heap.ptr = list;
+    fake_ary->as.heap.len = len;
+    fake_ary->as.heap.aux.capa = len;
+    return (VALUE)fake_ary;
+}
+
 size_t
 rb_ary_memsize(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -903,9 +951,6 @@ ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
         return ary;
     }
     else if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) {
-        if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-            ary_shrink_capa(ary);
-        }
         return ary;
     }
     else {
@@ -918,7 +963,7 @@ ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
         FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(shared);
 
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(capa);
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc_buffer(capa);
             ARY_SET_PTR(shared, ptr);
             ary_memcpy(shared, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
 
@@ -994,14 +1039,18 @@ rb_to_array(VALUE ary)
  *  call-seq:
  *    Array.try_convert(object) -> object, new_array, or nil
  *
- *  If +object+ is an +Array+ object, returns +object+.
+ *  Attempts to return an array, based on the given +object+.
+ *
+ *  If +object+ is an array, returns +object+.
  *
- *  Otherwise if +object+ responds to <tt>:to_ary</tt>,
- *  calls <tt>object.to_ary</tt> and returns the result.
+ *  Otherwise if +object+ responds to <tt>:to_ary</tt>.
+ *  calls <tt>object.to_ary</tt>:
+ *  if the return value is an array or +nil+, returns that value;
+ *  if not, raises TypeError.
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if +object+ does not respond to <tt>:to_ary</tt>
+ *  Otherwise returns +nil+.
  *
- *  Raises an exception unless <tt>object.to_ary</tt> returns an +Array+ object.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Creating an Array}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Creating+an+Array].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1038,48 +1087,51 @@ rb_ary_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *  call-seq:
  *    Array.new -> new_empty_array
  *    Array.new(array) -> new_array
- *    Array.new(size) -> new_array
- *    Array.new(size, default_value) -> new_array
- *    Array.new(size) {|index| ... } -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size, default_value = nil) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size = 0) {|index| ... } -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+.
+ *  Returns a new array.
  *
- *  With no block and no arguments, returns a new empty +Array+ object.
+ *  With no block and no argument given, returns a new empty array:
  *
- *  With no block and a single +Array+ argument +array+,
- *  returns a new +Array+ formed from +array+:
+ *    Array.new # => []
  *
- *    a = Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2])
- *    a.class # => Array
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *  With no block and array argument given, returns a new array with the same elements:
+ *
+ *    Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2]) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  With no block and a single Integer argument +size+,
- *  returns a new +Array+ of the given size
- *  whose elements are all +nil+:
+ *  With no block and integer argument given, returns a new array containing
+ *  that many instances of the given +default_value+:
  *
- *    a = Array.new(3)
- *    a # => [nil, nil, nil]
+ *    Array.new(0)    # => []
+ *    Array.new(3)    # => [nil, nil, nil]
+ *    Array.new(2, 3) # => [3, 3]
  *
- *  With no block and arguments +size+ and +default_value+,
- *  returns an +Array+ of the given size;
- *  each element is that same +default_value+:
+ *  With a block given, returns an array of the given +size+;
+ *  calls the block with each +index+ in the range <tt>(0...size)</tt>;
+ *  the element at that +index+ in the returned array is the blocks return value:
  *
- *    a = Array.new(3, 'x')
- *    a # => ['x', 'x', 'x']
+ *    Array.new(3)  {|index| "Element #{index}" } # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]
  *
- *  With a block and argument +size+,
- *  returns an +Array+ of the given size;
- *  the block is called with each successive integer +index+;
- *  the element for that +index+ is the return value from the block:
+ *  A common pitfall for new Rubyists is providing an expression as +default_value+:
  *
- *    a = Array.new(3) {|index| "Element #{index}" }
- *    a # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]
+ *    array = Array.new(2, {})
+ *    array # => [{}, {}]
+ *    array[0][:a] = 1
+ *    array # => [{a: 1}, {a: 1}], as array[0] and array[1] are same object
  *
- *  Raises ArgumentError if +size+ is negative.
+ *  If you want the elements of the array to be distinct, you should pass a block:
  *
- *  With a block and no argument,
- *  or a single argument +0+,
- *  ignores the block and returns a new empty +Array+.
+ *    array = Array.new(2) { {} }
+ *    array # => [{}, {}]
+ *    array[0][:a] = 1
+ *    array # => [{a: 1}, {}], as array[0] and array[1] are different objects
+ *
+ *  Raises TypeError if the first argument is not either an array
+ *  or an {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects]).
+ *  Raises ArgumentError if the first argument is a negative integer.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Creating an Array}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Creating+an+Array].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1137,11 +1189,13 @@ rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns a new array populated with the given objects.
+ * Returns a new array, populated with the given objects:
+ *
+ *   Array[1, 'a', /^A/]    # => [1, "a", /^A/]
+ *   Array[]                # => []
+ *   Array.[](1, 'a', /^A/) # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  *
- *   Array.[]( 1, 'a', /^A/)  # => [1, "a", /^A/]
- *   Array[ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]    # => [1, "a", /^A/]
- *   [ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]         # => [1, "a", /^A/]
+ * Related: see {Methods for Creating an Array}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Creating+an+Array].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1320,19 +1374,17 @@ ary_take_first_or_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary, enum ary_take_pos
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array << object -> self
+ *    self << object -> self
  *
- *  Appends +object+ to +self+; returns +self+:
+ *  Appends +object+ as the last element in +self+; returns +self+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]
+ *    [:foo, 'bar', 2] << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]
  *
- *  Appends +object+ as one element, even if it is another +Array+:
+ *  Appends +object+ as a single element, even if it is another array:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a << [3, 4]
- *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [3, 4]]
+ *    [:foo, 'bar', 2] << [3, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [3, 4]]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1360,22 +1412,20 @@ rb_ary_cat(VALUE ary, const VALUE *argv, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.push(*objects) -> self
+ *    push(*objects) -> self
+ *    append(*objects) -> self
  *
- *  Appends trailing elements.
+ *  Appends each argument in +objects+ to +self+; returns +self+:
  *
- *  Appends each argument in +objects+ to +self+;  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a.push(:baz, :bat)   # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.push(:baz, :bat) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]
- *
- *  Appends each argument as one element, even if it is another +Array+:
+ *  Appends each argument as a single element, even if it is another array:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.push([:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad])
- *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]               # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+      a.push([:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]]
  *
- *  Related: #pop, #shift, #unshift.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1397,41 +1447,42 @@ rb_ary_pop(VALUE ary)
     {
         ary_resize_capa(ary, n * 2);
     }
-    --n;
-    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+
+    VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(ary, n - 1);
+
+    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n - 1);
     ary_verify(ary);
-    return RARRAY_AREF(ary, n);
+    return obj;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.pop -> object or nil
- *    array.pop(n) -> new_array
+ *    pop -> object or nil
+ *    pop(count) -> new_array
  *
- *  Removes and returns trailing elements.
+ *  Removes and returns trailing elements of +self+.
  *
- *  When no argument is given and +self+ is not empty,
- *  removes and returns the last element:
+ *  With no argument given, removes and returns the last element, if available;
+ *  otherwise returns +nil+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.pop # => 2
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar"]
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if the array is empty.
+ *    a.pop  # => 2
+ *    a      # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    [].pop # => nil
  *
- *  When a non-negative Integer argument +n+ is given and is in range,
+ *  With non-negative integer argument +count+ given,
+ *  returns a new array containing the trailing +count+ elements of +self+, as available:
  *
- *  removes and returns the last +n+ elements in a new +Array+:
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.pop(2) # => ["bar", 2]
- *
- *  If +n+ is positive and out of range,
- *  removes and returns all elements:
+ *    a        # => [:foo]
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.pop(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a         # => []
  *
- *  Related: #push, #shift, #unshift.
+ *  Related: Array#push;
+ *  see also {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1470,35 +1521,40 @@ rb_ary_shift(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     array.shift -> object or nil
- *     array.shift(n) -> new_array
+ *    shift -> object or nil
+ *    shift(count) -> new_array or nil
  *
- *  Removes and returns leading elements.
+ *  Removes and returns leading elements from +self+.
  *
- *  When no argument is given, removes and returns the first element:
+ *  With no argument, removes and returns one element, if available,
+ *  or +nil+ otherwise:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.shift # => :foo
- *    a # => ['bar', 2]
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if +self+ is empty.
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a.shift  # => 0
+ *    a        # => [1, 2, 3]
+ *    [].shift # => nil
  *
- *  When positive Integer argument +n+ is given, removes the first +n+ elements;
- *  returns those elements in a new +Array+:
+ *  With non-negative numeric argument +count+ given,
+ *  removes and returns the first +count+ elements:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.shift(2) # => [:foo, 'bar']
- *    a # => [2]
- *
- *  If +n+ is as large as or larger than <tt>self.length</tt>,
- *  removes all elements; returns those elements in a new +Array+:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a.shift(2)   # => [0, 1]
+ *    a            # => [2, 3]
+ *    a.shift(1.1) # => [2]
+ *    a            # => [3]
+ *    a.shift(0)   # => []
+ *    a            # => [3]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is large,
+ *  removes and returns all elements:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.shift(3) # => [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a.shift(50) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a           # => []
  *
- *  If +n+ is zero, returns a new empty +Array+; +self+ is unmodified.
+ *  If +self+ is empty, returns a new empty array.
  *
- *  Related: #push, #pop, #unshift.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1639,14 +1695,16 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.unshift(*objects) -> self
+ *    unshift(*objects) -> self
+ *    prepend(*objects) -> self
  *
  *  Prepends the given +objects+ to +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.unshift(:bam, :bat) # => [:bam, :bat, :foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  Related: #push, #pop, #shift.
+ *  Related: Array#shift;
+ *  see also {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1722,35 +1780,38 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array[index] -> object or nil
- *    array[start, length] -> object or nil
- *    array[range] -> object or nil
- *    array[aseq] -> object or nil
- *    array.slice(index) -> object or nil
- *    array.slice(start, length) -> object or nil
- *    array.slice(range) -> object or nil
- *    array.slice(aseq) -> object or nil
+ *    self[offset] -> object or nil
+ *    self[offset, size] -> object or nil
+ *    self[range] -> object or nil
+ *    self[aseq] -> object or nil
  *
  *  Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
  *
  *  In brief:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a[0]     # => :foo
- *    a[-1]    # => 2
+ *
+ *    # Single argument offset: returns one element.
+ *    a[0]     # => :foo          # Zero-based index.
+ *    a[-1]    # => 2             # Negative index counts backwards from end.
+ *
+ *    # Arguments offset and size: returns an array.
  *    a[1, 2]  # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a[-2, 2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative offset counts backwards from end.
+ *
+ *    # Single argument range: returns an array.
  *    a[0..1]  # => [:foo, "bar"]
- *    a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
- *    a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"] # Negative range-begin counts backwards from end.
+ *    a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative range-end counts backwards from end.
  *
- *  When a single Integer argument +index+ is given, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *  When a single integer argument +offset+ is given, returns the element at offset +offset+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0] # => :foo
  *    a[2] # => 2
  *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  If +index+ is negative, counts relative to the end of +self+:
+ *  If +offset+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[-1] # => 2
@@ -1758,35 +1819,35 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
  *
  *  If +index+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  When two Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given,
- *  returns a new +Array+ of size +length+ containing successive elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *  When two Integer arguments +offset+ and +size+ are given,
+ *  returns a new array of size +size+ containing successive elements beginning at offset +offset+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0, 2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
  *    a[1, 2] # => ["bar", 2]
  *
- *  If <tt>start + length</tt> is greater than <tt>self.length</tt>,
- *  returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *  If <tt>offset + size</tt> is greater than <tt>self.size</tt>,
+ *  returns all elements from offset +offset+ to the end:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *    a[1, 3] # => ["bar", 2]
  *    a[2, 2] # => [2]
  *
- *  If <tt>start == self.size</tt> and <tt>length >= 0</tt>,
- *  returns a new empty +Array+.
+ *  If <tt>offset == self.size</tt> and <tt>size >= 0</tt>,
+ *  returns a new empty array.
  *
- *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
+ *  If +size+ is negative, returns +nil+.
  *
  *  When a single Range argument +range+ is given,
- *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above
- *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +offset+ above
+ *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +size+ above:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0..1] # => [:foo, "bar"]
  *    a[1..2] # => ["bar", 2]
  *
- *  Special case: If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty +Array+.
+ *  Special case: If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty array.
  *
  *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, calculates the end index from the end:
  *
@@ -1810,7 +1871,7 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
  *    a[4..-1] # => nil
  *
  *  When a single Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence argument +aseq+ is given,
- *  returns an +Array+ of elements corresponding to the indexes produced by
+ *  returns an array of elements corresponding to the indexes produced by
  *  the sequence.
  *
  *    a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
@@ -1832,6 +1893,7 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
  *    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into Integer):
  *    a[:foo]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1879,13 +1941,26 @@ rb_ary_aref1(VALUE ary, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.at(index) -> object
+ *    at(index) -> object or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns the element of +self+ specified by the given +index+
+ *  or +nil+ if there is no such element;
+ *  +index+ must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects].
+ *
+ *  For non-negative +index+, returns the element of +self+ at offset +index+:
  *
- *  Returns the element at Integer offset +index+; does not modify +self+.
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.at(0) # => :foo
- *    a.at(2) # => 2
+ *    a.at(0)   # => :foo
+ *    a.at(2)   # => 2
+ *    a.at(2.0) # => 2
+ *
+ *  For negative +index+, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
+ *    a.at(-2) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#[];
+ *  see also {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1934,17 +2009,19 @@ rb_ary_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) // used by parse.y
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.fetch(index) -> element
- *    array.fetch(index, default_value) -> element
- *    array.fetch(index) {|index| ... } -> element
+ *    fetch(index) -> element
+ *    fetch(index, default_value) -> element or default_value
+ *    fetch(index) {|index| ... } -> element or block_return_value
  *
- *  Returns the element at offset  +index+.
+ *  Returns the element of +self+ at offset +index+ if +index+ is in range; +index+ must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects].
  *
- *  With the single Integer argument +index+,
+ *  With the single argument +index+ and no block,
  *  returns the element at offset +index+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.fetch(1) # => "bar"
+ *    a.fetch(1)   # => "bar"
+ *    a.fetch(1.1) # => "bar"
  *
  *  If +index+ is negative, counts from the end of the array:
  *
@@ -1952,12 +2029,12 @@ rb_ary_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) // used by parse.y
  *    a.fetch(-1) # => 2
  *    a.fetch(-2) # => "bar"
  *
- *  With arguments +index+ and +default_value+,
- *  returns the element at offset +index+ if index is in range,
- *  otherwise returns +default_value+:
+ *  With arguments +index+ and +default_value+ (which may be any object) and no block,
+ *  returns +default_value+ if +index+ is out-of-range:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.fetch(1, nil) # => "bar"
+ *    a.fetch(1, nil)  # => "bar"
+ *    a.fetch(3, :foo) # => :foo
  *
  *  With argument +index+ and a block,
  *  returns the element at offset +index+ if index is in range
@@ -1967,6 +2044,7 @@ rb_ary_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) // used by parse.y
  *    a.fetch(1) {|index| raise 'Cannot happen' } # => "bar"
  *    a.fetch(50) {|index| "Value for #{index}" } # => "Value for 50"
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1998,14 +2076,106 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   find(if_none_proc = nil) {|element| ... } -> object or nil
+ *   find(if_none_proc = nil) -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value.
+ *
+ * With a block given, calls the block with successive elements of the array;
+ * returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *
+ *   [1, 3, 5].find {|element| element > 2}                # => 3
+ *
+ * If no such element is found, calls +if_none_proc+ and returns its return value.
+ *
+ *   [1, 3, 5].find(proc {-1}) {|element| element > 12} # => -1
+ *
+ * With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_find(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE if_none;
+    long idx;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv);
+    if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+
+    for (idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(ary); idx++) {
+        VALUE elem = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield(elem))) {
+            return elem;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(if_none)) {
+        return rb_funcallv(if_none, idCall, 0, 0);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rfind(if_none_proc = nil) {|element| ... } -> object or nil
+ *   rfind(if_none_proc = nil) -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Returns the last element for which the block returns a truthy value.
+ *
+ * With a block given, calls the block with successive elements of the array in
+ * reverse order; returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy
+ * value:
+ *
+ *   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].rfind {|element| element < 5}       # => 4
+ *
+ * If no such element is found, calls +if_none_proc+ and returns its return value.
+ *
+ *   [1, 2, 3, 4].rfind(proc {0}) {|element| element < -2}  # => 0
+ *
+ * With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_rfind(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE if_none;
+    long len, idx;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv);
+    if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+
+    idx = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    while (idx--) {
+        VALUE elem = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield(elem))) {
+            return elem;
+        }
+
+        len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        idx = (idx >= len) ? len : idx;
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(if_none)) {
+        return rb_funcallv(if_none, idCall, 0, 0);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.index(object) -> integer or nil
- *    array.index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
- *    array.index -> new_enumerator
+ *    find_index(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    find_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    find_index -> new_enumerator
+ *    index(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    index -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Returns the index of a specified element.
+ *  Returns the zero-based integer index of a specified element, or +nil+.
  *
- *  When argument +object+ is given but no block,
+ *  With only argument +object+ given,
  *  returns the index of the first element +element+
  *  for which <tt>object == element</tt>:
  *
@@ -2014,7 +2184,7 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if no such element found.
  *
- *  When both argument +object+ and a block are given,
+ *  With only a block given,
  *  calls the block with each successive element;
  *  returns the index of the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
  *
@@ -2023,14 +2193,9 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if the block never returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new Enumerator:
+ *  With neither an argument nor a block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    e = a.index
- *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:index>
- *    e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1
- *
- *  Related: #rindex.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2063,20 +2228,20 @@ rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.rindex(object) -> integer or nil
- *    array.rindex {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
- *    array.rindex -> new_enumerator
+ *    rindex(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    rindex {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    rindex -> new_enumerator
  *
  *  Returns the index of the last element for which <tt>object == element</tt>.
  *
- *  When argument +object+ is given but no block, returns the index of the last such element found:
+ *  With argument +object+ given, returns the index of the last such element found:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
  *    a.rindex('bar') # => 3
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if no such object found.
  *
- *  When a block is given but no argument, calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element;
  *  returns the index of the last element for which the block returns a truthy value:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
@@ -2084,14 +2249,9 @@ rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if the block never returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new Enumerator:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
- *    e = a.rindex
- *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, "bar"]:rindex>
- *    e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3
+ *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
- *  Related: #index.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2238,7 +2398,7 @@ rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len)
         rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", len);
     }
     if (len > olen) {
-        if (len >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
+        if (len > ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
             ary_double_capa(ary, len);
         }
         ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, len - olen);
@@ -2257,7 +2417,7 @@ rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len)
         MEMCPY((VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), ptr, VALUE, len); /* WB: no new reference */
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
 
-        if (is_malloc_ptr) ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ptr, ptr_capa);
+        if (is_malloc_ptr) ruby_xfree_sized((void *)ptr, ptr_capa);
     }
     else {
         if (olen > len + ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
@@ -2288,15 +2448,16 @@ ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array[index] = object -> object
- *    array[start, length] = object -> object
- *    array[range] = object -> object
+ *    self[index] = object -> object
+ *    self[start, length] = object -> object
+ *    self[range] = object -> object
  *
- *  Assigns elements in +self+; returns the given +object+.
+ *  Assigns elements in +self+, based on the given +object+; returns +object+.
  *
  *  In brief:
  *
  *      a_orig = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *
  *      # With argument index.
  *      a = a_orig.dup
  *      a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
@@ -2304,6 +2465,7 @@ ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
  *      a = a_orig.dup
  *      a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
  *      a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
  *      # With arguments start and length.
  *      a = a_orig.dup
  *      a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
@@ -2311,6 +2473,7 @@ ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
  *      a = a_orig.dup
  *      a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
  *      a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
  *      # With argument range.
  *      a = a_orig.dup
  *      a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
@@ -2339,7 +2502,7 @@ ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
  *    a[-1] = 'two' # => "two"
  *    a # => [:foo, "bar", "two"]
  *
- *  When Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given and +object+ is not an +Array+,
+ *  When Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given and +object+ is not an array,
  *  removes <tt>length - 1</tt> elements beginning at offset +start+,
  *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
  *
@@ -2374,7 +2537,7 @@ ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
  *    a[1, 5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
  *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
  *
- *  When Range argument +range+ is given and +object+ is not an +Array+,
+ *  When Range argument +range+ is given and +object+ is not an array,
  *  removes <tt>length - 1</tt> elements beginning at offset +start+,
  *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
  *
@@ -2424,6 +2587,7 @@ ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
  *    a[1..5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
  *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2453,38 +2617,38 @@ rb_ary_aset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.insert(index, *objects) -> self
+ *    insert(index, *objects) -> self
  *
- *  Inserts given +objects+ before or after the element at Integer index +offset+;
+ *  Inserts the given +objects+ as elements of +self+;
  *  returns +self+.
  *
- *  When +index+ is non-negative, inserts all given +objects+
- *  before the element at offset +index+:
+ *  When +index+ is non-negative, inserts +objects+
+ *  _before_ the element at offset +index+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.insert(1, :bat, :bam) # => [:foo, :bat, :bam, "bar", 2]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c']     # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.insert(1, :x, :y, :z) # => ["a", :x, :y, :z, "b", "c"]
  *
  *  Extends the array if +index+ is beyond the array (<tt>index >= self.size</tt>):
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.insert(5, :bat, :bam)
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, :bat, :bam]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c']     # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.insert(5, :x, :y, :z) # => ["a", "b", "c", nil, nil, :x, :y, :z]
  *
- *  Does nothing if no objects given:
+ *  When +index+ is negative, inserts +objects+
+ *  _after_ the element at offset <tt>index + self.size</tt>:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.insert(1)
- *    a.insert(50)
- *    a.insert(-50)
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c']      # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.insert(-2, :x, :y, :z) # => ["a", "b", :x, :y, :z, "c"]
  *
- *  When +index+ is negative, inserts all given +objects+
- *  _after_ the element at offset <tt>index+self.size</tt>:
+ *  With no +objects+ given, does nothing:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.insert(-2, :bat, :bam)
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar", :bat, :bam, 2]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c'] # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.insert(1)         # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.insert(50)        # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.insert(-50)       # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *
+ *  Raises IndexError if +objects+ are given and +index+ is negative and out of range.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2520,20 +2684,74 @@ ary_enum_length(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     return rb_ary_length(ary);
 }
 
-// Primitive to avoid a race condition in Array#each.
-// Return `true` and write `value` and `index` if the element exists.
-static VALUE
-ary_fetch_next(VALUE self, VALUE *index, VALUE *value)
+// These array primitives enable tight compatibility with the C implementation
+// in terms of what method calls happen. They can use unchecked utilities such as
+// FIX2LONG since unlike userland Ruby code, these methods cannot be traced with
+// TracePoint (or ruby/debug.h APIs) and have their local variables changed from
+// underneath them.
+
+// Return true if the index is at or past the end of the array.
+VALUE
+rb_jit_ary_at_end(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE index)
 {
-    long i = NUM2LONG(*index);
-    if (i >= RARRAY_LEN(self)) {
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-    *value = RARRAY_AREF(self, i);
-    *index = LONG2NUM(i + 1);
-    return Qtrue;
+    return FIX2LONG(index) >= RARRAY_LEN(self) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+// Return the element at the given fixnum index.
+VALUE
+rb_jit_ary_at(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE index)
+{
+    return RARRAY_AREF(self, FIX2LONG(index));
+}
+
+// Increment a fixnum by 1.
+VALUE
+rb_jit_fixnum_inc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE num)
+{
+    return LONG2FIX(FIX2LONG(num) + 1);
+}
+
+// Push a value onto an array and return the value.
+VALUE
+rb_jit_ary_push(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE ary, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+    return val;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    each {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    each -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  With a block given, iterates over the elements of +self+,
+ *  passing each element to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *    String bar
+ *    Integer 2
+ *
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *
+ *    foo
+ *    bar
+ *
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Iterating}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Iterating].
+ */
+
 VALUE
 rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -2548,12 +2766,11 @@ rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.each_index {|index| ... } -> self
- *    array.each_index -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Iterates over array indexes.
+ *    each_index {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    each_index -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  When a block given, passes each successive array index to the block;
+ *  With a block given, iterates over the elements of +self+,
+ *  passing each <i>array index</i> to the block;
  *  returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
@@ -2569,26 +2786,16 @@ rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.each_index {|index| puts index; a.clear if index > 0 }
+ *    a # => []
  *
  *  Output:
  *
  *    0
  *    1
  *
- *  When no block given, returns a new Enumerator:
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    e = a.each_index
- *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each_index>
- *    a1 = e.each {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}"}
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    0 foo
- *    1 bar
- *    2 2
- *
- *  Related: #each, #reverse_each.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Iterating}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Iterating].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2605,47 +2812,26 @@ rb_ary_each_index(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.reverse_each {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.reverse_each -> Enumerator
+ *    reverse_each {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    reverse_each -> Enumerator
  *
- *  Iterates backwards over array elements.
- *
- *  When a block given, passes, in reverse order, each element to the block;
+ *  When a block given, iterates backwards over the elements of +self+,
+ *  passing, in reverse order, each element to the block;
  *  returns +self+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.reverse_each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    Integer 2
- *    String bar
- *    Symbol foo
+ *    a = []
+ *    [0, 1, 2].reverse_each {|element| a.push(element) }
+ *    a # => [2, 1, 0]
  *
  *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.reverse_each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    2
- *    bar
- *
- *  When no block given, returns a new Enumerator:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    e = a.reverse_each
- *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reverse_each>
- *    a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
- *
- *  Output:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+ *    a.reverse_each {|element| a.clear if element.start_with?('b') }
+ *    a # => []
  *
- *    Integer 2
- *    String bar
- *    Symbol foo
+ *  When no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
- *  Related: #each, #each_index.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Iterating}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Iterating].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2668,9 +2854,15 @@ rb_ary_reverse_each(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.length -> an_integer
+ *    length -> integer
+ *    size -> integer
+ *
+ *  Returns the count of elements in +self+:
+ *
+ *    [0, 1, 2].length # => 3
+ *    [].length        # => 0
  *
- *  Returns the count of elements in +self+.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2682,10 +2874,12 @@ rb_ary_length(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.empty?  -> true or false
+ *    empty?  -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if the count of elements in +self+ is zero,
  *  +false+ otherwise.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2820,23 +3014,28 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
         StringValue(sep);
         len += RSTRING_LEN(sep) * (RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1);
     }
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+    long len_memo = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    for (i=0; i < len_memo; i++) {
         val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-        tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
-
-        if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
-            int first;
-            long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-            if (i > n) i = n;
-            result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
-            rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
-            i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
-            first = i == 0;
-            ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
-            return result;
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING))) {
+            tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
+            if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
+                int first;
+                long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+                if (i > n) i = n;
+                result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
+                rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
+                i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
+                first = i == 0;
+                ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
+                return result;
+            }
+            len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+            len_memo = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        }
+        else {
+            len += RSTRING_LEN(val);
         }
-
-        len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     }
 
     result = rb_str_new(0, len);
@@ -2849,31 +3048,32 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.join ->new_string
- *    array.join(separator = $,) -> new_string
+ *    join(separator = $,) -> new_string
  *
- *  Returns the new String formed by joining the array elements after conversion.
- *  For each element +element+:
+ *  Returns the new string formed by joining the converted elements of +self+;
+ *  for each element +element+:
  *
- *  - Uses <tt>element.to_s</tt> if +element+ is not a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
- *  - Uses recursive <tt>element.join(separator)</tt> if +element+ is a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
+ *  - Converts recursively using <tt>element.join(separator)</tt>
+ *    if +element+ is a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
+ *  - Otherwise, converts using <tt>element.to_s</tt>.
  *
- *  With no argument, joins using the output field separator, <tt>$,</tt>:
+ *  With no argument given, joins using the output field separator, <tt>$,</tt>:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    $, # => nil
  *    a.join # => "foobar2"
  *
- *  With \string argument +separator+, joins using that separator:
+ *  With string argument +separator+ given, joins using that separator:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.join("\n") # => "foo\nbar\n2"
  *
- *  Joins recursively for nested Arrays:
+ *  Joins recursively for nested arrays:
  *
  *   a = [:foo, [:bar, [:baz, :bat]]]
  *   a.join # => "foobarbazbat"
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
@@ -2910,14 +3110,16 @@ inspect_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.inspect -> new_string
+ *    inspect -> new_string
+ *    to_s -> new_string
  *
- *  Returns the new String formed by calling method <tt>#inspect</tt>
+ *  Returns the new string formed by calling method <tt>#inspect</tt>
  *  on each array element:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.inspect # => "[:foo, \"bar\", 2]"
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2937,21 +3139,17 @@ rb_ary_to_s(VALUE ary)
  *  call-seq:
  *    to_a -> self or new_array
  *
- *  When +self+ is an instance of +Array+, returns +self+:
+ *  When +self+ is an instance of \Array, returns +self+.
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.to_a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
- *
- *  Otherwise, returns a new +Array+ containing the elements of +self+:
+ *  Otherwise, returns a new array containing the elements of +self+:
  *
  *    class MyArray < Array; end
- *    a = MyArray.new(['foo', 'bar', 'two'])
- *    a.instance_of?(Array) # => false
- *    a.kind_of?(Array) # => true
- *    a1 = a.to_a
- *    a1 # => ["foo", "bar", "two"]
- *    a1.class # => Array # Not MyArray
+ *    my_a = MyArray.new(['foo', 'bar', 'two'])
+ *    a = my_a.to_a
+ *    a # => ["foo", "bar", "two"]
+ *    a.class # => Array # Not MyArray.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2967,27 +3165,27 @@ rb_ary_to_a(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.to_h -> new_hash
- *    array.to_h {|item| ... } -> new_hash
+ *    to_h -> new_hash
+ *    to_h {|element| ... } -> new_hash
  *
- *  Returns a new Hash formed from +self+.
+ *  Returns a new hash formed from +self+.
  *
- *  When a block is given, calls the block with each array element;
- *  the block must return a 2-element +Array+ whose two elements
- *  form a key-value pair in the returned Hash:
+ *  With no block given, each element of +self+ must be a 2-element sub-array;
+ *  forms each sub-array into a key-value pair in the new hash:
  *
- *    a = ['foo', :bar, 1, [2, 3], {baz: 4}]
- *    h = a.to_h {|item| [item, item] }
- *    h # => {"foo"=>"foo", :bar=>:bar, 1=>1, [2, 3]=>[2, 3], {:baz=>4}=>{:baz=>4}}
+ *    a = [['foo', 'zero'], ['bar', 'one'], ['baz', 'two']]
+ *    a.to_h # => {"foo" => "zero", "bar" => "one", "baz" => "two"}
+ *    [].to_h # => {}
  *
- *  When no block is given, +self+ must be an +Array+ of 2-element sub-arrays,
- *  each sub-array is formed into a key-value pair in the new Hash:
+ *  With a block given, the block must return a 2-element array;
+ *  calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  forms each returned array into a key-value pair in the returned hash:
  *
- *    [].to_h # => {}
- *    a = [['foo', 'zero'], ['bar', 'one'], ['baz', 'two']]
- *    h = a.to_h
- *    h # => {"foo"=>"zero", "bar"=>"one", "baz"=>"two"}
+ *    a = ['foo', :bar, 1, [2, 3], {baz: 4}]
+ *    a.to_h {|element| [element, element.class] }
+ *    # => {"foo" => String, bar: Symbol, 1 => Integer, [2, 3] => Array, {baz: 4} => Hash}
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3016,7 +3214,7 @@ rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.to_ary -> self
+ *    to_ary -> self
  *
  *  Returns +self+.
  */
@@ -3055,13 +3253,16 @@ rb_ary_reverse(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.reverse! -> self
+ *    reverse! -> self
  *
- *  Reverses +self+ in place:
+ *  Reverses the order of the elements of +self+;
+ *  returns +self+:
  *
- *    a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
- *    a.reverse! # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.reverse! # => [2, 1, 0]
+ *    a          # => [2, 1, 0]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3072,14 +3273,13 @@ rb_ary_reverse_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.reverse -> new_array
+ *    reverse -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ with the elements of +self+ in reverse order:
+ *  Returns a new array containing the elements of +self+ in reverse order:
  *
- *    a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
- *    a1 = a.reverse
- *    a1 # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].reverse # => [2, 1, 0]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3141,48 +3341,34 @@ rb_ary_rotate(VALUE ary, long cnt)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.rotate! -> self
- *    array.rotate!(count) -> self
+ *    rotate!(count = 1) -> self
  *
  *  Rotates +self+ in place by moving elements from one end to the other; returns +self+.
  *
- *  When no argument given, rotates the first element to the last position:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
- *    a.rotate! # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]
- *
- *  When given a non-negative Integer +count+,
+ *  With non-negative numeric +count+,
  *  rotates +count+ elements from the beginning to the end:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.rotate!(2)
- *    a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate!(2)   # => [2, 3, 0, 1]
+      [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate!(2.1) # => [2, 3, 0, 1]
  *
  *  If +count+ is large, uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.rotate!(20)
- *    a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate!(21) # => [1, 2, 3, 0]
  *
- *  If +count+ is zero, returns +self+ unmodified:
+ *  If +count+ is zero, rotates no elements:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.rotate!(0)
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate!(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  When given a negative Integer +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
+ *  With a negative numeric +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
  *  from end to beginning:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.rotate!(-2)
- *    a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate!(-1) # => [3, 0, 1, 2]
  *
  *  If +count+ is small (far from zero), uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.rotate!(-5)
- *    a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate!(-21) # => [3, 0, 1, 2]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3195,51 +3381,35 @@ rb_ary_rotate_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.rotate -> new_array
- *    array.rotate(count) -> new_array
+ *    rotate(count = 1) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ formed from +self+ with elements
+ *  Returns a new array formed from +self+ with elements
  *  rotated from one end to the other.
  *
- *  When no argument given, returns a new +Array+ that is like +self+,
- *  except that the first element has been rotated to the last position:
+ *  With non-negative numeric +count+,
+ *  rotates elements from the beginning to the end:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
- *    a1 = a.rotate
- *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]
- *
- *  When given a non-negative Integer +count+,
- *  returns a new +Array+ with +count+ elements rotated from the beginning to the end:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.rotate(2)
- *    a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate(2)   # => [2, 3, 0, 1]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate(2.1) # => [2, 3, 0, 1]
  *
  *  If +count+ is large, uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.rotate(20)
- *    a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate(22) # => [2, 3, 0, 1]
  *
- *  If +count+ is zero, returns a copy of +self+, unmodified:
+ *  With a +count+ of zero, rotates no elements:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.rotate(0)
- *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  When given a negative Integer +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
- *  from end to beginning:
+ *  With negative numeric +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
+ *  from the end to the beginning:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.rotate(-2)
- *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate(-1) # => [3, 0, 1, 2]
  *
  *  If +count+ is small (far from zero), uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.rotate(-5)
- *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].rotate(-21) # => [3, 0, 1, 2]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3332,43 +3502,12 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.sort! -> self
- *    array.sort! {|a, b| ... } -> self
- *
- *  Returns +self+ with its elements sorted in place.
+ *    sort! -> self
+ *    sort! {|a, b| ... } -> self
  *
- *  With no block, compares elements using operator <tt><=></tt>
- *  (see Comparable):
- *
- *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
- *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
- *    a.sort!
- *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *
- *  With a block, calls the block with each element pair;
- *  for each element pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return an integer:
- *
- *  - Negative when +b+ is to follow +a+.
- *  - Zero when +a+ and +b+ are equivalent.
- *  - Positive when +a+ is to follow +b+.
- *
- *  Example:
- *
- *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
- *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
- *    a.sort! {|a, b| a <=> b }
- *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *    a.sort! {|a, b| b <=> a }
- *    a # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
- *
- *  When the block returns zero, the order for +a+ and +b+ is indeterminate,
- *  and may be unstable:
- *
- *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
- *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
- *    a.sort! {|a, b| 0 }
- *    a # => ["d", "e", "c", "a", "b"]
+ *  Like Array#sort, but returns +self+ with its elements sorted in place.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3421,10 +3560,9 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
                 ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, ARY_HEAP_LEN(tmp));
             }
             /* tmp was lost ownership for the ptr */
-            FL_UNSET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
             FL_SET_EMBED(tmp);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(tmp, 0);
-            FL_SET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
+            OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
         }
         /* tmp will be GC'ed. */
         RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(tmp, rb_cArray); /* rb_cArray must be marked */
@@ -3435,21 +3573,18 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.sort -> new_array
- *    array.sort {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *    sort -> new_array
+ *    sort {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ whose elements are those from +self+, sorted.
+ *  Returns a new array containing the elements of +self+, sorted.
  *
- *  With no block, compares elements using operator <tt><=></tt>
- *  (see Comparable):
+ *  With no block given, compares elements using operator <tt>#<=></tt>
+ *  (see Object#<=>):
  *
- *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
- *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
- *    a1 = a.sort
- *    a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *    [0, 2, 3, 1].sort # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  With a block, calls the block with each element pair;
- *  for each element pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return an integer:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each combination of pairs of elements from +self+;
+ *  for each pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return a numeric:
  *
  *  - Negative when +b+ is to follow +a+.
  *  - Zero when +a+ and +b+ are equivalent.
@@ -3457,22 +3592,17 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
  *
  *  Example:
  *
- *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
- *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
- *    a1 = a.sort {|a, b| a <=> b }
- *    a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *    a2 = a.sort {|a, b| b <=> a }
- *    a2 # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *    a = [3, 2, 0, 1]
+ *    a.sort {|a, b| a <=> b } # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a.sort {|a, b| b <=> a } # => [3, 2, 1, 0]
  *
  *  When the block returns zero, the order for +a+ and +b+ is indeterminate,
- *  and may be unstable:
+ *  and may be unstable.
  *
- *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
- *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
- *    a1 = a.sort {|a, b| 0 }
- *    a1 # =>  ["c", "e", "b", "d", "a"]
+ *  See an example in Numeric#nonzero? for the idiom to sort more
+ *  complex structure.
  *
- *  Related: Enumerable#sort_by.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3487,12 +3617,15 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.bsearch {|element| ... } -> object
- *    array.bsearch -> new_enumerator
+ *    bsearch {|element| ... } -> found_element or nil
+ *    bsearch -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the element from +self+ found by a binary search,
+ *  or +nil+ if the search found no suitable element.
  *
- *  Returns an element from +self+ selected by a binary search.
+ *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:language/bsearch.rdoc].
  *
- *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:bsearch.rdoc].
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3508,11 +3641,15 @@ rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.bsearch_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
- *    array.bsearch_index -> new_enumerator
+ *    bsearch_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    bsearch_index -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the integer index of the element from +self+ found by a binary search,
+ *  or +nil+ if the search found no suitable element.
+ *
+ *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:language/bsearch.rdoc].
  *
- *  Searches +self+ as described at method #bsearch,
- *  but returns the _index_ of the found element instead of the element itself.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3571,28 +3708,24 @@ sort_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, dummy))
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.sort_by! {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.sort_by! -> new_enumerator
+ *    sort_by! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    sort_by! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Sorts the elements of +self+ in place,
- *  using an ordering determined by the block; returns self.
+ *  With a block given, sorts the elements of +self+ in place;
+ *  returns self.
  *
  *  Calls the block with each successive element;
- *  sorts elements based on the values returned from the block.
- *
- *  For duplicates returned by the block, the ordering is indeterminate, and may be unstable.
- *
- *  This example sorts strings based on their sizes:
+ *  sorts elements based on the values returned from the block:
  *
  *    a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
  *    a.sort_by! {|element| element.size }
  *    a # => ["d", "cc", "bbb", "aaaa"]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
+ *  For duplicate values returned by the block, the ordering is indeterminate, and may be unstable.
  *
- *    a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
- *    a.sort_by! # => #<Enumerator: ["aaaa", "bbb", "cc", "d"]:sort_by!>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3602,29 +3735,32 @@ rb_ary_sort_by_bang(VALUE ary)
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
-    sorted = rb_block_call(ary, rb_intern("sort_by"), 0, 0, sort_by_i, 0);
-    rb_ary_replace(ary, sorted);
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 1) {
+        sorted = rb_block_call(ary, rb_intern("sort_by"), 0, 0, sort_by_i, 0);
+        rb_ary_replace(ary, sorted);
+    }
     return ary;
 }
 
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.map {|element| ... } -> new_array
- *    array.map -> new_enumerator
+ *    collect {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    collect -> new_enumerator
+ *    map {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    map -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block, if given, with each element of +self+;
- *  returns a new +Array+ whose elements are the return values from the block:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  returns a new array whose elements are the return values from the block:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a1 = a.map {|element| element.class }
  *    a1 # => [Symbol, String, Integer]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.map
- *    a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: #collect!;
+ *  see also {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3644,21 +3780,22 @@ rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.map! {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.map! -> new_enumerator
+ *    collect! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    collect! -> new_enumerator
+ *    map! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    map! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block, if given, with each element;
- *  replaces the element with the block's return value:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+
+ *  and replaces the element with the block's return value;
+ *  returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.map! { |element| element.class } # => [Symbol, String, Integer]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = a.map!
- *    a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map!>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: #collect;
+ *  see also {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3730,45 +3867,108 @@ append_values_at_single(VALUE result, VALUE ary, long olen, VALUE idx)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.values_at(*indexes) -> new_array
+ *    values_at(*specifiers) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ whose elements are the elements
- *  of +self+ at the given Integer or Range +indexes+.
+ *  Returns elements from +self+ in a new array; does not modify +self+.
  *
- *  For each positive +index+, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *  The objects included in the returned array are the elements of +self+
+ *  selected by the given +specifiers+,
+ *  each of which must be a numeric index or a Range.
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.values_at(0, 2) # => [:foo, 2]
- *    a.values_at(0..1) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *  In brief:
  *
- *  The given +indexes+ may be in any order, and may repeat:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.values_at(2, 0, 1, 0, 2) # => [2, :foo, "bar", :foo, 2]
- *    a.values_at(1, 0..2) # => ["bar", :foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    # Index specifiers.
+ *    a.values_at(2, 0, 2, 0)     # => ["c", "a", "c", "a"] # May repeat.
+ *    a.values_at(-4, -3, -2, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"] # Counts backwards if negative.
+ *    a.values_at(-50, 50)        # => [nil, nil]           # Outside of self.
  *
- *  Assigns +nil+ for an +index+ that is too large:
+ *    # Range specifiers.
+ *    a.values_at(1..3)       # => ["b", "c", "d"] # From range.begin to range.end.
+ *    a.values_at(1...3)      # => ["b", "c"]      # End excluded.
+ *    a.values_at(3..1)       # => []              # No such elements.
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.values_at(0, 3, 1, 3) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil]
+ *    a.values_at(-3..3)  # => ["b", "c", "d"]     # Negative range.begin counts backwards.
+ *    a.values_at(-50..3)                          # Raises RangeError.
  *
- *  Returns a new empty +Array+ if no arguments given.
+ *    a.values_at(1..-2)  # => ["b", "c"]          # Negative range.end counts backwards.
+ *    a.values_at(1..-50) # => []                  # No such elements.
  *
- *  For each negative +index+, counts backward from the end of the array:
+ *    # Mixture of specifiers.
+ *    a.values_at(2..3, 3, 0..1, 0) # => ["c", "d", "d", "a", "b", "a"]
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.values_at(-1, -3) # => [2, :foo]
+ *  With no +specifiers+ given, returns a new empty array:
  *
- *  Assigns +nil+ for an +index+ that is too small:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.values_at # => []
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.values_at(0, -5, 1, -6, 2) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil, 2]
+ *  For each numeric specifier +index+, includes an element:
  *
- *  The given +indexes+ may have a mixture of signs:
+ *  - For each non-negative numeric specifier +index+ that is in-range (less than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *    includes the element at offset +index+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.values_at(0, -2, 1, -1) # => [:foo, "bar", "bar", 2]
+ *      a.values_at(0, 2)     # => ["a", "c"]
+ *      a.values_at(0.1, 2.9) # => ["a", "c"]
+ *
+ *  - For each negative numeric +index+ that is in-range (greater than or equal to <tt>- self.size</tt>),
+ *    counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(-1, -4) # => ["d", "a"]
+ *
+ *  The given indexes may be in any order, and may repeat:
+ *
+ *    a.values_at(2, 0, 1, 0, 2) # => ["c", "a", "b", "a", "c"]
+ *
+ *  For each +index+ that is out-of-range, includes +nil+:
+ *
+ *    a.values_at(4, -5) # => [nil, nil]
+ *
+ *  For each Range specifier +range+, includes elements
+ *  according to <tt>range.begin</tt> and <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *
+ *  - If both <tt>range.begin</tt> and <tt>range.end</tt>
+ *    are non-negative and in-range (less than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *    includes elements from index <tt>range.begin</tt>
+ *    through <tt>range.end - 1</tt> (if <tt>range.exclude_end?</tt>),
+ *    or through <tt>range.end</tt> (otherwise):
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(1..2)  # => ["b", "c"]
+ *      a.values_at(1...2) # => ["b"]
+ *
+ *  - If <tt>range.begin</tt> is negative and in-range (greater than or equal to <tt>- self.size</tt>),
+ *    counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(-2..3) # => ["c", "d"]
  *
+ *  - If <tt>range.begin</tt> is negative and out-of-range, raises an exception:
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(-5..3) # Raises RangeError.
+ *
+ *  - If <tt>range.end</tt> is positive and out-of-range,
+ *    extends the returned array with +nil+ elements:
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(1..5) # => ["b", "c", "d", nil, nil]
+ *
+ *  - If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative and in-range,
+ *    counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(1..-2) # => ["b", "c"]
+ *
+ *  - If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative and out-of-range,
+ *    returns an empty array:
+ *
+ *      a.values_at(1..-5) # => []
+ *
+ *  The given ranges may be in any order and may repeat:
+ *
+ *    a.values_at(2..3, 0..1, 2..3) # => ["c", "d", "a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  The given specifiers may be any mixture of indexes and ranges:
+ *
+ *    a.values_at(3, 1..2, 0, 2..3) # => ["d", "b", "c", "a", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3786,22 +3986,22 @@ rb_ary_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.select {|element| ... } -> new_array
- *    array.select -> new_enumerator
+ *    select {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    select -> new_enumerator
+ *    filter {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    filter -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block, if given, with each element of +self+;
- *  returns a new +Array+ containing those elements of +self+
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  returns a new array containing those elements of +self+
  *  for which the block returns a truthy value:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
- *    a1 = a.select {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
- *    a1 # => ["bar", :bam]
+ *    a.select {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *    # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
- *    a.select # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3867,10 +4067,12 @@ select_bang_ensure(VALUE a)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.select! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
- *    array.select! -> new_enumerator
+ *    select! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    select! -> new_enumerator
+ *    filter! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    filter! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block, if given  with each element of +self+;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
  *  removes from +self+ those elements for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+.
  *
  *  Returns +self+ if any elements were removed:
@@ -3880,11 +4082,9 @@ select_bang_ensure(VALUE a)
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if no elements were removed.
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
- *    a.select! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select!>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3902,20 +4102,18 @@ rb_ary_select_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.keep_if {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.keep_if -> new_enumeration
+ *    keep_if {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    keep_if -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Retains those elements for which the block returns a truthy value;
- *  deletes all other elements; returns +self+:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  removes the element from +self+ if the block does not return a truthy value:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
  *    a.keep_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
- *    a.keep_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:keep_if>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3941,38 +4139,39 @@ ary_resize_smaller(VALUE ary, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.delete(obj) -> deleted_object
- *    array.delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } -> deleted_object or block_return
+ *    delete(object) -> last_removed_object
+ *    delete(object) {|element| ... } -> last_removed_object or block_return
  *
  *  Removes zero or more elements from +self+.
  *
- *  When no block is given,
- *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == obj</tt>;
- *  returns the last deleted element:
+ *  With no block given,
+ *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == object</tt>;
+ *  returns the last removed element:
  *
- *    s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
- *    a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
- *    a.delete('bar') # => "bar"
- *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 2.0]
+ *    a.delete(2) # => 2.0
+ *    a           # => [0, 1]
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed:
+ *
+ *    a.delete(2) # => nil
  *
- *  When a block is given,
- *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == obj</tt>.
+ *  With a block given,
+ *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == object</tt>.
  *
  *  If any such elements are found, ignores the block
- *  and returns the last deleted element:
+ *  and returns the last removed element:
  *
- *    s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
- *    a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
- *    deleted_obj = a.delete('bar') {|obj| fail 'Cannot happen' }
- *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 2.0]
+ *    a.delete(2) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => 2.0
+ *    a                                             # => [0, 1]
  *
- *  If no such elements are found, returns the block's return value:
+ *  If no such element is found, returns the block's return value:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.delete(:nosuch) {|obj| "#{obj} not found" } # => "nosuch not found"
+ *    a.delete(2) {|element| "Element #{element} not found." }
+ *    # => "Element 2 not found."
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4053,9 +4252,10 @@ rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE ary, long pos)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.delete_at(index) -> deleted_object or nil
+ *    delete_at(index) -> removed_object or nil
  *
- *  Deletes an element from +self+, per the given Integer +index+.
+ *  Removes the element of +self+ at the given +index+, which must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects].
  *
  *  When +index+ is non-negative, deletes the element at offset +index+:
  *
@@ -4063,15 +4263,19 @@ rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE ary, long pos)
  *    a.delete_at(1) # => "bar"
  *    a # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  If index is too large, returns +nil+.
- *
  *  When +index+ is negative, counts backward from the end of the array:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.delete_at(-2) # => "bar"
  *    a # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  If +index+ is too small (far from zero), returns nil.
+ *  When +index+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_at(3)  # => nil
+ *    a.delete_at(-4) # => nil
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4112,71 +4316,94 @@ ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long pos, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.slice!(n) -> object or nil
- *    array.slice!(start, length) -> new_array or nil
- *    array.slice!(range) -> new_array or nil
+ *    slice!(index) -> object or nil
+ *    slice!(start, length) -> new_array or nil
+ *    slice!(range) -> new_array or nil
  *
  *  Removes and returns elements from +self+.
  *
- *  When the only argument is an Integer +n+,
- *  removes and returns the _nth_ element in +self+:
+ *  With numeric argument +index+ given,
+ *  removes and returns the element at offset +index+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(1) # => "bar"
- *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(2)   # => "c"
+ *    a             # => ["a", "b", "d"]
+ *    a.slice!(2.1) # => "d"
+ *    a             # => ["a", "b"]
  *
- *  If +n+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(-1) # => 2
- *    a # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(-2) # => "c"
+ *    a            # => ["a", "b", "d"]
  *
- *  If +n+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
+ *  If +index+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  When the only arguments are Integers +start+ and +length+,
- *  removes +length+ elements from +self+ beginning at offset  +start+;
- *  returns the deleted objects in a new +Array+:
+ *  With numeric arguments +start+ and +length+ given,
+ *  removes +length+ elements from +self+ beginning at zero-based offset +start+;
+ *  returns the removed objects in a new array:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(0, 2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
- *    a # => [2]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(1, 2)     # => ["b", "c"]
+ *    a                  # => ["a", "d"]
+ *    a.slice!(0.1, 1.1) # => ["a"]
+ *    a                  # => ["d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(-2, 1) # => ["c"]
+ *    a               # => ["a", "b", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is out-of-range, returns +nil+:
+ *
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(5, 1)  # => nil
+ *    a.slice!(-5, 1) # => nil
  *
  *  If <tt>start + length</tt> exceeds the array size,
  *  removes and returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(1, 50) # => ["bar", 2]
- *    a # => [:foo]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(2, 50) # => ["c", "d"]
+ *    a               # => ["a", "b"]
  *
  *  If <tt>start == a.size</tt> and +length+ is non-negative,
- *  returns a new empty +Array+.
+ *  returns a new empty array.
  *
  *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  When the only argument is a Range object +range+,
- *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *  With Range argument +range+ given,
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ (as above)
+ *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ (as above):
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(1..2) # => ["bar", 2]
- *    a # => [:foo]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(1..2) # => ["b", "c"]
+ *    a              # => ["a", "d"]
  *
- *  If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty +Array+.
+ *  If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty array:
  *
- *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than the array size, returns +nil+.
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(4..5) # => []
  *
- *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than the array size, returns +nil+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(0..-2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
- *    a # => [2]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+      a.slice!(5..6) # => nil
  *
  *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is negative,
- *  calculates the start index backwards from the end of the array:
+ *  calculates the start index by counting backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.slice!(-2..2) # => ["bar", 2]
- *    a # => [:foo]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(-2..2) # => ["c"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative,
+ *  calculates the end index by counting backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.slice!(0..-2) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4257,10 +4484,11 @@ ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.reject! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
- *    array.reject! -> new_enumerator
+ *    reject! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    reject! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.
  *
  *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
  *
@@ -4269,11 +4497,9 @@ ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.reject! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject!>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4286,21 +4512,19 @@ rb_ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.reject {|element| ... } -> new_array
- *    array.reject -> new_enumerator
+ *    reject {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    reject -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ whose elements are all those from +self+
+ *  With a block given, returns a new array whose elements are all those from +self+
  *  for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
  *    a1 = a.reject {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
  *    a1 # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *     a.reject # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4316,20 +4540,19 @@ rb_ary_reject(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.delete_if {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.delete_if -> Enumerator
+ *    delete_if {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    delete_if -> new_numerator
  *
- *  Removes each element in +self+ for which the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  removes the element if the block returns a truthy value;
  *  returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
  *    a.delete_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:delete_if>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4370,65 +4593,95 @@ take_items(VALUE obj, long n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.zip(*other_arrays) -> new_array
- *    array.zip(*other_arrays) {|other_array| ... } -> nil
+ *    zip(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    zip(*other_arrays) {|sub_array| ... } -> nil
+ *
+ *  With no block given, combines +self+ with the collection of +other_arrays+;
+ *  returns a new array of sub-arrays:
+ *
+ *    [0, 1].zip(['zero', 'one'], [:zero, :one])
+ *    # => [[0, "zero", :zero], [1, "one", :one]]
+ *
+ *  Returned:
+ *
+ *  - The outer array is of size <tt>self.size</tt>.
+ *  - Each sub-array is of size <tt>other_arrays.size + 1</tt>.
+ *  - The _nth_ sub-array contains (in order):
  *
- *  When no block given, returns a new +Array+ +new_array+ of size <tt>self.size</tt>
- *  whose elements are Arrays.
+ *    - The _nth_ element of +self+.
+ *    - The _nth_ element of each of the other arrays, as available.
  *
- *  Each nested array <tt>new_array[n]</tt> is of size <tt>other_arrays.size+1</tt>,
- *  and contains:
+ *  Example:
  *
- *  - The _nth_ element of +self+.
- *  - The _nth_ element of each of the +other_arrays+.
+ *    a = [0, 1]
+ *    zipped = a.zip(['zero', 'one'], [:zero, :one])
+ *    # => [[0, "zero", :zero], [1, "one", :one]]
+ *    zipped.size       # => 2 # Same size as a.
+ *    zipped.first.size # => 3 # Size of other arrays plus 1.
  *
- *  If all +other_arrays+ and +self+ are the same size:
+ *  When the other arrays are all the same size as +self+,
+ *  the returned sub-arrays are a rearrangement containing exactly elements of all the arrays
+ *  (including +self+), with no omissions or additions:
  *
  *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
  *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
  *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
  *    d = a.zip(b, c)
- *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
+ *    pp d
+ *    # =>
+ *    [[:a0, :b0, :c0],
+ *     [:a1, :b1, :c1],
+ *     [:a2, :b2, :c2],
+ *     [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
  *
- *  If any array in +other_arrays+ is smaller than +self+,
- *  fills to <tt>self.size</tt> with +nil+:
+ *  When one of the other arrays is smaller than +self+,
+ *  pads the corresponding sub-array with +nil+ elements:
  *
  *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
  *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2]
  *    c = [:c0, :c1]
  *    d = a.zip(b, c)
- *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, nil], [:a3, nil, nil]]
+ *    pp d
+ *    # =>
+ *    [[:a0, :b0, :c0],
+ *     [:a1, :b1, :c1],
+ *     [:a2, :b2, nil],
+ *     [:a3, nil, nil]]
  *
- *  If any array in +other_arrays+ is larger than +self+,
- *  its trailing elements are ignored:
+ *  When one of the other arrays is larger than +self+,
+ *  _ignores_ its trailing elements:
  *
  *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
  *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3, :b4]
  *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3, :c4, :c5]
  *    d = a.zip(b, c)
- *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
- *
- *  If an argument is not an array, it extracts the values by calling #each:
+ *    pp d
+ *    # =>
+ *    [[:a0, :b0, :c0],
+ *     [:a1, :b1, :c1],
+ *     [:a2, :b2, :c2],
+ *     [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
  *
- *  a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a2]
- *  b = 1..4
- *  c = a.zip(b)
- *  c # => [[:a0, 1], [:a1, 2], [:a2, 3], [:a2, 4]]
- *
- *  When a block is given, calls the block with each of the sub-arrays (formed as above); returns +nil+:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each of the other arrays;
+ *  returns +nil+:
  *
+ *    d = []
  *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
  *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
  *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
- *    a.zip(b, c) {|sub_array| p sub_array} # => nil
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    [:a0, :b0, :c0]
- *    [:a1, :b1, :c1]
- *    [:a2, :b2, :c2]
- *    [:a3, :b3, :c3]
- *
+ *    a.zip(b, c) {|sub_array| d.push(sub_array.reverse) } # => nil
+ *    pp d
+ *    # =>
+ *    [[:c0, :b0, :a0],
+ *     [:c1, :b1, :a1],
+ *     [:c2, :b2, :a2],
+ *     [:c3, :b3, :a3]]
+ *
+ *  For an *object* in *other_arrays* that is not actually an array,
+ *  forms the "other array" as <tt>object.to_ary</tt>, if defined,
+ *  or as <tt>object.each.to_a</tt> otherwise.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4491,14 +4744,17 @@ rb_ary_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.transpose -> new_array
+ *    transpose -> new_array
  *
- *  Transposes the rows and columns in an +Array+ of Arrays;
- *  the nested Arrays must all be the same size:
+ *  Returns a new array that is +self+
+ *  as a {transposed matrix}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose]:
  *
  *    a = [[:a0, :a1], [:b0, :b1], [:c0, :c1]]
  *    a.transpose # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1]]
  *
+ *  The elements of +self+ must all be the same size.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4531,13 +4787,17 @@ rb_ary_transpose(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.replace(other_array) -> self
+ *    initialize_copy(other_array) -> self
+ *    replace(other_array) -> self
  *
- *  Replaces the content of +self+ with the content of +other_array+; returns +self+:
+ *  Replaces the elements of +self+ with the elements of +other_array+, which must be an
+ *  {array-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Array-Convertible+Objects];
+ *  returns +self+:
  *
- *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a.replace(['foo', :bar, 3]) # => ["foo", :bar, 3]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c']   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.replace(['d', 'e']) # => ["d", "e"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4559,7 +4819,7 @@ rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
      * contents of orig. */
     else if (ARY_EMBED_P(orig)) {
         long len = ARY_EMBED_LEN(orig);
-        VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(len);
+        VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc_buffer(len);
 
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
         ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ptr);
@@ -4578,6 +4838,8 @@ rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
         ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ARY_HEAP_PTR(orig));
         ARY_SET_LEN(copy, ARY_HEAP_LEN(orig));
         rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared_root);
+
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(copy) ? RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(shared_root) : 1);
     }
     ary_verify(copy);
     return copy;
@@ -4585,13 +4847,14 @@ rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     array.clear -> self
+ *    clear -> self
  *
- *  Removes all elements from +self+:
+ *  Removes all elements from +self+; returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a.clear # => []
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4599,11 +4862,9 @@ rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-        if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-            rb_ary_unshare(ary);
-            FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
-            ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
-        }
+        rb_ary_unshare(ary);
+        FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
     else {
         ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
@@ -4617,198 +4878,182 @@ rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.fill(obj) -> self
- *    array.fill(obj, start) -> self
- *    array.fill(obj, start, length) -> self
- *    array.fill(obj, range) -> self
- *    array.fill {|index| ... } -> self
- *    array.fill(start) {|index| ... } -> self
- *    array.fill(start, length) {|index| ... } -> self
- *    array.fill(range) {|index| ... } -> self
- *
- *  Replaces specified elements in +self+ with specified objects; returns +self+.
- *
- *  With argument +obj+ and no block given, replaces all elements with that one object:
+ *    fill(object, start = nil, count = nil) -> self
+ *    fill(object, range) -> self
+ *    fill(start = nil, count = nil) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    fill(range) {|element| ... } -> self
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *    a.fill(:X) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
- *
- *  With arguments +obj+ and Integer +start+, and no block given,
- *  replaces elements based on the given start.
- *
- *  If +start+ is in range (<tt>0 <= start < array.size</tt>),
- *  replaces all elements from offset +start+ through the end:
- *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]
+ *  Replaces selected elements in +self+;
+ *  may add elements to +self+;
+ *  always returns +self+ (never a new array).
  *
- *  If +start+ is too large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), does nothing:
+ *  In brief:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 4) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 5) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    # Non-negative start.
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1, 2)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  *
- *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end (starting index is <tt>start + array.size</tt>):
+ *    # Extends with specified values if necessary.
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 3, 2)          # => ["a", "b", "c", "-", "-"]
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(3, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "3", "4"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, -2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]
+ *    # Fills with nils if necessary.
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 6, 2)          # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "-", "-"]
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(6, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "6", "7"]
  *
- *  If +start+ is too small (less than and far from zero), replaces all elements:
+ *    # For negative start, counts backwards from the end.
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3, 3)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "-"]
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "3"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, -6) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, -50) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
- *
- *  With arguments +obj+, Integer +start+, and Integer +length+, and no block given,
- *  replaces elements based on the given +start+ and +length+.
+ *    # Range.
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..2)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  *
- *  If +start+ is in range, replaces +length+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *  When arguments +start+ and +count+ are given,
+ *  they select the elements of +self+ to be replaced;
+ *  each must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects]
+ *  (or +nil+):
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 1, 1) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]
+ *  - +start+ specifies the zero-based offset of the first element to be replaced;
+ *    +nil+ means zero.
+ *  - +count+ is the number of consecutive elements to be replaced;
+ *    +nil+ means "all the rest."
  *
- *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end:
+ *  With argument +object+ given,
+ *  that one object is used for all replacements:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, -2, 1) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]
+ *    o = Object.new           # => #<Object:0x0000014e7bff7600>
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(o, 1, 2)
+ *    # => ["a", #<Object:0x0000014e7bff7600>, #<Object:0x0000014e7bff7600>, "d"]
  *
- *  If +start+ is large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), extends +self+ with +nil+:
+ *  With a block given, the block is called once for each element to be replaced;
+ *  the value passed to the block is the _index_ of the element to be replaced
+ *  (not the element itself);
+ *  the block's return value replaces the element:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 5, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 5, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, :X, :X]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']               # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(1, 2) {|element| element.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  *
- *  If +length+ is zero or negative, replaces no elements:
+ *  For arguments +start+ and +count+:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, 1, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *    a.fill(:X, 1, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *  - If +start+ is non-negative,
+ *    replaces +count+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
  *
- *  With arguments +obj+ and Range +range+, and no block given,
- *  replaces elements based on the given range.
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 0, 2) # => ["-", "-", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1, 2) # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2, 2) # => ["a", "b", "-", "-"]
  *
- *  If the range is positive and ascending (<tt>0 < range.begin <= range.end</tt>),
- *  replaces elements from <tt>range.begin</tt> to <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(0, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "2", "3"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, (1..1)) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]
+ *    Extends +self+ if necessary:
  *
- *  If <tt>range.first</tt> is negative, replaces no elements:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 3, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "-", "-"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 4, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "-", "-"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, (-1..1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(3, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "3", "4"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(4, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "4", "5"]
  *
- *  If <tt>range.last</tt> is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    Fills with +nil+ if necessary:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, (0..-2)) # => [:X, :X, :X, "d"]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, (1..-2)) # => ["a", :X, :X, "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 5, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "-", "-"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 6, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "-", "-"]
  *
- *  If <tt>range.last</tt> and <tt>range.last</tt> are both negative,
- *  both count from the end of the array:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(5, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "5", "6"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(6, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "6", "7"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, (-1..-1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", :X]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(:X, (-2..-2)) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]
+ *    Does nothing if +count+ is non-positive:
  *
- *  With no arguments and a block given, calls the block with each index;
- *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2, 0)    # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2, -100) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 6, -100) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2, 0) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' }    # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2, -100) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(6, -100) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  *
- *  With argument +start+ and a block given, calls the block with each index
- *  from offset +start+ to the end; replaces the corresponding element
- *  with the block's return value.
+ *  - If +start+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
- *  If start is in range (<tt>0 <= start < array.size</tt>),
- *  replaces from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -4, 3) # => ["-", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3, 3) # => ["a", "-", "-", "-"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-4, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "2", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "3"]
  *
- *  If +start+ is too large(<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), does nothing:
+ *    Extends +self+ if necessary:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -2, 3) # => ["a", "b", "-", "-", "-"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -1, 3) # => ["a", "b", "c", "-", "-", "-"]
  *
- *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-2, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "2", "3", "4"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-1, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "3", "4", "5"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *    Starts at the beginning of +self+ if +start+ is negative and out-of-range:
  *
- *  If start is too small (<tt>start <= -array.size</tt>, replaces all elements:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -5, 2) # => ["-", "-", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -6, 2) # => ["-", "-", "c", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-6) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-50) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-5, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-6, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "c", "d"]
  *
- *  With arguments +start+ and +length+, and a block given,
- *  calls the block for each index specified by start length;
- *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value.
+ *    Does nothing if +count+ is non-positive:
  *
- *  If +start+ is in range, replaces +length+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -2, 0)  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -2, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(1, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-2, 0) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' }  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-2, -1) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  *
- *  If start is negative, counts from the end:
+ *  When argument +range+ is given,
+ *  it must be a Range object whose members are numeric;
+ *  its +begin+ and +end+ values determine the elements of +self+
+ *  to be replaced:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-2, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]
+ *  - If both +begin+ and +end+ are positive, they specify the first and last elements
+ *    to be replaced:
  *
- *  If +start+ is large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), extends +self+ with +nil+:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..2)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(5, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(5, 2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "new_5", "new_6"]
+ *    If +end+ is smaller than +begin+, replaces no elements:
  *
- *  If +length+ is zero or less, replaces no elements:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2..1)          # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2..1) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(1, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *    a.fill(1, -1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *  - If either is negative (or both are negative), counts backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
- *  With arguments +obj+ and +range+, and a block given,
- *  calls the block with each index in the given range;
- *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value.
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3..2)  # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..-2)  # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3..-2) # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
  *
- *  If the range is positive and ascending (<tt>range 0 < range.begin <= range.end</tt>,
- *  replaces elements from <tt>range.begin</tt> to <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3..2) {|e| e.to_s }  # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..-2) {|e| e.to_s }  # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3..-2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(1..1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]
+ *  - If the +end+ value is excluded (see Range#exclude_end?), omits the last replacement:
  *
- *  If +range.first+ is negative, does nothing:
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1...2)  # => ["a", "-", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1...-2) # => ["a", "-", "c", "d"]
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-1..1) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1...2) {|e| e.to_s }  # => ["a", "1", "c", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1...-2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "c", "d"]
  *
- *  If <tt>range.last</tt> is negative, counts from the end:
+ *  - If the range is endless (see {Endless Ranges}[rdoc-ref:Range@Endless+Ranges]),
+ *    replaces elements to the end of +self+:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(0..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(1..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "-"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "3"]
  *
- *  If <tt>range.first</tt> and <tt>range.last</tt> are both negative,
- *  both count from the end:
+ *  - If the range is beginless (see {Beginless Ranges}[rdoc-ref:Range@Beginless+Ranges]),
+ *    replaces elements from the beginning of +self+:
  *
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-1..-1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "new_3"]
- *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
- *    a.fill(-2..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', ..2)          # => ["-", "-", "-", "d"]
+ *      ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(..2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "2", "d"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4877,15 +5122,15 @@ rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array + other_array -> new_array
+ *    self + other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing all elements of +array+
+ *  Returns a new array containing all elements of +self+
  *  followed by all elements of +other_array+:
  *
  *    a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
  *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  Related: #concat.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4919,12 +5164,15 @@ ary_append(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.concat(*other_arrays) -> self
+ *    concat(*other_arrays) -> self
  *
- *  Adds to +array+ all elements from each +Array+ in +other_arrays+; returns +self+:
+ *  Adds to +self+ all elements from each array in +other_arrays+; returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = [0, 1]
- *    a.concat([2, 3], [4, 5]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.concat(['two', 'three'], [:four, :five], a)
+ *    # => [0, 1, "two", "three", :four, :five, 0, 1]
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4956,19 +5204,19 @@ rb_ary_concat(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array * n -> new_array
- *    array * string_separator -> new_string
+ *    self * n -> new_array
+ *    self * string_separator -> new_string
  *
- *  When non-negative argument Integer +n+ is given,
- *  returns a new +Array+ built by concatenating the +n+ copies of +self+:
+ *  When non-negative integer argument +n+ is given,
+ *  returns a new array built by concatenating +n+ copies of +self+:
  *
  *    a = ['x', 'y']
  *    a * 3 # => ["x", "y", "x", "y", "x", "y"]
  *
- *  When String argument +string_separator+ is given,
- *  equivalent to <tt>array.join(string_separator)</tt>:
+ *  When string argument +string_separator+ is given,
+ *  equivalent to <tt>self.join(string_separator)</tt>:
  *
- *    [0, [0, 1], {foo: 0}] * ', ' # => "0, 0, 1, {:foo=>0}"
+ *    [0, [0, 1], {foo: 0}] * ', ' # => "0, 0, 1, {foo: 0}"
  *
  */
 
@@ -5018,17 +5266,18 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.assoc(obj) -> found_array or nil
+ *    assoc(object) -> found_array or nil
  *
- *  Returns the first element in +self+ that is an +Array+
- *  whose first element <tt>==</tt> +obj+:
+ *  Returns the first element +ele+ in +self+ such that +ele+ is an array
+ *  and <tt>ele[0] == object</tt>:
  *
  *    a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
  *    a.assoc(4) # => [4, 5, 6]
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if no such element is found.
  *
- *  Related: #rassoc.
+ *  Related: Array#rassoc;
+ *  see also {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -5048,17 +5297,19 @@ rb_ary_assoc(VALUE ary, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.rassoc(obj) -> found_array or nil
+ *    rassoc(object) -> found_array or nil
  *
- *  Returns the first element in +self+ that is an +Array+
- *  whose second element <tt>==</tt> +obj+:
+ *  Returns the first element +ele+ in +self+ such that +ele+ is an array
+ *  and <tt>ele[1] == object</tt>:
  *
  *    a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
  *    a.rassoc(4) # => [2, 4]
+ *    a.rassoc(5) # => [4, 5, 6]
  *
  *  Returns +nil+ if no such element is found.
  *
- *  Related: #assoc.
+ *  Related: Array#assoc;
+ *  see also {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -5113,20 +5364,26 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array == other_array -> true or false
+ *    self == other_array -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if both <tt>array.size == other_array.size</tt>
- *  and for each index +i+ in +array+, <tt>array[i] == other_array[i]</tt>:
+ *  Returns whether both:
  *
- *    a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
- *    a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2.0]
- *    a1 == a0 # => true
- *    [] == [] # => true
+ *  - +self+ and +other_array+ are the same size.
+ *  - Their corresponding elements are the same;
+ *    that is, for each index +i+ in <tt>(0...self.size)</tt>,
+ *    <tt>self[i] == other_array[i]</tt>.
  *
- *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    [:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar', 2]   # => true
+ *    [:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar', 2.0] # => true
+ *    [:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar']      # => false # Different sizes.
+ *    [:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar', 3]   # => false # Different elements.
  *
  *  This method is different from method Array#eql?,
  *  which compares elements using <tt>Object#eql?</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Comparing}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Comparing].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5159,7 +5416,7 @@ recursive_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.eql?(other_array) -> true or false
+ *    eql?(other_array) -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other_array+ are the same size,
  *  and if, for each index +i+ in +self+, <tt>self[i].eql?(other_array[i])</tt>:
@@ -5172,6 +5429,8 @@ recursive_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
  *
  *  This method is different from method Array#==,
  *  which compares using method <tt>Object#==</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5184,8 +5443,8 @@ rb_ary_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, ary1, ary2, ary2);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_ary_hash_values(long len, const VALUE *elements)
+static VALUE
+ary_hash_values(long len, const VALUE *elements, const VALUE ary)
 {
     long i;
     st_index_t h;
@@ -5196,39 +5455,55 @@ rb_ary_hash_values(long len, const VALUE *elements)
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
         n = rb_hash(elements[i]);
         h = rb_hash_uint(h, NUM2LONG(n));
+        if (ary) {
+            len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+            elements = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+        }
     }
     h = rb_hash_end(h);
     return ST2FIX(h);
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_ary_hash_values(long len, const VALUE *elements)
+{
+    return ary_hash_values(len, elements, 0);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.hash -> integer
+ *    hash -> integer
  *
  *  Returns the integer hash value for +self+.
  *
- *  Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash code (and will compare using #eql?):
+ *  Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash value
+ *  (and will compare using eql?):
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 2].hash # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 3].hash # => false
+ *    ['a', 'b'].hash == ['a', 'b'].hash # => true
+ *    ['a', 'b'].hash == ['a', 'c'].hash # => false
+ *    ['a', 'b'].hash == ['a'].hash      # => false
  *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_hash(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_ary_hash_values(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(ary);
+    return ary_hash_values(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), ary);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.include?(obj) -> true or false
+ *    include?(object) -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if for some index +i+ in +self+, <tt>obj == self[i]</tt>;
- *  otherwise +false+:
+ *  Returns whether for some element +element+ in +self+,
+ *  <tt>object == element</tt>:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].include?(2) # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].include?(3) # => false
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(2)   # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(2.0) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(2.1) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -5283,33 +5558,40 @@ recursive_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array <=> other_array -> -1, 0, or 1
- *
- *  Returns -1, 0, or 1 as +self+ is less than, equal to, or greater than +other_array+.
- *  For each index +i+ in +self+, evaluates <tt>result = self[i] <=> other_array[i]</tt>.
+ *    self <=> other_array -> -1, 0, or 1
  *
- *  Returns -1 if any result is -1:
+ *  Returns -1, 0, or 1 as +self+ is determined
+ *  to be less than, equal to, or greater than +other_array+.
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 3] # => -1
+ *  Iterates over each index +i+ in <tt>(0...self.size)</tt>:
  *
- *  Returns 1 if any result is 1:
+ *  - Computes <tt>result[i]</tt> as <tt>self[i] <=> other_array[i]</tt>.
+ *  - Immediately returns 1 if <tt>result[i]</tt> is 1:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 1] # => 1
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 0, 2] # => 1
  *
- *  When all results are zero:
+ *  - Immediately returns -1 if <tt>result[i]</tt> is -1:
  *
- *  - Returns -1 if +array+ is smaller than +other_array+:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 2, 2] # => -1
  *
- *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3] # => -1
+ *  - Continues if <tt>result[i]</tt> is 0.
  *
- *  - Returns 1 if +array+ is larger than +other_array+:
+ *  When every +result+ is 0,
+ *  returns <tt>self.size <=> other_array.size</tt>
+ *  (see Integer#<=>):
  *
- *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1] # => 1
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1]        # => 1
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2]     # => 0
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3]  # => -1
  *
- *  - Returns 0 if +array+ and +other_array+ are the same size:
+ *  Note that when +other_array+ is larger than +self+,
+ *  its trailing elements do not affect the result:
  *
- *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2] # => 0
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, -3] # => -1
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 0]  # => -1
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3]  # => -1
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Comparing}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Comparing].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -5379,18 +5661,20 @@ ary_make_hash_by(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array - other_array -> new_array
+ *    self - other_array -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new array containing only those elements of +self+
+ *  that are not found in +other_array+;
+ *  the order from +self+ is preserved:
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing only those elements from +array+
- *  that are not found in +Array+ +other_array+;
- *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>;
- *  the order from +array+ is preserved:
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1]             # => [0, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [3, 2, 0, :foo] # => [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+ *    [0, 1, 2] - [:foo]                            # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1] # => [0, 2, 3]
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3] - [3, 0] # => [1, 2]
- *    [0, 1, 2] - [4] # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *  Element are compared using method <tt>#eql?</tt>
+ *  (as defined in each element of +self+).
  *
- *  Related: Array#difference.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -5424,19 +5708,21 @@ rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.difference(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    difference(*other_arrays = []) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing only those elements from +self+
- *  that are not found in any of the Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  Returns a new array containing only those elements from +self+
+ *  that are not found in any of the given +other_arrays+;
  *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>;  order from +self+ is preserved:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1]) # => [0, 2, 3]
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3]) # => [2]
- *    [0, 1, 2].difference([4]) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3])     # => [2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].difference([4])                   # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].difference                        # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments are given.
  *
- *  Related: Array#-.
+ *  Related: Array#-;
+ *  see also {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5460,7 +5746,7 @@ rb_ary_difference_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
         for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
             if (is_hash[j]) {
-                if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(argv[j], RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), NULL))
+                if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(argv[j], elt, NULL))
                     break;
             }
             else {
@@ -5478,20 +5764,25 @@ rb_ary_difference_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array & other_array -> new_array
+ *    self & other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing each element found in both +array+ and +Array+ +other_array+;
- *  duplicates are omitted; items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>
- *  (items must also implement +hash+ correctly):
+ *  Returns a new array containing the _intersection_ of +self+ and +other_array+;
+ *  that is, containing those elements found in both +self+ and +other_array+:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]
- *    [0, 1, 0, 1] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]
  *
- *  Preserves order from +array+:
+ *  Omits duplicates:
+ *
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 0] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]
+ *
+ *  Preserves order from +self+:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2] & [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  Related: Array#intersection.
+ *  Identifies common elements using method <tt>#eql?</tt>
+ *  (as defined in each element of +self+).
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 
@@ -5531,23 +5822,23 @@ rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.intersection(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    intersection(*other_arrays) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing each element found both in +self+
- *  and in all of the given Arrays +other_arrays+;
- *  duplicates are omitted; items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>
- *  (items must also implement +hash+ correctly):
+ *  Returns a new array containing each element in +self+ that is +#eql?+
+ *  to at least one element in each of the given +other_arrays+;
+ *  duplicates are omitted:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
  *    [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
  *
- *  Preserves order from +self+:
+ *  Each element must correctly implement method <tt>#hash</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Order from +self+ is preserved:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2].intersection([2, 1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments are given.
  *
- *  Related: Array#&.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5596,17 +5887,17 @@ rb_ary_union_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array | other_array -> new_array
+ *    self | other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns the union of +array+ and +Array+ +other_array+;
+ *  Returns the union of +self+ and +other_array+;
  *  duplicates are removed; order is preserved;
- *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt> and <tt>hash</tt>:
  *
  *    [0, 1] | [2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *    [0, 1, 1] | [2, 2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *    [0, 1, 2] | [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  Related: Array#union.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5630,18 +5921,25 @@ rb_ary_or(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.union(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    union(*other_arrays) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ that is the union of +self+ and all given Arrays +other_arrays+;
- *  duplicates are removed;  order is preserved;  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *  Returns a new array that is the union of the elements of +self+
+ *  and all given arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt> and <tt>hash</tt>:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2, 3].union([4, 5], [6, 7]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+ *
+ *  Removes duplicates (preserving the first found):
+ *
  *    [0, 1, 1].union([2, 1], [3, 1]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].union([3, 2], [1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *  Preserves order (preserving the position of the first found):
+ *
+ *    [3, 2, 1, 0].union([5, 3], [4, 2]) # => [3, 2, 1, 0, 5, 4]
+ *
+ *  With no arguments given, returns a copy of +self+.
  *
- *  Related: Array#|.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5674,19 +5972,16 @@ rb_ary_union_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.intersect?(other_ary)   -> true or false
+ *    intersect?(other_array) -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the array and +other_ary+ have at least one element in
- *  common, otherwise returns +false+:
+ *  Returns whether +other_array+ has at least one element that is +#eql?+ to some element of +self+:
  *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
- *     b = [ 3, 4, 5 ]
- *     c = [ 5, 6, 7 ]
- *     a.intersect?(b)   #=> true
- *     a.intersect?(c)   #=> false
+ *    [1, 2, 3].intersect?([3, 4, 5]) # => true
+ *    [1, 2, 3].intersect?([4, 5, 6]) # => false
  *
- *  +Array+ elements are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>
- *  (items must also implement +hash+ correctly).
+ *  Each element must correctly implement method <tt>#hash</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5820,42 +6115,51 @@ ary_max_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.max -> element
- *    array.max {|a, b| ... } -> element
- *    array.max(n) -> new_array
- *    array.max(n) {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *    max -> element
+ *    max(count) -> new_array
+ *    max {|a, b| ... } -> element
+ *    max(count) {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
  *
  *  Returns one of the following:
  *
  *  - The maximum-valued element from +self+.
- *  - A new +Array+ of maximum-valued elements selected from +self+.
+ *  - A new array of maximum-valued elements from +self+.
+ *
+ *  Does not modify +self+.
  *
- *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
- *  with an Integer.
+ *  With no block given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt>#<=></tt>
+ *  with a numeric.
  *
  *  With no argument and no block, returns the element in +self+
- *  having the maximum value per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *  having the maximum value per method <tt>#<=></tt>:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].max # => 2
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].max # => 3
  *
- *  With an argument Integer +n+ and no block, returns a new +Array+ with at most +n+ elements,
- *  in descending order per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *  With non-negative numeric argument +count+ and no block,
+ *  returns a new array with at most +count+ elements,
+ *  in descending order, per method <tt>#<=></tt>:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].max(3) # => [3, 2, 1]
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].max(6) # => [3, 2, 1, 0]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].max(3)   # => [3, 2, 1]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].max(3.0) # => [3, 2, 1]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].max(9)   # => [3, 2, 1, 0]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].max(0)   # => []
  *
- *  When a block is given, the block must return an Integer.
+ *  With a block given, the block must return a numeric.
  *
- *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size - 1</tt> times to compare elements;
  *  returns the element having the maximum value per the block:
  *
- *    ['0', '00', '000'].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "000"
+ *    ['0', '', '000', '00'].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
+ *    # => "000"
  *
- *  With an argument +n+ and a block, returns a new +Array+ with at most +n+ elements,
- *  in descending order per the block:
+ *  With non-negative numeric argument +count+ and a block,
+ *  returns a new array with at most +count+ elements,
+ *  in descending order, per the block:
  *
- *    ['0', '00', '000'].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["000", "00"]
+ *    ['0', '', '000', '00'].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
+ *    # => ["000", "00"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
@@ -5988,42 +6292,51 @@ ary_min_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.min -> element
- *    array.min { |a, b| ... } -> element
- *    array.min(n) -> new_array
- *    array.min(n) { |a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *    min -> element
+ *    min(count) -> new_array
+ *    min {|a, b| ... } -> element
+ *    min(count) {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
  *
  *  Returns one of the following:
  *
  *  - The minimum-valued element from +self+.
- *  - A new +Array+ of minimum-valued elements selected from +self+.
+ *  - A new array of minimum-valued elements from +self+.
  *
- *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
- *  with an Integer.
+ *  Does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  With no block given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt>#<=></tt>
+ *  with a numeric.
  *
  *  With no argument and no block, returns the element in +self+
- *  having the minimum value per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *  having the minimum value per method <tt>#<=></tt>:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].min # => 0
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].min # => 0
  *
- *  With Integer argument +n+ and no block, returns a new +Array+ with at most +n+ elements,
- *  in ascending order per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *  With non-negative numeric argument +count+ and no block,
+ *  returns a new array with at most +count+ elements,
+ *  in ascending order, per method <tt>#<=></tt>:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(3) # => [0, 1, 2]
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(6) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].min(3)   # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].min(3.0) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].min(9)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].min(0)   # => []
  *
- *  When a block is given, the block must return an Integer.
+ *  With a block given, the block must return a numeric.
  *
- *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size - 1</tt> times to compare elements;
  *  returns the element having the minimum value per the block:
  *
- *    ['0', '00', '000'].min { |a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "0"
+ *    ['0', '', '000', '00'].min {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
+ *    # => ""
  *
- *  With an argument +n+ and a block, returns a new +Array+ with at most +n+ elements,
- *  in ascending order per the block:
+ *  With non-negative numeric argument +count+ and a block,
+ *  returns a new array with at most +count+ elements,
+ *  in ascending order, per the block:
  *
- *    ['0', '00', '000'].min(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["0", "00"]
+ *    ['0', '', '000', '00'].min(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
+ *    # => ["", "0"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
@@ -6067,26 +6380,25 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.minmax -> [min_val, max_val]
- *    array.minmax {|a, b| ... } -> [min_val, max_val]
+ *    minmax -> array
+ *    minmax {|a, b| ... } -> array
  *
- *  Returns a new 2-element +Array+ containing the minimum and maximum values
- *  from +self+, either per method <tt><=></tt> or per a given block:.
+ *  Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum-valued and maximum-valued
+ *  elements from +self+;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
  *
- *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
- *  with an Integer;
- *  returns a new 2-element +Array+ containing the minimum and maximum values
- *  from +self+, per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *  With no block given, the minimum and maximum values are determined using method <tt>#<=></tt>:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].minmax # => [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 0, 3, 2].minmax # => [0, 3]
  *
- *  When a block is given, the block must return an Integer;
- *  the block is called <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
- *  returns a new 2-element +Array+ containing the minimum and maximum values
- *  from +self+, per the block:
+ *  With a block given, the block must return a numeric;
+ *  the block is called <tt>self.size - 1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns the elements having the minimum and maximum values per the block:
  *
- *    ['0', '00', '000'].minmax {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["0", "000"]
+ *    ['0', '', '000', '00'].minmax {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
+ *    # => ["", "000"]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_minmax(VALUE ary)
@@ -6106,32 +6418,30 @@ push_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.uniq! -> self or nil
- *    array.uniq! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    uniq! -> self or nil
+ *    uniq! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
  *
  *  Removes duplicate elements from +self+, the first occurrence always being retained;
  *  returns +self+ if any elements removed, +nil+ otherwise.
  *
  *  With no block given, identifies and removes elements using method <tt>eql?</tt>
- *  to compare.
- *
- *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *  and <tt>hash</tt> to compare elements:
  *
  *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
  *    a.uniq! # => [0, 1, 2]
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
+ *    a.uniq! # => nil
  *
  *  With a block given, calls the block for each element;
- *  identifies (using method <tt>eql?</tt>) and removes
- *  elements for which the block returns duplicate values.
- *
- *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *  identifies and omits "duplicate" elements using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  and <tt>hash</tt> to compare <i>block return values</i>;
+ *  that is, an element is a duplicate if its block return value
+ *  is the same as that of a previous element:
  *
  *    a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
- *    a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => ['a', 'aa', 'aaa']
+ *    a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => ["a", "aa", "aaa"]
+ *    a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => nil
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
@@ -6153,7 +6463,7 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
     }
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
-    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary) && !ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
         rb_ary_unshare(ary);
         FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
     }
@@ -6165,25 +6475,28 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.uniq -> new_array
- *    array.uniq {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    uniq -> new_array
+ *    uniq {|element| ... } -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing those elements from +self+ that are not duplicates,
+ *  Returns a new array containing those elements from +self+ that are not duplicates,
  *  the first occurrence always being retained.
  *
- *  With no block given, identifies and omits duplicates using method <tt>eql?</tt>
- *  to compare:
+ *  With no block given, identifies and omits duplicate elements using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  and <tt>hash</tt> to compare elements:
  *
  *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
  *    a.uniq # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
  *  With a block given, calls the block for each element;
- *  identifies (using method <tt>eql?</tt>) and omits duplicate values,
- *  that is, those elements for which the block returns the same value:
+ *  identifies and omits "duplicate" elements using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  and <tt>hash</tt> to compare <i>block return values</i>;
+ *  that is, an element is a duplicate if its block return value
+ *  is the same as that of a previous element:
  *
  *    a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
  *    a.uniq {|element| element.size } # => ["a", "aa", "aaa"]
  *
+ *  Related: {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6209,14 +6522,21 @@ rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.compact! -> self or nil
+ *    compact! -> self or nil
  *
- *  Removes all +nil+ elements from +self+.
+ *  Removes all +nil+ elements from +self+;
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements are removed, +nil+ otherwise:
  *
- *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed, otherwise +nil+.
+ *    a = [nil, 0, nil, false, nil, '', nil, [], nil, {}]
+ *    a.compact! # => [0, false, "", [], {}]
+ *    a          # => [0, false, "", [], {}]
+ *    a.compact! # => nil
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#compact;
+ *  see also {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE *p, *t, *end;
@@ -6241,12 +6561,16 @@ rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.compact -> new_array
+ *    compact -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing all non-+nil+ elements from +self+:
+ *  Returns a new array containing only the non-+nil+ elements from +self+;
+ *  element order is preserved:
  *
- *    a = [nil, 0, nil, 1, nil, 2, nil]
- *    a.compact # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a = [nil, 0, nil, false, nil, '', nil, [], nil, {}]
+ *    a.compact # => [0, false, "", [], {}]
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#compact!;
+ *  see also {Methods for Deleting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Deleting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6259,29 +6583,29 @@ rb_ary_compact(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.count -> an_integer
- *    array.count(obj) -> an_integer
- *    array.count {|element| ... } -> an_integer
+ *    count -> integer
+ *    count(object) -> integer
+ *    count {|element| ... } -> integer
  *
  *  Returns a count of specified elements.
  *
  *  With no argument and no block, returns the count of all elements:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].count # => 3
- *    [].count # => 0
+ *    [0, :one, 'two', 3, 3.0].count # => 5
  *
- *  With argument +obj+, returns the count of elements <tt>==</tt> to +obj+:
+ *  With argument +object+ given, returns the count of elements <tt>==</tt> to +object+:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2, 0.0].count(0) # => 2
- *    [0, 1, 2].count(3) # => 0
+ *    [0, :one, 'two', 3, 3.0].count(3) # => 2
  *
  *  With no argument and a block given, calls the block with each element;
  *  returns the count of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element > 1} # => 2
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element > 1 } # => 2
+ *
+ *  With argument +object+ and a block given, issues a warning, ignores the block,
+ *  and returns the count of elements <tt>==</tt> to +object+.
  *
- *  With argument +obj+ and a block given, issues a warning, ignores the block,
- *  and returns the count of elements <tt>==</tt> to +obj+.
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6401,33 +6725,37 @@ flatten(VALUE ary, int level)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.flatten! -> self or nil
- *    array.flatten!(level) -> self or nil
+ *    flatten!(depth = nil) -> self or nil
  *
- *  Replaces each nested +Array+ in +self+ with the elements from that +Array+;
- *  returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
+ *  Returns +self+ as a recursively flattening of +self+ to +depth+ levels of recursion;
+ *  +depth+ must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects],
+ *  or +nil+.
+ *  At each level of recursion:
  *
- *  With non-negative Integer argument +level+, flattens recursively through +level+ levels:
+ *  - Each element that is an array is "flattened"
+ *    (that is, replaced by its individual array elements).
+ *  - Each element that is not an array is unchanged
+ *    (even if the element is an object that has instance method +flatten+).
  *
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten!(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten!(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten!(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    [0, 1, 2].flatten!(1) # => nil
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements were flattened.
  *
- *  With no argument, a +nil+ argument, or with negative argument +level+, flattens all levels:
+ *  With non-negative integer argument +depth+, flattens recursively through +depth+ levels:
  *
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten! # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    [0, 1, 2].flatten! # => nil
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten!(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten!(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    [0, 1, 2].flatten!(-1) # => nil
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5, {foo: 0}, Set.new([6, 7]) ]
+ *    a                   # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.dup.flatten!(1)   # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.dup.flatten!(1.1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.dup.flatten!(2)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.dup.flatten!(3)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
  *
+ *  With +nil+ or negative argument +depth+, flattens all levels:
+ *
+ *    a.dup.flatten!     # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.dup.flatten!(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#flatten;
+ *  see also {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6445,7 +6773,7 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     if (result == ary) {
         return Qnil;
     }
-    if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_obj_freeze(result);
+    if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_ary_freeze(result);
     rb_ary_replace(ary, result);
     if (mod) ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, 0);
 
@@ -6454,35 +6782,37 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.flatten -> new_array
- *    array.flatten(level) -> new_array
- *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ that is a recursive flattening of +self+:
- *  - Each non-Array element is unchanged.
- *  - Each +Array+ is replaced by its individual elements.
- *
- *  With non-negative Integer argument +level+, flattens recursively through +level+ levels:
- *
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten(0) # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *
- *  With no argument, a +nil+ argument, or with negative argument +level+, flattens all levels:
- *
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    [0, 1, 2].flatten # => [0, 1, 2]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
- *    a.flatten(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    [0, 1, 2].flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    flatten(depth = nil) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new array that is a recursive flattening of +self+
+ *  to +depth+ levels of recursion;
+ *  +depth+ must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects]
+ *  or +nil+.
+ *  At each level of recursion:
+ *
+ *  - Each element that is an array is "flattened"
+ *    (that is, replaced by its individual array elements).
+ *  - Each element that is not an array is unchanged
+ *    (even if the element is an object that has instance method +flatten+).
  *
+ *  With non-negative integer argument +depth+, flattens recursively through +depth+ levels:
+ *
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5, {foo: 0}, Set.new([6, 7]) ]
+ *    a              # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.flatten(0)   # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.flatten(1  ) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.flatten(1.1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.flatten(2)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.flatten(3)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *
+ *  With +nil+ or negative +depth+, flattens all levels.
+ *
+ *    a.flatten     # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *    a.flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {foo: 0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#flatten!;
+ *  see also {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6514,7 +6844,7 @@ rb_ary_shuffle_bang(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     i = len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-        while (i) {
+        while (i > 1) {
             long j = RAND_UPTO(i);
             VALUE tmp;
             if (len != RARRAY_LEN(ary) || ptr != RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary)) {
@@ -6536,6 +6866,14 @@ rb_ary_shuffle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
     return ary;
 }
 
+static const rb_data_type_t ary_sample_memo_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "ary_sample_memo",
+    .function = {
+        .dfree = (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)st_free_table,
+    },
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
 static VALUE
 ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE to_array)
 {
@@ -6617,11 +6955,9 @@ ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE
     }
     else if (n <= memo_threshold / 2) {
         long max_idx = 0;
-#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
-#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
-        VALUE vmemo = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, 0);
+        VALUE vmemo = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &ary_sample_memo_type, 0);
         st_table *memo = st_init_numtable_with_size(n);
-        DATA_PTR(vmemo) = memo;
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(vmemo) = memo;
         result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
         RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
             for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
@@ -6644,7 +6980,7 @@ ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE
                 }
             });
         });
-        DATA_PTR(vmemo) = 0;
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(vmemo) = 0;
         st_free_table(memo);
         RB_GC_GUARD(vmemo);
     }
@@ -6668,6 +7004,12 @@ ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE
 }
 
 static VALUE
+ary_sized_alloc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(self));
+}
+
+static VALUE
 ary_sample0(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary)
 {
     return ary_sample(ec, ary, rb_cRandom, Qfalse, Qfalse);
@@ -6691,36 +7033,36 @@ rb_ary_cycle_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.cycle {|element| ... } -> nil
- *    array.cycle(count) {|element| ... } -> nil
- *    array.cycle -> new_enumerator
- *    array.cycle(count) -> new_enumerator
+ *    cycle(count = nil) {|element| ... } -> nil
+ *    cycle(count = nil) -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  When called with positive Integer argument +count+ and a block,
- *  calls the block with each element, then does so again,
+ *  With a block given, may call the block, depending on the value of argument +count+;
+ *  +count+ must be an
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects],
+ *  or +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When +count+ is positive,
+ *  calls the block with each element, then does so repeatedly,
  *  until it has done so +count+ times; returns +nil+:
  *
  *    output = []
  *    [0, 1].cycle(2) {|element| output.push(element) } # => nil
  *    output # => [0, 1, 0, 1]
  *
- *  If +count+ is zero or negative, does not call the block:
+ *  When +count+ is zero or negative, does not call the block:
  *
- *    [0, 1].cycle(0) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(0) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' }  # => nil
  *    [0, 1].cycle(-1) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
  *
- *  When a block is given, and argument is omitted or +nil+, cycles forever:
+ *  When +count+ is +nil+, cycles forever:
  *
  *    # Prints 0 and 1 forever.
  *    [0, 1].cycle {|element| puts element }
  *    [0, 1].cycle(nil) {|element| puts element }
  *
- *  When no block is given, returns a new Enumerator:
- *
- *    [0, 1].cycle(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle(2)>
- *    [0, 1].cycle # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle>
- *    [0, 1].cycle.first(5) # => [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Iterating}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Iterating].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
@@ -6864,82 +7206,44 @@ rb_ary_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.permutation {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.permutation(n) {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.permutation -> new_enumerator
- *    array.permutation(n) -> new_enumerator
- *
- *  When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of elements of +self+; returns +self+.
- *  The order of permutations is indeterminate.
- *
- *  When a block and an in-range positive Integer argument +n+ (<tt>0 < n <= self.size</tt>)
- *  are given, calls the block with all +n+-tuple permutations of +self+.
- *
- *  Example:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }
- *
- *  Output:
+ *    permutation(count = self.size) {|permutation| ... } -> self
+ *    permutation(count = self.size) -> new_enumerator
  *
- *    [0, 1]
- *    [0, 2]
- *    [1, 0]
- *    [1, 2]
- *    [2, 0]
- *    [2, 1]
+ *  Iterates over permutations of the elements of +self+;
+ *  the order of permutations is indeterminate.
  *
- *  Another example:
+ *  With a block and an in-range positive integer argument +count+ (<tt>0 < count <= self.size</tt>) given,
+ *  calls the block with each permutation of +self+ of size +count+;
+ *  returns +self+:
  *
  *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.permutation(3) {|permutation| p permutation }
- *
- *  Output:
+ *    perms = []
+ *    a.permutation(1) {|perm| perms.push(perm) }
+ *    perms # => [[0], [1], [2]]
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2]
- *    [0, 2, 1]
- *    [1, 0, 2]
- *    [1, 2, 0]
- *    [2, 0, 1]
- *    [2, 1, 0]
+ *    perms = []
+ *    a.permutation(2) {|perm| perms.push(perm) }
+ *    perms # => [[0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1]]
  *
- *  When +n+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty +Array+:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.permutation(0) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *    perms = []
+ *    a.permutation(3) {|perm| perms.push(perm) }
+ *    perms # => [[0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 1], [1, 0, 2], [1, 2, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 1, 0]]
  *
- *  Output:
+ *  When +count+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty array:
  *
- *    []
+ *    perms = []
+ *    a.permutation(0) {|perm| perms.push(perm) }
+ *    perms # => [[]]
  *
- *  When +n+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *  When +count+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
  *  does not call the block:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
  *    a.permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
  *    a.permutation(4) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
  *
- *  When a block given but no argument,
- *  behaves the same as <tt>a.permutation(a.size)</tt>:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.permutation {|permutation| p permutation }
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    [0, 1, 2]
- *    [0, 2, 1]
- *    [1, 0, 2]
- *    [1, 2, 0]
- *    [2, 0, 1]
- *    [2, 1, 0]
- *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.permutation # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation>
- *    a.permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: {Methods for Iterating}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Iterating].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7012,56 +7316,46 @@ rb_ary_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.combination(n) {|element| ... } -> self
- *    array.combination(n) -> new_enumerator
- *
- *  Calls the block, if given, with combinations of elements of +self+;
- *  returns +self+. The order of combinations is indeterminate.
+ *    combination(count) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    combination(count) -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  When a block and an in-range positive Integer argument +n+ (<tt>0 < n <= self.size</tt>)
- *  are given, calls the block with all +n+-tuple combinations of +self+.
- *
- *  Example:
+ *  When a block and a positive
+ *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects]
+ *  argument +count+ (<tt>0 < count <= self.size</tt>)
+ *  are given, calls the block with each combination of +self+ of size +count+;
+ *  returns +self+:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination }
+ *    a = %w[a b c]                                   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination } # => ["a", "b", "c"]
  *
  *  Output:
  *
- *    [0, 1]
- *    [0, 2]
- *    [1, 2]
- *
- *  Another example:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.combination(3) {|combination| p combination }
- *
- *  Output:
+ *    ["a", "b"]
+ *    ["a", "c"]
+ *    ["b", "c"]
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *  The order of the yielded combinations is not guaranteed.
  *
- *  When +n+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty +Array+:
+ *  When +count+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty array:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a1 = a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
+ *    a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
+ *    [].combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
  *
  *  Output:
  *
  *    []
+ *    []
  *
- *  When +n+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *  When +count+ is negative or larger than +self.size+ and +self+ is non-empty,
  *  does not call the block:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
- *    a.combination(4) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
- *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *    a.combination(4)  {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c"]
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: Array#permutation;
+ *  see also {Methods for Iterating}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Iterating].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7148,68 +7442,41 @@ rb_ary_repeated_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.repeated_permutation(n) {|permutation| ... } -> self
- *    array.repeated_permutation(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *    repeated_permutation(size) {|permutation| ... } -> self
+ *    repeated_permutation(size) -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block with each repeated permutation of length +n+ of the elements of +self+;
- *  each permutation is an +Array+;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each repeated permutation of length +size+
+ *  of the elements of +self+;
+ *  each permutation is an array;
  *  returns +self+. The order of the permutations is indeterminate.
  *
- *  When a block and a positive Integer argument +n+ are given, calls the block with each
- *  +n+-tuple repeated permutation of the elements of +self+.
- *  The number of permutations is <tt>self.size**n</tt>.
- *
- *  +n+ = 1:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.repeated_permutation(1) {|permutation| p permutation }
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    [0]
- *    [1]
- *    [2]
- *
- *  +n+ = 2:
- *
- *    a.repeated_permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  If a positive integer argument +size+ is given,
+ *  calls the block with each +size+-tuple repeated permutation of the elements of +self+.
+ *  The number of permutations is <tt>self.size**size</tt>.
  *
- *  Output:
+ *  Examples:
  *
- *    [0, 0]
- *    [0, 1]
- *    [0, 2]
- *    [1, 0]
- *    [1, 1]
- *    [1, 2]
- *    [2, 0]
- *    [2, 1]
- *    [2, 2]
+ *  - +size+ is 1:
  *
- *  If +n+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty +Array+.
+ *      p = []
+ *      [0, 1, 2].repeated_permutation(1) {|permutation| p.push(permutation) }
+ *      p # => [[0], [1], [2]]
  *
- *  If +n+ is negative, does not call the block:
+ *  - +size+ is 2:
  *
- *    a.repeated_permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *      p = []
+ *      [0, 1, 2].repeated_permutation(2) {|permutation| p.push(permutation) }
+ *      p # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
+ *  If +size+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty array.
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.repeated_permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>
+ *  If +size+ is negative, does not call the block:
  *
- *  Using Enumerators, it's convenient to show the permutations and counts
- *  for some values of +n+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].repeated_permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
  *
- *    e = a.repeated_permutation(0)
- *    e.size # => 1
- *    e.to_a # => [[]]
- *    e = a.repeated_permutation(1)
- *    e.size # => 3
- *    e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
- *    e = a.repeated_permutation(2)
- *    e.size # => 9
- *    e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
@@ -7280,65 +7547,41 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.repeated_combination(n) {|combination| ... } -> self
- *    array.repeated_combination(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *    repeated_combination(size) {|combination| ... } -> self
+ *    repeated_combination(size) -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block with each repeated combination of length +n+ of the elements of +self+;
- *  each combination is an +Array+;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each repeated combination of length +size+
+ *  of the elements of +self+;
+ *  each combination is an array;
  *  returns +self+. The order of the combinations is indeterminate.
  *
- *  When a block and a positive Integer argument +n+ are given, calls the block with each
- *  +n+-tuple repeated combination of the elements of +self+.
- *  The number of combinations is <tt>(n+1)(n+2)/2</tt>.
- *
- *  +n+ = 1:
- *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.repeated_combination(1) {|combination| p combination }
- *
- *  Output:
- *
- *    [0]
- *    [1]
- *    [2]
- *
- *  +n+ = 2:
+ *  If a positive integer argument +size+ is given,
+ *  calls the block with each +size+-tuple repeated combination of the elements of +self+.
+ *  The number of combinations is <tt>(size+1)(size+2)/2</tt>.
  *
- *    a.repeated_combination(2) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Examples:
  *
- *  Output:
+ *  - +size+ is 1:
  *
- *    [0, 0]
- *    [0, 1]
- *    [0, 2]
- *    [1, 1]
- *    [1, 2]
- *    [2, 2]
+ *      c = []
+ *      [0, 1, 2].repeated_combination(1) {|combination| c.push(combination) }
+ *      c # => [[0], [1], [2]]
  *
- *  If +n+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty +Array+.
+ *  - +size+ is 2:
  *
- *  If +n+ is negative, does not call the block:
+ *      c = []
+ *      [0, 1, 2].repeated_combination(2) {|combination| c.push(combination) }
+ *      c # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2]]
  *
- *    a.repeated_combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *  If +size+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty array.
  *
- *  Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:
+ *  If +size+ is negative, does not call the block:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.repeated_combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>
+ *    [0, 1, 2].repeated_combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
  *
- *  Using Enumerators, it's convenient to show the combinations and counts
- *  for some values of +n+:
- *
- *    e = a.repeated_combination(0)
- *    e.size # => 1
- *    e.to_a # => [[]]
- *    e = a.repeated_combination(1)
- *    e.size # => 3
- *    e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
- *    e = a.repeated_combination(2)
- *    e.size # => 6
- *    e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2]]
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7378,62 +7621,55 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.product(*other_arrays) -> new_array
- *    array.product(*other_arrays) {|combination| ... } -> self
+ *    product(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    product(*other_arrays) {|combination| ... } -> self
  *
- *  Computes and returns or yields all combinations of elements from all the Arrays,
+ *  Computes all combinations of elements from all the arrays,
  *  including both +self+ and +other_arrays+:
  *
  *  - The number of combinations is the product of the sizes of all the arrays,
  *    including both +self+ and +other_arrays+.
  *  - The order of the returned combinations is indeterminate.
  *
- *  When no block is given, returns the combinations as an +Array+ of Arrays:
+ *  With no block given, returns the combinations as an array of arrays:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2]
- *    a1 = [3, 4]
- *    a2 = [5, 6]
- *    p = a.product(a1)
- *    p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
- *    p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]
- *    p = a.product(a1, a2)
- *    p.size # => 12 # a.size * a1.size * a2.size
- *    p # => [[0, 3, 5], [0, 3, 6], [0, 4, 5], [0, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 6], [1, 4, 5], [1, 4, 6], [2, 3, 5], [2, 3, 6], [2, 4, 5], [2, 4, 6]]
- *
- *  If any argument is an empty +Array+, returns an empty +Array+.
- *
- *  If no argument is given, returns an +Array+ of 1-element Arrays,
- *  each containing an element of +self+:
- *
- *    a.product # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *    p = [0, 1].product([2, 3])
+ *    # => [[0, 2], [0, 3], [1, 2], [1, 3]]
+ *    p.size # => 4
+ *    p = [0, 1].product([2, 3], [4, 5])
+ *    # => [[0, 2, 4], [0, 2, 5], [0, 3, 4], [0, 3, 5], [1, 2, 4], [1, 2, 5], [1, 3, 4], [1, 3,...
+ *    p.size # => 8
  *
- *  When a block is given, yields each combination as an +Array+; returns +self+:
+ *  If +self+ or any argument is empty, returns an empty array:
  *
- *    a.product(a1) {|combination| p combination }
+ *    [].product([2, 3], [4, 5]) # => []
+ *    [0, 1].product([2, 3], []) # => []
  *
- *  Output:
+ *  If no argument is given, returns an array of 1-element arrays,
+ *  each containing an element of +self+:
  *
- *    [0, 3]
- *    [0, 4]
- *    [1, 3]
- *    [1, 4]
- *    [2, 3]
- *    [2, 4]
+ *    a.product # => [[0], [1], [2]]
  *
- *  If any argument is an empty +Array+, does not call the block:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each combination; returns +self+:
  *
- *    a.product(a1, a2, []) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    p = []
+ *    [0, 1].product([2, 3]) {|combination| p.push(combination) }
+ *    p # => [[0, 2], [0, 3], [1, 2], [1, 3]]
  *
- *  If no argument is given, yields each element of +self+ as a 1-element +Array+:
+ *  If +self+ or any argument is empty, does not call the block:
  *
- *    a.product {|combination| p combination }
+ *    [].product([2, 3], [4, 5]) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    # => []
+ *    [0, 1].product([2, 3], []) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    # => [0, 1]
  *
- *  Output:
+ *  If no argument is given, calls the block with each element of +self+ as a 1-element array:
  *
- *    [0]
- *    [1]
- *    [2]
+ *    p = []
+ *    [0, 1].product {|combination| p.push(combination) }
+ *    p # => [[0], [1]]
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Combining}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Combining].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7526,20 +7762,20 @@ done:
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.take(n) -> new_array
- *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing the first +n+ element of +self+,
- *  where +n+ is a non-negative Integer;
- *  does not modify +self+.
+ *    take(count) -> new_array
  *
- *  Examples:
+ *  Returns a new array containing the first +count+ element of +self+
+ *  (as available);
+ *  +count+ must be a non-negative numeric;
+ *  does not modify +self+:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a.take(1) # => [0]
- *    a.take(2) # => [0, 1]
- *    a.take(50) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.take(2)   # => ["a", "b"]
+ *    a.take(2.1) # => ["a", "b"]
+ *    a.take(50)  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.take(0)   # => []
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7554,25 +7790,23 @@ rb_ary_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.take_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
- *    array.take_while -> new_enumerator
- *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing zero or more leading elements of +self+;
- *  does not modify +self+.
+ *    take_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    take_while -> new_enumerator
  *
  *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of +self+;
- *  stops if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
- *  returns a new +Array+ containing those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
+ *  stops iterating if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
+ *  returns a new array containing those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
  *
  *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *    a.take_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [0, 1, 2]
- *    a.take_while {|element| true } # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.take_while {|element| true }        # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.take_while {|element| false }       # => []
  *
- *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator:
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
- *    [0, 1].take_while # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:take_while>
+ *  Does not modify +self+.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7589,10 +7823,10 @@ rb_ary_take_while(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.drop(n) -> new_array
+ *    drop(count) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing all but the first +n+ element of +self+,
- *  where +n+ is a non-negative Integer;
+ *  Returns a new array containing all but the first +count+ element of +self+,
+ *  where +count+ is a non-negative integer;
  *  does not modify +self+.
  *
  *  Examples:
@@ -7601,7 +7835,9 @@ rb_ary_take_while(VALUE ary)
  *    a.drop(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *    a.drop(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *    a.drop(2) # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(9) # => []
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7620,23 +7856,20 @@ rb_ary_drop(VALUE ary, VALUE n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.drop_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
- *    array.drop_while -> new_enumerator
-
- *  Returns a new +Array+ containing zero or more trailing elements of +self+;
- *  does not modify +self+.
+ *    drop_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    drop_while -> new_enumerator
  *
  *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of +self+;
  *  stops if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
- *  returns a new +Array+ _omitting_ those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
+ *  returns a new array _omitting_ those elements for which the block returned a truthy value;
+ *  does not modify +self+:
  *
  *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *    a.drop_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [3, 4, 5]
  *
- *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator:
- *
- *    [0, 1].drop_while # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:drop_while>
+ *  With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7653,38 +7886,41 @@ rb_ary_drop_while(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.any? -> true or false
- *    array.any? {|element| ... } -> true or false
- *    array.any?(obj) -> true or false
+ *    any? -> true or false
+ *    any?(object) -> true or false
+ *    any? {|element| ... } -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if any element of +self+ meets a given criterion.
+ *  Returns whether for any element of +self+, a given criterion is satisfied.
  *
- *  If +self+ has no element, returns +false+ and argument or block
- *  are not used.
+ *  With no block and no argument, returns whether any element of +self+ is truthy:
  *
- *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has any truthy element,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, false, []].any? # => true  # Array object is truthy.
+ *    [nil, false, {}].any? # => true  # Hash object is truthy.
+ *    [nil, false, ''].any? # => true  # String object is truthy.
+ *    [nil, false].any?     # => false # Nil and false are not truthy.
  *
- *    [nil, 0, false].any? # => true
- *    [nil, false].any? # => false
- *    [].any? # => false
+ *  With argument +object+ given,
+ *  returns whether <tt>object === ele</tt> for any element +ele+ in +self+:
  *
- *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
- *  returns +true+ if the block returns any truthy value, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, false, 0].any?(0)          # => true
+ *    [nil, false, 1].any?(0)          # => false
+ *    [nil, false, 'food'].any?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [nil, false, 'food'].any?(/bar/) # => false
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 2 } # => false
+ *  With a block given,
+ *  calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns whether the block returns any truthy value:
  *
- *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if +obj+.<tt>===</tt> any element,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|ele| ele < 1 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|ele| ele < 0 } # => false
+ *
+ *  With both a block and argument +object+ given,
+ *  ignores the block and uses +object+ as above.
  *
- *    ['food', 'drink'].any?(/foo/) # => true
- *    ['food', 'drink'].any?(/bar/) # => false
- *    [].any?(/foo/) # => false
- *    [0, 1, 2].any?(1) # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].any?(3) # => false
+ *  <b>Special case</b>: returns +false+ if +self+ is empty
+ *  (regardless of any given argument or block).
  *
- *  Related: Enumerable#any?
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7717,37 +7953,41 @@ rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.all? -> true or false
- *    array.all? {|element| ... } -> true or false
- *    array.all?(obj) -> true or false
+ *    all? -> true or false
+ *    all?(object) -> true or false
+ *    all? {|element| ... } -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if all elements of +self+ meet a given criterion.
+ *  Returns whether for every element of +self+,
+ *  a given criterion is satisfied.
  *
- *  If +self+ has no element, returns +true+ and argument or block
- *  are not used.
+ *  With no block and no argument,
+ *  returns whether every element of +self+ is truthy:
  *
- *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ contains only truthy elements,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [[], {}, '', 0, 0.0, Object.new].all? # => true  # All truthy objects.
+ *    [[], {}, '', 0, 0.0, nil].all?        # => false # nil is not truthy.
+ *    [[], {}, '', 0, 0.0, false].all?      # => false # false is not truthy.
  *
- *    [0, 1, :foo].all? # => true
- *    [0, nil, 2].all? # => false
- *    [].all? # => true
+ *  With argument +object+ given, returns whether <tt>object === ele</tt>
+ *  for every element +ele+ in +self+:
  *
- *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
- *  returns +true+ if the block returns only truthy values, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 0, 0].all?(0)                    # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all?(1)                    # => false
+ *    ['food', 'fool', 'foot'].all?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].all?(/foo/)        # => false
  *
- *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 3 } # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 2 } # => false
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns whether the block returns only truthy values:
  *
- *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> every element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |ele| ele < 3 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |ele| ele < 2 } # => false
  *
- *    ['food', 'fool', 'foot'].all?(/foo/) # => true
- *    ['food', 'drink'].all?(/bar/) # => false
- *    [].all?(/foo/) # => true
- *    [0, 0, 0].all?(0) # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].all?(1) # => false
+ *  With both a block and argument +object+ given,
+ *  ignores the block and uses +object+ as above.
  *
- *  Related: Enumerable#all?
+ *  <b>Special case</b>: returns +true+ if +self+ is empty
+ *  (regardless of any given argument or block).
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7780,34 +8020,35 @@ rb_ary_all_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.none? -> true or false
- *    array.none? {|element| ... } -> true or false
- *    array.none?(obj) -> true or false
+ *    none? -> true or false
+ *    none?(object) -> true or false
+ *    none? {|element| ... } -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if no element of +self+ meet a given criterion.
+ *  Returns +true+ if no element of +self+ meets a given criterion, +false+ otherwise.
  *
  *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has no truthy elements,
  *  +false+ otherwise:
  *
- *    [nil, false].none? # => true
+ *    [nil, false].none?    # => true
  *    [nil, 0, false].none? # => false
- *    [].none? # => true
+ *    [].none?              # => true
+ *
+ *  With argument +object+ given, returns +false+ if for any element +element+,
+ *  <tt>object === element</tt>; +true+ otherwise:
+ *
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/bar/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/foo/) # => false
+ *    [].none?(/foo/)                # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none?(3)             # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none?(1)             # => false
  *
- *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element in +self+;
  *  returns +true+ if the block returns no truthy value, +false+ otherwise:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 3 } # => true
  *    [0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 1 } # => false
  *
- *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> no element, +false+ otherwise:
- *
- *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/bar/) # => true
- *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/foo/) # => false
- *    [].none?(/foo/) # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].none?(3) # => true
- *    [0, 1, 2].none?(1) # => false
- *
- *  Related: Enumerable#none?
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7840,9 +8081,9 @@ rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.one? -> true or false
- *    array.one? {|element| ... } -> true or false
- *    array.one?(obj) -> true or false
+ *    one? -> true or false
+ *    one? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    one?(object) -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if exactly one element of +self+ meets a given criterion.
  *
@@ -7854,14 +8095,14 @@ rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *    [nil, nil].one? # => false
  *    [].one? # => false
  *
- *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element in +self+;
  *  returns +true+ if the block a truthy value for exactly one element, +false+ otherwise:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 0 } # => false
  *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
  *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 2 } # => false
  *
- *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> exactly one element,
+ *  With argument +object+ given, returns +true+ if for exactly one element +element+, <tt>object === element</tt>;
  *  +false+ otherwise:
  *
  *    [0, 1, 2].one?(0) # => true
@@ -7871,7 +8112,7 @@ rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *    ['food', 'drink'].one?(/foo/) # => true
  *    [].one?(/foo/) # => false
  *
- *  Related: Enumerable#one?
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7914,11 +8155,11 @@ rb_ary_one_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    array.dig(index, *identifiers) -> object
+ *    dig(index, *identifiers) -> object
  *
- *  Finds and returns the object in nested objects
- *  that is specified by +index+ and +identifiers+.
- *  The nested objects may be instances of various classes.
+ *  Finds and returns the object in nested object
+ *  specified by +index+ and +identifiers+;
+ *  the nested objects may be instances of various classes.
  *  See {Dig Methods}[rdoc-ref:dig_methods.rdoc].
  *
  *  Examples:
@@ -7929,6 +8170,7 @@ rb_ary_one_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *    a.dig(1, 2, 0) # => :bat
  *    a.dig(1, 2, 3) # => nil
  *
+ *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7957,40 +8199,41 @@ finish_exact_sum(long n, VALUE r, VALUE v, int z)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   array.sum(init = 0) -> object
- *   array.sum(init = 0) {|element| ... } -> object
+ *   sum(init = 0) -> object
+ *   sum(init = 0) {|element| ... } -> object
  *
- *  When no block is given, returns the object equivalent to:
+ *  With no block given, returns the sum of +init+ and all elements of +self+;
+ *  for array +array+ and value +init+, equivalent to:
  *
  *    sum = init
  *    array.each {|element| sum += element }
  *    sum
  *
- *  For example, <tt>[e1, e2, e3].sum</tt> returns <tt>init + e1 + e2 + e3</tt>.
+ *  For example, <tt>[e0, e1, e2].sum</tt> returns <tt>init + e0 + e1 + e2</tt>.
  *
  *  Examples:
  *
- *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
- *    a.sum # => 6
- *    a.sum(100) # => 106
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].sum                 # => 6
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].sum(100)            # => 106
+ *    ['abc', 'def', 'ghi'].sum('jkl') # => "jklabcdefghi"
+ *    [[:foo, :bar], ['foo', 'bar']].sum([2, 3])
+ *    # => [2, 3, :foo, :bar, "foo", "bar"]
  *
- *  The elements need not be numeric, but must be <tt>+</tt>-compatible
- *  with each other and with +init+:
+ *  The +init+ value and elements need not be numeric, but must all be <tt>+</tt>-compatible:
  *
- *    a = ['abc', 'def', 'ghi']
- *    a.sum('jkl') # => "jklabcdefghi"
+ *    # Raises TypeError: Array can't be coerced into Integer.
+ *    [[:foo, :bar], ['foo', 'bar']].sum(2)
  *
- *  When a block is given, it is called with each element
- *  and the block's return value (instead of the element itself) is used as the addend:
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+;
+ *  the block's return value (instead of the element itself) is used as the addend:
  *
- *    a = ['zero', 1, :two]
- *    s = a.sum('Coerced and concatenated: ') {|element| element.to_s }
- *    s # => "Coerced and concatenated: zero1two"
+ *    ['zero', 1, :two].sum('Coerced and concatenated: ') {|element| element.to_s }
+ *    # => "Coerced and concatenated: zero1two"
  *
  *  Notes:
  *
  *  - Array#join and Array#flatten may be faster than Array#sum
- *    for an +Array+ of Strings or an +Array+ of Arrays.
+ *    for an array of strings or an array of arrays.
  *  - Array#sum method may not respect method redefinition of "+" methods such as Integer#+.
  *
  */
@@ -8012,7 +8255,11 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     n = 0;
     r = Qundef;
 
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(v) && !RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(v) && !RB_TYPE_P(v, T_RATIONAL)) {
+    bool init_is_float = RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v);
+    if (init_is_float) {
+        v = LONG2FIX(0);
+    }
+    else if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(v) && !RB_TYPE_P(v, T_RATIONAL)) {
         i = 0;
         goto init_is_a_value;
     }
@@ -8040,12 +8287,13 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
             goto not_exact;
     }
     v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, argc!=0);
+    if (init_is_float) v = rb_float_plus(argv[0], v);
     return v;
 
   not_exact:
     v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, i!=0);
 
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e)) {
+    if (init_is_float ? (--i, e = argv[0], true) : RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e)) {
         /*
          * Kahan-Babuska balancing compensated summation algorithm
          * See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
@@ -8120,15 +8368,37 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
 }
 
 /*
- *  An +Array+ is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects, called _elements_.
- *  Any object (even another array) may be an array element,
- *  and an array can contain objects of different types.
+ *  An \Array object is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects,
+ *  called _elements_;
+ *  the object represents
+ *  an {array data structure}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_structure)].
+ *
+ *  An element may be any object (even another array);
+ *  elements may be any mixture of objects of different types.
+ *
+ *  Important data structures that use arrays include:
+ *
+ *  - {Coordinate vector}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_vector].
+ *  - {Matrix}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)].
+ *  - {Heap}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_(data_structure)].
+ *  - {Hash table}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table].
+ *  - {Deque (double-ended queue)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-ended_queue].
+ *  - {Queue}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)].
+ *  - {Stack}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)].
+ *
+ *  There are also array-like data structures:
  *
- *  == +Array+ Indexes
+ *  - {Associative array}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array] (see Hash).
+ *  - {Directory}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)] (see Dir).
+ *  - {Environment}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable] (see ENV).
+ *  - {Set}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)] (see Set).
+ *  - {String}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)] (see String).
  *
- *  +Array+ indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.
+ *  == \Array Indexes
  *
- *  A positive index is an offset from the first element:
+ *  \Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.
+ *
+ *  A non-negative index is an offset from the first element:
  *
  *  - Index 0 indicates the first element.
  *  - Index 1 indicates the second element.
@@ -8140,6 +8410,9 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *  - Index -2 indicates the next-to-last element.
  *  - ...
  *
+ *
+ *  === In-Range and Out-of-Range Indexes
+ *
  *  A non-negative index is <i>in range</i> if and only if it is smaller than
  *  the size of the array.  For a 3-element array:
  *
@@ -8152,31 +8425,32 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *  - Indexes -1 through -3 are in range.
  *  - Index -4 is out of range.
  *
+ *  === Effective Index
+ *
  *  Although the effective index into an array is always an integer,
- *  some methods (both within and outside of class +Array+)
+ *  some methods (both within class \Array and elsewhere)
  *  accept one or more non-integer arguments that are
  *  {integer-convertible objects}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects].
  *
- *
  *  == Creating Arrays
  *
- *  You can create an +Array+ object explicitly with:
+ *  You can create an \Array object explicitly with:
  *
- *  - An {array literal}[rdoc-ref:literals.rdoc@Array+Literals]:
+ *  - An {array literal}[rdoc-ref:syntax/literals.rdoc@Array+Literals]:
  *
  *      [1, 'one', :one, [2, 'two', :two]]
  *
- *  - A {%w or %W: string-array Literal}[rdoc-ref:literals.rdoc@25w+and+-25W-3A+String-Array+Literals]:
+ *  - A {%w or %W string-array Literal}[rdoc-ref:syntax/literals.rdoc@w-and-w-String-Array-Literals]:
  *
  *      %w[foo bar baz] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
  *      %w[1 % *]       # => ["1", "%", "*"]
  *
- *  - A {%i pr %I: symbol-array Literal}[rdoc-ref:literals.rdoc@25i+and+-25I-3A+Symbol-Array+Literals]:
+ *  - A {%i or %I symbol-array Literal}[rdoc-ref:syntax/literals.rdoc@i+and-I-Symbol-Array+Literals]:
  *
  *      %i[foo bar baz] # => [:foo, :bar, :baz]
  *      %i[1 % *]       # => [:"1", :%, :*]
  *
- *  - \Method Kernel#Array:
+ *  - Method Kernel#Array:
  *
  *      Array(["a", "b"])             # => ["a", "b"]
  *      Array(1..5)                   # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
@@ -8185,7 +8459,7 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *      Array(1)                      # => [1]
  *      Array({:a => "a", :b => "b"}) # => [[:a, "a"], [:b, "b"]]
  *
- *  - \Method Array.new:
+ *  - Method Array.new:
  *
  *      Array.new               # => []
  *      Array.new(3)            # => [nil, nil, nil]
@@ -8240,8 +8514,8 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *
  *  == Example Usage
  *
- *  In addition to the methods it mixes in through the Enumerable module, the
- *  +Array+ class has proprietary methods for accessing, searching and otherwise
+ *  In addition to the methods it mixes in through the Enumerable module,
+ *  class \Array has proprietary methods for accessing, searching and otherwise
  *  manipulating arrays.
  *
  *  Some of the more common ones are illustrated below.
@@ -8289,9 +8563,9 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *
  *     arr.drop(3) #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *
- *  == Obtaining Information about an +Array+
+ *  == Obtaining Information about an \Array
  *
- *  Arrays keep track of their own length at all times.  To query an array
+ *  An array keeps track of its own length at all times.  To query an array
  *  about the number of elements it contains, use #length, #count or #size.
  *
  *    browsers = ['Chrome', 'Firefox', 'Safari', 'Opera', 'IE']
@@ -8306,7 +8580,7 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *
  *    browsers.include?('Konqueror') #=> false
  *
- *  == Adding Items to Arrays
+ *  == Adding Items to an \Array
  *
  *  Items can be added to the end of an array by using either #push or #<<
  *
@@ -8327,7 +8601,7 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *     arr.insert(3, 'orange', 'pear', 'grapefruit')
  *     #=> [0, 1, 2, "orange", "pear", "grapefruit", "apple", 3, 4, 5, 6]
  *
- *  == Removing Items from an +Array+
+ *  == Removing Items from an \Array
  *
  *  The method #pop removes the last element in an array and returns it:
  *
@@ -8367,11 +8641,11 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *     arr = [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
  *     arr.uniq #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]
  *
- *  == Iterating over Arrays
+ *  == Iterating over an \Array
  *
- *  Like all classes that include the Enumerable module, +Array+ has an each
+ *  Like all classes that include the Enumerable module, class \Array has an each
  *  method, which defines what elements should be iterated over and how.  In
- *  case of Array's #each, all elements in the +Array+ instance are yielded to
+ *  case of Array#each, all elements in +self+ are yielded to
  *  the supplied block in sequence.
  *
  *  Note that this operation leaves the array unchanged.
@@ -8398,7 +8672,7 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *     arr                   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
  *
  *
- *  == Selecting Items from an +Array+
+ *  == Selecting Items from an \Array
  *
  *  Elements can be selected from an array according to criteria defined in a
  *  block.  The selection can happen in a destructive or a non-destructive
@@ -8431,13 +8705,13 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *
  *  == What's Here
  *
- *  First, what's elsewhere. \Class +Array+:
+ *  First, what's elsewhere. Class \Array:
  *
- *  - Inherits from {class Object}[rdoc-ref:Object@What-27s+Here].
- *  - Includes {module Enumerable}[rdoc-ref:Enumerable@What-27s+Here],
+ *  - Inherits from {class Object}[rdoc-ref:Object@Whats-Here].
+ *  - Includes {module Enumerable}[rdoc-ref:Enumerable@Whats-Here],
  *    which provides dozens of additional methods.
  *
- *  Here, class +Array+ provides methods that are useful for:
+ *  Here, class \Array provides methods that are useful for:
  *
  *  - {Creating an Array}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Creating+an+Array]
  *  - {Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying]
@@ -8450,154 +8724,138 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *  - {Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting]
  *  - {And more....}[rdoc-ref:Array@Other+Methods]
  *
- *  === Methods for Creating an +Array+
+ *  === Methods for Creating an \Array
  *
  *  - ::[]: Returns a new array populated with given objects.
  *  - ::new: Returns a new array.
  *  - ::try_convert: Returns a new array created from a given object.
  *
+ *  See also {Creating Arrays}[rdoc-ref:Array@Creating+Arrays].
+ *
  *  === Methods for Querying
  *
- *  - #length, #size: Returns the count of elements.
- *  - #include?: Returns whether any element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
- *  - #empty?: Returns whether there are no elements.
  *  - #all?: Returns whether all elements meet a given criterion.
  *  - #any?: Returns whether any element meets a given criterion.
+ *  - #count: Returns the count of elements that meet a given criterion.
+ *  - #empty?: Returns whether there are no elements.
+ *  - #find_index (aliased as #index): Returns the index of the first element that meets a given criterion.
+ *  - #hash: Returns the integer hash code.
+ *  - #include?: Returns whether any element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
+ *  - #length (aliased as #size): Returns the count of elements.
  *  - #none?: Returns whether no element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
  *  - #one?: Returns whether exactly one element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
- *  - #count: Returns the count of elements that meet a given criterion.
- *  - #find_index, #index: Returns the index of the first element that meets a given criterion.
  *  - #rindex: Returns the index of the last element that meets a given criterion.
- *  - #hash: Returns the integer hash code.
  *
  *  === Methods for Comparing
  *
- *  - #<=>: Returns -1, 0, or 1 * as +self+ is less than, equal to, or
- *    greater than a given object.
- *  - #==: Returns whether each element in +self+ is <tt>==</tt> to the corresponding element
- *    in a given object.
- *  - #eql?: Returns whether each element in +self+ is <tt>eql?</tt> to the corresponding
- *    element in a given object.
+ *  - #<=>: Returns -1, 0, or 1, as +self+ is less than, equal to, or greater than a given object.
+ *  - #==: Returns whether each element in +self+ is <tt>==</tt> to the corresponding element in a given object.
+ *  - #eql?: Returns whether each element in +self+ is <tt>eql?</tt> to the corresponding element in a given object.
 
  *  === Methods for Fetching
  *
  *  These methods do not modify +self+.
  *
- *  - #[]: Returns one or more elements.
- *  - #fetch: Returns the element at a given offset.
- *  - #first: Returns one or more leading elements.
- *  - #last: Returns one or more trailing elements.
- *  - #max: Returns one or more maximum-valued elements,
- *    as determined by <tt><=></tt> or a given block.
- *  - #min: Returns one or more minimum-valued elements,
- *    as determined by <tt><=></tt> or a given block.
- *  - #minmax: Returns the minimum-valued and maximum-valued elements,
- *    as determined by <tt><=></tt> or a given block.
- *  - #assoc: Returns the first element that is an array
- *    whose first element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
- *  - #rassoc: Returns the first element that is an array
- *    whose second element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
+ *  - #[] (aliased as #slice): Returns consecutive elements as determined by a given argument.
+ *  - #assoc: Returns the first element that is an array whose first element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
  *  - #at: Returns the element at a given offset.
- *  - #values_at: Returns the elements at given offsets.
- *  - #dig: Returns the object in nested objects
- *    that is specified by a given index and additional arguments.
+ *  - #bsearch: Returns an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.
+ *  - #bsearch_index: Returns the index of an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.
+ *  - #compact: Returns an array containing all non-+nil+ elements.
+ *  - #dig: Returns the object in nested objects that is specified by a given index and additional arguments.
  *  - #drop: Returns trailing elements as determined by a given index.
- *  - #take: Returns leading elements as determined by a given index.
  *  - #drop_while: Returns trailing elements as determined by a given block.
- *  - #take_while: Returns leading elements as determined by a given block.
- *  - #slice: Returns consecutive elements as determined by a given argument.
- *  - #sort: Returns all elements in an order determined by <tt><=></tt> or a given block.
+ *  - #fetch: Returns the element at a given offset.
+ *  - #fetch_values: Returns elements at given offsets.
+ *  - #first: Returns one or more leading elements.
+ *  - #last: Returns one or more trailing elements.
+ *  - #max: Returns one or more maximum-valued elements, as determined by <tt>#<=></tt> or a given block.
+ *  - #min: Returns one or more minimum-valued elements, as determined by <tt>#<=></tt> or a given block.
+ *  - #minmax: Returns the minimum-valued and maximum-valued elements, as determined by <tt>#<=></tt> or a given block.
+ *  - #rassoc: Returns the first element that is an array whose second element <tt>==</tt> a given object.
+ *  - #reject: Returns an array containing elements not rejected by a given block.
  *  - #reverse: Returns all elements in reverse order.
- *  - #compact: Returns an array containing all non-+nil+ elements.
- *  - #select, #filter: Returns an array containing elements selected by a given block.
- *  - #uniq: Returns an array containing non-duplicate elements.
  *  - #rotate: Returns all elements with some rotated from one end to the other.
- *  - #bsearch: Returns an element selected via a binary search
- *    as determined by a given block.
- *  - #bsearch_index: Returns the index of an element selected via a binary search
- *    as determined by a given block.
  *  - #sample: Returns one or more random elements.
+ *  - #select (aliased as #filter): Returns an array containing elements selected by a given block.
  *  - #shuffle: Returns elements in a random order.
+ *  - #sort: Returns all elements in an order determined by <tt>#<=></tt> or a given block.
+ *  - #take: Returns leading elements as determined by a given index.
+ *  - #take_while: Returns leading elements as determined by a given block.
+ *  - #uniq: Returns an array containing non-duplicate elements.
+ *  - #values_at: Returns the elements at given offsets.
  *
  *  === Methods for Assigning
  *
  *  These methods add, replace, or reorder elements in +self+.
  *
+ *  - #<<: Appends an element.
  *  - #[]=: Assigns specified elements with a given object.
- *  - #push, #append, #<<: Appends trailing elements.
- *  - #unshift, #prepend: Prepends leading elements.
- *  - #insert: Inserts given objects at a given offset; does not replace elements.
  *  - #concat: Appends all elements from given arrays.
  *  - #fill: Replaces specified elements with specified objects.
- *  - #replace: Replaces the content of +self+ with the content of a given array.
+ *  - #flatten!: Replaces each nested array in +self+ with the elements from that array.
+ *  - #initialize_copy (aliased as #replace): Replaces the content of +self+ with the content of a given array.
+ *  - #insert: Inserts given objects at a given offset; does not replace elements.
+ *  - #push (aliased as #append): Appends elements.
  *  - #reverse!: Replaces +self+ with its elements reversed.
  *  - #rotate!: Replaces +self+ with its elements rotated.
  *  - #shuffle!: Replaces +self+ with its elements in random order.
- *  - #sort!: Replaces +self+ with its elements sorted,
- *    as determined by <tt><=></tt> or a given block.
+ *  - #sort!: Replaces +self+ with its elements sorted, as determined by <tt>#<=></tt> or a given block.
  *  - #sort_by!: Replaces +self+ with its elements sorted, as determined by a given block.
+ *  - #unshift (aliased as #prepend): Prepends leading elements.
  *
  *  === Methods for Deleting
  *
  *  Each of these methods removes elements from +self+:
  *
- *  - #pop: Removes and returns the last element.
- *  - #shift:  Removes and returns the first element.
+ *  - #clear: Removes all elements.
  *  - #compact!: Removes all +nil+ elements.
  *  - #delete: Removes elements equal to a given object.
  *  - #delete_at: Removes the element at a given offset.
  *  - #delete_if: Removes elements specified by a given block.
  *  - #keep_if: Removes elements not specified by a given block.
+ *  - #pop: Removes and returns the last element.
  *  - #reject!: Removes elements specified by a given block.
- *  - #select!, #filter!: Removes elements not specified by a given block.
+ *  - #select! (aliased as #filter!): Removes elements not specified by a given block.
+ *  - #shift:  Removes and returns the first element.
  *  - #slice!: Removes and returns a sequence of elements.
  *  - #uniq!: Removes duplicates.
  *
  *  === Methods for Combining
  *
  *  - #&: Returns an array containing elements found both in +self+ and a given array.
- *  - #intersection: Returns an array containing elements found both in +self+
- *    and in each given array.
  *  - #+: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ followed by all elements of a given array.
  *  - #-: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ that are not found in a given array.
- *  - #|: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ and all elements of a given array,
- *    duplicates removed.
- *  - #union: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ and all elements of given arrays,
- *    duplicates removed.
- *  - #difference: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ that are not found
- *    in any of the given arrays..
+ *  - #|: Returns an array containing all element of +self+ and all elements of a given array, duplicates removed.
+ *  - #difference: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ that are not found in any of the given arrays..
+ *  - #intersection: Returns an array containing elements found both in +self+ and in each given array.
  *  - #product: Returns or yields all combinations of elements from +self+ and given arrays.
+ *  - #reverse: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ in reverse order.
+ *  - #union: Returns an array containing all elements of +self+ and all elements of given arrays, duplicates removed.
  *
  *  === Methods for Iterating
  *
+ *  - #combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of +self+; a combination does not use the same element more than once.
+ *  - #cycle: Calls a given block with each element, then does so again, for a specified number of times, or forever.
  *  - #each: Passes each element to a given block.
- *  - #reverse_each:  Passes each element, in reverse order, to a given block.
  *  - #each_index: Passes each element index to a given block.
- *  - #cycle: Calls a given block with each element, then does so again,
- *    for a specified number of times, or forever.
- *  - #combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of +self+;
- *    a combination does not use the same element more than once.
- *  - #permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of +self+;
- *    a permutation does not use the same element more than once.
- *  - #repeated_combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of +self+;
- *    a combination may use the same element more than once.
- *  - #repeated_permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of +self+;
- *    a permutation may use the same element more than once.
+ *  - #permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of +self+; a permutation does not use the same element more than once.
+ *  - #repeated_combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of +self+; a combination may use the same element more than once.
+ *  - #repeated_permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of +self+; a permutation may use the same element more than once.
+ *  - #reverse_each:  Passes each element, in reverse order, to a given block.
  *
  *  === Methods for Converting
  *
- *  - #map, #collect: Returns an array containing the block return-value for each element.
- *  - #map!, #collect!: Replaces each element with a block return-value.
+ *  - #collect (aliased as #map): Returns an array containing the block return-value for each element.
+ *  - #collect! (aliased as #map!): Replaces each element with a block return-value.
  *  - #flatten: Returns an array that is a recursive flattening of +self+.
- *  - #flatten!: Replaces each nested array in +self+ with the elements from that array.
- *  - #inspect, #to_s: Returns a new String containing the elements.
- *  - #join: Returns a newsString containing the elements joined by the field separator.
+ *  - #inspect (aliased as #to_s): Returns a new String containing the elements.
+ *  - #join: Returns a new String containing the elements joined by the field separator.
  *  - #to_a: Returns +self+ or a new array containing all elements.
  *  - #to_ary: Returns +self+.
  *  - #to_h: Returns a new hash formed from the elements.
  *  - #transpose: Transposes +self+, which must be an array of arrays.
- *  - #zip: Returns a new array of arrays containing +self+ and given arrays;
- *    follow the link for details.
+ *  - #zip: Returns a new array of arrays containing +self+ and given arrays.
  *
  *  === Other Methods
  *
@@ -8608,7 +8866,6 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *    - With string argument +field_separator+, a new string that is equivalent to
  *      <tt>join(field_separator)</tt>.
  *
- *  - #abbrev: Returns a hash of unambiguous abbreviations for elements.
  *  - #pack: Packs the elements into a binary sequence.
  *  - #sum: Returns a sum of elements according to either <tt>+</tt> or a given block.
  */
@@ -8616,6 +8873,8 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
 void
 Init_Array(void)
 {
+    fake_ary_flags = init_fake_ary_flags();
+
     rb_cArray  = rb_define_class("Array", rb_cObject);
     rb_include_module(rb_cArray, rb_mEnumerable);
 
@@ -8653,11 +8912,15 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "unshift", rb_ary_unshift_m, -1);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "prepend", "unshift");
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "insert", rb_ary_insert, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each", rb_ary_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each_index", rb_ary_each_index, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "reverse_each", rb_ary_reverse_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "length", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "size", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "empty?", rb_ary_empty_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find", rb_ary_find, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "detect", rb_ary_find, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "rfind", rb_ary_rfind, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find_index", rb_ary_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "index", rb_ary_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "rindex", rb_ary_rindex, -1);
@@ -8735,8 +8998,12 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "one?", rb_ary_one_p, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "dig", rb_ary_dig, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "sum", rb_ary_sum, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "freeze", rb_ary_freeze, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "deconstruct", rb_ary_deconstruct, 0);
+
+    rb_cArray_empty_frozen = RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_ary_freeze(rb_ary_new()));
+    rb_vm_register_global_object(rb_cArray_empty_frozen);
 }
 
 #include "array.rbinc"
diff --git a/array.rb b/array.rb
index f63ff00056..7ee4e09a4c 100644
--- a/array.rb
+++ b/array.rb
@@ -1,119 +1,97 @@
 class Array
   # call-seq:
-  #   array.each {|element| ... } -> self
-  #   array.each -> Enumerator
+  #   shuffle!(random: Random) -> self
   #
-  # Iterates over array elements.
+  # Shuffles all elements in +self+ into a random order,
+  # as selected by the object given by the keyword argument +random+.
+  # Returns +self+:
   #
-  # When a block given, passes each successive array element to the block;
-  # returns +self+:
+  #   a =             [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+  #   a.shuffle! # => [5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 1, 9, 4, 2, 0]
+  #   a.shuffle! # => [9, 4, 0, 6, 2, 8, 1, 5, 3, 7]
   #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
-  #   a.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
-  #
-  # Output:
-  #
-  #   Symbol foo
-  #   String bar
-  #   Integer 2
+  # Duplicate elements are included:
   #
-  # Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+  #   a =             [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
+  #   a.shuffle! # => [1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]
+  #   a.shuffle! # => [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
   #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
-  #   a.each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+  # The object given with the keyword argument +random+ is used as the random number generator.
   #
-  # Output:
+  # Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Assigning].
+  def shuffle!(random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle_bang(random)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   shuffle(random: Random) -> new_array
   #
-  #   foo
-  #   bar
+  # Returns a new array containing all elements from +self+ in a random order,
+  # as selected by the object given by the keyword argument +random+:
   #
-  # When no block given, returns a new Enumerator:
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+  #   a =            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+  #   a.shuffle # => [0, 8, 1, 9, 6, 3, 4, 7, 2, 5]
+  #   a.shuffle # => [8, 9, 0, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4, 7, 3]
   #
-  #   e = a.each
-  #   e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each>
-  #   a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+  # Duplicate elements are included:
   #
-  # Output:
+  #   a =            [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
+  #   a.shuffle # => [1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]
+  #   a.shuffle # => [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1]
   #
-  #   Symbol foo
-  #   String bar
-  #   Integer 2
+  # The object given with the keyword argument +random+ is used as the random number generator.
   #
-  # Related: #each_index, #reverse_each.
-  def each
-    Primitive.attr! :inline_block
-    Primitive.attr! :use_block
-
-    unless defined?(yield)
-      return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
-    end
-    _i = 0
-    value = nil
-    while Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ ary_fetch_next(self, LOCAL_PTR(_i), LOCAL_PTR(value)) })
-      yield value
-    end
-    self
+  # Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
+  def shuffle(random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle(random)
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    array.shuffle!(random: Random) -> array
+  #   sample(random: Random) -> object
+  #   sample(count, random: Random) -> new_ary
   #
-  # Shuffles the elements of +self+ in place.
-  #    a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
-  #    a.shuffle!    #=> [2, 3, 1]
-  #    a             #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  # Returns random elements from +self+,
+  # as selected by the object given by the keyword argument +random+.
   #
-  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
-  #    a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
-  def shuffle!(random: Random)
-    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle_bang(random)
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #    array.shuffle(random: Random) -> new_ary
+  # With no argument +count+ given, returns one random element from +self+:
   #
-  # Returns a new array with elements of +self+ shuffled.
-  #    a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
-  #    a.shuffle     #=> [2, 3, 1]
-  #    a             #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #   a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+  #   a.sample # => 3
+  #   a.sample # => 8
   #
-  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
-  #    a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
-  def shuffle(random: Random)
-    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle(random)
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #    array.sample(random: Random) -> object
-  #    array.sample(n, random: Random) -> new_ary
+  # Returns +nil+ if +self+ is empty:
   #
-  # Returns random elements from +self+.
+  #   [].sample # => nil
   #
-  # When no arguments are given, returns a random element from +self+:
-  #    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
-  #    a.sample # => 3
-  #    a.sample # => 8
-  # If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
+  # With a non-negative numeric argument +count+ given,
+  # returns a new array containing +count+ random elements from +self+:
+  #
+  #   a.sample(3) # => [8, 9, 2]
+  #   a.sample(6) # => [9, 6, 0, 3, 1, 4]
+  #
+  # The order of the result array is unrelated to the order of +self+.
+  #
+  # Returns a new empty array if +self+ is empty:
+  #
+  #   [].sample(4) # => []
+  #
+  # May return duplicates in +self+:
+  #
+  #   a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
+  #   a.sample(a.size) # => [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]
   #
-  # When argument +n+ is given, returns a new +Array+ containing +n+ random
-  # elements from +self+:
-  #    a.sample(3) # => [8, 9, 2]
-  #    a.sample(6) # => [9, 6, 10, 3, 1, 4]
   # Returns no more than <tt>a.size</tt> elements
   # (because no new duplicates are introduced):
-  #    a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [6, 4, 1, 8, 5, 9, 10, 2, 3, 7]
-  # But +self+ may contain duplicates:
-  #    a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
-  #    a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]
-  # The argument +n+ must be a non-negative numeric value.
-  # The order of the result array is unrelated to the order of +self+.
-  # Returns a new empty +Array+ if +self+ is empty.
   #
-  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
-  #    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
-  #    a.sample(random: Random.new(1))     #=> 6
-  #    a.sample(4, random: Random.new(1))  #=> [6, 10, 9, 2]
+  #   a.sample(50) # => [6, 4, 1, 8, 5, 9, 0, 2, 3, 7]
+  #
+  # The object given with the keyword argument +random+ is used as the random number generator:
+  #
+  #   a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+  #   a.sample(random: Random.new(1))     # => 6
+  #   a.sample(4, random: Random.new(1))  # => [6, 10, 9, 2]
+  #
+  # Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
   def sample(n = (ary = false), random: Random)
     if Primitive.mandatory_only?
       # Primitive.cexpr! %{ rb_ary_sample(self, rb_cRandom, Qfalse, Qfalse) }
@@ -125,12 +103,12 @@ class Array
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #   array.first -> object or nil
-  #   array.first(n) -> new_array
+  #   first -> object or nil
+  #   first(count) -> new_array
   #
-  # Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
+  # Returns elements from +self+, or +nil+; does not modify +self+.
   #
-  # When no argument is given, returns the first element:
+  # With no argument given, returns the first element (if available):
   #
   #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
   #   a.first # => :foo
@@ -138,23 +116,16 @@ class Array
   #
   # If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
   #
-  # When non-negative Integer argument +n+ is given,
-  # returns the first +n+ elements in a new +Array+:
+  #   [].first # => nil
   #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
-  #   a.first(2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
-  #
-  # If <tt>n >= array.size</tt>, returns all elements:
+  # With a non-negative integer argument +count+ given,
+  # returns the first +count+ elements (as available) in a new array:
   #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+  #   a.first(0)  # => []
+  #   a.first(2)  # => [:foo, "bar"]
   #   a.first(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
   #
-  # If <tt>n == 0</tt> returns an new empty +Array+:
-  #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
-  #   a.first(0) # []
-  #
-  # Related: #last.
+  # Related: see {Methods for Querying}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Querying].
   def first n = unspecified = true
     if Primitive.mandatory_only?
       Primitive.attr! :leaf
@@ -169,36 +140,29 @@ class Array
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #   array.last  -> object or nil
-  #   array.last(n) -> new_array
+  #  last  -> last_object or nil
+  #  last(count) -> new_array
   #
-  # Returns elements from +self+; +self+ is not modified.
+  # Returns elements from +self+, or +nil+; +self+ is not modified.
   #
-  # When no argument is given, returns the last element:
+  # With no argument given, returns the last element, or +nil+ if +self+ is empty:
   #
   #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
   #   a.last # => 2
   #   a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+  #   [].last # => nil
   #
-  # If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
-  #
-  # When non-negative Integer argument +n+ is given,
-  # returns the last +n+ elements in a new +Array+:
   #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
-  #   a.last(2) # => ["bar", 2]
-  #
-  # If <tt>n >= array.size</tt>, returns all elements:
+  # With non-negative integer argument +count+ given,
+  # returns a new array containing the trailing +count+ elements of +self+, as available:
   #
   #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+  #   a.last(2)  # => ["bar", 2]
   #   a.last(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+  #   a.last(0)  # => []
+  #   [].last(3) # => []
   #
-  # If <tt>n == 0</tt>, returns an new empty +Array+:
-  #
-  #   a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
-  #   a.last(0) # []
-  #
-  # Related: #first.
+  # Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
   def last n = unspecified = true
     if Primitive.mandatory_only?
       Primitive.attr! :leaf
@@ -211,4 +175,133 @@ class Array
       end
     end
   end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   fetch_values(*indexes) -> new_array
+  #   fetch_values(*indexes) { |index| ... } -> new_array
+  #
+  # With no block given, returns a new array containing the elements of +self+
+  # at the offsets specified by +indexes+. Each of the +indexes+ must be an
+  # {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects]:
+  #
+  #    a = [:foo, :bar, :baz]
+  #    a.fetch_values(2, 0)   # => [:baz, :foo]
+  #    a.fetch_values(2.1, 0) # => [:baz, :foo]
+  #    a.fetch_values         # => []
+  #
+  # For a negative index, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+  #
+  #    a.fetch_values(-2, -1) # [:bar, :baz]
+  #
+  # When no block is given, raises an exception if any index is out of range.
+  #
+  # With a block given, for each index:
+  #
+  # - If the index is in range, uses an element of +self+ (as above).
+  # - Otherwise, calls the block with the index and uses the block's return value.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   a = [:foo, :bar, :baz]
+  #   a.fetch_values(1, 0, 42, 777) { |index| index.to_s }
+  #   # => [:bar, :foo, "42", "777"]
+  #
+  # Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
+  def fetch_values(*indexes, &block)
+    indexes.map! { |i| fetch(i, &block) }
+    indexes
+  end
+
+  with_jit do
+    if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:each)
+      undef :each
+
+      def each # :nodoc:
+        Primitive.attr! :inline_block, :c_trace, :without_interrupts
+
+        unless defined?(yield)
+          return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
+        end
+        i = 0
+        until Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at_end(i)
+          yield Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at(i)
+          i = Primitive.rb_jit_fixnum_inc(i)
+        end
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:map)
+      undef :map
+
+      def map # :nodoc:
+        Primitive.attr! :inline_block, :c_trace, :without_interrupts
+
+        unless defined?(yield)
+          return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
+        end
+
+        i = 0
+        result = Primitive.ary_sized_alloc
+        until Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at_end(i)
+          value = yield(Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at(i))
+          Primitive.rb_jit_ary_push(result, value)
+          i = Primitive.rb_jit_fixnum_inc(i)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:collect)
+        undef :collect
+        alias collect map
+      end
+    end
+
+    if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:select)
+      undef :select
+
+      def select # :nodoc:
+        Primitive.attr! :inline_block, :c_trace, :without_interrupts
+
+        unless defined?(yield)
+          return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
+        end
+
+        i = 0
+        result = Primitive.ary_sized_alloc
+        until Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at_end(i)
+          value = Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at(i)
+          if yield value
+            Primitive.rb_jit_ary_push(result, value)
+          end
+          i = Primitive.rb_jit_fixnum_inc(i)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:filter)
+        undef :filter
+        alias filter select
+      end
+    end
+
+    if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:find)
+      undef :find
+
+      def find(if_none_proc = nil) # :nodoc:
+        Primitive.attr! :inline_block, :c_trace, :without_interrupts
+
+        unless defined?(yield)
+          return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
+        end
+        i = 0
+        until Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at_end(i)
+          value = Primitive.rb_jit_ary_at(i)
+          return value if yield(value)
+          i = Primitive.rb_jit_fixnum_inc(i)
+        end
+        if_none_proc&.call
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
index 48db3982ac..1ddc2b5791 100644
--- a/ast.c
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@
 
 static VALUE rb_mAST;
 static VALUE rb_cNode;
+static VALUE rb_cLocation;
 
 struct ASTNodeData {
-    VALUE vast;
+    VALUE ast_value;
     const NODE *node;
 };
 
@@ -24,16 +25,20 @@ static void
 node_gc_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(data->vast);
+    rb_gc_mark(data->ast_value);
 }
 
 static size_t
 node_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
     struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
-    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->vast);
+    size_t size = sizeof(struct ASTNodeData);
+    if (data->ast_value) {
+        rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->ast_value);
+        size += rb_ast_memsize(ast);
+    }
 
-    return sizeof(struct ASTNodeData) + rb_ast_memsize(ast);
+    return size;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t rb_node_type = {
@@ -43,25 +48,51 @@ static const rb_data_type_t rb_node_type = {
     RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
 
+struct ASTLocationData {
+    int first_lineno;
+    int first_column;
+    int last_lineno;
+    int last_column;
+};
+
+static void
+location_gc_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+}
+
+static size_t
+location_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    return sizeof(struct ASTLocationData);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_location_type = {
+    "AST/location",
+    {location_gc_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, location_memsize,},
+    0, 0,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+
 static VALUE rb_ast_node_alloc(VALUE klass);
 
 static void
-setup_node(VALUE obj, VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
+setup_node(VALUE obj, VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
 {
     struct ASTNodeData *data;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
-    data->vast = vast;
+    data->ast_value = ast_value;
     data->node = node;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_new_internal(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
+ast_new_internal(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
 {
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = rb_ast_node_alloc(rb_cNode);
-    setup_node(obj, vast, node);
+    setup_node(obj, ast_value, node);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -76,16 +107,26 @@ ast_parse_new(void)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_parse_done(VALUE vast)
+ast_parse_done(VALUE ast_value)
 {
-    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(vast);
+    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(ast_value);
 
     if (!ast->body.root) {
         rb_ast_dispose(ast);
         rb_exc_raise(GET_EC()->errinfo);
     }
 
-    return ast_new_internal(vast, (NODE *)ast->body.root);
+    return ast_new_internal(ast_value, (NODE *)ast->body.root);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+setup_vparser(VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
+{
+    VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
+    if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_set_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
+    return vparser;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -97,15 +138,11 @@ ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str, VALUE keep_scri
 static VALUE
 rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
-    VALUE vast;
-
+    VALUE ast_value = Qnil;
     StringValue(str);
-    VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
-    if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_set_script_lines(vparser);
-    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
-    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
-    vast = rb_parser_compile_string_path(vparser, Qnil, str, 1);
-    return ast_parse_done(vast);
+    VALUE vparser = setup_vparser(keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
+    ast_value = rb_parser_compile_string_path(vparser, Qnil, str, 1);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast_value);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -118,32 +155,26 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     VALUE f;
-    VALUE vast = Qnil;
+    VALUE ast_value = Qnil;
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
 
     f = rb_file_open_str(path, "r");
     rb_funcall(f, rb_intern("set_encoding"), 2, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), rb_str_new_cstr("-"));
-    VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
-    if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_set_script_lines(vparser);
-    if (RTEST(error_tolerant))  rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
-    if (RTEST(keep_tokens))  rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
-    vast = rb_parser_compile_file_path(vparser, Qnil, f, 1);
+    VALUE vparser = setup_vparser(keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
+    ast_value = rb_parser_compile_file_path(vparser, Qnil, f, 1);
     rb_io_close(f);
-    return ast_parse_done(vast);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast_value);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
-    VALUE vast = Qnil;
+    VALUE ast_value = Qnil;
 
     array = rb_check_array_type(array);
-    VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
-    if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_set_script_lines(vparser);
-    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
-    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
-    vast = rb_parser_compile_array(vparser, Qnil, array, 1);
-    return ast_parse_done(vast);
+    VALUE vparser = setup_vparser(keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
+    ast_value = rb_parser_compile_array(vparser, Qnil, array, 1);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast_value);
 }
 
 static VALUE node_children(VALUE, const NODE*);
@@ -158,7 +189,7 @@ node_find(VALUE self, const int node_id)
 
     if (nd_node_id(data->node) == node_id) return self;
 
-    ary = node_children(data->vast, data->node);
+    ary = node_children(data->ast_value, data->node);
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
         VALUE child = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
@@ -281,10 +312,10 @@ ast_node_node_id(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
     return INT2FIX(nd_node_id(data->node));
 }
 
-#define NEW_CHILD(vast, node) (node ? ast_new_internal(vast, node) : Qnil)
+#define NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node) (node ? ast_new_internal(ast_value, node) : Qnil)
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_new_from_node_args(VALUE vast, long n, ...)
+rb_ary_new_from_node_args(VALUE ast_value, long n, ...)
 {
     va_list ar;
     VALUE ary;
@@ -296,39 +327,57 @@ rb_ary_new_from_node_args(VALUE vast, long n, ...)
     for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
         NODE *node;
         node = va_arg(ar, NODE *);
-        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, node));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node));
     }
     va_end(ar);
     return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-dump_block(VALUE vast, const struct RNode_BLOCK *node)
+dump_block(VALUE ast_value, const struct RNode_BLOCK *node)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
     do {
-        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, node->nd_head));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node->nd_head));
     } while (node->nd_next &&
         nd_type_p(node->nd_next, NODE_BLOCK) &&
         (node = RNODE_BLOCK(node->nd_next), 1));
     if (node->nd_next) {
-        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, node->nd_next));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node->nd_next));
     }
 
     return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-dump_array(VALUE vast, const struct RNode_LIST *node)
+dump_array(VALUE ast_value, const struct RNode_LIST *node)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, node->nd_head));
+    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node->nd_head));
 
     while (node->nd_next && nd_type_p(node->nd_next, NODE_LIST)) {
         node = RNODE_LIST(node->nd_next);
-        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, node->nd_head));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node->nd_head));
+    }
+    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, node->nd_next));
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dump_parser_array(VALUE ast_value, rb_parser_ary_t *p_ary)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    if (p_ary->data_type != PARSER_ARY_DATA_NODE) {
+        rb_bug("unexpected rb_parser_ary_data_type: %d", p_ary->data_type);
+    }
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+    for (long i = 0; i < p_ary->len; i++) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, p_ary->data[i]));
     }
-    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, node->nd_next));
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -350,155 +399,168 @@ no_name_rest(void)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rest_arg(VALUE vast, const NODE *rest_arg)
+rest_arg(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *rest_arg)
+{
+    return NODE_NAMED_REST_P(rest_arg) ? NEW_CHILD(ast_value, rest_arg) : no_name_rest();
+}
+
+static ID
+node_colon_name(const NODE *node)
 {
-    return NODE_NAMED_REST_P(rest_arg) ? NEW_CHILD(vast, rest_arg) : no_name_rest();
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+        return RNODE_COLON2(node)->nd_mid;
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        return RNODE_COLON3(node)->nd_mid;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unexpected node: %s", ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)));
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-node_children(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
+node_children(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
 {
     char name[sizeof("$") + DECIMAL_SIZE_OF(long)];
 
     enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
     switch (type) {
       case NODE_BLOCK:
-        return dump_block(vast, RNODE_BLOCK(node));
+        return dump_block(ast_value, RNODE_BLOCK(node));
       case NODE_IF:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_IF(node)->nd_cond, RNODE_IF(node)->nd_body, RNODE_IF(node)->nd_else);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_IF(node)->nd_cond, RNODE_IF(node)->nd_body, RNODE_IF(node)->nd_else);
       case NODE_UNLESS:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_UNLESS(node)->nd_cond, RNODE_UNLESS(node)->nd_body, RNODE_UNLESS(node)->nd_else);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_UNLESS(node)->nd_cond, RNODE_UNLESS(node)->nd_body, RNODE_UNLESS(node)->nd_else);
       case NODE_CASE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_CASE(node)->nd_head, RNODE_CASE(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_CASE(node)->nd_head, RNODE_CASE(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_CASE2:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_CASE2(node)->nd_head, RNODE_CASE2(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_CASE2(node)->nd_head, RNODE_CASE2(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_CASE3:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_CASE3(node)->nd_head, RNODE_CASE3(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_CASE3(node)->nd_head, RNODE_CASE3(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_WHEN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_WHEN(node)->nd_head, RNODE_WHEN(node)->nd_body, RNODE_WHEN(node)->nd_next);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_WHEN(node)->nd_head, RNODE_WHEN(node)->nd_body, RNODE_WHEN(node)->nd_next);
       case NODE_IN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_IN(node)->nd_head, RNODE_IN(node)->nd_body, RNODE_IN(node)->nd_next);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_IN(node)->nd_head, RNODE_IN(node)->nd_body, RNODE_IN(node)->nd_next);
       case NODE_WHILE:
       case NODE_UNTIL:
-        return rb_ary_push(rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_WHILE(node)->nd_cond, RNODE_WHILE(node)->nd_body),
+        return rb_ary_push(rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_WHILE(node)->nd_cond, RNODE_WHILE(node)->nd_body),
                            RBOOL(RNODE_WHILE(node)->nd_state));
       case NODE_ITER:
       case NODE_FOR:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_ITER(node)->nd_iter, RNODE_ITER(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_ITER(node)->nd_iter, RNODE_ITER(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_FOR_MASGN(node)->nd_var);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_FOR_MASGN(node)->nd_var);
       case NODE_BREAK:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_BREAK(node)->nd_stts);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_BREAK(node)->nd_stts);
       case NODE_NEXT:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_NEXT(node)->nd_stts);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_NEXT(node)->nd_stts);
       case NODE_RETURN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_RETURN(node)->nd_stts);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_RETURN(node)->nd_stts);
       case NODE_REDO:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_RETRY:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_BEGIN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_BEGIN(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_BEGIN(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_RESCUE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_RESCUE(node)->nd_head, RNODE_RESCUE(node)->nd_resq, RNODE_RESCUE(node)->nd_else);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_RESCUE(node)->nd_head, RNODE_RESCUE(node)->nd_resq, RNODE_RESCUE(node)->nd_else);
       case NODE_RESBODY:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_args, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_body, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_next);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 4, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_args, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_exc_var, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_body, RNODE_RESBODY(node)->nd_next);
       case NODE_ENSURE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_ENSURE(node)->nd_head, RNODE_ENSURE(node)->nd_ensr);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_ENSURE(node)->nd_head, RNODE_ENSURE(node)->nd_ensr);
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:
         {
             VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
             while (1) {
-                rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_AND(node)->nd_1st));
+                rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_AND(node)->nd_1st));
                 if (!RNODE_AND(node)->nd_2nd || !nd_type_p(RNODE_AND(node)->nd_2nd, type))
                     break;
                 node = RNODE_AND(node)->nd_2nd;
             }
-            rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_AND(node)->nd_2nd));
+            rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_AND(node)->nd_2nd));
             return ary;
         }
       case NODE_MASGN:
         if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_args)) {
-            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_value, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_head, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_args);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_value, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_head, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_args);
         }
         else {
-            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_value),
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_head),
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_value),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_MASGN(node)->nd_head),
                                         no_name_rest());
         }
       case NODE_LASGN:
         if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(RNODE_LASGN(node)->nd_value)) {
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_LASGN(node)->nd_vid), ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD")));
         }
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_LASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_LASGN(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_LASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_LASGN(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_DASGN:
         if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(RNODE_DASGN(node)->nd_value)) {
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_DASGN(node)->nd_vid), ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD")));
         }
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_DASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_DASGN(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_DASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_DASGN(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_IASGN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_IASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_IASGN(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_IASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_IASGN(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_CVASGN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_CVASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_CVASGN(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_CVASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_CVASGN(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_GASGN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_GASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_GASGN(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(RNODE_GASGN(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_GASGN(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_CDECL:
         if (RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_vid) {
-            return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_value));
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_value));
         }
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_else), ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON2(RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_else)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_else), ID2SYM(node_colon_name(RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_else)), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_CDECL(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_recv),
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_recv),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_mid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_index),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_rvalue));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_index),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->nd_rvalue));
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(5, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_recv),
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(5, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_recv),
                                     RBOOL(RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_aid),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_vid),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_mid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_value));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN_AND(node)->nd_head), ID2SYM(idANDOP),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN_AND(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN_AND(node)->nd_head), ID2SYM(idANDOP),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN_AND(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN_OR(node)->nd_head), ID2SYM(idOROP),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_ASGN_OR(node)->nd_value));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN_OR(node)->nd_head), ID2SYM(idOROP),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_ASGN_OR(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_OP_CDECL:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_CDECL(node)->nd_head),
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_CDECL(node)->nd_head),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_OP_CDECL(node)->nd_aid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OP_CDECL(node)->nd_value));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OP_CDECL(node)->nd_value));
       case NODE_CALL:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_CALL(node)->nd_recv),
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_CALL(node)->nd_recv),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_CALL(node)->nd_mid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_CALL(node)->nd_args));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_CALL(node)->nd_args));
       case NODE_OPCALL:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OPCALL(node)->nd_recv),
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OPCALL(node)->nd_recv),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_OPCALL(node)->nd_mid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_OPCALL(node)->nd_args));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_OPCALL(node)->nd_args));
       case NODE_QCALL:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_QCALL(node)->nd_recv),
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_QCALL(node)->nd_recv),
                                     ID2SYM(RNODE_QCALL(node)->nd_mid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_QCALL(node)->nd_args));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_QCALL(node)->nd_args));
       case NODE_FCALL:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(RNODE_FCALL(node)->nd_mid),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_FCALL(node)->nd_args));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_FCALL(node)->nd_args));
       case NODE_VCALL:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(RNODE_VCALL(node)->nd_mid));
       case NODE_SUPER:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_SUPER(node)->nd_args);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_SUPER(node)->nd_args);
       case NODE_ZSUPER:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_LIST:
-        return dump_array(vast, RNODE_LIST(node));
+        return dump_array(ast_value, RNODE_LIST(node));
       case NODE_ZLIST:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_HASH:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_HASH(node)->nd_head);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_HASH(node)->nd_head);
       case NODE_YIELD:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_YIELD(node)->nd_head);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_YIELD(node)->nd_head);
       case NODE_LVAR:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, var_name(RNODE_LVAR(node)->nd_vid));
       case NODE_DVAR:
@@ -523,11 +585,11 @@ node_children(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, rb_node_regx_string_val(node));
       case NODE_MATCH2:
         if (RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_args) {
-            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_value, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_args);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_value, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_args);
         }
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_value);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_value);
       case NODE_MATCH3:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_MATCH3(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_MATCH3(node)->nd_value);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_MATCH3(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_MATCH3(node)->nd_value);
       case NODE_STR:
       case NODE_XSTR:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, rb_node_str_string_val(node));
@@ -542,7 +604,7 @@ node_children(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
       case NODE_REGX:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, rb_node_regx_string_val(node));
       case NODE_ONCE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_ONCE(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_ONCE(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_DSTR:
       case NODE_DXSTR:
       case NODE_DREGX:
@@ -551,92 +613,92 @@ node_children(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
             struct RNode_LIST *n = RNODE_DSTR(node)->nd_next;
             VALUE head = Qnil, next = Qnil;
             if (n) {
-                head = NEW_CHILD(vast, n->nd_head);
-                next = NEW_CHILD(vast, n->nd_next);
+                head = NEW_CHILD(ast_value, n->nd_head);
+                next = NEW_CHILD(ast_value, n->nd_next);
             }
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, rb_node_dstr_string_val(node), head, next);
         }
       case NODE_SYM:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, rb_node_sym_string_val(node));
       case NODE_EVSTR:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_EVSTR(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_EVSTR(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_ARGSCAT(node)->nd_head, RNODE_ARGSCAT(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_ARGSCAT(node)->nd_head, RNODE_ARGSCAT(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_ARGSPUSH(node)->nd_head, RNODE_ARGSPUSH(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_ARGSPUSH(node)->nd_head, RNODE_ARGSPUSH(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_SPLAT:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_SPLAT(node)->nd_head);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_SPLAT(node)->nd_head);
       case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_BLOCK_PASS(node)->nd_head, RNODE_BLOCK_PASS(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_BLOCK_PASS(node)->nd_head, RNODE_BLOCK_PASS(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_DEFN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(RNODE_DEFN(node)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_DEFN(node)->nd_defn));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(RNODE_DEFN(node)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_DEFN(node)->nd_defn));
       case NODE_DEFS:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_DEFS(node)->nd_recv), ID2SYM(RNODE_DEFS(node)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_DEFS(node)->nd_defn));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_DEFS(node)->nd_recv), ID2SYM(RNODE_DEFS(node)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_DEFS(node)->nd_defn));
       case NODE_ALIAS:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_ALIAS(node)->nd_1st, RNODE_ALIAS(node)->nd_2nd);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_ALIAS(node)->nd_1st, RNODE_ALIAS(node)->nd_2nd);
       case NODE_VALIAS:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(RNODE_VALIAS(node)->nd_alias), ID2SYM(RNODE_VALIAS(node)->nd_orig));
       case NODE_UNDEF:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_UNDEF(node)->nd_undef);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, dump_parser_array(ast_value, RNODE_UNDEF(node)->nd_undefs));
       case NODE_CLASS:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 3, RNODE_CLASS(node)->nd_cpath, RNODE_CLASS(node)->nd_super, RNODE_CLASS(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 3, RNODE_CLASS(node)->nd_cpath, RNODE_CLASS(node)->nd_super, RNODE_CLASS(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_MODULE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_MODULE(node)->nd_cpath, RNODE_MODULE(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_MODULE(node)->nd_cpath, RNODE_MODULE(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_SCLASS:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_SCLASS(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_SCLASS(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_SCLASS(node)->nd_recv, RNODE_SCLASS(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_COLON2:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_COLON2(node)->nd_head), ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON2(node)->nd_mid));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_COLON2(node)->nd_head), ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON2(node)->nd_mid));
       case NODE_COLON3:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON3(node)->nd_mid));
       case NODE_DOT2:
       case NODE_DOT3:
       case NODE_FLIP2:
       case NODE_FLIP3:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_DOT2(node)->nd_beg, RNODE_DOT2(node)->nd_end);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_DOT2(node)->nd_beg, RNODE_DOT2(node)->nd_end);
       case NODE_SELF:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_NIL:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_TRUE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_FALSE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_ERRINFO:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_DEFINED:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_DEFINED(node)->nd_head);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_DEFINED(node)->nd_head);
       case NODE_POSTEXE:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_POSTEXE(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_POSTEXE(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_recv), ID2SYM(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args));
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_recv), ID2SYM(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args));
       case NODE_LAMBDA:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 1, RNODE_LAMBDA(node)->nd_body);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 1, RNODE_LAMBDA(node)->nd_body);
       case NODE_OPT_ARG:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_OPT_ARG(node)->nd_body, RNODE_OPT_ARG(node)->nd_next);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_OPT_ARG(node)->nd_body, RNODE_OPT_ARG(node)->nd_next);
       case NODE_KW_ARG:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_KW_ARG(node)->nd_body, RNODE_KW_ARG(node)->nd_next);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_KW_ARG(node)->nd_body, RNODE_KW_ARG(node)->nd_next);
       case NODE_POSTARG:
         if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_1st)) {
-            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 2, RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_1st, RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_2nd);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 2, RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_1st, RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_2nd);
         }
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, no_name_rest(),
-                                    NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_2nd));
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_POSTARG(node)->nd_2nd));
       case NODE_ARGS:
         {
             struct rb_args_info *ainfo = &RNODE_ARGS(node)->nd_ainfo;
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(10,
                                         INT2NUM(ainfo->pre_args_num),
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, ainfo->pre_init),
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, (NODE *)ainfo->opt_args),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, ainfo->pre_init),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, (NODE *)ainfo->opt_args),
                                         var_name(ainfo->first_post_arg),
                                         INT2NUM(ainfo->post_args_num),
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, ainfo->post_init),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, ainfo->post_init),
                                         (ainfo->rest_arg == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA
                                             ? ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA"))
                                             : var_name(ainfo->rest_arg)),
-                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(vast, (NODE *)ainfo->kw_args)),
-                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(vast, ainfo->kw_rest_arg)),
-                                        var_name(ainfo->block_arg));
+                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(ast_value, (NODE *)ainfo->kw_args)),
+                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(ast_value, ainfo->kw_rest_arg)),
+                                        (ainfo->no_blockarg ? Qfalse : var_name(ainfo->block_arg)));
         }
       case NODE_SCOPE:
         {
@@ -646,35 +708,35 @@ node_children(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
             for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                 rb_ary_push(locals, var_name(tbl->ids[i]));
             }
-            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, locals, NEW_CHILD(vast, (NODE *)RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_args), NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_body));
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, locals, NEW_CHILD(ast_value, (NODE *)RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_args), NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_body));
         }
       case NODE_ARYPTN:
         {
-            VALUE rest = rest_arg(vast, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->rest_arg);
+            VALUE rest = rest_arg(ast_value, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->rest_arg);
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->nd_pconst),
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->pre_args),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->pre_args),
                                         rest,
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->post_args));
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_ARYPTN(node)->post_args));
         }
       case NODE_FNDPTN:
         {
-            VALUE pre_rest = rest_arg(vast, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->pre_rest_arg);
-            VALUE post_rest = rest_arg(vast, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->post_rest_arg);
+            VALUE pre_rest = rest_arg(ast_value, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->pre_rest_arg);
+            VALUE post_rest = rest_arg(ast_value, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->post_rest_arg);
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->nd_pconst),
                                         pre_rest,
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->args),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_FNDPTN(node)->args),
                                         post_rest);
         }
       case NODE_HSHPTN:
         {
             VALUE kwrest = RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pkwrestarg == NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD ? ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD")) :
-                                                                                 NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pkwrestarg);
+                                                                                 NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pkwrestarg);
 
             return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pconst),
-                                        NEW_CHILD(vast, RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pkwargs),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast_value, RNODE_HSHPTN(node)->nd_pkwargs),
                                         kwrest);
         }
       case NODE_LINE:
@@ -684,7 +746,7 @@ node_children(VALUE vast, const NODE *node)
       case NODE_ENCODING:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, rb_node_encoding_val(node));
       case NODE_ERROR:
-        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(vast, 0);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast_value, 0);
       case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
       case NODE_LAST:
         break;
@@ -699,7 +761,250 @@ ast_node_children(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
     struct ASTNodeData *data;
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
 
-    return node_children(data->vast, data->node);
+    return node_children(data->ast_value, data->node);
+}
+
+static int
+null_loc_p(rb_code_location_t *loc)
+{
+    return (loc->beg_pos.lineno == 0 && loc->beg_pos.column == -1 && loc->end_pos.lineno == 0 && loc->end_pos.column == -1);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+location_new(rb_code_location_t *loc)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+    struct ASTLocationData *data;
+
+    if (null_loc_p(loc)) return Qnil;
+
+    obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cLocation, struct ASTLocationData, &rb_location_type, data);
+    data->first_lineno = loc->beg_pos.lineno;
+    data->first_column = loc->beg_pos.column;
+    data->last_lineno = loc->end_pos.lineno;
+    data->last_column = loc->end_pos.column;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+node_locations(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
+{
+    enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_ALIAS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_ALIAS(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_AND:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_AND(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_BLOCK_PASS(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_BREAK:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_BREAK(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_CASE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CASE(node)->case_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CASE(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_CASE2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CASE2(node)->case_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CASE2(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_CASE3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CASE3(node)->case_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CASE3(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_CLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CLASS(node)->class_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CLASS(node)->inheritance_operator_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_CLASS(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON2(node)->delimiter_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON2(node)->name_loc));
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON3(node)->delimiter_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON3(node)->name_loc));
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_DEFINED(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_DOT2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_DOT2(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_DOT3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_DOT3(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_EVSTR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_EVSTR(node)->opening_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_EVSTR(node)->closing_loc));
+      case NODE_FLIP2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_FLIP2(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_FLIP3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_FLIP3(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_FOR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(5,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_FOR(node)->for_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_FOR(node)->in_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_FOR(node)->do_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_FOR(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_LAMBDA:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_LAMBDA(node)->operator_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_LAMBDA(node)->opening_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_LAMBDA(node)->closing_loc));
+      case NODE_IF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IF(node)->if_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IF(node)->then_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IF(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_IN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IN(node)->in_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IN(node)->then_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IN(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_MODULE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_MODULE(node)->module_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_MODULE(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_NEXT:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_NEXT(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_OR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OR(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(5,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->call_operator_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->opening_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->closing_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN1(node)->binary_operator_loc));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->call_operator_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->message_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_OP_ASGN2(node)->binary_operator_loc));
+      case NODE_POSTEXE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_POSTEXE(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_POSTEXE(node)->opening_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_POSTEXE(node)->closing_loc));
+      case NODE_REDO:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_REDO(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_REGX:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_REGX(node)->opening_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_REGX(node)->content_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_REGX(node)->closing_loc));
+      case NODE_RETURN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_RETURN(node)->keyword_loc));
+
+      case NODE_SCLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SCLASS(node)->class_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SCLASS(node)->operator_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SCLASS(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+
+      case NODE_SPLAT:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SPLAT(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_SUPER:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SUPER(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SUPER(node)->lparen_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SUPER(node)->rparen_loc));
+      case NODE_UNDEF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_UNDEF(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_UNLESS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_UNLESS(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_UNLESS(node)->then_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_UNLESS(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_VALIAS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_VALIAS(node)->keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_WHEN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_WHEN(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_WHEN(node)->then_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_WHILE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_WHILE(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_WHILE(node)->closing_loc));
+      case NODE_UNTIL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_UNTIL(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_UNTIL(node)->closing_loc));
+      case NODE_YIELD:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_YIELD(node)->keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_YIELD(node)->lparen_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_YIELD(node)->rparen_loc));
+      case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
+      case NODE_LAST:
+        break;
+      default:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, location_new(nd_code_loc(node)));
+    }
+
+    rb_bug("node_locations: unknown node: %s", ruby_node_name(type));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_locations(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return node_locations(data->ast_value, data->node);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -749,7 +1054,7 @@ ast_node_all_tokens(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
     VALUE str, loc, token, all_tokens;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
-    ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->vast);
+    ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->ast_value);
 
     parser_tokens = ast->node_buffer->tokens;
     if (parser_tokens == NULL) {
@@ -769,7 +1074,7 @@ ast_node_all_tokens(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
         token = rb_ary_new_from_args(4, INT2FIX(parser_token->id), ID2SYM(rb_intern(parser_token->type_name)), str, loc);
         rb_ary_push(all_tokens, token);
     }
-    rb_obj_freeze(all_tokens);
+    rb_ary_freeze(all_tokens);
 
     return all_tokens;
 }
@@ -800,12 +1105,66 @@ ast_node_script_lines(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
     struct ASTNodeData *data;
     rb_ast_t *ast;
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
-    ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->vast);
+    ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->ast_value);
     rb_parser_ary_t *ret = ast->body.script_lines;
-    if (!ret || FIXNUM_P((VALUE)ret)) return Qnil;
     return rb_parser_build_script_lines_from(ret);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ast_location_first_lineno(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTLocationData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTLocationData, &rb_location_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(data->first_lineno);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_location_first_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTLocationData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTLocationData, &rb_location_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(data->first_column);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_location_last_lineno(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTLocationData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTLocationData, &rb_location_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(data->last_lineno);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_location_last_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTLocationData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTLocationData, &rb_location_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(data->last_column);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_location_inspect(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE cname;
+    struct ASTLocationData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTLocationData, &rb_location_type, data);
+
+    cname = rb_class_path(rb_obj_class(self));
+    str = rb_str_new2("#<");
+
+    rb_str_append(str, cname);
+    rb_str_catf(str, ":@%d:%d-%d:%d>",
+                data->first_lineno, data->first_column,
+                data->last_lineno, data->last_column);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
 #include "ast.rbinc"
 
 void
@@ -813,5 +1172,7 @@ Init_ast(void)
 {
     rb_mAST = rb_define_module_under(rb_cRubyVM, "AbstractSyntaxTree");
     rb_cNode = rb_define_class_under(rb_mAST, "Node", rb_cObject);
+    rb_cLocation = rb_define_class_under(rb_mAST, "Location", rb_cObject);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cNode);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cLocation);
 }
diff --git a/ast.rb b/ast.rb
index 51ee5b3d59..6380621780 100644
--- a/ast.rb
+++ b/ast.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@
 # access children nodes by name, etc.
 #
 # If you are looking for a stable API or an API working under multiple Ruby
-# implementations, consider using the _parser_ gem or Ripper. If you would
-# like to make RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree stable, please join the discussion
-# at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14844.
+# implementations, consider using the _prism_ gem, which is the official
+# Ruby API to parse Ruby code.
 #
 module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
 
@@ -272,5 +271,62 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
         nil
       end
     end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     node.locations -> array
+    #
+    #  Returns location objects associated with the AST node.
+    #  The returned array contains RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Location.
+    def locations
+      Primitive.ast_node_locations
+    end
+  end
+
+  # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Location instances are created by
+  # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node#locations.
+  #
+  # This class is MRI specific.
+  #
+  class Location
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     location.first_lineno -> integer
+    #
+    #  The line number in the source code where this AST's text began.
+    def first_lineno
+      Primitive.ast_location_first_lineno
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     location.first_column -> integer
+    #
+    #  The column number in the source code where this AST's text began.
+    def first_column
+      Primitive.ast_location_first_column
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     location.last_lineno -> integer
+    #
+    #  The line number in the source code where this AST's text ended.
+    def last_lineno
+      Primitive.ast_location_last_lineno
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     location.last_column -> integer
+    #
+    #  The column number in the source code where this AST's text ended.
+    def last_column
+      Primitive.ast_location_last_column
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     location.inspect -> string
+    #
+    #  Returns debugging information about this location as a string.
+    def inspect
+      Primitive.ast_location_inspect
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/autogen.sh b/autogen.sh
index f8cdf3c0c1..6cbc5dddab 100755
--- a/autogen.sh
+++ b/autogen.sh
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
+# Clear PWD to force commands to recompute working directory
 PWD=
+
+# Figure out the source directory for this script
+# configure.ac should be in the same place
 case "$0" in
-*/*) srcdir=`dirname $0`;;
-*) srcdir="";;
+    */* )  srcdir=`dirname "$0"` ;; # Called with path
+    *   )  srcdir="";; # Otherwise
 esac
 
-symlink='--install --symlink'
+# If install-only is explicitly requested, disable symlink flags
 case " $* " in
-    *" -i "*|*" --install "*)
-        # reset to copy missing standard auxiliary files, instead of symlinks
-        symlink=
-        ;;
+    *" -i "* | *" --install"* ) symlink_flags="" ;;
+    *                         ) symlink_flags="--install --symlink" ;;
 esac
 
-exec ${AUTORECONF:-autoreconf} ${symlink} "$@" ${srcdir:+"$srcdir"}
+exec ${AUTORECONF:-autoreconf} \
+     $symlink_flags \
+     "$@" \
+     $srcdir
diff --git a/benchmark/README.md b/benchmark/README.md
index e11381cad9..9f9192685e 100644
--- a/benchmark/README.md
+++ b/benchmark/README.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ benchmark-driver benchmark/*.yml
 See also:
 
 ```console
+benchmark-driver --help
 Usage: benchmark-driver [options] RUBY|YAML...
     -r, --runner TYPE                Specify runner type: ips, time, memory, once, block (default: ips)
     -o, --output TYPE                Specify output type: compare, simple, markdown, record, all (default: compare)
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ Usage: benchmark-driver [options] RUBY|YAML...
         --filter REGEXP              Filter out benchmarks with given regexp
         --run-duration SECONDS       Warmup estimates loop_count to run for this duration (default: 3)
         --timeout SECONDS            Timeout ruby command execution with timeout(1)
-    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visilibity (max: 2)
+    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visibility (max: 2)
 ```
 
 ## make benchmark
diff --git a/benchmark/app_aobench.rb b/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
index 16296af12b..c1546e08ab 100644
--- a/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def clamp(f)
   i.to_i
 end
 
-def otherBasis(basis, n)
+def orthoBasis(basis, n)
   basis[2] = Vec.new(n.x, n.y, n.z)
   basis[1] = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class Scene
 
   def ambient_occlusion(isect)
     basis = Array.new
-    otherBasis(basis, isect.n)
+    orthoBasis(basis, isect.n)
 
     ntheta    = NAO_SAMPLES
     nphi      = NAO_SAMPLES
diff --git a/benchmark/app_fib.rb b/benchmark/app_fib.rb
index 34a7b2e725..e61bc8aa32 100644
--- a/benchmark/app_fib.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_fib.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-def fib n
+def fib(n)
   if n < 3
     1
   else
diff --git a/benchmark/class_superclass.yml b/benchmark/class_superclass.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..847ff811f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/class_superclass.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+prelude: |
+  class SimpleClass; end
+  class OneModuleClass
+    1.times { include Module.new }
+  end
+  class MediumClass
+    10.times { include Module.new }
+  end
+  class LargeClass
+    100.times { include Module.new }
+  end
+benchmark:
+  object_class_superclass: |
+    Object.superclass
+  simple_class_superclass: |
+    SimpleClass.superclass
+  one_module_class: |
+    OneModuleClass.superclass
+  medium_class_superclass: |
+    MediumClass.superclass
+  large_class_superclass: |
+    LargeClass.superclass
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/dir_pwd.yml b/benchmark/dir_pwd.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c435d3ac5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/dir_pwd.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+benchmark:
+  pwd: Dir.pwd
diff --git a/benchmark/file_basename.yml b/benchmark/file_basename.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbd78785aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_basename.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+benchmark:
+  long: File.basename("/Users/george/src/github.com/ruby/ruby/benchmark/file_dirname.yml")
+  long_name: File.basename("Users_george_src_github.com_ruby_ruby_benchmark_file_dirname.yml")
+  withext: File.basename("/Users/george/src/github.com/ruby/ruby/benchmark/file_dirname.yml", ".yml")
diff --git a/benchmark/file_dirname.yml b/benchmark/file_dirname.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43a81c9371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_dirname.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+benchmark:
+  long: File.dirname("/Users/george/src/github.com/ruby/ruby/benchmark/file_dirname.yml")
+  short: File.dirname("foo/bar")
+  n_4: File.dirname("/Users/george/src/github.com/ruby/ruby/benchmark/file_dirname.yml", 4)
diff --git a/benchmark/file_expand_path.yml b/benchmark/file_expand_path.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e503ab003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_expand_path.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+benchmark:
+  expand_path: File.expand_path("../../foo.txt", __FILE__)
diff --git a/benchmark/file_extname.yml b/benchmark/file_extname.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb16e55840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_extname.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+benchmark:
+  long: File.extname("/Users/george/src/github.com/ruby/ruby/benchmark/file_dirname.yml")
+  long_name: File.extname("Users_george_src_github.com_ruby_ruby_benchmark_file_dirname.yml")
+  short: File.extname("foo/bar")
diff --git a/benchmark/file_join.yml b/benchmark/file_join.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..845257cf1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_join.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+benchmark:
+  two_strings: File.join(__FILE__, "path")
+  many_strings: File.join(__FILE__, "path", "a", "b", "c", "d")
+  array: File.join([__FILE__, "path", "a", "b", "c", "d"])
+  mixed: File.join(__FILE__, "path", "a", "b", ["c", "d"])
diff --git a/benchmark/float_predicate.yml b/benchmark/float_predicate.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b946937666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/float_predicate.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  floats = [1.0, -1.0, 0.0, Float::NAN, Float::INFINITY, -Float::INFINITY]
+
+benchmark:
+  float_nan?: floats.each { |f| f.nan? }
+  float_finite?: floats.each { |f| f.finite? }
+  float_infinite?: floats.each { |f| f.infinite? }
+  float_zero?: floats.each { |f| f.zero? }
+  float_positive?: floats.each { |f| f.positive? }
+  float_negative?: floats.each { |f| f.negative? }
+
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_aref_str_lit.yml b/benchmark/hash_aref_str_lit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed8142bcf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_str_lit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  hash = 10.times.to_h do |i|
+    [i, i]
+  end
+  dyn_sym = "dynamic_symbol".to_sym
+  binary = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("# frozen_string_literal: true\n'iseq_load'").to_binary
+  iseq_literal_string = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.load_from_binary(binary).eval
+
+  hash[:some_symbol] = 1
+  hash[dyn_sym] = 2
+  hash["small"] = 3
+  hash["frozen_string_literal"] = 4
+  hash[iseq_literal_string] = 5
+benchmark:
+  symbol: hash[:some_symbol]
+  dyn_symbol: hash[dyn_sym]
+  small_lit: hash["small"]
+  frozen_lit: hash["frozen_string_literal"]
+  iseq_lit: hash[iseq_literal_string]
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_new.yml b/benchmark/hash_new.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d8e34187f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_new.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  has_hash_with_capa = Hash.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.include?([:key, :capacity])
+  strings_1k = 1_000.times.map { |i| -i.to_s.freeze }
+  strings_100k = 100_000.times.map { |i| -i.to_s.freeze }
+benchmark:
+  new: Hash.new
+  new_with_capa_1k: |
+    h = has_hash_with_capa ? Hash.new(capacity: strings_1k.size) : {}
+    strings_1k.each do |x|
+      h[x] = true
+    end
+  new_with_capa_100k: |
+    h = has_hash_with_capa ? Hash.new(capacity: strings_100k.size) : {}
+    strings_100k.each do |x|
+      h[x] = true
+    end
diff --git a/benchmark/int_to_s.yml b/benchmark/int_to_s.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..000dae9612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/int_to_s.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  N1   = 5
+  N2   = 42
+  N3   = 400
+  N5   = 12345
+  N10  = 1_234_567_890
+  N19  = 4_611_686_018_427_387_903
+  NEG  = -1_234_567_890
+  BIG20  = 10 ** 19 + 12_345_678_901_234_567
+  BIG40  = 10 ** 39 + 123_456_789_012_345
+  BIG100 = 10 ** 99 + 42
+benchmark:
+  fix_1digit:   "N1.to_s"
+  fix_2digit:   "N2.to_s"
+  fix_3digit:   "N3.to_s"
+  fix_5digit:   "N5.to_s"
+  fix_10digit:  "N10.to_s"
+  fix_19digit:  "N19.to_s"
+  fix_negative: "NEG.to_s"
+  big_20digit:  "BIG20.to_s"
+  big_40digit:  "BIG40.to_s"
+  big_100digit: "BIG100.to_s"
+  interp_id:    '"id=#{N10}"'
+  interp_mixed: '"a=#{N2},b=#{N5},c=#{N10}"'
diff --git a/benchmark/integer_predicate.yml b/benchmark/integer_predicate.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c05ff2587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/integer_predicate.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  nums = (0..9).to_a
+
+benchmark:
+  integer_zero?: nums.each { |n| n.zero? }
+  integer_even?: nums.each { |n| n.even? }
+  integer_odd?: nums.each { |n| n.odd? }
+
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/io_close.yml b/benchmark/io_close.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a552872884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_close.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  ios = 1000.times.map do
+    100.times.map{IO.pipe}
+  end
+benchmark:
+  # Close IO
+  io_close: |
+    # Process each batch of ios per iteration of the benchmark.
+    ios.pop.each do |r, w|
+      r.close
+      w.close
+    end
+loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/io_close_contended.yml b/benchmark/io_close_contended.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d9e4e0d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_close_contended.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+prelude: |
+  ios = 100.times.map do
+    10.times.map do
+      pipe = IO.pipe.tap do |r, w|
+        Thread.new do
+          r.read
+        rescue IOError
+          # Ignore
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  # Close IO
+  io_close_contended: |
+    # Process each batch of ios per iteration of the benchmark.
+    ios.pop.each do |r, w|
+      r.close
+      w.close
+    end
+loop_count: 10
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb
index c730b8e4a5..fd9c2dd4db 100644
--- a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ __bmdv_ractors << Ractor.new(__bmdv_loop_after - __bmdv_loop_before) { |__bmdv_l
 <% end %>
 
 # Wait for all Ractors before executing code to write results
-__bmdv_ractors.map!(&:take)
+__bmdv_ractors.map!(&:value)
 
 <% results.each do |result| %>
 File.write(<%= result.dump %>, __bmdv_ractors.shift)
diff --git a/benchmark/module_eqq.yml b/benchmark/module_eqq.yml
index a561fb86dc..2f9c490d92 100644
--- a/benchmark/module_eqq.yml
+++ b/benchmark/module_eqq.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 prelude: |
+  module SomeModule; end
   class SimpleClass; end
   class MediumClass
     10.times { include Module.new }
@@ -24,4 +25,8 @@ benchmark:
     SimpleClass === LargeObj
   simple_class_eqq_huge_obj: |
     SimpleClass === HugeObj
-loop_count: 20000000
+  simple_class_eqq_module: |
+    SimpleClass === HugeObj
+  module_eqq_module: |
+    SomeModule === HugeObj
+loop_count: 10000000
diff --git a/benchmark/nilclass.yml b/benchmark/nilclass.yml
index fba67a5f6a..66234c4cdf 100644
--- a/benchmark/nilclass.yml
+++ b/benchmark/nilclass.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  def a = nil
 benchmark:
+  rationalize:
+    nil.rationalize
+  to_c: |
+    nil.to_c
   to_i: |
     nil.to_i
   to_f: |
     nil.to_f
+  to_r: |
+    nil.to_r
+  splat: |
+    a(*nil)
 loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/object_allocate.yml b/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
index bdbd4536db..c6269923f0 100644
--- a/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
+++ b/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
@@ -45,4 +45,5 @@ benchmark:
   allocate_kwarg_params: "KWArg.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4)"
   allocate_mixed_params: "Mixed.new(1, 2, c: 3, d: 4)"
   allocate_no_params: "Object.new"
+  allocate_allocate: "Object.allocate"
 loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/object_class.yml b/benchmark/object_class.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e5409d1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/object_class.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+prelude: |
+  def get_class(obj)
+    i = 10_000
+    while i > 0
+      i -= 1
+      # 100 times per loop
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Obj
+  end
+  obj = Obj.new
+
+  singleton = Obj.new
+  def singleton.bar
+  end
+
+  extended = Obj.new
+  2.times do
+    extended.extend Module.new
+  end
+
+  immediate = 1.4
+benchmark:
+  obj: get_class(obj)
+  extended: get_class(extended)
+  singleton: get_class(singleton)
+  immediate: get_class(immediate)
+loop_count: 1000
diff --git a/benchmark/object_id.yml b/benchmark/object_id.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bd52b923f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/object_id.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  baseline: "Object.new"
+  object_id: "Object.new.object_id"
+# loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/pathname.yml b/benchmark/pathname.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bcf3011eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/pathname.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  abs = Pathname("/a")
+  rel = Pathname("a")
+  p1 = Pathname.new('foo/././././bar')
+  p2 = Pathname.new('foo/bar/./../..')
+  p3 = Pathname.new('foo/bar/zot')
+benchmark:
+  p1+p2: p1+p2
+  abs.root?: abs.root?
+  rel.root?: rel.root?
+  abs.absolute?: abs.absolute?
+  rel.absolute?: rel.absolute?
+  p1.cleanpath: p1.cleanpath
+  p2.cleanpath: p2.cleanpath
+  relative_path_from: p3.relative_path_from('foo/bar/qux/quax')
diff --git a/benchmark/ractor_string_fstring.yml b/benchmark/ractor_string_fstring.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14b92d8fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/ractor_string_fstring.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor
+benchmark:
+  ractor_fstring_random: |
+    i = 0
+    str = "same".dup
+    while i < 2000000
+      -(i.to_s.freeze)
+      i += 1
+    end
+  ractor_fstring_same: |
+    i = 0
+    str = "same".dup
+    while i < 2000000
+      -str
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
+ractor: 4
diff --git a/benchmark/scan.yaml b/benchmark/scan.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62ad1d6862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/scan.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("lib"))
+  require "strscan"
+  str = "test string"
+  scanner = StringScanner.new(str)
+  str = "test"
+  reg = /test/
+benchmark:
+  check(reg): |
+    scanner.check(reg)
+  check(str): |
+    scanner.check(str)
+  match?(reg): |
+    scanner.match?(reg)
+  match?(str): |
+    scanner.match?(str)
diff --git a/benchmark/search.yaml b/benchmark/search.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42a50c90e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/search.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("lib"))
+  require "strscan"
+  str = "test string"
+  scanner = StringScanner.new(str)
+  str = "string"
+  reg = /string/
+benchmark:
+  check_until(reg): |
+    scanner.check_until(reg)
+  check_until(str): |
+    scanner.check_until(str)
+  exist?(reg): |
+    scanner.exist?(reg)
+  exist?(str): |
+    scanner.exist?(str)
diff --git a/benchmark/set.yml b/benchmark/set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..061509cb1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+prelude: |
+  # First 1000 digits of pi
+  pi = <<~END.gsub(/\D/, '')
+    31415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089
+    98628034825342117067982148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450
+    28410270193852110555964462294895493038196442881097566593344612847564823378678316
+    52712019091456485669234603486104543266482133936072602491412737245870066063155881
+    74881520920962829254091715364367892590360011330530548820466521384146951941511609
+    43305727036575959195309218611738193261179310511854807446237996274956735188575272
+    48912279381830119491298336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798609437027
+    70539217176293176752384674818467669405132000568127145263560827785771342757789609
+    17363717872146844090122495343014654958537105079227968925892354201995611212902196
+    08640344181598136297747713099605187072113499999983729780499510597317328160963185
+    95024459455346908302642522308253344685035261931188171010003137838752886587533208
+    38142061717766914730359825349042875546873115956286388235378759375195778185778053
+    21712268066130019278766111959092164201989380952572010654505906988788448549
+  END
+  array1 = 10.times.flat_map do |i|
+    pi[i...].chars.each_slice(10).map(&:join)
+  end
+  array2 = array1.map(&:reverse)
+  array1.map!(&:to_i)
+  array2.map!(&:to_i)
+  a1 = array1[...10]
+  a2 = array1[...100]
+  a3 = array1
+  oa1 = array2[...10]
+  oa2 = array2[...100]
+  oa3 = array2
+  s0 = Set.new
+  s0 = Set.new
+  s1 = Set.new(a1)
+  s2 = Set.new(a2)
+  s3 = Set.new(a3)
+  o0 = Set.new
+  o1 = Set.new(array2[...10])
+  o2 = Set.new(array2[...100])
+  o3 = Set.new(array2)
+  d0 = s0.dup
+  d1 = s1.dup
+  d2 = s2.dup
+  d3 = s3.dup
+  ss1 = s1 - a1[-1..-1]
+  ss2 = s2 - a2[-1..-1]
+  ss3 = s3 - a3[-1..-1]
+  os1 = o1 - oa1[-1..-1]
+  os2 = o2 - oa2[-1..-1]
+  os3 = o3 - oa3[-1..-1]
+  member = a1.first
+  cbi = s0.dup.compare_by_identity
+  ns = Set[s3, o3, d3]
+  set_subclass = Class.new(Set)
+
+benchmark:
+  new_0: Set.new
+  new_10: Set.new(a1)
+  new_100: Set.new(a2)
+  new_1000: Set.new(a3)
+  aref_0: Set[]
+  aref_10: Set[*a1]
+  aref_100: Set[*a2]
+  aref_1000: Set[*a3]
+  amp_0: s0 & o0
+  amp_10: s1 & o1
+  amp_100: s2 & o2
+  amp_1000: s3 & o3
+  amp_same_0: s0 & d0
+  amp_same_10: s1 & d1
+  amp_same_100: s2 & d2
+  amp_same_1000: s3 & d3
+  minus_0: s0 - o0
+  minus_10: s1 - o1
+  minus_100: s2 - o2
+  minus_1000: s3 - o3
+  minus_same_0: s0 - d0
+  minus_same_10: s1 - d1
+  minus_same_100: s2 - d2
+  minus_same_1000: s3 - d3
+  spaceship_0: s0 <=> o0
+  spaceship_diff_10: s1 <=> o1
+  spaceship_diff_100: s2 <=> o2
+  spaceship_diff_1000: s2 <=> o3
+  spaceship_sub_10: s1 <=> ss1
+  spaceship_sub_100: s2 <=> ss2
+  spaceship_sub_1000: s2 <=> ss3
+  spaceship_sup_10: ss1 <=> s1
+  spaceship_sup_100: ss2 <=> s2
+  spaceship_sup_1000: ss2 <=> s3
+  eq_0: s0 == o0
+  eq_10: s1 == o1
+  eq_100: s2 == o2
+  eq_1000: s3 == o3
+  eq_same_0: s0 == d0
+  eq_same_10: s1 == d1
+  eq_same_100: s2 == d2
+  eq_same_1000: s3 == d3
+  xor_0: s0 ^ o0
+  xor_10: s1 ^ o1
+  xor_100: s2 ^ o2
+  xor_1000: s3 ^ o3
+  xor_same_0: s0 ^ d0
+  xor_same_10: s1 ^ d1
+  xor_same_100: s2 ^ d2
+  xor_same_1000: s3 ^ d3
+  pipe_0: s0 | o0
+  pipe_10: s1 | o1
+  pipe_100: s2 | o2
+  pipe_1000: s3 | o3
+  pipe_same_0: s0 | d0
+  pipe_same_10: s1 | d1
+  pipe_same_100: s2 | d2
+  pipe_same_1000: s3 | d3
+  add: a3.each { s0.add(it) }
+  add_exist: a3.each { s3.add(it) }
+  addq: a3.each { s0.add?(it) }
+  addq_exist: a3.each { s3.add?(it) }
+  classify_0: s0.classify { it }
+  classify_10: s1.classify { it & 2 }
+  classify_100: s2.classify { it & 8 }
+  classify_1000: s3.classify { it & 32 }
+  clear: s0.clear
+  collect_0: s0.collect! { it }
+  collect_10: s1.collect! { it }
+  collect_100: s2.collect! { it }
+  collect_1000: s3.collect! { it }
+  compare_by_identity_0: s0.dup.compare_by_identity
+  compare_by_identity_10: s1.dup.compare_by_identity
+  compare_by_identity_100: s2.dup.compare_by_identity
+  compare_by_identity_1000: s3.dup.compare_by_identity
+  compare_by_identityq_false: s0.compare_by_identity?
+  compare_by_identityq_true: cbi.compare_by_identity?
+  clone_0: s0.clone
+  clone_10: s1.clone
+  clone_100: s2.clone
+  clone_1000: s3.clone
+  delete: a3.each { s3.delete(it) }
+  delete_not_exist: a3.each { o3.delete(it) }
+  deleteq: a3.each { s3.delete?(it) }
+  deleteq_not_exist: a3.each { o3.delete?(it) }
+  delete_if_0: s0.delete_if { it }
+  delete_if_10: s1.delete_if { it & 2 == 0 }
+  delete_if_100: s2.delete_if { it & 2 == 0 }
+  delete_if_1000: s3.delete_if { it & 2 == 0 }
+  disjoint_0: s0.disjoint? o0
+  disjoint_10: s1.disjoint? o1
+  disjoint_100: s2.disjoint? o2
+  disjoint_1000: s3.disjoint? o3
+  disjoint_same_0: s0.disjoint? d0
+  disjoint_same_10: s1.disjoint? d1
+  disjoint_same_100: s2.disjoint? d2
+  disjoint_same_1000: s3.disjoint? d3
+  divide_1arity_0: s0.divide { true }
+  divide_1arity_10: s1.divide { it & 2 }
+  divide_1arity_100: s2.divide { it & 8 }
+  divide_1arity_1000: s3.divide { it & 32 }
+  divide_2arity_0: s0.divide { true }
+  divide_2arity_10: s1.divide { (_1 & 2) == (_2 & 2) }
+  divide_2arity_100: s2.divide { (_1 & 8) == (_2 & 8) }
+  divide_2arity_1000: s3.divide { (_1 & 32) == (_2 & 32) }
+  dup_0: s0.dup
+  dup_10: s1.dup
+  dup_100: s2.dup
+  dup_1000: s3.dup
+  each_0: s0.each { it }
+  each_10: s1.each { it }
+  each_100: s2.each { it }
+  each_1000: s3.each { it }
+  empty_true: s0.empty?
+  empty_false: s3.empty?
+  flatten: ns.flatten
+  flattenb: ns.flatten!
+  include_true_0: s0.include? member
+  include_true_10: s1.include? member
+  include_true_100: s2.include? member
+  include_true_1000: s3.include? member
+  include_false_0: s0.include?(-1)
+  include_false_10: s1.include?(-1)
+  include_false_100: s2.include?(-1)
+  include_false_1000: s3.include?(-1)
+  intersect_0: s0.intersect? o0
+  intersect_10: s1.intersect? o1
+  intersect_100: s2.intersect? o2
+  intersect_1000: s3.intersect? o3
+  intersect_same_0: s0.intersect? d0
+  intersect_same_10: s1.intersect? d1
+  intersect_same_100: s2.intersect? d2
+  intersect_same_1000: s3.intersect? d3
+  join_0: s0.join
+  join_10: s1.join
+  join_100: s2.join
+  join_1000: s3.join
+  join_arg_0: s0.join ""
+  join_arg_10: s1.join ""
+  join_arg_100: s2.join ""
+  join_arg_1000: s3.join ""
+  keep_if_0: s0.keep_if { it }
+  keep_if_10: s1.keep_if { it & 2 == 0 }
+  keep_if_100: s2.keep_if { it & 2 == 0 }
+  keep_if_1000: s3.keep_if { it & 2 == 0 }
+  merge_set: s0.dup.merge(s3, o3)
+  merge_enum: s0.dup.merge(array1, array2)
+  proper_subset_0: s0.proper_subset? s0
+  proper_subset_10: s1.proper_subset? ss1
+  proper_subset_100: s2.proper_subset? ss2
+  proper_subset_1000: s3.proper_subset? ss3
+  proper_subset_false_10: s1.proper_subset? os1
+  proper_subset_false_100: s2.proper_subset? os2
+  proper_subset_false_1000: s3.proper_subset? os3
+  proper_superset_0: s0.proper_superset? s0
+  proper_superset_10: ss1.proper_superset? s1
+  proper_superset_100: ss2.proper_superset? s2
+  proper_superset_1000: ss3.proper_superset? s3
+  proper_superset_false_10: os1.proper_superset? s1
+  proper_superset_false_100: os2.proper_superset? s2
+  proper_superset_false_1000: os3.proper_superset? s3
+  reject_0: s0.reject! { it }
+  reject_10: s1.reject! { it & 2 == 0 }
+  reject_100: s2.reject! { it & 2 == 0 }
+  reject_1000: s3.reject! { it & 2 == 0 }
+  replace_0: s = Set.new; array1.each { s.replace(s0) }
+  replace_10: s = Set.new; array1.each { s.replace(s1) }
+  replace_100: s = Set.new; array1.each { s.replace(s2) }
+  replace_1000: s = Set.new; array1.each { s.replace(s3) }
+  reset_0: s0.reset
+  reset_10: s1.reset
+  reset_100: s2.reset
+  reset_1000: s3.reset
+  select_0: s0.select! { it }
+  select_10: s1.select! { it & 2 == 0 }
+  select_100: s2.select! { it & 2 == 0 }
+  select_1000: s3.select! { it & 2 == 0 }
+  size_0: s0.size
+  size_10: s1.size
+  size_100: s2.size
+  size_1000: s3.size
+  subtract_set: s3.dup.subtract(os3)
+  subtract_enum: s3.dup.subtract(oa3)
+  subtract_same_set: s3.dup.subtract(s3)
+  subtract_same_enum: s3.dup.subtract(a3)
+  subset_0: s0.subset? s0
+  subset_10: s1.subset? ss1
+  subset_100: s2.subset? ss2
+  subset_1000: s3.subset? ss3
+  subset_false_10: s1.subset? os1
+  subset_false_100: s2.subset? os2
+  subset_false_1000: s3.subset? os3
+  superset_0: s0.superset? s0
+  superset_10: ss1.superset? s1
+  superset_100: ss2.superset? s2
+  superset_1000: ss3.superset? s3
+  superset_false_10: os1.superset? s1
+  superset_false_100: os2.superset? s2
+  superset_false_1000: os3.superset? s3
+  to_a_0: s0.to_a
+  to_a_10: s1.to_a
+  to_a_100: s2.to_a
+  to_a_1000: s3.to_a
+  to_set_0: s0.to_set
+  to_set_10: s1.to_set
+  to_set_100: s2.to_set
+  to_set_1000: s3.to_set
diff --git a/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
index 2354040a04..88a3555c8a 100644
--- a/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
+++ b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ benchmark:
   casecmp-10: lstr10.casecmp(ustr10)
   casecmp-100: lstr100.casecmp(ustr100)
   casecmp-1000: lstr1000.casecmp(ustr1000)
+  casecmp-1000vs10: lstr1000.casecmp(ustr10)
   casecmp-nonascii1: lnonascii1.casecmp(unonascii1)
   casecmp-nonascii10: lnonascii10.casecmp(unonascii10)
   casecmp-nonascii100: lnonascii100.casecmp(unonascii100)
   casecmp-nonascii1000: lnonascii1000.casecmp(unonascii1000)
+  casecmp-nonascii1000vs10: lnonascii1000.casecmp(unonascii10)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_codepoints.yml b/benchmark/string_codepoints.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a07db7ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_codepoints.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  mixed_ascii64 = ("a" * 63 + "\u{100}") * 2048
+  mixed_ascii256 = ("a" * 255 + "\u{100}") * 512
+  utf8_2byte = "\u{100}" * 65536
+
+benchmark:
+  codepoints_mixed_ascii64: mixed_ascii64.codepoints
+  codepoints_mixed_ascii256: mixed_ascii256.codepoints
+  codepoints_utf8_2byte: utf8_2byte.codepoints
diff --git a/benchmark/string_coderange_scan.yml b/benchmark/string_coderange_scan.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d47bbd2b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_coderange_scan.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  def unknown(s) = s.b.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+  multibyte   = unknown("\u{00e9}" * 16384)   # best case: every byte non-ASCII
+  alternating = unknown("\u{00e9}a" * 10922)  # worst case: non-ASCII then ASCII
+  ascii       = unknown("a" * 32768)          # baseline
+
+benchmark:
+  coderange_multibyte:   multibyte.dup.valid_encoding?
+  coderange_alternating: alternating.dup.valid_encoding?
+  coderange_ascii:       ascii.dup.valid_encoding?
diff --git a/benchmark/string_concat.yml b/benchmark/string_concat.yml
index da14692f5e..c07fd21013 100644
--- a/benchmark/string_concat.yml
+++ b/benchmark/string_concat.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 prelude: |
   CHUNK = "a" * 64
   UCHUNK = "é" * 32
-  SHORT = "a" * (GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE] / 2)
-  LONG = "a" * (GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:BASE_SLOT_SIZE] * 2)
+  SHORT = "a" * (GC.stat_heap(0, :slot_size) / 2)
+  LONG = "a" * (GC.stat_heap(0, :slot_size) * 2)
   GC.disable # GC causes a lot of variance
 benchmark:
   binary_concat_7bit: |
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ benchmark:
       "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
       "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
       "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}"
-  interpolation_same_size_pool: |
+  interpolation_same_heap: |
     buffer = "#{SHORT}#{SHORT}"
-  interpolation_switching_size_pools: |
+  interpolation_switching_heaps: |
     buffer = "#{SHORT}#{LONG}"
diff --git a/benchmark/string_fstring.yml b/benchmark/string_fstring.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cafef1f3fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_fstring.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+benchmark:
+  fstring_random: |
+    i = 0
+    str = "same".dup
+    while i < 5_000_000
+      -(i.to_s.freeze)
+      i += 1
+    end
+  fstring_same: |
+    i = 0
+    str = "same".dup
+    while i < 10_000_000
+      -str
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/string_gsub.yml b/benchmark/string_gsub.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c26e1a6498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_gsub.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  STR = ((("a" * 31) + "<") * 1000).freeze
+  STR_UNICODE = ((("a" * 30) + "\u2028") * 1000).freeze
+  ESCAPED_CHARS_BINARY = {
+    "\u2028".b => '\u2028'.b,
+    "\u2029".b => '\u2029'.b,
+    ">".b => '\u003e'.b.freeze,
+    "<".b => '\u003c'.b.freeze,
+    "&".b => '\u0026'.b.freeze,
+  }
+  BINARY_PATTERN = Regexp.union(ESCAPED_CHARS_BINARY.keys)
+
+  ESCAPED_CHARS = {
+    "\u2028" => '\u2028',
+    "\u2029" => '\u2029',
+    ">" => '\u003e',
+    "<" => '\u003c',
+    "&" => '\u0026',
+  }
+  ESCAPE_PATTERN = Regexp.union(ESCAPED_CHARS.keys)
+
+  NO_MATCH_SHARED_STRING = ("a" * 100_000).freeze
+
+benchmark:
+  gsub_no_match_shared: |
+    str = NO_MATCH_SHARED_STRING.dup
+    str.gsub!("z", "x")
+    str
+
+  sub_no_match_shared: |
+    str = NO_MATCH_SHARED_STRING.dup
+    str.sub!("z", "x")
+    str
+
+  escape: |
+    str = STR.dup
+    str.gsub!(ESCAPE_PATTERN, ESCAPED_CHARS)
+    str
+
+  escape_bin: |
+    str = STR.b
+    str.gsub!(BINARY_PATTERN, ESCAPED_CHARS_BINARY)
+    str.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+
+  escape_utf8: |
+    str = STR_UNICODE.dup
+    str.gsub!(ESCAPE_PATTERN, ESCAPED_CHARS)
+    str
+
+  escape_utf8_bin: |
+    str = STR_UNICODE.b
+    str.gsub!(BINARY_PATTERN, ESCAPED_CHARS_BINARY)
+    str.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_inspect.yml b/benchmark/string_inspect.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62a884e19d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_inspect.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  ascii = "Hello, World! This is a benchmark test string." * 100
+  utf8 = "こんにちは世界。これはベンチマーク用のテスト文字列です。" * 100
+  mixed = ("Hello World! " + "テスト" + " is great! ") * 100
+  binary = ("\xE3\x81\x82" * 100).b
+  escapy = "\n\t\"\\\#" * 100
+
+benchmark:
+  inspect_ascii: ascii.inspect
+  inspect_utf8: utf8.inspect
+  inspect_mixed: mixed.inspect
+  inspect_binary: binary.inspect
+  inspect_escapy: escapy.inspect
diff --git a/benchmark/string_memsearch.yml b/benchmark/string_memsearch.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cde363289a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_memsearch.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+prelude: |
+  # Haystacks of various sizes
+  small_hay  = "a" * 256
+  medium_hay = "a" * 4096
+  large_hay  = "a" * 65536
+
+  # Short needles (2-8 bytes) that exercise rb_memsearch_ss
+  needle_2 = "xy"
+  needle_4 = "xyzw"
+  needle_8 = "xyzwabcd"
+
+  # Needle whose first byte is absent from the haystack (memchr fast-path)
+  # vs needle whose first byte is common (rolling hash comparison)
+  first_byte_absent  = "x" + "a" * 3
+  first_byte_common  = "a" + "x" * 3
+
+  # Haystack with match at the end
+  hay_match_end = "a" * 4095 + "xy"
+
+  # Haystack with match at the start
+  hay_match_start = "xy" + "a" * 4094
+
+  # Mixed content haystack (more realistic)
+  mixed_hay = (("abcdefghij" * 100) + "z") * 10
+
+benchmark:
+  # === First byte absent from haystack (biggest win for rolling hash) ===
+  index_first_byte_absent_small: |
+    small_hay.index(first_byte_absent)
+  index_first_byte_absent_medium: |
+    medium_hay.index(first_byte_absent)
+  index_first_byte_absent_large: |
+    large_hay.index(first_byte_absent)
+
+  # === First byte common in haystack (stresses comparison loop) ===
+  index_first_byte_common_small: |
+    small_hay.index(first_byte_common)
+  index_first_byte_common_medium: |
+    medium_hay.index(first_byte_common)
+  index_first_byte_common_large: |
+    large_hay.index(first_byte_common)
+
+  # === Needle length variations (all absent) ===
+  index_needle_2_absent: |
+    medium_hay.index(needle_2)
+  index_needle_4_absent: |
+    medium_hay.index(needle_4)
+  index_needle_8_absent: |
+    medium_hay.index(needle_8)
+
+  # === Match at end of haystack ===
+  index_match_at_end: |
+    hay_match_end.index(needle_2)
+
+  # === Match at start of haystack ===
+  index_match_at_start: |
+    hay_match_start.index(needle_2)
+
+  # === include? (same code path) ===
+  include_first_byte_absent: |
+    medium_hay.include?(first_byte_absent)
+  include_first_byte_common: |
+    medium_hay.include?(first_byte_common)
+
+  # === byteindex ===
+  byteindex_first_byte_absent: |
+    medium_hay.byteindex(first_byte_absent)
+  byteindex_first_byte_common: |
+    medium_hay.byteindex(first_byte_common)
+
+  # === Mixed/realistic haystack ===
+  index_mixed_absent: |
+    mixed_hay.index(needle_4)
+  index_mixed_present: |
+    mixed_hay.index("ijab")
diff --git a/benchmark/string_scrub.yml b/benchmark/string_scrub.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b5faaad8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_scrub.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+prelude: |
+
+  STRING_SIZE = 1024
+  def duplicate_to_length(str, target_length)
+    return "" if target_length <= 0
+    return str[0, target_length] if str.length >= target_length
+
+    (str * ((target_length / str.length) + 1))[0, target_length]
+  end
+  base = "Hello \u{1f600} world! \u{00e9}\u{00f1}"
+  padding = duplicate_to_length(base, STRING_SIZE)
+
+  valid_utf8 = (padding.b + "OK".b).force_encoding("UTF-8")
+  valid_utf8.valid_encoding?
+  unknown_but_valid_utf8 = valid_utf8.dup.b.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+  invalid_utf8 = (padding.b + "\x80\xFF".b).force_encoding("UTF-8")
+  invalid_utf8.valid_encoding?
+  unknown_but_invalid_utf8 = (padding.b + "\x80\xFF".b).force_encoding("UTF-8")
+
+  worst_case_utf8 = duplicate_to_length("\u{1f600}\u{00e9}\u{00f1}", STRING_SIZE).b.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+
+  unknown_but_valid_utf8_worst_case = worst_case_utf8.dup.b.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+  unknown_but_invalid_utf8_worst_case = (worst_case_utf8.b + "\x80\xFF".b).force_encoding("UTF-8")
+
+benchmark:
+  scrub_known_valid: |
+    string = valid_utf8.dup
+    string.scrub!
+
+  scrub_known_invalid: |
+    string = invalid_utf8.dup
+    string.scrub!
+
+  scrub_unknown_but_valid_coderange: |
+    string = unknown_but_valid_utf8.dup
+    string.scrub!
+
+  scrub_unknown_and_invalid_coderange: |
+    string = unknown_but_invalid_utf8.dup
+    string.scrub!
+
+  scrub_unknown_but_valid_coderange_worst_case: |
+    string = unknown_but_valid_utf8_worst_case.dup
+    string.scrub!
+
+  scrub_unknown_and_invalid_coderange_worst_case: |
+    string = unknown_but_invalid_utf8_worst_case.dup
+    string.scrub!
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml b/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml
index 61176cfdd4..d95240e2dd 100644
--- a/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml
+++ b/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 prelude: |
   C = Struct.new(:x) do
+    def initialize(...)
+      super
+      @ivar = 42
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :ivar
+
     class_eval <<-END
       def r
         #{'x;'*256}
@@ -15,11 +22,16 @@ prelude: |
         m = method(:x=)
         #{'m.call(nil);'*256}
       end
+      def r_ivar
+        #{'ivar;'*256}
+      end
     END
   end
+  C.new(nil) # ensure common shape is known
   obj = C.new(nil)
 benchmark:
   member_reader: "obj.r"
   member_writer: "obj.w"
   member_reader_method: "obj.rm"
   member_writer_method: "obj.wm"
+  ivar_reader: "obj.r_ivar"
diff --git a/benchmark/time_now.yml b/benchmark/time_now.yml
index f6d6a31489..9336877cd4 100644
--- a/benchmark/time_now.yml
+++ b/benchmark/time_now.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 benchmark:
   - 'Time.now'
   - 'Time.now(in: "+09:00")'
+  - 'Time.now.year'
diff --git a/benchmark/time_strftime.yml b/benchmark/time_strftime.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28f62aec87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/time_strftime.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  time = Time.now
+benchmark:
+  - time.strftime("%FT%T")     # 19B
+  - time.strftime("%FT%T.%3N") # 23B
+  - time.strftime("%FT%T.%6N") # 26B
diff --git a/benchmark/time_xmlschema.yml b/benchmark/time_xmlschema.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..654e5cfcbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/time_xmlschema.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal
+  unless Time.method_defined?(:xmlschema)
+    class Time
+      def xmlschema(fraction_digits=0)
+        fraction_digits = fraction_digits.to_i
+        s = strftime("%FT%T")
+        if fraction_digits > 0
+          s << strftime(".%#{fraction_digits}N")
+        end
+        s << (utc? ? 'Z' : strftime("%:z"))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  time = Time.now
+  utc_time = Time.now.utc
+  fraction_sec = Time.at(123456789.quo(9999999999)).getlocal("+09:00")
+  future_time = Time.utc(10000)
+benchmark:
+  - time.xmlschema
+  - utc_time.xmlschema
+  - time.xmlschema(6)
+  - utc_time.xmlschema(6)
+  - time.xmlschema(9)
+  - utc_time.xmlschema(9)
+  - fraction_sec.xmlschema(10)
+  - future_time.xmlschema
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
index 9174af6965..1e0dad665f 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
@@ -1,17 +1,75 @@
 prelude: |
   class Example
     def initialize
+      @levar = 1
       @v0 = 1
       @v1 = 2
       @v3 = 3
+    end
+
+    def get_value_loop
+      sum = 0
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      return sum
+    end
+
+    @levar = 1
+    @v0 = 1
+    @v1 = 2
+    @v3 = 3
+
+    def self.get_value_loop
+      sum = 0
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      return sum
+    end
+  end
+
+  class GenExample < Time
+    def initialize
       @levar = 1
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
     end
 
     def get_value_loop
       sum = 0
 
       i = 0
-      while i < 1000000
+      while i < 100_000
         # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
         sum += @levar
         sum += @levar
@@ -31,7 +89,12 @@ prelude: |
   end
 
   obj = Example.new
+  gen = GenExample.new
 benchmark:
-  vm_ivar_get: |
+  vm_ivar_get_on_obj: |
     obj.get_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_get_on_class: |
+    Example.get_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_get_on_generic: |
+    gen.get_value_loop
 loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
index 91857b7742..6ce53a86ec 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
@@ -1,16 +1,44 @@
 prelude: |
   class TheClass
     def initialize
+      @levar = 1
       @v0 = 1
       @v1 = 2
       @v3 = 3
+    end
+
+    def set_value_loop
+      # 100k
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Generic < Time
+    def initialize
       @levar = 1
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
     end
 
     def set_value_loop
-      # 1M
+      # 100k
       i = 0
-      while i < 1000000
+      while i < 100_000
         # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
         @levar = i
         @levar = i
@@ -28,8 +56,39 @@ prelude: |
   end
 
   obj = TheClass.new
+  gen_obj = Generic.new
+
+  class SomeClass
+    @levar = 1
+    @v0 = 1
+    @v1 = 2
+    @v3 = 3
+
+    def self.set_value_loop
+      # 100k
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
 benchmark:
   vm_ivar_set_on_instance: |
     obj.set_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_set_on_generic: |
+    gen_obj.set_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_set_on_class: |
+    SomeClass.set_value_loop
 loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml b/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
index 2aa3d94dbd..80541332b1 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ prelude: |
 benchmark:
   vm_regexp: |
     /hoge/ =~ str
+  vm_regexp_alternating: |
+    /hoge/ =~ str
+    /huge/ =~ str
   vm_regexp_invert: |
     str =~ /hoge/
+  vm_regexp_invert_alternating: |
+    str =~ /hoge/
+    str =~ /huge/
 loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 4b01316d22..28924b4eb9 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@
 # define USE_GMP 0
 #endif
 #endif
-#if USE_GMP
-# include <gmp.h>
-#endif
 
 #include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
@@ -48,6 +45,15 @@
 #include "ruby/util.h"
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
 
+#if USE_GMP
+RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
+# ifdef _MSC_VER
+RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(4146) /* for mpn_neg() */
+# endif
+# include <gmp.h>
+RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+#endif
+
 static const bool debug_integer_pack = (
 #ifdef DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK
     DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK+0
@@ -58,6 +64,21 @@ static const bool debug_integer_pack = (
 
 const char ruby_digitmap[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 
+/* Two-digit decimal lookup table.  Offset 2*n holds the ASCII pair for
+ * n in the range 0..99.  Used by both rb_fix2str in numeric.c and
+ * big2str_2bdigits below to emit two base-10 digits per iteration. */
+const char ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[201] =
+    "00010203040506070809"
+    "10111213141516171819"
+    "20212223242526272829"
+    "30313233343536373839"
+    "40414243444546474849"
+    "50515253545556575859"
+    "60616263646566676869"
+    "70717273747576777879"
+    "80818283848586878889"
+    "90919293949596979899";
+
 #ifndef SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL
 # if SIZEOF_INT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
 #  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
@@ -73,7 +94,6 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_bdigit_and_dbl, SIZEOF_BDIGIT*2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL);
 STATIC_ASSERT(bdigit_signedness, 0 < (BDIGIT)-1);
 STATIC_ASSERT(bdigit_dbl_signedness, 0 < (BDIGIT_DBL)-1);
 STATIC_ASSERT(bdigit_dbl_signed_signedness, 0 > (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)-1);
-STATIC_ASSERT(rbignum_embed_len_max, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX <= (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT));
 
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT < SIZEOF_LONG
 STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_LONG % SIZEOF_BDIGIT == 0);
@@ -2693,7 +2713,7 @@ bigdivrem_restoring(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     if (bds.zn > 10000 || bds.yn > 10000) {
       retry:
         bds.stop = Qfalse;
-        rb_nogvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds, RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE);
+        rb_nogvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds, RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE | RB_NOGVL_OFFLOAD_SAFE);
 
         if (bds.stop == Qtrue) {
             /* execute trap handler, but exception was not raised. */
@@ -2938,11 +2958,6 @@ bary_divmod(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, s
     }
 }
 
-
-#ifndef BIGNUM_DEBUG
-# define BIGNUM_DEBUG (0+RUBY_DEBUG)
-#endif
-
 static int
 bigzero_p(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -2959,7 +2974,7 @@ int
 rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
-        rb_cmperr(a, b);
+        rb_cmperr_reason(a, b, "comparator returned nil");
     }
     if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
         long l = FIX2LONG(val);
@@ -2984,36 +2999,68 @@ rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
             ((l) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
      (void)(RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.len = (l)))
 
+static size_t
+big_embed_capa(VALUE big)
+{
+    size_t size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(big) - offsetof(struct RBignum, as.ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(size % sizeof(BDIGIT) == 0);
+    size_t capa = size / sizeof(BDIGIT);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(capa <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+    return capa;
+}
+
+static size_t
+big_embed_size(size_t capa)
+{
+    size_t size = offsetof(struct RBignum, as.ary) + (sizeof(BDIGIT) * capa);
+    if (size < sizeof(struct RBignum)) {
+        size = sizeof(struct RBignum);
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+static bool
+big_embeddable_p(size_t capa)
+{
+    if (capa > BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(big_embed_size(capa));
+}
+
 static void
 rb_big_realloc(VALUE big, size_t len)
 {
     BDIGIT *ds;
+    size_t embed_capa = big_embed_capa(big);
+
     if (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(big)) {
-        if (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX < len) {
+        if (embed_capa < len) {
             ds = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
-            MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+            MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, embed_capa);
             RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = BIGNUM_LEN(big);
             RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ds;
             FL_UNSET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
         }
     }
     else {
-        if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        if (len <= embed_capa) {
             ds = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits;
+            size_t old_len = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len;
             FL_SET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
             BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
-            (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
+            (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, embed_capa * sizeof(BDIGIT));
             if (ds) {
                 MEMCPY(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, ds, BDIGIT, len);
-                xfree(ds);
+                SIZED_FREE_N(ds, old_len);
             }
         }
         else {
             if (BIGNUM_LEN(big) == 0) {
                 RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
             }
-            else {
-                REALLOC_N(RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits, BDIGIT, len);
+            else if (BIGNUM_LEN(big) != len) {
+                SIZED_REALLOC_N(RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits, BDIGIT, len, BIGNUM_LEN(big));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -3029,16 +3076,21 @@ rb_big_resize(VALUE big, size_t len)
 static VALUE
 bignew_1(VALUE klass, size_t len, int sign)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass,
-            T_BIGNUM | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0), sizeof(struct RBignum), 0);
-    VALUE bigv = (VALUE)big;
-    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
-    if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-        FL_SET_RAW(bigv, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
+    VALUE bigv;
+
+    if (big_embeddable_p(len)) {
+        size_t size = big_embed_size(len);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size));
+        NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass, T_BIGNUM | BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG, size);
+        bigv = (VALUE)big;
+        BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
         BIGNUM_SET_LEN(bigv, len);
-        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)big->as.ary, sizeof(big->as.ary));
+        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)big->as.ary, len * sizeof(BDIGIT));
     }
     else {
+        NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass, T_BIGNUM, sizeof(struct RBignum));
+        bigv = (VALUE)big;
+        BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
         big->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
         big->as.heap.len = len;
     }
@@ -3049,7 +3101,9 @@ bignew_1(VALUE klass, size_t len, int sign)
 VALUE
 rb_big_new(size_t len, int sign)
 {
-    return bignew(len, sign != 0);
+    VALUE obj = bignew(len, sign != 0);
+    memset(BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj), 0, len * sizeof(BDIGIT));
+    return obj;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -4469,7 +4523,7 @@ rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
 
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ull2big(unsigned LONG_LONG n)
 {
     long i;
@@ -4491,7 +4545,7 @@ rb_ull2big(unsigned LONG_LONG n)
     return big;
 }
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ll2big(LONG_LONG n)
 {
     long neg = 0;
@@ -4529,7 +4583,7 @@ rb_ll2inum(LONG_LONG n)
 #endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
 
 #ifdef HAVE_INT128_T
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_uint128t2big(uint128_t n)
 {
     long i;
@@ -4772,11 +4826,34 @@ big2str_2bdigits(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t tail
             return;
         p = buf;
         j = sizeof(buf);
-        do {
-            BDIGIT_DBL idx = num % b2s->base;
-            num /= b2s->base;
-            p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[idx];
-        } while (num);
+        if (b2s->base == 10) {
+            /* Emit two decimal digits per iteration from ruby_decimal_digit_pairs.
+             * See the comment on the table in bignum.c near ruby_digitmap. */
+            while (num >= 100) {
+                BDIGIT_DBL idx = (num % 100) * 2;
+                num /= 100;
+                j -= 2;
+                p[j]     = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx];
+                p[j + 1] = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx + 1];
+            }
+            if (num >= 10) {
+                BDIGIT_DBL idx = num * 2;
+                j -= 2;
+                p[j]     = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx];
+                p[j + 1] = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx + 1];
+            }
+            else {
+                /* num is 1..9 here (0 was handled above) */
+                p[--j] = (char)('0' + num);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            do {
+                BDIGIT_DBL idx = num % b2s->base;
+                num /= b2s->base;
+                p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[idx];
+            } while (num);
+        }
         len = sizeof(buf) - j;
         big2str_alloc(b2s, len + taillen);
         MEMCPY(b2s->ptr, buf + j, char, len);
@@ -4784,11 +4861,39 @@ big2str_2bdigits(struct big2str_struct *b2s, BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, size_t tail
     else {
         p = b2s->ptr;
         j = b2s->hbase2_numdigits;
-        do {
-            BDIGIT_DBL idx = num % b2s->base;
-            num /= b2s->base;
-            p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[idx];
-        } while (j);
+        if (b2s->base == 10) {
+            /* Non-beginning chunks must emit EXACTLY hbase2_numdigits,
+             * zero-padded on the left.  Consume num in 2-digit groups,
+             * handle the odd trailing digit, then memset remaining
+             * positions with '0'. */
+            while (num >= 100) {
+                BDIGIT_DBL idx = (num % 100) * 2;
+                num /= 100;
+                j -= 2;
+                p[j]     = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx];
+                p[j + 1] = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx + 1];
+            }
+            if (num >= 10) {
+                BDIGIT_DBL idx = num * 2;
+                j -= 2;
+                p[j]     = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx];
+                p[j + 1] = ruby_decimal_digit_pairs[idx + 1];
+            }
+            else if (num > 0) {
+                p[--j] = (char)('0' + num);
+            }
+            if (j > 0) {
+                memset(p, '0', j);
+                j = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            do {
+                BDIGIT_DBL idx = num % b2s->base;
+                num /= b2s->base;
+                p[--j] = ruby_digitmap[idx];
+            } while (j);
+        }
         len = b2s->hbase2_numdigits;
     }
     b2s->ptr += len;
@@ -5908,6 +6013,8 @@ bigsq(VALUE x)
     BDIGIT *xds, *zds;
 
     xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+    if (MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(2, xn))
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "square overflow");
     zn = 2 * xn;
 
     z = bignew(zn, 1);
@@ -5936,6 +6043,8 @@ bigmul0(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
     xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
     yn = BIGNUM_LEN(y);
+    if (ADD_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(xn, yn))
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "multiplication overflow");
     zn = xn + yn;
 
     z = bignew(zn, BIGNUM_SIGN(x)==BIGNUM_SIGN(y));
@@ -6281,8 +6390,7 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
         y = bignorm(y);
         if (FIXNUM_P(y))
             goto again;
-        rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
-        d = rb_big2dbl(y);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "exponent is too large");
     }
     else if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
         yy = FIX2LONG(y);
@@ -6298,13 +6406,17 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
             VALUE z = 0;
             SIGNED_VALUE mask;
             const size_t xbits = rb_absint_numwords(x, 1, NULL);
-            const size_t BIGLEN_LIMIT = 32*1024*1024;
+#if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == 4
+            const size_t BIGLEN_LIMIT = 1ULL << 31; // 2 GB
+#else // SIZEOF_SIZE_T == 8
+            const size_t BIGLEN_LIMIT = 1ULL << 34; // 16 GB
+#endif
 
             if (xbits == (size_t)-1 ||
                 (xbits > BIGLEN_LIMIT) ||
+                MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(yy, xbits) ||
                 (xbits * yy > BIGLEN_LIMIT)) {
-                rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
-                d = (double)yy;
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "exponent is too large");
             }
             else {
                 for (mask = FIXNUM_MAX + 1; mask; mask >>= 1) {
@@ -6333,7 +6445,7 @@ bigand_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     BDIGIT hibitsy;
 
     if (y == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (xn == 0) return hibitsx ? LONG2NUM(y) : 0;
+    if (xn == 0) return hibitsx ? LONG2NUM(y) : INT2FIX(0);
     hibitsy = 0 <= y ? 0 : BDIGMAX;
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT >= SIZEOF_LONG
@@ -6745,6 +6857,73 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_big_aref2(VALUE x, VALUE beg, VALUE len)
+{
+    BDIGIT *xds, *vds;
+    VALUE v;
+    size_t copy_begin, xn, shift;
+    ssize_t begin, length, end;
+    bool negative_add_one;
+
+    beg = rb_to_int(beg);
+    len = rb_to_int(len);
+    length = NUM2SSIZET(len);
+    begin = NUM2SSIZET(beg);
+    end = NUM2SSIZET(rb_int_plus(beg, len));
+    shift = begin < 0 ? -begin : 0;
+    xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+    xds = BDIGITS(x);
+
+    if (length < 0) return rb_big_rshift(x, beg);
+    if (length == 0 || end <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (begin < 0) begin = 0;
+
+    if ((size_t)(end - 1) / BITSPERDIG >= xn) {
+        /* end > xn * BITSPERDIG */
+        end = xn * BITSPERDIG;
+    }
+
+    if ((size_t)begin / BITSPERDIG < xn) {
+        /* begin < xn * BITSPERDIG */
+        size_t shift_bits, copy_end;
+        copy_begin = begin / BITSPERDIG;
+        shift_bits = begin % BITSPERDIG;
+        copy_end = (end - 1) / BITSPERDIG + 1;
+        v = bignew(copy_end - copy_begin, 1);
+        vds = BDIGITS(v);
+        MEMCPY(vds, xds + copy_begin, BDIGIT, copy_end - copy_begin);
+        negative_add_one = (vds[0] & ((1 << shift_bits) - 1)) == 0;
+        v = bignorm(v);
+        if (shift_bits) v = rb_int_rshift(v, SIZET2NUM(shift_bits));
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Out of range */
+        v = INT2FIX(0);
+        negative_add_one = false;
+        copy_begin = begin = end = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+        size_t mask_size = length - shift;
+        VALUE mask = rb_int_minus(rb_int_lshift(INT2FIX(1), SIZET2NUM(mask_size)), INT2FIX(1));
+        v = rb_int_xor(v, mask);
+        for (size_t i = 0; negative_add_one && i < copy_begin; i++) {
+            if (xds[i]) negative_add_one = false;
+        }
+        if (negative_add_one) v = rb_int_plus(v, INT2FIX(1));
+        v = rb_int_and(v, mask);
+    }
+    else {
+        size_t mask_size = (size_t)end - begin;
+        VALUE mask = rb_int_minus(rb_int_lshift(INT2FIX(1), SIZET2NUM(mask_size)), INT2FIX(1));
+        v = rb_int_and(v, mask);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(x);
+    if (shift) v = rb_int_lshift(v, SSIZET2NUM(shift));
+    return v;
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_big_hash(VALUE x)
 {
     st_index_t hash;
@@ -6950,7 +7129,7 @@ int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
     zn = mn;
     z = bignew(zn, 1);
     bary_powm_gmp(BDIGITS(z), zn, BDIGITS(x), xn, BDIGITS(y), yn, BDIGITS(m), mn);
-    if (nega_flg & BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(z)) {
+    if (nega_flg && BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(z) && !BIGZEROP(z)) {
         z = rb_big_minus(z, m);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
@@ -6978,7 +7157,7 @@ int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
         x = rb_int_modulo(x, m);
     }
 
-    if (nega_flg && rb_int_positive_p(tmp)) {
+    if (nega_flg && rb_int_positive_p(tmp) && !rb_int_zero_p(tmp)) {
         tmp = rb_int_minus(tmp, m);
     }
     return tmp;
@@ -7090,6 +7269,11 @@ rb_int_powm(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num)
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Integer#pow() 2nd argument not allowed unless all arguments are integers");
         }
 
+        if (rb_int_zero_p(a) && !rb_int_zero_p(b)) {
+            /* shortcut; 0**x => 0 except for x == 0 */
+            return INT2FIX(0);
+        }
+
         if (rb_int_negative_p(m)) {
             m = rb_int_uminus(m);
             nega_flg = 1;
diff --git a/bootstraptest/runner.rb b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
index 20f121cdf4..04de0c93b9 100755
--- a/bootstraptest/runner.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ rescue LoadError
   $:.unshift File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../lib')
   retry
 end
+require_relative '../tool/lib/test/jobserver'
 
 if !Dir.respond_to?(:mktmpdir)
   # copied from lib/tmpdir.rb
@@ -76,6 +77,9 @@ bt = Struct.new(:ruby,
                 :width,
                 :indent,
                 :platform,
+                :timeout,
+                :timeout_scale,
+                :launchable_test_reports
                 )
 BT = Class.new(bt) do
   def indent=(n)
@@ -107,35 +111,7 @@ BT = Class.new(bt) do
 
   def wn=(wn)
     unless wn == 1
-      if /(?:\A|\s)--jobserver-(?:auth|fds)=(?:(\d+),(\d+)|fifo:((?:\\.|\S)+))/ =~ ENV.delete("MAKEFLAGS")
-        begin
-          if fifo = $3
-            fifo.gsub!(/\\(?=.)/, '')
-            r = File.open(fifo, IO::RDONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
-            w = File.open(fifo, IO::WRONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
-          else
-            r = IO.for_fd($1.to_i(10), "rb", autoclose: false)
-            w = IO.for_fd($2.to_i(10), "wb", autoclose: false)
-          end
-        rescue
-          r.close if r
-        else
-          r.close_on_exec = true
-          w.close_on_exec = true
-          tokens = r.read_nonblock(wn > 0 ? wn : 1024, exception: false)
-          r.close
-          if String === tokens
-            tokens.freeze
-            auth = w
-            w = nil
-            at_exit {auth << tokens; auth.close}
-            wn = tokens.size + 1
-          else
-            w.close
-            wn = 1
-          end
-        end
-      end
+      wn = Test::JobServer.max_jobs(wn > 0 ? wn : 1024, ENV.delete("MAKEFLAGS")) || wn
       if wn <= 0
         require 'etc'
         wn = [Etc.nprocessors / 2, 1].max
@@ -143,6 +119,10 @@ BT = Class.new(bt) do
     end
     super wn
   end
+
+  def apply_timeout_scale(timeout)
+    timeout&.*(timeout_scale)
+  end
 end.new
 
 BT_STATE = Struct.new(:count, :error).new
@@ -155,6 +135,12 @@ def main
   BT.color = nil
   BT.tty = nil
   BT.quiet = false
+  BT.timeout = 180
+  BT.timeout_scale = 1
+  if (ts = (ENV["RUBY_TEST_TIMEOUT_SCALE"] || ENV["RUBY_TEST_SUBPROCESS_TIMEOUT_SCALE"]).to_i) > 1
+    BT.timeout_scale *= ts
+  end
+
   # BT.wn = 1
   dir = nil
   quiet = false
@@ -185,14 +171,18 @@ def main
       warn "unknown --tty argument: #$3" if $3
       BT.tty = !$1 || !$2
       true
-    when /\A(-q|--q(uiet))\z/
+    when /\A(-q|--q(uiet)?)\z/
       quiet = true
       BT.quiet = true
       true
     when /\A-j(\d+)?/
       BT.wn = $1.to_i
       true
-    when /\A(-v|--v(erbose))\z/
+    when /\A--timeout=(\d+(?:_\d+)*(?:\.\d+(?:_\d+)*)?)(?::(\d+(?:_\d+)*(?:\.\d+(?:_\d+)*)?))?/
+      BT.timeout = $1.to_f
+      BT.timeout_scale = $2.to_f if defined?($2)
+      true
+    when /\A(-v|--v(erbose)?)\z/
       BT.verbose = true
       BT.quiet = false
       true
@@ -204,6 +194,7 @@ Usage: #{File.basename($0, '.*')} --ruby=PATH [--sets=NAME,NAME,...]
                                     default: /tmp/bootstraptestXXXXX.tmpwd
         --color[=WHEN]              Colorize the output.  WHEN defaults to 'always'
                                     or can be 'never' or 'auto'.
+        --timeout=TIMEOUT           Default timeout in seconds.
     -s, --stress                    stress test.
     -v, --verbose                   Output test name before exec.
     -q, --quiet                     Don\'t print header message.
@@ -212,6 +203,31 @@ End
       exit true
     when /\A-j/
       true
+    when /--launchable-test-reports=(.*)/
+      if File.exist?($1)
+        # To protect files from overwritten, do nothing when the file exists.
+        return true
+      end
+
+      begin
+        require_relative '../tool/lib/launchable'
+      rescue LoadError
+        # The following error sometimes happens, so we're going to skip writing Launchable report files in this case.
+        #
+        # ```
+        # /tmp/tmp.bISss9CtXZ/.ext/common/json/ext.rb:15:in 'Kernel#require':
+        #   /tmp/tmp.bISss9CtXZ/.ext/x86_64-linux/json/ext/parser.so:
+        #     undefined symbol: ruby_abi_version - ruby_abi_version (LoadError)
+        # ```
+        #
+        return true
+      end
+      BT.launchable_test_reports = writer = Launchable::JsonStreamWriter.new($1)
+      writer.write_array('testCases')
+      at_exit {
+        writer.close
+      }
+      true
     else
       false
     end
@@ -221,7 +237,7 @@ End
   end
   tests ||= ARGV
   tests = Dir.glob("#{File.dirname($0)}/test_*.rb").sort if tests.empty?
-  pathes = tests.map {|path| File.expand_path(path) }
+  paths = tests.map {|path| File.expand_path(path) }
 
   BT.progress = %w[- \\ | /]
   BT.progress_bs = "\b" * BT.progress[0].size
@@ -255,7 +271,7 @@ End
     if defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
       puts "Driver is #{RUBY_DESCRIPTION}"
     elsif defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL)
-      puts "Driver is ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}#{RUBY_PLATFORM}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
+      puts "Driver is ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
     else
       puts "Driver is ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
     end
@@ -265,7 +281,7 @@ End
   end
 
   in_temporary_working_directory(dir) do
-    exec_test pathes
+    exec_test paths
   end
 end
 
@@ -277,8 +293,8 @@ def erase(e = true)
   end
 end
 
-def load_test pathes
-  pathes.each do |path|
+def load_test paths
+  paths.each do |path|
     load File.expand_path(path)
   end
 end
@@ -311,6 +327,7 @@ def concurrent_exec_test
   begin
     while BT.wn != term_wn
       if r = rq.pop
+        BT_STATE.count += 1
         case
         when BT.quiet
         when BT.tty
@@ -328,13 +345,66 @@ def concurrent_exec_test
   end
 end
 
-def exec_test(pathes)
+##
+# Module for writing a test file for uploading test results into Launchable.
+# In bootstraptest, we aggregate the test results based on file level.
+module Launchable
+  @@last_test_name = nil
+  @@failure_log = ''
+  @@duration = 0
+
+  def show_progress(message = '')
+    faildesc, t = super
+
+    if writer = BT.launchable_test_reports
+      if faildesc
+        @@failure_log += faildesc
+      end
+      repo_path = File.expand_path("#{__dir__}/../")
+      relative_path = File.join(__dir__, self.path).delete_prefix("#{repo_path}/")
+      if @@last_test_name != nil && @@last_test_name != relative_path
+        # The test path is a URL-encoded representation.
+        # https://github.com/launchableinc/cli/blob/v1.81.0/launchable/testpath.py#L18
+        test_path = "#{encode_test_path_component("file")}=#{encode_test_path_component(@@last_test_name)}"
+        if @@failure_log.size > 0
+          status = 'TEST_FAILED'
+        else
+          status = 'TEST_PASSED'
+        end
+        writer.write_object(
+          {
+            testPath: test_path,
+            status: status,
+            duration: t,
+            createdAt: Time.now.to_s,
+            stderr: @@failure_log,
+            stdout: nil,
+            data: {
+              lineNumber: self.lineno
+            }
+          }
+        )
+        @@duration = 0
+        @@failure_log = ''
+      end
+      @@last_test_name = relative_path
+      @@duration += t
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+  def encode_test_path_component component
+    component.to_s.gsub('%', '%25').gsub('=', '%3D').gsub('#', '%23').gsub('&', '%26')
+  end
+end
+
+def exec_test(paths)
   # setup
-  load_test pathes
+  load_test paths
   BT_STATE.count = 0
   BT_STATE.error = 0
   BT.columns = 0
-  BT.width = pathes.map {|path| File.basename(path).size}.max + 2
+  BT.width = paths.map {|path| File.basename(path).size}.max + 2
 
   # execute tests
   if BT.wn > 1
@@ -404,6 +474,7 @@ def target_platform
 end
 
 class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
+  prepend Launchable
   @count = 0
   @all = Hash.new{|h, k| h[k] = []}
   @errbuf = []
@@ -478,9 +549,9 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
       $stderr.print "#{BT.progress_bs}#{BT.progress[BT_STATE.count % BT.progress.size]}"
     end
 
-    t = Time.now if BT.verbose
+    t = Time.now if BT.verbose || BT.launchable_test_reports
     faildesc, errout = with_stderr {yield}
-    t = Time.now - t if BT.verbose
+    t = Time.now - t if BT.verbose || BT.launchable_test_reports
 
     if !faildesc
       # success
@@ -507,6 +578,8 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
         $stderr.printf("%-*s%s", BT.width, path, BT.progress[BT_STATE.count % BT.progress.size])
       end
     end
+
+    [faildesc, t]
   rescue Interrupt
     $stderr.puts "\##{@id} #{path}:#{lineno}"
     raise
@@ -525,14 +598,22 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
     end
   end
 
-  def get_result_string(opt = '', **argh)
+  class Timeout < StandardError; end
+
+  def get_result_string(opt = '', timeout: BT.timeout, **argh)
     if BT.ruby
+      timeout = BT.apply_timeout_scale(timeout)
       filename = make_srcfile(**argh)
       begin
         kw = self.err ? {err: self.err} : {}
         out = IO.popen("#{BT.ruby} -W0 #{opt} #{filename}", **kw)
         pid = out.pid
-        out.read.tap{ Process.waitpid(pid); out.close }
+        th = Thread.new {out.read.tap {Process.waitpid(pid); out.close}}
+        if th.join(timeout)
+          th.value
+        else
+          Timeout.new("timed out after #{timeout} seconds")
+        end
       ensure
         raise Interrupt if $? and $?.signaled? && $?.termsig == Signal.list["INT"]
 
@@ -618,8 +699,9 @@ def assert_valid_syntax(testsrc, message = '')
   end
 end
 
-def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest, timeout: nil, **opt)
+def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest, timeout: BT.timeout, **opt)
   add_assertion testsrc, -> as do
+    timeout = BT.apply_timeout_scale(timeout)
     message, ignore_signals = rest
     message ||= ''
     as.show_progress(message) {
@@ -628,23 +710,19 @@ def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest, timeout: nil, **opt)
       timeout_signaled = false
       logfile = "assert_normal_exit.#{as.path}.#{as.lineno}.log"
 
-      begin
-        err = open(logfile, "w")
-        io = IO.popen("#{BT.ruby} -W0 #{filename}", err: err)
-        pid = io.pid
-        th = Thread.new {
-          io.read
-          io.close
-          $?
-        }
-        if !th.join(timeout)
-          Process.kill :KILL, pid
-          timeout_signaled = true
-        end
-        status = th.value
-      ensure
-        err.close
+      io = IO.popen("#{BT.ruby} -W0 #{filename}", err: logfile)
+      pid = io.pid
+      th = Thread.new {
+        io.read
+        io.close
+        $?
+      }
+      if !th.join(timeout)
+        Process.kill :KILL, pid
+        timeout_signaled = true
       end
+      status = th.value
+
       if status && status.signaled?
         signo = status.termsig
         signame = Signal.list.invert[signo]
@@ -673,9 +751,7 @@ end
 
 def assert_finish(timeout_seconds, testsrc, message = '')
   add_assertion testsrc, -> as do
-    if defined?(RubyVM::RJIT) && RubyVM::RJIT.enabled? # for --jit-wait
-      timeout_seconds *= 3
-    end
+    timeout_seconds = BT.apply_timeout_scale(timeout_seconds)
 
     as.show_progress(message) {
       faildesc = nil
@@ -731,6 +807,8 @@ end
 
 def pretty(src, desc, result)
   src = src.sub(/\A\s*\n/, '')
+  lines = src.lines
+  src = lines[0..20].join + "(...snip)\n" if lines.size > 20
   (/\n/ =~ src ? "\n#{adjust_indent(src)}" : src) + "  #=> #{desc}"
 end
 
@@ -792,9 +870,8 @@ def yjit_enabled?
   ENV.key?('RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE') || ENV.fetch('RUN_OPTS', '').include?('yjit') || BT.ruby.include?('yjit')
 end
 
-def rjit_enabled?
-  # Don't check `RubyVM::RJIT.enabled?`. On btest-bruby, target Ruby != runner Ruby.
-  ENV.fetch('RUN_OPTS', '').include?('rjit')
+def zjit_enabled?
+  ENV.key?('RUBY_ZJIT_ENABLE') || ENV.fetch('RUN_OPTS', '').include?('zjit') || BT.ruby.include?('zjit')
 end
 
 exit main
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_autoload.rb b/bootstraptest/test_autoload.rb
index 9e0850bc52..de66f1f3ee 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_autoload.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_autoload.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:43816]'
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  open('zzz2.rb', 'w') {|f| f.puts '' }
+  File.write('zzz2.rb', '')
   instance_eval do
     autoload :ZZZ, './zzz2.rb'
     begin
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:43816]'
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  open('zzz3.rb', 'w') {|f| f.puts 'class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end'}
+  File.write('zzz3.rb', "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end\n")
   instance_eval do
     autoload :ZZZ, './zzz3.rb'
     ZZZ.ok
@@ -31,20 +31,20 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:43816]'
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  open("zzz4.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end"}
+  File.write("zzz4.rb", "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end\n")
   autoload :ZZZ, "./zzz4.rb"
   ZZZ.ok
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  open("zzz5.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end"}
+  File.write("zzz5.rb", "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end\n")
   autoload :ZZZ, "./zzz5.rb"
   require "./zzz5.rb"
   ZZZ.ok
 }
 
 assert_equal 'okok', %q{
-  open("zzz6.rb", "w") {|f| f.puts "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end"}
+  File.write("zzz6.rb", "class ZZZ; def self.ok;:ok;end;end\n")
   autoload :ZZZ, "./zzz6.rb"
   t1 = Thread.new {ZZZ.ok}
   t2 = Thread.new {ZZZ.ok}
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ assert_finish 5, %q{
 }, '[ruby-core:21696]'
 
 assert_equal 'A::C', %q{
-  open("zzz7.rb", "w") {}
+  File.write("zzz7.rb", "")
   class A
     autoload :C, "./zzz7"
     class C
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb b/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
index d923a957bc..20bd9615f4 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ assert_equal %q{[10, main]}, %q{
 }
 
 %w[break next redo].each do |keyword|
-  assert_match %r"Can't escape from eval with #{keyword}\b", %{
+  assert_match %r"Invalid #{keyword}\b", %{
     $stderr = STDOUT
     begin
       eval "0 rescue #{keyword}"
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
index 2614dd13bf..ae809a5936 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
@@ -37,3 +37,8 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
 assert_normal_exit %q{
   Fiber.new(&Object.method(:class_eval)).resume("foo")
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
+
+# [Bug #21400]
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  Thread.new { Fiber.current.kill }.join
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb b/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
index 15528a4213..7a95def1e6 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ assert_equal %q{[1, 4, 7, 5, 8, 9]}, %q{$a = []; begin; ; $a << 1
     ; $a << 3
   end; $a << 4
   def m2; $a << 5
-    m1(:a, :b, (return 1; :c)); $a << 6
+    m1(:a, :b, (return 1 if true; :c)); $a << 6
   end; $a << 7
   m2; $a << 8
 ; $a << 9
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ assert_equal %q{[1, 3, 11, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13]}, %q{$a = []; begin; ; $a << 1
     m2(begin; $a << 5
          2; $a << 6
        ensure; $a << 7
-         return 3; $a << 8
+         return 3 if true; $a << 8
        end); $a << 9
     4; $a << 10
   end; $a << 11
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
index 83923dad97..860ef285d0 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
@@ -75,3 +75,30 @@ assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
   end
 }, '[ruby-dev:44005] [Ruby 1.9 - Bug #4950]'
 
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+
+  Thread.new do
+    loop { sleep 0.0001 }
+  end
+
+  10.times do
+    pid = fork{ exit!(0) }
+    deadline = now + 10
+    while true
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2(pid, Process::WNOHANG)
+      break if status
+      if now > deadline
+        Process.kill(:KILL, pid)
+        raise "failed"
+      end
+      sleep 0.001
+    end
+    unless status.success?
+      raise "child exited with status #{status}"
+    end
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+  end
+  :ok
+}, '[Bug #20670]'
+
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_gc.rb b/bootstraptest/test_gc.rb
index 17bc497822..eb68c9845e 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_gc.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_gc.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ms = "a".."k"
     o.send(meth)
   end
 end
-}, '[ruby-dev:39453]' unless rjit_enabled? # speed up RJIT CI
+}, '[ruby-dev:39453]'
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
 a = []
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
index 06828a7f7a..1f70c8075c 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ tests = [
   [ 'putobject',            %q{ /(?<x>x)/ =~ "x"; x == "x" }, ],
 
   [ 'putspecialobject',         %q{ {//=>true}[//] }, ],
-  [ 'putstring',                %q{ "true" }, ],
+  [ 'dupstring',                %q{ "true" }, ],
   [ 'tostring / concatstrings', %q{ "#{true}" }, ],
   [ 'toregexp',                 %q{ /#{true}/ =~ "true" && $~ }, ],
   [ 'intern',                   %q{ :"#{true}" }, ],
@@ -214,8 +214,21 @@ tests = [
     'true'.freeze
   },
 
+  [ 'opt_duparray_send', %q{ x = :a; [:a, :b].include?(x) }, ],
+  [ 'opt_duparray_send', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class Array
+      def include?(i)
+        i == 1
+      end
+    end
+    x = 1
+    [:a, :b].include?(x)
+  },
+
   [ 'opt_newarray_send', %q{ ![ ].hash.nil? }, ],
 
+  [ 'opt_newarray_send', %q{ v=2; [1, Object.new, 2].include?(v) }, ],
+
   [ 'opt_newarray_send', %q{ [ ].max.nil? }, ],
   [ 'opt_newarray_send', %q{ [1, x = 2, 3].max == 3 }, ],
   [ 'opt_newarray_send', <<-'},', ], # {
@@ -236,6 +249,48 @@ tests = [
     end
     [3, x = 2, 1].min
   },
+  [ 'opt_newarray_send', %q{ v = 1.23; [v, v*2].pack("E*").unpack("E*") == [v, v*2] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_send', %q{ v = 4.56; b = +"x"; [v, v*2].pack("E*", buffer: b); b[1..].unpack("E*") == [v, v*2] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_send', <<-'},', ], # {
+    v = 7.89;
+    b = +"x";
+    class Array
+      alias _pack pack
+      def pack(s, buffer: nil, prefix: "y")
+        buffer ||= +"b"
+        buffer << prefix
+        _pack(s, buffer: buffer)
+      end
+    end
+    tests = []
+
+    ret = [v].pack("E*", prefix: "z")
+    tests << (ret[0..1] == "bz")
+    tests << (ret[2..].unpack("E*") == [v])
+
+    ret = [v].pack("E*")
+    tests << (ret[0..1] == "by")
+    tests << (ret[2..].unpack("E*") == [v])
+
+    [v, v*2, v*3].pack("E*", buffer: b)
+    tests << (b[0..1] == "xy")
+    tests << (b[2..].unpack("E*") == [v, v*2, v*3])
+
+    class Array
+      def pack(_fmt, buffer:) = buffer
+    end
+
+    b = nil
+    tests << [v].pack("E*", buffer: b).nil?
+
+    class Array
+      def pack(_fmt, **kw) = kw.empty?
+    end
+
+    tests << [v].pack("E*") == true
+
+    tests.all? or puts tests
+  },
 
   [ 'throw',        %q{ false.tap { break true } }, ],
   [ 'branchif',     %q{ x = nil;  x ||= true }, ],
@@ -371,11 +426,6 @@ tests = [
     x&.x[true] ||= true         # here
   },
 
-  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ { 'true' => true }['true'] }, ],
-  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ Struct.new(:nil).new['nil'].nil? }, ],
-  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ {}['true'] = true }, ],
-  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ Struct.new(:true).new['true'] = true }, ],
-
   [ 'opt_length',  %q{   'true'       .length == 4 }, ],
   [ 'opt_length',  %q{   :true        .length == 4 }, ],
   [ 'opt_length',  %q{ [ 'true' ]     .length == 1 }, ],
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
index 666e5a011b..4081769a8c 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   ARGF.set_encoding "foo"
 }
 
-/freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
+/(freebsd|mswin)/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
 10.times do
   assert_normal_exit %q{
     at_exit { p :foo }
 
     megacontent = "abc" * 12345678
-    #File.open("megasrc", "w") {|f| f << megacontent }
+    #File.write("megasrc", megacontent)
 
     t0 = Thread.main
     Thread.new { sleep 0.001 until t0.stop?; Process.kill(:INT, $$) }
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb b/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
index a30661a796..39e6527027 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
@@ -117,16 +117,16 @@ assert_equal '1',               'a = [obj = Object.new]; a.size'
 assert_equal 'true',            'a = [obj = Object.new]; a[0] == obj'
 assert_equal '5',               'a = [1,2,3]; a[1] = 5; a[1]'
 assert_equal 'bar',             '[*:foo];:bar'
-assert_equal '[1, 2]',          'def nil.to_a; [2]; end; [1, *nil]'
-assert_equal '[1, 2]',          'def nil.to_a; [1, 2]; end; [*nil]'
-assert_equal '[0, 1, {2=>3}]',  '[0, *[1], 2=>3]', "[ruby-dev:31592]"
+assert_equal '[]',              'def nil.to_a; [1, 2]; end; [*nil]'
+assert_equal '[1]',             'def nil.to_a; [2]; end; [1, *nil]'
+assert_equal '[0, 1, {2 => 3}]', '[0, *[1], 2=>3]', "[ruby-dev:31592]"
 
 
 # hash
 assert_equal 'Hash',            '{}.class'
 assert_equal '{}',              '{}.inspect'
 assert_equal 'Hash',            '{1=>2}.class'
-assert_equal '{1=>2}',          '{1=>2}.inspect'
+assert_equal '{1 => 2}',        '{1=>2}.inspect'
 assert_equal '2',               'h = {1 => 2}; h[1]'
 assert_equal '0',               'h = {1 => 2}; h.delete(1); h.size'
 assert_equal '',                'h = {1 => 2}; h.delete(1); h[1]'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_load.rb b/bootstraptest/test_load.rb
index 3253582a32..fa8d31c098 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_load.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_load.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  open("require-lock-test.rb", "w") {|f|
-    f.puts "sleep 0.1"
-    f.puts "module M"
-    f.puts "end"
-  }
+  File.write("require-lock-test.rb", <<-END)
+    sleep 0.1
+    module M
+    end
+  END
   $:.unshift Dir.pwd
   vs = (1..2).map {|i|
     Thread.start {
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
     }
   }.map {|t| t.value }
   vs[0] == M && vs[1] == M ? :ok : :ng
-}, '[ruby-dev:32048]' unless ENV.fetch('RUN_OPTS', '').include?('rjit') # Thread seems to be switching during JIT. To be fixed later.
+}, '[ruby-dev:32048]'
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   %w[a a/foo b].each {|d| Dir.mkdir(d)}
-  open("b/foo", "w") {|f| f.puts "$ok = :ok"}
+  File.write("b/foo", "$ok = :ok\n")
   $:.replace(%w[a b])
   begin
     load "foo"
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_method.rb b/bootstraptest/test_method.rb
index d1d1f57d55..e894f6f601 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_method.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_method.rb
@@ -1176,3 +1176,267 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   foo
   foo
 }, '[Bug #20178]'
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(x); x; end
+  def foo(...); bar(...); end
+  foo('ok')
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(x); x; end
+  def foo(z, ...); bar(...); end
+  foo(1, 'ok')
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(x, y); x; end
+  def foo(...); bar("ok", ...); end
+  foo(1)
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(x); x; end
+  def foo(...); 1.times { return bar(...) }; end
+  foo("ok")
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(x); x; end
+  def foo(...); x = nil; 1.times { x = bar(...) }; x; end
+  foo("ok")
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(x); yield; end
+  def foo(...); bar(...); end
+  foo(1) { "ok" }
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def baz(x); x; end
+  def bar(...); baz(...); end
+  def foo(...); bar(...); end
+  foo("ok")
+}
+
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3, 4]', %q{
+  def baz(a, b, c, d); [a, b, c, d]; end
+  def bar(...); baz(1, ...); end
+  def foo(...); bar(2, ...); end
+  foo(3, 4)
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Foo; def self.foo(x); x; end; end
+  class Bar < Foo; def self.foo(...); super; end; end
+  Bar.foo('ok')
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Foo; def self.foo(x); x; end; end
+  class Bar < Foo; def self.foo(...); super(...); end; end
+  Bar.foo('ok')
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Foo; def self.foo(x, y); x + y; end; end
+  class Bar < Foo; def self.foo(...); super("o", ...); end; end
+  Bar.foo('k')
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def bar(a); a; end
+  def foo(...); lambda { bar(...) }; end
+  foo("ok").call
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Foo; def self.foo(x, y); x + y; end; end
+  class Bar < Foo; def self.y(&b); b; end; def self.foo(...); y { super("o", ...) }; end; end
+  Bar.foo('k').call
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def baz(n); n; end
+  def foo(...); bar = baz(...); lambda { lambda { bar } }; end
+  foo("ok").call.call
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class A; def self.foo(...); new(...); end; attr_reader :b; def initialize(a, b:"ng"); @a = a; @b = b; end end
+  A.foo(1).b
+  A.foo(1, b: "ok").b
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class A; def initialize; @a = ["ok"]; end; def first(...); @a.first(...); end; end
+  def call x; x.first; end
+  def call1 x; x.first(1); end
+  call(A.new)
+  call1(A.new).first
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class A; def foo; yield("o"); end; end
+  class B < A; def foo(...); super { |x| yield(x + "k") }; end; end
+  B.new.foo { |x| x }
+}
+
+assert_equal "[1, 2, 3, 4]", %q{
+  def foo(*b) = b
+
+  def forward(...)
+    splat = [1,2,3]
+    foo(*splat, ...)
+  end
+
+  forward(4)
+}
+
+assert_equal "[1, 2, 3, 4]", %q{
+class A
+  def foo(*b) = b
+end
+
+class B < A
+  def foo(...)
+    splat = [1,2,3]
+    super(*splat, ...)
+  end
+end
+
+B.new.foo(4)
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class A; attr_reader :iv; def initialize(...) = @iv = "ok"; end
+  A.new("foo", bar: []).iv
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def foo(a, b) = a + b
+  def bar(...) = foo(...)
+  bar(1, 2)
+  bar(1, 2)
+  begin
+    bar(1, 2, 3)
+    "ng"
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    "ok"
+  end
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class C
+    def foo(...) = :ok
+    def bar(...) = __send__(:foo, ...)
+  end
+
+  C.new.bar
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class C
+    def method_missing(...) = :ok
+    def foo(...) = xyzzy(...)
+  end
+
+  C.new.foo
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class C
+    def initialize(a)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def foo(...)
+    C.new(...)
+    :ok
+  end
+
+  foo(*["bar"])
+  foo("baz")
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class C
+    def foo(b:)
+      b
+    end
+  end
+
+  def foo(...)
+    C.new.send(...)
+  end
+
+  foo(:foo, b: :ok)
+  foo(*["foo"], b: :ok)
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  Thing = Struct.new(:value)
+
+  Obj = Thing.new("ok")
+
+  def delegate(...)
+    Obj.value(...)
+  end
+
+  def no_args
+    delegate
+  end
+
+  def splat_args(*args)
+    delegate(*args)
+  end
+
+  no_args
+  splat_args
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class A
+    private
+    def foo = "ng"
+  end
+
+  class B
+    def initialize(o)
+      @o = o
+    end
+
+    def foo(...) = @o.foo(...)
+    def internal_foo = foo
+  end
+
+  b = B.new(A.new)
+
+  begin
+    b.internal_foo
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    "ok"
+  end
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~RUBY
+  def test(*, kw: false)
+    "ok"
+  end
+
+  test
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  def target(*args) = args
+  def x = [1]
+  def forwarder(...) = target(*x, 2, ...)
+  forwarder(3).inspect
+}, '[Bug #21832] post-splat args before forwarding'
+
+assert_equal '[nil, nil]', %q{
+  def self_reading(a = a, kw:) = a
+  def through_binding(a = binding.local_variable_get(:a), kw:) = a
+  [self_reading(kw: 1), through_binding(kw: 1)]
+}, 'nil initialization of optional parameters'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
index 451b58e793..4fe90703fc 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ assert_equal "#<Ractor:#1 running>", %q{
 # Return id, loc, and status for no-name ractor
 assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
   r = Ractor.new { '' }
-  r.take
+  r.join
   sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
   r.inspect
 }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
 # Return id, name, loc, and status for named ractor
 assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) Test Ractor .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
   r = Ractor.new(name: 'Test Ractor') { '' }
-  r.take
+  r.join
   sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
   r.inspect
 }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
     'ok'
   end
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 # Passed arguments to Ractor.new will be a block parameter
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
     msg
   end
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 # Pass multiple arguments to Ractor.new
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r =  Ractor.new 'ping', 'pong' do |msg, msg2|
     [msg, msg2]
   end
-  'ok' if r.take == ['ping', 'pong']
+  'ok' if r.value == ['ping', 'pong']
 }
 
 # Ractor#send passes an object with copy to a Ractor
@@ -115,65 +115,23 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
     msg = Ractor.receive
   end
   r.send 'ok'
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 # Ractor#receive_if can filter the message
-assert_equal '[2, 3, 1]', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
-    main << 1
-    main << 2
-    main << 3
-  end
-  a = []
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 3}
-  a << Ractor.receive
-}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  ports = 3.times.map{Ractor::Port.new}
 
-# Ractor#receive_if with break
-assert_equal '[2, [1, :break], 3]', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
-    main << 1
-    main << 2
-    main << 3
+  r = Ractor.new ports do |ports|
+    ports[0] << 3
+    ports[1] << 1
+    ports[2] << 2
   end
-
   a = []
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| break [msg, :break]}
-  a << Ractor.receive
-}
-
-# Ractor#receive_if can't be called recursively
-assert_equal '[[:e1, 1], [:e2, 2]]', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
-    main << 1
-    main << 2
-    main << 3
-  end
-
-  a = []
-
-  Ractor.receive_if do |msg|
-    begin
-      Ractor.receive
-    rescue Ractor::Error
-      a << [:e1, msg]
-    end
-    true # delete 1 from queue
-  end
-
-  Ractor.receive_if do |msg|
-    begin
-      Ractor.receive_if{}
-    rescue Ractor::Error
-      a << [:e2, msg]
-    end
-    true # delete 2 from queue
-  end
-
-  a #
+  a << ports[1].receive # 1
+  a << ports[2].receive # 2
+  a << ports[0].receive # 3
+  a
 }
 
 # dtoa race condition
@@ -184,73 +142,145 @@ assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
       10_000.times{ rand.to_s }
       :ok
     }
-  }.map(&:take)
+  }.map(&:value)
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
+assert_equal "42", %q{
+  a = 42
+  Ractor.shareable_lambda{ a }.call
+}
+
+# Ractor.shareable_proc issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
 assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e]', %q{
   v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 = :a, :b, :c, :d, :e
-  closure = Ractor.current.instance_eval{ Proc.new { [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5] } }
+  closure = Proc.new { [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5] }
+  Ractor.shareable_proc(&closure).call
+}
 
-  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+# Ractor.shareable_proc makes a copy of given Proc
+assert_equal '[true, true]', %q{
+  pr1 = Proc.new do
+    self
+  end
+  pr2 = Ractor.shareable_proc(&pr1)
+
+  [pr1.call == self, pr2.call == nil]
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
-assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g]', %q{
-  a = :a
-  closure = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    -> {
-      b, c, d = :b, :c, :d
-      -> {
-        e, f, g = :e, :f, :g
-        -> { [a, b, c, d, e, f, g] }
-      }.call
-    }.call
+# Ractor.shareable_proc keeps the original Proc intact
+assert_equal '[SyntaxError, [Object, 43, 43], Binding]', %q{
+  a = 42
+  pr1 = Proc.new do
+    [self.class, eval("a"), binding.local_variable_get(:a)]
   end
+  a += 1
+  pr2 = Ractor.shareable_proc(&pr1)
 
-  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+  r = []
+  begin
+    pr2.call
+  rescue SyntaxError
+    r << SyntaxError
+  end
+
+  r << pr1.call << pr1.binding.class
 }
 
-# Now autoload in non-main Ractor is not supported
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  autoload :Foo, 'foo.rb'
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    p Foo
-  rescue Ractor::UnsafeError
-    :ok
+# Ractor.make_shareable mutates the original Proc
+# This is the current behavior, it's currently considered safe enough
+# because in most cases it would raise anyway due to not-shared self or not-shared captured variable value
+assert_equal '[[42, 42], Binding, true, SyntaxError, "Can\'t create Binding from isolated Proc"]', %q{
+  a = 42
+  pr1 = nil.instance_exec do
+    Proc.new do
+      [eval("a"), binding.local_variable_get(:a)]
+    end
+  end
+
+  r = [pr1.call, pr1.binding.class]
+
+  pr2 = Ractor.make_shareable(pr1)
+  r << pr1.equal?(pr2)
+
+  begin
+    pr1.call
+  rescue SyntaxError
+    r << SyntaxError
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r << pr1.binding
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    r << $!.message
+  end
+
+  r
+}
+
+# Ractor::IsolationError cases
+assert_equal '3', %q{
+  ok = 0
+
+  begin
+    a = 1
+    Ractor.shareable_proc{a}
+    a = 2
+  rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+    ok += 1
+  end
+
+  begin
+    cond = false
+    b = 1
+    b = 2 if cond
+    Ractor.shareable_proc{b}
+  rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+    ok += 1
+  end
+
+  begin
+    1.times{|i|
+      i = 2
+      Ractor.shareable_proc{i}
+    }
+  rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+    ok += 1
   end
-  r.take
 }
 
 ###
 ###
 # Ractor still has several memory corruption so skip huge number of tests
-if ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] &&
-   ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] == 'Compilations'
+if ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] == 'Compilations'
    # ignore the follow
 else
 
-# Ractor.select(*ractors) receives a values from a ractors.
-# It is similar to select(2) and Go's select syntax.
-# The return value is [ch, received_value]
+# Ractor.select with a Ractor argument
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   # select 1
   r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
-  r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
-  'ok' if r == r1 and obj == 'r1'
+  port, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
+  if port == r1 and obj == 'r1'
+    'ok'
+  else
+    # failed
+    [port, obj].inspect
+  end
 }
 
 # Ractor.select from two ractors.
 assert_equal '["r1", "r2"]', %q{
   # select 2
-  r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
-  r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
-  rs = [r1, r2]
+  p1 = Ractor::Port.new
+  p2 = Ractor::Port.new
+  r1 = Ractor.new(p1){|p1| p1 << 'r1'}
+  r2 = Ractor.new(p2){|p2| p2 << 'r2'}
+  ps = [p1, p2]
   as = []
-  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
-  rs.delete(r)
+  port, obj = Ractor.select(*ps)
+  ps.delete(port)
   as << obj
-  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  port, obj = Ractor.select(*ps)
   as << obj
   as.sort #=> ["r1", "r2"]
 }
@@ -286,7 +316,7 @@ assert_equal 30.times.map { 'ok' }.to_s, %q{
 } unless (ENV.key?('TRAVIS') && ENV['TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH'] == 'arm64') # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17878
 
 # Exception for empty select
-assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
+assert_match /specify at least one Ractor::Port or Ractor/, %q{
   begin
     Ractor.select
   rescue ArgumentError => e
@@ -294,30 +324,12 @@ assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
   end
 }
 
-# Outgoing port of a ractor will be closed when the Ractor is terminated.
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    'finish'
-  end
-
-  r.take
-  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
-
-  begin
-    o = r.take
-  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-    'ok'
-  else
-    "ng: #{o}"
-  end
-}
-
 # Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a terminated ractor
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
   end
 
-  r.take # closed
+  r.join # closed
   sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
 
   begin
@@ -329,47 +341,16 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   end
 }
 
-# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a closed actor
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
-  r.close_incoming
-
-  begin
-    r.send(1)
-  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-    'ok'
-  else
-    'ng'
-  end
-}
-
-# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to take from closed actor
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    Ractor.yield 1
-    Ractor.receive
-  end
-
-  r.close_outgoing
-  begin
-    r.take
-  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-    'ok'
-  else
-    'ng'
-  end
-}
-
-# Can mix with Thread#interrupt and Ractor#take [Bug #17366]
+# Can mix with Thread#interrupt and Ractor#join [Bug #17366]
 assert_equal 'err', %q{
-  Ractor.new{
+  Ractor.new do
     t = Thread.current
     begin
       Thread.new{ t.raise "err" }.join
     rescue => e
       e.message
     end
-  }.take
+  end.value
 }
 
 # Killed Ractor's thread yields nil
@@ -377,34 +358,18 @@ assert_equal 'nil', %q{
   Ractor.new{
     t = Thread.current
     Thread.new{ t.kill }.join
-  }.take.inspect #=> nil
+  }.value.inspect #=> nil
 }
 
-# Ractor.yield raises Ractor::ClosedError when outgoing port is closed.
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a ractor with closed default port
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+  r = Ractor.new {
+    Ractor.current.close
+    Ractor.main << :ok
     Ractor.receive
-    main << true
-    Ractor.yield 1
-  end
-
-  r.close_outgoing
-  r << true
-  Ractor.receive
-
-  begin
-    r.take
-  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-    'ok'
-  else
-    'ng'
-  end
-}
+  }
 
-# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a ractor with closed incoming port
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
-  r.close_incoming
+  Ractor.receive # wait for ok
 
   begin
     r.send(1)
@@ -415,154 +380,82 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   end
 }
 
-# A ractor with closed incoming port still can send messages out
-assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    Ractor.yield 1
-    2
-  end
-  r.close_incoming
-
-  [r.take, r.take]
-}
-
-# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to take from a ractor with closed outgoing port
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    Ractor.yield 1
-    Ractor.receive
-  end
-
-  sleep 0.01 # wait for Ractor.yield in r
-  r.close_outgoing
-  begin
-    r.take
-  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-    'ok'
-  else
-    'ng'
-  end
-}
-
-# A ractor with closed outgoing port still can receive messages from incoming port
-assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    Ractor.receive
-  end
-
-  r.close_outgoing
-  begin
-    r.send(1)
-  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-    'ng'
-  else
-    'ok'
-  end
-}
-
 # Ractor.main returns main ractor
 assert_equal 'true', %q{
   Ractor.new{
     Ractor.main
-  }.take == Ractor.current
+  }.value == Ractor.current
 }
 
 # a ractor with closed outgoing port should terminate
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   Ractor.new do
-    close_outgoing
+    Ractor.current.close
   end
 
   true until Ractor.count == 1
   :ok
 }
 
-# multiple Ractors can receive (wait) from one Ractor
-assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
-  pipe = Ractor.new do
-    loop do
-      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
-    end
+# an exception in a Ractor main thread will be re-raised at Ractor#receive
+assert_equal '[RuntimeError, "ok", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred receiver
   end
-
-  RN = 10
-  rs = RN.times.map{|i|
-    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
-      msg = pipe.take
-      msg # ping-pong
-    end
-  }
-  RN.times{|i|
-    pipe << i
-  }
-  RN.times.map{
-    r, n = Ractor.select(*rs)
-    rs.delete r
-    n
-  }.sort
-} unless /mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # randomly hangs on mswin https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions/runs/3753871445/jobs/6377551069#step:20:131
-
-# Ractor.select also support multiple take, receive and yield
-assert_equal '[true, true, true]', %q{
-  RN = 10
-  CR = Ractor.current
-
-  rs = (1..RN).map{
-    Ractor.new do
-      CR.send 'send' + CR.take #=> 'sendyield'
-      'take'
-    end
-  }
-  received = []
-  taken = []
-  yielded = []
-  until received.size == RN && taken.size == RN && yielded.size == RN
-    r, v = Ractor.select(CR, *rs, yield_value: 'yield')
-    case r
-    when :receive
-      received << v
-    when :yield
-      yielded << v
-    else
-      taken << v
-      rs.delete r
-    end
+  begin
+    r.join
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
   end
-  r = [received == ['sendyield'] * RN,
-       yielded  == [nil] * RN,
-       taken    == ['take'] * RN,
-  ]
-
-  STDERR.puts [received, yielded, taken].inspect
-  r
 }
 
-# multiple Ractors can send to one Ractor
-assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
-  pipe = Ractor.new do
-    loop do
-      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
-    end
+# an exception in a Ractor will be re-raised at Ractor#value
+assert_equal '[RuntimeError, "ok", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred receiver
+  end
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
   end
+}
 
-  RN = 10
-  RN.times.map{|i|
-    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
-      pipe << i
+# an exception in a Ractor non-main thread will not be re-raised at Ractor#receive
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Thread.new do
+      raise 'ng'
     end
-  }
-  RN.times.map{
-    pipe.take
-  }.sort
+    sleep 0.1
+    'ok'
+  end
+  r.value
 }
 
-# an exception in a Ractor will be re-raised at Ractor#receive
-assert_equal '[RuntimeError, "ok", true]', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred receiver
+# SystemExit from a Ractor is re-raised
+# [Bug #21505]
+assert_equal '[SystemExit, "exit", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { exit }
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
   end
+}
+
+# SystemExit from a Thread inside a Ractor is re-raised
+# [Bug #21505]
+assert_equal '[SystemExit, "exit", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { Thread.new { exit }.join }
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.value
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
      e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
@@ -571,7 +464,7 @@ assert_equal '[RuntimeError, "ok", true]', %q{
 }
 
 # threads in a ractor will killed
-assert_equal '{:ok=>3}', %q{
+assert_equal '{ok: 3}', %q{
   Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
     q = Thread::Queue.new
     Thread.new do
@@ -601,7 +494,7 @@ assert_equal '{:ok=>3}', %q{
   end
 
   3.times.map{Ractor.receive}.tally
-} unless yjit_enabled? # `[BUG] Bus Error at 0x000000010b7002d0` in jit_exec()
+} unless yjit_enabled? # YJIT: `[BUG] Bus Error at 0x000000010b7002d0` in jit_exec()
 
 # unshareable object are copied
 assert_equal 'false', %q{
@@ -610,18 +503,18 @@ assert_equal 'false', %q{
     msg.object_id
   end
 
-  obj.object_id == r.take
+  obj.object_id == r.value
 }
 
 # To copy the object, now Marshal#dump is used
-assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
+assert_match /can't clone unshareable instance of Thread/, %q{
   obj = Thread.new{}
   begin
     r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
       msg
     end
-  rescue TypeError => e
-    e.message #=> no _dump_data is defined for class Thread
+  rescue Ractor::Error => e
+    e.message
   else
     'ng'
   end
@@ -629,10 +522,11 @@ assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
 
 # send shareable and unshareable objects
 assert_equal "ok", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
-  echo_ractor = Ractor.new do
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
+  echo_ractor = Ractor.new port do |port|
     loop do
       v = Ractor.receive
-      Ractor.yield v
+      port << v
     end
   end
 
@@ -680,13 +574,13 @@ assert_equal "ok", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
 
   shareable_objects.map{|o|
     echo_ractor << o
-    o2 = echo_ractor.take
+    o2 = port.receive
     results << "#{o} is copied" unless o.object_id == o2.object_id
   }
 
   unshareable_objects.map{|o|
     echo_ractor << o
-    o2 = echo_ractor.take
+    o2 = port.receive
     results << "#{o.inspect} is not copied" if o.object_id == o2.object_id
   }
 
@@ -712,7 +606,7 @@ assert_equal [false, true, false].inspect, <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: fal
   def check obj1
     obj2 = Ractor.new obj1 do |obj|
       obj
-    end.take
+    end.value
 
     obj1.object_id == obj2.object_id
   end
@@ -734,7 +628,7 @@ assert_equal 'hello world', <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
 
   str = 'hello'
   r.send str, move: true
-  modified = r.take
+  modified = r.value
 
   begin
     str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
@@ -754,7 +648,7 @@ assert_equal '[0, 1]', %q{
 
   a1 = [0]
   r.send a1, move: true
-  a2 = r.take
+  a2 = r.value
   begin
     a1 << 2 # raise Ractor::MovedError
   rescue Ractor::MovedError
@@ -762,70 +656,39 @@ assert_equal '[0, 1]', %q{
   end
 }
 
-# move with yield
-assert_equal 'hello', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
-    obj = 'hello'
-    Ractor.yield obj, move: true
-    obj << 'world'
-  end
-
-  str = r.take
-  begin
-    r.take
-  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
-    str #=> "hello"
-  end
-}
-
-# yield/move should not make moved object when the yield is not succeeded
-assert_equal '"str"', %q{
-  R = Ractor.new{}
-  M = Ractor.current
+# unshareable frozen objects should still be frozen in new ractor after move
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
-    s = 'str'
-    selected_r, v = Ractor.select R, yield_value: s, move: true
-    raise if selected_r != R # taken from R
-    M.send s.inspect # s should not be a moved object
+    obj = receive
+    { frozen: obj.frozen? }
   end
-
-  Ractor.receive
+  obj = [Object.new].freeze
+  r.send(obj, move: true)
+  r.value[:frozen]
 }
 
-# yield/move can fail
-assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    obj = Thread.new{}
-    Ractor.yield obj
-  rescue => e
-    e.message
-  end
-  r.take
-}
-
-# Access to global-variables are prohibited
-assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited (read)
+assert_equal 'can not access global variable $gv from non-main Ractor', %q{
   $gv = 1
   r = Ractor.new do
     $gv
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
 }
 
-# Access to global-variables are prohibited
-assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited (write)
+assert_equal 'can not access global variable $gv from non-main Ractor', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
     $gv = 1
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -839,7 +702,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
     }
   end
 
-  [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].zip(r.take){|io, (oid, fno)|
+  [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].zip(r.value){|io, (oid, fno)|
     raise "should not be different object" if io.object_id == oid
     raise "fd should be same" unless io.fileno == fno
   }
@@ -855,7 +718,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
     'ok'
   end
 
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 # $DEBUG, $VERBOSE are Ractor local
@@ -913,7 +776,7 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
 
   h = Ractor.new do
     ractor_local_globals
-  end.take
+  end.value
   ractor_local_globals == h #=> true
 }
 
@@ -922,7 +785,8 @@ assert_equal 'false', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
     self.object_id
   end
-  r.take == self.object_id #=> false
+  ret = r.value
+  ret == self.object_id
 }
 
 # self is a Ractor instance
@@ -930,11 +794,16 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
     self.object_id
   end
-  r.object_id == r.take #=> true
+  ret = r.value
+  if r.object_id == ret #=> true
+    true
+  else
+    raise [ret, r.object_id].inspect
+  end
 }
 
 # given block Proc will be isolated, so can not access outer variables.
-assert_equal 'ArgumentError', %q{
+assert_equal 'Ractor::IsolationError', %q{
   begin
     a = true
     r = Ractor.new do
@@ -945,8 +814,39 @@ assert_equal 'ArgumentError', %q{
   end
 }
 
+# eval with outer locals in a Ractor raises SyntaxError
+# [Bug #21522]
+assert_equal 'SyntaxError', %q{
+  outer = 42
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    eval("outer")
+  end
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.class
+  end
+}
+
+# eval of an undefined name in a Ractor raises NameError
+assert_equal 'NameError', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    eval("totally_undefined_name")
+  end
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.class
+  end
+}
+
+# eval of a local defined inside the Ractor works
+assert_equal '99', %q{
+  Ractor.new { inner = 99; eval("inner").to_s }.value
+}
+
 # ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
-assert_equal "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
+assert_equal "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (@iv from C)", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   class C
     @iv = 'str'
   end
@@ -958,7 +858,7 @@ assert_equal "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.value
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -974,7 +874,7 @@ assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-ma
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.value
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -1000,7 +900,7 @@ assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-ma
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.value
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -1021,7 +921,7 @@ assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-ma
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.value
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -1035,7 +935,7 @@ assert_equal '11', %q{
 
     Ractor.new obj do |obj|
       obj.instance_variable_get('@a')
-    end.take.to_s
+    end.value.to_s
   }.join
 }
 
@@ -1061,54 +961,68 @@ assert_equal '333', %q{
     def self.fstr = @fstr
   end
 
-  a = Ractor.new{ C.int }.take
+  a = Ractor.new{ C.int }.value
   b = Ractor.new do
     C.str.to_i
   rescue Ractor::IsolationError
     10
-  end.take
+  end.value
   c = Ractor.new do
     C.fstr.to_i
-  end.take
+  end.value
 
-  d = Ractor.new{ M.int }.take
+  d = Ractor.new{ M.int }.value
   e = Ractor.new do
     M.str.to_i
   rescue Ractor::IsolationError
     20
-  end.take
+  end.value
   f = Ractor.new do
     M.fstr.to_i
-  end.take
+  end.value
 
 
   # 1 + 10 + 100 + 2 + 20 + 200
   a + b + c + d + e + f
 }
 
+assert_equal '["instance-variable", "instance-variable", nil]', %q{
+  class C
+    @iv1 = ""
+    @iv2 = 42
+    def self.iv1 = defined?(@iv1) # "instance-variable"
+    def self.iv2 = defined?(@iv2) # "instance-variable"
+    def self.iv3 = defined?(@iv3) # nil
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new{
+    [C.iv1, C.iv2, C.iv3]
+  }.value
+}
+
 # moved objects have their shape properly set to original object's shape
 assert_equal '1234', %q{
-class Obj
-  attr_accessor :a, :b, :c, :d
-  def initialize
-    @a = 1
-    @b = 2
-    @c = 3
+  class Obj
+    attr_accessor :a, :b, :c, :d
+    def initialize
+      @a = 1
+      @b = 2
+      @c = 3
+    end
   end
-end
-r = Ractor.new do
-  obj = receive
-  obj.d = 4
-  [obj.a, obj.b, obj.c, obj.d]
-end
-obj = Obj.new
-r.send(obj, move: true)
-values = r.take
-values.join
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = receive
+    obj.d = 4
+    [obj.a, obj.b, obj.c, obj.d]
+  end
+  obj = Obj.new
+  r.send(obj, move: true)
+  values = r.value
+  values.join
 }
 
-# cvar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
-assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
+# Reading non-shareable cvar from non-main Ractor is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not read non-shareable class variable @@cv from non-main Ractors (C)', %q{
   class C
     @@cv = 'str'
   end
@@ -1120,14 +1034,14 @@ assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
 }
 
-# also cached cvar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
-assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
+# also cached non-shareable cvar read from non-main Ractor is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not read non-shareable class variable @@cv from non-main Ractors (C)', %q{
   class C
     @@cv = 'str'
     def self.cv
@@ -1142,12 +1056,101 @@ assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
   end
 
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
 }
 
+# Reading shareable cvar from non-main Ractor is allowed
+assert_equal 'shareable', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = 'shareable'.freeze
+    def self.cv
+      @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new { C.cv }.value
+}
+
+# Reading shareable cvar (integer) from non-main Ractor is allowed
+assert_equal '42', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = 42
+    def self.cv
+      @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new { C.cv }.value.to_s
+}
+
+# Reading shareable cvar via module include from non-main Ractor is allowed
+assert_equal 'hello', %q{
+  module M
+    @@cv = 'hello'.freeze
+    def self.cv
+      @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  class C
+    include M
+    def self.cv
+      @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new { C.cv }.value
+}
+
+# Writing cvar from non-main Ractor is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not set class variables from non-main Ractors (@@cv from C)', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = 'str'
+    def self.cv=(v)
+      @@cv = v
+    end
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C.cv = 'new'
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.join
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Reading cvar that was made shareable after initial assignment
+assert_equal 'made shareable', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = +'made shareable'
+    Ractor.make_shareable(@@cv)
+    def self.cv
+      @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new { C.cv }.value
+}
+
+# cvar_defined? works from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = 42
+    def self.cv?
+      defined?(@@cv)
+    end
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new { C.cv? ? 'true' : 'false' }
+  r.value
+}
+
 # Getting non-shareable objects via constants by other Ractors is not allowed
 assert_equal 'can not access non-shareable objects in constant C::CONST by non-main Ractor.', <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   class C
@@ -1157,19 +1160,33 @@ assert_equal 'can not access non-shareable objects in constant C::CONST by non-m
     C::CONST
   end
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
   RUBY
 
-# Constant cache should care about non-sharable constants
+# Constant cache should care about non-shareable constants
 assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by non-main Ractor.", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   STR = "hello"
   def str; STR; end
   s = str() # fill const cache
   begin
-    Ractor.new{ str() }.take
+    Ractor.new{ str() }.join
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+RUBY
+
+# The correct constant path shall be reported
+assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by non-main Ractor.", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
+  STR = "hello"
+  module M
+    def self.str; STR; end
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{ M.str }.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -1183,7 +1200,7 @@ assert_equal 'can not set constants with non-shareable objects by non-main Racto
     C::CONST = 'str'
   end
   begin
-    r.take
+    r.join
   rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -1194,7 +1211,7 @@ assert_equal "defined with an un-shareable Proc in a different Ractor", %q{
   str = "foo"
   define_method(:buggy){|i| str << "#{i}"}
   begin
-    Ractor.new{buggy(10)}.take
+    Ractor.new{buggy(10)}.join
   rescue => e
     e.cause.message
   end
@@ -1205,7 +1222,7 @@ assert_equal '[1000, 3]', %q{
   A = Array.new(1000).freeze # [nil, ...]
   H = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.freeze
 
-  Ractor.new{ [A.size, H.size] }.take
+  Ractor.new{ [A.size, H.size] }.value
 }
 
 # Ractor.count
@@ -1215,15 +1232,15 @@ assert_equal '[1, 4, 3, 2, 1]', %q{
   ractors = (1..3).map { Ractor.new { Ractor.receive } }
   counts << Ractor.count
 
-  ractors[0].send('End 0').take
+  ractors[0].send('End 0').join
   sleep 0.1 until ractors[0].inspect =~ /terminated/
   counts << Ractor.count
 
-  ractors[1].send('End 1').take
+  ractors[1].send('End 1').join
   sleep 0.1 until ractors[1].inspect =~ /terminated/
   counts << Ractor.count
 
-  ractors[2].send('End 2').take
+  ractors[2].send('End 2').join
   sleep 0.1 until ractors[2].inspect =~ /terminated/
   counts << Ractor.count
 
@@ -1236,7 +1253,7 @@ assert_equal '0', %q{
     n = 0
     ObjectSpace.each_object{|o| n += 1 unless Ractor.shareable?(o)}
     n
-  }.take
+  }.value
 }
 
 # ObjectSpace._id2ref can not handle unshareable objects with Ractors
@@ -1249,7 +1266,25 @@ assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
     rescue => e
       :ok
     end
-  end.take
+  end.value
+RUBY
+
+# Inserting into the id2ref table should be Ractor-safe
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  # Force all calls to Kernel#object_id to insert into the id2ref table
+  obj = Object.new
+  ObjectSpace._id2ref(obj.object_id) rescue nil
+
+  10.times.map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      10_000.times do
+        a = Object.new
+        a.object_id
+      end
+    end
+  end.map(&:value)
+
+  :ok
 RUBY
 
 # Ractor.make_shareable(obj)
@@ -1333,19 +1368,42 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   [a.frozen?, a[0].frozen?] == [true, false]
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
-assert_equal 'true', %q{
-  a = [1, [2, 3], {a: "4"}]
+# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) requires a shareable receiver
+assert_equal '[:ok, "Proc\'s self is not shareable:"]', %q{
+  pr1 = nil.instance_exec { Proc.new{} }
+  pr2 = Proc.new{}
 
-  pr = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    Proc.new do
-      a
+  [pr1, pr2].map do |pr|
+    begin
+      Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
+    rescue Ractor::Error => e
+      e.message[/^.+?:/]
+    else
+      :ok
     end
   end
+}
 
-  Ractor.make_shareable(a) # referred value should be shareable
-  Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
-  Ractor.shareable?(pr)
+# Ractor.make_shareable(Method/UnboundMethod)
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  # raise because receiver is unshareable
+  begin
+    _m0 = Ractor.make_shareable(self.method(:__id__))
+  rescue => e
+    raise e unless e.message =~ /can not make shareable object/
+  else
+    raise "no error"
+  end
+
+  # Method with shareable receiver
+  M1 = Ractor.make_shareable(Object.method(:__id__))
+
+  # UnboundMethod
+  M2 = Ractor.make_shareable(Object.instance_method(:__id__))
+
+  Ractor.new do
+    Object.__id__ == M1.call && M1.call == M2.bind_call(Object)
+  end.value
 }
 
 # Ractor.shareable?(recursive_objects)
@@ -1380,29 +1438,10 @@ assert_equal '[C, M]', %q{
 assert_equal '1', %q{
   class C
     a = 1
-    define_method "foo", Ractor.make_shareable(Proc.new{ a })
-    a = 2
-  end
-
-  Ractor.new{ C.new.foo }.take
-}
-
-# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
-assert_equal 'can not make a Proc shareable because it accesses outer variables (a).', %q{
-  a = b = nil
-  pr = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    Proc.new do
-      c = b # assign to a is okay because c is block local variable
-      # reading b is okay
-      a = b # assign to a is not allowed #=> Ractor::Error
-    end
+    define_method "foo", Ractor.shareable_proc{ a }
   end
 
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
-  rescue => e
-    e.message
-  end
+  Ractor.new{ C.new.foo }.value
 }
 
 # Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true) makes copied shareable object.
@@ -1427,7 +1466,7 @@ assert_equal '[6, 10]', %q{
     Ractor.new{ # line 5
       a = 1
       b = 2
-    }.take
+    }.value
     c = 3       # line 9
   end
   rs
@@ -1437,7 +1476,7 @@ assert_equal '[6, 10]', %q{
 assert_equal '[true, false]', %q{
   Ractor.new([[]].freeze) { |ary|
     [ary.frozen?, ary.first.frozen? ]
-  }.take
+  }.value
 }
 
 # Ractor deep copies frozen objects (str)
@@ -1445,7 +1484,7 @@ assert_equal '[true, false]', %q{
   s = String.new.instance_eval { @x = []; freeze}
   Ractor.new(s) { |s|
     [s.frozen?, s.instance_variable_get(:@x).frozen?]
-  }.take
+  }.value
 }
 
 # Can not trap with not isolated Proc on non-main ractor
@@ -1453,33 +1492,85 @@ assert_equal '[:ok, :ok]', %q{
   a = []
   Ractor.new{
     trap(:INT){p :ok}
-  }.take
+  }.join
   a << :ok
 
   begin
     Ractor.new{
       s = 'str'
       trap(:INT){p s}
-    }.take
-  rescue => Ractor::RemoteError
+    }.join
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
     a << :ok
   end
 }
 
+# Ractor.select is interruptible
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  trap(:INT) do
+    exit
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      sleep 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  Thread.new do
+    sleep 0.5
+    Process.kill(:INT, Process.pid)
+  end
+  Ractor.select(r)
+}
+
 # Ractor-local storage
 assert_equal '[nil, "b", "a"]', %q{
   ans = []
   Ractor.current[:key] = 'a'
   r = Ractor.new{
-    Ractor.yield self[:key]
+    Ractor.main << self[:key]
     self[:key] = 'b'
     self[:key]
   }
-  ans << r.take
-  ans << r.take
+  ans << Ractor.receive
+  ans << r.value
   ans << Ractor.current[:key]
 }
 
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  N = 1_000
+  Ractor.new{
+    a = []
+    1_000.times.map{|i|
+      Thread.new(i){|i|
+        Thread.pass if i < N
+        a << Ractor.store_if_absent(:i){ i }
+        a << Ractor.current[:i]
+      }
+    }.each(&:join)
+    a.uniq.size
+  }.value
+}
+
+# Ractor-local storage
+assert_equal '2', %q{
+  Ractor.new {
+    fails = 0
+    begin
+      Ractor.main[:key] # cannot get ractor local storage from non-main ractor
+    rescue => e
+      fails += 1 if e.message =~ /Cannot get ractor local/
+    end
+    begin
+      Ractor.main[:key] = 'val'
+    rescue => e
+      fails += 1 if e.message =~ /Cannot set ractor local/
+    end
+    fails
+  }.value
+}
+
 ###
 ### Synchronization tests
 ###
@@ -1493,10 +1584,28 @@ assert_equal "#{N}#{N}", %Q{
     Ractor.new{
       N.times{|i| -(i.to_s)}
     }
-  }.map{|r| r.take}.join
+  }.map{|r| r.value}.join
 }
 
-# Generic ivtbl
+assert_equal "ok", %Q{
+  N = #{N}
+  a, b = 2.times.map{
+    Ractor.new{
+      N.times.map{|i| -(i.to_s)}
+    }
+  }.map{|r| r.value}
+  N.times do |i|
+    unless a[i].equal?(b[i])
+      raise [a[i], b[i]].inspect
+    end
+    unless a[i] == i.to_s
+      raise [i, a[i], b[i]].inspect
+    end
+  end
+  :ok
+}
+
+# Generic fields_tbl
 n = N/2
 assert_equal "#{n}#{n}", %Q{
   2.times.map{
@@ -1509,21 +1618,20 @@ assert_equal "#{n}#{n}", %Q{
         obj.instance_variable_defined?("@a")
       end
     end
-  }.map{|r| r.take}.join
+  }.map{|r| r.value}.join
 }
 
-# NameError
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
+# Now NoMethodError is copyable
+assert_equal "NoMethodError", %q{
   obj = "".freeze # NameError refers the receiver indirectly
   begin
     obj.bar
   rescue => err
   end
-  begin
-    Ractor.new{} << err
-  rescue TypeError
-    'ok'
-  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new{ Ractor.receive }
+  r << err
+  r.value.class
 }
 
 assert_equal "ok", %q{
@@ -1541,54 +1649,27 @@ assert_equal "ok", %q{
 
 # Can yield back values while GC is sweeping [Bug #18117]
 assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
   workers = (0...8).map do
-    Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.new port do |port|
       loop do
         10_000.times.map { Object.new }
-        Ractor.yield Time.now
+        port << Time.now
+        Ractor.receive
       end
     end
   end
 
-  1_000.times { idle_worker, tmp_reporter = Ractor.select(*workers) }
+  100.times {
+    workers.each do
+      port.receive
+    end
+    workers.each do |w|
+      w.send(nil)
+    end
+  }
   "ok"
-} unless yjit_enabled? || rjit_enabled? # flaky
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo(*); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo(**); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo(...); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo((x), (y)); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo([], []))
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
+} if !yjit_enabled? && ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] != 'ModGC' # flaky
 
 # check method cache invalidation
 assert_equal "ok", %q{
@@ -1653,14 +1734,41 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   }
 
   n = CS.inject(1){|r, c| r * c.foo} * LN
-  rs.map{|r| r.take} == Array.new(RN){n}
+  rs.map{|r| r.value} == Array.new(RN){n}
+}
+
+# check method cache invalidation
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class Foo
+    def hello = nil
+  end
+
+  r1 = Ractor.new do
+    1000.times do
+      class Foo
+        def hello = nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  r2 = Ractor.new do
+    1000.times do
+      o = Foo.new
+      o.hello
+    end
+  end
+
+  r1.value
+  r2.value
+
+  true
 }
 
 # check experimental warning
-assert_match /\Atest_ractor\.rb:1:\s+warning:\s+Ractor is experimental/, %q{
+assert_match /\Atest_ractor\.rb:1:\s+warning:\s+Ractor API is experimental/, %q{
   Warning[:experimental] = $VERBOSE = true
   STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
-  eval("Ractor.new{}.take", nil, "test_ractor.rb", 1)
+  eval("Ractor.new{}.value", nil, "test_ractor.rb", 1)
 }, frozen_string_literal: false
 
 # check moved object
@@ -1678,7 +1786,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   end
 
   r.send obj, move: true
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 ## Ractor::Selector
@@ -1754,10 +1862,11 @@ assert_equal '600', %q{
 
   RN = 100
   s = Ractor::Selector.new
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
   rs = RN.times.map{
     Ractor.new{
-      Ractor.main << Ractor.new{ Ractor.yield :v3; :v4 }
-      Ractor.main << Ractor.new{ Ractor.yield :v5; :v6 }
+      Ractor.main << Ractor.new(port){|port| port << :v3; :v4 }
+      Ractor.main << Ractor.new(port){|port| port << :v5; :v6 }
       Ractor.yield :v1
       :v2
     }
@@ -1803,3 +1912,755 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   shareable = Ractor.make_shareable("chilled")
   shareable == "chilled" && Ractor.shareable?(shareable)
 }
+
+# require in Ractor
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  Module.new do
+    def require feature
+      return Ractor._require(feature) unless Ractor.main?
+      super
+    end
+    Object.prepend self
+    set_temporary_name 'Ractor#require'
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new{
+    begin
+      require 'tempfile'
+      Tempfile.new
+    rescue SystemStackError
+      # prism parser with -O0 build consumes a lot of machine stack
+      Data.define(:fileno).new(1)
+    end
+  }.value.fileno > 0
+}
+
+# require_relative in Ractor
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  dummyfile = File.join(__dir__, "dummy#{rand}.rb")
+  return true if File.exist?(dummyfile)
+
+  begin
+    File.write dummyfile, ''
+  rescue Exception
+    # skip on any errors
+    return true
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new dummyfile do |f|
+      require_relative File.basename(f)
+    end.value
+  ensure
+    File.unlink dummyfile
+  end
+}
+
+# require_relative in Ractor
+assert_equal 'LoadError', %q{
+  dummyfile = File.join(__dir__, "not_existed_dummy#{rand}.rb")
+  return true if File.exist?(dummyfile)
+
+  Ractor.new dummyfile do |f|
+    begin
+      require_relative File.basename(f)
+    rescue LoadError => e
+      e.class
+    end
+  end.value
+}
+
+# autolaod in Ractor
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  autoload :Tempfile, 'tempfile'
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    begin
+      Tempfile.new
+    rescue SystemStackError
+      # prism parser with -O0 build consumes a lot of machine stack
+      Data.define(:fileno).new(1)
+    end
+  end
+  r.value.fileno > 0
+}
+
+# failed in autolaod in Ractor
+assert_equal 'LoadError', %q{
+  dummyfile = File.join(__dir__, "not_existed_dummy#{rand}.rb")
+  autoload :Tempfile, dummyfile
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    begin
+      Tempfile.new
+    rescue LoadError => e
+      e.class
+    end
+  end
+  r.value
+}
+
+# bind_call in Ractor [Bug #20934]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  2.times.map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      1000.times do
+        Object.instance_method(:itself).bind_call(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end.each(&:join)
+  GC.start
+  :ok.itself
+}
+
+# moved objects being corrupted if embeded (String)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = "foobarbazfoobarbazfoobarbazfoobarbaz"
+  ractor.send(obj.dup, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj == obj ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved objects being corrupted if embeded (Array)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  ractor.send(obj.dup, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj == obj ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved objects being corrupted if embeded (Hash)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = { foo: 1, bar: 2 }
+  ractor.send(obj.dup, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj == obj ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved objects being corrupted if embeded (MatchData)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = "foo".match(/o/)
+  ractor.send(obj.dup, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj == obj ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved objects being corrupted if embeded (Struct)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f).new(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+  ractor.send(obj.dup, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj == obj ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved objects being corrupted if embeded (Object)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  class SomeObject
+    attr_reader :a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f
+    def initialize
+      @a = @b = @c = @d = @e = @f = 1
+    end
+
+    def ==(o)
+      @a == o.a &&
+      @b == o.b &&
+      @c == o.c &&
+      @d == o.d &&
+      @e == o.e &&
+      @f == o.f
+    end
+  end
+
+  SomeObject.new # initial non-embeded
+
+  obj = SomeObject.new
+  ractor.send(obj.dup, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj == obj ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved arrays can't be used
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = [1]
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  begin
+    [].concat(obj)
+  rescue TypeError
+    :ok
+  else
+    :fail
+  end
+}
+
+# moved strings can't be used
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = "hello"
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  begin
+    "".replace(obj)
+  rescue TypeError
+    :ok
+  else
+    :fail
+  end
+}
+
+# moved hashes can't be used
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = { a: 1 }
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  begin
+    {}.merge(obj)
+  rescue TypeError
+    :ok
+  else
+    :fail
+  end
+}
+
+# move objects inside frozen containers
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  original = obj.dup
+  ractor.send([obj].freeze, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value[0]
+  roundtripped_obj == original ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# move object with generic ivar
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  obj.instance_variable_set(:@array, [1])
+
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# move object with many generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  0.upto(300) do |i|
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:"@array#{i}", [i])
+  end
+
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# move object with complex generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # Make Array complex
+  30.times { |i| [].instance_variable_set(:"@complex#{i}", 1) }
+
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  obj.instance_variable_set(:@array1, [1])
+
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# move object with generic ivars and existing id2ref table
+# [Bug #21664]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  obj = [1]
+  obj.instance_variable_set("@field", :ok)
+  ObjectSpace._id2ref(obj.object_id) # build id2ref table
+
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  obj = ractor.value
+  obj.instance_variable_get("@field")
+}
+
+# copy object with complex generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # Make Array complex
+  30.times { |i| [].instance_variable_set(:"@complex#{i}", 1) }
+
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  obj.instance_variable_set(:@array1, [1])
+
+  ractor.send(obj)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# copy object with many generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  0.upto(300) do |i|
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:"@array#{i}", [i])
+  end
+
+  ractor.send(obj)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# moved composite types move their non-shareable parts properly
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  k, v = String.new("key"), String.new("value")
+  h = { k => v }
+  h.instance_variable_set("@b", String.new("b"))
+  a = [k,v]
+  o_singleton = Object.new
+  def o_singleton.a
+    @a
+  end
+  o_singleton.instance_variable_set("@a", String.new("a"))
+  class MyObject
+    attr_reader :a
+    def initialize(a)
+      @a = a
+    end
+  end
+  struct_class = Struct.new(:a)
+  struct = struct_class.new(String.new('a'))
+  o = MyObject.new(String.new('a'))
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
+
+  r = Ractor.new port do |port|
+    loop do
+      obj = Ractor.receive
+      val = case obj
+      when Hash
+        obj['key'] == 'value' && obj.instance_variable_get("@b") == 'b'
+      when Array
+        obj[0] == 'key'
+      when Struct
+        obj.a == 'a'
+      when Object
+        obj.a == 'a'
+      end
+      port << val
+    end
+  end
+
+  objs = [h, a, o_singleton, o, struct]
+  objs.each_with_index do |obj, i|
+    klass = obj.class
+    parts_moved = {}
+    case obj
+    when Hash
+      parts_moved[klass] = [obj['key'], obj.instance_variable_get("@b")]
+    when Array
+      parts_moved[klass] = obj.dup # the contents
+    when Struct, Object
+      parts_moved[klass] = [obj.a]
+    end
+    r.send(obj, move: true)
+    val = port.receive
+    if val != true
+      raise "bad val in ractor for obj at i:#{i}"
+    end
+    begin
+      p obj
+    rescue
+    else
+      raise "should be moved"
+    end
+    parts_moved.each do |klass, parts|
+      parts.each_with_index do |part, j|
+        case part
+        when Ractor::MovedObject
+        else
+          raise "part for class #{klass} at i:#{j} should be moved"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  'ok'
+}
+
+# fork after creating Ractor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+begin
+  Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  _, status = Process.waitpid2 fork { }
+  status.success? ? "ok" : status
+rescue NotImplementedError
+  :ok
+end
+}
+
+# Ractors should be terminated after fork
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+begin
+  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  _, status = Process.waitpid2 fork {
+    begin
+      raise if r.value != nil
+    end
+  }
+  r.send(123)
+  raise unless r.value == 123
+  status.success? ? "ok" : status
+rescue NotImplementedError
+  :ok
+end
+}
+
+# Ractors should be terminated after fork
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+begin
+  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  _, status = Process.waitpid2 fork {
+    begin
+      r.send(123)
+    rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    end
+  }
+  r.send(123)
+  raise unless r.value == 123
+  status.success? ? "ok" : status
+rescue NotImplementedError
+  :ok
+end
+}
+
+# Creating classes inside of Ractors
+# [Bug #18119]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
+  workers = (0...8).map do
+    Ractor.new port do |port|
+      loop do
+        100.times.map { Class.new }
+        port << nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  100.times { port.receive }
+
+  'ok'
+}
+
+# Using Symbol#to_proc inside ractors
+# [Bug #21354]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  :inspect.to_proc
+  Ractor.new do
+    # It should not use this cached proc, it should create a new one. If it used
+    # the cached proc, we would get a ractor_confirm_belonging error here.
+    :inspect.to_proc
+  end.join
+  'ok'
+}
+
+# take vm lock when deleting generic ivars from the global table
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  Ractor.new do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.object_id
+    a.dup # this deletes generic ivar on dupped object
+    'ok'
+  end.value
+}
+
+## Ractor#monitor
+
+# monitor port returns `:exited` when the monitering Ractor terminated.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.main << :ok1
+    :ok2
+  end
+
+  r.monitor port = Ractor::Port.new
+  Ractor.receive # :ok1
+  port.receive == :exited
+}
+
+# monitor port returns `:exited` even if the monitoring Ractor was terminated.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    :ok
+  end
+
+  r.join # wait for r's terminateion
+
+  r.monitor port = Ractor::Port.new
+  port.receive == :exited
+}
+
+# monitor returns false if the monitoring Ractor was terminated.
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    :ok
+  end
+
+  r.join # wait for r's terminateion
+
+  r.monitor Ractor::Port.new
+}
+
+# monitor port returns `:aborted` when the monitering Ractor is aborted.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.main << :ok1
+    raise 'ok'
+  end
+
+  r.monitor port = Ractor::Port.new
+  Ractor.receive # :ok1
+  port.receive == :aborted
+}
+
+# monitor port returns `:aborted` even if the monitoring Ractor was aborted.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    raise 'ok'
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.join # wait for r's terminateion
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+    # ignore
+  end
+
+  r.monitor port = Ractor::Port.new
+  port.receive == :aborted
+}
+
+## Ractor#join
+
+# Ractor#join returns self when the Ractor is terminated.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  r << :ok
+  r.join
+  r.inspect in /terminated/
+} if false # TODO
+
+# Ractor#join raises RemoteError when the remote Ractor aborted with an exception
+assert_equal 'err', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    raise 'err'
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.join
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+## Ractor#value
+
+# Ractor#value returns the last expression even if it is unshareable
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = [1, 2]
+    obj << obj.object_id
+  end
+
+  ret = r.value
+  ret == [1, 2, ret.object_id]
+}
+
+# Only one Ractor can call Ractor#value
+assert_equal '[["Only the successor ractor can take a value", 9], ["ok", 2]]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    'ok'
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+
+  rs = RN.times.map do
+    Ractor.new r do |r|
+      begin
+        Ractor.main << r.value
+        Ractor.main << r.value # this ractor can get same result
+      rescue Ractor::Error => e
+        Ractor.main << e.message
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  (RN+1).times.map{
+    Ractor.receive
+  }.tally.sort
+}
+
+# Cause lots of inline CC misses.
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  class A; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class B; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class C; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class D; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class E; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class F; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class G; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+
+  objs = [A.new, B.new, C.new, D.new, E.new, F.new, G.new].freeze
+
+  def call_test(obj)
+    obj.test
+  end
+
+  ractors = 7.times.map do
+    Ractor.new(objs) do |objs|
+      objs = objs.shuffle
+      100_000.times do
+        objs.each do |o|
+          call_test(o)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  ractors.each(&:join)
+  :ok
+RUBY
+
+# This test checks that we do not trigger a GC when we have malloc with Ractor
+# locks. We cannot trigger a GC with Ractor locks because GC requires VM lock
+# and Ractor barrier. If another Ractor is waiting on this Ractor lock, then it
+# will deadlock because the other Ractor will never join the barrier.
+#
+# Creating Ractor::Port requires locking the Ractor and inserting into an
+# st_table, which can call malloc.
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor::Port.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  10.times do
+    10_000.times do
+      r.send(nil)
+    end
+    sleep(0.01)
+  end
+  :ok
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  begin
+    100.times do |i|
+      Ractor.new(i) do |j|
+        1000.times do |i|
+          "#{j}-#{i}"
+        end
+        Ractor.receive
+      end
+      pid = fork { }
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2 pid
+      raise unless status.success?
+    end
+
+    :ok
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    :ok
+  end
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  begin
+    100.times do |i|
+      Ractor.new(i) do |j|
+        1000.times do |i|
+          "#{j}-#{i}"
+        end
+      end
+      pid = fork do
+        GC.verify_internal_consistency
+      end
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2 pid
+      raise unless status.success?
+    end
+
+    :ok
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    :ok
+  end
+RUBY
+
+# When creating bmethods in Ractors, they should only be usable from their
+# defining ractor, even if it is GC'd
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+
+begin
+  CLASSES = 1000.times.map { Class.new }.freeze
+
+  # This would be better to run in parallel, but there's a bug with lambda
+  # creation and YJIT causing crashes in dev mode
+  ractors = CLASSES.map do |klass|
+    Ractor.new(klass) do |klass|
+      Ractor.receive
+      klass.define_method(:foo) {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  ractors.each do |ractor|
+    ractor << nil
+    ractor.join
+  end
+
+  ractors.clear
+  GC.start
+
+  any = 1000.times.map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      CLASSES.any? do |klass|
+        begin
+          klass.new.foo
+          true
+        rescue RuntimeError
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end.map(&:value).none? && :ok
+rescue ThreadError => e
+  # ignore limited memory machine
+  if /can\'t create Thread/ =~ e.message
+    :ok
+  else
+    raise
+  end
+end
+RUBY
+
+# Concurrent super calls with keyword arguments must not race on the
+# callinfo kwarg reference count. [Bug #22075]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Base
+    def foo(a:, b:, c:) = a
+  end
+
+  class Sub < Base
+    def foo(a:, b:, c:) = super(a: a, b: b, c: c)
+  end
+
+  4.times.map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      obj = Sub.new
+      100_000.times { obj.foo(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) }
+    end
+  end.each(&:join)
+
+  :ok
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_rjit.rb b/bootstraptest/test_rjit.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e123f35160..0000000000
--- a/bootstraptest/test_rjit.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# VM_CALL_OPT_SEND + VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET
-assert_equal '1', %q{
-  class Foo
-    attr_writer :foo
-
-    def bar
-      send(:foo=, 1)
-    end
-  end
-
-  Foo.new.bar
-}
-
-# VM_CALL_OPT_SEND + OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL
-assert_equal 'foo', %q{
-  def bar(&foo)
-    foo.send(:call)
-  end
-
-  bar { :foo }
-}
-
-# VM_CALL_OPT_SEND + OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_STRUCT_AREF
-assert_equal 'bar', %q{
-  def bar(foo)
-    foo.send(:bar)
-  end
-
-  bar(Struct.new(:bar).new(:bar))
-}
-
-# kwargs default w/ checkkeyword + locals (which shouldn't overwrite unspecified_bits)
-assert_equal '1', %q{
-  def foo(bar: 1.to_s)
-    _ = 1
-    bar
-  end
-
-  def entry
-    foo
-  end
-
-  entry
-}
-
-# Updating local type in Context
-assert_normal_exit %q{
-  def foo(flag, object)
-    klass = if flag
-      object
-    end
-    klass ||= object
-    return klass.new
-  end
-
-  foo(false, Object)
-  foo(true, Object)
-}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb b/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
index fbc9c6f62e..29bf93cb8f 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   1.times{
-    p(1, (next; 2))
+    p(1, (next if true; 2))
   }; :ok
 }
 assert_equal '3', %q{
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ assert_equal '3', %q{
   i = 0
   1 + (while true
          break 2 if (i+=1) > 1
-         p(1, (next; 2))
+         p(1, (next if true; 2))
        end)
 }
 # redo
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   1.times{
     break if i>1
     i+=1
-    p(1, (redo; 2))
+    p(1, (redo if true; 2))
   }; :ok
 }
 assert_equal '3', %q{
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ assert_equal '3', %q{
   i = 0
   1 + (while true
          break 2 if (i+=1) > 1
-         p(1, (redo; 2))
+         p(1, (redo if true; 2))
        end)
 }
 assert_equal '1', %q{
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb b/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
index a4d46e2f10..7ff5bb4a38 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
@@ -257,8 +257,7 @@ assert_equal 'true', %{
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %{
-  open("zzz_t1.rb", "w") do |f|
-    f.puts <<-END
+  File.write("zzz_t1.rb", <<-END)
       begin
         Thread.new { fork { GC.start } }.join
         pid, status = Process.wait2
@@ -267,7 +266,6 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %{
         $result = :ok
       end
     END
-  end
   require "./zzz_t1.rb"
   $result
 }
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   }.each {|t|
     t.join
   }
-} unless rjit_enabled? # flaky
+}
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   def m
@@ -422,8 +420,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %{
-  open("zzz_t2.rb", "w") do |f|
-    f.puts <<-'end;' # do
+  File.write("zzz_t2.rb", <<-'end;') # do
       begin
         m = Thread::Mutex.new
         parent = Thread.current
@@ -445,7 +442,6 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %{
         $result = :ok
       end
     end;
-  end
   require "./zzz_t2.rb"
   $result
 }
@@ -497,7 +493,8 @@ assert_equal 'foo', %q{
   [th1, th2].each {|t| t.join }
   GC.start
   f.call.source
-} unless rjit_enabled? # flaky
+}
+
 assert_normal_exit %q{
   class C
     def inspect
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
index 31bb626690..e9ce905e2c 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
@@ -37,27 +37,35 @@ assert_equal "ok", %q{
 }
 
 # test discarding extra yield arguments
-assert_equal "2210150001501015", %q{
+assert_equal "22131300500015901015", %q{
   def splat_kw(ary) = yield *ary, a: 1
 
   def splat(ary) = yield *ary
 
-  def kw = yield 1, 2, a: 0
+  def kw = yield 1, 2, a: 3
+
+  def kw_only = yield a: 0
 
   def simple = yield 0, 1
 
+  def none = yield
+
   def calls
     [
       splat([1, 1, 2]) { |x, y| x + y },
       splat([1, 1, 2]) { |y, opt = raise| opt + y},
       splat_kw([0, 1]) { |a:| a },
       kw { |a:| a },
-      kw { |a| a },
+      kw { |one| one },
+      kw { |one, a:| a },
+      kw_only { |a:| a },
+      kw_only { |a: 1| a },
       simple { 5.itself },
       simple { |a| a },
       simple { |opt = raise| opt },
       simple { |*rest| rest },
       simple { |opt_kw: 5| opt_kw },
+      none { |a: 9| a },
       # autosplat ineractions
       [0, 1, 2].yield_self { |a, b| [a, b] },
       [0, 1, 2].yield_self { |a, opt = raise| [a, opt] },
@@ -106,7 +114,7 @@ assert_equal '[:ae, :ae]', %q{
   end
 
   [test(Array.new 5), test([])]
-} unless rjit_enabled? # Not yet working on RJIT
+}
 
 # regression test for arity check with splat and send
 assert_equal '[:ae, :ae]', %q{
@@ -123,6 +131,7 @@ assert_equal '[:ae, :ae]', %q{
 
 # regression test for GC marking stubs in invalidated code
 assert_normal_exit %q{
+  skip true unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
   garbage = Array.new(10_000) { [] } # create garbage to cause iseq movement
   eval(<<~RUBY)
   def foo(n, garbage)
@@ -157,7 +166,7 @@ assert_equal '0', "0.abs(&nil)"
 
 # regression test for invokeblock iseq guard
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
-  return :ok unless defined?(GC.compact)
+  skip :ok unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
   def foo = yield
   10.times do |i|
     ret = eval("foo { #{i} }")
@@ -165,7 +174,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
     GC.compact
   end
   :ok
-} unless rjit_enabled? # Not yet working on RJIT
+}
 
 # regression test for overly generous guard elision
 assert_equal '[0, :sum, 0, :sum]', %q{
@@ -211,6 +220,15 @@ assert_equal 'Sub', %q{
   call(Sub.new('o')).class
 }
 
+# String#dup with generic ivars
+assert_equal '["str", "ivar"]', %q{
+  def str_dup(str) = str.dup
+  str = "str"
+  str.instance_variable_set(:@ivar, "ivar")
+  str = str_dup(str)
+  [str, str.instance_variable_get(:@ivar)]
+}
+
 # test splat filling required and feeding rest
 assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, [3, 4]]', %q{
   public def lead_rest(a, b, *rest)
@@ -293,7 +311,7 @@ assert_equal '[:ok]', %q{
   # Used to crash due to GC run in rb_ensure_iv_list_size()
   # not marking the newly allocated [:ok].
   RegressionTest.new.extender.itself
-} unless rjit_enabled? # Skip on RJIT since this uncovers a crash
+}
 
 assert_equal 'true', %q{
   # regression test for tracking type of locals for too long
@@ -450,91 +468,6 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   end
 }
 
-assert_equal '0', %q{
-  # This is a regression test for incomplete invalidation from
-  # opt_setinlinecache. This test might be brittle, so
-  # feel free to remove it in the future if it's too annoying.
-  # This test assumes --yjit-call-threshold=2.
-  module M
-    Foo = 1
-    def foo
-      Foo
-    end
-
-    def pin_self_type_then_foo
-      _ = @foo
-      foo
-    end
-
-    def only_ints
-      1 + self
-      foo
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Integer
-    include M
-  end
-
-  class Sub
-    include M
-  end
-
-  foo_method = M.instance_method(:foo)
-
-  dbg = ->(message) do
-    return # comment this out to get printouts
-
-    $stderr.puts RubyVM::YJIT.disasm(foo_method)
-    $stderr.puts message
-  end
-
-  2.times { 42.only_ints }
-
-  dbg["There should be two versions of getinlineache"]
-
-  module M
-    remove_const(:Foo)
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should be no getinlinecaches"]
-
-  2.times do
-    42.only_ints
-  rescue NameError => err
-    _ = "caught name error #{err}"
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should be one version of getinlineache"]
-
-  2.times do
-    Sub.new.pin_self_type_then_foo
-  rescue NameError
-    _ = 'second specialization'
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should be two versions of getinlineache"]
-
-  module M
-    Foo = 1
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should still be two versions of getinlineache"]
-
-  42.only_ints
-
-  dbg["There should be no getinlinecaches"]
-
-  # Find name of the first VM instruction in M#foo.
-  insns = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(foo_method).to_a
-  if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT.blocks_for) && (insns.last.find { Array === _1 }&.first == :opt_getinlinecache)
-    RubyVM::YJIT.blocks_for(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(foo_method))
-      .filter { _1.iseq_start_index == 0 }.count
-  else
-    0 # skip the test
-  end
-}
-
 # Check that frozen objects are respected
 assert_equal 'great', %q{
   class Foo
@@ -592,6 +525,8 @@ assert_equal 'string', %q{
 
 # Check that exceptions work when getting global variable
 assert_equal 'rescued', %q{
+  Warning[:deprecated] = true
+
   module Warning
     def warn(message)
       raise
@@ -1227,6 +1162,7 @@ assert_equal 'special', %q{
 
 # Test that object references in generated code get marked and moved
 assert_equal "good", %q{
+  skip :good unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
   def bar
     "good"
   end
@@ -1394,7 +1330,7 @@ assert_equal '[42, :default]', %q{
   ]
 }
 
-# Test default value block for Hash with opt_aref_with
+# Test default value block for Hash
 assert_equal "false", <<~RUBY, frozen_string_literal: false
   def index_with_string(h)
     h["foo"]
@@ -1794,7 +1730,7 @@ assert_equal '{}', %q{
 }
 
 # test building hash with values
-assert_equal '{:foo=>:bar}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: :bar}', %q{
   def build_hash(val)
     { foo: val }
   end
@@ -2044,7 +1980,7 @@ assert_equal '[97, :nil, 97, :nil, :raised]', %q{
   getbyte("a", 0)
 
   [getbyte("a", 0), getbyte("a", 1), getbyte("a", -1), getbyte("a", -2), getbyte("a", "a")]
-} unless rjit_enabled? # Not yet working on RJIT
+}
 
 # Basic test for String#setbyte
 assert_equal 'AoZ', %q{
@@ -2252,6 +2188,34 @@ assert_equal '7', %q{
   foo(5,2)
 }
 
+# regression test for argument registers with invalidation
+assert_equal '[0, 1, 2]', %q{
+  def test(n)
+    ret = n
+    binding
+    ret
+  end
+
+  [0, 1, 2].map do |n|
+    test(n)
+  end
+}
+
+# regression test for argument registers
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class Foo
+    def ==(other)
+      other == nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test
+    [Foo.new].include?(Foo.new)
+  end
+
+  test
+}
+
 # test pattern matching
 assert_equal '[:ok, :ok]', %q{
   class C
@@ -2319,6 +2283,7 @@ assert_equal '123', %q{
 
 # Test EP == BP invalidation with moving ISEQs
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  skip :ok unless GC.respond_to?(:compact)
   def entry
     ok = proc { :ok } # set #entry as an EP-escaping ISEQ
     [nil].reverse_each do # avoid exiting the JIT frame on the constant
@@ -2518,6 +2483,32 @@ assert_equal '[0, 2]', %q{
   B.new.foo
 }
 
+# invokesuper in a weird block
+assert_equal '["block->A#itself", "block->singleton#itself"]', %q{
+  # This test runs the same block as first as a block and then as a method,
+  # testing the routine that finds the currently running method, which is
+  # relevant for `super`.
+  class BlockIseqDuality
+    prepend(Module.new do
+      def itself
+        nested = -> { "block->" + super() }
+        @singleton_itself.define_singleton_method(:itself, &nested)
+        nested
+      end
+    end)
+
+    attr_reader :singleton_itself
+    def initialize = (@singleton_itself = "singleton#itself")
+
+    def itself = "A#itself"
+  end
+
+  tester = BlockIseqDuality.new
+  super_lambda = tester.itself
+  super_lambda.call # warmup
+  [super_lambda.call, tester.singleton_itself.itself]
+}
+
 # invokesuper zsuper in a bmethod
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   class Foo
@@ -2713,7 +2704,23 @@ assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
 
   expandarray_redefined_nilclass
   expandarray_redefined_nilclass
-} unless rjit_enabled?
+}
+
+assert_equal 'not_array', %q{
+  def expandarray_not_array(obj)
+    a, = obj
+    a
+  end
+
+  obj = Object.new
+  def obj.method_missing(m, *args, &block)
+    return [:not_array] if m == :to_ary
+    super
+  end
+
+  expandarray_not_array(obj)
+  expandarray_not_array(obj)
+}
 
 assert_equal '[1, 2, nil]', %q{
   def expandarray_rhs_too_small
@@ -2825,7 +2832,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_return, :String, :string_alias, "events_to_str"]]', %q{
   events.compiled(events)
 
   events
-} unless rjit_enabled? # RJIT calls extra Ruby methods
+}
 
 # test enabling a TracePoint that targets a particular line in a C method call
 assert_equal '[true]', %q{
@@ -2907,7 +2914,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_call, :itself]]', %q{
   tp.enable { shouldnt_compile }
 
   events
-} unless rjit_enabled? # RJIT calls extra Ruby methods
+}
 
 # test enabling c_return tracing before compiling
 assert_equal '[[:c_return, :itself, main]]', %q{
@@ -2922,7 +2929,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_return, :itself, main]]', %q{
   tp.enable { shouldnt_compile }
 
   events
-} unless rjit_enabled? # RJIT calls extra Ruby methods
+}
 
 # test c_call invalidation
 assert_equal '[[:c_call, :itself]]', %q{
@@ -2968,15 +2975,16 @@ assert_equal '[:itself]', %q{
     itself
   end
 
-  tracing_ractor = Ractor.new do
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
+  tracing_ractor = Ractor.new port do |port|
     # 1: start tracing
     events = []
     tp = TracePoint.new(:c_call) { events << _1.method_id }
     tp.enable
-    Ractor.yield(nil)
+    port << nil
 
     # 3: run compiled method on tracing ractor
-    Ractor.yield(nil)
+    port << nil
     traced_method
 
     events
@@ -2984,13 +2992,13 @@ assert_equal '[:itself]', %q{
     tp&.disable
   end
 
-  tracing_ractor.take
+  port.receive
 
   # 2: compile on non tracing ractor
   traced_method
 
-  tracing_ractor.take
-  tracing_ractor.take
+  port.receive
+  tracing_ractor.value
 }
 
 # Try to hit a lazy branch stub while another ractor enables tracing
@@ -3004,17 +3012,18 @@ assert_equal '42', %q{
     end
   end
 
-  ractor = Ractor.new do
+  port = Ractor::Port.new
+  ractor = Ractor.new port do |port|
     compiled(false)
-    Ractor.yield(nil)
+    port << nil
     compiled(41)
   end
 
   tp = TracePoint.new(:line) { itself }
-  ractor.take
+  port.receive
   tp.enable
 
-  ractor.take
+  ractor.value
 }
 
 # Test equality with changing types
@@ -3090,7 +3099,7 @@ assert_equal '42',  %q{
   A.foo
   A.foo
 
-  Ractor.new { A.foo }.take
+  Ractor.new { A.foo }.value
 }
 
 assert_equal '["plain", "special", "sub", "plain"]', %q{
@@ -3342,7 +3351,7 @@ assert_equal '[[1, 2, 3, 4]]', %q{
 }
 
 # cfunc kwargs
-assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: 123}', %q{
   def foo(bar)
     bar.store(:value, foo: 123)
     bar[:value]
@@ -3353,7 +3362,7 @@ assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
 }
 
 # cfunc kwargs
-assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: 123}', %q{
   def foo(bar)
     bar.replace(foo: 123)
   end
@@ -3363,7 +3372,7 @@ assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
 }
 
 # cfunc kwargs
-assert_equal '{:foo=>123, :bar=>456}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: 123, bar: 456}', %q{
   def foo(bar)
     bar.replace(foo: 123, bar: 456)
   end
@@ -3373,7 +3382,7 @@ assert_equal '{:foo=>123, :bar=>456}', %q{
 }
 
 # variadic cfunc kwargs
-assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: 123}', %q{
   def foo(bar)
     bar.merge(foo: 123)
   end
@@ -3497,7 +3506,7 @@ assert_equal "true", %q{
 }
 
 # duphash
-assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: 123}', %q{
   def foo
     {foo: 123}
   end
@@ -3507,7 +3516,7 @@ assert_equal '{:foo=>123}', %q{
 }
 
 # newhash
-assert_equal '{:foo=>2}', %q{
+assert_equal '{foo: 2}', %q{
   def foo
     {foo: 1+1}
   end
@@ -3617,6 +3626,74 @@ assert_equal 'new', %q{
   test
 }
 
+# Bug #21257 (infinite jmp)
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  Good = :ok
+
+  def first
+    second
+  end
+
+  def second
+    ::Good
+  end
+
+  # Make `second` side exit on its first instruction
+  trace = TracePoint.new(:line) { }
+  trace.enable(target: method(:second))
+
+  first
+  # Recompile now that the constant cache is populated, so we get a fallthrough from `first` to `second`
+  # (this is need to reproduce with --yjit-call-threshold=1)
+  RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
+  first
+
+  # Trigger a constant cache miss in rb_vm_opt_getconstant_path (in `second`) next time it's called
+  module InvalidateConstantCache
+    Good = nil
+  end
+
+  RubyVM::YJIT.simulate_oom! if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
+
+  first
+  first
+}
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # Multiple incoming branches into second
+  Good = :ok
+
+  def incoming_one
+    second
+  end
+
+  def incoming_two
+    second
+  end
+
+  def second
+    ::Good
+  end
+
+  # Make `second` side exit on its first instruction
+  trace = TracePoint.new(:line) { }
+  trace.enable(target: method(:second))
+
+  incoming_one
+  # Recompile now that the constant cache is populated, so we get a fallthrough from `incoming_one` to `second`
+  # (this is need to reproduce with --yjit-call-threshold=1)
+  RubyVM::YJIT.code_gc if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
+  incoming_one
+  incoming_two
+
+  # Trigger a constant cache miss in rb_vm_opt_getconstant_path (in `second`) next time it's called
+  module InvalidateConstantCache
+    Good = nil
+  end
+
+  incoming_one
+}
+
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   # Try to compile new method while OOM
   def foo
@@ -3741,36 +3818,6 @@ assert_equal '3,12', %q{
   pt_inspect(p)
 }
 
-# Regression test for deadlock between branch_stub_hit and ractor_receive_if
-assert_equal '10', %q{
-  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
-    main << 1
-    main << 2
-    main << 3
-    main << 4
-    main << 5
-    main << 6
-    main << 7
-    main << 8
-    main << 9
-    main << 10
-  end
-
-  a = []
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 10}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 9}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 8}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 7}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 6}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 5}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 4}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 3}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
-  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 1}
-
-  a.length
-}
-
 # checktype
 assert_equal 'false', %q{
     def function()
@@ -4076,6 +4123,26 @@ assert_equal '1', %q{
   bar { }
 }
 
+# unshareable bmethod call through Method#to_proc#call
+assert_equal '1000', %q{
+  define_method(:bmethod) do
+    self
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new do
+    errors = 0
+    1000.times do
+      p = method(:bmethod).to_proc
+      begin
+        p.call
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        errors += 1
+      end
+    end
+    errors
+  end.value
+}
+
 # test for return stub lifetime issue
 assert_equal '1', %q{
   def foo(n)
@@ -4316,7 +4383,7 @@ assert_equal "ArgumentError", %q{
 
 # Rest with block
 # Simplified code from railsbench
-assert_equal '[{"/a"=>"b", :as=>:c, :via=>:post}, [], nil]', %q{
+assert_equal '[{"/a" => "b", as: :c, via: :post}, [], nil]', %q{
   def match(path, *rest, &block)
     [path, rest, block]
   end
@@ -4444,7 +4511,7 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   rescue ArgumentError
     true
   end
-} unless rjit_enabled? # Not yet working on RJIT
+}
 
 # Regression test: register allocator on expandarray
 assert_equal '[]', %q{
@@ -4561,6 +4628,11 @@ assert_equal '[2, 4611686018427387904]', %q{
   [1.succ, 4611686018427387903.succ]
 }
 
+# Integer pred and overflow
+assert_equal '[0, -4611686018427387905]', %q{
+  [1.pred, -4611686018427387904.pred]
+}
+
 # Integer right shift
 assert_equal '[0, 1, -4]', %q{
   [0 >> 1, 2 >> 1, -7 >> 1]
@@ -4577,7 +4649,7 @@ assert_equal '[nil, "yield"]', %q{
 }
 
 # splat with ruby2_keywords into rest parameter
-assert_equal '[[{:a=>1}], {}]', %q{
+assert_equal '[[{a: 1}], {}]', %q{
   ruby2_keywords def foo(*args) = args
 
   def bar(*args, **kw) = [args, kw]
@@ -4618,7 +4690,7 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
 }
 
 # a kwrest case
-assert_equal '[1, 2, {:complete=>false}]', %q{
+assert_equal '[1, 2, {complete: false}]', %q{
   def rest(foo: 1, bar: 2, **kwrest)
     [foo, bar, kwrest]
   end
@@ -4677,7 +4749,7 @@ assert_equal '[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [2, 2, 3], [], [], [{}]]', %q{
 }
 
 # Class#new (arity=-1), splat, and ruby2_keywords
-assert_equal '[0, {1=>1}]', %q{
+assert_equal '[0, {1 => 1}]', %q{
   class KwInit
     attr_reader :init_args
     def initialize(x = 0, **kw)
@@ -4693,7 +4765,7 @@ assert_equal '[0, {1=>1}]', %q{
 }
 
 # Chilled string setivar trigger warning
-assert_equal 'literal string will be frozen in the future', %q{
+assert_match(/literal string will be frozen in the future/, %q{
   Warning[:deprecated] = true
   $VERBOSE = true
   $warning = "no-warning"
@@ -4721,7 +4793,7 @@ assert_equal 'literal string will be frozen in the future', %q{
 
   setivar!("chilled") # Emit warning
   $warning
-}
+})
 
 # arity=-2 cfuncs
 assert_equal '["", "1/2", [0, [:ok, 1]]]', %q{
@@ -4767,6 +4839,23 @@ assert_equal 'foo', %q{
   entry(true)
 }
 
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def ok
+    :ok
+  end
+
+  def delegator(...)
+    ok(...)
+  end
+
+  def caller
+    send(:delegator)
+  end
+
+  caller
+}
+
+# test inlining of simple iseqs
 assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
   def identity(x) = x
   def foo(x, _) = x
@@ -4783,6 +4872,59 @@ assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
   tests
 }
 
+# test inlining of simple iseqs with kwargs
+assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
+  def optional_unused(x, opt: :not_ok) = x
+  def optional_used(x, opt: :ok) = opt
+  def required_unused(x, req:) = x
+  def required_used(x, req:) = req
+  def unknown(x) = x
+
+  def tests
+    [
+      optional_unused(:ok),
+      optional_used(:not_ok),
+      required_unused(:ok, req: :not_ok),
+      required_used(:not_ok, req: :ok),
+      begin unknown(:not_ok, unknown_kwarg: :not_ok) rescue ArgumentError; :ok end,
+    ]
+  end
+
+  tests
+}
+
+# test simple iseqs not eligible for inlining
+assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
+  def identity(x) = x
+  def arg_splat(x, *args) = x
+  def kwarg_splat(x, **kwargs) = x
+  def block_arg(x, &blk) = x
+  def block_iseq(x) = x
+  def call_forwarding(...) = identity(...)
+
+  def tests
+    [
+      arg_splat(:ok),
+      kwarg_splat(:ok),
+      block_arg(:ok, &proc { :not_ok }),
+      block_iseq(:ok) { :not_ok },
+      call_forwarding(:ok),
+    ]
+  end
+
+  tests
+}
+
+# regression test for splat with &proc{} when the target has rest (Bug #21266)
+assert_equal '[]', %q{
+  def foo(args) = bar(*args, &proc { _1 })
+  def bar(_, _, _, _, *rest) = yield rest
+
+  GC.stress = true
+  foo([1,2,3,4])
+  foo([1,2,3,4])
+}
+
 # regression test for invalidating an empty block
 assert_equal '0', %q{
   def foo = (* = 1).pred
@@ -4794,7 +4936,7 @@ assert_equal '0', %q{
   end
 
   foo # try again
-} unless rjit_enabled? # doesn't work on RJIT
+}
 
 # test integer left shift with constant rhs
 assert_equal [0x80000000000, 'a+', :ok].inspect, %q{
@@ -4813,6 +4955,15 @@ assert_equal [0x80000000000, 'a+', :ok].inspect, %q{
   tests
 }
 
+# test integer left shift fusion followed by opt_getconstant_path
+assert_equal '33', %q{
+  def test(a)
+    (a << 5) | (Object; a)
+  end
+
+  test(1)
+}
+
 # test String#stebyte with arguments that need conversion
 assert_equal "abc", %q{
   str = +"a00"
@@ -4859,3 +5010,548 @@ assert_equal '["raised", "Module", "Object"]', %q{
 
   ret += [foo(Class), foo(Class.new)]
 }
+
+# test TrueClass#=== before and after redefining TrueClass#==
+assert_equal '[[true, false, false], [true, true, false], [true, :error, :error]]', %q{
+  def true_eqq(x)
+    true === x
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    :error
+  end
+
+  def test
+    [
+      # first one is always true because rb_equal does object comparison before calling #==
+      true_eqq(true),
+      # these will use TrueClass#==
+      true_eqq(false),
+      true_eqq(:truthy),
+    ]
+  end
+
+  results = [test]
+
+  class TrueClass
+    def ==(x)
+      !x
+    end
+  end
+
+  results << test
+
+  class TrueClass
+    undef_method :==
+  end
+
+  results << test
+}
+
+# test FalseClass#=== before and after redefining FalseClass#==
+assert_equal '[[true, false, false], [true, false, true], [true, :error, :error]]', %q{
+  def case_equal(x, y)
+    x === y
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    :error
+  end
+
+  def test
+    [
+      # first one is always true because rb_equal does object comparison before calling #==
+      case_equal(false, false),
+      # these will use #==
+      case_equal(false, true),
+      case_equal(false, nil),
+    ]
+  end
+
+  results = [test]
+
+  class FalseClass
+    def ==(x)
+      !x
+    end
+  end
+
+  results << test
+
+  class FalseClass
+    undef_method :==
+  end
+
+  results << test
+}
+
+# test NilClass#=== before and after redefining NilClass#==
+assert_equal '[[true, false, false], [true, false, true], [true, :error, :error]]', %q{
+  def case_equal(x, y)
+    x === y
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    :error
+  end
+
+  def test
+    [
+      # first one is always true because rb_equal does object comparison before calling #==
+      case_equal(nil, nil),
+      # these will use #==
+      case_equal(nil, true),
+      case_equal(nil, false),
+    ]
+  end
+
+  results = [test]
+
+  class NilClass
+    def ==(x)
+      !x
+    end
+  end
+
+  results << test
+
+  class NilClass
+    undef_method :==
+  end
+
+  results << test
+}
+
+# test struct accessors fire c_call events
+assert_equal '[[:c_call, :x=], [:c_call, :x]]', %q{
+  c = Struct.new(:x)
+  obj = c.new
+
+  events = []
+  TracePoint.new(:c_call) do
+    events << [_1.event, _1.method_id]
+  end.enable do
+    obj.x = 100
+    obj.x
+  end
+
+  events
+}
+
+# regression test for splatting empty array
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def callee(foo) = foo
+
+  def test_body(args) = callee(1, *args)
+
+  test_body([])
+  array = Array.new(100)
+  array.clear
+  test_body(array)
+}
+
+# regression test for splatting empty array to cfunc
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  def test_body(args) = Array(1, *args)
+
+  test_body([])
+  0x100.times do
+    array = Array.new(100)
+    array.clear
+    test_body(array)
+  end
+}
+
+# compiling code shouldn't emit warnings as it may call into more Ruby code
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  # [Bug #20522]
+  $VERBOSE = true
+  Warning[:performance] = true
+
+  module StrictWarnings
+    def warn(msg, **)
+      raise msg
+    end
+  end
+  Warning.singleton_class.prepend(StrictWarnings)
+
+  class A
+    def compiled_method(is_private)
+      @some_ivar = is_private
+    end
+  end
+
+  shape_max_variations = 8
+  if defined?(RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS) && RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS != shape_max_variations
+    raise "Expected SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS to be #{shape_max_variations}, got: #{RubyVM::Shape::SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS}"
+  end
+
+  100.times do |i|
+    klass = Class.new(A)
+    (shape_max_variations - 1).times do |j|
+      obj = klass.new
+      obj.instance_variable_set("@base_#{i}", 42)
+      obj.instance_variable_set("@ivar_#{j}", 42)
+    end
+    obj = klass.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set("@base_#{i}", 42)
+    begin
+      obj.compiled_method(true)
+    rescue
+      # expected
+    end
+  end
+
+  :ok
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  class MyRelation
+    def callee(...)
+      :ok
+    end
+
+    def uncached(...)
+      callee(...)
+    end
+
+    def takes_block(&block)
+      # push blockhandler
+      uncached(&block) # CI1
+    end
+  end
+
+  relation = MyRelation.new
+  relation.takes_block { }
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  def _exec_scope(...)
+    instance_exec(...)
+  end
+
+  def ok args, body
+    _exec_scope(*args, &body)
+  end
+
+  ok([], -> { "ok" })
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  def _exec_scope(...)
+    instance_exec(...)
+  end
+
+  def ok args, body
+    _exec_scope(*args, &body)
+  end
+
+  ok(["ok"], ->(x) { x })
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+def baz(a, b)
+  a + b
+end
+
+def bar(...)
+  baz(...)
+end
+
+def foo(a, ...)
+  bar(a, ...)
+end
+
+def test
+  foo("o", "k")
+end
+
+test
+RUBY
+
+# opt_newarray_send pack/buffer
+assert_equal '[true, true]', <<~'RUBY'
+  def pack
+    v = 1.23
+    [v, v*2, v*3].pack("E*").unpack("E*") == [v, v*2, v*3]
+  end
+
+  def with_buffer
+    v = 4.56
+    b = +"x"
+    [v, v*2, v*3].pack("E*", buffer: b)
+    b[1..].unpack("E*") == [v, v*2, v*3]
+  end
+
+  [pack, with_buffer]
+RUBY
+
+# String#[] / String#slice
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  def error(klass)
+    yield
+  rescue klass
+    true
+  end
+
+  def test
+    str = "こんにちは"
+    substr = "にち"
+    failures = []
+
+    # Use many small statements to keep context for each slice call smaller than MAX_CTX_TEMPS
+
+    str[1] == "ん" && str.slice(4) == "は" || failures << :index
+    str[5].nil? && str.slice(5).nil? || failures << :index_end
+
+    str[1, 2] == "んに" && str.slice(2, 1) == "に" || failures << :beg_len
+    str[5, 1] == "" && str.slice(5, 1) == "" || failures << :beg_len_end
+
+    str[1..2] == "んに" && str.slice(2..2) == "に" || failures << :range
+
+    str[/に./] == "にち" && str.slice(/に./) == "にち" || failures << :regexp
+
+    str[/に./, 0] == "にち" && str.slice(/に./, 0) == "にち" || failures << :regexp_cap0
+
+    str[/に(.)/, 1] == "ち" && str.slice(/に(.)/, 1) == "ち" || failures << :regexp_cap1
+
+    str[substr] == substr && str.slice(substr) == substr || failures << :substr
+
+    error(TypeError) { str[Object.new] } && error(TypeError) { str.slice(Object.new, 1) } || failures << :type_error
+    error(RangeError) { str[Float::INFINITY] } && error(RangeError) { str.slice(Float::INFINITY) } || failures << :range_error
+
+    return "ok" if failures.empty?
+    {failures: failures}
+  end
+
+  test
+RUBY
+
+# opt_duparray_send :include?
+assert_equal '[true, false]', <<~'RUBY'
+  def test(x)
+    [:a, :b].include?(x)
+  end
+
+  [
+    test(:b),
+    test(:c),
+  ]
+RUBY
+
+# opt_newarray_send :include?
+assert_equal '[true, false]', <<~'RUBY'
+  def test(x)
+    [Object.new, :a, :b].include?(x.to_sym)
+  end
+
+  [
+    test("b"),
+    test("c"),
+  ]
+RUBY
+
+# YARV: swap and opt_reverse
+assert_equal '["x", "Y", "c", "A", "t", "A", "b", "C", "d"]', <<~'RUBY'
+  class Swap
+    def initialize(s)
+      @a, @b, @c, @d = s.split("")
+    end
+
+    def swap
+      a, b = @a, @b
+      b = b.upcase
+      @a, @b = a, b
+    end
+
+    def reverse_odd
+      a, b, c = @a, @b, @c
+      b = b.upcase
+      @a, @b, @c = a, b, c
+    end
+
+    def reverse_even
+      a, b, c, d = @a, @b, @c, @d
+      a = a.upcase
+      c = c.upcase
+      @a, @b, @c, @d = a, b, c, d
+    end
+  end
+
+  Swap.new("xy").swap + Swap.new("cat").reverse_odd + Swap.new("abcd").reverse_even
+RUBY
+
+assert_normal_exit %{
+  class Bug20997
+    def foo(&) = self.class.name(&)
+
+    new.foo
+  end
+}
+
+# This used to trigger a "try to mark T_NONE"
+# due to an uninitialized local in foo.
+assert_normal_exit %{
+  def foo(...)
+    _local_that_should_nil_on_call = GC.start
+  end
+
+  def test_bug21021
+    puts [], [], [], [], [], []
+    foo []
+  end
+
+  GC.stress = true
+  test_bug21021
+}
+
+assert_equal 'nil', %{
+  def foo(...)
+    _a = _b = _c = binding.local_variable_get(:_c)
+
+    _c
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #21021]
+  def test_local_fill_in_forwardable
+    puts [], [], [], [], []
+    foo []
+  end
+
+  test_local_fill_in_forwardable.inspect
+}
+
+# Test defined?(yield) and block_given? in non-method context.
+# It's good that the body of this runs at true top level and isn't wrapped in a block.
+assert_equal 'false', %{
+  RESULT = []
+  RESULT << defined?(yield)
+  RESULT << block_given?
+
+  1.times do
+    RESULT << defined?(yield)
+    RESULT << block_given?
+  end
+
+  module ModuleContext
+    1.times do
+      RESULT << defined?(yield)
+      RESULT << block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    RESULT << defined?(yield)
+    RESULT << block_given?
+  end
+
+  RESULT.any?
+}
+
+# throw and String#dup with GC stress
+assert_equal 'foo', %{
+  GC.stress = true
+
+  def foo
+    1.times { return "foo".dup }
+  end
+
+  10.times.map { foo.dup }.last
+}
+
+# regression test for [Bug #21772]
+# local variable type tracking desync
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  def some_method = 0
+
+  def test_body(key)
+    some_method
+    key = key.to_s # setting of local relevant
+
+    key == "symbol"
+  end
+
+  def jit_caller = test_body("session_id")
+
+  jit_caller # first iteration, non-escaped environment
+  alias some_method binding # induce environment escape
+  test_body(:symbol)
+}
+
+# regression test for missing check in identity method inlining
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  # Use dead code (if false) to create a local
+  # without initialization instructions.
+  def foo(a)
+    if false
+      x = nil
+    end
+    x
+  end
+  def test = foo(1)
+  test
+  test
+}
+
+# regression test for tracing invalidation with on-stack compiled methods
+# Exercises the on_stack_iseqs path in rb_yjit_tracing_invalidate_all
+# where delayed deallocation must not create aliasing &mut references
+# to IseqPayload (use-after-free of version_map backing storage).
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  def deep = 42
+  def mid = deep
+  def outer = mid
+
+  # Compile all three methods with YJIT
+  10.times { outer }
+
+  # Enable tracing from within a call chain so that outer/mid/deep
+  # are on the stack when rb_yjit_tracing_invalidate_all runs.
+  # This triggers the on_stack_iseqs (delayed deallocation) path.
+  def deep
+    TracePoint.new(:line) {}.enable
+    42
+  end
+
+  outer
+
+  # After invalidation, verify YJIT can recompile and run correctly
+  def deep = 42
+  10.times { outer }
+}
+
+# regression test for tracing invalidation with on-stack fibers
+# Suspended fibers have iseqs on their stack that must survive invalidation.
+assert_equal '42', %q{
+  def compiled_method
+    Fiber.yield
+    42
+  end
+
+  # Compile the method
+  10.times { compiled_method rescue nil }
+
+  fiber = Fiber.new { compiled_method }
+  fiber.resume # suspends inside compiled_method — it's now on the fiber's stack
+
+  # Enable tracing while compiled_method is on the fiber's stack.
+  # This triggers rb_yjit_tracing_invalidate_all with on-stack iseqs.
+  TracePoint.new(:call) {}.enable
+
+  # Resume the fiber — compiled_method's iseq must still be valid
+  fiber.resume.to_s
+}
+
+# regression test for register mapping of methods with over 256 locals
+# [Bug #22074]
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  source = +"def many_locals\n"
+  source << "  total = 0\n"
+
+  128.times do |i|
+    source << "  y#{i} = 1\n"
+    source << "  x#{i} = Object.new\n"
+  end
+
+  source << "  total += 1\n"
+  source << "  raise total.inspect unless total == 1\n"
+  source << "end\n"
+
+  eval(source)
+  many_locals
+  "ok"
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_yjit_rust_port.rb b/bootstraptest/test_yjit_rust_port.rb
index e399e0e49e..2dbcebc03a 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_yjit_rust_port.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_yjit_rust_port.rb
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
     'ok'
   end
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 # Passed arguments to Ractor.new will be a block parameter
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
     msg
   end
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 # Pass multiple arguments to Ractor.new
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r =  Ractor.new 'ping', 'pong' do |msg, msg2|
     [msg, msg2]
   end
-  'ok' if r.take == ['ping', 'pong']
+  'ok' if r.value == ['ping', 'pong']
 }
 
 # Ractor#send passes an object with copy to a Ractor
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
     msg = Ractor.receive
   end
   r.send 'ok'
-  r.take
+  r.value
 }
 
 assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
diff --git a/box.c b/box.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ca7838be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/box.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+/* indent-tabs-mode: nil */
+
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/st.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/globals.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "darray.h"
+#include "zjit.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SENDFILE_H
+# include <sys/sendfile.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_COPYFILE_H
+#include <copyfile.h>
+#endif
+
+VALUE rb_cBox = 0;
+VALUE rb_cBoxEntry = 0;
+VALUE rb_mBoxLoader = 0;
+
+static rb_box_t master_box[1]; /* Initialize in initialize_master_box() */
+static rb_box_t *root_box;
+static rb_box_t *main_box;
+
+static rb_box_gem_flags_t box_gem_flags[1];
+
+static char *tmp_dir;
+static bool tmp_dir_has_dirsep;
+
+#define BOX_TMP_PREFIX "_ruby_box_"
+
+#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
+# define MAXPATHLEN 1024
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+# define DIRSEP "\\"
+#else
+# define DIRSEP "/"
+#endif
+
+bool ruby_box_enabled = false; // extern
+bool ruby_box_init_done = false; // extern
+bool ruby_box_crashed = false; // extern, changed only in vm.c
+
+VALUE rb_resolve_feature_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname);
+static VALUE rb_box_inspect(VALUE obj);
+static void cleanup_all_local_extensions(VALUE libmap);
+
+void
+rb_box_set_gem_flags(rb_box_gem_flags_t *flags)
+{
+
+    box_gem_flags->gem = flags->gem;
+    box_gem_flags->error_highlight = flags->error_highlight;
+    box_gem_flags->did_you_mean    = flags->did_you_mean;
+    box_gem_flags->syntax_suggest  = flags->syntax_suggest;
+}
+
+void
+rb_box_init_done(void)
+{
+    ruby_box_init_done = true;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_master_box(void)
+{
+    return master_box;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_root_box(void)
+{
+    if (!root_box) // The root box isn't initialized yet - The Ruby runtime is in setup.
+        return master_box;
+    return root_box;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_main_box(void)
+{
+    return main_box;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_current_box(void)
+{
+    /*
+     * If RUBY_BOX is not set, the master box is the only available one.
+     *
+     * While the root/main boxes are not initialized, the master box is
+     * the only valid box.
+     * This early return is to avoid accessing EC before its setup.
+     */
+    if (!root_box)
+        return master_box;
+    if (!main_box)
+        return root_box;
+
+    return rb_vm_current_box(GET_EC());
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_loading_box(void)
+{
+    if (!root_box)
+        return master_box;
+    if (!main_box)
+        return root_box;
+
+    return rb_vm_loading_box(GET_EC());
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_current_box_in_crash_report(void)
+{
+    if (ruby_box_crashed)
+        return NULL;
+    return rb_current_box();
+}
+
+static long box_id_counter = 0;
+
+static long
+box_generate_id(void)
+{
+    long id;
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        id = ++box_id_counter;
+    }
+    return id;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+box_main_to_s(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_str_new2("main");
+}
+
+static void
+box_entry_initialize(rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *master = rb_master_box();
+
+    // These will be updated immediately
+    box->box_object = 0;
+    box->box_id = 0;
+
+    box->top_self = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(box->top_self, "to_s", box_main_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_singleton_class(box->top_self), "inspect", "to_s");
+    box->load_path = rb_ary_dup(master->load_path);
+    box->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_dup(master->expanded_load_path);
+    box->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_new();
+    box->load_path_check_cache = 0;
+    box->loaded_features = rb_ary_dup(master->loaded_features);
+    box->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_new();
+    box->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
+    box->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_hash_dup(master->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    box->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_hash_dup(master->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    box->loading_table = st_init_strtable();
+    box->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    box->gvar_tbl = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    box->classext_cow_classes = st_init_numtable();
+
+    box->is_user = true;
+    box->is_optional = true;
+}
+
+void
+rb_box_gc_update_references(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (!box) return;
+
+    if (box->box_object)
+        box->box_object = rb_gc_location(box->box_object);
+    if (box->top_self)
+        box->top_self = rb_gc_location(box->top_self);
+    box->load_path = rb_gc_location(box->load_path);
+    box->expanded_load_path = rb_gc_location(box->expanded_load_path);
+    box->load_path_snapshot = rb_gc_location(box->load_path_snapshot);
+    if (box->load_path_check_cache) {
+        box->load_path_check_cache = rb_gc_location(box->load_path_check_cache);
+    }
+    box->loaded_features = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features);
+    box->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features_snapshot);
+    box->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    box->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    box->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_gc_location(box->ruby_dln_libmap);
+    box->gvar_tbl = rb_gc_location(box->gvar_tbl);
+}
+
+void
+rb_box_entry_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (!box) return;
+
+    rb_gc_mark(box->box_object);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->top_self);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->load_path);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->expanded_load_path);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->load_path_snapshot);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->load_path_check_cache);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features_snapshot);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    if (box->loading_table) {
+        rb_mark_tbl(box->loading_table);
+    }
+    rb_gc_mark(box->ruby_dln_libmap);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->gvar_tbl);
+    if (box->classext_cow_classes) {
+        rb_mark_set(box->classext_cow_classes);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+free_loading_table_entry(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    xfree((char *)key);
+    return ST_DELETE;
+}
+
+static int
+free_loaded_feature_index_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    if (!FIXNUM_P(value)) {
+        rb_darray_free_sized((void *)value, long);
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+free_box_st_tables(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (box->loading_table) {
+        st_foreach(box->loading_table, free_loading_table_entry, 0);
+        st_free_table(box->loading_table);
+        box->loading_table = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (box->loaded_features_index) {
+        st_foreach(box->loaded_features_index, free_loaded_feature_index_i, 0);
+        st_free_table(box->loaded_features_index);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+free_classext_for_box(st_data_t key, st_data_t _value, st_data_t box_arg)
+{
+    rb_classext_t *ext;
+    VALUE obj = (VALUE)key;
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)box_arg;
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_MODULE)) {
+        ext = rb_class_unlink_classext(obj, box);
+        rb_class_classext_free(obj, ext, false);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ICLASS)) {
+        ext = rb_class_unlink_classext(obj, box);
+        rb_iclass_classext_free(obj, ext, false);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_bug("Invalid type of object in classext_cow_classes: %s", rb_type_str(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)));
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+box_entry_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)ptr;
+
+    if (box->classext_cow_classes) {
+        st_foreach(box->classext_cow_classes, free_classext_for_box, (st_data_t)box);
+    }
+
+    cleanup_all_local_extensions(box->ruby_dln_libmap);
+
+    free_box_st_tables(ptr);
+    SIZED_FREE(box);
+}
+
+static size_t
+box_entry_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    size_t size = sizeof(rb_box_t);
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (box->loaded_features_index) {
+        size += rb_st_memsize(box->loaded_features_index);
+    }
+    if (box->loading_table) {
+        size += rb_st_memsize(box->loading_table);
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_box_data_type = {
+    "Ruby::Box::Entry",
+    {
+        rb_box_entry_mark,
+        box_entry_free,
+        box_entry_memsize,
+        rb_box_gc_update_references,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY // TODO: enable RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED when inserting write barriers
+};
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_master_box_data_type = {
+    "Ruby::Box::Master",
+    {
+        rb_box_entry_mark,
+        free_box_st_tables,
+        box_entry_memsize,
+        rb_box_gc_update_references,
+    },
+    &rb_box_data_type, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY // TODO: enable RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED when inserting write barriers
+};
+
+VALUE
+rb_box_entry_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_box_t *entry;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_box_t, &rb_box_data_type, entry);
+    box_entry_initialize(entry);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static rb_box_t *
+get_box_struct_internal(VALUE entry)
+{
+    rb_box_t *sval;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(entry, rb_box_t, &rb_box_data_type, sval);
+    return sval;
+}
+
+rb_box_t *
+rb_get_box_t(VALUE box)
+{
+    VALUE entry;
+    ID id_box_entry;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(box);
+
+    if (NIL_P(box))
+        return (rb_box_t *)rb_root_box();
+
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_OBJ_P(box));
+
+    CONST_ID(id_box_entry, "__box_entry__");
+    entry = rb_attr_get(box, id_box_entry);
+    return get_box_struct_internal(entry);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_get_box_object(rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(box && box->box_object);
+    return box->box_object;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ruby::Box.new -> new_box
+ *
+ *  Returns a new Ruby::Box object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+box_initialize(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box;
+    rb_classext_t *object_classext;
+    VALUE entry;
+    ID id_box_entry;
+    CONST_ID(id_box_entry, "__box_entry__");
+
+    if (!rb_box_available()) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Ruby Box is disabled. Set RUBY_BOX=1 environment variable to use Ruby::Box.");
+    }
+
+    entry = rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(0, NULL, rb_cBoxEntry);
+    box = get_box_struct_internal(entry);
+
+    box->box_object = box_value;
+    box->box_id = box_generate_id();
+    rb_define_singleton_method(box->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
+
+    // Set the Ruby::Box object unique/consistent from any boxes to have just single
+    // constant table from any view of every (including main) box.
+    // If a code in the box adds a constant, the constant will be visible even from root/main.
+    RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(box_value, true);
+
+    // Get a clean constant table of Object even by writable one
+    // because ns was just created, so it has not touched any constants yet.
+    object_classext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(rb_cObject, box);
+    RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(box_value, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(object_classext), true);
+
+    rb_ivar_set(box_value, id_box_entry, entry);
+
+    if (ruby_box_init_done) {
+        if (box_gem_flags->gem) {
+            rb_vm_call_cfunc_in_box(Qnil, rb_define_gem_modules, (VALUE)box_gem_flags, Qnil,
+                                    rb_str_new_cstr("before_prelude.user.dummy"), (const rb_box_t *)box);
+            rb_load_gem_prelude((VALUE)box);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Invalidate ZJIT code that assumes only the root box is active
+    rb_zjit_invalidate_root_box();
+
+    return box_value;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ruby::Box.enabled? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if Ruby::Box is enabled.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_getenabled(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return RBOOL(rb_box_available());
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ruby::Box.current -> box, nil or false
+ *
+ *  Returns the current box.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if Ruby Box is not enabled.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_current(VALUE recv)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+
+    if (!rb_box_available())
+        return Qnil;
+
+    box = rb_vm_current_box(GET_EC());
+    VM_ASSERT(box && box->box_object);
+    return box->box_object;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    load_path -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns box local load path.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_load_path(VALUE box)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_OBJ_P(box));
+    return rb_get_box_t(box)->load_path;
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+UINT rb_w32_system_tmpdir(WCHAR *path, UINT len);
+#endif
+
+/* Copied from mjit.c Ruby 3.0.3 */
+static char *
+system_default_tmpdir(void)
+{
+    // c.f. ext/etc/etc.c:etc_systmpdir()
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    WCHAR tmppath[_MAX_PATH];
+    UINT len = rb_w32_system_tmpdir(tmppath, numberof(tmppath));
+    if (len) {
+        int blen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(blen + 1);
+        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, tmpdir, blen, NULL, NULL);
+        tmpdir[blen] = '\0';
+        return tmpdir;
+    }
+#elif defined _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
+    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    size_t len = confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, path, sizeof(path));
+    if (len > 0) {
+        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(len);
+        if (len > sizeof(path)) {
+            confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, tmpdir, len);
+        }
+        else {
+            memcpy(tmpdir, path, len);
+        }
+        return tmpdir;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+check_tmpdir(const char *dir)
+{
+    struct stat st;
+
+    if (!dir) return FALSE;
+    if (stat(dir, &st)) return FALSE;
+#ifndef S_ISDIR
+#   define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
+#endif
+    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) return FALSE;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+# ifndef S_IWOTH
+#   define S_IWOTH 002
+# endif
+    if (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH) {
+# ifdef S_ISVTX
+        if (!(st.st_mode & S_ISVTX)) return FALSE;
+# else
+        return FALSE;
+# endif
+    }
+    if (access(dir, W_OK)) return FALSE;
+#endif
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static char *
+system_tmpdir(void)
+{
+    char *tmpdir;
+# define RETURN_ENV(name) \
+    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir = getenv(name))) return ruby_strdup(tmpdir)
+    RETURN_ENV("TMPDIR");
+    RETURN_ENV("TMP");
+    tmpdir = system_default_tmpdir();
+    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir)) return tmpdir;
+    return ruby_strdup("/tmp");
+# undef RETURN_ENV
+}
+
+/* end of copy */
+
+static int
+sprint_ext_filename(char *str, size_t size, long box_id, const char *prefix, const char *basename)
+{
+    if (tmp_dir_has_dirsep) {
+        return snprintf(str, size, "%s%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"u_%ld_%s", tmp_dir, prefix, getpid(), box_id, basename);
+    }
+    return snprintf(str, size, "%s%s%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"u_%ld_%s", tmp_dir, DIRSEP, prefix, getpid(), box_id, basename);
+}
+
+enum copy_error_type {
+    COPY_ERROR_NONE,
+    COPY_ERROR_SRC_OPEN,
+    COPY_ERROR_DST_OPEN,
+    COPY_ERROR_SRC_READ,
+    COPY_ERROR_DST_WRITE,
+    COPY_ERROR_SRC_STAT,
+    COPY_ERROR_DST_CHMOD,
+    COPY_ERROR_SYSERR
+};
+
+static const char *
+copy_ext_file_error(char *message, size_t size, int copy_retvalue)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    int error = GetLastError();
+    char *p = message;
+    size_t len = snprintf(message, size, "%d: ", error);
+
+#define format_message(sublang) FormatMessage(\
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,	\
+        NULL, error, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, (sublang)),		\
+        message + len, size - len, NULL)
+    if (format_message(SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US) == 0)
+        format_message(SUBLANG_DEFAULT);
+    for (p = message + len; *p; p++) {
+        if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
+            *p = ' ';
+    }
+#else
+    switch (copy_retvalue) {
+      case COPY_ERROR_SRC_OPEN:
+        strlcpy(message, "can't open the extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_DST_OPEN:
+        strlcpy(message, "can't open the file to write", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_SRC_READ:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to read the extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_DST_WRITE:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to write the extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_SRC_STAT:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to stat the extension path to copy permissions", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_DST_CHMOD:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to set permissions to the copied extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_SYSERR:
+        strlcpy(message, strerror(errno), size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_NONE: /* shouldn't be called */
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unknown return value of copy_ext_file: %d", copy_retvalue);
+    }
+#endif
+    return message;
+}
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+static enum copy_error_type
+copy_stream(int src_fd, int dst_fd)
+{
+    char buffer[1024];
+    ssize_t rsize;
+
+    while ((rsize = read(src_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) != 0) {
+        if (rsize < 0) return COPY_ERROR_SRC_READ;
+        for (size_t written = 0; written < (size_t)rsize;) {
+            ssize_t wsize = write(dst_fd, buffer+written, rsize-written);
+            if (wsize < 0) return COPY_ERROR_DST_WRITE;
+            written += (size_t)wsize;
+        }
+    }
+    return COPY_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+#endif
+
+static enum copy_error_type
+copy_ext_file(const char *src_path, const char *dst_path)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    WCHAR *w_src = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, src_path, -1, NULL);
+    WCHAR *w_dst = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, dst_path, -1, NULL);
+    if (!w_src || !w_dst) {
+        free(w_src);
+        free(w_dst);
+        rb_memerror();
+    }
+
+    enum copy_error_type rvalue = CopyFileW(w_src, w_dst, TRUE) ?
+        COPY_ERROR_NONE : COPY_ERROR_SYSERR;
+    free(w_src);
+    free(w_dst);
+    return rvalue;
+#else
+# ifdef O_BINARY
+    const int bin = O_BINARY;
+# else
+    const int bin = 0;
+# endif
+# ifdef O_CLOEXEC
+    const int cloexec = O_CLOEXEC;
+# else
+    const int cloexec = 0;
+# endif
+    const int src_fd = open(src_path, O_RDONLY|cloexec|bin);
+    if (src_fd < 0) return COPY_ERROR_SRC_OPEN;
+    if (!cloexec) rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(src_fd);
+
+    struct stat src_st;
+    if (fstat(src_fd, &src_st)) {
+        close(src_fd);
+        return COPY_ERROR_SRC_STAT;
+    }
+
+    const int dst_fd = open(dst_path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|cloexec|bin, S_IRWXU);
+    if (dst_fd < 0) {
+        close(src_fd);
+        return COPY_ERROR_DST_OPEN;
+    }
+    if (!cloexec) rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(dst_fd);
+
+    enum copy_error_type ret = COPY_ERROR_NONE;
+
+    if (fchmod(dst_fd, src_st.st_mode & 0777)) {
+        ret = COPY_ERROR_DST_CHMOD;
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+    const size_t count_max = (SIZE_MAX >> 1) + 1;
+    (void)count_max;
+
+# ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+    for (;;) {
+        ssize_t written = copy_file_range(src_fd, NULL, dst_fd, NULL, count_max, 0);
+        if (written == 0) goto done;
+        if (written < 0) break;
+    }
+# endif
+# ifdef HAVE_FCOPYFILE
+    if (fcopyfile(src_fd, dst_fd, NULL, COPYFILE_DATA) == 0) {
+        goto done;
+    }
+# endif
+# ifdef USE_SENDFILE
+    for (;;) {
+        ssize_t written = sendfile(src_fd, dst_fd, NULL count_max);
+        if (written == 0) goto done;
+        if (written < 0) break;
+    }
+# endif
+    ret = copy_stream(src_fd, dst_fd);
+
+  done:
+    close(src_fd);
+    if (dst_fd >= 0) close(dst_fd);
+    if (ret != COPY_ERROR_NONE) unlink(dst_path);
+    return ret;
+#endif
+}
+
+#if defined __CYGWIN__ || defined DOSISH
+#define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/' || (x) == '\\')
+#else
+#define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/')
+#endif
+
+#define IS_SOEXT(e) (strcmp((e), ".so") == 0 || strcmp((e), ".o") == 0)
+#define IS_DLEXT(e) (strcmp((e), DLEXT) == 0)
+
+static void
+fname_without_suffix(const char *fname, char *rvalue, size_t rsize)
+{
+    size_t len = strlen(fname);
+    const char *pos;
+    for (pos = fname + len; pos > fname; pos--) {
+        if (IS_SOEXT(pos) || IS_DLEXT(pos)) {
+            len = pos - fname;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (fname + len - pos > DLEXT_MAXLEN) break;
+    }
+    if (len > rsize - 1) len = rsize - 1;
+    memcpy(rvalue, fname, len);
+    rvalue[len] = '\0';
+}
+
+static void
+escaped_basename(const char *path, const char *fname, char *rvalue, size_t rsize)
+{
+    char *pos;
+    const char *leaf = path, *found;
+    // `leaf + 1` looks uncomfortable (when leaf == path), but fname must not be the top-dir itself
+    while ((found = strstr(leaf + 1, fname)) != NULL) {
+        leaf = found; // find the last occurrence for the path like /etc/my-crazy-lib-dir/etc.so
+    }
+    strlcpy(rvalue, leaf, rsize);
+    for (pos = rvalue; *pos; pos++) {
+        if (isdirsep(*pos)) {
+            *pos = '+';
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+box_ext_cleanup_mark(void *p)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)p);
+}
+
+static void
+box_ext_cleanup_free(void *p)
+{
+    VALUE path = (VALUE)p;
+    unlink(RSTRING_PTR(path));
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t box_ext_cleanup_type = {
+    "box_ext_cleanup",
+    {box_ext_cleanup_mark, box_ext_cleanup_free},
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+void
+rb_box_cleanup_local_extension(VALUE cleanup)
+{
+    void *p = DATA_PTR(cleanup);
+    DATA_PTR(cleanup) = NULL;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    if (p) box_ext_cleanup_free(p);
+#endif
+    (void)p;
+}
+
+static int
+cleanup_local_extension_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    HMODULE h = (HMODULE)NUM2PTR(value);
+    WCHAR module_path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    DWORD len = GetModuleFileNameW(h, module_path, numberof(module_path));
+
+    FreeLibrary(h);
+    if (len > 0 && len < numberof(module_path)) DeleteFileW(module_path);
+#endif
+    return ST_DELETE;
+}
+
+static void
+cleanup_all_local_extensions(VALUE libmap)
+{
+    rb_hash_foreach(libmap, cleanup_local_extension_i, 0);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_box_local_extension(VALUE box_value, VALUE fname, VALUE path, VALUE *cleanup)
+{
+    char ext_path[MAXPATHLEN], fname2[MAXPATHLEN], basename[MAXPATHLEN];
+    int wrote;
+    const char *src_path = RSTRING_PTR(path), *fname_ptr = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
+    rb_box_t *box = rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+
+    fname_without_suffix(fname_ptr, fname2, sizeof(fname2));
+    escaped_basename(src_path, fname2, basename, sizeof(basename));
+
+    wrote = sprint_ext_filename(ext_path, sizeof(ext_path), box->box_id, BOX_TMP_PREFIX, basename);
+    if (wrote >= (int)sizeof(ext_path)) {
+        rb_bug("Extension file path in the box was too long");
+    }
+    VALUE new_path = rb_str_new_cstr(ext_path);
+    *cleanup = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &box_ext_cleanup_type, NULL);
+    enum copy_error_type copy_error = copy_ext_file(src_path, ext_path);
+    if (copy_error) {
+        char message[1024];
+        copy_ext_file_error(message, sizeof(message), copy_error);
+        rb_raise(rb_eLoadError, "can't prepare the extension file for Ruby Box (%s from %"PRIsVALUE"): %s", ext_path, path, message);
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(*cleanup) = (void *)new_path;
+    return new_path;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE box)
+{
+    VALUE fname, wrap;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &wrap);
+
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+
+    return rb_load_entrypoint(fname, wrap);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_require(VALUE box, VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+
+    return rb_require_string(fname);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_require_relative(VALUE box, VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+
+    return rb_require_relative_entrypoint(fname);
+}
+
+static void
+initialize_master_box(void)
+{
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    rb_box_t *master = (rb_box_t *)rb_master_box();
+
+    master->load_path = rb_ary_new();
+    master->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
+    master->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
+    master->load_path_check_cache = 0;
+    rb_define_singleton_method(master->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
+
+    master->loaded_features = rb_ary_new();
+    master->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
+    master->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
+    master->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_obj_hide(master->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    master->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_obj_hide(master->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+
+    master->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    master->gvar_tbl = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    master->classext_cow_classes = NULL; // classext CoW never happen on the master box
+
+    vm->master_box = master;
+
+    if (rb_box_available()) {
+        VALUE master_box, entry;
+        ID id_box_entry;
+        CONST_ID(id_box_entry, "__box_entry__");
+
+        master_box = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cBox);
+        RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(master_box, true);
+        RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(master_box, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(rb_cObject)), true);
+
+        master->box_id = box_generate_id();
+        master->box_object = master_box;
+
+        entry = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cBoxEntry, &rb_master_box_data_type, master);
+        rb_ivar_set(master_box, id_box_entry, entry);
+
+        rb_gc_register_mark_object(master_box);
+        rb_gc_register_mark_object(entry);
+    }
+    else {
+        master->box_id = 1;
+        master->box_object = Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_eval(VALUE box_value, VALUE str)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+
+    StringValue(str);
+
+    iseq = rb_iseq_compile_iseq(str, rb_str_new_cstr("eval"));
+    VM_ASSERT(iseq);
+
+    box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+
+    return rb_iseq_eval(iseq, box);
+}
+
+static int box_experimental_warned = 0;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_api_version_name[];
+
+static VALUE
+box_value_initialize(bool root, bool user, bool optional)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box;
+    VALUE box_value = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, rb_cBox);
+
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_OBJ_P(box_value));
+
+    box = rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+    box->box_object = box_value;
+    box->is_root = root;
+    box->is_user = user;
+    box->is_optional = optional;
+    return box_value;
+}
+
+void
+rb_initialize_mandatory_boxes(void)
+{
+    VALUE root_box_value, main_box_value;
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_box_available());
+
+    if (!box_experimental_warned) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
+                         "Ruby::Box is experimental, and the behavior may change in the future!\n"
+                         "See https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/%s/Ruby/Box.html for known issues, etc.",
+                         ruby_api_version_name);
+        box_experimental_warned = 1;
+    }
+
+    root_box_value = box_value_initialize(true, false, false);
+    main_box_value = box_value_initialize(false, true, false);
+
+    rb_const_set(rb_cBox, rb_intern("ROOT"), root_box_value);
+    rb_const_set(rb_cBox, rb_intern("MAIN"), main_box_value);
+
+    vm->root_box = root_box = rb_get_box_t(root_box_value);
+    vm->main_box = main_box = rb_get_box_t(main_box_value);
+
+    // create the writable classext of ::Object explicitly to finalize the set of visible top-level constants
+    RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(rb_cObject, root_box);
+    RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(rb_cObject, main_box);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_inspect(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box;
+    VALUE r;
+    if (obj == Qfalse) {
+        r = rb_str_new_cstr("#<Ruby::Box:master>");
+        return r;
+    }
+    box = rb_get_box_t(obj);
+    r = rb_str_new_cstr("#<Ruby::Box:");
+    rb_str_concat(r, rb_funcall(LONG2NUM(box->box_id), rb_intern("to_s"), 0));
+    if (BOX_MASTER_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",master");
+    }
+    if (BOX_ROOT_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",root");
+    }
+    if (BOX_USER_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",user");
+    }
+    if (BOX_MAIN_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",main");
+    }
+    else if (BOX_OPTIONAL_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",optional");
+    }
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ">");
+    return r;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_loading_func(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _self)
+{
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+    return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+}
+
+static void
+box_define_loader_method(const char *name)
+{
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_mBoxLoader, name, rb_box_loading_func, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mBoxLoader, name, rb_box_loading_func, -1);
+}
+
+void
+Init_master_box(void)
+{
+    master_box->loading_table = st_init_strtable();
+}
+
+void
+Init_enable_box(void)
+{
+    const char *env = getenv("RUBY_BOX");
+    if (env && strlen(env) == 1 && env[0] == '1') {
+        ruby_box_enabled = true;
+    }
+    else {
+        ruby_box_init_done = true;
+    }
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_master(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return master_box->box_object;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_root(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return root_box->box_object;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_main(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return main_box->box_object;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_master_p(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+    return RBOOL(BOX_MASTER_P(box));
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_root_p(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+    return RBOOL(BOX_ROOT_P(box));
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_main_p(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+    return RBOOL(BOX_MAIN_P(box));
+}
+
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+
+static const char *
+classname(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE p;
+    if (!klass) {
+        return "Qfalse";
+    }
+    p = RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass));
+    if (RTEST(p))
+        return RSTRING_PTR(p);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))
+        return "AnyClassValue";
+    return "NonClassValue";
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+dump_classext_methods_i(ID mid, VALUE _val, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_id2str(mid));
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+dump_classext_constants_i(ID mid, VALUE _val, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_id2str(mid));
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_classext_i(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE _recv, void *data)
+{
+    char buf[4096];
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
+    VALUE ary, res = (VALUE)data;
+
+    snprintf(buf, 4096, "Ruby::Box %ld:%s classext %p\n",
+             RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext)->box_id, is_prime ? " prime" : "", (void *)ext);
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+
+    snprintf(buf, 2048, "  Super: %s\n", classname(RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext)));
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+
+    tbl = RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext);
+    if (tbl) {
+        ary = rb_ary_new_capa((long)rb_id_table_size(tbl));
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext), dump_classext_methods_i, (void *)ary);
+        rb_ary_sort_bang(ary);
+        snprintf(buf, 4096, "  Methods(%ld): ", RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+        rb_str_concat(res, rb_ary_join(ary, rb_str_new_cstr(",")));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "  Methods(0): .\n");
+    }
+
+    tbl = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext);
+    if (tbl) {
+        ary = rb_ary_new_capa((long)rb_id_table_size(tbl));
+        rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, dump_classext_constants_i, (void *)ary);
+        rb_ary_sort_bang(ary);
+        snprintf(buf, 4096, "  Constants(%ld): ", RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+        rb_str_concat(res, rb_ary_join(ary, rb_str_new_cstr(",")));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "  Constants(0): .\n");
+    }
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_f_dump_classext(VALUE recv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    /*
+     * The desired output String value is:
+     * Class: 0x88800932 (String) [singleton]
+     * Prime classext box(2,main), readable(t), writable(f)
+     * Non-prime classexts: 3
+     * Box 2: prime classext 0x88800933
+     *   Super: Object
+     *   Methods(43): aaaaa, bbbb, cccc, dddd, eeeee, ffff, gggg, hhhhh, ...
+     *   Constants(12): FOO, Bar, ...
+     * Box 5: classext 0x88800934
+     *   Super: Object
+     *   Methods(43): aaaaa, bbbb, cccc, dddd, eeeee, ffff, gggg, hhhhh, ...
+     *   Constants(12): FOO, Bar, ...
+     */
+    char buf[2048];
+    VALUE res;
+    const rb_classext_t *ext;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+    st_table *classext_tbl;
+
+    if (!(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE))) {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Non-class/module value: %p (%s)\n", (void *)klass, rb_type_str(BUILTIN_TYPE(klass)));
+        return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
+    }
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Class: %p (%s)%s\n",
+                 (void *)klass, classname(klass), RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) ? " [singleton]" : "");
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Module: %p (%s)\n", (void *)klass, classname(klass));
+    }
+    res = rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
+
+    ext = RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass);
+    box = RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext);
+    snprintf(buf, 2048, "Prime classext box(%ld,%s), readable(%s), writable(%s)\n",
+             box->box_id,
+             BOX_MASTER_P(box) ? "master" : (BOX_ROOT_P(box) ? "root" : (BOX_MAIN_P(box) ? "main" : "optional")),
+             RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_READABLE_P(klass) ? "t" : "f",
+             RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(klass) ? "t" : "f");
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+
+    classext_tbl = RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass);
+    if (!classext_tbl) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "Non-prime classexts: 0\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Non-prime classexts: %zu\n", st_table_size(classext_tbl));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+    }
+
+    rb_class_classext_foreach(klass, dump_classext_i, (void *)res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#endif /* RUBY_DEBUG */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ruby::Box
+ *
+ *  :markup: markdown
+ *  :include: doc/language/box.md
+ */
+void
+Init_Box(void)
+{
+    tmp_dir = system_tmpdir();
+    tmp_dir_has_dirsep = (strcmp(tmp_dir + (strlen(tmp_dir) - strlen(DIRSEP)), DIRSEP) == 0);
+
+    VALUE mRuby = rb_define_module("Ruby");
+
+    rb_cBox = rb_define_class_under(mRuby, "Box", rb_cModule);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "initialize", box_initialize, 0);
+
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    rb_cBoxEntry = rb_define_class_under(rb_cBox, "Entry", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cBoxEntry, rb_box_entry_alloc);
+
+    initialize_master_box();
+
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    rb_mBoxLoader = rb_define_module_under(rb_cBox, "Loader");
+    box_define_loader_method("require");
+    box_define_loader_method("require_relative");
+    box_define_loader_method("load");
+
+    if (rb_box_available()) {
+        rb_include_module(rb_cObject, rb_mBoxLoader);
+
+        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "master", rb_box_s_master, 0);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "root", rb_box_s_root, 0);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "main", rb_box_s_main, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "master?", rb_box_master_p, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "root?", rb_box_root_p, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "main?", rb_box_main_p, 0);
+
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+        rb_define_global_function("dump_classext", rb_f_dump_classext, 1);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "enabled?", rb_box_s_getenabled, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "current", rb_box_s_current, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "load_path", rb_box_load_path, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "load", rb_box_load, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "require", rb_box_require, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "require_relative", rb_box_require_relative, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "eval", rb_box_eval, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "inspect", rb_box_inspect, 0);
+}
diff --git a/builtin.c b/builtin.c
index fbc11bf1b4..03c9d03bc3 100644
--- a/builtin.c
+++ b/builtin.c
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 #include "iseq.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 
-#include "builtin_binary.inc"
+#include "builtin_binary.rbbin"
 
 #ifndef BUILTIN_BINARY_SIZE
 
-#define INCLUDED_BY_BUILTIN_C 1
+#define BUILTIN_LOADED(feature_name, iseq) ((void)0)
 #include "mini_builtin.c"
 
 #else
@@ -22,18 +23,41 @@ bin4feature(const struct builtin_binary *bb, const char *feature, size_t *psize)
 static const unsigned char*
 builtin_lookup(const char *feature, size_t *psize)
 {
-    static int index = 0;
-    const unsigned char *bin = bin4feature(&builtin_binary[index++], feature, psize);
+    static size_t index = 0;
+    const unsigned char *bin = NULL;
 
-    // usually, `builtin_binary` order is loading order at miniruby.
-    for (const struct builtin_binary *bb = &builtin_binary[0]; bb->feature &&! bin; bb++) {
-        bin = bin4feature(bb++, feature, psize);
+    /*
+     * Fast path:
+     * builtin_binary is usually arranged in the same order
+     * as features are looked up in miniruby, so try the next entry first.
+     */
+    if (builtin_binary[index].feature) {
+        bin = bin4feature(&builtin_binary[index], feature, psize);
+        index++;
     }
+    if (bin) {
+        return bin;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Fallback:
+     * In case the lookup order does not match the array order,
+     * scan the entire table to find the feature.
+     */
+    for (const struct builtin_binary *bb = &builtin_binary[0];
+         bb->feature;
+         bb++) {
+        bin = bin4feature(bb, feature, psize);
+        if (bin) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
     return bin;
 }
 
-void
-rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
+static void
+load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table, const rb_box_t *target_box)
 {
     // search binary
     size_t size;
@@ -51,7 +75,40 @@ rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin
     vm->builtin_function_table = NULL;
 
     // exec
-    rb_iseq_eval(rb_iseq_check(iseq));
+    rb_iseq_eval(rb_iseq_check(iseq), target_box);
+}
+
+void
+rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
+{
+    load_with_builtin_functions(feature_name, table, rb_root_box());
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_define_gem_modules(VALUE flags_value, VALUE _)
+{
+    rb_box_gem_flags_t *flags = (rb_box_gem_flags_t *)flags_value;
+
+    if (flags->gem) {
+        rb_define_module("Gem");
+        if (flags->error_highlight) {
+            rb_define_module("ErrorHighlight");
+        }
+        if (flags->did_you_mean) {
+            rb_define_module("DidYouMean");
+        }
+        if (flags->syntax_suggest) {
+            rb_define_module("SyntaxSuggest");
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+rb_load_gem_prelude(VALUE box)
+{
+    load_with_builtin_functions("gem_prelude", NULL, (const rb_box_t *)box);
 }
 
 #endif
@@ -71,5 +128,13 @@ Init_builtin(void)
 void
 Init_builtin_features(void)
 {
-    rb_load_with_builtin_functions("gem_prelude", NULL);
+
+#ifdef BUILTIN_BINARY_SIZE
+
+    rb_load_gem_prelude((VALUE)rb_root_box());
+
+    rb_load_gem_prelude((VALUE)rb_main_box());
+
+#endif
+
 }
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index 24aa7c2fdb..ffd2aad88e 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ struct rb_builtin_function {
 
 #define RB_BUILTIN_FUNCTION(_i, _name, _fname, _arity) {\
   .name = _i < 0 ? NULL : #_name, \
-  .func_ptr = (void *)_fname, \
+  .func_ptr = (void *)(uintptr_t)_fname, \
   .argc = _arity, \
   .index = _i, \
 }
 
 void rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table);
+VALUE rb_define_gem_modules(VALUE, VALUE);
+void rb_load_gem_prelude(VALUE box);
 
 #ifndef rb_execution_context_t
 typedef struct rb_execution_context_struct rb_execution_context_t;
@@ -106,6 +108,12 @@ rb_vm_lvar(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index)
 #endif
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE id_sym)
+{
+    return rb_method_basic_definition_p(klass, rb_sym2id(id_sym)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
 #define LOCAL_PTR(local) local ## __ptr
 
 // dump/load
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index 5cce99e334..02078cc9bc 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "debug_counter.h"
 #include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
 #include "internal/class.h"
 #include "internal/eval.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
@@ -29,7 +30,9 @@
 #include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "ruby/st.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
 #include "yjit.h"
+#include "zjit.h"
 
 /* Flags of T_CLASS
  *
@@ -38,24 +41,22 @@
  *           This is done for classes defined from C to allow storing them in global variables.
  * 1:    RUBY_FL_SINGLETON
  *           This class is a singleton class.
- * 2:    RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF
- *           The RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES contains the class as the last element.
- *           This means that this class owns the RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES list.
- * if !SHAPE_IN_BASIC_FLAGS
- * 4-19: SHAPE_FLAG_MASK
- *           Shape ID for the class.
- * endif
+ * 2:    RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE
+ *           This class's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any boxes.
+ *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root box.
+ * 3:    RCLASS_IS_INITIALIZED
+ *           Class has been initialized.
+ * 4:    RCLASS_BOXABLE
+ *           Is a builtin class that may be boxed. It larger than a normal class.
  */
 
 /* Flags of T_ICLASS
  *
- * 0:    RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN
- * 3:    RICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL
- *           The T_ICLASS does not own the method table.
- * if !SHAPE_IN_BASIC_FLAGS
- * 4-19: SHAPE_FLAG_MASK
- *           Shape ID. This is set but not used.
- * endif
+ * 2:    RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE
+ *           This module's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any boxes.
+ *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root box.
+ * 4:    RCLASS_BOXABLE
+ *           Is a builtin class that may be boxed. It larger than a normal class.
  */
 
 /* Flags of T_MODULE
@@ -63,209 +64,634 @@
  * 0:    RCLASS_IS_ROOT
  *           The class has been added to the VM roots. Will always be marked and pinned.
  *           This is done for classes defined from C to allow storing them in global variables.
- * 1:    RMODULE_ALLOCATED_BUT_NOT_INITIALIZED
- *           Module has not been initialized.
- * 2:    RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF
- *           See RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF in T_CLASS.
- * 3:    RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT
+ * 1:    <reserved>
+ *          Ensures that RUBY_FL_SINGLETON is never set on a T_MODULE. See `rb_class_real`.
+ * 2:    RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE
+ *           This module's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any boxes.
+ *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root box.
+ * 3:    RCLASS_IS_INITIALIZED
+ *           Module has been initialized.
+ * 4:    RCLASS_BOXABLE
+ *           Is a builtin class that may be boxed. It larger than a normal class.
+ * 5:    RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT
  *           Module is used for refinements.
- * if !SHAPE_IN_BASIC_FLAGS
- * 4-19: SHAPE_FLAG_MASK
- *           Shape ID for the module.
- * endif
  */
 
 #define METACLASS_OF(k) RBASIC(k)->klass
 #define SET_METACLASS_OF(k, cls) RBASIC_SET_CLASS(k, cls)
 
-RUBY_EXTERN rb_serial_t ruby_vm_global_cvar_state;
+rb_classext_t *
+rb_class_unlink_classext(VALUE klass, const rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    st_data_t ext;
+    st_data_t key = (st_data_t)box->box_object;
+    st_delete(box->classext_cow_classes, &klass, 0);
+    st_delete(RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass), &key, &ext);
+    return (rb_classext_t *)ext;
+}
 
-static rb_subclass_entry_t *
-push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
+void
+rb_class_classext_free(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime)
 {
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *entry, *head;
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
 
-    entry = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_entry_t);
-    entry->klass = klass;
+    rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
 
-    head = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(super);
-    if (!head) {
-        head = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_entry_t);
-        RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(super) = head;
+    if (!RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext) && (tbl = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext)) != NULL) {
+        rb_free_const_table(tbl);
     }
-    entry->next = head->next;
-    entry->prev = head;
 
-    if (head->next) {
-        head->next->prev = entry;
+    if (RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF(ext)) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT(is_prime); // superclasses should only be used on prime
+        size_t depth = RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(ext);
+        if (depth != RCLASS_MAX_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH) {
+            depth++;
+        }
+        SIZED_FREE_N(RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES(ext), depth);
     }
-    head->next = entry;
 
-    return entry;
+    if (!is_prime) { // the prime classext will be freed with RClass
+        SIZED_FREE(ext);
+    }
 }
 
 void
-rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
+rb_iclass_classext_free(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime)
 {
-    if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
-        rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = push_subclass_entry_to_list(super, klass);
-        RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = entry;
+    if (RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) && !RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext)) {
+        /* Method table is not shared for origin iclasses of classes */
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    if (RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) != NULL) {
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    if (!is_prime) { // the prime classext will be freed with RClass
+        SIZED_FREE(ext);
     }
 }
 
 static void
-rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(VALUE module, VALUE iclass)
+iclass_free_orphan_classext(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext)
 {
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = push_subclass_entry_to_list(module, iclass);
-    RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(iclass) = entry;
+    if (RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) && !RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext)) {
+        /* Method table is not shared for origin iclasses of classes */
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    if (RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) != NULL) {
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    SIZED_FREE(ext);
 }
 
-void
-rb_class_remove_subclass_head(VALUE klass)
+struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args {
+    VALUE obj;
+    rb_classext_t *ext;
+};
+
+static int
+set_box_classext_update(st_data_t *key_ptr, st_data_t *val_ptr, st_data_t a, int existing)
 {
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *head = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
+    struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args *args = (struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args *)a;
 
-    if (head) {
-        if (head->next) {
-            head->next->prev = NULL;
+    if (existing) {
+        if (LIKELY(BUILTIN_TYPE(args->obj) == T_ICLASS)) {
+            iclass_free_orphan_classext(args->obj, (rb_classext_t *)*val_ptr);
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_bug("Updating existing classext for non-iclass never happen");
         }
-        RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass) = NULL;
-        xfree(head);
     }
+
+    *val_ptr = (st_data_t)args->ext;
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 void
-rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE klass)
+rb_class_set_box_classext(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box, rb_classext_t *ext)
 {
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass);
+    struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args args = {
+        .obj = obj,
+        .ext = ext,
+    };
 
-    if (entry) {
-        rb_subclass_entry_t *prev = entry->prev, *next = entry->next;
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_MUTABLE_P(box));
 
-        if (prev) {
-            prev->next = next;
-        }
-        if (next) {
-            next->prev = prev;
-        }
+    st_update(RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj), (st_data_t)box->box_object, set_box_classext_update, (st_data_t)&args);
 
-        xfree(entry);
+    // The classext references are now visible via the classext table,
+    // so we must issue the write barrier before any further allocations
+    // (e.g. st_insert below) that could trigger GC.
+    rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(obj);
+
+    st_insert(box->classext_cow_classes, (st_data_t)obj, 0);
+}
+
+RUBY_EXTERN rb_serial_t ruby_vm_global_cvar_state;
+
+struct duplicate_id_tbl_data {
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
+    VALUE klass;
+};
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+duplicate_classext_m_tbl_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
+{
+    struct duplicate_id_tbl_data *arg = (struct duplicate_id_tbl_data *)data;
+    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *)value;
+    rb_method_table_insert0(arg->klass, arg->tbl, key, me, false);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static struct rb_id_table *
+duplicate_classext_m_tbl(struct rb_id_table *orig, VALUE klass, bool init_missing)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
+    if (!orig) {
+        if (init_missing)
+            return rb_id_table_create(0);
+        else
+            return NULL;
     }
+    tbl = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(orig));
+    struct duplicate_id_tbl_data data = {
+        .tbl = tbl,
+        .klass = klass,
+    };
+    rb_id_table_foreach(orig, duplicate_classext_m_tbl_i, &data);
+    return tbl;
+}
+
+static rb_const_entry_t *
+duplicate_classext_const_entry(rb_const_entry_t *src, VALUE klass)
+{
+    // See also: setup_const_entry (variable.c)
+    rb_const_entry_t *dst = ZALLOC(rb_const_entry_t);
+
+    dst->flag = src->flag;
+    dst->line = src->line;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &dst->value, src->value);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &dst->file, src->file);
 
-    RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = NULL;
+    return dst;
 }
 
-void
-rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE klass)
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+duplicate_classext_const_tbl_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass);
+    struct duplicate_id_tbl_data *arg = (struct duplicate_id_tbl_data *)data;
+    rb_const_entry_t *entry = duplicate_classext_const_entry((rb_const_entry_t *)value, arg->klass);
 
-    if (entry) {
-        rb_subclass_entry_t *prev = entry->prev, *next = entry->next;
+    rb_id_table_insert(arg->tbl, key, (VALUE)entry);
 
-        if (prev) {
-            prev->next = next;
-        }
-        if (next) {
-            next->prev = prev;
-        }
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static struct rb_id_table *
+duplicate_classext_const_tbl(struct rb_id_table *src, VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *dst;
+
+    if (!src)
+        return NULL;
+
+    dst = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(src));
+
+    struct duplicate_id_tbl_data data = {
+        .tbl = dst,
+        .klass = klass,
+    };
+    rb_id_table_foreach(src, duplicate_classext_const_tbl_i, (void *)&data);
+
+    return dst;
+}
+
+static void
+class_duplicate_iclass_classext(VALUE iclass, rb_classext_t *mod_ext, const rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(iclass, T_ICLASS));
 
-        xfree(entry);
+    rb_classext_t *src = RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(iclass);
+    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(iclass, box);
+    int first_set = 0;
+
+    if (ext) {
+        // iclass classext for the ns is only for cc/callable_m_tbl if it's created earlier than module's one
+        rb_invalidate_method_caches(RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext), RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
     }
 
-    RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = NULL;
+    ext = ZALLOC(rb_classext_t);
+
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext) = box;
+
+    RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext) = RCLASSEXT_SUPER(src);
+
+    // See also: rb_include_class_new()
+    if (RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(src) && !RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(src)) {
+        RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext) = duplicate_classext_m_tbl(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(src), iclass, true);
+    }
+    else {
+        RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext) = RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(mod_ext);
+    }
+
+    RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext) = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(mod_ext);
+    RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(ext) = RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(mod_ext);
+
+    // Those are cache and should be recreated when methods are called
+    // RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) = NULL;
+    // RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext) = NULL;
+
+    // Subclasses/back-pointers are only in the prime classext.
+
+    RCLASSEXT_SET_ORIGIN(ext, iclass, RCLASSEXT_ORIGIN(src));
+    RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) = RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(src);
+    RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext) = RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(src);
+
+    RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(ext, iclass, RCLASSEXT_INCLUDER(src));
+
+    VM_ASSERT(FL_TEST_RAW(iclass, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
+
+    first_set = RCLASS_SET_BOX_CLASSEXT(iclass, box, ext);
+    if (first_set) {
+        RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(iclass, false);
+    }
 }
 
-void
-rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg)
+rb_classext_t *
+rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE klass, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    // RCLASS_SUBCLASSES should always point to our head element which has NULL klass
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *cur = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
-    // if we have a subclasses list, then the head is a placeholder with no valid
-    // class. So ignore it and use the next element in the list (if one exists)
-    if (cur) {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(!cur->klass);
-        cur = cur->next;
+    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
+
+    rb_classext_t *ext = ZALLOC(rb_classext_t);
+    bool dup_iclass = RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) ? true : false;
+
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext) = box;
+
+    RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext) = RCLASSEXT_SUPER(orig);
+
+    RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext) = duplicate_classext_m_tbl(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(orig), klass, dup_iclass);
+    RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) = true;
+    RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext) = false;
+
+    if (orig->fields_obj) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &ext->fields_obj, rb_imemo_fields_clone(orig->fields_obj));
+    }
+
+    if (RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
+        RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext) = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(orig);
+        RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext) = true;
+    }
+    else {
+        RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext) = duplicate_classext_const_tbl(RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(orig), klass);
+        RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext) = false;
+    }
+    /*
+     * callable_m_tbl is for `super` chain, and entries will be created when the super chain is called.
+     * so initially, it can be NULL and let it be created lazily.
+     * RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) = NULL;
+     *
+     * cc_tbl is for method inline cache, and method calls from different boxes never occur on
+     * the same code, so the copied classext should have a different cc_tbl from the prime one.
+     * RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(copy) = NULL
+     */
+
+    VALUE cvc_table = RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(orig);
+    if (cvc_table) {
+        cvc_table = rb_marked_id_table_dup(cvc_table);
+    }
+    else if (dup_iclass) {
+        cvc_table = rb_marked_id_table_new(2);
+    }
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(ext), cvc_table);
+
+    // Subclasses/back-pointers are only in the prime classext.
+
+    RCLASSEXT_SET_ORIGIN(ext, klass, RCLASSEXT_ORIGIN(orig));
+    /*
+     * Members not copied to box's classext values
+     * * refined_class
+     * * as.class.allocator / as.singleton_class.attached_object
+     * * includer
+     * * max IV count
+     * * variation count
+     */
+    RCLASSEXT_PERMANENT_CLASSPATH(ext) = RCLASSEXT_PERMANENT_CLASSPATH(orig);
+    RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(ext) = RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(orig);
+
+    /* For the usual T_CLASS/T_MODULE, iclass flags are always false */
+
+    if (dup_iclass) {
+        /*
+         * ICLASS has the same m_tbl/const_tbl/cvc_tbl with the included module.
+         * So the module's classext is copied, its tables should be also referred
+         * by the ICLASS's classext for the box.
+         *
+         * Subclasses are only in the prime classext, so read from orig.
+         */
+        VALUE subs_v = RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(orig);
+        if (subs_v) {
+            struct rb_subclasses *subs = (struct rb_subclasses *)subs_v;
+            VALUE *entries = rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(subs_v);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < subs->count; i++) {
+                VALUE iclass = entries[i];
+                if (!iclass) continue;
+
+                /* every node in the subclass list should be an ICLASS built from this module */
+                VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(iclass, T_ICLASS));
+                VM_ASSERT(RBASIC_CLASS(iclass) == klass);
+
+                if (FL_TEST_RAW(iclass, RCLASS_BOXABLE)) {
+                    // Non-boxable ICLASSes (included by classes in main/user boxes) can't
+                    // hold per-box classexts, and their includer classes also can't, so
+                    // method lookup through them always uses the prime classext.
+                    class_duplicate_iclass_classext(iclass, ext, box);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    /* do not be tempted to simplify this loop into a for loop, the order of
-       operations is important here if `f` modifies the linked list */
-    while (cur) {
-        VALUE curklass = cur->klass;
-        cur = cur->next;
-        // do not trigger GC during f, otherwise the cur will become
-        // a dangling pointer if the subclass is collected
-        f(curklass, arg);
+    return ext;
+}
+
+void
+rb_class_ensure_writable(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
+    RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
+}
+
+struct class_classext_foreach_arg {
+    rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func *func;
+    void * callback_arg;
+};
+
+static int
+class_classext_foreach_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    struct class_classext_foreach_arg *foreach_arg = (struct class_classext_foreach_arg *)arg;
+    rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func *func = foreach_arg->func;
+    func((rb_classext_t *)value, false, (VALUE)key, foreach_arg->callback_arg);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void
+rb_class_classext_foreach(VALUE klass, rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func *func, void *arg)
+{
+    st_table *tbl = RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass);
+    struct class_classext_foreach_arg foreach_arg;
+    if (tbl) {
+        foreach_arg.func = func;
+        foreach_arg.callback_arg = arg;
+        rb_st_foreach(tbl, class_classext_foreach_i, (st_data_t)&foreach_arg);
     }
+    func(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass), true, (VALUE)NULL, arg);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_super_of(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_singleton_p(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass);
+}
+
+unsigned char
+rb_class_variation_count(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return RCLASS_VARIATION_COUNT(klass);
 }
 
 static void
-class_detach_subclasses(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
+push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
-    rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(klass);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(
+            (RB_TYPE_P(super, T_MODULE) && RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) ||
+            (RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS) && RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) ||
+            (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS) && !NIL_P(RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(klass)))
+            );
+
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        VALUE subs_v = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(super);
+        struct rb_subclasses *subs = (struct rb_subclasses *)subs_v;
+
+        if (!subs || subs->count == subs->capacity) {
+            VALUE *old_entries = subs ? rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(subs_v) : NULL;
+            uint32_t live = 0;
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; subs && i < subs->count; i++) {
+                if (old_entries[i]) live++;
+            }
+
+            uint32_t cap = subs ? subs->capacity : 2;
+            if (live * 2 >= cap) cap *= 2;
+
+            VALUE new_v = rb_imemo_subclasses_new(cap);
+            struct rb_subclasses *new_subs = (struct rb_subclasses *)new_v;
+            VALUE *new_entries = rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(new_v);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; subs && i < subs->count; i++) {
+                VALUE entry = old_entries[i];
+                if (entry) {
+                    new_entries[new_subs->count++] = entry;
+                    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(new_v, Qundef, entry);
+                }
+            }
+            RCLASS_SET_SUBCLASSES(super, new_v);
+            subs_v = new_v;
+            subs = new_subs;
+        }
+
+        rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(subs_v)[subs->count++] = klass;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(subs_v, Qundef, klass);
+    }
 }
 
 void
-rb_class_detach_subclasses(VALUE klass)
+rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
-    rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_detach_subclasses, Qnil);
+    if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(super, T_MODULE));
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
+        push_subclass_entry_to_list(super, klass);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
-class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
+rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(VALUE module, VALUE iclass)
 {
-    rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(klass);
+    if (module && !UNDEF_P(module)) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE));
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(iclass, T_ICLASS));
+        push_subclass_entry_to_list(module, iclass);
+    }
 }
 
 void
-rb_class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE klass)
+rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE subs_v = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
+    if (!subs_v) return;
+
+    struct rb_subclasses *subs = (struct rb_subclasses *)subs_v;
+    VALUE *entries = rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(subs_v);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < subs->count; i++) {
+        VALUE curklass = entries[i];
+        if (curklass) {
+            f(curklass, arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+class_switch_superclass(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
-    rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_detach_module_subclasses, Qnil);
+    // No need to remove from old super's subclasses list — the GC
+    // will nullify the weak reference when appropriate.
+    rb_class_subclass_add(super, klass);
 }
 
 /**
- * Allocates a struct RClass for a new class.
+ * Allocates a struct RClass for a new class, iclass, or module.
  *
- * @param flags     initial value for basic.flags of the returned class.
- * @param klass     the class of the returned class.
- * @return          an uninitialized Class object.
- * @pre  `klass` must refer `Class` class or an ancestor of Class.
- * @pre  `(flags | T_CLASS) != 0`
- * @post the returned class can safely be `#initialize` 'd.
+ * @param type      The type of the RClass (T_CLASS, T_ICLASS, or T_MODULE)
+ * @param klass     value for basic.klass of the returned object.
+ * @return          an uninitialized Class/IClass/Module object.
+ * @pre  `klass` must refer to a class or module
  *
  * @note this function is not Class#allocate.
  */
 static VALUE
-class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
+class_alloc0(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass, bool boxable)
 {
-    size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass) + sizeof(rb_classext_t);
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_current_box();
 
-    flags &= T_MASK;
-    if (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS) flags |= FL_WB_PROTECTED;
-    NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RClass, klass, flags, alloc_size, 0);
+    if (!ruby_box_init_done) {
+        boxable = true;
+    }
+
+    size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t);
+    if (boxable) {
+        alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass_boxable);
+    }
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(type == T_CLASS || type == T_ICLASS || type == T_MODULE);
+
+    VALUE flags = type | FL_SHAREABLE;
+    if (boxable) flags |= RCLASS_BOXABLE;
+
+    shape_id_t shape_id = ROOT_SHAPE_ID;
+    if (boxable) {
+        shape_id |= SHAPE_ID_LAYOUT_OTHER;
+    }
+    else {
+        shape_id |= SHAPE_ID_LAYOUT_RCLASS;
+    }
 
-    memset(RCLASS_EXT(obj), 0, sizeof(rb_classext_t));
+    struct RClass *obj = (struct RClass *)rb_newobj(GET_EC(), klass, flags, shape_id, true, alloc_size);
+
+    obj->object_id = 0;
+
+    memset(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj), 0, sizeof(rb_classext_t));
 
     /* ZALLOC
       RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_M_TBL(obj) = 0;
-      RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj) = 0;
+      RCLASS_FIELDS(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_SET_SUPER((VALUE)obj, 0);
-      RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(obj) = NULL;
-      RCLASS_PARENT_SUBCLASSES(obj) = NULL;
-      RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(obj) = NULL;
      */
+
+    if (boxable) {
+        ((struct RClass_boxable *)obj)->box_classext_tbl = NULL;
+    }
+
+    RCLASS_PRIME_BOX((VALUE)obj) = box;
+    // Classes/Modules defined in user boxes are
+    // writable directly because it exists only in a box.
+    RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE((VALUE)obj, !boxable || BOX_USER_P(box));
+
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN((VALUE)obj, (VALUE)obj);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj), Qnil);
-    RCLASS_SET_ALLOCATOR((VALUE)obj, 0);
+    RCLASS_SET_REFINED_CLASS((VALUE)obj, Qnil);
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+class_alloc(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass)
+{
+    bool boxable = rb_box_available() && BOX_MASTER_P(rb_current_box());
+    return class_alloc0(type, klass, boxable);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+class_associate_super(VALUE klass, VALUE super, bool init)
+{
+    if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
+        // Only maintain subclass lists for T_CLASS→T_CLASS relationships.
+        // Include/prepend inserts ICLASSes into the super chain, but T_CLASS
+        // subclass lists should track only the immutable T_CLASS→T_CLASS link.
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) && RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS)) {
+            if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass)) {
+                // Instead of adding singleton classes to the subclass list,
+                // just set a flag so that method cache invalidation takes the
+                // tree path.
+                FL_SET_RAW(super, RCLASS_HAS_SUBCLASSES);
+            }
+            else {
+                class_switch_superclass(super, klass);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (init) {
+        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
+    }
+    else {
+        RCLASS_WRITE_SUPER(klass, super);
+    }
+    rb_class_update_superclasses(klass);
+    return super;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_set_super(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
+{
+    return class_associate_super(klass, super, false);
+}
+
+static void
+class_initialize_method_table(VALUE c)
+{
+    // initialize the prime classext m_tbl
+    RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(c, rb_id_table_create(0));
+}
+
 static void
-RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(VALUE c)
+class_clear_method_table(VALUE c)
+{
+    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(c, rb_id_table_create(0));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+class_boot_boxable(VALUE super, bool boxable)
 {
-    RCLASS_M_TBL(c) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+    VALUE klass = class_alloc0(T_CLASS, rb_cClass, boxable);
+
+    // initialize method table prior to class_associate_super()
+    // because class_associate_super() may cause GC and promote klass
+    class_initialize_method_table(klass);
+
+    class_associate_super(klass, super, true);
+    if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
+        RCLASS_SET_ALLOCATOR(klass, RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(super));
+        rb_class_set_initialized(klass);
+    }
+
+    return (VALUE)klass;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -280,18 +706,13 @@ RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(VALUE c)
 VALUE
 rb_class_boot(VALUE super)
 {
-    VALUE klass = class_alloc(T_CLASS, rb_cClass);
-
-    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
-    RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
-
-    return (VALUE)klass;
+    return class_boot_boxable(super, false);
 }
 
 static VALUE *
 class_superclasses_including_self(VALUE klass)
 {
-    if (FL_TEST_RAW(klass, RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF))
+    if (RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF_P(klass))
         return RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(klass);
 
     size_t depth = RCLASS_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(klass);
@@ -300,14 +721,14 @@ class_superclasses_including_self(VALUE klass)
         memcpy(superclasses, RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(klass), sizeof(VALUE) * depth);
     superclasses[depth] = klass;
 
-    RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(klass) = superclasses;
-    FL_SET_RAW(klass, RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF);
     return superclasses;
 }
 
 void
 rb_class_update_superclasses(VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE *superclasses;
+    size_t super_depth;
     VALUE super = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) return;
@@ -336,8 +757,17 @@ rb_class_update_superclasses(VALUE klass)
             return;
     }
 
-    RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(klass) = class_superclasses_including_self(super);
-    RCLASS_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(klass) = RCLASS_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(super) + 1;
+    super_depth = RCLASS_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(super);
+    if (RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF_P(super)) {
+        superclasses = RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(super);
+    }
+    else {
+        superclasses = class_superclasses_including_self(super);
+        RCLASS_WRITE_SUPERCLASSES(super, super_depth, superclasses, true);
+    }
+
+    size_t depth = super_depth == RCLASS_MAX_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH ? super_depth : super_depth + 1;
+    RCLASS_WRITE_SUPERCLASSES(klass, depth, superclasses, false);
 }
 
 void
@@ -362,9 +792,8 @@ rb_class_new(VALUE super)
     rb_check_inheritable(super);
     VALUE klass = rb_class_boot(super);
 
-    if (super != rb_cObject && super != rb_cBasicObject) {
-        RCLASS_EXT(klass)->max_iv_count = RCLASS_EXT(super)->max_iv_count;
-    }
+    RCLASS_SET_MAX_IV_COUNT(klass, RCLASS_MAX_IV_COUNT(super));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(getenv("RUBY_BOX") || RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(klass));
 
     return klass;
 }
@@ -376,28 +805,20 @@ rb_class_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static void
-clone_method(VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
+clone_method(VALUE new_klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 {
-    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
-        rb_cref_t *new_cref;
-        rb_vm_rewrite_cref(me->def->body.iseq.cref, old_klass, new_klass, &new_cref);
-        rb_add_method_iseq(new_klass, mid, me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr, new_cref, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_method_entry_set(new_klass, mid, me, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
-    }
+    rb_method_entry_set(new_klass, mid, me, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
 }
 
 struct clone_method_arg {
     VALUE new_klass;
-    VALUE old_klass;
 };
 
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 clone_method_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
     const struct clone_method_arg *arg = (struct clone_method_arg *)data;
-    clone_method(arg->old_klass, arg->new_klass, key, (const rb_method_entry_t *)value);
+    clone_method(arg->new_klass, key, (const rb_method_entry_t *)value);
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -430,7 +851,7 @@ class_init_copy_check(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     if (orig == rb_cBasicObject) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy the root class");
     }
-    if (RCLASS_SUPER(clone) != 0 || clone == rb_cBasicObject) {
+    if (RCLASS_INITIALIZED_P(clone)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "already initialized class");
     }
     if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(orig)) {
@@ -440,9 +861,15 @@ class_init_copy_check(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 
 struct cvc_table_copy_ctx {
     VALUE clone;
-    struct rb_id_table * new_table;
+    VALUE new_table;
 };
 
+static struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *
+cvc_table_entry_alloc(void)
+{
+    return (struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *)SHAREABLE_IMEMO_NEW(struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry, imemo_cvar_entry, 0);
+}
+
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 cvc_table_copy(ID id, VALUE val, void *data)
 {
@@ -452,13 +879,11 @@ cvc_table_copy(ID id, VALUE val, void *data)
 
     struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *ent;
 
-    ent = ALLOC(struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry);
-    ent->class_value = ctx->clone;
-    ent->cref = orig_entry->cref;
+    ent = cvc_table_entry_alloc();
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE((VALUE)ent, &ent->class_value, ctx->clone);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(ctx->clone, &ent->cref, orig_entry->cref);
     ent->global_cvar_state = orig_entry->global_cvar_state;
-    rb_id_table_insert(ctx->new_table, id, (VALUE)ent);
-
-    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ctx->clone, Qundef, ent->cref);
+    rb_marked_id_table_insert(ctx->new_table, id, (VALUE)ent);
 
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -468,62 +893,49 @@ copy_tables(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone)) {
         rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone));
-        RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = 0;
+        RCLASS_WRITE_CONST_TBL(clone, 0, false);
     }
     if (RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig)) {
-        struct rb_id_table *rb_cvc_tbl = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig);
-        struct rb_id_table *rb_cvc_tbl_dup = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(rb_cvc_tbl));
+        VALUE rb_cvc_tbl = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig);
+        VALUE rb_cvc_tbl_dup = rb_marked_id_table_new(rb_marked_id_table_size(rb_cvc_tbl));
 
         struct cvc_table_copy_ctx ctx;
         ctx.clone = clone;
         ctx.new_table = rb_cvc_tbl_dup;
-        rb_id_table_foreach(rb_cvc_tbl, cvc_table_copy, &ctx);
-        RCLASS_CVC_TBL(clone) = rb_cvc_tbl_dup;
+        rb_marked_id_table_foreach(rb_cvc_tbl, cvc_table_copy, &ctx);
+        RCLASS_WRITE_CVC_TBL(clone, rb_cvc_tbl_dup);
     }
     rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(clone));
-    RCLASS_M_TBL(clone) = 0;
+    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(clone, 0);
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_ICLASS)) {
-        st_data_t id;
-
-        rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
-        CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
-        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
-        CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
-        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
+        rb_fields_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
     }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
         struct clone_const_arg arg;
-
-        arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+        struct rb_id_table *const_tbl;
+        struct rb_id_table *orig_tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig);
+        arg.tbl = const_tbl = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(orig_tbl));
         arg.klass = clone;
-        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, &arg);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(orig_tbl, clone_const_i, &arg);
+        RCLASS_WRITE_CONST_TBL(clone, const_tbl, false);
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(clone);
     }
 }
 
 static bool ensure_origin(VALUE klass);
 
-/**
- * If this flag is set, that module is allocated but not initialized yet.
- */
-enum {RMODULE_ALLOCATED_BUT_NOT_INITIALIZED = RUBY_FL_USER1};
-
-static inline bool
-RMODULE_UNINITIALIZED(VALUE module)
-{
-    return FL_TEST_RAW(module, RMODULE_ALLOCATED_BUT_NOT_INITIALIZED);
-}
-
 void
-rb_module_set_initialized(VALUE mod)
+rb_class_set_initialized(VALUE klass)
 {
-    FL_UNSET_RAW(mod, RMODULE_ALLOCATED_BUT_NOT_INITIALIZED);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE));
+    FL_SET_RAW(klass, RCLASS_IS_INITIALIZED);
     /* no more re-initialization */
 }
 
 void
 rb_module_check_initializable(VALUE mod)
 {
-    if (!RMODULE_UNINITIALIZED(mod)) {
+    if (RCLASS_INITIALIZED_P(mod)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "already initialized module");
     }
 }
@@ -532,9 +944,11 @@ rb_module_check_initializable(VALUE mod)
 VALUE
 rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
+    /* Only class or module is valid here, but other classes may enter here and
+     * only hit an exception on the OBJ_INIT_COPY checks
+     */
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(clone)) {
       case T_CLASS:
-      case T_ICLASS:
         class_init_copy_check(clone, orig);
         break;
       case T_MODULE:
@@ -545,28 +959,28 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     }
     if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(clone, orig)) return clone;
 
-    /* cloned flag is refer at constant inline cache
-     * see vm_get_const_key_cref() in vm_insnhelper.c
-     */
-    RCLASS_EXT(clone)->cloned = true;
-    RCLASS_EXT(orig)->cloned = true;
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(orig, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(orig, T_MODULE));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(clone) == BUILTIN_TYPE(orig));
+
+    rb_class_set_initialized(clone);
 
     if (!RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(CLASS_OF(clone))) {
         RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(orig));
         rb_singleton_class_attached(METACLASS_OF(clone), (VALUE)clone);
     }
-    RCLASS_SET_ALLOCATOR(clone, RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(orig));
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(clone) == T_CLASS) {
+        RCLASS_SET_ALLOCATOR(clone, RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(orig));
+    }
     copy_tables(clone, orig);
     if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig)) {
         struct clone_method_arg arg;
-        arg.old_klass = orig;
         arg.new_klass = clone;
-        RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
+        class_initialize_method_table(clone);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, &arg);
     }
 
     if (RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig) == orig) {
-        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
+        rb_class_set_super(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
     }
     else {
         VALUE p = RCLASS_SUPER(orig);
@@ -586,15 +1000,11 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
             if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) != T_ICLASS) {
                 rb_bug("non iclass between module/class and origin");
             }
-            clone_p = class_alloc(RBASIC(p)->flags, METACLASS_OF(p));
-            /* We should set the m_tbl right after allocation before anything
-             * that can trigger GC to avoid clone_p from becoming old and
-             * needing to fire write barriers. */
+            clone_p = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, METACLASS_OF(p));
             RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(clone_p, RCLASS_M_TBL(p));
-            RCLASS_SET_SUPER(prev_clone_p, clone_p);
+            rb_class_set_super(prev_clone_p, clone_p);
             prev_clone_p = clone_p;
-            RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(p);
-            RCLASS_SET_ALLOCATOR(clone_p, RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(p));
+            RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(clone_p, RCLASS_CONST_TBL(p), false);
             if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
                 RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(clone_p, clone);
             }
@@ -606,8 +1016,8 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
             }
             else if ((origin_len = RARRAY_LEN(origin_stack)) > 1 &&
                      RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, origin_len - 1) == p) {
-                RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), clone_p);
-                RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(clone_p);
+                RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), clone_p);
+                RICLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(clone_p);
                 rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
                 add_subclass = FALSE;
             }
@@ -619,15 +1029,14 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 
         if (p == orig_origin) {
             if (clone_p) {
-                RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone_p, clone_origin);
-                RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(orig_origin));
+                rb_class_set_super(clone_p, clone_origin);
+                rb_class_set_super(clone_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(orig_origin));
             }
             copy_tables(clone_origin, orig_origin);
             if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig_origin)) {
                 struct clone_method_arg arg;
-                arg.old_klass = orig;
                 arg.new_klass = clone;
-                RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone_origin);
+                class_initialize_method_table(clone_origin);
                 rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig_origin), clone_method_i, &arg);
             }
         }
@@ -664,7 +1073,8 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
     else {
         /* copy singleton(unnamed) class */
         bool klass_of_clone_is_new;
-        VALUE clone = class_alloc(RBASIC(klass)->flags, 0);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS));
+        VALUE clone = class_alloc(T_CLASS, 0);
 
         if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
             klass_of_clone_is_new = true;
@@ -678,21 +1088,24 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
             RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, klass_metaclass_clone);
         }
 
-        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
-        rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
+        // initialize method table before any GC chance
+        class_initialize_method_table(clone);
+
+        rb_class_set_super(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
+        rb_fields_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
         if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
             struct clone_const_arg arg;
-            arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+            struct rb_id_table *table;
+            arg.tbl = table = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)));
             arg.klass = clone;
             rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, &arg);
+            RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(clone, table, false);
         }
         if (!UNDEF_P(attach)) {
             rb_singleton_class_attached(clone, attach);
         }
-        RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
         {
             struct clone_method_arg arg;
-            arg.old_klass = klass;
             arg.new_klass = clone;
             rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), clone_method_i, &arg);
         }
@@ -766,7 +1179,7 @@ static inline VALUE
 make_metaclass(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE super;
-    VALUE metaclass = rb_class_boot(Qundef);
+    VALUE metaclass = class_boot_boxable(Qundef, FL_TEST_RAW(klass, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
 
     FL_SET(metaclass, FL_SINGLETON);
     rb_singleton_class_attached(metaclass, klass);
@@ -783,7 +1196,8 @@ make_metaclass(VALUE klass)
 
     super = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     while (RB_TYPE_P(super, T_ICLASS)) super = RCLASS_SUPER(super);
-    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(metaclass, super ? ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(super) : rb_cClass);
+    class_associate_super(metaclass, super ? ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(super) : rb_cClass, true);
+    rb_class_set_initialized(klass);
 
     // Full class ancestry may not have been filled until we reach here.
     rb_class_update_superclasses(METACLASS_OF(metaclass));
@@ -801,12 +1215,18 @@ static inline VALUE
 make_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE orig_class = METACLASS_OF(obj);
-    VALUE klass = rb_class_boot(orig_class);
-
+    VALUE klass = class_alloc0(T_CLASS, rb_cClass, FL_TEST_RAW(orig_class, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
     FL_SET(klass, FL_SINGLETON);
+    class_initialize_method_table(klass);
+    class_associate_super(klass, orig_class, true);
+    if (orig_class && !UNDEF_P(orig_class)) {
+        rb_class_set_initialized(klass);
+    }
+
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS(obj, klass);
     rb_singleton_class_attached(klass, obj);
     rb_yjit_invalidate_no_singleton_class(orig_class);
+    rb_zjit_invalidate_no_singleton_class(orig_class);
 
     SET_METACLASS_OF(klass, METACLASS_OF(rb_class_real(orig_class)));
     return klass;
@@ -901,8 +1321,12 @@ void
 Init_class_hierarchy(void)
 {
     rb_cBasicObject = boot_defclass("BasicObject", 0);
+    RCLASS_SET_ALLOCATOR(rb_cBasicObject, rb_class_allocate_instance);
+    FL_SET_RAW(rb_cBasicObject, RCLASS_ALLOCATOR_DEFINED);
+    RCLASS_SET_EXPECT_NO_IVAR(rb_cBasicObject);
+
     rb_cObject = boot_defclass("Object", rb_cBasicObject);
-    rb_vm_register_global_object(rb_cObject);
+    RCLASS_SET_EXPECT_NO_IVAR(rb_cObject);
 
     /* resolve class name ASAP for order-independence */
     rb_set_class_path_string(rb_cObject, rb_cObject, rb_fstring_lit("Object"));
@@ -982,9 +1406,8 @@ VALUE
 rb_define_class(const char *name, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass;
-    ID id;
+    ID id = rb_intern(name);
 
-    id = rb_intern(name);
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id)) {
         klass = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
@@ -1061,8 +1484,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_module_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE mod = class_alloc(T_MODULE, klass);
-    RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(mod);
-    FL_SET(mod, RMODULE_ALLOCATED_BUT_NOT_INITIALIZED);
+    class_initialize_method_table(mod);
     return mod;
 }
 
@@ -1070,7 +1492,7 @@ static inline VALUE
 module_new(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE mdl = class_alloc(T_MODULE, klass);
-    RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(mdl);
+    class_initialize_method_table(mdl);
     return (VALUE)mdl;
 }
 
@@ -1097,9 +1519,8 @@ VALUE
 rb_define_module(const char *name)
 {
     VALUE module;
-    ID id;
+    ID id = rb_intern(name);
 
-    id = rb_intern(name);
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id)) {
         module = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
@@ -1152,21 +1573,24 @@ rb_include_class_new(VALUE module, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, rb_cClass);
 
-    RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(klass, RCLASS_M_TBL(module));
+    RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(klass, RCLASS_WRITABLE_M_TBL(module));
 
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, klass);
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(module) == T_ICLASS) {
         module = METACLASS_OF(module);
     }
     RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS));
-    if (!RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module)) {
-        RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module) = rb_id_table_create(0);
+    if (RCLASS_WRITABLE_CONST_TBL(module)) {
+        RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(klass, RCLASS_WRITABLE_CONST_TBL(module), true);
+    }
+    else {
+        RCLASS_WRITE_CONST_TBL(module, rb_id_table_create(0), false);
+        RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(klass, RCLASS_WRITABLE_CONST_TBL(module), true);
     }
 
-    RCLASS_CVC_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(module);
-    RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
+    RCLASS_SET_CVC_TBL(klass, RCLASS_WRITABLE_CVC_TBL(module));
 
-    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
+    class_associate_super(klass, super, true);
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, module);
 
     return (VALUE)klass;
@@ -1179,7 +1603,7 @@ ensure_includable(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 {
     rb_class_modify_check(klass);
     Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
-    rb_module_set_initialized(module);
+    rb_class_set_initialized(module);
     if (!NIL_P(rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(module))) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "refinement module is not allowed");
     }
@@ -1197,35 +1621,34 @@ rb_include_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic include detected");
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
-        rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
-        // skip the placeholder subclass entry at the head of the list
-        if (iclass) {
-            RUBY_ASSERT(!iclass->klass);
-            iclass = iclass->next;
-        }
-
-        int do_include = 1;
-        while (iclass) {
-            VALUE check_class = iclass->klass;
-            /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
-             * has not yet been swept. */
-            if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(check_class)) {
-                while (check_class) {
-                    RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(check_class));
-
-                    if (RB_TYPE_P(check_class, T_ICLASS) &&
-                            (METACLASS_OF(check_class) == module)) {
-                        do_include = 0;
+        VALUE subs_v = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
+        if (subs_v) {
+            struct rb_subclasses *subs = (struct rb_subclasses *)subs_v;
+            VALUE *entries = rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(subs_v);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < subs->count; i++) {
+                VALUE check_class = entries[i];
+                if (!check_class) continue;
+
+                int do_include = 1;
+                /* During lazy sweeping, the entry could be a dead object that
+                 * has not yet been swept. */
+                if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(check_class)) {
+                    VALUE walk = check_class;
+                    while (walk) {
+                        RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(walk));
+
+                        if (RB_TYPE_P(walk, T_ICLASS) &&
+                                (METACLASS_OF(walk) == module)) {
+                            do_include = 0;
+                        }
+                        walk = RCLASS_SUPER(walk);
                     }
-                    check_class = RCLASS_SUPER(check_class);
-                }
 
-                if (do_include) {
-                    include_modules_at(iclass->klass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass->klass), module, TRUE);
+                    if (do_include) {
+                        include_modules_at(check_class, RCLASS_ORIGIN(check_class), module, TRUE);
+                    }
                 }
             }
-
-            iclass = iclass->next;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1272,7 +1695,7 @@ static int
 do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super, bool check_cyclic)
 {
     VALUE p, iclass, origin_stack = 0;
-    int method_changed = 0, add_subclass;
+    int method_changed = 0;
     long origin_len;
     VALUE klass_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     VALUE original_klass = klass;
@@ -1334,9 +1757,8 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
 
         // setup T_ICLASS for the include/prepend module
         iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, super_class);
-        c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, iclass);
+        c = rb_class_set_super(c, iclass);
         RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(iclass, klass);
-        add_subclass = TRUE;
         if (module != RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)) {
             if (!origin_stack) origin_stack = rb_ary_hidden_new(2);
             VALUE origin[2] = {iclass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)};
@@ -1344,17 +1766,14 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
         }
         else if (origin_stack && (origin_len = RARRAY_LEN(origin_stack)) > 1 &&
                  RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, origin_len - 1) == module) {
-            RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), iclass);
-            RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(iclass);
+            RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), iclass);
+            RICLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(iclass);
             rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
-            add_subclass = FALSE;
         }
 
-        if (add_subclass) {
-            VALUE m = module;
-            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = METACLASS_OF(m);
-            rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
-        }
+        VALUE m = module;
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = METACLASS_OF(m);
+        rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
 
         if (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_MODULE && FL_TEST(klass, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
             VALUE refined_class =
@@ -1387,7 +1806,7 @@ move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
         VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
-        struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+        struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_WRITABLE_M_TBL(klass);
 
         if (me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
             const rb_method_entry_t *orig_me = me->def->body.refined.orig_me, *new_me;
@@ -1429,10 +1848,15 @@ ensure_origin(VALUE klass)
     if (origin == klass) {
         origin = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, klass);
         RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(origin, RCLASS_M_TBL(klass));
-        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
-        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, origin);
-        RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
-        RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
+        rb_class_set_super(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
+        rb_class_set_super(klass, origin); // writes origin into RCLASS_SUPER(klass)
+        RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
+
+        // RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN marks origin as an origin, so this is the first
+        // point that it sees M_TBL and may mark it
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(origin);
+
+        class_clear_method_table(klass);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), cache_clear_refined_method, (void *)klass);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
         return true;
@@ -1457,35 +1881,32 @@ rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
         rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(klass);
     }
     if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
-        rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
-        // skip the placeholder subclass entry at the head of the list if it exists
-        if (iclass) {
-            RUBY_ASSERT(!iclass->klass);
-            iclass = iclass->next;
-        }
-
+        VALUE subs_v = RCLASS_SUBCLASSES(klass);
         VALUE klass_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
         struct rb_id_table *klass_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
         struct rb_id_table *klass_origin_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass_origin);
-        while (iclass) {
-            /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
-             * has not yet been swept. */
-            if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(iclass->klass)) {
-                const VALUE subclass = iclass->klass;
-                if (klass_had_no_origin && klass_origin_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass)) {
-                    // backfill an origin iclass to handle refinements and future prepends
-                    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass), clear_module_cache_i, (void *)subclass);
-                    RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass) = klass_m_tbl;
-                    VALUE origin = rb_include_class_new(klass_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(subclass));
-                    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(subclass, origin);
-                    RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(origin, RCLASS_INCLUDER(subclass));
-                    RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(subclass, origin);
-                    RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(origin);
+        if (subs_v) {
+            struct rb_subclasses *subs = (struct rb_subclasses *)subs_v;
+            VALUE *entries = rb_imemo_subclasses_entries(subs_v);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < subs->count; i++) {
+                const VALUE subclass = entries[i];
+                if (!subclass) continue;
+                /* During lazy sweeping, the entry could be a dead object that
+                 * has not yet been swept. */
+                if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(subclass)) {
+                    if (klass_had_no_origin && klass_origin_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass)) {
+                        // backfill an origin iclass to handle refinements and future prepends
+                        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass), clear_module_cache_i, (void *)subclass);
+                        RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(subclass, klass_m_tbl);
+                        VALUE origin = rb_include_class_new(klass_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(subclass));
+                        rb_class_set_super(subclass, origin);
+                        RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(origin, RCLASS_INCLUDER(subclass));
+                        RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN(subclass, origin);
+                        RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(origin);
+                    }
+                    include_modules_at(subclass, subclass, module, FALSE);
                 }
-                include_modules_at(subclass, subclass, module, FALSE);
             }
-
-            iclass = iclass->next;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1555,7 +1976,7 @@ rb_mod_include_p(VALUE mod, VALUE mod2)
 
     Check_Type(mod2, T_MODULE);
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
-        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS && !FL_TEST(p, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS && !RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN_P(p)) {
             if (METACLASS_OF(p) == mod2) return Qtrue;
         }
     }
@@ -1615,19 +2036,17 @@ class_descendants_recursive(VALUE klass, VALUE v)
 {
     struct subclass_traverse_data *data = (struct subclass_traverse_data *) v;
 
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_CLASS && !RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) return; // skip refinement ICLASSes
+
+    if (!RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass)) {
         if (data->buffer && data->count < data->maxcount && !rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(klass)) {
             // assumes that this does not cause GC as long as the length does not exceed the capacity
             rb_ary_push(data->buffer, klass);
         }
         data->count++;
-        if (!data->immediate_only) {
-            rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_descendants_recursive, v);
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_descendants_recursive, v);
+        if (data->immediate_only) return;
     }
+    rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_descendants_recursive, v);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2100,7 +2519,7 @@ rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     int recur = TRUE;
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) recur = RTEST(argv[0]);
-    if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(obj)) {
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) && RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(obj)) {
         rb_singleton_class(obj);
     }
     klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
@@ -2226,7 +2645,7 @@ rb_special_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
  *       consistency of the metaclass hierarchy.
  */
 static VALUE
-singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
+singleton_class_of(VALUE obj, bool ensure_eigenclass)
 {
     VALUE klass;
 
@@ -2254,27 +2673,43 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
         }
     }
 
-    klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
-    if (!(RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) &&
-          RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(klass) == obj)) {
-        klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
+    bool needs_lock = rb_multi_ractor_p() && rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj);
+    unsigned int lev;
+    if (needs_lock) {
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_LEV(&lev);
+    }
+    {
+        klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
+        if (!(RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) &&
+            RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(klass) == obj)) {
+            klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
+        }
+        RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
+        if (ensure_eigenclass && RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS)) {
+            /* ensures an exposed class belongs to its own eigenclass */
+            (void)ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(klass);
+        }
+    }
+    if (needs_lock) {
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_LEV(&lev);
     }
-
-    RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
 
     return klass;
 }
 
 void
-rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE x)
-{
-    /* should not propagate to meta-meta-class, and so on */
-    if (!RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(x)) {
-        VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(x);
-        if (klass && // no class when hidden from ObjectSpace
-            FL_TEST(klass, (FL_SINGLETON|FL_FREEZE)) == FL_SINGLETON) {
-            OBJ_FREEZE(klass);
-        }
+rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE attached_object)
+{
+    VALUE klass;
+
+    /* Freeze singleton classes of singleton class, as singleton class is frozen, and so on  */
+    /* In each iteration, check the current object's class pointer is the singleton class of the object. */
+    while ((klass = RBASIC_CLASS(attached_object)) &&
+                FL_TEST_RAW(klass, FL_SINGLETON) &&
+                !OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(klass) &&
+                (RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(klass) == attached_object)) {
+        attached_object = klass;
+        OBJ_FREEZE(attached_object);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2302,12 +2737,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
 VALUE
 rb_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE klass = singleton_class_of(obj);
-
-    /* ensures an exposed class belongs to its own eigenclass */
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS)) (void)ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(klass);
-
-    return klass;
+    return singleton_class_of(obj, true);
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -2325,7 +2755,7 @@ rb_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_define_singleton_method(VALUE obj, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
-    rb_define_method(singleton_class_of(obj), name, func, argc);
+    rb_define_method(singleton_class_of(obj, false), name, func, argc);
 }
 
 #ifdef rb_define_module_function
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index dc2a033c86..916484a6fe 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ bin: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM)
 lib: $(LIBRUBY)
 dll: $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 
-.SUFFIXES: .rbinc .rb .inc .h .c .y .i .$(ASMEXT) .$(DTRACE_EXT)
+.SUFFIXES: .rbinc .rbbin .rb .inc .h .c .y .i .$(ASMEXT) .$(DTRACE_EXT)
 
 # V=0 quiet, V=1 verbose.  other values don't work.
 V = 0
@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ ECHO = @$(ECHO0)
 
 mflags = $(MFLAGS)
 gnumake_recursive =
+sequential = $(gnumake:yes=-sequential)
 enable_shared = $(ENABLE_SHARED:no=)
 
-UNICODE_VERSION = 15.0.0
+UNICODE_VERSION = 17.0.0
 UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0 = $(UNICODE_VERSION)///
 UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1 = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0:.0///=)
 UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1:///=)
@@ -43,10 +44,14 @@ RUBYLIB       = $(PATH_SEPARATOR)
 RUBYOPT       = -
 RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
+GIT_IN_SRC    = $(GIT) -C $(srcdir)
+GIT_LOG       = $(GIT_IN_SRC) log --no-show-signature
+GIT_LOG_FORMAT = $(GIT_LOG) "--pretty=format:"
+
 # GITPULLOPTIONS = --no-tags
 
 PRISM_SRCDIR = $(srcdir)/prism
-INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(PRISM_SRCDIR) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR) $(incflags)
+INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(ext_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(PRISM_SRCDIR) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR) $(incflags)
 
 GEM_HOME =
 GEM_PATH =
@@ -64,14 +69,18 @@ LIBRUBY_EXTS  = ./.libruby-with-ext.time
 REVISION_H    = ./.revision.time
 PLATFORM_D    = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.$(PLATFORM_DIR).time
 ENC_TRANS_D   = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.enc-trans.time
-RDOC          = $(XRUBY) "$(tooldir)/rdoc-srcdir"
+yes_cross_compiling = $(CROSS_COMPILING:no=)
+X_$(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)BASERUBY = $(BASERUBY)
+X_$(CROSS_COMPILING:no=)BASERUBY = $(XRUBY)
+RDOC          = $(X_BASERUBY) --enable-gems "$(tooldir)/rdoc-srcdir"
 RDOCOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/rdoc
 HTMLOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/html
 CAPIOUT       = doc/capi
 INSTALL_DOC_OPTS = --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)" --html-output="$(HTMLOUT)"
 RDOC_GEN_OPTS = --no-force-update \
-	--title "Documentation for Ruby $(RUBY_API_VERSION)" \
+	--exclude '^lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require\.rb$$' \
 	$(empty)
+RDOC_SERVER_PORT = 4000
 
 INITOBJS      = dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)
 NORMALMAINOBJ = main.$(OBJEXT)
@@ -85,40 +94,54 @@ MAKE_ENC      = -f $(ENC_MK) V="$(V)" UNICODE_HDR_DIR="$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)" \
 
 PRISM_BUILD_DIR = prism
 
-PRISM_FILES = prism/api_node.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/api_pack.$(OBJEXT) \
+LIBPRISM_OBJS = \
+		prism/arena.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/buffer.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/char.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/constant_pool.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/diagnostic.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/encoding.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/extension.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/integer.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/json.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/line_offset_list.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/list.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/memchr.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/options.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/pack.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/parser.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/prettyprint.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/prism.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/regexp.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/serialize.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/source.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/static_literals.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/token_type.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_buffer.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_char.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_constant_pool.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_integer.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_list.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_memchr.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_newline_list.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_string.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_string_list.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_strncasecmp.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/util/pm_strpbrk.$(OBJEXT) \
-		prism/prism.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/string_query.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/stringy.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/strncasecmp.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/strpbrk.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/tokens.$(OBJEXT)
+
+EXTPRISM_OBJS = prism/api_node.$(OBJEXT) \
+		prism/extension.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism_init.$(OBJEXT)
 
-COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
+PRISM_OBJS = $(LIBPRISM_OBJS) $(EXTPRISM_OBJS)
+
+# Prism objects depend on generated headers that are created from templates.
+# This must be declared here to ensure parallel builds don't compile prism
+# sources before the generated headers exist.
+$(LIBPRISM_OBJS): $(srcdir)/prism/ast.h $(srcdir)/prism/internal/diagnostic.h
+
+COMMONOBJS    = \
+		array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ast.$(OBJEXT) \
 		bignum.$(OBJEXT) \
+		box.$(OBJEXT) \
 		class.$(OBJEXT) \
 		compar.$(OBJEXT) \
 		compile.$(OBJEXT) \
 		complex.$(OBJEXT) \
+		concurrent_set.$(OBJEXT) \
 		cont.$(OBJEXT) \
 		debug.$(OBJEXT) \
 		debug_counter.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -132,8 +155,8 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		file.$(OBJEXT) \
 		gc.$(OBJEXT) \
 		hash.$(OBJEXT) \
-		inits.$(OBJEXT) \
 		imemo.$(OBJEXT) \
+		inits.$(OBJEXT) \
 		io.$(OBJEXT) \
 		io_buffer.$(OBJEXT) \
 		iseq.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -141,13 +164,12 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		marshal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		math.$(OBJEXT) \
 		memory_view.$(OBJEXT) \
-		rjit.$(OBJEXT) \
-		rjit_c.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node_dump.$(OBJEXT) \
 		numeric.$(OBJEXT) \
 		object.$(OBJEXT) \
 		pack.$(OBJEXT) \
+		pathname.$(OBJEXT) \
 		parse.$(OBJEXT) \
 		parser_st.$(OBJEXT) \
 		proc.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -166,6 +188,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby_parser.$(OBJEXT) \
 		scheduler.$(OBJEXT) \
+		set.$(OBJEXT) \
 		shape.$(OBJEXT) \
 		signal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		sprintf.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -186,98 +209,23 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_sync.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_trace.$(OBJEXT) \
 		weakmap.$(OBJEXT) \
-		$(PRISM_FILES) \
+		$(PRISM_OBJS) \
 		$(YJIT_OBJ) \
-		$(YJIT_LIBOBJ) \
+		$(ZJIT_OBJ) \
+		$(JIT_OBJ) \
+		$(RUST_LIBOBJ) \
 		$(COROUTINE_OBJ) \
 		$(DTRACE_OBJ) \
 		$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS) \
 		$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS) \
 		$(MISSING)
 
-$(PRISM_FILES): $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/util/.time
+$(PRISM_OBJS): $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/util/.time
 
 $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/util/.time:
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
 	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/compiler.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/dispatcher.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/dsl.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/dsl.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/node.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/node.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/reflection.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/reflection.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/serialize.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/visitor.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
-
-srcs: prism/api_node.c
-prism/api_node.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/ext/prism/api_node.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb ext/prism/api_node.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/ast.h
-prism/ast.h: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/include/prism/ast.h.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb include/prism/ast.h $@
-
-srcs: prism/diagnostic.c
-prism/diagnostic.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/diagnostic.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/diagnostic.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/diagnostic.h
-prism/diagnostic.h: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/include/prism/diagnostic.h.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb include/prism/diagnostic.h $@
-
-srcs: prism/node.c
-prism/node.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/node.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/node.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/prettyprint.c
-prism/prettyprint.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/prettyprint.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/prettyprint.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/serialize.c
-prism/serialize.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/serialize.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/serialize.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/token_type.c
-prism/token_type.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/token_type.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/token_type.c $@
-
 EXPORTOBJS    = $(DLNOBJ) \
 		localeinit.$(OBJEXT) \
 		loadpath.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -292,7 +240,7 @@ DEFAULT_PRELUDES = $(GEM_PRELUDE)
 PRELUDE_SCRIPTS = $(DEFAULT_PRELUDES)
 GEM_PRELUDE   =
 PRELUDES      = {$(srcdir)}miniprelude.c
-GOLFPRELUDES  = {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.c
+GOLFPRELUDES  = golf_prelude.rbbin
 
 SCRIPT_ARGS   =	--dest-dir="$(DESTDIR)" \
 		--extout="$(EXTOUT)" \
@@ -337,30 +285,24 @@ MAKE_LINK = $(MINIRUBY) -rfileutils -e "include FileUtils::Verbose" \
 
 # For release builds
 YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = --crate-name=yjit \
-	--crate-type=staticlib \
+	$(JIT_RUST_FLAGS) \
+	$(RUSTC_FLAGS) \
 	--edition=2021 \
-	-g \
-	-C lto=thin \
-	-C opt-level=3 \
-	-C overflow-checks=on \
 	'--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
-	$(top_srcdir)/yjit/src/lib.rs
+	'$(top_srcdir)/yjit/src/lib.rs'
+
+ZJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = --crate-name=zjit \
+	$(JIT_RUST_FLAGS) \
+	$(RUSTC_FLAGS) \
+	--edition=2024 \
+	'--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
+	'$(top_srcdir)/zjit/src/lib.rs'
 
 all: $(SHOWFLAGS) main
 
 main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/rjit/instruction.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/rjit/instruction.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/rjit/instruction.rb: $(tooldir)/insns2vm.rb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/lib/ruby_vm/rjit/instruction.rb.erb $(srcdir)/insns.def
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -Ku $(tooldir)/insns2vm.rb --basedir="$(srcdir)" $(INSNS2VMOPT) $@
-
-.PHONY: rjit-bindgen
-rjit-bindgen:
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -C $(srcdir)/tool/rjit bindgen.rb $(CURDIR)
-
 .PHONY: showflags
 exts enc trans: $(SHOWFLAGS)
 showflags:
@@ -380,6 +322,7 @@ showflags:
 	"	MFLAGS = $(MFLAGS)" \
 	"	RUSTC = $(RUSTC)" \
 	"	YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = $(YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS)" \
+	"	ZJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = $(ZJIT_RUSTC_ARGS)" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 	-@$(CC_VERSION)
 
@@ -404,12 +347,14 @@ $(EXTS_MK): ext/configure-ext.mk $(srcdir)/template/exts.mk.tmpl \
 	    $(srcdir)/template/exts.mk.tmpl --gnumake=$(gnumake) --configure-exts=ext/configure-ext.mk
 
 ext/configure-ext.mk: $(PREP) all-incs $(MKFILES) $(RBCONFIG) $(LIBRUBY) \
-		$(srcdir)/template/configure-ext.mk.tmpl
+		$(srcdir)/template/configure-ext.mk.tmpl update-default-gemspecs \
+		$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
 	$(ECHO) generating makefiles $@
 	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
 	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
 	    $(srcdir)/template/$(@F).tmpl --srcdir="$(srcdir)" \
-	    --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)" --script-args='$(SCRIPT_ARGS)'
+	    --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)" --script-args='$(SCRIPT_ARGS)' \
+	    $(yes_cross_compiling:yes=--without-ext=-test-)
 
 configure-ext: $(EXTS_MK)
 
@@ -488,17 +433,19 @@ docs: srcs-doc $(DOCTARGETS)
 pkgconfig-data: $(ruby_pc)
 $(ruby_pc): $(srcdir)/template/ruby.pc.in config.status
 
+INSTALL_ALL = all
+
 install-all: pre-install-all do-install-all post-install-all
 pre-install-all:: all pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem pre-install-doc
 do-install-all: pre-install-all $(DOT_WAIT) docs
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=$(INSTALL_ALL) $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-install-all:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem post-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 install-nodoc: pre-install-nodoc do-install-nodoc post-install-nodoc
 pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem
 do-install-nodoc: main pre-install-nodoc
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all --exclude=doc
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=$(INSTALL_ALL) --exclude=doc
 post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem
 
 install-local: pre-install-local do-install-local post-install-local
@@ -573,7 +520,7 @@ what-where-all: no-install-all
 no-install-all: pre-no-install-all dont-install-all post-no-install-all
 pre-no-install-all:: pre-no-install-local pre-no-install-ext pre-no-install-doc
 dont-install-all: $(PROGRAM)
-	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
+	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=$(INSTALL_ALL) $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-no-install-all:: post-no-install-local post-no-install-ext post-no-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
@@ -678,23 +625,35 @@ do-install-dbg: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-dbg
 post-install-dbg::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
-rdoc: PHONY main srcs-doc
+srcs-doc: prepare-gems
+
+RDOC_DEPENDS = main srcs-doc
+rdoc: PHONY $(RDOC_DEPENDS) $(RBCONFIG) update-default-gemspecs
 	@echo Generating RDoc documentation
 	$(Q) $(RDOC) --ri --op "$(RDOCOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) .
 
-html: PHONY main srcs-doc
+html: PHONY $(RDOC_DEPENDS) $(RBCONFIG) update-default-gemspecs
 	@echo Generating RDoc HTML files
 	$(Q) $(RDOC) --op "$(HTMLOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) .
 
-rdoc-coverage: PHONY main srcs-doc
+html-server: PHONY $(RDOC_DEPENDS) $(RBCONFIG)
+	@echo Starting RDoc server with live reload
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --server=$(RDOC_SERVER_PORT) $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) .
+
+RDOC_COVERAGE_EXCLUDES = -x ^ext/json -x ^ext/openssl -x ^ext/psych \
+	-x ^lib/bundler -x ^lib/rubygems \
+	-x ^lib/did_you_mean -x ^lib/error_highlight -x ^lib/syntax_suggest
+
+rdoc-coverage: PHONY $(RDOC_DEPENDS) $(RBCONFIG)
 	@echo Generating RDoc coverage report
-	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) $(RDOC_COVERAGE_EXCLUDES) .
 
-undocumented: PHONY main srcs-doc
-	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)" | \
+undocumented: PHONY $(RDOC_DEPENDS) $(RBCONFIG)
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) $(RDOC_COVERAGE_EXCLUDES) . | \
 	sed -n \
 	-e '/^ *# in file /{' -e 's///;N;s/\n/: /p' -e '}' \
-	-e 's/^ *\(.*[^ ]\) *# in file \(.*\)/\2: \1/p'
+	-e 's/^ *\(.*[^ ]\) *# in file \(.*\)/\2: \1/p' | \
+	sort -t: -k1,1 -k2n,2
 
 RDOCBENCHOUT=/tmp/rdocbench
 
@@ -723,16 +682,20 @@ install-prereq: $(CLEAR_INSTALLED_LIST) yes-fake sudo-precheck PHONY
 clear-installed-list: PHONY
 	@> $(INSTALLED_LIST) set MAKE="$(MAKE)"
 
-clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-docs clean-extout clean-local clean-platform clean-spec
+noarch_config_h = tmp/include/noarch/ruby/config.h
+
+clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-docs clean-extout clean-modular-gc clean-local clean-platform clean-spec
 clean-local:: clean-runnable
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(ALLOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
 	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
 	$(Q)$(RM) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT) ruby.imp ChangeLog $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT)
-	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.inc
+	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.rbbin
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/*/.time yjit_exit_locations.dump
-	-$(Q)$(RMALL) yjit/target
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine yjit \
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(noarch_config_h)
+	-$(Q)$(RMALL) dump_ast$(BUILD_EXEEXT)*
+	-$(Q)$(RMALL) target
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine target \
 	  $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/*/ $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR) tmp \
 	2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
@@ -757,13 +720,14 @@ clean-docs: clean-rdoc clean-html clean-capi
 clean-spec: PHONY
 clean-rubyspec: clean-spec
 
-distclean: distclean-ext distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-docs distclean-extout distclean-local distclean-platform distclean-spec
+distclean: distclean-ext distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-docs distclean-extout distclean-modular-gc distclean-local distclean-platform distclean-spec
 distclean-local:: clean-local
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(MKFILES) yasmdata.rb *.inc $(PRELUDES) *.rbinc
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(MKFILES) *.inc $(PRELUDES) *.rbinc *.rbbin
 	$(Q)$(RM) config.cache config.status config.status.lineno
 	$(Q)$(RM) *~ *.bak *.stackdump core *.core gmon.out $(PREP)
 	-$(Q)$(RMALL) $(srcdir)/autom4te.cache
-distclean-ext:: PHONY
+distclean-local:: distclean-srcs-local
+distclean-ext:: distclean-srcs-ext
 distclean-golf: clean-golf
 distclean-rdoc: clean-rdoc
 distclean-html: clean-html
@@ -778,6 +742,7 @@ realclean:: realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean
 realclean-local:: distclean-local realclean-srcs-local
 
 clean-srcs:: clean-srcs-local clean-srcs-ext
+distclean-srcs:: distclean-srcs-local distclean-srcs-ext
 realclean-srcs:: realclean-srcs-local realclean-srcs-ext
 
 clean-srcs-local::
@@ -785,14 +750,18 @@ clean-srcs-local::
 	$(Q)$(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh probes.h
 	$(Q)$(RM) encdb.h transdb.h verconf.h ruby-runner.h
 
-realclean-srcs-local:: clean-srcs-local
+distclean-srcs-local:: clean-srcs-local
+
+realclean-srcs-local:: distclean-srcs-local
 	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(RM) \
 	  parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c $(PRELUDES) revision.h \
-	  id.c id.h probes.dmyh configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub gems/*.gem \
+	  id.c id.h probes.dmyh configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub \
+	  $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/srcs.mk gems/*.gem \
 	|| $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-srcs-ext::
-realclean-srcs-ext:: clean-srcs-ext
+distclean-srcs-ext:: clean-srcs-ext
+realclean-srcs-ext:: distclean-srcs-ext
 
 realclean-ext:: PHONY
 realclean-golf: distclean-golf
@@ -820,7 +789,7 @@ timestamp/distclean:: ext/distclean .bundle/distclean
 timestamp/realclean:: ext/realclean .bundle/realclean
 
 timestamp/clean timestamp/distclean timestamp/realclean::
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time
 	$(Q)$(RMDIRS) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch) $(TIMESTAMPDIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-ext::
@@ -852,9 +821,19 @@ clean-capi distclean-capi realclean-capi:
 
 clean-platform distclean-platform realclean-platform:
 	$(Q) $(RM) $(PLATFORM_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(TIMESTAMPDIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT = spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SRCDIR = $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_DEPS = $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SRCDIR)/rubyspec.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h $(LIBRUBY)
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_BUILD = $(enable_shared:yes=rubyspec-capiext)
+
+yes-rubyspec-capiext: build-ext
+	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
+rubyspec-capiext: build-ext $(DOT_WAIT) yes-rubyspec-capiext $(DOT_WAIT)
+	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
+# make-dependent rules should be included after this and built after build-ext.
+
 clean-spec: PHONY
 	-$(Q) $(RM) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.$(OBJEXT) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.$(DLEXT)
 	-$(Q) $(RMDIRS) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
@@ -887,6 +866,12 @@ $(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_
 	    i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)" \
 	    LIBPATHENV="$(LIBPATHENV)" PRELOADENV="$(PRELOADENV)" LIBRUBY_SO="$(LIBRUBY_SO)"
 
+# dummy file for generating sources; $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h with prereq.status.
+$(noarch_config_h):
+	$(ECHO) generating dummy config.h
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(TOUCH) $@
+
 noarch-fake.rb: # prerequisite of yes-fake
 	$(Q) exit > $@
 
@@ -942,7 +927,7 @@ no-test-testframework: PHONY
 test-tool: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-tool
 yes-test-tool: prog PHONY
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS)
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 no-test-tool: PHONY
 
@@ -953,7 +938,7 @@ test: test-short
 # Separate to skip updating encs and exts by `make -o test-precheck`
 # for GNU make.
 test-precheck: $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs exts PHONY $(DOT_WAIT)
-yes-test-all-precheck: programs $(DOT_WAIT) test-precheck
+yes-test-all-precheck: programs $(DOT_WAIT) test-precheck yes-fake
 
 PRECHECK_TEST_ALL = yes-test-all-precheck
 
@@ -990,24 +975,20 @@ rbconfig.rb: $(RBCONFIG)
 
 $(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=)$(RBCONFIG)$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=): $(PREP)
 $(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/common.mk
-	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) -n \
-	-e 'BEGIN{version=ARGV.shift;mis=ARGV.dup}' \
-	-e 'END{abort "UNICODE version mismatch: #{mis}" unless mis.empty?}' \
-	-e '(mis.delete(ARGF.path); ARGF.close) if /ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING +"#{Regexp.quote(version)}"/o' \
-	$(UNICODE_VERSION) $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+
+$(RBCONFIG):
 	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb \
 		-arch=$(arch) -version=$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) \
 		-install_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) \
 		-so_name=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) \
 		-unicode_version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
 		-unicode_emoji_version=$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
-	> rbconfig.tmp
-	$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" rbconfig.rb rbconfig.tmp
+	| $(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" rbconfig.rb -
 
 test-rubyspec: test-spec
 yes-test-rubyspec: yes-test-spec
 
-yes-test-spec-precheck: yes-test-all-precheck yes-fake
+yes-test-spec-precheck: yes-test-all-precheck $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_BUILD)
 
 test-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-spec
 yes-test-spec: yes-test-spec-precheck
@@ -1018,22 +999,21 @@ yes-test-spec: yes-test-spec-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 no-test-spec:
 
-test-prism-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-prism-spec
-yes-test-prism-spec: yes-test-spec-precheck
-	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) \
-	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake -r$(tooldir)/lib/_tmpdir \
-		$(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec -B $(srcdir)/spec/prism.mspec $(MSPECOPT) $(SPECOPTS)
-	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
-no-test-prism-spec:
-
 check: $(DOT_WAIT) test-spec
 
 RUNNABLE = $(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE:no=un)-runnable
-runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
+runnable: $(RUNNABLE)
+runnable-golf: golf
+runnable $(enable_shared:yes=runnable-golf): prog $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
 yes-runnable: PHONY
 
+hello: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-hello
+yes-hello: runnable-golf
+	./$(enable_shared:yes=bin/)$(GORUBY) -veh
+no-hello: runnable-golf
+	$(ECHO) Run ./$(enable_shared:yes=bin/)$(GORUBY) -veh
+
 encs: enc trans
 libencs: libenc libtrans
 encs enc trans libencs libenc libtrans: $(SHOWFLAGS) $(ENC_MK) $(LIBRUBY) $(PREP) PHONY
@@ -1058,8 +1038,11 @@ $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc
 .PHONY: test install install-nodoc install-doc dist
 .PHONY: loadpath golf capi rdoc install-prereq clear-installed-list
 .PHONY: clean clean-ext clean-local clean-enc clean-golf clean-rdoc clean-html clean-extout
+.PHONY: clean-srcs clean-srcs-local clean-srcs-ext
 .PHONY: distclean distclean-ext distclean-local distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-extout
+.PHONY: distclean-srcs distclean-srcs-local distclean-srcs-ext
 .PHONY: realclean realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean-extout
+.PHONY: realclean-srcs realclean-srcs-local realclean-srcs-ext
 .PHONY: exam check test test-short test-all btest btest-ruby test-basic test-knownbug
 .PHONY: run runruby parse benchmark gdb gdb-ruby
 .PHONY: update-mspec update-rubyspec test-rubyspec test-spec
@@ -1073,7 +1056,7 @@ PHONY:
 {$(srcdir)}.y.c:
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb $(SRC_FILE) | \
-	$(YACC) $(YFLAGS) -o$@ -H$*.h - parse.y
+	$(LRAMA) $(YFLAGS) -o$@ -H$*.h - parse.y
 
 $(PLATFORM_D):
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(@D)
@@ -1175,7 +1158,7 @@ $(NEWLINE_C): $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans $(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) "$(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo $@ $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): $(NEWLINE_C)
 
-verconf.h: $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(RBCONFIG)
+verconf.h: $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb rbconfig.rb
 	$(ECHO) creating $@
 	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl
 
@@ -1195,10 +1178,11 @@ $(srcs_vpath)insns_info.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns_info.inc.erb $(inc_c
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_type_chars.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_name_info.erb \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_len_info.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_operand_info.erb \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_attributes.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_comptime_insn_stack_increase.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_sp_pc_dependency.erb
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_zjit_helpers.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_leaf_info.erb
 $(srcs_vpath)vmtc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vmtc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
 $(srcs_vpath)vm.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vm.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_zjit_instruction.erb
 
 BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/ast.rb \
@@ -1207,13 +1191,13 @@ BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/numeric.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/io.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/marshal.rb \
-		$(srcdir)/rjit.rb \
-		$(srcdir)/rjit_c.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/pack.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/trace_point.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/warning.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/array.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/hash.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/kernel.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/pathname_builtin.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/ractor.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/symbol.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/timev.rb \
@@ -1221,7 +1205,10 @@ BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/nilclass.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/prelude.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/jit_hook.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/jit_undef.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/yjit.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/zjit.rb \
 		$(empty)
 BUILTIN_RB_INCS = $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS:.rb=.rbinc)
 
@@ -1251,7 +1238,7 @@ srcs-ext: $(EXT_SRCS)
 realclean-srcs-ext::
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXT_SRCS)
 
-EXTRA_SRCS = $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c \
+EXTRA_SRCS = \
 	     $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h \
 	     $(empty)
 
@@ -1267,7 +1254,7 @@ srcs-enc: $(ENC_MK)
 	$(ECHO) making srcs under enc
 	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(MAKE_ENC) srcs
 
-all-incs: incs {$(VPATH)}encdb.h {$(VPATH)}transdb.h
+all-incs: incs {$(VPATH)}encdb.h {$(VPATH)}transdb.h {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 incs: $(INSNS) {$(VPATH)}node_name.inc {$(VPATH)}known_errors.inc \
       {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc $(srcdir)/revision.h \
       $(REVISION_H) \
@@ -1313,10 +1300,7 @@ $(MINIPRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS)
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -o $@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS)
 
-$(GOLF_PRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.rb
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl golf_prelude.rb
+golf_prelude.rbbin: {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.rb $(tooldir)/mk_rbbin.rb $(PREP)
 
 MAINCPPFLAGS = $(ENABLE_DEBUG_ENV:yes=-DRUBY_DEBUG_ENV=1)
 
@@ -1334,21 +1318,39 @@ probes.h: {$(VPATH)}probes.$(DTRACE_EXT)
 prereq: incs srcs preludes PHONY
 
 preludes: {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
-preludes: {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.c
 
-{$(srcdir)}.rb.rbinc:
+{$(srcdir)}.rb.rbbin:
+	$(ECHO) making $@
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_rbbin.rb $(SRC_FILE) > $(OS_DEST_FILE)
+
+{$(srcdir)}.rb.$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=)rbinc:
 	$(ECHO) making $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $<
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $(DUMP_AST) $(SRC_FILE)
 
-$(BUILTIN_BINARY:yes=built)in_binary.inc: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl
+$(BUILTIN_BINARY:yes=built)in_binary.rbbin: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.rbbin.tmpl
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl
+		$(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.rbbin.tmpl
 	-$(Q) sha256sum $@ 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
-$(BUILTIN_BINARY:no=builtin)_binary.inc:
+$(BUILTIN_BINARY:no=builtin)_binary.rbbin:
 	$(Q) echo> $@ // empty $(@F)
 
-$(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(top_srcdir)/tool/mk_builtin_loader.rb
+$(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $(DUMP_AST_TARGET)
+
+dump_ast$(BUILD_EXEEXT): $(tooldir)/dump_ast.c $(LIBPRISM_OBJS)
+	$(ECHO) compiling $@
+	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(INCFLAGS) $(tooldir)/dump_ast.c $(LIBPRISM_OBJS)
+
+build-tool/Makefile: $(tooldir)/dump_ast.mkmf.rb prism-srcs prism-incs
+	+$(BASERUBY) -s $(tooldir)/dump_ast.mkmf.rb "-INCFLAGS=$(INCFLAGS)" "-make=$(MAKE)" build-tool $(tooldir)/dump_ast.c dump_ast.$(OBJEXT) $(LIBPRISM_OBJS)
+
+build-tool/dump_ast$(BUILD_EXEEXT): build-tool/Makefile
+	cd build-tool && MAKEFLAGS= MFLAGS= && unset MAKEFLAGS MFLAGS && $(MAKE)
+
+clean-local:: clean-build-tool
+clean-build-tool:
+	- cd build-tool && $(MAKE) clean 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	- $(RMDIR) build-tool
 
 $(srcdir)/revision.h$(no_baseruby:no=~disabled~): $(REVISION_H)
 
@@ -1360,9 +1362,15 @@ $(REVISION_H)$(yes_baseruby:yes=~disabled~):
 # uncommon.mk: $(REVISION_H)
 # $(MKFILES): $(REVISION_H)
 
+# $(common_mk_includes) is set by config.status or GNUmakefile
+common_mk__$(gnumake:yes=artifact)_ = uncommon.mk
+common_mk_$(gnumake)_artifact_ = $(MKFILES)
+$(common_mk__artifact_): $(srcdir)/common.mk $(common_mk_includes)
+
 ripper_srcs: $(RIPPER_SRCS)
 
 $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/parse.y $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
+$(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/extconf.rb
 $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/dsl.rb
 $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper_init.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
@@ -1372,11 +1380,6 @@ $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper_init.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/eve
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM1)" top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. \
 		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)" LANG=C
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(mflags) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
-
 $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h: $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.list $(srcdir)/ext/date/prereq.mk
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(mflags) \
@@ -1418,8 +1421,8 @@ run: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
 runruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
 	RUBY_ON_BUG='gdb -x $(srcdir)/.gdbinit -p' $(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
-runirb: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	RUBY_ON_BUG='gdb -x $(srcdir)/.gdbinit -p' $(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) -r irb -e 'IRB.start("make runirb")' $(RUNOPT)
+runirb: $(PROGRAM) update-default-gemspecs
+	RUBY_ON_BUG='gdb -x $(srcdir)/.gdbinit -p' $(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) -rrubygems -r irb -e 'IRB.start("make runirb")' $(RUNOPT)
 
 parse: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
 	$(BTESTRUBY) --dump=parsetree_with_comment,insns $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
@@ -1487,7 +1490,7 @@ dist:
 up:: update-remote
 
 up$(DOT_WAIT)::
-	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) REVISION_FORCE=PHONY ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE= after-update
+	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) REVISION_FORCE=PHONY ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE= MINIRUBY=$(BASERUBY) after-update
 
 yes::
 no::
@@ -1496,6 +1499,7 @@ after-update:: common-srcs
 after-update:: $(REVISION_H)
 after-update:: extract-extlibs
 after-update:: extract-gems
+after-update:: update-default-gemspecs
 
 update-src::
 	$(Q) $(RM) $(REVISION_H) revision.h "$(srcdir)/$(REVISION_H)" "$(srcdir)/revision.h"
@@ -1518,15 +1522,21 @@ update-coverage: main PHONY
 		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "simplecov"
 
 refresh-gems: update-bundled_gems prepare-gems
+# can't recall exactly, but `make` somewhere (not GNU or nmake)
+# couldn't handle spaces in replacement strings; i.e.,
+# `$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=word word ...)` didn't work.
 prepare-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
-extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
+extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=outdate-bundled-gems)
+update-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=outdate-bundled-gems)
 
-update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
+split_option = -F"\s+|$(HASH_SIGN).*"
+
+update-gems$(sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem files...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -I./tool -rdownloader -answ \
+	    -I./tool -rdownloader $(split_option) -answ \
 	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'next if !ver' \
 	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("gems/#{gem}-*.gem")' \
 	    -e 'gem = "#{gem}-#{ver}.gem"' \
 	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, "gems", nil) and' \
@@ -1535,13 +1545,13 @@ update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
 	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})' \
 	    gems/bundled_gems
 
-extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
+extract-gems$(sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundled gem files...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -Itool/lib -rfileutils -rbundled_gem -answ \
+	    -Itool/lib -rfileutils -rbundled_gem $(split_option) -answ \
 	    -e 'BEGIN {d = ".bundle/gems"}' \
 	    -e 'gem, ver, _, rev = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'next if !ver' \
 	    -e 'g = "#{gem}-#{ver}"' \
 	    -e 'unless File.directory?("#{d}/#{g}")' \
 	    -e   'if rev and File.exist?(gs = "gems/src/#{gem}/#{gem}.gemspec")' \
@@ -1551,20 +1561,9 @@ extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
 	    -e 'end' \
 	    gems/bundled_gems
 
-extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): $(HAVE_GIT:yes=clone-bundled-gems-src)
-
-clone-bundled-gems-src: PHONY
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -Itool/lib -rbundled_gem -answ \
-	    -e 'BEGIN {git = $$git}' \
-	    -e 'gem, _, repo, rev = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'next if !rev or /^#/=~gem' \
-	    -e 'gemdir = "gems/src/#{gem}"' \
-	    -e 'BundledGem.checkout(gemdir, repo, rev, git: git)' \
-	    -e 'BundledGem.dummy_gemspec("#{gemdir}/#{gem}.gemspec")' \
-	    -- -git="$(GIT)" \
-	    gems/bundled_gems
+extract-gems$(sequential): $(HAVE_GIT:yes=clone-bundled-gems-src)
 
+flush-gems: outdate-bundled-gems
 outdate-bundled-gems: PHONY
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/$@.rb --make="$(MAKE)" --mflags="$(MFLAGS)" \
 	--ruby-platform=$(arch) --ruby-version=$(ruby_version) \
@@ -1575,78 +1574,89 @@ update-bundled_gems: PHONY
 	     $(tooldir)/update-bundled_gems.rb \
 	     "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" | \
 	$(IFCHANGE) "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" -
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" commit -m "Update bundled_gems" gems/bundled_gems
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) commit -m "Update bundled_gems" gems/bundled_gems
 
-PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-precheck
+PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS = yes
 test-bundled-gems-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-precheck
-yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck: main
+yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck: $(PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS:yes=main)
 no-test-bundled-gems-precheck:
 
+yes-update-default-gemspecs no-update-default-gemspecs: update-default-gemspecs
+update-default-gemspecs: $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
+	@$(MAKEDIRS) $(srcdir)/.bundle/specifications
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) -W0 -C "$(srcdir)" -I tool/lib -roptparse -routput -rbundled_gem \
+	    -e "(out = Output.new).def_options(ARGV.options)" \
+	    -e "BundledGem.update_default_gemspecs(ARGV.parse!, out, quiet: $(V).zero?)" \
+	    -- -c -o .bundle/specifications lib ext
+
+install-for-test-bundled-gems: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-install-for-test-bundled-gems
+no-install-for-test-bundled-gems: no-update-default-gemspecs
+yes-install-for-test-bundled-gems: yes-update-default-gemspecs
+	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" -r./tool/lib/gem_env.rb bin/gem \
+		install --no-document --conservative \
+		"hoe" "json-schema:5.1.0" "test-unit-rr" "simplecov" "simplecov-html" "simplecov-json" "rspec" "zeitwerk" \
+		"sinatra" "rack" "tilt" "mustermann" "base64" "compact_index" "rack-test" "logger" "kpeg" "tracer" "minitest-mock"
+
 test-bundled-gems-fetch: yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch
-yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch:
-	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir)/gems ../tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb src bundled_gems
-	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch: clone-bundled-gems-src
+clone-bundled-gems-src: PHONY $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/bundled-gems-src.time
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/bundled-gems-src.time: $(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir) tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb BUNDLED_GEMS="$(BUNDLED_GEMS)" gems/src gems/bundled_gems
+	$(Q) $(TOUCH) $@
 no-test-bundled-gems-fetch:
 
-test-bundled-gems-prepare: $(PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS) test-bundled-gems-fetch
 test-bundled-gems-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-prepare
-no-test-bundled-gems-prepare: no-test-bundled-gems-precheck
-yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+no-test-bundled-gems-prepare: no-test-bundled-gems-precheck no-test-bundled-gems-fetch
+Preparing-test-bundled-gems:
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
-		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "hoe" "json-schema" "test-unit-rr"
+yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: Preparing-test-bundled-gems $(DOT_WAIT)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck $(DOT_WAIT)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-install-for-test-bundled-gems $(DOT_WAIT)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch $(DOT_WAIT)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck: Preparing-test-bundled-gems
+yes-install-for-test-bundled-gems: Preparing-test-bundled-gems
+yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch: Preparing-test-bundled-gems
 
 PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-prepare
-test-bundled-gems: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-spec
+test-bundled-gems: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems $(DOT_WAIT) $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-spec
 yes-test-bundled-gems: test-bundled-gems-run
 no-test-bundled-gems:
 
+bundled_gems_spec-run: install-for-test-bundled-gems
+	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) .bundle/bin/rspec spec/bundled_gems_spec.rb
+
 # Override this to allow failure of specific gems on CI
 # TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES =
 
 BUNDLED_GEMS =
-test-bundled-gems-run: $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
+test-bundled-gems-run: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-run
+yes-test-bundled-gems-run: $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
 	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) $(XRUBY) $(tooldir)/test-bundled-gems.rb $(BUNDLED_GEMS)
+no-test-bundled-gems-run: $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
 
 test-bundled-gems-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-spec
-yes-test-bundled-gems-spec: yes-test-spec-precheck $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
+yes-test-bundled-gems-spec: yes-test-all-precheck $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
 	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) \
 	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake -r$(tooldir)/lib/_tmpdir \
-		$(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run -B $(srcdir)/spec/bundled_gems.mspec $(MSPECOPT) $(SPECOPTS)
+		$(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run --env BUNDLED_GEMS=$(BUNDLED_GEMS) -B $(srcdir)/spec/bundled_gems.mspec \
+		$(MSPECOPT) $(SPECOPTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 no-test-bundled-gems-spec:
 
-test-syntax-suggest-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
-no-test-syntax-suggest-precheck:
-yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck: main
-
-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-prepare
-no-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: no-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
-yes-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
-	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
-		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "rspec:~> 3"
-	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
-RSPECOPTS =
-SYNTAX_SUGGEST_SPECS =
-PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST = $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-prepare
-test-syntax-suggest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest
-yes-test-syntax-suggest: $(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST)
-	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/syntax_suggest:spec/lib .bundle/bin/rspec \
-		--require rspec/expectations \
-		--require spec_helper --require formatter_overrides --require spec_coverage \
-		$(RSPECOPTS) spec/syntax_suggest/$(SYNTAX_SUGGEST_SPECS)
-	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
-no-test-syntax-suggest:
+test-syntax-suggest:
 
 check: $(DOT_WAIT) $(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST) test-syntax-suggest
 
+RAKER = $(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/gems/lib$(PATH_SEPARATOR)$(srcdir)/.bundle/lib \
+	-rrubygems $(srcdir)/.bundle/bin/rake
+rake:
+	$(RAKER) $(RAKE_OPTS) $(RAKE)
+
 test-bundler-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-precheck
 no-test-bundler-precheck:
 yes-test-bundler-precheck: main $(arch)-fake.rb
@@ -1656,24 +1666,22 @@ test-bundler-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-prepare
 no-test-bundler-prepare: no-test-bundler-precheck
 yes-test-bundler-prepare: yes-test-bundler-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ilib \
-		-e 'ENV["GEM_HOME"] = File.expand_path(".bundle")' \
-		-e 'ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] = File.expand_path(".bundle")' \
-		-e 'ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"] = "true"' \
-		-e 'ENV["BUNDLE_WITHOUT"] = "lint doc"' \
-		-e 'load "spec/bundler/support/bundle.rb"' -- install --quiet --gemfile=tool/bundler/dev_gems.rb
+	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ilib -r./tool/lib/bundle_env.rb \
+		spec/bin/bundle install --quiet --gemfile=tool/bundler/dev_gems.rb
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
-RSPECOPTS =
+RSPECOPTS = -r formatter_overrides
 BUNDLER_SPECS =
 PREPARE_BUNDLER = $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-prepare
 test-bundler: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler
 yes-test-bundler: $(PREPARE_BUNDLER)
-	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) --enable-gems \
 		-r./$(arch)-fake \
-		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
-		$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler:spec/lib .bundle/bin/rspec \
-		--require spec_helper --require formatter_overrides $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
+		-r$(tooldir)/lib/_tmpdir \
+		-I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler -I$(srcdir)/spec/lib \
+		-e "Dir.chdir(ARGV.shift); load('spec/bin/rspec')" \
+		-s -- -no-report-tmpdir -- "$(srcdir)" \
+		-r spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
 no-test-bundler:
 
 PARALLELRSPECOPTS = --runtime-log $(srcdir)/tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
@@ -1681,22 +1689,23 @@ test-bundler-parallel: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-parallel
 yes-test-bundler-parallel: $(PREPARE_BUNDLER)
 	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
 		-r./$(arch)-fake \
+		-r$(tooldir)/lib/_tmpdir \
+		-I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler \
+		-e "ruby = ENV['RUBY']" \
 		-e "ARGV[-1] = File.expand_path(ARGV[-1])" \
-		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
-		$(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler \
-		-e "ENV['PARALLEL_TESTS_EXECUTABLE'] = ARGV.shift" \
+		-e "ENV['RSPEC_EXECUTABLE'] = ruby + ARGV.shift" \
 		-e "load ARGV.shift" \
-		"$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler:spec/lib .bundle/bin/rspec" \
-		$(srcdir)/.bundle/bin/parallel_rspec \
-		-o "--require spec_helper --require formatter_overrides" \
+		-s -- -no-report-tmpdir -- \
+		" -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler -Ispec/lib .bundle/bin/rspec -r spec_helper" \
+		$(srcdir)/spec/bin/parallel_rspec $(RSPECOPTS) \
 		$(PARALLELRSPECOPTS) $(srcdir)/spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
 no-test-bundler-parallel:
 
 # The annocheck supports ELF format binaries compiled for any OS and for any
 # architecture. It is designed to be independent of the host OS and the
 # architecture. The test-annocheck.sh requires docker or podman.
-test-annocheck: $(PROGRAM)
-	$(tooldir)/test-annocheck.sh $(PROGRAM)
+test-annocheck: $(PROGRAM) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
+	$(tooldir)/test-annocheck.sh $(PROGRAM) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 
 GEM = up
 sync-default-gems:
@@ -1709,7 +1718,7 @@ UNICODE_FILES = $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/SpecialCasing.txt \
 		$(empty)
 
-UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES =  \
+UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES = \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/Blocks.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/DerivedAge.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/DerivedCoreProperties.txt \
@@ -1719,7 +1728,7 @@ UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES =  \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/Scripts.txt \
 		$(empty)
 
-UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES =  \
+UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES = \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakProperty.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakTest.txt \
 		$(empty)
@@ -1760,34 +1769,50 @@ UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
 UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
 	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) \
-	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION)
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/emoji
 
-update-unicode-files: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
-$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES):
+update-unicode-files:
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and property files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
 
-update-unicode-auxiliary-files: $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
-$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES):
+update-unicode-auxiliary-files:
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) auxiliary files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
 
-update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files: $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES)
-$(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES):
+update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files:
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode UCD emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/emoji"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-update-unicode-emoji-files: $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
-$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES):
+update-unicode-emoji-files:
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: \
-	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=.unicode-tables.time)
+$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES):
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and property files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $@
+
+$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES):
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) auxiliary files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD) $@
+
+$(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES):
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode UCD emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/emoji"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $@
+
+$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES):
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $@
+
+$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tables.rb): \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
 
 $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
 	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
@@ -1838,11 +1863,11 @@ $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h:
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) > $@.new
 	$(MV) $@.new $@
 
-srcs-doc: $(srcdir)/doc/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
-$(srcdir)/doc/regexp/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=unicode_properties.rdoc): \
+srcs-doc: $(srcdir)/doc/language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
+$(srcdir)/doc/language/regexp/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=unicode_properties.rdoc): \
 	$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
 
-$(srcdir)/doc/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc:
+$(srcdir)/doc/language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc:
 	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_properties.rdoc.tmpl \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h || \
@@ -1879,6 +1904,9 @@ clean-gems:
 
 CLEAN_CACHE = clean-extlibs
 
+prepare-package: prereq after-update
+clean-cache: $(CLEAN_CACHE)
+
 info: info-program info-libruby_a info-libruby_so info-arch
 info-program: PHONY
 	@echo PROGRAM=$(PROGRAM)
@@ -1891,6 +1919,7 @@ info-arch: PHONY
 
 exam: check
 exam: $(DOT_WAIT) test-bundler-parallel
+exam: $(DOT_WAIT) bundled_gems_spec-run
 exam: $(DOT_WAIT) test-bundled-gems
 
 love: sudo-precheck up all test exam install
@@ -1904,9 +1933,9 @@ sudo-precheck: PHONY
 	@$(SUDO) echo > $(NULL)
 
 update-man-date: PHONY
-	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(tooldir)/lib" -rvcs -i -p \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(tooldir)/lib" -rvcs -i -p \
 	-e 'BEGIN{@vcs=VCS.detect(ARGV.shift)}' \
-	-e '$$_.sub!(/^(\.Dd ).*/){$$1+@vcs.modified(ARGF.path).strftime("%B %d, %Y")}' \
+	-e '$$_.sub!(/^(\.Dd ).*/){$$1+@vcs.author_date(@vcs.relative_to(ARGF.path)).strftime("%B %d, %Y")}' \
 	"$(srcdir)" "$(srcdir)"/man/*.1
 
 .PHONY: ChangeLog
@@ -1916,8 +1945,53 @@ ChangeLog:
 	-e 'VCS.detect(ARGV[0]).export_changelog(path: ARGV[1])' \
 	"$(srcdir)" $@
 
+# CAUTION: If using GNU make 3 which does not support `.WAIT`, this
+# recipe with multiple jobs makes build and `git reset` run
+# simultaneously, and will cause inconsistent results.  Run with `-j1`
+# or update GNU make.
+nightly: yesterday $(DOT_WAIT) install
+	$(NULLCMD)
+
+# Rewind to the last commit "yesterday".  "Yesterday" means here the
+# period where `RUBY_RELEASE_DATE` is the day before the date to be
+# generated now.  In short, the yesterday in JST-9 time zone.
+yesterday: rewindable
+
+rewindable:
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) status --porcelain
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) diff --quiet
+
 HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = ""
 
+gc/Makefile:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(MESSAGE_BEGIN) \
+	"all:" \
+	"	@echo You must specify MODULAR_GC with the GC to build" \
+	"	@exit 1" \
+	$(MESSAGE_END) > $@
+gc/distclean gc/realclean::
+	-$(Q) $(RM) gc/Makefile
+
+modular-gc-precheck:
+modular-gc: probes.h gc/Makefile
+	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb \
+		$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
+		--make='$(MAKE)' --make-flags="V=$(V) MINIRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'" \
+		--gnumake=$(gnumake) --extflags="$(EXTLDFLAGS)" \
+		--ext-build-dir=gc --command-output=gc/$(MODULAR_GC)/exts.mk -- \
+		configure gc/$(MODULAR_GC)
+	$(CHDIR) gc/$(MODULAR_GC) && $(exec) $(MAKE) TARGET_SO_DIR=./
+install-modular-gc: modular-gc modular-gc-precheck
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(modular_gc_dir)
+	$(CP) gc/$(MODULAR_GC)/librubygc.$(MODULAR_GC).$(DLEXT) $(modular_gc_dir)
+
+clean-modular-gc: gc/clean
+distclean-modular-gc: gc/distclean
+realclean-modular-gc: gc/realclean
+distclean-modular-gc realclean-modular-gc:
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) gc
+
 help: PHONY
 	$(MESSAGE_BEGIN) \
 	"                Makefile of Ruby" \
@@ -1965,19331 +2039,5 @@ help: PHONY
 $(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mini_builtin.c
 $(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.c
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/packed_struct.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enum.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.c
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.rbinc
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
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